Wikipidia bjnwiki https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laman_Tatambaian MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.21 first-letter Media Istimiwa Pamandiran Pamakai Pamandiran Pamakai Wikipidia Pamandiran Wikipidia Barakas Pamandiran Barakas MediaWiki Pamandiran MediaWiki Citakan Pamandiran Citakan Patulung Pamandiran Patulung Tumbung Pamandiran Tumbung Lawang Pamandiran Lawang TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 1295 113997 113029 2026-09-24T23:34:15Z InternetArchiveBot 11286 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 113997 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Barakas:Coal.jpg|thumb|right|Cuntuh batu arang]] '''Batu arang''' adalah salah sabuting [[bahan bakar pusil]]. Pamahaman umumnya adalah batuan sedimen nang kawa gusang, tatawas tumatan daladak urganik, utamanya adalah sisa-sisa [[tumbuhan]] wan tatawas liwat '''parusis pambatubaraan'''. Unsur-unsur utamanya tasusun tumatan [[karbun]], [[hidrugin]], wan [[uksigin]]. Batu bara jua adalah batuan urganik nang baisi sipat-sipat pisika wan kimia nang kumpliks nang kawa ditamui dalam bamamacam tawas. Analisis unsur mandapati rumus purmula impiris nangkaya C₁₃₇H₉₇O₉NS gasan bituminus dan C₂₄₀H₉₀O₄NS gasan antrasit. == Batu arang sacara umum == === Umur batu arang === Pambantukan batu arang mamarlu'akan kondisi-kondisi bakurinah dan wastu bakajadian di era-era tertentu sapanjang sajarah geologi. jaman Karbon, bangsa 340 ''juta tahun nang liwat'' (jtl), adalah masa pambantukan batu arang nang paling produktif dimana parak sabarataan deposit batu arang (''black coal'') nang ekonomis di balahan bumi hapat utara tabantuk. Di Zaman Permian, bangsa 270 jtl, tabantuk jua endapan-endapan batu arang nang ekonomis di balahan bumi hapat selatan, nangkaya Australia, dan balangsung tarus sampai ka Zaman Tersier (70 - 13 jtl) di bamacam balahan bumi lain. === Materi pambantuk batu arang === Parak sabarataan pambantuk batu arang ba'asal tumatan tumbuhan. Jenis-macam tumbuhan pembentuk batu arang dan umurnya ujar Diessel (1981) adalah sabagai berikut: * '''Alga''', tumatan Zaman Pre-kambrium sampai Ordovisium dan ba-sel tunggal. Sadikit banar endapan batu bara tumatan perioda naini. * '''Silofita''', tumatan Zaman Silur sampai Devon Tangah, merupakan turunan matan alga. Sadikit endapan batu arang matan perioda naini. * '''Pteridofita''', umur Devon Atas sampai Karbon Atas. Materi utama pambantuk batu arang ba'umur Karbon di [[Irupa]] dan [[Amirika Utara]]. Tatumbuhan tanpa kambang dan bigi, bakambang biak lawan spora dan tumbuh di iklim hangat. * '''Gimnospermae''', kurun waktu mulai tumatan Zaman Permian sampai Kapur Tangah. Tumbuhan heteroseksual, bigi tabungkus dalam buah, pariannya pinus, mangandung kadar gatah (resin) tinggi. Jenis Pteridospermae nangkaya gangamopteris dan glossopteris adalah panyusun utama batu arang Permian nangkaya di [[Australia]], [[India]] dan [[Aprika]]. * '''Angiospermae''', tumatan Zaman Kapur Atas sampai wayah ini. Jenis tumbuhan modern, buah nang manukupi bigi, jantan dan batina dalam asa kambang, kurang bagatah dibanding gimnospermae makanya, sacara umum, kurang kawa ta'awetkan. === Panambangan === [[Barakas:Coal mine Wyoming.jpg|thumb|Tambang batu arang di [[Bihar]], India.]] '''Panambangan batu arang''' adalah panambangan batu arang tumat [[bumi]]. Batu arang diguna'akan sabagai [[bahan bakar]]. Batu bara gin kawa jua diguna'akan gasan ma'ulah [[Coke (bahan bakar)|coke]] gasan pambuatan [[waja]].<ref name="bmacoal.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bmacoal.com/school_projects/glossary.asp |title=BHP Billiton Mitsubishi Alliance - Glossary |access-date=2010-10-30 |archive-date=2008-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619034500/http://www.bmacoal.com/school_projects/glossary.asp |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Tambang batu arang panuwastu ba'andak di [[Tower Colliery]] di [[Inggeris]]. === Kelas dan macam batu bara === Badasarkan tingkat proses pambantukannya nang dikontrol ulih takanan, panas dan waktu, batu arang umumnya dibagi dalam lima kalas: antrasit, bituminus, sub-bituminus, lignit dan gambut. * '''Antrasit''' adalah kalas batu arang paningginya, ba-warna hirang bakilauan (''luster'') metalik, mengandung antara 86% - 98% unsur [[karbon]] (C) ba-kadar banyu kurang matan 8%. * '''Bituminus''' mengandung 68 - 86% unsur [[karbon]] (C) dan bakadar banyu 8-10% matan baratnya. Kalas batu arang nang paling banyak ditambang di Australia. * '''Sub-bituminus''' mengandung sadikit [[karbon]] dan banyak banyu, dan marga itu jadi sumbar panas nang kurang efisien mun ditanding lawan bituminus. * '''Lignit''' atawa batu arang suklat adalah batu arang nang liwar linak nang mengandung banyu 35-75% matan baratnya. * '''Gambut''', ba-pori dan ba'isi kadar banyu di atas 75% serta nilai kalori nang paling randah. === Pembentukan batu bara === Proses parubahan sisa-sisa tanaman manjadi gambut sampai jadi batu bara disambat lawan istilah pambatu baraan (''coalification''). Sacara ringkas ada 2 tahap proses nang tajadi, yakni: * '''Tahap Diagenetik atawa Biokimia''', dimulai di wayah material tanaman terdeposisi sampai lignit tabantuk. Agen utama nang ba-peran dalam proses parubahan naini adalah kadar banyu, tingkat oksidasi dan gangguan biologis nang kawa manyababakan proses pamburukan (dekomposisi) dan kompaksi material organik sarta mambantuk gambut. * '''Tahap Malihan atawa Geokimia''', meliputi proses parubahan tumatan lignit jadi bituminus dan ahirnya antrasit. == Batu bara di Indunisia == Di Indunisia, endapan batu bara nang bernilai ekonomis terdapat di cekungan Tersier, nang terletak di bagian barat Paparan Sunda (termasuk Pulau [[Sumatera]] dan [[Kalimantan]]), pada umumnya endapan batu bara ekonomis tersebut dapat dikelompokkan sabagai batu bara berumur Eosen atau sekitar Tersier Bawah, kira-kira 45 juta tahun nang lalu dan Miosen atau sekitar Tersier Atas, kira-kira 20 juta tahun nang lalu menurut [[Skala waktu geologi]]. Batu bara ini terbentuk dari endapan gambut pada iklim purba sekitar khatulistiwa nang mirip lawan kondisi kini. Beberapa diantaranya tegolong kubah gambut nang terbentuk di atas muka air tanah rata-rata pada iklim basah sepanjang tahun. Dengan kata lain, kubah gambut ini terbentuk pada kondisi dimana mineral-mineral anorganik nang terbawa air dapat masuk ka dalam sistem dan membentuk lapisan batu bara nang berkadar abu dan sulfur rendah dan menebal secara lokal. Hal ini sangat umum dijumpai pada batu bara Miosen. Sebaliknya, endapan batu bara Eosen umumnya lebih tipis, berkadar abu dan sulfur tinggi. Kedua umur endapan batu bara ini terbentuk pada lingkungan lakustrin, dataran pantai atau delta, mirip lawan daerah pembentukan gambut nang terjadi saat ini di daerah timur Sumatera dan sebagian besar Kalimantan.<ref>Frederich, Langford and Moore, [[1999]]</ref> === Endapan batu bara Eosen === Endapan ini terbentuk pada tatanan tektonik ekstensional nang dimulai sekitar Tersier Bawah atau Paleogen pada cekungan-cekungan sedimen di [[Sumatera]] dan [[Kalimantan]]. Ekstensi berumur Eosen ini terjadi sepanjang tepian Paparan Sunda, dari sebelah barat Sulawesi, Kalimantan bagian timur, Laut Jawa hingga Sumatera. Dari batuan sedimen nang pernah ditemukan dapat diketahui bahwa pengendapan berlangsung mulai terjadi pada Eosen Tengah. Pemekaran Tersier Bawah nang terjadi pada Paparan Sunda ini ditafsirkan berada pada tatanan busur dalam, nang disebabkan terutama oleh gerak penunjaman [[Lempeng Indo-Australia]].<ref name="cole">Cole and Crittenden, [[1997]]</ref> Lingkungan pengendapan mula-mula pada saat Paleogen itu non-marin, terutama fluviatil, kipas aluvial dan endapan danau nang dangkal. Di Kalimantan bagian tunggara, pengendapan batu bara terjadi sekitar Eosen Tengah - Atas namun di Sumatera umurnya lebih muda, yakni Eosen Atas hingga Oligosen Bawah. Di Sumatera bagian tangah, endapan fluvial nang terjadi pada fasa awal kemudian ditutupi oleh endapan danau (non-marin).<ref name="cole"/> Berbeda lawan nang terjadi di Kalimantan bagian tunggara dimana endapan fluvial kemudian ditutupi oleh lapisan batu bara nang terjadi pada dataran pantai nang kemudian ditutupi di atasnya secara transgresif oleh sedimen marin berumur Eosen Atas.<ref>Frederich et al, [[1995]]</ref> Endapan batu bara Eosen nang telah umum dikenal terjadi pada cekungan berikut: [[Kabupaten Pasir|Pasir]] dan Asam-asam ([[Kalimantan Selatan]] dan [[Kalimantan Timur|Timur]]), [[Barito]] ([[Kalimantan Selatan]]), Kutai Atas ([[Kalimantan Tengah]] dan [[Kalimantan Timur|Timur]]), Melawi dan Ketungau ([[Kalimantan Barat]]), Tarakan ([[Kalimantan Timur]]), Ombilin ([[Sumatera Barat]]) dan [[Sumatera]] Tengah ([[Riau]]). Dibawah ini adalah kualitas rata-rata dari beberapa endapan batu bara Eosen di Indunisia. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Tambang ! Cekungan ! Perusahaan ! Kadar air total (%ar) ! Kadar air inheren (%ad) ! Kadar abu (%ad) ! Zat terbang (%ad) ! Belerang (%ad) ! Nilai energi (kkal/kg)(ad) |- | Satui | Asam-asam | PT Arutmin Indunisia | 10.00 | 7.00 | 8.00 | 41.50 | 0.80 | 6800 |- | Senakin | Pasir | PT Arutmin Indunisia | 9.00 | 4.00 | 15.00 | 39.50 | 0.70 | 6400 |- | Petangis | Pasir | PT BHP Kendilo Coal | 11.00 | 4.40 | 12.00 | 40.50 | 0.80 | 6700 |- | Ombilin | Ombilin | PT Bukit Asam | 12.00 | 6.50 | <8.00 | 36.50 | 0.50 - 0.60 | 6900 |- | Parambahan | Ombilin | PT Allied Indo Coal | 4.00 | - | 10.00 (ar) | 37.30 (ar) | 0.50 (ar) | 6900 (ar) |} (ar) - as received, (ad) - air dried, Sumber: Indunisian Coal Mining Association, 1998 === Endapan batu bara Miosen === Pada Miosen Awal, pemekaran regional Tersier Bawah - Tengah pada Paparan Sunda telah berakhir. Pada Kala Oligosen hingga Awal Miosen ini terjadi transgresi marin pada kawasan nang luas dimana terendapkan sedimen marin klastik nang tebal dan perselingan sekuen batugamping. Pengangkatan dan kompresi adalah kenampakan nang umum pada tektonik Neogen di Kalimantan maupun Sumatera. Endapan batu bara Miosen nang ekonomis terutama terdapat di Cekungan Kutai bagian bawah (Kalimantan Timur), Cekungan Barito (Kalimantan Selatan) dan Cekungan Sumatera bagian selatan. Batu bara Miosen jua secara ekonomis ditambang di Cekungan Bengkulu. Batu bara ini umumnya terdeposisi pada lingkungan fluvial, delta dan dataran pantai nang mirip lawan daerah pembentukan gambut saat ini di Sumatera bagian timur. Ciri utama lainnya adalah kadar abu dan belerang nang rendah. Namun kebanyakan sumberdaya batu bara Miosen ini tergolong sub-bituminus atau lignit sehingga kurang ekonomis kecuali jika sangat tebal (PT Adaro) atau lokasi geografisnya menguntungkan. Namun batu bara Miosen di beberapa lokasi jua tergolong kelas nang tinggi seperti pada Cebakan Pinang dan Prima ([[Kaltim Prima Coal|PT KPC]]), endapan batu bara di sekitar hilir Sungai Mahakam, Kalimantan Timur dan beberapa lokasi di dekat Tanjungenim, Cekungan Sumatera bagian selatan. Tabel di bawah ini menunjukan kualitas rata-rata dari beberapa endapan batu bara Miosen di Indunisia. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Tambang ! Cekungan ! Perusahaan ! Kadar air total (%ar) ! Kadar air inheren (%ad) ! Kadar abu (%ad) ! Zat terbang (%ad) ! Belerang (%ad) ! Nilai energi (kkal/kg)(ad) |- | Prima | Kutai | PT Kaltim Prima Coal | 9.00 | - | 4.00 | 39.00 | 0.50 | 6800 (ar) |- | Pinang | Kutai | PT Kaltim Prima Coal | 13.00 | - | 7.00 | 37.50 | 0.40 | 6200 (ar) |- | Roto South | Pasir | PT Kideco Jaya Agung | 24.00 | - | 3.00 | 40.00 | 0.20 | 5200 (ar) |- | Binungan | Tarakan | PT Berau Coal | 18.00 | 14.00 | 4.20 | 40.10 | 0.50 | 6100 (ad) |- | Lati | Tarakan | PT Berau Coal | 24.60 | 16.00 | 4.30 | 37.80 | 0.90 | 5800 (ad) |- | Air Laya | Sumatera bagian selatan | PT Bukit Asam | 24.00 | - | 5.30 | 34.60 | 0.49 | 5300 (ad) |- | Paringin | Barito | PT Adaro | 24.00 | 18.00 | 4.00 | 40.00 | 0.10 | 5950 (ad) |} (ar) - as received, (ad) - air dried, Sumber: Indunisian Coal Mining Association, 1998 === Sumberdaya batu bara === Potensi sumberdaya batu bara di Indunisia sangat melimpah, terutama di Pulau [[Kalimantan]] dan Pulau [[Sumatera]], sedangkan di daerah lainnya dapat dijumpai batu bara walaupun dalam jumlah kecil dan belum dapat ditentukan keekonomisannya, seperti di [[Jawa Barat]], [[Jawa Tengah]], [[Papua]], dan [[Sulawesi]]. Di Indunisia, batu bara merupakan bahan bakar utama selain [[solar]] (''diesel fuel'') nang telah umum digunakan pada banyak industri, dari segi ekonomis batu bara jauh lebih hemat dibandingkan solar, lawan perbandingan sabagai berikut: Solar Rp 0,74/kilokalori sedangkan batu bara wastu Rp 0,09/kilokalori, (berdasarkan harga [[solar]] industri Rp. 6.200/liter). Dari segi kuantitas batu bara termasuk cadangan energi fosil terpenting bagi Indunisia. Jumlahnya sangat berlimpah, mencapai puluhan milyar ton. Jumlah ini sebenarnya mayu gasan memasok kebutuhan energi listrik hingga ratusan tahun ke depan. Sanangnya, Indunisia kada mungkin membakar habis batu bara dan mengubahnya manjadi energis listrik melalui PLTU. Selain mengotori lingkungan melalui polutan CO₂, SO₂, NO_x dan C_xH_y cara ini dinilai kurang efisien dan kurang memberi nilai tambah tinggi. Batu bara sebaiknya kada langsung dibakar, akan lebih bermakna dan efisien jika dikonversi manjadi migas sintetis, atau bahan petrokimia lain nang bernilai ekonomi tinggi. Dua cara nang dipertimbangkan dalam hal ini adalah [[likuifikasi]] (pencairan) dan [[gasifikasi]] (penyubliman) batu bara. Membakar batu bara secara langsung (direct burning) telah dikembangkan teknologinya secara continue, nang bertujuan gasan mencapai efisiensi pembakaran nang maksimum, cara-cara pembakaran langsung seperti: ''fixed grate'', ''chain grate'', ''fluidized bed'', ''pulverized'', dan lain-lain, masing-masing mempunyai kelebihan dan kelemahannya. <!-- ==Mengubah Batu bara manjadi Bahan Bakar Minyak (BBM)== Di Indunisia, pencairan batu bara manjadi BBM memang belum berjalan apa-apa, baru sebatas riset melulu. Namun, di Afrika Selatan sudah berlangsung lama. Latar belakangnya bukan kelangkaan minyak bumi, tetapi tekanan politik dunia nang membuat nagara itu dikucilkan dalam perdagangan dunia, termasuk gasan komoditas minyak bumi. Ketika itu Afrika Selatan menerapkan politik apartheid. Beruntung Jerman berbaik hati lawan membantu teknologi pencairan batu bara agar rakyat negeri itu kada terlalu menderita. Maka, mulailah nagara itu mencairkan batu bara nang dimilikinya manjadi BBM gasan memenuhi kebutuhan warganya. Karena kadar abunya tinggi, proses pencairannya dilakukan kada langsung. Cadangan minyak di perut Bumi Indunisia per tahun 2000 tinggal 4,8 miliar barrel (sekitar 550 miliar liter; 1 barrel = 114,41 l). Jika kada ditemukan cadangan minyak baru dan tingkat konsumsinya tetap, cadangan itu akan habis dalam tahun 2007. Bahkan lawan bertambahnya jumlah penduduk, industri, dan kendaraan bermotor, masa krisis BBM akan lebih cepat lagi datangnya. Memang, ancaman krisis BBM ini mengglobal sifatnya. Karenanya, banyak nagara maju nang melakukan penelitian gasan menemukan teknologi nang bisa menghasilkan sumber energi alternatif. Salah satunya adalah mengubah batu bara (BB) manjadi BBM. Konversi inilah nang kini tangah diteliti di Indunisia, mengingat persediaan batu baranya melimpah. Berdasarkan data, cadangan batu bara Indunisia memang berlimpah. Sekadanya, 36,3 miliar ton batu bara menumpuk di perut Bumi Indunisia. Sekitar 85% di antaranya (30,9 miliar ton) berupa lignit. Di tempat persembunyiannya, batu bara muda ini mudah terbakar oleh provokasi panas dan sulit dipadamkan. Kalau 1 ton BB kering bisa menghasilkan 4 barrel minyak, cadangan tadi - lawan asumsi kadar airnya rata-rata 30% - bisa diubah manjadi minyak sebanyak kira-kira 86,5 miliar barrel. Jumlah ini kira kira 18 kali cadangan minyak bumi nagara Indunisia saat ini. Dengan asumsi konsumsi minyak nasional tetap, jumlah sebanyak itu bisa memenuhi kebutuhan lebih dari 100 tahun. Bila program nang telah disusun berlangsung lancar dan ada investor nang bersedia menanamkan modal gasan membangun pabrik pencairannya, pada 2010 Indunisia sudah bisa menghasilkan BBM dari batu bara. BBM nang dihasilkan kelak kada berbeda lawan BBM nang ada sekarang, kecuali bebas timbal. Dengan demikian, mesin kendaraan nang semula berbahan bakar dari minyak bumi kada perlu dimodifikasi mesin atau ditambah peralatan baru. Yang perlu diperbarui barangkali sikap pengguna BBM agar lebih berhemat sehingga sumber daya alam nang ada bisa dimanfaatkan lebih lama lagi. --> == Gasifikasi batu bara == Coal gasification adalah sebuah proses gasan maubah batu bara padat manjadi gas batu bara nang mudah terbakar (combustible gases), setelah proses pemurnian gas-gas ini [[karbon monoksida]] (CO), [[karbon dioksida]] (CO₂), [[hidrogen]] (H), [[metan]] (CH₄), dan [[nitrogen]] (N₂) – dapat digunakan sabagai bahan bakar. wastu menggunakan udara dan uap air sabagai reacting-gas kemudian menghasilkan water gas atau coal gas, gasifikasi secara nyata mempunyai tingkat emisi udara, kotoran padat dan limbah tarandah. Tetapi, batu bara bukanlah bahan bakar nang sempurna. Terikat didalamnya adalah sulfur dan nitrogen, bila batu bara ini terbakar kotoran-kotoran ini akan dilepaskan ke udara, bila mengapung di udara zat kimia ini dapat menggabung lawan uap air (seperti contoh kabut) dan tetesan nang jatuh ke tanah seburuk bentuk asam sulfurik dan nitrit, disebut sabagai "hujan asam" [[“acid rain”]]. Disini jua ada noda mineral kecil, termasuk kotoran nang umum tercampur lawan batu bara, partikel kecil ini kada terbakar dan membuat debu nang tertinggal di coal combustor, beberapa partikel kecil ini jua tertangkap di ulaian combustion gases baimbai lawan uap air, dari asap nang keluar dari cerobong beberapa partikel kecil ini adalah sangat kecil setara lawan rambut manusia. == Bagaimana membuat batu bara bersih == Ada beberapa cara. Contoh sulfur, sulfur adalah zat kimia kekuningan nang ada sedikit di batu bara, pada beberapa batu bara nang ditemukan di Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia dan eastern states lainnya, sulfur terdiri dari 3 sampai 10 % dari berat batu bara, beberapa batu bara nang ditemukan di Wyoming, Montana dan nagara-nagara bagian sebelah barat lainnya sulfur wastu sekitar 1/100ths (lebih kecil dari 1%) dari berat batu bara. Penting bahwa sebagian besar sulfur ini dibuang sbelum mencapai cerobong asap. Satu cara gasan membersihkan batu bara adalah lawan cara mudah mamacah batu harang ka tungkah nang labih halus wan mambasuhnya. Beberapa sulfur nang ada sabagai bintik kecil di batu bara disebut sabagai "pyritic sulfur " karena ini dikombinasikan lawan besi manjadi bentuk iron pyrite, selain itu dikenal sabagai "fool's gold” dapat dipisahkan dari batu bara. Secara khusus pada proses satu kali, bongkahan batu bara dimasukkan ka dalam tangki besar nang terisi air , batu bara mengambang ke permukaan ketika kotoran sulfur tenggelam. Fasilitas pencucian ini dinamakan "coal preparation plants" nang membersihkan batu bara dari pengotor-pengotornya. Tidak semua sulfur bisa dibersihkan lawan cara ini, bagaimanapun sulfur pada batu bara adalah secara kimia benar-benar terikat lawan molekul karbonnya, tipe sulfur ini disebut "organic sulfur," dan pencucian tak akan menghilangkannya. Beberapa proses telah dicoba gasan mencampur batu bara lawan bahan kimia nang membebaskan sulfur pergi dari molekul batu bara, tetapi kebanyakan proses ini sudah terbukti terlalu mahal, ilmuan masih bekerja gasan mengurangi biaya dari prose pencucian kimia ini. Kebanyakan pembangkit tenaga listrik modern dan semua fasilitas nang dibangun setelah 1978 — telah diwajibkan gasan mempunyai alat khusus nang dipasang gasan membuang sulfur dari gas hasil pembakaran batu bara sebelum gas ini naik menuju cerobong asap. Alat ini sebenarnya adalah "flue gas desulfurization units," tetapi banyak urang menyebutnya "scrubbers" — karena mereka men-scrub (menggosok) sulfur keluar dari asap nang dikeluarkan oleh tungku pembakar batu bara. === Membuang NOx dari batu bara === Nitrogen secara umum adalah bagian nang besar daripada udara nang dihirup, pada kenyataannya 80% dari udara adalah nitrogen, secara normal atom-atom nitrogen mengambang terikat satu sama lainnya seperti pasangan kimia, tetapi ketika udara dipanaskan seperti pada nyala api boiler (3000 F=1648 C), atom nitrogen ini terpecah dan terikat lawan oksigen, bentuk ini sabagai nitrogen oksida atau kadang kala itu disebut sabagai NOx. NOx jua dapat dibentuk dari atom nitrogen nang terjebak didalam batu bara. Di udara, NOx adalah polutan nang dapat menyebabkan kabut coklat nang kabur nang kadang kala terlihat di seulai kota besar, jua sabagai polusi nang membentuk “acid rain” (hujan asam), dan dapat membantu terbentuknya sesuatu nang disebut “ground level ozone”, tipe lain daripada polusi nang dapat membuat kotornya udara. Salah satu cara terbaik gasan mengurangi NOx adalah menghindari dari bentukan asalnya, beberapa cara telah ditemukan gasan membakar barubara di pemabakar dimana ada lebih banyak bahan bakar daripada udara di ruang pembakaran nang terpanas. Di bawah kondisi ini kebanyakan oksigen terkombinasikan lawan bahan bakar daripada lawan nitrogen. Campuran pembakaran kemudian dikirim ke ruang pembakaran nang kedua dimana terdapat proses nang mirip berulang-ulang sampai semua bahan bakar habis terbakar. Konsep ini disebut "staged combustion" karena batu bara dibakar secara bertahap. Kadang disebut jua sabagai "low-NOx burners" dan telah dikembangkan sehingga dapat mengurangi kangdungan Nox nang terlepas di uadara lebih dari separuh. Ada jua teknologi baru nang bekerja seperti "scubbers" nang membersihkan NOX dari flue gases (asap) dari boiler batu bara. Beberapa dari alat ini menggunakan bahan kimia khusus nang disebut katalis nang mengurai bagian NOx manjadi gas nang kada berpolusi, walaupun alat ini lebih mahal dari "low-NOx burners," namun dapat menekan lebih dari 90% polusi Nox. == Cadangan batu bara dunia == [[Barakas:Us coal regions 1996.png|thumb|300px|right|Daerah batu bara di Amerika Serikat]] Pada tahun 1996 diestimasikan terdapat sekitar satu [[exa]]gram (1 × 10¹⁵ kg atau 1 trilyun ton) total batu bara nang dapat ditambang menggunakan teknologi tambang saat ini, diperkirakan setangahnya merupakan batu bara keras. Nilai energi dari semua batu bara dunia adalah 290 zettajoules.<ref>Sustainable Energy" 2005 page 303 The MIT Press by Jefferson W. Tester et al. ISBN 0-262-20153-4</ref> Dengan konsumsi global saat ini adalah 15 terawatt,<ref>BP2006 energy report, and US EIA 2006 overview</ref> terdapat mayu batu bara gasan menyediakan energi bagi seluruh dunia gasan 600 tahun. [[British Petroleum]], pada Laporan Tahunan [[2006]], memperkirakan pada akhir 2005, terdapat 909.064 juta ton cadangan batu bara dunia nang terbukti (9,236 × 10¹⁴ [[kilogram|kg]]), atau mayu gasan 155 tahun (cadangan ke rasio produksi). Angka ini wastu cadangan nang diklasifikasikan terbukti, program bor eksplorasi oleh perusahaan tambang, terutama sekali daerah nang di bawah eksplorasi, terus memberikan cadangan baru. Departemen Energi Amerika Serikat memperkirakan cadangan batu bara di [[Amerika Serikat]] sekitar 1.081.279 juta ton (9,81 × 10¹⁴ kg), nang setara lawan 4.786 [[BBOE]] (billion [[barrel of oil equivalent|barrels of oil equivalent]]).<ref>{{en}} {{cite web | title=International Energy Annual 2003: Reserves | url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/iea/res.html | publisher = Badan Informasi Energi AS | accessdaymonth= September 9 |accessyear= 2005 }}</ref> <!--The amount of coal burned during 2001 was calculated as 2.337 [[GTOE]] (gigatonnes of oil equivalent), which is about 46 million barrels of oil equivalent per day.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web | title=IEA Publications Bookshop | url=http://www.iea.org/dbtw-wpd/bookshop/add.aspx?id=144 | publisher = Badan Informasi Energi AS | accessdaymonth= September 9 | accessyear= 2005 }}</ref> Were consumption to continue at that rate those reserves would last about 285 years. As a comparison natural gas provided 51 million barrels (oil equivalent), and oil 76 million barrels, per day during 2001. Of the 3 fossil fuels coal has the most widely distributed reserves, and coal is mined in over 100 countries, and on all continents except Antarctica. The largest reserves are found in the USA, Russia, Australia, China, India and South Africa.--> {| class="wikitable" align="center" style="text-align:center" |+ '''Cadangan batu bara dunia pada akhir [[2005]] (dalam juta ton)'''<ref>{{en}} {{cite web | title=Reserves-Coal page 1 | url=http://www.worldenergy.org/documents/coal_1_1.pdf | publisher=Dewan Energi Dunia | accessdaymonth=1 October | accessyear=2008 | access-date=2010-10-30 | archive-date=2012-07-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722031114/http://www.worldenergy.org/documents/coal_1_1.pdf | dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{en}} {{cite web | title=Resources-bituminous | url=http://www.worldenergy.org/documents/coal_1_2_i.pdf | publisher=Dewan Energi Dunia | accessdaymonth=1 October | accessyear=2008 | access-date=2010-10-30 | archive-date=2011-04-08 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408211849/http://www.worldenergy.org/documents/coal_1_2_i.pdf | dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{en}} {{cite web | title=Resources-sub-bitum | url=http://www.worldenergy.org/documents/coal_1_2_ii.pdf | publisher=Dewan Energi Dunia | accessdaymonth=1 October | accessyear=2008 | access-date=2010-10-30 | archive-date=2011-11-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124215214/http://worldenergy.org/documents/coal_1_2_ii.pdf | dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{en}} {{cite web | title=Resources-lignite | url=http://www.worldenergy.org/documents/coal_1_2_iii.pdf | publisher=Dewan Energi Dunia | accessdaymonth=1 October | accessyear=2008 | access-date=2010-10-30 | archive-date=2011-11-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124215444/http://worldenergy.org/documents/coal_1_2_iii.pdf | dead-url=yes }}</ref> |- ! width="200pt"|Negara ! width="100pt"|Bituminus (termasuk antrasit) ! width="100pt"|Sub-bituminus ! width="100pt"|Lignit ! width="100pt"|TOTAL |- |{{nagara|Amerika serikat}} [[Amerika Serikat]] ||115.891||101.021||33.082||249.994 |- |{{nagara|rusia}} [[Rusia|Federasi Rusia]] ||49.088||97.472||10.450||157.010 |- |{{nagara|republik rakyat tiongkok}} [[Cina]] ||62.200||33.700||18.600||114.500 |- |{{nagara|India}} [[India]] ||82.396||||2.000||84.396 |- |{{nagara|australia}} [[Australia]] ||42.550||1.840||37.700||82.090 |- |{{nagara|Jerman}} [[Jerman]] ||23.000||||43.000||66.000 |- |{{nagara|Afrika selatan}} [[Afrika Selatan]] ||49.520||||||49.520 |- |{{nagara|Ukraina}} [[Ukraina]] ||16.274||15.946||1.933||34.153 |- |{{nagara|Kazakhstan}} [[Kazakhstan]] ||31.000||||3.000||34.000 |- |{{nagara|polandia}} [[Polandia]] ||20.300||||1.860||22.160 |- |Serbia, Montenegro||64||1.460||14.732||16.256 |- |{{nagara|brasil}} [[Brasil]] ||||11.929||||11.929 |- |{{nagara|kolombia}} [[Kolombia]] ||6.267||381||||6.648 |- |{{nagara|kanada}} [[Kanada]] ||3.471||871||2.236||6.578 |- |[[Ceko]] ||2.114||3.414||150||5.678 |- |{{nagaranama|Indunisia}} ||790||1.430||3.150||5.370 |- |{{nagaranama|botswana}} ||4.300||||||4.300 |- |{{nagaranama|uzbekistan}} ||1.000||||3.000||4.000 |- |{{nagaranama|turki}} ||278||761||2.650||3.689 |- |{{nagaranama|Yunani}} ||||||2.874||2.874 |- |{{nagaranama|bulgaria}} ||13||233||2.465||2.711 |- |{{nagaranama|pakistan}} ||||2.265||||2.265 |- |{{nagaranama|Iran}} ||1.710||||||1.710 |- |{{nagara|Britania Raya}} [[Britania Raya]] ||1.000||||500||1.500 |- |{{nagaranama|rumania}} ||1||35||1.421||1.457 |- |{{nagaranama|thailand}} ||||||1.268||1.268 |- |{{nagaranama|meksiko}} ||860||300||51||1.211 |- |{{nagaranama|chili}} ||31||1.150||||1.181 |- |{{nagaranama|hongaria}} ||||80||1.017||1.097 |- |{{nagaranama|Peru}} ||960||||100||1060 |- |{{nagaranama|Kyrgyzstan}} ||||||812||812 |- |{{nagara|jepang}} [[Jepang]] ||773||||||773 |- |{{ESP}} ||200||400||60||660 |- |{{nagara|korea utara}} [[Korea Utara]] ||300||300||||600 |- |{{nagara|selandia baru}} [[Selandia Baru]] ||33||206||333||572 |- |{{nagaranama|zimbabwe}} ||502||||||502 |- |{{nagaranama|belanda}} ||497||||||497 |- |{{nagaranama|venezuela}} ||479||||||479 |- |{{nagaranama|argentina}} ||||430||||430 |- |{{nagaranama|filipina}} ||||232||100||332 |- |{{SVN}} ||||40||235||275 |- |{{nagaranama|Mozambik}} ||212||||||212 |- |{{nagaranama|swaziland}} ||208||||||208 |- |{{nagaranama|tanzania}} ||200||||||200 |- |{{nagara|nigeria}} [[Nigeria]] ||21||169||||190 |- |{{nagara|denmark}} [[Greenland]], [[Denmark]] ||||183||||183 |- |{{SLO}} ||||||172||172 |- |{{nagaranama|vietnam}} ||150||||||150 |- |[[Kongo]] ||88||||||88 |- |{{nagara|korea selatan}} [[Korea Selatan]] ||78||||||78 |- |{{nagaranama|niger}} ||70||||||70 |- |{{nagaranama|Afganistan}} ||66||||||66 |- |{{nagaranama|Aljazair}} ||40||||||40 |- |{{nagaranama|kroasia}} ||6||||33||39 |- |{{nagaranama|Portugal}} ||3||||33||36 |- |{{nagaranama|Perancis}} ||22||||14||36 |- |{{nagaranama|Italia}} ||||27||7||34 |- |{{nagaranama|Austria}} ||||||25||25 |- |{{nagaranama|Ekuador}} ||||||24||24 |- |{{nagaranama|mesir}} ||||22||||22 |- |{{nagaranama|irlandia}} ||14||||||14 |- |{{nagaranama|Zambia}} ||10||||||10 |- |{{nagaranama|Malaysia}} ||4||||||4 |- |{{nagara|Republik Afrika Tengah}} [[Republik Afrika Tengah]] ||||||3||3 |- |{{nagaranama|Myanmar}} ||2||||||2 |- |{{nagaranama|Malawi}} ||||2||||2 |- |{{nagara|Kaledonia Baru}} [[Kaledonia Baru]] ||2||||||2 |- |{{nagaranama|nepal}} ||2||||||2 |- |{{nagaranama|bolivia}} ||1||||||1 |- |{{nagaranama|Norwegia}} ||||1||||1 |- |{{nagaranama|taiwan}} ||1||||||1 |- |{{nagaranama|swedia}} ||||1||||1 |} == Negara pengekspor batu bara utama == {| class="wikitable" align="center" style="text-align:center" |+ '''Pengekspor batu bara berdasarkan nagara dan tahun{{br}}(dalam juta ton)'''<ref>http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/supplement/pdf/suptab_114.pdf</ref> |- ! Negara ! width="100pt"|[[2003]] ! width="100pt"|[[2004]] |- ! {{nagaranama|Australia}} | 238,1 | 247,6 |- ! {{nagara|Amerika serikat}} [[Amerika Serikat]] | 43,0 | 48,0 |- ! {{nagara|Afrika Selatan}} [[Afrika Selatan]] | 78,7 | 74,9 |- ! {{nagara|uni soviet}} [[Uni Soviet|Bekas Uni Soviet]] | 41,0 | 55,7 |- ! {{nagaranama|Polandia}} | 16,4 | 16,3 |- ! {{nagaranama|Kanada}} | 27,7 | 28,8 |- ! {{nagara|republik rakyat tiongkok}} [[Republik Rakyat Cina]] | 103,4 | 95,5 |- ! [[Amerika Selatan]] | 57,8 | 65,9 |- ! {{nagaranama|Indunisia}} | 107,8 | 131,4 |- ! Total ! 713,9 ! 764,0 |} [[Barakas:Tagebau Garzweiler Panorama 2005.jpg|center|1000px|thumb|]] == Lihati jua == * [[Skala waktu geologi]] * [[Yayasan Batu Bara Dunia]] [[w:World Coal Institute|en]] == Catatan batis == {{reflist}} == Pangait luar == {{Commons|Coal}} * {{en}}[http://www.worldcoal.org World Coal Institute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225003728/http://www.worldcoal.org/ |date=2011-02-25 }} * {{id}}[http://www.worldcoal.org/indonesian.asp Yayasan Batu Bara Dunia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518065749/http://www.worldcoal.org/indonesian.asp |date=2007-05-18 }} * {{en}}[http://www.worldcoal.org/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=187 Coal: Facts & Figures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518143559/http://www.worldcoal.org/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=187 |date=2009-05-18 }} * {{en}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20130120062548/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5174391/ MSNBC report on coal pollution health effects in the United States] * {{en}}[http://www.uic.com.au/nip83.htm Clean coal technologies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050621112309/http://www.uic.com.au//nip83.htm |date=2005-06-21 }} ** {{en}}[http://www.jcoal.or.jp/overview_en/gijutsu.html Advanced methods of using coal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809105829/http://www.jcoal.or.jp/overview_en/gijutsu.html |date=2010-08-09 }} ([[Pusat Energi Batu bara Jepang]] [[w:Japanese Coal Energy Center|en]]) * {{en}}[http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/fuels/hydrogen/Hydrogen_from_Coal_R&D.html USDOE Hydrogen from Coal Research] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303040016/http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/fuels/hydrogen/Hydrogen_from_Coal_R%26D.html |date=2013-03-03 }} * {{en}}[http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/07349343.asp Coal Preparation] * {{en}}[http://smtc.uwyo.edu/coal/ Wyoming Coal] dari Universitas Wyoming. * {{en}}[http://www.our-energy.com/coal_en.html Coal - origin, purification and consumption] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704031944/http://www.our-energy.com/coal_en.html |date=2007-07-04 }} * {{en}}[http://www.stoke.gov.uk/ccm/museums/museum/2006/gladstone-pottery-museum/information-sheets/coal-in-north-staffordshire.en History of coal seams and the practice of coal mining in North Staffordshire, UK] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071206003202/http://www.stoke.gov.uk/ccm/museums/museum/2006/gladstone-pottery-museum/information-sheets/coal-in-north-staffordshire.en |date=2007-12-06 }} * {{id}}[http://www.gasifikasibatubara.com Gasifikasi Batubara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602103444/http://gasifikasibatubara.com/ |date=2013-06-02 }} * Daniel Burns. ''The modern practice of coal mining'' (1907) * Chirons, Nicholas P. ''Coal Age Handbook of Coal Surface Mining'' (ISBN 0-07-011458-7) * Hamilton, Michael S. ''Mining Environmental Policy: Comparing Indunisia and the USA'' (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2005). (ISBN 0-7546-4493-6). * Hayes, Geoffrey. ''Coal Mining'' (2004), 32 pp * Hughes. Herbert W, ''A Text-Book of Mining: For the use of colliery managers and others'' (London, many editions 1892-1917), the standard British textbook for its era. * {{Citation | last = National Energy Information Center | title = Greenhouse Gases, Climate Change, Energy | url = http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/ggccebro/chapter1.html | accessdate = 2007-10-16}} * Charles V. Nielsen and George F. Richardson. ''1982 Keystone Coal Industry Manual'' (1982) * Saleem H. Ali. Minding our Minerals, 2006. [http://saleemali.newsvine.com/_news/2006/12/06/470322-minding-our-minerals] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004150902/http://saleemali.newsvine.com/_news/2006/12/06/470322-minding-our-minerals |date=2018-10-04 }} * A.K. Srivastava. ''Coal Mining Industry in India'' (1998) (ISBN 81-7100-076-2) * {{Citation | last = The Department of Trade and Industry | title = The Coal Authority | url = http://www.coal.gov.uk/resources/cleanercoaltechnologies/CoalMineandbedmethane.cfm | accessdate = 2007-10-16 | archive-date = 2008-10-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081013144159/http://www.coal.gov.uk/resources/cleanercoaltechnologies/CoalMineandbedmethane.cfm | dead-url = yes }} * James Tonge. ''The principles and practice of coal mining'' (1906) [[Tumbung:Batubara| ]] 67ki8ur97044bnugjiqsa2rn50y41n6 0 2875 114006 98461 2026-09-25T00:07:48Z InternetArchiveBot 11286 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 114006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Harimaw Dahan Kalimantan<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Wozencraft| pages = 546}}</ref> | fossil_range = Early [[Pleistocene]] to Recent | image = borneo_clouded_leopard.jpg | image_width = 300px | image_caption = Macan Dahan Kalimantan | status = VU | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=iucn/> | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] | classis = [[Mammal]]ia | ordo = [[Carnivora]] | familia = [[Felidae]] | subfamilia = [[Pantherinae]] | genus = ''[[Neofelis]]'' | species = '''''N. diardi''''' | binomial = ''Neofelis diardi'' | binomial_authority = ([[Georges Cuvier|G. Cuvier]], 1823) | synonyms = ''Felis diardii''<br />''Felis macrocelis''<br />''Felis marmota''<br />''Neofelis nebulosa diardi'' | range_map = Neofelis diardi Locator Map.svg | range_map_width = 300px | range_map_caption = Penyebaran harimaw dahan Kalimantan }} '''Harimaw Dahan Kalimantan''' ''(Neofelis diardi)'', atawa '''harimaw dahan amparan Sunda''', adalah [[felidae|kucing]] liar berukuran sadang nang tahaga di [[Pulaw Kalimantan]] wan [[Sumatera]]. Tahun 2006, inya diklasifikasiakan sebagay spésiés nang tapisah matan kerabat sabanuanya, ''[[Neofelis nebulosa]]''.<ref name="BB">{{cite journal | author = Buckley-Beason, V.A., Johnson, W.E., Nash, W.G., Stanyon, R., Menninger, J.C., Driscoll, C.A., Howard, J., Bush, M., Page, J.E., Roelke, M.E., Stone, G., Martelli, P., Wen, C., Ling, L.; Duraisingam, R.K., Lam, V.P., O'Brien, S.J. | title = Molecular Evidence for Species-Level Distinctions in Clouded Leopards | journal = Current Biology | volume = 16 | issue = 23 | pages = 2371–2376 | date = 5 December 2006 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2006.08.066 | pmid = 17141620}}</ref><ref name="Kit">{{cite journal | author = Kitchener, A.C., Beaumont, M.A., Richardson, D. | title = Geographical Variation in the Clouded Leopard, ''Neofelis nebulosa'', Reveals Two Species | journal = Current Biology | volume = 16 | issue = 23 | pages = 2377–2383 | date = 5 December 2006 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2006.10.066 | pmid = 17141621}}</ref> Ngaran ''Bornean Clouded Leopard'' (Harimaw Dahan Kalimantan) diterbitakan [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]] tanggal 14 Marét 2007, mangutip Dr. Stephen O'Brien dari U.S. [[National Cancer Institute]] nang menyambat, "Hasil kajian génétik nyata-nyata mengindikasiakan bahwasa harimaw dahan Kalimantan harus dianggap sebagay spésiés nang tapisah".<ref name="WWF">{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/03/070315075842.htm |title=New Species Declared: Clouded Leopard found on Borneo and Sumatra |publisher=ScienceDaily |date=15 March 2007 |accessdate=26 November 2010}}</ref> Tahun 2008, [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]] mengklasifikasiakan spésiés naya sebagay spésiés nang rentan terhadap kepunahan, lawan ukuran populasi efektif total diperkira'akan kurang dari 10.000 individu dewasa, wan trén populasi nang manurun.<ref name=iucn>{{IUCN2008|assessors= Hearn, A., Sanderson, J., Ross, J., Wilting, A. and Sunarto, S. |year=2008 |id=136603 |title=Neofelis diardi |downloaded=18 January 2009}}</ref> == Pemerian == Harimaw dahan Kalimantan adalah felid nang pangganalnya di [[Pulaw Kalimantan]], wan baisi awak nang gempal, baratnya sekitar {{convert|12|to|25|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. Dengan batis nang héndép wan fléksibel, cakar nang ganal, wan kuku nang tajam, kucing ganal ini nahap banarkuda-kudanya. Gigi taringnya mencapai 2 inci, nang dalam proporsi lawan panjang tengkorak, labih panjang daripada kucing-kucin lain nang ada selawas ini. Buntutnya kawa tumbuh sepanjang badannya, menambah keseimbangan. Pada lapisan rambut awaknya terdapat tutul-tutul nang konon berbentuk mirip [[rakun]], nang memberinya ngaran ''clouded leopard'' dalam [[Bahasa Inggris]]. Meski para ilmuwan telah mengetahui keberadaannya sejak awal abad ke-19, ia diidentifikasi sabagai spesies nang terpisah tersendiri pada tahun 2006, karena sebelumnya dianggap sabagai subspesies dari [[Macan dahan]] (''Neofelis nebulosa'').<ref name="BB"/><ref name="Kit"/> == Penyebaran == Kemungkinan macan dahan Kalimantan wastu terdapat di pulau Kalimantan dan Sumatera. Di Kalimantan, mereka bisa ditemui di hutan hujan dataran rendah dan dalam kepadatan nang lebih rendah di hitan tebang. Catatan di Kalimantan menunjukkan di bawah {{convert|1500|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Di Sumatera tampaknya mereka ada lebih banyak di daerah perbukitan dan pegunungan. Tidak diketahui apakah mereka masih hidup di Pulau Batu dekat Sumatera.<ref name=iucn/> Film dokumentasi pertama tentang kucing ini diambil pada Juni 2009 di [[Sabah]].<ref>Mohamed, A. and Wilting, A. (2009) ''Sundaland Clouded leopard Neofelis diardi''. Filmed at Deramakot Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia. Conservation of Carnivores in Sabah [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/video/2010/feb/10/sundaland-cloud-leopard-wildlife online]</ref> Dulunya spesies ini dapat ditemui di [[Jawa]], tapi kada ada catatan nang menunjukkan keberadaan mereka sejak zaman Neolitikum.{{fact|date=November 2010}} == Perilaku == Kebiasaan harimaw dahan Kalimantan kada banyak diketahui karena sifat alaminya nang penuh rahasia. Perkiraan umum adalah mereka adalah makhluk penyendiri. Harimaw dahan Kalimantan kebanyakan berburu di atas tanah dan menggunakan keahliannya memanjat gasan bersembunyi dari bahaya.{{fact|date=February 2010}} == Sejarah Taksonomi == [[Barakas:Pl9 rimau dahan(jardine).jpg|jmpl|Plat dari ''The Natural History of The Feline'', diterbitkan 1834]] Meski namanya seperti itu, harimaw dahan Kalimantan kada berkerabat dekat lawan [[macan tutul]]. Spesies ini dinamakan ''Neofelis diardi'' gasan menghormati naturalis dan penjelajah Prancis [[Pierre-Médard Diard]]; pada abad ke-19 ''Felis diardii'' merujuk Macan Dahan/Macan Dahan Kalimantan, atau dalam bahasa sehari-hari "Kucingnya Diars".<ref>{{cite book | title=The New American Cyclopedia | author=[[George Ripley (transcendentalist)|George Ripley]] | year=1858 | pages=543 | url=http://books.google.com/?id=pN_CQOaQi-oC&pg=RA7-PA543&lpg=RA7-PA543&dq=diard's+cat | publisher=D. Appleton and Company }}</ref> Nama setempat, "Macan Dahan" dalam [[Bahasa Indunisia]] dan "Harimau Dahan" dalam [[Bahasa Melayu]]. == Sejarah evolusi == Analisa genetik ''Neofelis nebulosa'' dan ''Neofelis diardi'' memperkirakan bahwa kedua spesies memisahkan diri 1,4 juta tahun nang lalu, setelah satwa-satwa ini melewati jembatan tanah nang kini telah tenggelam gasan mencapai Kalimantan dari benua utama Asia.<ref name="TO">{{cite news|title=After 200 years, a new big cat comes out of the jungle|publisher=[http://www.timesonline.co.uk Times Online]|author=Lewis Smith|date=14 March 2007|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article1517044.ece|accessdate=25 March 2007|location=London|archive-date=18 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918102139/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article1517044.ece|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Pelestarian == Karena sifatnya, harimaw dahan Kalimantan ngalih gasan dipelajari. Jumlah populasi mereka kada diketahui secara pasti. Namun, kajian dan pengambilan film terbaru (Dr Robert Martin) memerkirakan populasinya sekitar 5.000 dan 11.000 kucing besar tersisa di Kalimantan, dan 3.000 hingga 7.000 di Sumatera.<ref name="WWF"/> Di nagara-nagara tempat kucing ini berasal, perburuan macan dahan merupakan kegiatan nang dilarang.{{Citation needed|date=March 2007}} Namun larangan ini kada terlalu baik penegakannya. == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Raitan luar == {{wikispecies|Neofelis diardi}} {{commons|Neofelis diardi}} * [http://cloudedleopard.org/default.aspx?link=news_2007_03_16 Borneo Clouded Leopard Classified as New Species] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113092107/http://cloudedleopard.org/default.aspx?link=news_2007_03_16 |date=2010-01-13 }} The Clouded Leopard Project (March 16, 2007) * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_8505000/8505785.stm Clouded leopard: First film of new Asia big cat species] BBC Earth News (February 10, 2010) * [http://www.panda.org/species/clouded_leopard Bornean Clouded Leopard] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6452555.stm BBC Article on Clouded Leopard, Retrieved March, 2007 ] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121124085112/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17619064/ MSN media/video, Retrieved March 19, 2007] * [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6785/6/16 Clouded leopards, the secretive top-carnivore of South-East Asian rainforests: their distribution, status and conservation needs in Sabah, Malaysia] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070319010810/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/03/070315-leopard-picture.html National Geographic] * [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/technology/technology.html?in_article_id=442309&in_page_id=1965 Daily Mail] {{Carnivora|Fe.}} [[Tumbung:Pantherinae]] k5o553v70hq3s6meltk923msv2758y2 0 3416 114007 47260 2026-09-25T00:08:23Z InternetArchiveBot 11286 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 114007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Skyscraper |building_name = Hilton Bandung |image = |caption = |location = {{flagicon|Indunisia}} [[Bandung]], [[Indunisia]] |coordinates = {{coord|6|55|5|S|107|39|35|E|type:landmark}} |status = Completed |groundbreaking = |constructed = 2007 - 2009 |opening = |use = Hotel |antenna_spire = |roof = |top_floor = |floor_count = 12 |elevator_count = |cost = |floor_area = |architect = |engineer = |contractor = |developer = |owner = [[Hilton Hotels Corporation]] }} '''Hotel Hilton Bandung''' adalah sabuah [[hotel]] wan [[pangarukut langit]] di [[Bandung]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indunisia]]. Hilton Bandung baandak di pusat kuta [[Bandung]] di subalah selatan matan [[Hyper Square Paskal (Pasir Kaliki) Bandung]] adalah pawadahan pusat pahiburan/peleseran wan pamakanan wan jua parak lawan [[Paris Van Java Mall|Paris Van Java Bandung]]. == Raraitan luar == * {{en}} [http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=hiltonhotel-bandung-ind1sia Hilton Bandung] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} di situs web [[Emporis]] {{Asia-hotel-struct-stub}} {{Indunisia-struct-stub}} [[Tumbung:Bandung]] qf013yshoiog59k3lchi76mtcttb3ou 0 3691 114005 112874 2026-09-24T23:59:49Z InternetArchiveBot 11286 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 114005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Elizabeth Taylor | image = Taylor, Elizabeth posed.jpg <!--date unknown--> | caption = Poto publisitas studio | imagesize = 200px | birth_name = Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor | birth_date = {{birth date|1932|2|27}} | birth_place = {{nowrap|[[Hampstead Garden Suburb]], [[London]], Inggris}} | death_date = {{death date and age|2011|3|23|1932|2|27}} | death_place = {{nowrap|[[Los Angeles]], [[California]], A.S.}} | death_cause = [[gagal jantung|Gagal jantung kongestif]] | restingplace = [[Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale]], California, A.S. | other_names = Liz Taylor | occupation = Aktris, aktivis susial | years_active = 1942–2003 | nationality = [[Urang Inggris|Inggris]]-[[Amirika Sarikat|Amirika]] | religion = [[Christian Science]] (1932–1959)<br />[[Judaism]] (1959–2011)<ref name="convert">{{cite web|url=http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2011/03/24/making-sense-of-elizabeth-taylors-jewish-conversion|title=Exploring Elizabeth Taylor's Jewish conversion|last=Ravitz|first=Jessica|date=March 24, 2011|publisher=CNN|accessdate=25 March 2011|archive-date=26 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110326052237/http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2011/03/24/making-sense-of-elizabeth-taylors-jewish-conversion/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | spouse = [[Conrad Hilton, Jr.]] (1950–1951)<br />[[Michael Wilding (actor)|Michael Wilding]] (1952–1957)<br />[[Mike Todd]] (1957–1958)<br />[[Eddie Fisher (singer)|Eddie Fisher]] (1959–1964)<br />[[Richard Burton]] (1964–1974, 1975–1976)<br />[[John Warner]] (1976–1982)<br />[[Larry Fortensky]] (1991–1996) | children = Michael Howard Wilding<br />Christopher Edward Wilding<br />Elizabeth Frances "Liza" Todd<br />Maria Burton | parents = [[Francis Lenn Taylor]] (jiun)<br />[[Sara Sothern]] (jiun) | relations = Howard Taylor (kaka panuhanya) | awards = [[:en:List of awards and nominations received by Elizabeth Taylor|Daptar]] }} '''Dame Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor, DBE''' ({{lahirmati|Hampstead, London, Inggris|27|2|1932|[[Los Angeles]], [[Amirika Sarikat]]|23|3|2011}}) adalah aktris binian Amirika Sarikat kalahiran Inggris nang dua kali mamanangi Academy Award sawagai Aktris Tarbaik. Elizabeth Taylor suah kawin 8 kali dan basarak 7 kali (mambalu sawayah ditinggal jiun suami ka-3, Michael Todd), tamasuk di antaranya dua kali kawin wan dua kali sarak lawan aktor [[Richard Burton]]. == Filmografi == <div style="font-size: 95%"> {| class="wikitable" |- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" ! Tahun !! Judul !! Sawagai !! Catatan lain |- | 1942 || ''There's One Born Every Minute'' || Gloria Twine || |- | 1943 || ''[[Lassie Come Home]]'' || Priscilla || |- |rowspan="3"| 1944 || ''[[Jane Eyre (film tahun 1944)|Jane Eyre]]'' || Helen Burns || kada ditulis dalam daptar pemain |- | ''[[The White Cliffs of Dover]]'' || Betsy || kada ditulis dalam daptar pamain |- | ''[[National Velvet (film)|National Velvet]]'' || Velvet Brown || |- | 1946 || ''Courage of Lassie'' || Katherine Eleanor Merrick || |- |rowspan="2"| 1947 || ''[[Life with Father]]'' || Mary Skinner || |- | ''[[Cynthia]]'' || Cynthia Bishop || |- |rowspan="2"| 1948 || ''[[A Date with Judy]]'' || Carol Pringle || |- | ''Julia Misbehaves'' || Susan Packett || |- |rowspan="2"| 1949 || ''[[Little Women (film tahun 1949)|Little Women]]'' || Amy || |- | ''[[Conspiracy (film)|Conspirator]]'' || Melinda Greyton || |- |rowspan="2"| 1950 || ''The Big Hangover'' || Mary Belney || |- | ''[[Father of the Bride (film tahun 1950)|Father of the Bride]]'' || Kay Banks || |- |rowspan="3"| 1951 || ''[[Father's Little Dividend]]'' || Kay Dunstan || |- | ''[[A Place in the Sun]]'' || Angela Vickers || |- | ''[[Quo Vadis (film tahun 1951)|Quo Vadis]]'' || Christian prisoner in arena || kada ditulis dalam daptar pamain |- |rowspan="2"| 1952 || ''Love Is Better Than Ever'' || Anastacia "Stacie" Macaboy || |- | ''[[Ivanhoe (1952 film)|Ivanhoe]]'' || Rebecca || |- | 1953 || ''The Girl Who Had Everything'' || Jean Latimer || |- |rowspan="4"| 1954 || ''[[Rhapsody (film)|Rhapsody]]'' || Louise Durant || |- | ''[[Elephant Walk]]'' || Ruth Wiley || |- | ''[[Beau Brummell]]'' || Lady Patricia Belham || |- | ''[[The Last Time I Saw Paris]]'' || Helen Ellswirth/Willis || |- | 1956 || ''[[Giant (film)|Giant]]'' || Leslie Lynnton Benedict || |- | 1957 || ''[[Raintree County]]'' || Susanna Drake || nominasi Aktris Terbaik [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] |- | 1958 || ''[[Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (film)|Cat on a Hot Tin Roof]]'' || Maggie the Cat || nominasi Aktris Terbaik [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] |- | 1959 || ''[[Suddenly Last Summer]]'' || Catherine Holly || nominasi Aktris Terbaik [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] |- |rowspan="2"| 1960 || ''[[Scent of Mystery]]'' || The Real Sally || kada ditulis dalam daptar pamain |- | ''[[Butterfield 8]]'' || Gloria Wandrous || Aktris Terbaik [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] |- |rowspan="2"| 1963 || ''[[Cleopatra (1963 film)|Cleopatra]]'' || [[Cleopatra VII|Cleopatra]] || |- | ''[[The V.I.P.s]]'' || Frances Andros || |- | 1965 || ''[[The Sandpiper]]'' || Laura Reynolds || |- | 1966 || ''[[Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (film)|Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?]]'' || Martha || Aktris Terbaik [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] |- |rowspan="4"| 1967 || ''[[The Taming of the Shrew (1967 film)|The Taming of the Shrew]]'' || Katharina || |- | ''[[Doctor Faustus (1967 film)|Doctor Faustus]]'' || [[Helen of Troy]] || |- | ''[[Reflections in a Golden Eye]]'' || Lenora Penderton || |- | ''[[The Comedians]]'' || Martha Pineda || |- |rowspan="2"| 1968 || ''[[Boom! (1968 film)|Boom!]]'' || Flora 'Sissy' Goforth || |- | ''[[Secret Ceremony]]'' || Lenora || |- | 1969 || ''[[Anne of the Thousand Days]]'' || Courtesan ||kada ditulis dalam daptar pamain |- | 1970 || ''[[The Only Game in Town]]'' || Fran Walker || |- |rowspan="3"| 1972 || ''X,Y, and Zee'' || Zee Blakely || |- | ''[[Under Milk Wood]]'' || Rosie Probert || |- | ''Hammersmith Is Out'' || Jimmie Jean Jackson || |- |rowspan="3"| 1973 || ''Divorce His - Divorce Hers || Jane Reynolds || |- | ''Night Watch'' || Ellen Wheeler || |- | ''[[Ash Wednesday - film]]'' || Barbara Sawyer || |- | 1974 || ''[[Identikit]]'' || Lise || Judul lain: ''The Driver's Seat'' |- |rowspan="2"| 1976 || ''[[The Blue Bird (1976 film)|The Blue Bird]]'' || Queen of Light/Mother/Witch/Maternal Love || |- | ''Victory at Entebbe'' || Edra Vilonfsky || |- | 1977 || ''[[A Little Night Music]]'' || Desiree Armfeldt || |- | 1978 || ''Return Engagement'' || Dr. Emily Loomis || |- | 1979 || ''Winter Kills'' || Lola Comante || kada ditulis dalam daptar pamain |- | 1980 || ''[[The Mirror Crack'd]]'' || Marina Rudd || |- | 1981 || ''[[General Hospital]]'' || [[Helena Cassadine]] || sawagai figuran sawayah mahadiri parnikahan [[Luke and Laura Spencer|Luke and Laura]] |- | 1983 || ''Between Friends'' || Deborah Shapiro || |- |rowspan="2"| 1985 || ''[[Malice in Wonderland (film televisi)|Malice in Wonderland]]'' || Louella Parsons || |- | ''[[North and South (miniseri televisi)|North and South]]'' || Madame Conti || |- | 1986 || ''There Must Be a Pony'' || Marguerite Sydney || |- | 1987 || ''Poker Alice'' || Alice Moffit || |- | 1988 || ''Young Toscanini'' || Nadina Bulichoff || |- | 1989 || ''Sweet Bird of Youth'' || Alexandra Del Lago || |- | 1994 || ''[[The Flintstones (film)|The Flintstones]]'' || Pearl Slaghoople || |- | 2001 || ''[[These Old Broads]]'' || Beryl Mason || |}</div> == Jiun == Jiunnya Taylor baurusan lawan babagai ungkara kasihatan salawas batahun-tahun. Pada tahun 2004 sidim mamadahakan bahua sidin marista gagal jantung kongestif, dan pada tahun 2009 sidin manjalani pambadahan jantung gasan mangganti katup miris. Pada Pibuari 2011 gajala hanyar nang tarait gagal jantung kongestif manyababkan sidin manjadi ditarima ka Cedars-Sinai Medical Center gasan parawatan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mediaindonesia.com/read/2011/03/03/212591/65/10/Elizabeth_Taylor_Meninggal_dalam_Usia_79_Tahun |title=Archive copy |access-date=2011-04-09 |archive-date=2011-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429060811/http://www.mediaindonesia.com/read/2011/03/03/212591/65/10/Elizabeth_Taylor_Meninggal_dalam_Usia_79_Tahun |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Taylor jiun pada tanggal 23 Marat 2011, dikulilingi ulih ampat kanaknya di Cedars-Sinai Medical Center di [[Los Angeles, California]], pada usia 79. == Jujuhutan == {{reflist}} == Tautan luar == {{wikiquote}} * {{imdb nama|id=0000072|nama=Elizabeth Taylor}} * {{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930211123/http://www.tcm.com/thismonth/article/?cid=31290&mainArticleId=161048 Biografi Elizabeth Taylor] di [[Turner Classic Movies]] * {{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20090220193427/http://www.hollywood.com/celebrity/Elizabeth_Taylor/1116044 Profil Elizabeth Taylor] * {{en}} [http://www.kennedy-center.org/calendar/index.cfm?fuseaction=showIndividual&entitY_id=3813&source_type=A Biografi Elizabeth Taylor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926232917/http://www.kennedy-center.org/calendar/index.cfm?fuseaction=showIndividual&entitY_id=3813&source_type=A |date=2009-09-26 }} di situs web Kennedy Center * {{en}} [http://www.amfar.org/ American Foundation for AIDS Research (amfAR)] * {{en}} [http://www.elizabethtayloraidsfoundation.org Elizabeth Taylor Aids Foundation (ETAF)] * {{en}} [http://www.ginnydougary.co.uk/1999/10/10/elizabeth-the-first/ Wawancara Ginny Dougary lawan Elizabeth Taylor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070125083452/http://www.ginnydougary.co.uk/1999/10/10/elizabeth-the-first/ |date=2007-01-25 }} (1999) * {{en}} [http://www.rootdig.com/elizabeth_taylor.html Manifes kapal nang membawa Elizabeth Taylor ke Amerika Serikat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194105/http://www.rootdig.com/elizabeth_taylor.html |date=2007-09-27 }} * {{en}} [http://twitter.com/DameElizabeth Elizabeth Taylor] di [http://twitter.com/ Twitter] {{lifetime|1932|2011|Taylor, Elizabeth}} [[Tumbung:Palakun Britania Raya]] [[Tumbung:Palakun Amirika Sarikat]] [[Tumbung:Aktris Tarbaik (Academy Awards)]] cybr1zs1x1gu49hsetxa5gkbdqnvvp3 0 3896 114004 97222 2026-09-24T23:56:37Z InternetArchiveBot 11286 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 114004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox urang}} '''David James Archuleta''' ({{lahirmati||28|12|1990}}) adalah saurang panyanyi pop-penulis lagu Amerika. Pada usia sapuluh tahun inya mamanangakan divisi kakanakan matan Kompetisi Bakat Utah nang ma'ampah ka panampilan manyanyi televisi lainnya.<ref name="DAADMM"/> Wayah inya dua walas tahun, Archuleta manjadi Juara Vokal SMP di ''[[Star Search 2]]''.<ref name="DAADMM">{{cite web | title= David Archuleta's album debuts | url= http://www.meridianmagazine.com/arts/081112crush.html | last= Edson | first= Aaron | publisher= Meridian Magazine | accessdate= 2009-02-03 | archive-date= 2009-01-26 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090126101820/http://meridianmagazine.com/arts/081112crush.html | dead-url= yes }}</ref> Pada tahun 2007, pada usia anam walas tahun, inya manjadi salah satu kontestan paling anum di musim katujuh ''[[American Idol]]''.<ref name="idolchatter" /> Pada bulan Mai 2008, inya tuntung sabagai jawara kadua, manarima 44 persen matan labih dari 97 juta suara. Pada bulan Agustus 2008 Archuleta merilis "[[Crush (lagu David Archuleta)|Crush]]," singel panambaian matan [[David Archuleta (album)|debut album bajudul ngaran inya]].<ref name="DAADMM"/><ref name="Z100"/><ref name="ET album">{{cite web | last =Rubin | first =Canaan | title =Behind the Music with David Archuleta | publisher =Entertainment Tonight | date =16 September 2008 | url =http://www.etonline.com/news/2008/09/65586/ | accessdate =2008-10-30 | archive-date =2008-10-19 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20081019233751/http://www.etonline.com/news/2008/09/65586/ | dead-url =yes }}</ref><ref name="AI News DA album">{{cite web | first =Marnie| title=American Idol News: David Archuleta's Debut Album | publisher= American Idol News | date=18 September 2008 | url =http://www.americanidol.com/news/view/?pid=1418 | accessdate= 2008-10-30}}</ref> Album ini, dirilis dua bulan dudinya, debut di numur dua di chart [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]; itu sudah tajual labih matan 750.000 kopi di Amerika Sarikat dan lebih dari 900.000 di seluruh dunia.<ref name="bbcharts">{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003892753 |title=Taylor Swift Soars To No. 1 Debut |accessdate=19 November 2008 |last=Cohen |first=Jonathan |work=Billboard |date=29 November 2008 |archive-date=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023191652/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003892753 |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart_watch/30573/chart-watch-extra-the-american-idol-alumni-association/ Chart Watch], Yahoo.com</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/idolchatter/post/2009/12/carrie-underwood-plays-on-through-christmas-in-idol-album-sales/1|title=Carrie Underwood-Plays on Through Christmas in Idol Album Sales|work=USA Today.com | date=2009-12-30}}</ref> pada bulan sapuluh tahun 2010 inya marilis album katalu, ''[[The Other Side of Down]]'' manampaiakan lead single "[[Something 'Bout Love]]". == Jujuhutan == {{reflist}} 67avg17pipns7ejptw1qv8rdag6s6m5 0 3900 113995 107449 2026-09-24T23:25:28Z InternetArchiveBot 11286 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 113995 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person | name =Amelia Earhart | image =amelia earhart.jpeg | image_size =180px | caption =Amelia Mary Earhart tahun 1935 | birth_date ={{birth date|1897|7|24|df=y}} | birth_place =[[Atchison, Kansas]], [[Amerika Sarikat|AS]] | known_for = Bibinian nang panambaian tarbang surangan maliwati [[Lautan Atlantik]] wan babarapa rékor panarbangan. | death_date =Tanggal jiun kada dikatahui | death_place =Hilang pada tanggal [[2 Juli]] [[1937]] di tangah-tangah [[Lautan Pasifik]] di parak [[pulau Howland]], dan dinyata'akan tiwas pada tanggal [[5 Januari]] [[1939]]. | occupation =[[Panarbang]], [[pangarang]] dan juru pandir | spouse =[[George P. Putnam]] | parents =Samuel "Edwin" Stanton Earhart (1868-1930) dan Amelia Otis Earhart (1869-1962) }} '''Amelia Mary Earhart''' ([[pelafalan]] /ˈɛərhɑrt/ ''"AIR-hart"''; [[24 Juli]] [[1897]] – hilang [[2 Juli]] [[1937]], dinyata'akan tiwas [[5 Januari]] [[1939]]), babinian matan Edwin wan Amy Earhart, adalah saurang palopor [[panarbang]]an, [[panulis]], dan pajuang hak babinian [[Amerika Sarikat]].<ref>Morey 1995, hal. 11. Kutipan: "Inya adalah palopor panarbangan... inya mamimpin kartak sahingga nang lainnya kawa maumpatinya dan tulak manuju pancapaian nang labih baik." dan kutipan: Charles Kuralt baujar di program télévisi CBS ''Sunday Morning'', ma'ampah kapada Earhart, "Palopor mamparsiapakan sisa matan kami gasan masa depan."</ref><ref name="Oakes 1985">Oakes 1985</ref> Earhart adalah babinian panambaian nang manarima ''[[Distinguished Flying Cross]]''.<ref>Goldstein and Dillon 1997, hal. 111,112.</ref> Sidin mandapat panghargaan itu marga sidin adalah babinian panambaian nang tarbang surangan manyubarangi [[lautan Atlantik]].<ref>Pearce 1988, hal. 95.</ref> Sidin gin ma'ulah banyak rékor lainnya,<ref name="Oakes 1985"/> manulis buku nang tajual paling banyak sual pangalaman tarbangnya, dan baisi paran panting dalam pandirian ''[[Ninety-Nine]]'', organisasi pilot babinian.<ref>Lovell 1989, hal.152.</ref> Earhart hilang sacara misterius di [[lautan Pasifik]] di parak [[pulau Howland]] dalam usaha hagan malakukan panarbangan kuliling dunia tahun 1937. Katartarikan sual hidup, karir, dan misteri hilangnya Earhart magun tatap balanjut sampai damini.<ref>''The Mystery of Amelia Earhart''. Social Studies School Service. [http://sss.cuesta.com/c/article.html?article@AE+s@h5Ge91PMdTMQk]{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Kutipan: "Sidin manghilang hampir 60 tahun nang halam, tagal pesona Amelia Earhart tarus balanjut pada tiap ganarasi puga."</ref> == Catatan batis == {{reflist}} == Daptar pustaka == <div class="reflist4" style="height: 220px; overflow: auto; padding: 3px" > * Barker, Ralph. ''Great Mysteries of the Air''. London: Pan Books, 1966. ISBN 0-330-02096-X. * Briand, Paul. ''Daughter of the Sky''. New York: Duell, Sloan, Pearce, 1960. No ISBN. * Brink, Randall. ''Lost Star: The Search for Amelia Earhart''. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1994. ISBN 0-393-026883-3. * Butler, Susan. ''East to the Dawn: The Life of Amelia Earhart''. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1997. ISBN 0-306-80887-0. * Campbell, Mike with Devine, Thomas E. ''With Our Own Eyes: Eyewitnesses ot the Final Days of Amelia Earhart''. Lancaster, Ohio: Lucky Press, LLC, 2002. ISBN 0-9706377-6-4. * Cochran, Jacqueline and Brinkley, Maryann Bucknum. ''Jackie Cochran: The Autobiography of the Greatest Woman Pilot in Aviation History''. Toronto: Bantam Boooks, 1987. ISBN 0-553-05211-X. * Cochran, Jacqueline. ''Stars at Noon''. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1954. * Crouch, Thomas D. "Searching for Amelia Earhart." ''Invention & Technology'' Volume 23, Issue 1, Summer 2007. * Devine, Thomas E. ''Eyewitness: The Amelia Earhart Incident''. Frederick, CO: Renaissance House, 1987. ISBN 0-939650-48-7. * Garst, Shannon. ''Amelia Earhart: Heroine of the Skies''. New York: Julian Messner, Inc., 1947. No ISBN. * Gillespie, Ric. ''Finding Amelia: The True Story of the Earhart Disappearance''. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2006. ISBN 1-59114-319-5. * Glines, C.V. "'Lady Lindy': The Remarkable Life of Amelia Earhart." ''Aviation History'' July 1997. * Goerner, Fred. ''The Search for Amelia Earhart''. New York: Doubleday, 1966. ISBN 0-385-07424-7. * Goldstein, Donald M. and Dillon, Katherine V. ''Amelia: The Centennial Biography of an Aviation Pioneer''. Washington, DC: Brassey's, 1997. ISBN 1-57488-134-5. * Grooch, William Stephen. ''Skyway to Asia''. New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1936. No ISBN. * Hamill, Pete. "Leather and Pearls: The Cult of Amelia Earhart." ''MS Magazine'' September 1976. * Haynsworth, Leslie and Toomey, David. ''Amelia Earhart's Daughters: The Wild and Glorious Story of American Women Aviators from World War II to the Dawn of the Space Age''. New York: Harper Collins Publishers Inc., 1998. ISBN 0-380-72984-9. * Hoverstein, Paul. "An American Obsession". ''Air & Space Smithsonian'' Vol. 22, No. 2, June/July 2007. * Kerby, Mona: ''Amelia Earhart: Courage in the Sky'' (Women of our Time series). New York: Puffin Books, 1990. ISBN 0-14-034263-X. * King, Thomas F., Burns, Karen Ramey, Jacobson, Randall and Spading, Kenton. ''Amelia Earhart's Shoes''. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, 2001. ISBN 0-7591-0130-2. * Landsberg. Alan. ''In Search of Missing Persons''. New York: Bantam Books, 1978. ISBN 0-553-11459-X. * Long, Elgen M. and Marie K. ''Amelia Earhart: The Mystery Solved''. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999. ISBN 0-684-86005-8. * Loomis, Vincent V. ''Amelia Earhart, the Final Story''. New York: Random House, 1985. ISBN 0-394-53191-4. * Lovell, Mary S. ''The Sound of Wings''. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989. ISBN 0-312-03431-8. * Marshall, Patti. "Neta Snook". ''Aviation History'' Vol. 17, No. 3. January 2007, hal. 21-22. * Morey, Eileen. ''The Importance of Amelia Earhart''. San Diego: Lucent Books, 1995. ISBN 1-56006-065-4. * Moolman, Valerie. ''Women Aloft'' (The Epic of Flight series). Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life Books, 1981. ISBN 0-8094-3287-0. * Morrissey, Muriel Earhart. ''Courage is the Price: The Biography of Amelia Earhart''. Wichita, Kansas: McCormick-Armstrong Publishing Division, 1963. ISBN 1-141-40879-1. * Oakes, Claudia M. ''United States Women in Aviation 1930-1939''. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1985. ISBN 0-87474-380-X. * O' Leary, Michael. "The Earhart Discovery: Fact or Fiction?" '' Air Classics'' Vol 28, No. 8, August 1992. * Pearce, Carol Ann. ''Amelia Earhart''. New York: Facts on File, 1988. ISBN 0-8160-1520-1. * Pellegrino, Anne Holtgren. ''World Flight: The Amelia Trail''. Ames, Iowa: The Iowa State University Press, 1971. ISBN 0-8138-1760-9. * ''The Radio Amateur's Handbook''. West Hartford, Connecticut: American Radio Relay League, 1945. No ISBN. * Randolph, Blythe. ''Amelia Earhart''. New York: Franklin Watts, 1987. ISBN 0-531-10331-5. * Rich, Doris L. ''Amelia Earhart: A Biography''. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1989. ISBN 1-56098-725-1. * Safford, Laurance F. with Warren, Cameron A. and Payne, Robert R.''Earhart's Flight into Yesterday: The Facts Without the Fiction'', McLean, Virginia: Paladwr Press, 2003. ISBN 1-888962-20-8. * Sloate, Susan. ''Amelia Earhart: Challenging the Skies''. New York: Fawcett Books, 1990. ISBN 0-449-90396-6. * Strippel, Richard G. ''Amelia Earhart: The Myth and the Reality''. New York: Exposition Press, 1972. ISBN 0-682-47447-9. * Strippel, Richard G. "Researching Amelia: A Detailed Summary for the Serious Researcher into the Disappearance of Amelia Earhart." ''Air Classics'' Vol. 31, No. 11, November 1995. * Thames, Richard. ''Amelia Earhart''. New York: Franklin Watts, 1989. ISBN 0-531-10851-1. * Ware, Susan. ''Still Missing: Amelia Earhart and the Search for Modern Feminism''. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1993. ISBN 0-393-03551-4. * Wright, Monte Duane. ''Most Probable Position, A History of Aerial Navigation to 1941''. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1972. ISBN 0-7006-0092-2. </div> == Tautan luar == {{commons|Amelia Earheart}} * [http://www.kansastravel.org/ameliaearhartmuseum.htm Museum tempat kelahiran Amelia Earhart] * [http://www.lib.purdue.edu/spcol/aearhart/ Kumpulan makalah, memorabilia, dan artefak Amelia Earhart] * [http://www.ameliaearhartmuseum.org Museum Amelia Earhart] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20031217023152/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/12/1215_031215_ameliaearhart.html Di manakah Amelia Earhart? Tiga Teori] * [http://sss.cuesta.com/c/article.html?article@AE+s@h5Ge91PMdTMQk Misteri Amelia Earhart]{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1Y1-104844696.html?refid=hbw_my Diary a Clue to Amelia Earhart Mystery] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.ph/20130103144345/www.highbeam.com/doc/1Y1-104844696.html?refid=hbw_my |date=2013-01-03 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070212122932/http://www.homestead.com/wintersteel/files/Articles/65_years_later__the_mystery_of_Amelia_Earhart_continues.htm Teori Bolam] * [http://www.chet-aero.com/women.php Pengunduran diri Amelia Earhart sabagai wakil presiden Asosiasi Aeronatik Nasional pada bulan Mei tahun 1933] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928121741/http://www.chet-aero.com/women.php |date=2007-09-28 }} * [http://www.booknotes.org/Transcript/?ProgramID=1391 Wawancara lawan biografer Earhart, Susan Butler tahun 1997] * [http://boomp3.com/m/28deebc2721e Amelia Earhart: Masa depan wanita menerbangkan pesawat]{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.elgenlong.com Pencarian Amelia Earhart: Elgen Long, sebuah website lawan teori "hancur dan tenggelam" nang detail dan pencarian gasan hal itu] * [http://www.ameliaflight.com/ameliaflight/flight.po Penerbangan Amelia Earhart: Menemukan kembali legenda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827163157/http://www.ameliaflight.com/ameliaflight/flight.po |date=2008-08-27 }} * [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0035888/ ''Flight for Freedom'' (film tahun 1943)] * [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0270530/ ''The Mysteries of Amelia Earhart'' (film tahun 1998)] * [http://tenwatts.blogspot.com/2007/06/amelia-earhart-on-khaqq.html Detail di KHAQQ dan radio Amelia di Arcane Radio Trivia] * [http://www.freeinfosociety.com/site.php?postnum=46 Biografi dan rekaman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905022826/http://www.freeinfosociety.com/site.php?postnum=46 |date=2008-09-05 }} * [http://www.tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/AEdescr.html Proyek Earhart] dari ''The International Group for Historic Aircraft * [http://www.paragrapher.net/amelia-earhart-kimdir-nedir-haberleri-resimleri-bilgileri Amelia Earhart Biyografi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725202248/http://www.paragrapher.net/amelia-earhart-kimdir-nedir-haberleri-resimleri-bilgileri |date=2012-07-25 }} {{tr}} Recovery''. Termasuk ringkasan tentang hipotesis pendaratan Nikumaroro dan sebuah video nang memperlihatkan Lockheed Earhart berangkat dari Lae [[Tumbung:Kalahiran 1898|Earhart, Amelia]] [[Tumbung:Paristiwa 1937|Earhart, Amelia]] [[Tumbung:Kematian atau pembunuhan nang misterius|Earhart, Amelia]] [[Tumbung:National Aviation Hall of Fame|Earhart, Amelia]] [[Tumbung:Urang hilang|Earhart, Amelia]] [[Tumbung:Panarbang Amerika|Earhart, Amelia]] [[Tumbung:Panarbang perempuan|Earhart, Amelia]] [[Tumbung:Panarima US Distinguished Flying Cross|Earhart, Amelia]] [[Tumbung:Urang Amerika Sarikat]] lyglv9q8myojsqsv0pzjyqdxloyn0co 0 5232 114024 112989 2026-09-25T01:43:35Z InternetArchiveBot 11286 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 114024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox urang }} '''Whitney Houston''' ({{lahirmati|[[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]], [[New Jersey]], [[Amerika Serikat]]|9|8|1963|[[Beverly Hills]], [[Amerika Serikat]]|11|2|2012}}) adalah saurang panyanyi pop wan R&B, artis, [[parudusir rakaman]], panulis lagu wan mantan mudil [[Amerika Serikat]]. Kasuksisannya mambuka lawang gasan buhan panyanyi [[Afrika-Amerika]] nang lain, khususnya matan kalangan binia, gasan sukses di dunia musik.<ref name=Time>{{cite news|first= Richard|last= Corliss|title= The Prom Queen of Soul|date= July 13 1987|publisher= Time Magazine|url= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,964980,00.html|accessdate= 2007-03-17|language= English|archive-date= 2012-03-05|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120305110607/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,964980,00.html|dead-url= yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Shelton|first=Marla|title=Whitney is every woman?: Cultural politics and the pop star|journal=Camera Obscura|volume=36|date=[[September 1]], [[1995]]|pages=135-153|url=http://www.classicwhitney.com/interview/cameraobscura1995.htm|accessdate=2007-01-15}}</ref> Inya jua rancak banjar disambai ''The Voice''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blackvoices.com/black_entertainment/music_videos_songs_radio/black_music_month_2007/transformers-whitney-houston-gallery|title=Transformers: Whitney Houston|accessdate=2008-01-15|format=|work=AOL Black Voices|date=2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bignoisenow.com/christina/betawards.html|title=Christina performs on the 2001 BET Awards in a special tribute to Whitney Houston|accessdate=2008-01-15|format=|work=Billboard Magazine|date=[[June 19]] [[2007]]}}</ref> Whitney Houston dipinandui sabagai salah saikung diva pop nang baisi jangkauan suara 5 oktaf. Inya nintu jua kawa manyanyi pop-gispel nang basuara baik wan nahap.<ref>{{cite news|first= Stephen|last= Holden|title= Cabaret: Whitney Houston|date=1985-2-16|publisher= The New York Times|accessdate= 2007-03-17|language= English }}</ref> Di tahun 1980-an, dia manjadi seorang penyanyi wanita Afrika-Amerika panambayan nang masuk ka dalam tangga lagu MTV nang pas naya didominasi panyanyi rock kulit putih. Album debutnya manjadi album debut lawan panjualan tatinggi sabagai saurang panyanyi solo, nang manduduki paringkat #1 di tangga lagu Billboard 200. Inya jua maingkuti 7 buah lagu #1 di tangga Billboard Hot 100, mamatahakan rekor 6 kali nang diingkuti [[The Beatles]] wan [[Bee Gees]]. == Kamatian == Di [[11 Februari]] [[2012]], Whitney Houston ditamuakan maninggal di kamarnya di Hotel Beverly Hilton, [[Beverly Hills]].<ref name="fox">{{en}} [http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2012/02/11/whitney-houston-dies-at-48/ Singer Whitney Houston found dead] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106172234/http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2012/02/11/whitney-houston-dies-at-48/ |date=2016-01-06 }}, ''Fox News''. Diakses pada 12 Februari 2012.</ref> Inya ada di hotel nintu gasan mahadiri pista nang diadaakan sabalum ajang [[Panghargaan Grammy]].<ref name="nyt">{{en}} [http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/12/arts/music/whitney-houston-dies.html?_r=1 http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/12/arts/music/whitney-houston-dies.html?_r=1], ''New York Times''. Diakses pada 12 Februari 2012.</ref> Panyabab kamatian Whitney Houston masih dicaritahu kepolisian Beverly Hills, biar kaya itu kapolisian manyatakan bahwa "sampai wahini, kada ada bukti cagar tajadi kakarasan".<ref name="nyt"/> == Diskografi == === Album Studio === * 1985: ''[[Whitney Houston (album)|Whitney Houston]]'' * 1987: ''[[Whitney (album)|Whitney]]'' * 1990: ''[[I'm Your Baby Tonight]]'' * 1998: ''[[My Love Is Your Love]]'' * 2002: ''[[Just Whitney]]'' * 2003: ''[[One Wish: The Holiday Album]]'' * 2009: ''[[I Look to You]]'' === Soundtrack === * 1992: ''[[The Bodyguard (soundtrack)|The Bodyguard]]'' * 1995: ''[[Waiting to Exhale (soundtrack)|Waiting to Exhale]]'' === Kompilasi === * 2000: ''[[Whitney: The Greatest Hits]]'' * 2001: ''[[Love, Whitney]]'' * 2004: ''Artist Collection: Whitney Houston'' * 2007: ''[[The Ultimate Collection (Whitney Houston album)|The Ultimate Collection]]'' === Video/DVD === * 1986: ''Number One Video Hits'' * 1991: ''Star Spangled Banner'' * 1991: ''Welcome Home Heroes'' * 1994: ''Concert for a New South Africa'' * 1997: ''Classic Whitney Concert'' * 1999: ''[[VH1 Divas Live]] '99'' * 2000: ''The Greatest Hits'' * 2000: ''[[Fine (lagu|Fine]]'' * 2002: ''Whatchulookinat Video/Whatchulookinat Behind-the-Scenes Footage/Love to Infinity Megamix Video'' * 2004: ''Artist Collection: Whitney Houston'' == Filmografi == {|class="wikitable" ! Tahun || Judul || Peran || Ket |- | 1984 || ''[[Gimme a Break!]]'' || Rita ||"Katie's College" (Season 3, Episode 20) |- | 1992 || ''[[The Bodyguard]]'' || Rachel Marron || Utama |- | 1995 || ''[[Waiting to Exhale]]'' || Savannah Jackson || Utama |- | 1996 || ''[[The Preacher's Wife]]'' || Julia Biggs || Utama |- | 1997 || ''[[Cinderella (TV)#1997 version|Rodgers & Hammerstein's Cinderella]]'' || Ibu Peri ||dibuat gasan ([[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]) |- | 2003 || ''[[Boston Public]]'' || Sebagai dirinya sendiri || Kameo |- | 2004 || ''[[Nora's Hair Salon]]'' || Sebagai dirinya sendiri || Kameo |} '''Sebagai produser''' {|class="wikitable" ! Tahun ||Judul || Ket |- | 1997 || ''[[Cinderella (TV)#1997 version|Rodgers & Hammerstein's Cinderella]]'' || produser eksekutif |- | 2001 || ''[[The Princess Diaries]]'' || produser |- | 2003 || ''[[The Cheetah Girls (film)|The Cheetah Girls]]'' || produser eksekutif |- | 2004 || ''[[The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement]]'' || produser |- | 2006 || ''[[The Cheetah Girls 2]]'' || produser eksekutif |- |} == Tur konser == * 1986: ''[[Greatest Love Tour]]'' * 1987: ''[[Moment of Truth World Tour]]'' * 1991: ''[[I'm Your Baby Tonight World Tour]]'' * 1993: ''[[The Bodyguard World Tour]]'' * 1999: ''[[My Love Is Your Love World Tour]]'' == Pranala luar == * [http://www.whitneyhouston.com/ Situs web resmi] * {{imdb name|id=0001365|name=Whitney Houston}} * [http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/whitneyhouston Whitney Houston] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825152358/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/whitneyhouston |date=2009-08-25 }} at ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' * [http://www.whitney-world.com/ Whitney-World]{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == Referensi == {{reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Houston, Whitney}} [[Tumbung:Panyanyi Amirika Sarikat]] [[Tumbung:Palakun Amirika Sarikat]] {{us-music-stub}} [[Tumbung:Panyanyi]] jbwvp5s9ifcjp59x0kafy5he5ybkc8i 0 5270 114018 109064 2026-09-25T00:48:24Z InternetArchiveBot 11286 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 114018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Government agency |agency_name = National Aeronautics and Space Administration |abbreviation = NASA |logo = NASA logo.svg |logo_width = 140px |logo_caption = [[NASA insignia]]<br />Motto: ''For the Benefit of All''<ref name="motto">{{cite web|url=http://www.lightmillennium.org/2004_newyear/gokoglu_nasa_stands_forall.html|title=NASA stands "for the benefit of all."—Interview with NASA's Dr. Süleyman Gokoglu|accessdate=September 29, 2054|publisher=The Light Millennium|year=2007|author=Lale Tayla and Figen Bingul}}</ref> |seal = NASA seal.svg |seal_width = 135px |seal_caption = Lambang NASA |formed ={{Start date and years ago|mf=no|1958|7|29}} |preceding1 = [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics|NACA]] |jurisdiction = [[Pamarintah féderal Amérika Sarikat|Amérika Sarikat]] |headquarters = Washington, D.C. |latd=38 |latm=52 |lats=59 |latNS=N |longd=77 |longm= 0 |longs=59 |longEW=W |region_code=US-DC |employees = 18,800+<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wicn.nssc.nasa.gov/cognos/cgi-bin/ppdscgi.exe?BZ=1AAABF64VOFoABEwU6VFChhEnYeaEGVJHTJm5v_68kbPGbN_Ysq3BgCPnjZk0bMqYEBKlRxkYMEjE7IMRsw0SJEj21eyu~7_514lZMgWzaCmQCMKG7bcibeCweZOn7FVg5Hji9gZE6tDJ_~ZM0w0PnTJuyJQh_4pJmTB2q7suhjaxaXLmuoTNL06mTBl6W~sDZ9fM25SJ2Sf2VUy6yqm9ZBINr49wiOllxmpiP2l3wD9= |title=NASA workforce profile |publisher=NASA |date=January 11, 2011 |accessdate=January 17, 2011}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |budget = US$17.6&nbsp;billion (FY 2009)<ref name="budg1">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/210020main_NASA_FY09_Budget_Estimates_Summary.pdf|format=PDF|title=FY09 Budget Request Summary|publisher=NASA|date=February 1, 2008|access-date=May 2, 2012|archive-date=August 2, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120802211959/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/210020main_NASA_FY09_Budget_Estimates_Summary.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> <br />See also [[NASA Budget]] |chief1_name = [[Charles Frank Bolden, Jr.|Charles Bolden]] |chief1_position = [[Administrator NASA|administrator]] |chief2_name = [[Lori Beth Garver|Lori Garver]] |chief2_position = [[Deputi Administrator NASA|deputi administrator]] |website = [http://www.nasa.gov/home/index.html nasa.gov] }} '''National Aeronautics and Space Administration''' ('''NASA''' - didiri'akan [[1958]]) adalah aginsi Pamarintah [[Amérika Serikat]] nang batanggung jawab atas parugram angkasa AS wan risit [[aerospace]] umum jangka panjang. Inya adalah urganisasi masarakat nang manggawi risit gasan sistim ruang angkasa masarakat wan militir. Mulai tahun 2011, NASA ba'isi tujuan stratigis: # Maluasi wan mampartahanakan aktipitas manusia di saban [[tata surya]] # Maluasi pamahaman ilmiah tantang [[Bumi]] wan [[alam semesta]] # Mancipta'akan inupasi ruang tiknulugi hanyar # Panalitian [[aeronautika]] tamuka # Mangaktipakan parugram wan kaharatan institusi gasan manggawi kagiatan kaluarangkasa'an wan aeronautika # Babagi [[ilmu pengetahuan]] lawan tanaga padidik wan mahasiswa gasan mambari'i kasampatan bapartisipasi. == Sajarah == Presiden [[Eisenhower]] mandiriakan NASA pas tahun [[1958]] lawan tujuan hagan mamantingakan kabutuhan masyarakat sipil dibandingakan lawan malitir, wan digunakan sabagai prugram pardamaian dalam ilmu kaluar-angkasaan. Undang-Undang Aeronautika wan Kaluarangkasaan Nasional disahkan pas [[29 Juli]] [[1958]], manggantiakan organisasi sabalumnya, Komite Penasehat Aeronautika Nasional. Badan ngini resmi bauperasi pas [[1 Oktober|1 Uktubir]] [[1958]]. == Tupik bahubungan == * [[Astronot]] * [[Pasawat luar angkasa]] * [[Pa'ambahan angkasa]] * [[Lumba angkasa]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Robert Gilruth]], [[Chris Kraft]], [[Gene Kranz]] (flight directors) === Agénsi angkasa lainnya === * [[Canadian Space Agency]] * [[China National Space Administration]] * [[European Space Agency]] * [[Italian Space Agency]] * [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] * [[JAXA|Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency]] * [[National Space Agency of Ukraine]] * [[Russian Aviation and Space Agency]] * [[Soviet space program]] (historical) * [[NAL|National Aerospace Laboratory]], [[India]] * [[DLR|Deutches Luft- und Raumfahrtzentrum]], [[Jerman]] * [[QinetiQ]], [[Inggris]] * [[ONERA]], [[Perancis]] * [[CIRA]], [[Italia]] * [[CNES]], [[Perancis]] * [[INTA]], [[Spanyol]] * [[FOI]], [[Swedia]] * [[VZLU]], [[Ceko]] * [[VKI]], [[Belgia]] * [[NLR]], [[Belanda]] * [[LAPAN]], [[Indunisia]] * [[ANGKASAWAN]],[[Malaysia]] * [[F-16]],[[perancis]] == Referensi == <references /> == Tautan luar == * [http://www.nasa.gov Website NASA] * [http://history.nasa.gov/series95.html Sajarah NASA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204034556/http://history.nasa.gov/series95.html |date=2012-02-04 }} * [http://ciclops.lpl.arizona.edu/ Cassini Imaging Laboratory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060403080758/http://ciclops.lpl.arizona.edu/ |date=2006-04-03 }} – Stunning images of the planets taken by the Cassini exploratory spacecraft. == Risit lanjutannya == * [http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4012/cover.html NASA Historical Data Books (SP-4012)] * [http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/hhrhist.pdf Research in NASA History: A Guide to the NASA History Program (large PDF – over 1,012 kb)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060201230047/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/hhrhist.pdf |date=2006-02-01 }} * [http://history.nasa.gov/series95.html NASA History Series Publications] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204034556/http://history.nasa.gov/series95.html |date=2012-02-04 }} * [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/ NTRS: NASA Technical Reports Server] {{Program NASA}} {{terjemah|Inggris}} [[Tumbung:NASA|*]] [[Tumbung:WikiBaiman]] m50552xykik9ilsp129fnpr5b044arj 0 8718 114010 112948 2026-09-25T00:13:16Z InternetArchiveBot 11286 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 114010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox urang}} '''Judy Garland''' ([[10 Juni]] [[1922]] – [[22 Juni]] [[1969]]) adalah saurang [[panyanyi]] wan [[aktor|aktris]] [[Amirika]] nang bakulihan numinasi [[Academy Award]]. [[American Film Institute]] manyambat Garland sabagai salah asa dari ''[[AFI's 100 Years... 100 Stars|Greatest Female Stars of All Time]]'' pada paringkat 8. == Filmografi == *1929 - ''The Big Revue'' *1929 - ''A Holiday in Storyland'' *1929 - ''The Wedding of Jack and Jill'' *1929 - ''Bubbles'' *1935 - ''La Fiesta de Santa Barbara'' *1936 - ''Every Sunday'' *1936 - ''Pigskin Parade'' *1937 - ''Broadway Melody of 1938'' *1937 - ''Thoroughbreds Don't Cry'' *1937 - ''Silent Night'' *1938 - ''Everybody Sing'' *1938 - ''Love Finds Andy Hardy'' *1938 - ''Listen, Darling'' *1939 - ''The Wizard of Oz'' *1939 - ''Babes in Arms'' *1940 - ''If I Forget You'' *1940 - ''Andy Hardy Meets Debutante'' *1940 - ''Strike Up the Band'' *1940 - ''Little Nellie Kelly'' *1941 - ''Ziegfeld Girl'' *1941 - ''Life Begins for Andy Hardy'' *1941 - ''Babes on Broadway'' *1941 - ''We Must Have Music'' *1942 - ''For Me and My Gal'' *1943 - ''Presenting Lily Mars'' *1943 - ''Girl Crazy'' *1943 - ''Thousands Cheer'' *1944 - ''Meet Me in St. Louis'' *1945 - ''The Clock'' *1946 - ''The Harvey Girls'' *1946 - ''Ziegfeld Follies'' *1946 - ''Till the Clouds Roll By'' *1948 - ''The Pirate'' *1948 - ''Easter Parade'' *1948 - ''Words and Music'' *1949 - ''In the Good Old Summertime'' *1950 - ''Summer Stock'' *1954 - ''A Star Is Born'' *1960 - ''Pepe'' *1961 - ''Judgment at Nuremberg'' *1963 - ''Gay Purr-ee'' *1963 - ''A Child Is Waiting'' *1963 - ''I Could Go On Singing'' == Tautan luar == * https://web.archive.org/web/20191009113711/https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/judy-garland/bio/159192/ * {{imdb name|name=Judy Garland|id=0000023}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Garland, Judy}} [[Tumbung:Panyanyi Amirika Sarikat]] [[Tumbung:Palakun Amirika Sarikat]] q4luo5i28nk6giq991gpfr78vwquyjg 0 10954 114011 110604 2026-09-25T00:13:33Z InternetArchiveBot 11286 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 114011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> |Name = Justin Bieber |Img = |Img_capt = |Img_size = |Landscape = |Background = panyanyi solo |Birth_name = Justin Drew Bieber |birth_date = {{Tanggal lahir dan umur|1994|3|1}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newsroom.mtv.com/2010/02/22/justin-bieber-saturday-night-live/|title=Justin Bieber Joins The Ranks Of Youngest 'SNL' Performers|last=Anderson|first=Kyle|date=22 Februari 2010|publisher=[[MTV]]|accessdate=2010-2-24|archive-date=2015-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921141723/http://newsroom.mtv.com/2010/02/22/justin-bieber-saturday-night-live/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |Origin = [[Kanada]] |Instrument = [[Vukal]], [[gitar]], [[drum]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/usher-introduces-teen-singer-justin-bieber-1003966989.story#/bbcom/news/usher-introduces-teen-singer-justin-bieber-1003966989.story|title=Usher Introduces Teen Singer Justin Bieber|last=Mitchell|first=Gail|date=26 April 2009|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=e5 Global Media|accessdate=23 Juli 2009|archive-date=8 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708032027/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/usher-introduces-teen-singer-justin-bieber-1003966989.story#/bbcom/news/usher-introduces-teen-singer-justin-bieber-1003966989.story|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[trompet]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/music/artist/bieber_justin/artist.jhtml|title=MTV- Justin Bieber artist profile|accessdate=22 Desember 2009|archive-date=2012-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806065712/http://www.mtv.com/music/artist/bieber_justin/artist.jhtml|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |Genre = [[Pop]], [[R&B]]<ref name=Allmusicbio/>, [[Dance-pop]] |Occupation = [[Penyanyi]]{{br}}[[Penulis lagu]] |Years_active = 2008–sekarang |Label = [[:en:Island Records|Island]], RBMG, Teen Island, School Boy |Associated_acts = [[Usher]] |URL = [http://www.justinbiebermusic.com/ justinbiebermusic.com] <br />[[Berkas:Signature-justinBieber.png|150px|Tanda Tangan Justin Bieber]] <br />[[Berkas:JustinBieberLogo.png|150px|Justin Bieber Logo]] }} '''Justin Drew Bieber'''<ref name="ew06">{{Cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20350064,00.html?xid=rss-music-reviews-My+World+2.0|title=My World 2.0 (2010)|last=Greenblatt|first=Leah|date=10 Maret 2010|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|publisher=Time|accessdate=11 Juni 2010|archive-date=2012-09-20|archive-url=https://archive.ph/20120920/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20350064,00.html?xid=rss-music-reviews-My+World+2.0|dead-url=yes}}</ref> ({{lahirmati|[[London, Ontario]], [[Kanada]]|1|3|1994}})<ref name="mtv_snl" >[http://inogolo.com/pronunciation/d1963/Justin_Bieber inogolo:how to pronounce Justin Bieber] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306162808/http://inogolo.com/pronunciation/d1963/Justin_Bieber |date=2012-03-06 }}.</ref> yéto saurang panyanyi wan panulis lagu matan Kanada. Ménéjer Bieber saat wayahini, [[Scooter Braun]] pamulaan kali manamuakan inya malalui vidiu [[YouTube]]nya pada tahun 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vancouverobserver.com/politics/news/2010/12/24/justin-bieber-makes-them-proud-why|title=Justin Bieber makes them proud. But why?|last=Konjicanin|first=Anja|date=December 24, 2010|publisher=Vancouver Observer|accessdate=January 11, 2011|archive-date=January 7, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107053019/http://www.vancouverobserver.com/politics/news/2010/12/24/justin-bieber-makes-them-proud-why|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Braun tahiran lawan vidiunya, wan menalipun uma Bieber Pattie tantang kahandak gasan bagawi lawannya. Imbah mayakinakan uma Bieber, Braun maatur supaya Bieber badapat lawan [[Usher (entertainer)|Usher]] di [[Atlanta| Atlanta, Georgia]]. Bieber manandatangani kuntrak lawan RBMG,<ref name="coverstory">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/959001/justin-bieber-the-billboard-cover-story|title=Justin Bieber – The Billboard Cover Story|last=Herrera|first=Monica|date=March 19, 2010|work=Billboard|publisher=e5 Global Media|accessdate=May 7, 2010}}</ref> wan imbah ngintu ka island Records kuntrak rakaman nang ditawarakan ulih éksékutif rakaman, LA Reid.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.instagram.com/saffron1100|title=saffron1100|language=|website=}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.instagram.com/ccmaral|title=Mambabak Justin Bieber|language=|website=}}</ref> Bieber mangaluarakan album mini partamanya, ''[[My World (EP)|My World]]'', matan Nuvimbir 2009. Ngintu basartifikat platinum di [[Amirika Sarikat]]. Inya manjadi artis nang pamulaan baisi tujuh lagu matan rékor tangga lagu [[Billboard Hot 100|'' Billboard '' Hot 100]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/02/05/earlyshow/leisure/music/main6177327.shtml|title=Justin Bieber Fever Hits Miami|publisher=[[CBS News]]. CBS Corporation|date=February 5, 2010|accessdate=March 27, 2010}}</ref> Bieber mangaluarakan album studio hibak partamanya, '' [[My World 2.0]] '', Maret 2010. Ngini dabut di atawa parak numur asa di babarapa nagara wan basartifikat platinum di Amirika Sarikat. Hal ngini dimulai lawan single "[[Baby (lagu Justin Bieber)|Baby]]", nang jua, pada Juli 2014, video YouTube nang paling disuka, wan nang paling dilihat pada platform Vevo. Inya malanjutkan mangaluarakan album dabutnya lawan tur pamulaannya, yéto My World Tour, remix album '' [[My Worlds Acoustic]] '' wan '' [[Never Say Never - The Remixes]] '', wan filém biopic-konser 3D ''[[Justin Bieber: Never Say Never]]''. Bieber mangaluarakan album studio kadua '' [[Under the Mistletoe]] '' pada bulan Nuvimbir 2011, wayah mamulai dabutnya di numur asa di [[Billboard 200|'' Billboard '' 200]]. Bieber mangaluarakan album studio katiganya '' [[Believe (album Justin Bieber)|Believe]] '' pada bulan Juni 2012. Ngini manjadi album numur asa kaampatnya di Amirika Sarikat, mamulai dabutnya di nomor asa di '' Billboard '' 200 . ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} {{authority control}} [[Tumbung:Panyanyi]] 1u7q4u2lc3p1g7yv4asfkln9olxklcn 0 16847 114008 106837 2026-09-25T00:09:46Z InternetArchiveBot 11286 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 114008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food/wikidata}} '''Hintalu bajaruk''' ialah istilah nang rancak dipakai gasan makanan babahan dasar [[hintalu]] nang diawitakan lawan cara dijaruk (diuyahi banyak gasan manonaktifakan énzim perombak). Kabanyakan hintalu nang dijaruk adalah hintalu itik, walaupun kada manutup kamungkinan gasan hintalu-hintalu nang lain. Hintalu bajaruk baik gasan dikonsumsi dalam waktu sebulan (30 hari). Di Indonesia, utamanya di [[Pulau Jawa]] hintalu bajaruk biasanya diulah matan hintalu itik palari (''Anas platyrhynchos domesticus'') nang baisi ciri khas cangkang hintalu nang warnanya biru. Panganan ngini sifatnya praktis wan kawa dipaduakan lawan macam-macam masakan misalnya nasi jamblang, wan nasi lengko, bahkan kawa jua dimakan kada pakai nasi. Nalayan nang malabuh atawa urang nang madam lawas biasanya mambawa hintalu bajaruk gasan sangu. Di [[Jawa Tengah]], daerah Brebes dikanal sabagai paulihan utama hintalu bajaruk. Industri hintalu bajaruk di Brebes cukup luas sampai ada macam-macam pilihan kualitas hintalu bajaruk. Masing-masing produsen baisi cap saurang-saurang nang biasanya kawa dilihat di kulit hintalu. Walaupun salira urang lain-lain, hintalu bajaruk nang dinilai bakualitas tinggi baisi ciri-ciri bagian kuning hintalu bawarna jingga tarang sampai habang, "karing" (amun diigut kada babanyu), kada babau amis, wan angih masin-masin manyangat. Di Jawa Timur jua gin mulai banyak manjual macam-macam jenis hintalu bajaruk, mulai nang puga sampai nang baangih-angih, ada jua hintalu jaruk nang warna kuningnya kahabang-habangan, ada jua hintalu bajaruk organik wan hintalu bajaruk herbal nang mulai rami produksi di [[Kecamatan Singojuruh]] [[Kabupatin Banyuwangi]]. == Jujuhutan == * Sandra Leong, 2008. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081202220001/http://www.asiaone.com/Wine%252CDine%2B%2526%2BUnwind/Features/Topics/Story/A1Story20080324-55967.html Salted egg hunt], 23 Maret 2008, The Sunday Times == Pranala luar == * [http://warintek.ristek.go.id/pangan_kesehatan/pangan/piwp/telur_asin.pdf Nilai gizi dan resep telur asin dari situs Warintek] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813004700/http://www.warintek.ristek.go.id/pangan_kesehatan/pangan/piwp/telur_asin.pdf |date=2011-08-13 }} * [http://cetak.kompas.com/read/2011/03/07/03444676/bebek.dan.telur.asin.berdayakan.brebes Bebek dan telur asin berdayakan brebes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304215713/http://cetak.kompas.com/read/2011/03/07/03444676/bebek.dan.telur.asin.berdayakan.brebes |date=2016-03-04 }} * [http://repository.usu.ac.id/bitstream/123456789/1049/1/07002688.pdf Penuntun praktikum teknologi hasil ternak] [[Tumbung:Halaman dengan terjemahan tak tertinjau]] [[Tumbung:Pamakanan]] jseqmy2131ug9pflac99a6bod3w8b3a 0 16890 114001 113718 2026-09-24T23:37:46Z InternetArchiveBot 11286 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 114001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Planet | name = Bulan | apsis = gee | alt_names = Wulan, Candra, Lunar | symbol = [[Barakas:Moon decrescent symbol (bold).svg|24px|☾]] | image = [[Barakas:FullMoon2010.jpg|frameless|alt=Full moon in the darkness of the night sky. It is patterned with a mix of light-tone regions and darker, irregular blotches, and scattered with varying sizes of impact craters, circles surrounded by out-thrown rays of bright ejecta.|Full moon]] | caption = [[Bulan purnama]] terlihat dari [[belahan utara]] Bumi | periapsis = {{val|363295|u=km}}<br>({{val|0.0024|ul=AU}}) | apoapsis = {{val|405503|u=km}} <br>({{val|0.0027|u=AU}}) | semimajor = {{val|384399|u=km}}<br> ({{val|0.00257|u=AU}})<ref name="W06"/> | eccentricity = {{val|0.0549}}<ref name="W06"/> | period = {{val|27.321582|ul=d}} {{nowrap|(27 d 7 h 43,1 min<ref name="W06"/>)}} | synodic_period = {{val|29.530589|u=d}} {{nowrap|(29 d 12 h 44 min 2,9 s)}} | avg_speed = {{val|1.022|ul=km/s}} | inclination = 5,145° ke [[ekliptika]]<ref name="Lang2011"/> (antara 18,29° dan 28,58° ke [[khatulistiwa]] Bumi)<ref name="W06"/><!--Wieczorek et al. 2006; 18.29° when the longitude of the Moon's ascending node is 180°, 28.58° when it is 0°--> | asc_node = Mundur satu [[Revolusi orbit|revolusi]] dalam 18,6&nbsp;tahun | arg_peri = Maju satu revolusi dalam 8,85&nbsp;tahun | satellite_of = [[Bumi]] | flattening = {{val|0.00125}}<!--Calculated from data below--> | equatorial_radius = {{val|1738.14|u=km}} (0,273&nbsp;Bumi)<ref name="NSSDC"/> | polar_radius = {{val|1735.97|u=km}} {{nowrap|(0,273 Bumi)}}<ref name="NSSDC"/> | mean_radius = {{val|1737.10|u=km}} {{nowrap|(0,273 Bumi)}}<ref name="W06"/><ref name="NSSDC"/> | circumference = {{val|10921|u=km}} ([[khatulistiwa]]) | surface_area = {{val|3.793|e=7|u=km2}} {{nowrap|(0,074 Bumi)}} | volume = {{val|2.1958|e=10|u=km3}} {{nowrap|(0,020 Bumi)}} | mass = {{val|7.3477|e=22|u=kg}} {{nowrap|({{val|0.012300}} Bumi<ref name="W06"/>)}} | density = {{val|3.3464|ul=g/cm3}}<ref name="W06"/> | surface_grav = {{val|1.622|ul=m/s2}} {{nowrap|({{val|0.1654|u=[[Gaya-g|g]]}})}} | escape_velocity = {{val|2.38|ul=km/s}} | sidereal_day = {{val|27.321582|u=d}} ([[Rotasi sinkron|sinkron]]) <!-- Wieczorek et al. 2006 --> | rot_velocity = {{nowrap|4,627 m/s}} | axial_tilt = 1,5424° (ke [[ekliptika]])<!-- 1.533° according to Conn 2007 --> <br> 6,687° (ke [[Bidang orbit (astronomi)|bidang orbit]])<ref name="Lang2011"/><!-- 6.4° according to<ref name="Grego2005">Grego, Peter, [http://books.google.ca/books?id=z6Pgt9xEW9gC&pg=PA48 ''The Moon and How to Observe It''], Springer, 2005</ref> 6.6783° according to<ref name="Conn2007">Conn, David (2007); ''Lednorf's Dilemma'', AuthorHouse, Bloomington (IN)</ref>--> | albedo = 0,136<ref name="Saari"/> | magnitude = −2,5 sampai −12,9{{efn|name=maxval}} <br> −12,74 (rata-rata [[bulan purnama]])<ref name="NSSDC"/> | angular_size = 29,3 sampai 34,1 [[menit busur]]<ref name="NSSDC"/>{{efn|name=angular size}} | temp_name1 = Khatulistiwa | min_temp_1 = -173º [[Celcius|C]] | mean_temp_1 = -53º C | max_temp_1 = 116º C | temp_name2 = 85°N{{lower|0.3em|<ref name="Vasavada1999"/>}} | min_temp_2 = -203&nbsp;°C | mean_temp_2 = -143º C | max_temp_2 = -43º C | atmosphere_ref =<ref name="L06"/> | surface_pressure = 10⁻⁷ [[Pascal (satuan)|Pa]] (siang) <br> 10⁻¹⁰ Pa (malam){{efn|name=pressure explanation}} | atmosphere_composition = [[Argon|Ar]], [[Helium|He]], [[Sodium|Na]], [[Potasium|K]], [[Hidrogen|H]], [[Radon|Rn]] | atmosphere = yes | adjectives = lunar, komariah }} [[Barakas:US Navy 041027-N-9500T-001 The moon turns red and orange during a total lunar eclipse.jpg|jmpl|ka|Bulan bawarna habang wan jingga, tajanak matan Bumi pas [[garaha]], wayah Bumi baandak di antara Bulan wan Matahari]] '''Bulan''' (simbol: [[file:Moon decrescent symbol (bold).svg|16px|☾]]) adalah [[satelit alami]] [[Bumi]] sabubutingannya{{efn|name=near-Earth asteroids}}<ref name="Morais2002" /> wan adalah satilit [[Daptar satilit alami|pangganalnya kalima]] dalam [[Tata Surya]]. Bulan jua adalah satelit alami pangganalnya di Tata Surya maumpat ukuran [[planet]] nang di urbitnya,{{efn|name=Charon and Pluto}} lawan diamitir 27%, kakajalan 60%, wan [[massa]] {{frac|1|81}} (1.23%) matan Bumi. Di antara satilit alami lainnya, Bulan adalah satilit pangajalnya kadua imbah [[Io (bulan)|Io]], satilit [[Jupiter|Yupiter]]. Bulan baandak di [[rotasi sinkron]] lawan Bumi, nang rancak maampaiakan higa nang sama di Bumi, lawan [[higa parak Bulan|higa parak]] ditandai ulih [[Maria Bulan|mare]] pulkanik kadap nang tadapat di antara dataran tinggi karak nang tarang wan [[kawah tubrukan]] nang manungkung. Bulan adalah banda langit nang panarangnya imbah [[Matahari]]. Saupama Bulan kaya liwar putih wan tarang, pamukaan Bulan sabujurnya kadap, lawan [[reflektansi|tingkat katarangan]] nang sadikit labih tinggi matan aspal incir. Matan jaman kunu, andaknya nang manungkung di langit wan [[pasa bulan|pasanya]] nang taatur sudah mampangaruhi banyak budaya, tamasuk [[Bulan#nama wan itimulugi|basa]], [[Almanak Bulan|pananggalan]], [[Bulan dalam piksi|sani]], wan [[Deifikasi Bulan|mitulugi]]. Pangaruh [[gravitasi]] Bulan maulah tajadinya [[pasang surut]] di lautan wan [[Aksilarasi pasang surut|pamanjangan waktu]] wayah hari di Bumi. Intang orbit Bulan matan Bumi wayah ngini adalah kikira talu puluh kali matan diamitir Bumi, nang maulah ukuran Bulan nang cungul di langit parak sama ganal lawan ukuran Matahari, jadi mambada'i Bulan gasan manukupi Matahari wan maulah tajadinya [[garaha matahari]] hibak. Intang linear Bulan matan Bumi wayah ngini banaik lawan laju 3.82±0.07&nbsp;cm satahun, saupama laju ngini kada kunstan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lasp.colorado.edu/life/GEOL5835/Moon_presentation_19Sept.pdf |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-04-04 |archive-date=2014-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327042528/http://lasp.colorado.edu/life/GEOL5835/Moon_presentation_19Sept.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Bulan dikikiraakan tabantuk kikira 4,5 miliar tahun nang lalu, kada lawas imbah pabantukan Bumi. Saupama tadapat sajumlah hipotesis manganai asal-muasal Bulan, hiputisis nang paling ditarima wayah ngini manjalasakan bahua Bulan tabantuk matan rarapaian nang takulayak imbah sabuah banda langit saukuran [[Mars]] [[Hiputisis ranjahan ganal|baranjahan]] lawan Bumi. Bulan adalah sabubutingannya [[banda langit]] salain Bumi nang sudah [[Pandaratan di Bulan|didarati ulih manusia]]. [[Parugram Luna]] [[Uni Soviet]] adalah wahana panambaian nang sampai ka Bulan lawan [[kapal tarabang ruang angkasa]] nirawak wayah tahun 1959; [[parugram Apollo]] [[NASA]] [[Amirika Sarikat]] adalah misi luar angkasa baawak sabubutingannya nang sudah sampai ka Bulan sampai wayah ngini, dimulai lawan palungsuran misi baawak [[Apollo 8]] nang maurbit Bulan wayah tahun 1968, wan diumpati ulih anam misi pandaratan baawak antara tahun 1969 wan 1972, nang pamulaan adalah [[Apollo 11]]. Misi ngini bulik ka Bumi mambawa 380&nbsp;kg [[batuan Bulan]], nang dipakai gasan mangambangakan pamahaman [[giulugi]] manganai asal-muasal, pambantukan [[Satruktur dalam Bulan|satruktur dalam]], wan [[Giulugi Bulan|sajarah giulugi Bulan]]. Imbah misi [[Apollo 17]] wayah 1972, Bulan wastu disinggahi ulih kapal tarabang ruang angkasa nirawak. Misi-misi ngitu rancaknya adalah misi urbit; matan tahun 2004, [[Japang]], [[Tiongkok]], [[India]], [[Amirika Sarikat]], wan [[Badan Luar Angkasa Irupa]] sudah malungsurakan wahana pangurbit Bulan, nang umpat basumbangsih tahadap panamuan [[Banyu Bulan|is banyu]] di kawah kutup Bulan. Imbah Apollo, dua nagara jua sudah mangirimakan misi [[Rover (panjalajahan luar angkasa)|rover]] ka Bulan, misi [[Lunokhod]] Soviet pahabisan pas tahun 1973, wan misi basambungan [[Chang'e 3]] RRC, nang malungsurakan [[Yutu (rover)|rover Yutu]] wayah tanggal 14 Disimbir 2013. Misi baawak ka Bulan wayah masa hadapan sudah dirancanaakan ulih banyak nagara, baik nang didanai ulih pamarintah atawa swasta. Di bawah [[Pajanjian Luar Angkasa]], Bulan tatap bibas dijalajahi ulih sabarataan nagara gasan tujuan damai. == Asal usul ngaran == Dalam [[bahasa Inggris|basa Inggris]], ngaran gasan satelit alami Bumi adalah ''moon''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iau.org/public_press/themes/naming/#spelling|title=Naming Astronomical Objects: Spelling of Names|publisher=[[International Astronomical Union]]|access-date=29 March 2010|archive-date=22 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922205638/http://www.iau.org/public_press/themes/naming/#spelling|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="PN-FAQ" /> Kata banda ''moon'' babibit matan kata ''moone'' (kikira tahun 1380), nang jua bakambang matan kata ''mone'' (1135), babibit matan kata basa Inggris Kuno ''mōna'' (sabalum 725). Sama halnya lawan sabaratan kata kulaan dalam basa Jermanik lainnya, kata ngini babibit matan basa Proto-Jermanik ''*mǣnōn''.<ref name="barnhart1995" /> Sambatan lain gasan Bulan dalam basa Inggris mudirin adalah ''lunar'', asalnya matan basa Latin ''Luna''. Sambatan lainnya nang kada tapi awam adalah ''selenic'', matan bahasa Yunani Kuno ''Selene'' ({{Lang|el|''Σελήνη''}}), nang imbahnya jadi dasar pangaranan ''selenografi''.<ref name="oed" /> == Pambantukan == {{main|Asal mula Bulan|Hipotesis rumpakan ganal}} [[Barakas:Evolution of the Moon.ogv|jmpl|kiri|Evolusi Bulan.]] Babarapa mikanisme nang diajuakan manganai pambantukan Bulan manyatakan bahwa Bulan tabantuk pada 4,527 ± 0,010 miliar tahun nang bahari,{{efn|name=age}} kikira 30-50 juta tahun imbah pambantukan Tata Surya.<ref>{{cite journal|doi= 10.1126/science.1118842 |journal=[[Science (jurnal)|Science]] |year=2005 |volume=310 |issue=5754 |pages=1671–1674 |title=Hf–W Chronometry of Lunar Metals and the Age and Early Differentiation of the Moon |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2005-12-09_310_5754/page/1671 |last=Kleine |first=T. |coauthors=Palme, H.; Mezger, K.; Halliday, A.N. |pmid=16308422|bibcode = 2005Sci...310.1671K }}</ref> Panalitian pahanyarnya nang digawi ulih Rick Carlson manunjukakan bahwa Bulan baumur sakurang-kurangnya 4,4 sampai 4,45 miliar tahun.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.space.com/22894-moon-age-100-million-years-younger.html |title=Carnegie Institution for Science research |accessdate=2013-10-12}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://phys.org/news/2013-09-moon-younger-thought.html |title=Phys.org's account of Carlson's presentation to the Royal Society |accessdate=2013-10-13}}</ref> Hipotesis naya antara lain manjalasakan bahwa fisi Bulan baasal matan karak Bumi akibat [[gaya sentrifugal]],<ref name="Binder" /><ref name="BotM" /> panangkapan [[gravitasi]] sawalum pambantukan Bulan,<ref name="Mitler" /> wan pambantukan Bumi wan Bulan sacara basamaan di [[cakram akresi]] primordial.<ref name="BotM"/> Hipotesis naya kada manjalasakan tinggi [[momentum buncu]] matan sistim Bumi-Bulan.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Stevenson |first=D.J. |title=Origin of the moon–The collision hypothesis |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |year=1987 |volume=15|issue=1 |pages=271–315 |bibcode=1987AREPS..15..271S |doi=10.1146/annurev.ea.15.050187.001415}}</ref> Hipotesis nang balaku damini manjalasakan bahwa sistim Bumi-Bulan tabantuk akibat [[Hipotesis rumpakan ganal|rumpukan ganal]], wayah banda langit saukuran [[Mars]] (bangaran ''[[Theia (planet)|Theia]]'') barumpakan lawan [[Sejarah Bumi|proto-Bumi]] nang hanyar tabantuk, mamuakakan matarial ka urbit di paraknya nang imbahnya bakumpul gasan mambantuk Bulan.<ref name="taylor1998" /> Hipotesis naya mungkin marupakan hipotesis nang paling manjalasakan manganai asal usul Bulan, meskipun panjalasannya kada sampurna. Rumpakan ganal diparkiraakan umum tajadi pada awal pambantukan Tata Surya. Pemodelan simulasi komputer manganai rumpakan ganal sasuai lawan ukuran momentum buncu sistem Bumi-Bulan wan ukuran inti Bulan nang halus. Simulasi naya jua manunjukakan bahwa sapalih ganal materi pada Bulan baasal matan planet nang marumpak, lain matan proto-Bumi.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Canup |first=R. |coauthors=Asphaug, E. |title=Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of Earth's formation |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2001-08-16_412_6848/page/708 |journal=Nature |volume=412 |pages=708–712 |year=2001 |doi=10.1038/35089010 |pmid=11507633 |issue=6848 |bibcode=2001Natur.412..708C}}</ref> Akan tetapi, pangujian pahanyarnya manunjukakan bahwa sapalih ganal matari Bulan baasal matan Bumi, lain matan nang marumpak.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/12/071219-moon-collision.html |title=Earth-Asteroid Collision Formed Moon Later Than Thought |publisher=News.nationalgeographic.com |date=28 October 2010 |accessdate=7 May 2012 |archive-date=21 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221113957/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/12/071219-moon-collision.html |dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://digitalcommons.arizona.edu/objectviewer?o=uadc%3A%2F%2Fazu_maps%2FVolume43%2FNumberSupplement%2FTouboul.pdf |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2021-02-04 |archive-date=2018-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727164701/http://digitalcommons.arizona.edu/objectviewer?o=uadc%3A%2F%2Fazu_maps%2FVolume43%2FNumberSupplement%2FTouboul.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1038/nature06428 | title = Late formation and prolonged differentiation of the Moon inferred from W isotopes in lunar metals | year = 2007 | last1 = Touboul | first1 = M. | last2 = Kleine | first2 = T. | last3 = Bourdon | first3 = B. | last4 = Palme | first4 = H. | last5 = Wieler | first5 = R. | journal = Nature | volume = 450 | issue = 7173 | pages = 1206–9 | pmid = 18097403 |bibcode = 2007Natur.450.1206T }}</ref> Bukti [[meteorit]] manunjukakan bahwa materi banda langit nang lain kaya [[Mars]] wan [[Vesta (asteroid)|Vesta]] baisi oksigen wan komposisi [[isotop]] nang balain banar lawan Bumi, sadangkan Bulan wan Bumi baisi komposisi isotop nang pina mahirip. Pancampuran matari nang manguap imbah rumpakan antara banda langit pambantuk Bulan lawan Bumi diparkiraakan manyamaakan komposisi isotop buhannya,<ref name="Pahlevan2007" /> bujur hal naya masih dirucauakan.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nield |first=Ted |title=Moonwalk (summary of meeting at Meteoritical Society's 72nd Annual Meeting, Nancy, France) |journal=Geoscientist |volume=19 |page=8 |year=2009|url =http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/gsl/geoscientist/geonews/page6072.html}}</ref> Ganalnya energi nang dilapasakan wayah tajadinya rumpakan ganal wan akresi materi di orbit Bumi nang tajadi imbahnya cagar malunuhakan kulimbit hagian luar Bumi, nang imbahnya mambantuk lautan magma.<ref name="Warren1985" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Tonks|first=W. Brian|coauthors=Melosh, H. Jay|year=1993|title=Magma ocean formation due to giant impacts|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|volume=98|issue=E3|pages=5319–5333|bibcode=1993JGR....98.5319T|doi=10.1029/92JE02726}}</ref> Bulan nang hanyar tabantuk baisi jua [[lautan magma Bulan|lautan magma]] saurang; kikira kadalamannya kisaran 500&nbsp;km matan radius kasabarataan Bulan.<ref name="Warren1985" /> Bujur akurasi dalam manjalaskan pambantukan Bulan didukung oleh banyak bukti, masih tadapat babarapa kangalihan nang kada sahibaknya kawa dijalasakan oleh hipotesis rumpakan ganal, tautama nang bakaitan lawan komposisi Bulan.<ref>{{cite journal | journal = Science | author = Daniel Clery | title = Impact Theory Gets Whacked | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2013-10-11_342_6155/page/183 | volume = 342 | page = 183 | date = 11 October 2013}}</ref> Wayah tahun 2001, tim di Carnegie Institute of Washington malaporakan panalitian nang buhannya gawi tahadap isotop batuan Bulan.<ref name=wiechert>{{Cite journal | title=Oxygen Isotopes and the Moon-Forming Giant Impact | display-authors=1 | last1=Wiechert | first1=U. | last2=Halliday | first2=A. N. | last3=Lee | first3=D.-C. | last4=Snyder | first4=G. A. | last5=Taylor | first5=L. A. | last6=Rumble | first6=D. | volume=294 | issue=12 | pages=345–348 |date=October 2001 | doi=10.1126/science.1063037 | url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/294/5541/345 | accessdate=2009-07-05 | publisher=[[Science (jurnal)]] | pmid=11598294 | journal=Science |bibcode = 2001Sci...294..345W }}</ref> Tim naya mahaga bahwa batuan Bulan nang dibawa ka Bumi malalui [[Program Apollo]] baisi isotop nang mahirip lawan batuan Bumi, wan balainan lawan batuan pada kabanyakan banda langit nang lainnya di Tata Surya. Marga sapalih ganal materi nang lapas ka orbit wan mambantuk Bulan diduga baasal matan [[Theia (planet)|Theia]], pahagaan naya sama sakali kada terduga. Pada tahun 2007, bubuhan panaliti matan California Institute of Technology mamadahakan bahwa kasamaan isotop antara Bumi lawan Theia kurang matan 1%.<ref name=ps2007>{{Cite journal | last1=Pahlevan | first1=Kaveh | last2=Stevenson | first2=David | title=Equilibration in the Aftermath of the Lunar-forming Giant Impact | url=https://archive.org/details/earth-and-planetary-science-letters_2007-10-30_262_3-4/page/438 | journal=EPSL | volume=262 | issue=3–4 |date=October 2007 | pages=438–449 | doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2007.07.055 | bibcode=2007E&PSL.262..438P |arxiv = 1012.5323 }}</ref> Pada tahun 2012, analisis nang digawi tahadap sampel isotop Bulan manunjukakan bahwa Bulan baisi komposisi isotop nang sama lawan Bumi,<ref name="test" /> [[Hipotesis rumpakan ganal|batantangan]] lawan hipotesis nang manjalasakan bahwa Bulan tabantuk jauh matan orbit Bumi atawa matan Theia. == Karakteristik fisik == === Struktur dalam === {{main|Struktur dalam Bulan}} [[Barakas:Moon diagram.svg|jmpl|kiri|Struktur Bulan]] {| class="wikitable" style="float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Komposisi kimia parmukaan Bulan (baasal matan batuan kerak)<ref>{{cite book |author=Taylor, Stuart Ross |title=Lunar science: A post-Apollo view |year=1975 |page=64 |publisher=New York, Pergamon Press, Inc. |url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1975lspa.book.....T/0000064.000.html |access-date=2021-10-17 |archive-date=2021-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217153346/http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1975lspa.book.....T/0000064.000.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref><!-- After Turkevich, A.L. (1973) PLC 4:1159; Moon. 8:365. --> ! rowspan="2"|Sanyawa ! rowspan="2"|Rumus ! colspan="2"|Komposisi (wt %) |- ! style="font-size: smaller;" | Mare ! style="font-size: smaller;" | Dataran tinggi |- | style="text-align: left;" | [[Silikon dioksida|silika]] | SiO₂ | 45.4% | 45.5% |- | style="text-align: left;" | [[Aluminium oksida|alumina]] | Al₂O₃ | 14.9% | 24.0% |- | style="text-align: left;" | [[Kalsium oksida|kapur]] | CaO | 11.8% | 15.9% |- | style="text-align: left;" | [[besi(II) oksida]] | FeO | 14.1% | 5.9% |- | style="text-align: left;" | [[Magnesium oksida|magnesia]] | MgO | 9.2% | 7.5% |- | style="text-align: left;" | [[titanium dioksida]] | TiO₂ | 3.9% | 0.6% |- | style="text-align: left;" | [[sodium oksida]] | Na₂O | 0.6% | 0.6% |- ! colspan="2" | Total ! 99.9% ! 100.0% |} Bulan tarumbung banda langit [[Diferensiasi planet|diferensiasi]], nang sacara [[geokimia]] baisi komposisi [[Kerak (geologi)|kerak]], [[Mantel (geologi)|mantel]], wan [[Inti planet|inti]] nang balain lawan banda langit nang lain. Bulan sugih lawan wasi padat di hagian inti dalam, lawan radius kikira 240&nbsp;km, wan fluida di hagian inti luar, tautama nang taulah matan wasi cair, lawan radius kikira 300&nbsp;km. Di intang hagian inti Bulan tadapat lapisan pawatas babantuk cair lawan radius kikira 500&nbsp;km.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/topics/moonmars/features/lunar_core.html|title=NASA Research Team Reveals Moon Has Earth-Like Core|publisher=NASA|date=January 6, 2011|access-date=October 17, 2021|archive-date=January 11, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111112210/http://www.nasa.gov/topics/moonmars/features/lunar_core.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Struktur naya diparkiraakan tarbantuk akibat [[Kristalisasi fraksional (geologi)|kristalisasi fraksional]] pada [[lautan magma Bulan|lautan magma]] satumat imbah pambantukan Bulan 4,5 miliar tahun nang bahari.<ref>{{cite journal|doi = 10.1038/ngeo417|title =Timing of crystallization of the lunar magma ocean constrained by the oldest zircon|url = https://archive.org/details/nature-geoscience_2009-02_2_2/page/133|year = 2009|last1 = Nemchin|first1 = A.|last2 = Timms|first2 = N.|last3 = Pidgeon|first3 = R.|last4 = Geisler|first4 = T.|last5 = Reddy|first5 = S.|last6 = Meyer|first6 = C.|journal = Nature Geoscience|volume = 2|issue = 2|pages = 133–136|bibcode = 2009NatGe...2..133N }}</ref> Kristalisasi lautan magma naya cagar mambantuk mantel [[mafik]], nang jua disababkan ulih curah hujan wan palunuhan mineral [[olivin]], [[klinopiroksen]], wan [[ortopiroksen]]; imbah talung parampat lautan magma takristalisasi, mineral [[plagioklas]] bakapadatan randah cagar tabantuk wan maapung ka hagian atas lapisan karak.<ref name="S06" /> Cairan pahabisan nang marasani proses kristalisasi cagar tajabak di antara karak wan mantel, lawan [[Kompabilitas (geokimia)|inkompabilitas]] wan unsur panghasil panas nang balimpah.<ref name="W06" /> Sasuai lawan proses naya, pemetaan geokimia matan orbit manunjukakan bahwa sapalih ganal karak Bulan basifat [[anortosit]],<ref name="L06" /> wan pangujian nang digawi tahadap sampel [[batuan Bulan]] nang baasal matan banjir lava di parmukaan jua manjalasakan bahwa komposisi mantel mafik Bulan tasugih lawan wasi amun dibandingakan lawan Bumi.<ref name="W06" /> Teknik geofisika manjalasakan bahwa kakandalan rata-rata karak Bulan adalah ~50&nbsp;km.<ref name="W06" /> Bulan adalah satelit pamadatnya nang kadua di [[Tata Surya]] imbah [[Io (bulan)|Io]].<ref name="Schubert2004" /> tapi, inti dalam Bulan tatumbung halus, lawan radius kikira 350&nbsp;km atawa kurang;<ref name="W06" /> ukuran naya hanya ~20% matan ukuran Bulan sacara saigian, balain lawan [[Planet kebumian|benda langit kebumian]] nang lain, nang ukuran inti dalamnya parak 50% matan ukuran saigian. Komposisi Bulan balum dikatahui sacara pasti, namun diduga parpaduan matan wasi metalik lawan sajumlah halus [[sulfur]] wan [[nikel]]; analisis manganai waktu rotasi variabel Bulan manunjukakan bahwa sapalih inti Bulan babantuk cair.<ref>{{cite journal|last = Williams|first = J.G.|coauthors = Turyshev, S.G.; Boggs, D.H.; Ratcliff, J.T.|title = Lunar laser ranging science: Gravitational physics and lunar interior and geodesy|journal = Advances in Space Research|year = 2006|volume = 37|issue = 1|page = 6771|bibcode=2006AdSpR..37...67W|doi = 10.1016/j.asr.2005.05.013|arxiv = gr-qc/0412049 }}</ref> === Geologi permukaan === {{main|Geologi Bulan|Batuan Bulan}} {{See also|Topografi Bulan}} {{multiple image |align = right |width = |image1 = Moon nearside LRO.jpg |alt1 = The dark irregular mare lava plains are prominent in the fully illuminated disk. A single bright star of ejecta, with rays stretching a third of the way across the disk, emblazons the lower centre: this is the crater Tycho. |caption1 = [[Sisi parak Bulan]] |image2 = Moon Farside LRO.jpg |alt2 = This full disk is nearly featureless, a uniform grey surface with almost no dark mare. There are many bright overlapping dots of impact craters. |caption2 = [[Sisi jauh Bulan]], lawan [[mare]] kadap nang parak kadada.<ref>{{cite web|title=Landscapes from the ancient and eroded lunar far side |publisher=esa |url=http://www.esa.int/esaSC/SEMDWNWALPE_index_0.html |accessdate=15 February 2010}}</ref> }} [[Barakas:MoonTopoLOLA.png|jmpl|upright=1.5|alt = Topography of the Moon measured from the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter on the mission [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]], referenced to a sphere of radius 1737.4&nbsp;km|Topografi Bulan]] {{multiple image |align = right |width = |image1 = LRO WAC North Pole Mosaic (PIA14024).jpg |alt1 = |caption1 = [[Kutub utara Bulan]] |image2 = LRO WAC South Pole Mosaic.jpg |alt2 = |caption2 = [[Kutub selatan Bulan]] }} [[Topografi]] Bulan sudah diukur lawan mamakai metode [[altimetri laser]] wan [[Stereoskop|analisis gambar stereo]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Topography of the South Polar Region from Clementine Stereo Imaging|author=Spudis, Paul D.; Cook, A.; Robinson, M.; Bussey, B.; Fessler, B.| bibcode=1998nvmi.conf...69S|journal=Workshop on New Views of the Moon: Integrated Remotely Sensed, Geophysical, and Sample Datasets|page=69|date=January 1998|last2=Cook|last3=Robinson|last4=Bussey|last5=Fessler}}</ref> Bantuk topografi nang panjalasanya talihat adalah [[basin Kutub Selatan Aitken]] di sisi jauh, lawan diameter kikira 2.240&nbsp;km, nang marupakan kawah pangganalnya di Bulan lawan kawah pangganalnya nang suah dihaga di Tata Surya.<ref name="Spudis1994" /><ref>{{cite journal|doi =10.1029/97GL01718 |first1 = C.M.|last1 = Pieters|first2 =S.|last2 =Tompkins|first3 =J.W.|last3 =Head|first4 =P.C.|last4 =Hess|title = Mineralogy of the Mafic Anomaly in the South Pole‐Aitken Basin: Implications for excavation of the lunar mantle|url =https://archive.org/details/geophysical-research-letters_1997-08-01_24_15/page/1903 |journal = Geophysical Research Letters|volume = 24|issue = 15|pages = 1903–1906|year =1997|bibcode=1997GeoRL..24.1903P}}</ref> Titik parandahnya pada parmukaan Bulan bagana pada kadalaman 13&nbsp;km.<ref name="Spudis1994" /><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/July98/spa.html|title = The Biggest Hole in the Solar System|last = Taylor|first = G.J.|date = 17 July 1998|publisher = Planetary Science Research Discoveries, Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology|accessdate =12 April 2007}}</ref> Sadangkan titik paningginya baandak di hagian timur laut, nang diduga maalami pangandalan marga pambantukan basin Kutub Salatan Aitken.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Schultz|first=P. H.|date=March 1997|page=1259|volume=28|title=Forming the south-pole Aitken basin – The extreme games|journal=Conference Paper, 28th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference|bibcode=1997LPI....28.1259S}}</ref> Basin raksasa lain, nang kaya [[Mare Imbrium|Imbrium]], [[Mare Serenitatis|Serenitatis]], [[Mare Crisium|Crisium]], [[Mare Smythii|Smythii]], wan [[Mare Orientale|Orientale]], baisi libar wan katinggian nang tarandah.<ref name="Spudis1994" /> Katinggian rata-rata sisi jauh Bulan kikira 1,9&nbsp;km tatinggi amun dibandingakan lawan sisi parak.<ref name="W06" /> ==== Fitur vulkanis ==== {{main|Mare}} Dataran Bulan nang bawarna gelap wan kawa diitihi lawan mata talanjang disambat lawan ''[[mare|maria]]'' ([[bahasa Latin]] gasan "laut"; atawa ''mare'' dalam bantuk tunggal), marga wayah bahari bubuhan astronom mangira bahwa dataran naya dihibaki ulih [[banyu]].<ref>{{cite book|author = Wlasuk, Peter|title = Observing the Moon|url = http://books.google.com/?id=TWtLIOlPwS4C|year = 2000|publisher = Springer|isbn = 978-1-85233-193-1|page = 19 }}</ref> Dataran naya barupa kulam ganal nang tabantuk matan [[lava]] [[basal]]. Bujur serupa lawan basal kebumian, basal mare baisi kandungan wasi nang tatinggi wan kandungan mineral nang kurang.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/April04/lunarAnorthosites.html|title = The Oldest Moon Rocks|last = Norman|first = M.|publisher = Planetary Science Research Discoveries|date = 21 April 2004|accessdate =12 April 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last = Varricchio|first = L.|title = Inconstant Moon|year = 2006|publisher = Xlibris Books|isbn = 978-1-59926-393-9 }}</ref> sahagian ganal lava naya malatus atawa mangalir malalui proses nang basamaan lawan pambantukan [[kawah rumpakan]]. Babarapa bantuk geologi parmukaan Bulan kaya [[gunung berapi perisai]] wan [[kubah Bulan|kubah]] vulkanis kawa dihaga di maria di [[sisi parak Bulan]].<ref>{{cite journal|last = Head|first = L.W.J.W.|title = Lunar Gruithuisen and Mairan domes: Rheology and mode of emplacement|journal = Journal of Geophysical Research|year = 2003|volume = 108|url = http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2003/2002JE001909.shtml|accessdate = 12 April 2007|issue = E2|doi = 10.1029/2002JE001909|page = 5012|bibcode = 2003JGRE..108.5012W|archive-date = 12 March 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070312071105/http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2003/2002JE001909.shtml|dead-url = yes}}</ref> Maria kawa dihaga hampir di sabigian sisi parak Bulan, mancakup 31% matan total parmukaan di sisi parak,<ref name="worldbook" /> jauh tatinggi amun dibandingakan lawan maria pada sisi jauh, nang persentasenya hanya 2%.<ref>{{cite journal|last = Gillis|first = J.J.|coauthors = Spudis, P.D.|title = The Composition and Geologic Setting of Lunar Far Side Maria|journal = Lunar and Planetary Science|year = 1996|volume = 27|pages = 413–404|bibcode = 1996LPI....27..413G|last2 = Spudis}}</ref> Hal naya diparkirakan tajadi marga tingginya [[KREEP|konsentrasi unsur panghasil panas]] di bawah karak di sisi parak, sawagaimana nang talihat pada peta geokimia nang diperoleh matan spektrometer sinar gamma ''[[Lunar Prospector]]'', nang manyababakan mantel mangalami pamanasan, lunuh, imbahnya naik ka parmukaan wan malatus.<ref name="S06" /><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/281/5382/1484|title=Global Elemental Maps of the Moon: The Lunar Prospector Gamma-Ray Spectrometer|author=Lawrence|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=281|issue=5382|pages=1484–1489|doi=10.1126/science.281.5382.1484|issn=1095-9203|publisher=HighWire Press|date=11 August 1998|accessdate=29 August 2009|pmid=9727970|bibcode = 1998Sci...281.1484L|author-separator=,|author2=D. J.|display-authors=2|last3=Barraclough|first3=BL|last4=Binder|first4=AB|last5=Elphic|first5=RC|last6=Maurice|first6=S|last7=Thomsen|first7=DR }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Aug00/newMoon.html|title = A New Moon for the Twenty-First Century|last = Taylor|first = G.J.|publisher = Planetary Science Research Discoveries, Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology|date = 31 August 2000|accessdate =12 April 2007}}</ref> Sahagian ganal [[Mare|basal mare]] Bulan malatus pada periode Imbrian, kikira 3,0–3,5 miliar tahun nang bahari, meskipun hasil [[pananggalan radiometri]] manjalasakan waktunya lebih tua 4,2 miliar tahun nang lalu,<ref name="Papike" /> wan letusan pahabisan, badasarkan pananggalan [[hitungan kawah]], tajadi kikira 1,2 miliar tahun nang bahari.<ref name="Hiesinger" /> Wilayah nang bawarna tatarang pada Bulan disambat lawan ''terrae'', atawa ''dataran tinggi'' sacara umum, marga wilayah naya tatinggi matan kabanyakan maria. Badasarkan penanggalan radiometri, dataran tinggi Bulan tabantuk kikira 4,4 miliar tahun nang bahari, wan diduga merupakan [[batuan kumulasi|kumulasi]] [[plagioklas]] matan [[lautan magma Bulan]].<ref name="Papike" /><ref name="Hiesinger" /> Balain lawan Bumi, kadada gunung di Bulan nang diyakini tabentuk akibat kajadian [[tektonik]].<ref>{{cite web|last = Munsell|first = K.|publisher = NASA|work = Solar System Exploration|title = Majestic Mountains|url = http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/educ/themes/display.cfm?Item=mountains|date = 4 December 2006|accessdate = 12 April 2007|archive-date = 2008-09-17|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080917055643/http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/educ/themes/display.cfm?Item=mountains|dead-url = yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Lovett |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110803/full/news.2011.456.html#B1 |title=Early Earth may have had two moons : Nature News |publisher=Nature.com |date= |accessdate=2012-11-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://theconversation.edu.au/was-our-two-faced-moon-in-a-small-collision-2659 |title=Was our two-faced moon in a small collision? |publisher=Theconversation.edu.au |date= |accessdate=2012-11-01}}</ref> ==== Kawah rumpakan ==== [[Barakas:Moon-craters.jpg|kiri|jmpl|alt=A grey, many-ridged surface from high above. The largest feature is a circular ringed structure with high walled sides and a lower central peak: the entire surface out to the horizon is filled with similar structures that are smaller and overlapping.|Kawah [[Daedalus (kawah)|Daedalus]] di sisi jauh Bulan]] {{See also|Daftar kawah di Bulan}} Proses geologi lain nang mamangaruhi bantuk parmukaan Bulan adalah [[kawah rumpakan]],<ref>{{cite book|last = Melosh|first = H. J.|title = Impact cratering: A geologic process|url = https://archive.org/details/impactcrateringg0000melo|year = 1989|publisher = Oxford Univ. Press|isbn = 978-0-19-504284-9 }}</ref> yaitu katika kawah-kawah tarbantuk akibat tubrukan antara [[asteroid]] wan [[komet]] lawan parmukaan Bulan. Diparkiraakan tadapat kikira 300.000 kawah lawan luas labih matan 1&nbsp;km di sisi parak Bulan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Moon Facts|url=http://planck.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=31412|work=SMART-1|publisher=European Space Agency|year=2010|accessdate=12 May 2010}}</ref> Babarapa kawah naya [[Selenografi#Pemetaan wan penamaan Bulan|dingarani]] manurut nama para pakar, ilmuwan, saniman, wan panjalajah.<ref name="gazetteer" /> [[Skala waktu geologi Bulan]] didasarakan pada kajadian rumpakan nang paling harat, tamasuk [[Nectarian|Nectaris]], [[Lower Imbrian|Imbrium]], wan [[Mare Orientale|Orientale]], lawan struktur nang dicirikan ulih lingkaran nang tabantuk matan materi nang manguap, rajin badiameter ratusan hingga ribuan kilometer.<ref name="geologic" /> Kurangnya aktivitas atmosfer, cuaca, wan proses geologi pahanyarnya mambuktiakan bahwa kawah-kawah naya masih dalam kondisi baik. Maskipun hanya sadikit kawah nang dikatahui asal usul pambantukannya, kawah-kawah naya tatap baguna gasan manantuakan usia relatif Bulan. Marga kawah tubrukan manumpuk pada tingkat nang hampir konstan, mahitung jumlah kawah per satuan luas kawa dipakai gasan mamparkiraakan usia parmukaan Bulan.<ref name="geologic" /> Usia radiometrik batuan kawah nang dibawa ulih [[misi Apollo]] bakisar matan 3,8 sampai 4,1 miliar tahun; naya dipakai gasan manjalasakan waktu tajadinya rumpakan [[Pengeboman Berat Akhir]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hartmann |first=William K. |last2=Quantin |first2=Cathy |last3=Mangold |first3=Nicolas |year=2007 |volume=186|issue=1 |pages=11–23 |journal=Icarus |title=Possible long-term decline in impact rates: 2. Lunar impact-melt data regarding impact history |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2006.09.009 |postscript=<!--None--> |bibcode=2007Icar..186...11H}}</ref> Dataran nang manyalimuti hagian atas karak Bulan adalah parmukaan nang bubujuran [[Kominusi|takominusi]] (tapacah jadi partikal nang tahalus) wan lapisan parmukaan [[Pengebunan rumpakan|kebun kawah]] bangaran [[regolith]], nang tabentuk akibat proses rumpakan. Regolith nang pahalusnya, yakni [[tanah Bulan]] matan kaca [[silikon dioksida]], baisi tekstur kaya salju wan babau kaya [[mesiu]].<ref>{{cite web|date = 30 January 2006|accessdate = 15 March 2010|url = http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/30jan_smellofmoondust.htm|title = The Smell of Moondust|publisher = NASA|archive-date = 2010-03-08|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100308112332/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/30jan_smellofmoondust.htm|dead-url = yes}}</ref> Regolith di parmukaan nang tatuha umumnya takandal daripada parmukaan nang taanum; kakandalannya bamacam-macam, matan 10–20 m di dataran tinggi wan 3–5 m di maria.<ref>{{cite book|last = Heiken|first = G.|coauthors = Vaniman, D.; French, B. (eds.)|title = Lunar Sourcebook, a user's guide to the Moon|url = https://archive.org/details/lunarsourcebooku00heik|year = 1991|publisher = Cambridge University Press|location = New York|isbn = 978-0-521-33444-0|page = [https://archive.org/details/lunarsourcebooku00heik/page/n774 736] }}</ref> Di bawah lapisan regolith tadapat ''megaregolith'', lapisan batuan fraktur lawan kakandalan berkilo-kilometer.<ref>{{cite journal|last = Rasmussen|first = K.L.|coauthors = Warren, P.H.|title = Megaregolith thickness, heat flow, and the bulk composition of the Moon|url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1985-01-10_313_5998/page/121|journal = Nature|year = 1985|volume = 313|issue = 5998|pages = 121–124|bibcode = 1985Natur.313..121R|doi = 10.1038/313121a0}}</ref> ==== Ketersediaan banyu ==== {{main|Banyu Bulan}} [[Barakas:Moon South Pole.jpg|jmpl|alt=Twenty degrees of latitude of the Moon's disk, completely covered in the overlapping circles of craters. The illumination angles are from all directions, keeping almost all the crater floors in sunlight, but a set of merged crater floors right at the south pole are completely shadowed.|Foto mozaik kutub selatan Bulan nang diambil oleh ''[[Clementine (pesawat luar angkasa)|Clementine]]'': perhatikan bagian gelap permanen di kutub.]] Banyu cair kada kawa batahan di parmukaan Bulan. Wayah takana radiasi Matahari, banyu ancap cagar taurai malalui proses nang dipinandui lawan [[fotodisosiasi]] wan lanyap ka luar angkasa. Namun, matan tahun 1960-an, bubuhan ilmuwan mamparkiraakan bahwa banyu es nang diangkut oleh komet wayah tajadinya rumpakan atawa nang dihasilakan ulih reaksi batuan Bulan nang kaya oksigen, wan hidrogen matan [[angin surya]], maninggalakan jejak banyu nang mungkin kawa batahan di kawah kutub salatan Bulan nang dingin wan kadap secara parmanen.<ref name="Margot1999" /><ref> {{cite journal | first = William R. | last = Ward | title = Past Orientation of the Lunar Spin Axis | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1975-08-01_189_4200/page/377 | journal = Science | date = 1 August 1975 | volume = 189 | issue = 4200 | pages = 377–379 | doi = 10.1126/science.189.4200.377 | pmid = 17840827 | bibcode = 1975Sci...189..377W }} </ref> Simulasi komputer manunjukakan bahwa hampir 14.000&nbsp;km² parmukaan Bulan bagana pada hagian kutub nang kadap parmanen.<ref name="M03" /> Katarsadiaan banyu di Bulan dalam jumlah nang mayu adalah faktor panting dalam marancanaakan proses [[kolonisasi Bulan]] marga cagar maimit biaya; rancana altenatif gasan maangkut banyu matan Bumi cagar malaasakan biaya nang ganal banar.<ref name="seedhouse2009" /> Batahun-tahun nang bahari, jajak banyu sudah dihaga di parmukaan Bulan.<ref name="moonwater_18032010" /> Pada tahun 1994, [[Misi Clementine#Bistatic Radar Experiment|eksperimen radar bistatik]] di wahana ''[[Clementine (pesawat luar angkasa)|Clementine]]'' manunjukkaan adanya kantong banyu baku di kitaran parmukaan Bulan. Namun, pengamatan radar imbahnya ulih [[Arecibo Observatory|Arecibo]] manunjukakan bahwa pahagaan nitu mungkin adalah batuan nang talontar matan kawah rumpakan anum.<ref>{{cite web| last= Spudis|first = P.|title = Ice on the Moon|url = http://www.thespacereview.com/article/740/1|publisher = The Space Review|date = 6 November 2006|accessdate =12 April 2007}}</ref> Pada 1998, [[Lunar Prospector#Neutron Spectrometer (NS)|spektrometer neutron]] di wahana ''Lunar Prospector'' mahaga adanya konsentrasi [[hidrogen]] nang tinggi di lapisan regolith lawan kedalaman satu meter di wilayah kutub.<ref name="Feldman1998" /> Pada 2008, analisis nang digawi tahadap batuan lava vulkanis nang dibawa ka Bumi oleh Apollo 15 manunjukkan adanya kandungan banyu dalam jumlah halus pada interior batuan.<ref name="Saal2008" /> Pada tahun 2008, wahana ''[[Chandrayaan-1]]'' mambujurakan adanya banyu es di parmukaan Bulan lawan mamakai [[Moon Mineralogy Mapper]]. Spektrometer maitihi adanya garis parasapan [[hidroksil]] di bawah sinar Matahari, nang mambuktiakan bahwa parmukaan Bulan baisi banyu es dalam jumlah ganal. Wahana nitu manunjukakan bahwa konsentrasi banyu es mungkin sampai 1.000&nbsp;[[ppm]].<ref name="Pieters2009" /> Pada tahun 2009, ''[[LCROSS]]'' mangirim 2.300&nbsp;kg impaktor ka kawah kutub nang kadap parmanen, wan mandeteksi sadikitnya tadapat 100&nbsp;kg banyu dalam material ejektor.<ref name="Planetary" /><ref name="Colaprete" /> Analisis data LCROSS lainnya manunjukakan bahwa jumlah banyu nang tadeteksi sampai 155&nbsp;kg.<!--, or 5.6% (±2.9%) by mass.--This seems too technical for this overview--><ref name="Colaprete2010" /> Pada bulan Mei 2011, Erik Hauri malaporakan<ref name="hauri" /> adanya 615-1410 ppm [[inklusi lunuh]] banyu pada sampel Bulan 74220, "tanah kaca jingga" lawan kandungan titanium tinggi nang baasal matan kajadian vulkanis nang dikumpulakan dalam misi [[Apollo 17]] pada tahun 1972. Inklusi naya tabantuk saat tajadinya laduman ganal di Bulan kikira 3,7 miliar tahun nang bahari. Konsentrasi naya satara lawan magma di [[mantel atas]] Bumi. === Medan gravitasi === {{main|Gravitasi Bulan}} Medan gravitasi Bulan sudah diukur lawan mamakai palacakan [[Efek Doppler|pergeseran Doppler]] pada sinyal radio nang dipancarakan ulih pasawat ruang angkasa nang ma-orbit Bulan. Bantuk gravitasi Bulan nang utama adalah [[konsentrasi massa (astronomi)|konmas]], anomali gravitasi positif nang takait lawan babarapa [[Kawah rumpakan|basin rumpakan]] ganal, sahagian disababakan ulih aliran lava basaltik mare padat nang mahibaki basin nitu.<ref>{{cite journal|last = Muller|first = P.|coauthors = Sjogren, W.|title = Mascons: lunar mass concentrations|url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1968-08-16_161_3842/page/680|journal = Science|volume = 161 |pages = 680–684|year = 1968|doi = 10.1126/science.161.3842.680|pmid = 17801458|issue = 3842|bibcode = 1968Sci...161..680M }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | journal = Science | author = Richard A. Kerr | title = The Mystery of Our Moon's Gravitational Bumps Solved? | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2013-04-12_340_6129/page/128 | volume = 340 | page = 128 | date = 12 April 2013}}</ref> Anomali naya babujuran mamangaruhi orbit pasawat luar angkasa di kitaran Bulan. Tadapat babarapa parucauan manganai gravitasi Bulan: lava nang maalir saurangan kada kawa manjalasakan bantuk gravitasi Bulan, wan babarapa konmas nang ada sama sakali kada takait lawan vulkanisme mare.<ref>{{cite journal|last = Konopliv|first = A.|coauthors = Asmar, S.; Carranza, E.; Sjogren, W.; Yuan, D.|title = Recent gravity models as a result of the Lunar Prospector mission|journal = Icarus|volume = 50|issue = 1|pages = 1–18|year = 2001|doi = 10.1006/icar.2000.6573|bibcode=2001Icar..150....1K}}</ref> === Medan magnet === {{Main|Medan magnet Bulan}} Bulan baisi [[medan magnet]] luar kitaran 1–100 [[Tesla (satuan)|nanotesla]], kurang matan saparsaratus [[medan magnet Bumi]]. Bulan kada baisi medan magnet [[dipole|dipolar]] global, tagal dihasilakan ulih [[geodinamo]] inti logam cair, wan baisi magnetisasi kerak wara, nang mungkin sudah ada pada awal sajarah Bulan wayah geodinamo masih bauparasi.<ref name="GB2009" /><ref>{{cite web|url = http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov/results/magelres.htm|publisher = Lunar Prospector (NASA)|title = Magnetometer / Electron Reflectometer Results|year = 2001|accessdate = 17 March 2010|archive-date = 2010-05-27|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100527121330/http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov/results/magelres.htm|dead-url = yes}}</ref> Salain nitu, babarapa sisa magnetisasi baasal matan medan magnet samantara nang dihasilakan wayah tajadinya kajadian rumpakan harat, lawan malalui parluasan plasma nang dihasilakan uleh rumpakan. Hipotesis naya didukung oleh magnetisasi kerak nang baandak di parak [[antipode]] basin rumpakan ganal.<ref>{{cite journal|last = Hood|first = L.L.|coauthors = Huang, Z.|title = Formation of magnetic anomalies antipodal to lunar impact basins: Two-dimensional model calculations|journal = J. Geophys. Res.|volume = 96|issue = B6|pages = 9837–9846|year = 1991|doi = 10.1029/91JB00308|bibcode=1991JGR....96.9837H}}</ref> === Atmosfer === [[Barakas:Apollo 17 twilight ray sketch.jpg|jmpl|Wayah matahari naik Wan tinggalam, banyak awak [[Apollo]] nang malihat cahaya tarang di parmukaan Bulan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2005/07dec_moonstorms/ |title=Moon Storms |publisher=Science.nasa.gov |date=2013-09-27 |accessdate=2013-10-03}}</ref>]] {{main|Atmosfer Bulan}} Bulan baisi [[atmosfer]] nang babujuran ranggang, malahan parak [[Hampa udara|hampa]], lawan massa total kurang matan 10 ton metrik.<ref>{{cite book|editor = Richard D. Johnson & Charles Holbrow|last = Globus|first = Ruth|title = Space Settlements: A Design Study|chapter = Chapter 5, Appendix J: Impact Upon Lunar Atmosphere|publisher = NASA|url = http://settlement.arc.nasa.gov/75SummerStudy/5appendJ.html|year = 1977|accessdate = 17 March 2010|archive-date = 2010-05-31|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100531205037/http://settlement.arc.nasa.gov/75SummerStudy/5appendJ.html|dead-url = yes}}</ref> Takanan parmukaannya adalah kitaran 3{{esp|−15}}&nbsp;[[Atmosfer (satuan)|atm]] (0,3&nbsp;[[nanopascal|nPa]]); ukurannya bamacam manurut hari Bulan. Sumbar atmosfer Bulan meliputi [[pelepasan gas]] wan palapasan atom akibat bombardemen tanah Bulan oleh ion [[angin surya]].<ref name="L06" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Crotts|first=Arlin P.S.|title=Lunar Outgassing, Transient Phenomena and The Return to The Moon, I: Existing Data|year=2008|publisher=Department of Astronomy, Columbia University|url=http://www.astro.columbia.edu/~arlin/TLP/paper1.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=29 September 2009|bibcode=2008ApJ...687..692C|volume=687|page=692|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|doi=10.1086/591634|arxiv=0706.3949|archive-date=20 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220081142/http://www.astro.columbia.edu/~arlin/TLP/paper1.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Unsur-unsur nang takandung pada atmosfer Bulan adalah [[sodium]] wan [[potasium]], nang dihasilakan oleh palapasan atom; unsur naya jua dihaga pada atmosfer [[Merkurius]] wan [[Io (bulan)|Io]]. Unsur nang lain tamasuk [[helium-4]] nang dihasilakan matan angin surya; lawan [[Argon|argon-40]], [[Radon|radon-222]], wan [[polonium-210]], nang dilapasakan ka angkasa imbah dihasilakan malalui proses [[palunuhan radioaktif]] di dalam karak wan mantel.<ref name="Stern1999" /><ref>{{cite journal|last = Lawson|first = S.|coauthors = Feldman, W.; Lawrence, D.; Moore, K.; Elphic, R.; Belian, R.|title = Recent outgassing from the lunar surface: the Lunar Prospector alpha particle spectrometer|journal = J. Geophys. Res.|volume = 110|issue = E9|page=1029|year = 2005|doi = 10.1029/2005JE002433|bibcode=2005JGRE..11009009L}}</ref> Kada adanya kabaradaan spesies netral (atom atawa molekul) di atmosfer kaya [[oksigen]], [[nitrogen]], [[karbon]], [[hidrogen]] wan [[magnesium]], nang tadapat pada [[regolith]], masih belum terjelaskan.<ref name="Stern1999" /> Uap banyu tadeteksi oleh ''[[Chandrayaan-1]]'' wan kandungannya bavariasi manurut garis lintang, lawan titik maksimum ~60–70&nbsp;derajat; uap banyu naya diduga dihasilakan malalui prusis [[Sublimasi (kimia)|sublimasi]] banyu es di regolith.<ref name="Sridharan2010" /> Gas-gas naya bisa babulik ka regolith akibat gravitasi Bulan atawa hilang ka [[luar angkasa]], baik malalui tekanan radiasi surya atawa, amun taionisasi, tasapu oleh medan magnet angin surya.<ref name="Stern1999" /> === Musim === [[Kemiringan sumbu]] Bulan tahadap [[ekliptika]] hanya 1,5424°,<ref name="SolarViews" /> jauh tahaluus matan Bumi (23,44°). Marga ngini, variasi iluminasi surya pada Bulan baisi musim nang jauh tasadikit, wan detail topografi baisi paran panting dalam efek paubahan [[musim]].<ref name="bbc" /> Badasarakan gambar nang diambil ulih wahana ''[[Clementine (pasawat luar angkasa)|Clementine]]'' pada tahun 1994, tadapat ampat wilayah pagunungan di pinggiran [[Peary (kawah)|kawah Peary]] di kutub utara Bulan, nang diduga tatap ditarangi ulih Matahari di sapanjang hari Bulan, manciptaakan [[puncak cahaya abadi]]. Kadada wilayah kaya nitu nang tadapat di kutub salatan Bulan. Salain nitu, jua tadapat wilayah nang kada manarima cahaya sacara parmanin di hagian bawah kawah kutub,<ref name="M03" /> wan kawah-kawah kadap naya suhunya babujuran dingin; ''[[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]]'' mancatat suhu musim panas parandahnya di kawah kutub salatan mancapai 35&nbsp;K (−238&nbsp;°C)<ref>{{cite web |date=17 September 2009 |url=http://www.diviner.ucla.edu/blog/?p=123 |title=Diviner News |publisher=UCLA |accessdate=17 March 2010 |archive-date=2010-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307031354/http://www.diviner.ucla.edu/blog/?p=123 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> wan parak 26&nbsp;K wayah kajadian [[titik balik matahari musim dingin]] di [[Hermite (kawah)|kawah Hermite]] di kutub utara. Naya adalah suhu pandinginnya di Tata Surya nang suah diukur ulih wahana antariksa, malahan tadingin matan suhu parmukaan [[Pluto]].<ref name="bbc" /> == Hubungan lawan Bumi == [[Barakas:Earth-Moon.PNG|jmpl|upright=1.5|alt=Earth has a pronounced axial tilt; the Moon's orbit is not perpendicular to Earth's axis, but lies close to Earth's orbital plane.|Skema sistem Bumi-Bulan (tanpa skala konsisten)]] === Orbit === {{main|Orbit Bulan|Teori Bulan}} Bulan manuntungakan [[orbit]] langkap mangulilingi Bumi saban 27,3 hari sakali{{efn|name=orbpd}} ([[periode sideris]]). Tagal marga Bumi bagarak pada orbitnya mangulilingi Matahari di wayah nang basamaan, dibutuhakan waktu nang sadikit talawas gasan Bulan cagar maitihakan [[fase Bulan|fase]] nang sama ka Bumi, yaitu kitaran 29,5 hari{{efn|name=synpd}} ([[periode sinodik]]).<ref name="worldbook"/> Kada kanya kabanyakan satelit planet nang lain, orbit Bulan taparak ka [[bidang ekliptika]] daripada ka [[bidang khatulistiwa]] planet. Orbit Bulan [[Perturbasi (astronomi)|diperturbasi]] ulih Matahari wan Bumi dalam cara nang halus wan kompleks. Misalnya, bidang pagarakan orbit Bulan sacara batahap marasani pagisiran, nang mamangaruhi aspek pagarakan Bulan nang lain. Kajadian naya sacara matematis dijalasakan oleh [[Hukum Cassini]].<ref name="Beletskii2" /> [[Barakas:Speed of light from Earth to Moon.gif|jmpl|upright=4|pus|Skala pabandingan ukuran wan jarak Bumi-Bulan. Garis kuning marupakan parjalanan cahaya matan Bumi ka Bulan (sekitar 400.000 km atau 250.000 mil) dalam 1,26 detik.]] {{clear}} === Ukuran relatif === Ukuran Bulan relatif ganal amun dibandingakan lawan ukuran Bumi, yakni saparampat matan diameter wan 1/81 matan massa Bumi.<ref name="worldbook" /> Bulan adalah [[satelit alami]] pangganalnya di Tata Surya manurut ukuran relatif planet nang diorbitnya, bujur [[Charon (bulan)|Charon]] taganal gasan ukuran [[planet katai]] [[Pluto]], yakni kitaran 1/9 matan massa Pluto.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planetary.org/explore/topics/pluto/|title=Space Topics: Pluto and Charon|publisher=The Planetary Society|accessdate=6 April 2010|archive-date=18 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218223842/http://www.planetary.org/explore/topics/pluto/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Bujur kaya nitu, Bumi wan Bulan masih dianggap sawagai sistem planet-satelit, lain sistem [[planet ganda]], marga [[barisentrum Bumi-Bulan|barisentrum]] kadua banda langit naya baandak 1.700&nbsp;km (kitaran saparampat radius Bumi) di bawah parmukaan Bumi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Planet Definition Questions & Answers Sheet|publisher=International Astronomical Union|year=2006|url=http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/release/iau0601/q_answers/|accessdate=24 March 2010|archive-date=2012-03-15|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/66BdVuemz?url=http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/release/iau0601/q_answers/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> === Panampaian matan Bumi === [[Barakas:Western Moon setting over the San Bernardino Mountains, High Desert, California.jpg|jmpl|ka|Panampaian Bulan di langit barat [[High Desert (California)]]]] {{See also|Fase Bulan|Paitihan Bulan|Cahaya bulan}} Bulan bagana pada [[rotasi sinkron]]; waktu nang dibutuhkan oleh Bulan gasan baputar pada porosnya kikira sama lawan waktu nang dibutuhkan gasan mengorbit Bumi. Marga nitu, Bulan aci manampaiakan higa nang sama pada Bumi. Panambaian seaarahnya, perputaran Bulan talambat wan kajadian [[panguncian pasang surut]] pada orientasi naya, tautama marga efek [[friksi]]onal deformasi [[pasang surut]] nang dipicu oleh Bumi.<ref>{{cite journal|last = Alexander|first = M. E.|title = The Weak Friction Approximation and Tidal Evolution in Close Binary Systems|journal = Astrophysics and Space Science|year = 1973|volume = 23|issue = 2|pages = 459–508|bibcode = 1973Ap&SS..23..459A|doi = 10.1007/BF00645172}}</ref> Higa Bulan nang mahadap Bumi disambat lawan [[higa parak Bulan|higa parak]], sedangkan higa nang mambalakangi Bumi disambat lawan [[higa jauh Bulan|higa jauh]]. Higa jauh rancaknya disalah artiakan sawagai "higa kadap", bujur pada kanyataannya higa naya ditarangi oleh cahaya nang kaya higa parak. Sakali sabulan, higa parak nang kadap kawa disaksiakan matan Bumi wayah terjadinya fase bulan hanyar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dark Side of the Moon|author=[[Phil Plait]]|publisher=Bad Astronomy:Misconceptions |url=http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/misc/dark_side.html |accessdate=15 February 2010}}</ref> Bulan baisi [[albedo]] nang babanaran randah, lawan tingkat katarangan nang sadikit tatarang pada aspal hitam. Bujur damintu, Bulan adalah banda langit nang panarangnya di langit imbah [[Matahari]].<ref name="worldbook" />{{efn|name=brightness}} Hal naya antara lain marga paningkatan katarangan akibat [[efek oposisi]]; pada fase bulan saparampat, babaya saparsapuluh hagian Bulan nang tarang, lain saparampat.<ref name="Moon" /> Salain nitu, [[konstansi warna]] pada [[sistem visual]] Bulan mengkalibrasi hubungan antara warna objek wan sekitarnya; marga langit di pintangan Bulan pina kadap, Bulan nang ditarangi Matahari batampai sawagai banda langit nang tarang. Hagian pinggir bulan purnama kaitihan sama tarang lawan hagian tangahnya, kada ba[[pengelaman tungkai]], marga sifat reflektif matan [[tanah Bulan]], nang merefleksikan tabanyak cahaya ke arah Matahari daripada ke arah lainnya. Bulan terlihat lebih besar saat berada parak lawan cakrawala, tagal hal naya baya efek psikologis wara, nang dipinandui lawan [[ilusi Bulan]] (panambaian dijalasakan pada abad ke-7 SM).<ref>{{cite book|last = Hershenson|first = Maurice|title = The Moon illusion|year = 1989|publisher = Routledge|isbn = 978-0-8058-0121-7|page = 5 }}</ref> Ganal busur rata-rata bulan purnama adalah pintangan 0,52° di langit, kikira sama lawan ukuran Matahari nang talihat matan Bumi (itihi [[garaha]]). [[file:Moon_phases_en.jpg|thumb|upright=4|Paubahan buncu antara arah pancahayaan ulih Matahari wan panampakan matan Bumi dalam waktu sabulan, wan fase Bulan nang dihasilakannya.]] Katinggian Bulan di langit bamacam; bujur baisi watas nang pina sama lawan Matahari, katinggiannya baubah seiring lawan fase Bulan wan paubahan musim dalam satahun, lawan katinggian paningginya tajadi pas bulan purnama pada waktu musim dingin. [[Simpul Bulan|Siklus simpul]] Bulan salawas 18,6 tahun jua baisi pangaruh; ketika [[simpul orbit|simpul naik]] orbit Bulan berada pada [[ekuinoks vernal]], [[deklinasi]] Bulan kawa bagarak sajauh 28° saban bulannya. naya berarti Bulan kawa bagarak malintasi garis lintang hingga 28° matan khatulistiwa, lain 18°. Orientasi bulan sabit jua bagantung pada garis lintang; di parak khatulistiwa, bulan sabit kawa diitih lawan teropong bintang.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/question.php?number=393|publisher = Curious About Astronomy|title = Is the Moon seen as a crescent (and not a "boat") all over the world?|date = 18 October 2002|first = K.| last = Spekkens|accessdate =16 March 2010}}</ref> Jarak antara Bulan lawan Bumi bamacam, bapintangan matan 356.400&nbsp;km sampai 406.700&nbsp;km pada [[apsis|perige]] (titik pamaraknya) wan apoge (titik panjauhnya). Pada tanggal 19 Maret 2011, Bulan saat fase hibak berada pada jarak pamaraknya lawan Bumi, pamaraknya sejak tahun 1993, yakni 14% taparak matan posisi panjauhnya di apoge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pe.com/localnews/stories/PE_News_Local_D_moon19.23a6364.html|title=Full moon tonight is as close as it gets|date=18 March 2011|accessdate=19 March 2011|publisher=The Press Enterprise|archive-date=2011-03-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322161600/http://www.pe.com/localnews/stories/PE_News_Local_D_moon19.23a6364.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Fenomena naya disambat lawan "[[bulan super]]", nang balangsung salawas asa jam pada saat [[bulan purnama]], wan 30% tatarang pada rajin marga diameter buncunya 14% taganal, marga <math>\scriptstyle1.14^2\approx1.30</math>.<ref>{{cite web | title = Super Full Moon | date = 16 March 2011 | author = Dr. Tony Phillips | publisher = NASA | accessdate = 19 March 2011 | url = http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/16mar_supermoon/ | archive-date = 7 May 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120507035348/http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/16mar_supermoon/ | dead-url = yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Full moon tonight is as close as it gets | date = 18 March 2011 | author = Richard K. De Atley | publisher = The Press-Enterprise | accessdate = 19 March 2011 | url = http://www.pe.com/localnews/stories/PE_News_Local_D_moon19.23a6364.html | archive-date = 2011-03-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110322161600/http://www.pe.com/localnews/stories/PE_News_Local_D_moon19.23a6364.html | dead-url = yes }}</ref><ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2011/mar/19/super-moon-closest-point-years|title='Super moon' to reach closest point for almost 20 years|work=The Guardian |date=19 March 2011|accessdate=19 March 2011}}</ref> Pada tingkat parandahnya, katarangan Bulan matan Bumi cagar bakurang amun diitihi lawan mata tilanjang. Persentase tingkat katarangan Bulan ditantuakan oleh rumus naya: <ref> {{cite web |last=Georgia State University, Dept. of Physics (Astronomy) |title=Perceived Brightness |url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/bright.html |work=Brightnes and Night/Day Sensitivity |publisher=Georgia State University, GA, USA |accessdate=25 January 2014 }}</ref><ref> {{cite web |last=Lutron |title=Measured light vs. perceived light |url=http://www.lutron.com/TechnicalDocumentLibrary/Measured_vs_Perceived.pdf |work=From IES Lighting Handbook 2000, 27-4 |publisher=Lutron.com |accessdate=25 January 2014 }}</ref> <math>\textrm{reduksi\ barasa \%} = 100 \times \sqrt{\textrm{reduksi\ babujuran \%} \over 100}</math> Wayah reduksi babujuran adalah 1,00 / 1,30, atau pintangan 0,770, reduksi barasa kikira 0,877, atawa 1,00 / 1,14. Hal naya maulah maningkatnya reduksi tarasa sampai 14% antara apoge wan perige Bulan pada fase nang sama.<ref> {{cite web |last=Walker |first=John |title=Inconstant Moon |url=http://www.fourmilab.ch/earthview/moon_ap_per.html |work=Earth and Moon Viewer |publisher=Fourmilab, Switzerland |accessdate=23 January 2014 |location=Fourth paragraph of "How Bright the Moonlight" |date=May 1997 |quote=14% [...] marga respons logaritma mata manusia. }}</ref> Tadapat parucauan bakanaan apakah parmukaan Bulan baubah matan waktu ka waktu. Damini, fenomena nitu dianggap sawagai ilusi wara, nang diakibatkan oleh paitihan Bulan dalam kondisi pencahayaan nang berbeda, [[penglihatan astronomi]] nang buruk, atawa gambar nang kada memadai. Tagal, [[pelepasan gas]] bahanu kajadian jua, wan diduga marupakan kajadian nang maulah [[fenomena Bulan satumat]]. Hahanyaran naya, muncul pandapat nang manyatakan bahwa pintangan 3&nbsp;km diameter parmukaan Bulan dimodifikasi oleh kajadian palapasan gas, nang kajadian pintangan sajuta tahun nang bahari.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Nov06/MoonGas.html|last = Taylor|first = G.J.|title = Recent Gas Escape from the Moon|publisher = Planetary Science Research Discoveries, Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology|date = 8 November 2006|accessdate =4 April 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last = Schultz|first = P.H.|coauthors = Staid, M.I.; Pieters, C.M.|year = 2006|title = Lunar activity from recent gas release|url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2006-11-09_444_7116/page/184|journal= Nature |volume = 444 |pages = 184–186|doi = 10.1038/nature05303|pmid = 17093445|issue = 7116|bibcode = 2006Natur.444..184S }}</ref> Panampaian Bulan, nang kaya Matahari, dipangaruhi oleh [[atmosfer]] Bumi; efek umumnya adalah [[Halo (fenomena optik)|cincin halo]] 22° nang tabantuk saat cahaya Bulan dibias-akan oleh kristal es di awan [[cirrostratus]], wan tabantuknya [[Korona (meteorologi)|cincin korona]] nang tahalus saat Bulan ditukupi oleh awan tipis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/%28Gh%29/guides/mtr/opt/ice/halo/22.rxml|title=22 Degree Halo: a ring of light 22 degrees from the sun or moon |publisher=Department of Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.|accessdate=13 April 2010}}</ref> === Efek pasang surut === {{utama|Gaya pasang surut|Akselerasi pasang surut|Pasang surut|Teori pasang surut}} [[Pasang surut]] di Bulan umumnya marga adanya kalajuan paubahan intensitas daya tarik [[gravitasi]] Bulan pada salah sabuting higa Bumi tahadap higa nang lain, atawa disambat lawan [[gaya pasang surut]]. Fenomena naya mambantuk dua binjulan pasang surut di Bumi, nang cagar talihat jalas di parmukaan laut imbah [[pasang surut|banyu surut]].<ref name="Lambeck1977" /> Marga Bumi baputar 27 kali taancap pada Bulan, binjulan naya bagarak basamaan lawan parmukaan Bumi taancap pada pagarakan Bulan, nang baputar mangulilingi Bumi sakali sahari nang kaya Bulan baputar pada sumbunya.<ref name="Lambeck1977" /> Pasang surut jua dipangaruhi oleh efek nang lain, di antaranya [[gaya gisang]] banyu tahadap sumbu rotasi Bumi malalui lantai samudra, [[inersia]] pagarakan banyu, basin samudra nang marasani panyurutan, wan osilasi antara basin samudra balain.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Le Provost|first=C.|coauthors=Bennett, A. F.; Cartwright, D. E.|year=1995|title=Ocean Tides for and from TOPEX/POSEIDON|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1995-02-03_267_5198/page/n50|pages=639–42|journal=Science|pmid=17745840|volume=267|issue=5198|bibcode=1995Sci...267..639L|doi=10.1126/science.267.5198.639}}</ref> Daya tarik gravitasi Matahari tahadap samudra Bumi baya satangah matan daya tarik gravitasi Bulan, wan gravitasi kadua benda langit naya baparan panting dalam maulah [[Pasang surut musim semi|pasang surut perbani wan musim semi]].<ref name="Lambeck1977" /> [[Barakas:Lunar libration with phase Oct 2007 (continuous loop).gif|jmpl|thumbtime=0:02|alt=Over one lunar month more than half of the Moon's surface can be seen from the surface of Earth.|[[Librasi]] Bulan dalam waktu sabulan.]] Interaksi gravitasi antara Bulan wan binjulan di pintangan Bulan bafungsi sawagai [[torsi]] pada rotasi Bumi, nang malaasakan [[momentum sudut]] wan [[energi kinetik]] putaran matan paputaran Bumi.<ref name="Lambeck1977" /><ref name="touma1994" /> Akibatnya, momentum buncu diumpatakan ka orbit Bulan, nang maancapi putarannya wan maulah Bulan naik ka orbit nang tatinggi wan lawan periode nang talama. Marga itu, jarak antara Bumi lawan Bulan jua cagar maningkat, wan perputaran Bumi cagar melambat.<ref name="touma1994" /> Pengukuran lawan metode [[eksperimen rentang laser Bulan|eksperimen rentang Bulan]] mamakai reflektor laser nang digawi dalam misi [[Apollo]] mahaga bahwa jarak Bulan ka Bumi maningkat sekitar 38&nbsp;mm per tahun<ref>{{cite journal|last=Chapront|first=J.|coauthors=Chapront-Touzé, M.; Francou, G.|year=2002|title=A new determination of lunar orbital parameters, precession constant and tidal acceleration from LLR measurements|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=387|issue=2|pages=700–709|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20020420|bibcode = 2002A&A...387..700C}}</ref> (meskipun angka naya hanya 0,10 [[ppb]]/tahun matan radius orbit Bulan). [[Jam atom]] jua manunjukkan bahwa lawas hari di Bumi maningkat pintangan 15 [[mikrodetik]] per tahun,<ref>{{cite web|last = Ray|first = R.|date = 15 May 2001|url = http://bowie.gsfc.nasa.gov/ggfc/tides/intro.html|title = Ocean Tides and the Earth's Rotation|publisher = IERS Special Bureau for Tides|accessdate = 17 March 2010|archive-date = 2010-03-27|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100327084125/http://bowie.gsfc.nasa.gov/ggfc/tides/intro.html|dead-url = yes}}</ref> nang sacara bagimitan mampanjangi waktu [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] nang disasuaikan oleh [[detik kabisat]]. Tarikan pasang surut Bulan cagar tarus balanjut sampai paputaran Bumi wan periode orbit Bulan sesuai. Tagal, Matahari cagar baubah jadi [[raksasa habang]] wan mamusnahkan Bumi jauh sawalum hal nitu kajadian.<ref>{{cite book|author = Murray, C.D. and Dermott, S.F.|coauthors = Stanley F. Dermott|title = Solar System Dynamics|year = 1999|publisher = Cambridge University Press|isbn = 978-0-521-57295-8|page = 184 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last = Dickinson|first = Terence|authorlink = Terence Dickinson|title = From the Big Bang to Planet X|url = https://archive.org/details/frombigbangtopla00unse|year = 1993|publisher = [[Camden House]]|location = Camden East, Ontario|isbn = 978-0-921820-71-0|pages = [https://archive.org/details/frombigbangtopla00unse/page/79 79]–81 }} </ref> Pamukaan Bulan jua marasani pasang surut lawan amplitudo ~10&nbsp;cm, nang balangsung salawas 27 hari labih. Fenomena naya diulah oleh dua hal, yakni marga Bulan wan Bumi berada pada [[rotasi sinkron]], wan bamacam hal nang diulah oleh [[Matahari]].<ref name="touma1994"/> Komponen Bumi nang diinduksi tabantuk marga [[librasi]], nang diakibatkan oleh eksentrisitas orbit Bulan; amun orbit Bulan bulat sempurna, maka nang cagar muncul pasang surut surya wara.<ref name="touma1994" /> Librasi jua mengubah buncu panampaian Bulan, nang maulah pintangan 59% parmukaan Bulan talihat matan Bumi.<ref name="worldbook" /> Efek kumulatif matan fenomena pasang surut memicu tajadinya [[gempa bulan]]. Gempa bulan naya kada tapi rancak kajadian wan talamah kakuatannya pada [[gempa bumi]], bujur gempa naya kawa batahan sampai sajam marga kadada banyu nang bafungsi sawagai peredam getaran seismik. Fenomena gempa bulan naya merupakan penemuan kada terduga matan [[seismometer]] nang diandak di Bulan oleh [[astronaut]] [[Apollo]] matan tahun 1969 hingga 1972.<ref>{{cite journal|last1 = Latham|first1 = Gary|year = 1972|last2 = Ewing|first2 = Maurice|last3 = Dorman|first3 = James|last4 = Lammlein|first4 = David|last5 = Press|first5 = Frank|last6 = Toksőz|first6 = Naft|last7 = Sutton|first7 = George|last8 = Duennebier|first8 = Fred|last9 = Nakamura|first9 = Yosio|displayauthors=9|title = Moonquakes and lunar tectonism |journal = Earth, Moon, and Planets|volume = 4|issue = 3–4| pages = 373–382|doi = 10.1007/BF00562004|bibcode = 1972Moon....4..373L}}</ref> === Garaha === {{main|Garaha matahari|Garaha bulan|Siklus garaha}} {{multiple image |width = 150 |footer = Matan Bumi, Bulan wan Matahari talihat baukuran sama. Matan satelit di orbit Bumi, Bulan kalihatan tahalus matan Matahari. |image1 =Solar_eclipse_1999_4_NR.jpg |alt1 = The fiercely bright disk of the Sun is completely obscured by the exact fit of the disk of the dark, non-illuminated Moon, leaving only the radial, fuzzy, glowing coronal filaments of the Sun around the edge. |caption1 = [[Garaha matahari 11 Agustus 1999|Garaha matahari 1999]]|image2 = STEREO-B solar eclipse.jpg |alt2 = The bright disk of the Sun, showing many coronal filaments, flares and grainy patches in the wavelength of this image, is partly obscured by a small dark disk: here, the Moon covers less than a fifteenth of the Sun. |caption2 = Bulan balalu di hadapan Matahari, dikudak ulih wahana STEREO-B.<ref>{{cite web|author=Phillips, Tony|work=Science@NASA|title=Stereo Eclipse|date=12 March 2007|accessdate=17 March 2010|url=http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2007/12mar_stereoeclipse.htm|archive-date=2008-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610082213/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2007/12mar_stereoeclipse.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> }} [[Garaha]] kawa kajadian wayah Matahari, Bumi, wan Bulan bagana pada sabuting garis lurus (disambat lawan "[[Syzygy (astronomi)|syzygy]]"). [[Garaha matahari]] kajadian wayah [[bulan hanyar]], wayah Bulan bagana di antara Matahari wan Bulan. Sabaliknya, [[garaha bulan]] kajadian wayah [[bulan purnama]], wayah Bumi bagana di antara Matahari wan Bulan. Ukuran Bulan nang kalihatan matan Bumi kikira sama lawan ukuran Matahari. Tagal, ukuran Matahari jauh taganal pada ukuran Bulan; jarak antara Matahari wan Bulan nang jauh banar maulah ukuran kadua banda langit naya kalihatan sama matan Bumi. Variasi ukuran naya, nang diulah ulih orbit nonsirkuler, jua pina sama, bujur kajadian dalam siklus nang balain. Hal naya maulah kajadian garaha matahari [[garaha total|total]] (wayah Bulan kalihatan taganal pada Matahari) wan [[garaha cincin|cincin]] (wayah Bulan kalihatan tahalus pada Matahari).<ref>{{cite web|first = F.|last = Espenak|year = 2000|url = http://www.mreclipse.com/Special/SEprimer.html|title = Solar Eclipses for Beginners|publisher = MrEclipse|accessdate =17 March 2010}}</ref> Wayah garaha total, Bulan sabigian manukupi cakram Matahari wan [[korona]] surya, nang kawa diitihi lawan [[mata tilanjang]] matan Bumi. Marga jarak antara Matahari wan Bulan maningkat sacara bagamat matan waktu ka waktu,<ref name="Lambeck1977" /> diameter buncu Bulan mangalami panurunan. Salain nitu, marga Matahari baevolusi jadi [[raksasa habang]], ukuran Matahari wan diameter tampaknya di langit jua maningkat bagamatan.{{efn|name=size changes}} Papaduan kadua kajadian naya mambuktiakan bahwa ratusan yuta tahun nang bahari, Bulan cagar saban manukupi Matahari wayah tajadinya garaha matahari, wan mungkin kadada garaha cincin nang kajadian wayah itu. Kaya nitu jua ratusan yuta tahun nang pacangan datang, Bulan kada lagi manukupi Matahari sabigian, wan garaha matahari total kada pacangan kajadian.<ref name = fourmilab>{{cite web|last=Walker|first=John|url=http://www.fourmilab.ch/images/peri_apo/|title=Moon near Perigee, Earth near Aphelion|publisher=Fourmilab|date=July 10, 2004|accessdate=December 25, 2013}}</ref> Orbit Bulan nang mangulilingi Bumi mangalami inklinasi kitaran 5° matan [[ekliptika|orbit Bumi mangulilingi Matahari]], jadinya garaha kada kajadian wayah saban bulan hanyar wan bulan purnama. Garaha pacangan kajadian amun Bulan bagana di parak pasimpangan dua bidang orbit.<ref name="eclipse" /> Periodisasi wan rekurs garaha matahari oleh Bulan, lawan garaha bulan oleh Bumi, kawa dijalasakan malalui teori [[Saros (astronomi)|saros]], nang baisi jangka waktu kitaran 18 tahun.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SEsaros/SEsaros.html|last = Espenak|first = F.|title = Saros Cycle|publisher = NASA|accessdate = 17 March 2010|archiveurl = https://archive.ph/20120524183445/http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsaros/SEsaros.html|archivedate = 24 May 2012|dead-url = yes}}</ref> Marga Bulan mahalangi pandangan manusia kitaran satangah darajat lingkaran pada area langit,{{efn|name=area}}<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Square Degree as a Unit of Celestial Area|author=Guthrie, D.V. |year=1947|journal=Popular Astronomy|volume=55|pages=200–203|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1947PA.....55..200|bibcode = 1947PA.....55..200G }}</ref> kajadian tarait kaya [[okultasi]] kajadian wayah sabuting bintang atawa planet tarang balalu di hagian balakang Bulan wan marasani okultasi, atawa tapatak matan itihan. Mahirip lawan kajadian naya, garaha matahari kajadian wayah Matahari tapatak matan itihan marga tatukupi Bulan. Marga jarak Bulan taparak lawan Bumi, okultasi bintang tunggal kada kawa talihat matan wadah mana haja di parmukaan Bumi pada waktu nang basamaan. [[Presesi]] pada orbit Bulan jua maulah kajadian okultasi nang balainan saban tahun. == Talaah wan pamiritan == {{See also|Penjelajahan Bulan|Kolonisasi Bulan|Daftar benda buatan manusia di Bulan}} [[Berkas:Moon by Johannes hevelius 1645.PNG|jmpl|alt=On an open folio page is a carefully drawn disk of the full moon. In the upper corners of the page are waving banners held aloft by pairs of winged cherubs. In the lower left page corner a cherub assists another to measure distances with a pair of compasses; in the lower right corner a cherub views the main map through a handheld telescope, whereas another, kneeling, peers at the map from over a low cloth-draped table.|Peta Bulan karya [[Johannes Hevelius]] dari ''[[Selenographia]]'' (1647), peta pertama yang menyertakan zona [[librasi]] Bulan.]] === Talaah panambaian === {{main|Penjelajahan Bulan#Sejarah awal|l1=Penjelajahan Bulan: Sejarah awal|Selenografi|Teori Bulan}} Pamahaman bakanaan ulaian Bulan manandai panambaian pakambangan ilmu [[astronomi]]; wayah abad ka-5 SM, [[astronomi Babilonia|astronom Babilonia]] sudah mancatat [[siklus Saros]] 18 tahunan pada [[garaha bulan]],<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/1006543|title=Saros Cycle Dates and Related Babylonian Astronomical Texts|first1=A. |last1 = Aaboe|first2= J. P. |last2 =Britton|first3= J. A. |last3 =Henderson, |first4= Otto|last4 = Neugebauer| authorlink4 = Otto Neugebauer |first5= A. J. |last5 =Sachs|journal=Transactions of the American Philosophical Society |volume=81|issue=6 |year=1991|pages=1–75 |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]]|quote=One comprises what we have called "Saros Cycle Texts", which give the months of eclipse possibilities arranged in consistent cycles of 223&nbsp;months (or 18&nbsp;years).|postscript=<!--None-->|jstor=1006543}}</ref> <!--The texts discussed in that article are more recent than 490 BC and, as mentioned in the paper, the observations can have occurred no earlier than that. The earliest reference for the Metonic cycle in Neugubauer's (1957) ''The Exact Sciences in Antiquity'' is 380 BC (p. 140).--> wan [[Astronomi bangsa India|astronom India]] sudah manjalasakan bakanaan kajadian elongasi Bulan.<ref name="Sarma-Ast-Ind" /> [[Astronomi bangsa Tiongkok|Astronom Tiongkok]] [[Shi Shen]] (abad ke-4 SM) mambari pitunjuk nang baraitan lawan cara mangira garaha matahari wan bulan.{{sfn|Needham|1986|p=411}} Imbahnya, bantuk fisik Bulan wan sumbar [[cahaya bulan]] mulai dikatahui. Filsuf [[Yunani kuno]] [[Anaxagoras]] (w. 428 SM) manyambat pada Matahari wan Bulan marupakan dua buting batu bulat yaksa nang mahasilakan cahaya.<ref>{{cite web|last = O'Connor|first = J.J.|coauthors = Robertson, E.F.|date=February 1999|url = http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Anaxagoras.html|title = Anaxagoras of Clazomenae|publisher = University of St Andrews|accessdate =12 April 2007}}</ref>{{sfn|Needham|1986|p=227}} Bangsa Tiongkok pada masa [[Dinasti Han]] parcaya pada energi Bulan sama lawan ''[[qi]]'', wan pamikiran buhannya bakanaan pangaruh radiasi Bulan manjalaskan bahwa cahaya Bulan baasal matan Matahari. [[Jing Fang]] (78–37&nbsp;SM) mancatat kabulatan Bulan gasan panambaian.{{sfn|Needham|1986|p=413–414}} Pada abad ka-2 M, [[Lucian]] manulis sabuting novel nang bakisah bakanaan saurang pahlawan nang manggawi bajalanan ka Bulan nang baurang. Pada tahun 499 M, astronom India [[Aryabhata]] manulis dalam bukunya ''[[Aryabhatiya]]'' pada cahaya Matahari maulah Bulan kalihatan tarang.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Aryabhata_I.html|title=Aryabhata the Elder |last1 =Robertson|first1 = E. F.|date = November 2000|publisher=School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews|accessdate=15 April 2010|location=Scotland}}</ref> Astronom dan fisikawan [[Alhazen]] (965-1039) manyingkai pada [[cahaya matahari]] kada dipancarakan matan Bulan kaya sabuting caramin, tagal cahaya nitu dipancarakan ka sabarataan ampah matan saban hagian parmukaan Bulan nang ditarangi ulih cahaya matahari.<ref>{{cite book|location=Detroit|year=2008|publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons|title = Dictionary of Scientific Biography|chapter= Ibn Al-Haytham, Abū ʿAlī Al-Ḥasan Ibn Al-Ḥasan|author=A. I. Sabra|pages=189–210, at 195}}</ref> [[Shen Kuo]] (1031–1095) matan [[Dinasti Song]] mamadahakan sabuting alegori nang maibaratakan kajadian basinar wan mamudarnya cahaya Bulan lawan sabuting bal nang baputar; wayah diandaki lawan bubuk putih wan ditiring matan higa, maka pacangan kalihatan bantuk harit..{{sfn|Needham|1986|p=415–416}} Dalam [[On the Heavens|panjalasan alam semesta]] ulahan [[Aristoteles]] (384-322 SM), Bulan manandai watas antara unsur nang kawa barubah (bumi, banyu, udara, wan api) lawan bintang-bintang abadi [[aether (unsur klasik)|aether]], pamikiran [[Fisika Aristoteles|filsafat bapangaruh]] nang mandominasi sains salawas berabad-abad imbahnya.<ref>{{cite book|last = Lewis|first = C. S.|authorlink = C. S. Lewis|title = The Discarded Image|url = https://archive.org/details/discardedimagein0000lewi_i1c3|year = 1964|publisher = Cambridge University Press|location = Cambridge|isbn = 978-0-521-47735-2|page = [https://archive.org/details/discardedimagein0000lewi_i1c3/page/108 108] }}</ref> Wayah abad ka-2 SM, [[Seleucus matan Seleucia]] mamadahakan pamikiran pada [[pasang surut]] kajadian marga kakuatan juhut Bulan, wan katinggian banyu pasang ditantuakan ulih posisi relatif Bulan tahadap [[Matahari]].<ref>{{cite journal|first = Bartel Leendert|last = van der Waerden| authorlink = Bartel Leendert van der Waerden|year = 1987|title = The Heliocentric System in Greek, Persian and Hindu Astronomy|url = https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-the-new-york-academy-of-sciences_1987_500/page/n34|journal = Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|volume = 500|pages = 1–569|pmid = 3296915|bibcode = 1987NYASA.500....1A |doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb37193.x }}</ref> Pada abad nang sama, [[Aristarchus matan Samos|Aristarchus]] [[Aristarchus On the Sizes and Distances|mahitung ukuran wan jarak]] Bulan matan Bumi, lawan jarak pintangan dua puluh kali [[radius Bumi]]. Pamikiran ngini imbahnya dikambangakan ulih [[Ptolemy]] (90–168&nbsp;M): inya bapandapat bahwa jarak rata-rata Bulan matan Bumi adalah 59 kali radius Bumi wan diameter 0,292 matan diameter Bumi. Angka ngini pina mamaraki jarak wan diameter nang sabujurnya, yakni pintangan 60 gasan jarak wan 0,273 gasan diameter.<ref>{{cite book|last = Evans|first = James|title = The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy|url = https://archive.org/details/historypracticeo0000evan|year = 1998|publisher = Oxford University Press|location = Oxford & New York|isbn = 978-0-19-509539-5|pages = [https://archive.org/details/historypracticeo0000evan/page/71 71], 386 }}</ref> [[Archimedes]] (287–212 SM) marancang sabuting planetarium nang kawa mahitung laju pagarakan Bulan wan objek nang lain di [[Tata Surya]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/31/science/31computer.html?hp|work=The New York Times|title=Discovering How Greeks Computed in 100 B.C.|date=31 July 2008|accessdate=27 March 2010}}</ref> Pada [[Abad Panangahan]], sawalum dihaganya [[teleskop]], Bulan diyakini sabagai sabuting bal batu, bujur banyak jua nang parcaya pada parmukaan bulan "lanik banar".<ref>{{cite web|last = Van Helden|first = A.|year = 1995|url = http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/observations/moon.html|title = The Moon|publisher = Galileo Project|accessdate = 12 April 2007|archive-date = 23 June 2004|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040623085326/http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/observations/Moon.html|dead-url = yes}}</ref> Pada tahun 1609, [[Galileo Galilei]] gasan panambaian maulah sabuting gambar teleskopis Bulan dalam bukunya nang bajudul {{lang|la|''[[Sidereus Nuncius]]''}} wan manjalasakan pada parmukaan Bulan kada lanik, tagal baisi pagunungan lawan kawah. Pamitaan teleskopis Bulan batarusan di sapanjang Abad Panangahan; pada abad ka-17, [[Giovanni Battista Riccioli]] wan [[Francesco Maria Grimaldi]] kawa maulah sabtung pangaranan geologi Bulan nang tatap dipakai sampai wayahini. {{lang|la|''Mappa Selenographica''}} ulahan [[Wilhelm Beer]] wan [[Johann Heinrich Mädler]] (1834-1836), lawan buku {{lang|de|''Der Mond''}} (1837), marupakan buku panambaian nang bujur manjalasakan talaah bakanaan Bulan matan buncu itih [[trigonometri]], tamasuk katinggian labih pada saribu gunung di Bulan, wan maminanduakan talaah Bulan lawan tingkat akurasi nang kawa diukur ulih geografi Bumi.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Consolmagno|first=Guy J.|year=1996|title=Astronomy, Science Fiction and Popular Culture: 1277 to 2001 (And beyond) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_leonardo_1996_29_2/page/128|journal=Leonardo|publisher=The MIT Press|volume=29|issue=2|page=128|jstor=1576348|doi=10.2307/1576348}}</ref> Kawah Bulan panambaian dicatat ulih Galileo, wan pamulaannya dianggap sawagai [[gunung baapi]] sampai tahun 1870-an, wan imbahnya [[Richard Proctor]] manjalaskan pada kawah-kawah nitu tabantuk marga rumpakan.<ref name="worldbook" /> Pandapatnya naya didukung ulih pacubaan nang digawi ulih geolog [[Grove Karl Gilbert]] pada tahun 1892, wan imbah pakambangan balajar pambandingan pada 1920-an sampai 1940-an,<ref name="Hall1977" /> [[skala waktu geologi Bulan|stratigrafi Bulan]] jadi cabang ilmu [[astrogeologi]] hanyar pada tahun 1950-an.<ref name="worldbook" /> === Pamiritan langsung panambaian: 1959–1976 === ==== Misi Uni Soviet ==== {{main|Program Luna|Program Lunokhod}} [[Perang Dingin]] manunjul kajadian [[Perlombaan Angkasa]] antara [[Uni Soviet]] wan [[Amerika Serikat]], nang maulah adanya akselerasi kapantingan dalam [[pamiritan Bulan]]. Imbah paluncur baisi kamampuan nang diparluakan, kadua nagara ngini mangirim wahana nirawak malalui misi orbit atawa misi pandaratan di Bulan. Wahana ulahan Soviet, [[Program Luna|''Luna'']], adalah wahana pertama nang bahasil mancapai tujuan. Imbah maluncurakan tiga misi nirawak wan marasani kajajungan pada tahun 1958,<ref name="Zak 2009">{{cite web|url= http://www.russianspaceweb.com/spacecraft_planetary_lunar.html| first = Anatoly|last = Zak |year = 2009|title = Russia's unmanned missions toward the Moon|accessdate=20 April 2010}}</ref> banda ulahan manusia panambaian nang kaluar matan gravitasi Bumi wan malintas di parah Bulan adalah ''[[Luna 1]]''; banda ulahan manusia panambaian nang marumpak parmukaan Bulan adalah ''[[Luna 2]]'', wan foto panambaian [[sisi jauh Bulan]] dikudak ulih ''[[Luna 3]]'', sabarataan digawi pada tahun 1959.<ref name="Zak 2009"/> Wahana antariksa panambaian nang bahasil manggawi [[Lander (pesawat luar angkasa)|pendaratan lunak]] di permukaan Bulan adalah ''[[Luna 9]]'', wan wahana nirawak panambaian nang mengorbit Bulan adalah ''[[Luna 10]]'', kaduanya terjadi pada tahun 1966.<ref name="worldbook" /> [[Batuan Bulan|Sampel tanah wan batuan Bulan]] dibawa ka Bumi oleh talu [[misi pambulikan sampel]] ''Luna'', yakni ''[[Luna 16]]'' pada 1970, ''[[Luna 20]]'' pada 1972, wan ''[[Luna 24]]'' pada 1976, nang bahasil mambawa 0,3&nbsp;kg batuan wan tanah Bulan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/lunar/index.cfm|title=Rocks and Soils from the Moon|publisher=NASA|accessdate=6 April 2010}}</ref> Dua [[rover (penjelajahan luar angkasa)|rover]] robotika bubuhan nang bausaha pamulaan mandarat di Bulan pada tahun 1970 wan 1973 sawagai hagian matan [[program Lunokhod]] Soviet. ==== Misi Amerika Serikat ==== {{main|Program Apollo|Pendaratan di Bulan}} [[Berkas:NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg|jmpl|alt=The small blue-white semicircle of Earth, almost glowing with colour in the blackness of space, rising over the limb of the desolate, cratered surface of the Moon.|Gambar panambaian [[Bumi]] matan orbit Bulan, nang dikudak ulih [[Apollo 8]] pada malam Natal 1968. Afrika baandak di [[Terminator surya|terminator]] matahari tinggalam, Amerika ditukupi awan, wan Antarktika baandak di buncu kiri terminator.]] [[Berkas:As11-40-5886, uncropped.jpg|jmpl|[[Neil Armstrong]] wan bandira Amerika Serikat di Bulan.]] [[Amerika Serikat]] maluncurkan wahana kada baurang gasan mangambangakan pamahaman bakanaan parmukaan Bulan gasan kapantingan pandaratan baurang di hari kainahnya; [[Program Surveyor|program ''Surveyor'']] [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] mandaratkan [[Surveyor 1|wahana panambaiannya]] ampat bulan imbah paluncuran ''Luna 9''. [[Program Apollo]] baurang [[NASA]] dikambangkan sacara paralel; imbah sarangkaian panaraian kada baawak wan baawak pada wahana Apollo di orbit Bumi, wan didorong oleh rancana paluncuran [[Program Bulan baawak Soviet|panarbangan Bulan Soviet]], [[Apollo 8]] mangirimakan misi baurang panambaian ka orbit Bulan pada tahun 1968. Misi imbahnya bahasil mandaratkan manusia gasan panambaian di parmukaan Bulan, nang dipandang ulih banyak pihak sawagai puncak [[Perlombaan Angkasa]].<ref name="CNN" /> [[Neil Armstrong]] manjadi manusia pamulaan nang bajalan di parmukaan Bulan sebagai pemimpin misi [[Apollo 11]] Amerika Serikat; inya manjajak kajajakan panambaian di parmukaan Bulan pada pukul 02:56&nbsp;UTC tanggal 21 Juli 1969.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.nasa.gov/ap11ann/ap11events.html|title=Record of Lunar Events, 24 July 1969|work=Apollo 11 30th anniversary|publisher=NASA.|accessdate=13 April 2010}}</ref> Misi Apollo 11 sampai 17 (kecuali [[Apollo 13]], nang pandaratannya diwalangiakan) bahasil babulik ka Bumi pada mambawa 382&nbsp;kg tanah wan batuan Bulan dalam 2.196 sampel tapisah.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Dec09/PSRD-Apollo-lunar-samples.pdf|title=Celebrated Moon Rocks --- Overview and status of the Apollo lunar collection: A unique, but limited, resource of extraterrestrial material.|last=Martel|first=Linda M. V.|date=21 December 2009|publisher=Planetary Science and Research Discoveries|accessdate=6 April 2010}}</ref> [[Pendaratan di Bulan|Pendaratan Bulan]] Amerika Serikat dipicu ulih kamajuan teknologi nang pina hancap pada pahabisan 1960-an, misalnya kimia [[ablasi]], [[rekayasa perangkat lunak]], wan teknologi [[Proses penetrasi atmosfer|penetrasi atmosfer]], lawan manajemen nang babujuran kompeten sahubungan lawan upaya teknis nang ganal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.nasa.gov/ap11ann/legacy.htm|title=The Legacy of Project Apollo|last=Launius|first=Roger D.|date=July 1999|publisher=NASA History Office|accessdate=13 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=SP-287 What Made Apollo a Success? A series of eight articles reprinted by permission from the March 1970 issue of Astronautics & Aeronautics, a publication of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.|publisher=Scientific and Technical Information Office, National Aeronautics and Space Administration|location=Washington, D.C.|year=1971}}</ref> Sajumlah instrumen ilmiah dipasang di parmukaan Bulan salawas misi pendaratan Apollo. [[Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package|Stasiun instrumen]] baumur panjang, tamasuk kapsul baaliran panas, [[seismometer]], wan [[magnetometer]], dipasang di lokasi pandaratan [[Apollo 12]], [[Apollo 14|14]], [[Apollo 15|15]], [[Apollo 16|16]], wan [[Apollo 17|17]]. Transmisi data langsung ka Bumi diampihi pada tahun 1977 marga partimbangan anggaran,<ref>{{cite press release| title = NASA news release 77-47 page 242| date = 1 September 1977| url = http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/83129main_1977.pdf| accessdate = 16 March 2010| format = PDF}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629121829/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/83129main_1977.pdf |date=29 June 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/~ipswich/Miscellaneous/Archived_spaceflight_news.htm|accessdate = 29 August 2007|location = NASA Turns A Deaf Ear To The Moon|year = 1977|title = OASI Newsletters Archive|last = Appleton|first = James|coauthors = Radley, Charles; Deans, John; Harvey, Simon; Burt, Paul; Haxell, Michael; Adams, Roy; Spooner N.; Brieske, Wayne|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071210143103/http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/~ipswich/Miscellaneous/Archived_spaceflight_news.htm|archivedate = 2007-12-10|deadurl = yes}}</ref> tagal imbah stasiun [[rentang laser Bulan]] manjadi instrumen pasif, transmisi data masih batarusan digawi. Komunikasi jarak di stasiun sacara rutin ditarima oleh stasiun Bumi lawan akurasi babarapa sentimeter, wan data matan eksperimen naya dipakai gasan manantuakan ukuran inti Bulan.<ref>{{cite journal|last = Dickey|first = J.|year = 1994|title = Lunar laser ranging: a continuing legacy of the Apollo program|url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1994-07-22_265_5171/page/482|journal = Science|volume = 265 |pages = 482–490|doi = 10.1126/science.265.5171.482|pmid = 17781305|issue = 5171|bibcode=1994Sci...265..482D|display-authors = 1|last2 = Bender|first2 = P. L.|last3 = Faller|first3 = J. E.|last4 = Newhall|first4 = X X|last5 = Ricklefs|first5 = R. L.|last6 = Ries|first6 = J. G.|last7 = Shelus|first7 = P. J.|last8 = Veillet|first8 = C.|last9 = Whipple|first9 = A. L.}}</ref> === Misi damini: 1990–damini=== <imagemap> File:Moon Soft Landings.svg|jmpl|ka|450px|Andak pandaratan di Bulan. Tanggal pandaratan dalam [[UTC]]. rect 15 5 92 31 [[Luna 9|]] rect 415 5 500 33 [[Surveyor 1|]] rect 15 35 101 61 [[Luna 13|]] rect 414 32 500 56 [[Surveyor 3|]] rect 415 58 500 84 [[Surveyor 5|]] rect 416 85 501 110 [[Surveyor 6|]] rect 416 112 501 138 [[Surveyor 7|]] rect 415 138 493 163 [[Apollo 11|]] rect 415 165 500 192 [[Apollo 12|]] rect 8 65 101 91 [[Luna 16|]] rect 7 94 101 122 [[Luna 17|]] rect 408 192 490 218 [[Apollo 14|]] rect 408 218 496 244 [[Apollo 15|]] rect 7 124 99 151 [[Luna 20|]] rect 406 246 500 271 [[Apollo 16|]] rect 407 272 501 297 [[Apollo 17|]] rect 7 155 97 182 [[Luna 21|]] rect 7 185 93 212 [[Luna 23|]] rect 7 215 102 242 [[Luna 24|]] rect 6 271 100 297 [[Chang'e 3|]] desc bottom-left </imagemap> Imbah Apollo wan ''Luna'', magin banyak nagara nang uumpatan dalam pamiritan Bulan sacara langsung. Pada tahun 1990, [[Jepang]] jadi nagara ka-talu nang mangirimakan pasawat luar angkasa ka orbit Bulan lawan maluncurakan wahana ''[[Hiten]]''. Wahana naya diluncurakan lawan kapsul nang tahalus bangaran ''Hagoromo'' di urbit Bulan, tagal transmisi data walang digawi, jadinya misi naya diampihakan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hiten-Hagomoro|publisher=NASA|url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Hiten&Display=ReadMore|accessdate=29 March 2010|archive-date=2011-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614115823/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Hiten&Display=ReadMore|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pada tahun 1994, Amerika Serikat maluncurakan wahana ''[[Clementine (pesawat luar angkasa)|Clementine]]'' ka orbit Bulan, nang marupakan misi gabungan antara Departemen Pertahanan wan [[NASA]]. Misi naya bahasil mangudak peta topografi Bulan dalam jarak parak wan maambil gambar [[foto multispektral|multispektral]] parmukaan Bulan gasan panambaian.<ref>{{cite web|title=Clementine information|publisher=NASA|year=1994|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/cleminfo.html|accessdate=29 March 2010|archive-date=25 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925095846/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/cleminfo.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Misi naya diumpati misi ''[[Lunar Prospector]]'' pada tahun 1998, nang bahasil mahaga adanya kalabihan [[hidrogen]] di kutub Bulan, nang diduga diulah marga adanya banyu es babarapa meter di atas regolith di dalam kawah kadap parmanin.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lunar Prospector: Neutron Spectrometer|publisher=NASA|url=http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov/results/neutron.htm|year=2001|accessdate=29 March 2010|archive-date=2010-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527105801/http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov/results/neutron.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> ''[[SMART-1]]'', pasawat luar angkasa Eropa nang marupakan wahana [[propulsi ion|bertenaga ion]] kadua, baandak di orbit Bulan matan tanggal 15 November 2004, wan diampihakan imbah pangandalinya marumpak Bulan pada tanggal 3 September 2006. Misi ngini marupakan misi panambaian nang bahasil manyurvei sacara rinci unsur kimia di parmukaan Bulan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/SMART-1/SEMSDE1A6BD_0.html|title=SMART-1 factsheet|date=26 February 2007|publisher=European Space Agency|accessdate=29 March 2010}}</ref> [[Tiongkok]] jua babujuran handak banar gasan maluncurakan [[Program Penjelajahan Bulan Tiongkok|program pamiritan Bulan]], dimulai lawan ''[[Chang'e 1]]'', nang bahasil maorbit Bulan matan tanggal 5 November 2007 sampai kaakhirannya marumpak Bulan tanggal 1 Maret 2009.<ref name="xinhua_20090301" /> Dalam misi salawas anam walas bulan, wahana ngini bahasil maambil foto Bulan sacara sabarataan. Tiongkok manyambung kabahasilan ngini lawan maluncurakan ''[[Chang'e 2]]'' pada bulan Oktober 2010, nang hampai di Bulan dua kali taancap pada ''Chang'e 1''. Misi ngini bahasil mamitaakan Bulan dalam resolusi nang tatinggi dalam waktu kikira walu bulan, imbahnya maninggalakan orbit Bulan gasan maitihi paluasan [[titik Lagrangian]] L2 Bumi-Matahari. Wahana ngini tarabang malintasi asteroid [[4179 Toutatis]] pada 13 Desember 2012, wan imbahnya langlam ka angkasa luar. Pada tanggal 14 Disimbir 2013, ''[[Chang'e 3]]'' manyambung misi pandahulunya lawan mangirimakan sabuting [[Lander (pesawat luar angkasa)|pendarat]] ka parmukaan Bulan, nang kaakhirannya maluncurakan saikung [[penjelajah Bulan]] bangaran ''Yutu'' (Mandarin: 玉兔; sacara tunggal hurufan artinya "Kelinci"). Damintu, ''Chang'e 3'' marupakan wahana panambaian nang manggawi pandaratan lunak di parmukaan Bulan matan ''[[Luna 24]]'' pada tahun 1976, wan jua misi panambaian nang maluncurkan [[rover (penjelajahan luar angkasa)|pamirit]] matan ''[[Lunokhod 2]]'' pada 1973. Tiongkok barancana gasan maluncurakan misi pamirit lainnya (''[[Chang'e 4]]'') pada tahun 2015, lawan misi paambilan sampel (''[[Chang'e 5]]'') pada tahun 2017. Antara tanggal 4 Oktober 2007 wan 10 Juni 2009, [[JAXA|Badan Penjelajahan Antariksa Jepang]] maluncurakan misi ''[[SELENE|Kaguya]] (Selene)'', pangorbit Bulan nang dilangkapi lawan kamera [[video definisi tinggi|video berdefinisi tinggi]] wan dua satelit pamancar radio halus. Misi ngini bahasil maulihi data geofisika Bulan wan maambil video berdefinisi tinggi matan luar orbit Bumi gasan panambaian.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.selene.jaxa.jp/en/profile/index.htm|title=KAGUYA Mission Profile|publisher=JAXA|accessdate=13 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jaxa.jp/press/2007/11/20071107_kaguya_e.html|title=KAGUYA (SELENE) World's First Image Taking of the Moon by HDTV|date=7 November 2007|publisher=Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation)|accessdate=13 April 2010|archive-date=2010-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316190341/http://www.jaxa.jp/press/2007/11/20071107_kaguya_e.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Misi pamiritan Bulan panambaian [[India]], ''[[Chandrayaan-1|Chandrayaan I]]'', maorbit Bulan matan tanggal 8 November 2008 sampai kahilangan kontak pada 27 Agustus 2009, nang manggawi pamitaan fotogeologi wan mineralogi parmukaan Bulan dalam resolusi tinggi. Misi ngini jua mahaga adanya molekul-molekul banyu di dalam tanah Bulan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isro.org/Chandrayaan/htmls/mission_sequence.htm|title=Mission Sequence|date=17 November 2008|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|accessdate=13 April 2010}}</ref> [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] barancana gasan maluncurakan ''[[Chandrayaan II]]'' pada tahun 2013, nang jua dikawani lawan sabuting robot pamiritan Bulan ampun [[Rusia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isro.org/scripts/futureprogramme.aspx#Space|title=Indian Space Research Organisation: Future Program|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|accessdate=13 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://isro.org/pressrelease/Nov14_2007.htm|title=India and Russia Sign an Agreement on Chandrayaan-2|date=14 November 2007|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|accessdate=13 April 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217203828/http://isro.org/pressrelease/Nov14_2007.htm|archivedate=2007-12-17|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Tagal, kagagalan misi ''[[Fobos-Grunt]]'' Rusia maulah proyek ngini magalami panundaan. Misi Bulan masa hadapan nang lain adalah ''[[Luna-Glob]]'' Rusia; nang maliputi sabuting pandarat kada baurang, rangkaian seismometer, wan pengorbit nang sarupa lawan misi ''[[Fobos-Grunt]]'' Mars nang tawalangi.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.aviationnow.com/avnow/news/channel_awst_story.jsp?id=news/aw060506p2.xml|title = Russia Plans Ambitious Robotic Lunar Mission|last = Covault|first = C.|publisher = Aviation Week|date = 4 June 2006|accessdate = 12 April 2007|archive-date = 12 June 2006|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060612215659/http://www.aviationnow.com/avnow/news/channel_awst_story.jsp?id=news%2Faw060506p2.xml|dead-url = yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rt.com/Top_News/2009-02-25/Russia_to_send_mission_to_Mars_this_year__Moon_in_three_years_.html|title=Russia to send mission to Mars this year, Moon in three years |date=25 February 2009|publisher="TV-Novosti"|accessdate=13 April 2010}}</ref> Pamiritan Bulan nang didanai swasta dikambangakan oleh [[Google Lunar X Prize]], diumumakan pada 13 Siptimbir 2007, nang manawarakan duit sanilai US$20&nbsp;juta gasan siapa haja nang kawa mandaratakan sabuting robot pamiritan di Bulan wan nang mahibaki katantuan nang lain.<ref>{{cite web|title=About the Google Lunar X Prize|publisher=X-Prize Foundation|url=http://www.googlelunarxprize.org/lunar/about-the-prize|year=2010|accessdate=24 March 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100228024532/http://www.googlelunarxprize.org/lunar/about-the-prize|archivedate=2010-02-28|dead-url=no}}</ref> [[Shackleton Energy Company]] lagi mangambangakan sabuting program gasan manggawi operasi di kutub salatan Bulan dalam rangka mangumpulakan banyu gasan memasok [[Propellant Depot]] ampun buhannya.<ref>{{cite web | title = Mining the Moon's Water: Q&A with Shackleton Energy's Bill Stone | publisher = Space News | last = Wall | first = Mike | date = 14 January 2011 | url = http://www.spacenews.com/10619-mining-moon-water-bill-stone-110114.html }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Agustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> NASA [[Masa Depan Penjelajahan Luar Angkasa|barancana gasan manyambung misi baurang]] imbah adanya saruan matan Presiden AS [[George W. Bush]] pada tanggal 14 Januari 2004 gasan maluncurkan misi berawak ka Bulan pada tahun 2019, lawan maulah sabuting pangkalan di Bulan pada tahun 2024.<ref>{{cite press release|url = http://www.nasa.gov/missions/solarsystem/bush_vision.html|title = President Bush Offers New Vision For NASA|date = 14 December 2004|publisher = NASA|accessdate = 12 April 2007}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510062228/http://www.nasa.gov/missions/solarsystem/bush_vision.html |date=10 May 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title = NASA Unveils Global Exploration Strategy and Lunar Architecture|publisher = NASA|date = 4 December 2006|url = http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2006/dec/HQ_06361_ESMD_Lunar_Architecture.html|accessdate = 12 April 2007}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823131906/http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2006/dec/HQ_06361_ESMD_Lunar_Architecture.html |date=23 August 2007 }}</ref> Tagal, program nitu diwalangi gasan rancana pandaratan baurang di sabuting asteroid pada tahun 2025 wan misi pengorbit [[Mars]] berawak nang rancananya pacangan diluncurakan pada tahun 2035.<ref>{{cite web|author=NASAtelevision |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3rNn_cUrlmE |title=President Obama Pledges Total Commitment to NASA |publisher=YouTube |date=15 April 2010 |accessdate=7 May 2012}}</ref> [[India]] jua manyatakan niatnya gasan mangirimakan misi baurang ka Bulan pada tahun 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.space.com/news/061110_india_mannedspace.html| publisher = SPACE.com|title = India's Space Agency Proposes Manned Spaceflight Program| date = 10 November 2006| accessdate =23 October 2008}}</ref> == Astronomi matan Bulan == Salawas batahunan, Bulan diakui sawagai lokasi nang bagus gasan [[teleskop]].<ref>{{cite web | last = Takahashi | first = Yuki | title = Mission Design for Setting up an Optical Telescope on the Moon | publisher = California Institute of Technology | date = September 1999 | url = http://www.ugcs.caltech.edu/~yukimoon/MoonTelescope/ | accessdate = 27 March 2011 | archive-date = 2015-11-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151106142659/http://www.ugcs.caltech.edu/~yukimoon/MoonTelescope/ | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Andakannya pina parak sampai [[panglihatan astronomi]] kada pacangan jadi masalah; kawah tatentu di parak kutub kadap wan dingin sacara permanen, wan lawan damintu babujuran bamanfaat gasan [[teleskop inframerah]]; wan [[teleskop radio]] di hadapan jauh pacangan talindung matan pamandiran radio di Bumi.<ref>{{cite web | last = Chandler | first = David | title = MIT to lead development of new telescopes on moon | work = MIT News | date = 15 February 2008 | url = http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2008/moonscope-0215.html | accessdate =27 March 2011}}</ref> [[Tanah Bulan]], meskipun menjadi kendala bagi bagian teleskop yang bergerak, bisa dicampur dengan [[karbon nanotube]] dan [[epoksi]].<ref>{{cite web | last = Naeye | first = Robert | title = NASA Scientists Pioneer Method for Making Giant Lunar Telescopes | publisher = Goddard Space Flight Center | date = 6 April 2008 | url = http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2008/lunar_telescopes.html | accessdate = 27 March 2011 | archive-date = 22 December 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101222142443/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2008/lunar_telescopes.html | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Sebuah [[teleskop zenith]] Bulan bisa dibuat dengan mudah menggunakan [[cairan ion]].<ref>{{cite web | last = Bell | first = Trudy | title = Liquid Mirror Telescopes on the Moon | work = Science News | publisher = NASA | date = 9 October 2008 | url = http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2008/09oct_liquidmirror/ | accessdate =27 March 2011}}</ref> Pada bulan April 1972, misi [[Apollo 16]] maambil babagai gambar astronomi wan spektrum [[ultraungu]] lawan mamakai [[Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/missions/apollo/apollo_16/experiments/f_ultra/ |title=Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph |publisher=Lpi.usra.edu |date= |accessdate=2013-10-03}}</ref> == Status hukum == {{main|Hukum ruang angkasa}} Bujur bandira ''[[Program Luna|Luna]]'' Uni Soviet tasabar di Bulan, wan [[bendera Amerika Serikat]] sacara simbolis ditajak di lokasi pandaratan oleh [[Daftar astronaut Apollo|astronaut Apollo]], kadada sabubuting nagara nang manyambat jadi ampun bagian parmukaan Bulan sampai wayah ini.<ref name="unoosa_q6" /> Rusia wan Amerika Serikat marupakan dua nagara nang manikin [[Perjanjian Luar Angkasa]] pada tahun 1967,<ref name="unoosa_q4" /> nang manyataakan bahwa Bulan wan kasabarataan luar angkasa adalah "[[warisan bersama umat manusia|prupinsi gasan sabarataan umat manusia]]".<ref name="unoosa_q6" /> Parjanjian ngini jua mawatasi pamanfaatan Bulan gasan tujuan damai, sacara eksplisit kada mambulihakan pamasangan sarana militer wan [[sanjata pamusnah massal]] di Bulan.<ref name="unoosa_q5" /> [[Perjanjian Bulan]] 1979 batujuan gasan mambatasi eksploitasi sumber daya Bulan oleh sabuting nagara, tagal parjanjian naya balum ditikin sabubuting nagara pamirit luar angkasa.<ref name="unoosa_moon" /> Bujur barapa urang sudah mangaku ampunnya sabaraan atawa sapalih parmukaan Bulan, tagal kadada sabubuting nang dianggap bujuran.<ref name="unoosa_q7" /><ref name="iisl_2004" /><ref name="iisl_2009" /> == Dalam budaya == {{Further|Bulan dalam fiksi|Almanak bulan|Deifikasi bulan|Efek bulan|Bulan biru|Bulan (pananggalan)}} [[Berkas:Moon-bonatti.png|jmpl|Luna, sang Rembulan, dari ''Liber astronomiae'' edisi 1550 karya [[Guido Bonatti]].]] [[Fase Bulan]] nang taatur manjadiakan inya sawagai panunjuk waktu nang pas banar, wan wayah muncul wan hilangnya Bulan di langit maulah dasar gasan sawagian ganal pananggalan bahari. [[Tongkat hitungan]], artefak tulang nang baumur pintangan 20-30.000 tahun, diparcaya oleh babarapa pihak sawagai pananda fase Bulan.<ref name="Marshack" /><ref>Brooks, A. S. and Smith, C. C. (1987): "Ishango revisited: new age determinations and cultural interpretations", ''The African Archaeological Review'', 5 : 65–78.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last = Duncan|first = David Ewing|title = The Calendar|url = https://archive.org/details/calendar5000year0000dunc_l8r5|year = 1998|publisher = Fourth Estate Ltd.|isbn = 978-1-85702-721-1|pages = [https://archive.org/details/calendar5000year0000dunc_l8r5/page/10 10]–11 }}</ref> ~30 hari dalam sabulan marupakan waktu pangiraan [[siklus Bulan]]. Dalam bahasa Inggris, kata banda ''month'' wan kata badangsanak dalam [[rumpun bahasa Jermanik|bahasa Jermanik]] lainnya baasal matan kata Proto-Jermanik ''*mǣnṓth-'', nang manunjukakan adanya pamakaian [[kalender bulan]] oleh [[bangsa Jermanik]] ([[kalender Jermanik]]) sabalum pamakaian [[almanak matahari]].<ref name="barnhart-and-germania" /><ref>{{cite book|author = Smith, William George|title = Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology: Oarses-Zygia|url = http://books.google.com/?id=PJ0YAAAAIAAJ|accessdate = 29 March 2010|volume = 3|year = 1849|publisher = J. Walton|page = 768 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author = Estienne, Henri|title = Thesaurus graecae linguae|url = http://books.google.com/?id=0qQ_AAAAcAAJ|accessdate = 29 Marit 2010|volume = 5|year = 1846|publisher = Didot|page = 1001 }}</ref> [[Berkas:Moonstar.jpg|jmpl|kiri|[[Bintang dan bulan sabit|Bulan sabit]] wan "bintang" (disini adalah planet [[Venus]]) marupakan [[simbol Islam]], ditampaiakan pada bandira nagara nang kaya: {{flag|Turkey|name=(Turki)}}, {{flag|Algeria|name=(Aljazair)}} wan {{flag|Pakistan|name=(Pakistan)}}.]] Bulan sudah manjadi pamandiran matan banyak ulahan seni wan sastra, lawan inspirasi gasan bidang seni lainnya. Bulan dijadiakan sawagai motif dalam seni visual, seni partunjukan, syair, prosa, wan musik. Sabuting ukiran batu baumur 5.000 tahun di [[Knowth]], [[Irlandia]], diduga manggambarakan Bulan, nang marupakan panggambaran Bulan paling pamulaan tahaga.<ref name="spacetoday" /> Palainan visual antara dataran tinggi nang tarang wan kawah ''[[Mare|maria]]'' nang kadap malahirkan pola nang diitih ulih sajumlah budaya sabagai sosok [[Manusia di Bulan]], [[Kalinci Bulan|kalinci]], hadangan, dan lain samacamnya. Dalam sahagian ganal budaya kuno wan prasajarah, Bulan diumpamakan sawagai [[Deifikasi bulan|saikung dewi]] atawa kajadian [[supernatural]] nang lain, wan [[Bulan (astrologi)|pandangan astrologi tahadap Bulan]] tatap tasabar sampai wayah ini. Bulan baisi paran panting dalam [[Islam]]; [[almanak Islam]] didasarakan pada pariode Bulan, wan di sahagian ganal nagara Muslim, pamulaan atawa pahabisan bulan ditantuakan oleh panampakan [[hilal]], atawa bulan sabit pamulaan, di atas cakrawala.<ref>{{cite web|title=Islamic Calendars based on the Calculated First Visibility of the Lunar Crescent|publisher=University of Utrecht|url=http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/islam_tabcal_hilal.htm|accessdate=2014-01-11}}</ref> [[Bintang wan bulan sabit]], nang pamulaannya marupakan simbol [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]], wayah ini dipakai sawagai simbol masyarakat Muslim. [[Mambalah bulan]] ({{lang-ar|انشقاق القمر}}) diparcaya oleh umat Muslim sawagai mukjizat nabi [[Muhammad]].<ref>"Muhammad." [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, p.13</ref> Bulan baisi hubungan nang panjang lawan kagilaan wan macam-macam nang kada masuk akal; dalam bahasa Inggris, kata ''lunacy'' wan ''lunatic'' (secara populer disingkat ''loony'', artinya gila) baasal matan kata [[bahasa Latin]] ''Luna'', nang baarti Bulan. Filsuf [[Aristoteles]] wan [[Pliny the Elder]] bapandapat pada [[bulan purnama]] manularakan kagilaan pada uurang nang rantan. Buhannya parcaya pada otak manusia, nang sahagian ganalnya tadiri matan banyu, dipangaruhi oleh Bulan nang manguasai [[pasang surut]], tagal gravitasi Bulan talalu halus gasan mamangaruhi saikung urang.<ref name="sciam" /> Malahan wayahini, uurang parcaya pada pasien rumah sakit jiwa, kacalakaan lalu lintas, kasus pambunuhan atawa bunuh diri pacangan maningkat wayah bulan purnama, bujur kadada bukti ilmiah nang mandukung parnyataan tarsabut.<ref name="sciam" /> {{clr}} == Itihi jua == {{Portal|Tata Surya}} {{Wikipedia books |1=Bulan |3=Tata Surya }} * [[Bulan Bumi nang lain]] * [[Ilusi bulan]] * [[Satelit alami]] * [[2006 RH120]] == Referensi == === Catatan === {{notes | notes = {{efn | name = maxval |''Nilai maksimum'' didasarakan pada skala katarangan matan nilai -12,74 nang dibariakan gasan jarak khatulistiwa ka pusat Bulan, atawa 378.000 manurut NASA, hingga jarak minimum Bumi-Bulan nang dicantumakan disini, imbah disasuaiakan lawan radius khatulistiwa Bumi, yakni 6.378, sahingga jaraknya adalah 350.600 km. Nilai minimum (wayah [[bulan hanyar]]) didasarakan pada skala nang sama lawan mamakai jarak Bumi-Bulan maksimum, atawa 407.000 km, wan lawan mahitung katarangan cahaya bulan wayah bulan hanyar. Katarangan cahaya bulan adalah {{nowrap|[[Albedo]] Bumi ×}} {{nowrap|([[radius bumi]] /}} Radius [[orbit Bulan]])²&nbsp;] rilatif tahadap pancahayaan langsung dari Matahari nang tajadi saat bulan purnama. ({{nowrap|Albedo Bumi {{=}} 0.367}}; {{nowrap|Radius Bumi {{=}} radius (kutub}}&nbsp;× {{nowrap|radius khatulistiwa)^½ {{=}} 6 367 km}}.) }} {{efn | name = angular size | Kisaran nilai ukuran buncu nang dicantumakan badasarakan pada skala sederhana matan nilai nang tadapat dalam referensi: jarak khatulistiwa Bumi ka pusat Bulan adalah 378.000 km, ukuran sudutnya adalah 1.896 [[detik busur]]. Referensi nang sama mancantumakan jarak ekstrem Bumi-Bulan adalah 407.000 km wan 357.km 000. Gasan manantuakan ukuran buncu maksimum, jarak minimum harus dikoreksi sasuai lawan radius khatulistiwa bumi, yakni 6.378 km, supaya hasilnya 350.600 km. }} {{efn | name = pressure explanation | Lucey ''et al.'' (2006) manyataakan {{nowrap|10⁷ partikel cm⁻³}} wayah siang hari wan {{nowrap|10⁵ partikel cm⁻³}} pada malam hari. Marga suhu permukaan khatulistiwa nang mencapai 390&nbsp;[[Kelvin|K]] pada siang hari wan 100&nbsp;K pada malam hari, [[hukum gas ideal]] mahasilakan tikinan nang sawagaimana nang dicantumakan pada kotak info (dibulatakan sampai mamaraki [[urutan magnitudo]]): 10⁻⁷&nbsp;[[Pascal (satuan)|Pa]] pada siang hari wan 10⁻¹⁰&nbsp;Pa pada malam hari. }} {{efn | name = near-Earth asteroids | Tadapat sajumlah [[asteroid parak Bumi]], tamasuk [[3753 Cruithne]], nang ma[[ko-orbit]] Bumi: orbit buhannya manjauhi Bumi gasan beberapa periode waktu tagal imbahnya manggawi paorbitan dalam waktu lawas (Morais et al, 2002). Adapula [[quasi-satelit]]&nbsp;– buhannya lain satelit marga buhannya kada maorbit Bumi. Gasan informasi talanjut, itihi [[Satelit Bumi nang lain]]. }} {{efn | name = Charon and Pluto | [[Charon (bulan)|Charon]] secara proporsional taganal gasan ukuran [[Pluto]], tagal Pluto imbah direklasifikasi sawagai [[planet katai]]. }} {{efn | name = age | Usia naya dihitung matan pananggalan isotop batuan Bulan. }} {{efn | name = orbpd | Nang pasnya, periode sidereal Bulan (bintang tatap ka bintang tatap) adalah 27,321661&nbsp;hari {{nowrap|(27h 07j 43m 11,5d)}}, wan periode orbit tropis rata-ratanya (dari ekuinoks ke ekuinoks) adalah 27,321582&nbsp;hari {{nowrap|(27h 07j 43m 04,7d)}} (''Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Ephemeris'', 1961, pada hal.107). }} {{efn | name = synpd | Nang pasnya, periode sinodis rata-rata Bulan (antara rata-rata konjungsi matahari) adalah 29,530589&nbsp;hari {{nowrap|(29h 12j 44m 02,9d)}} (''Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Ephemeris'', 1961, pada hal.107). }} {{efn | name = brightness | [[Magnitudo tampak]] Matahari adalah −26.7, wan magnitudo tampak bulan purnama adalah −12.7. }} {{efn | name = area | Sacara rata-rata, Bulan maliputi area saluas 0,21078 derajat parsagi di langit malam. }} {{efn | name = size changes | Itihi gambar di [[Matahari#Fase hidup]]. Wayah ini, diameter Matahari maningkat lawan laju pintangan lima parsen par miliar tahun. Angka ngini pina sama lawan laju diameter buncu Bulan nang bakurang marga surut matan Bumi. }} }} === Kutipan === {{reflist |colwidth = 30em |refs = <ref name="W06"> {{cite journal |last1 = Wieczorek |first1 = M. |title = The constitution and structure of the lunar interior |journal = Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry |volume = 60 |issue = 1 |pages = 221–364 |year = 2006 |doi = 10.2138/rmg.2006.60.3 |display-authors = 1 |author2 = <Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.> }} </ref> <ref name="Lang2011"> Lang, Kenneth R. 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H. |year = 1985 |title = The magma ocean concept and lunar evolution |journal = Annual review of earth and planetary sciences. |volume = 13 |issue = 1 |pages = 201–240 |bibcode = 1985AREPS..13..201W |doi = 10.1146/annurev.ea.13.050185.001221 }} </ref> <ref name="S06"> {{cite journal |last1 = Shearer |first1 = C. |title = Thermal and magmatic evolution of the Moon |journal = Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry |volume = 60 |issue = 1 |pages = 365–518 |year = 2006 |doi = 10.2138/rmg.2006.60.4 |display-authors = 1 |author2 = <Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.> }} </ref> <ref name="Schubert2004"> {{cite book|last = Schubert|first = J.|editor = F. 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A. |title = Topography of the Lunar Poles from Radar Interferometry: A Survey of Cold Trap Locations |url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1999-06-04_284_5420/page/1658 |journal = Science |date = 4 June 1999 |volume = 284 |issue = 5420 |pages = 1658–1660 |doi = 10.1126/science.284.5420.1658 |pmid = 10356393 |bibcode = 1999Sci...284.1658M }} </ref> <ref name="M03"> {{cite web |url = http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/June03/lunarShadows.html |title = The Moon's Dark, Icy Poles |last = Martel |first = L. M. 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C. |coauthors = S. Maurice, A. B. Binder, B. L. Barraclough, R. C. Elphic, D. J. Lawrence |year = 1998 |title = Fluxes of Fast and Epithermal Neutrons from Lunar Prospector: Evidence for Water Ice at the Lunar Poles |url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1998-09-04_281_5382/page/1496 |journal = Science |pmid = 9727973 |volume = 281 |issue = 5382 |pages = 1496–1500 |doi = 10.1126/science.281.5382.1496 |bibcode = 1998Sci...281.1496F }} </ref> <ref name="Saal2008"> {{cite journal |last = Saal |first = Alberto E. |coauthors = Hauri, Erik H.; Cascio, Mauro L.; van Orman, James A.; Rutherford, Malcolm C.; Cooper, Reid F. |year = 2008 |title = Volatile content of lunar volcanic glasses and the presence of water in the Moon's interior |url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2008-07-10_454_7201/page/192 |journal = Nature |pmid = 18615079 |volume = 454 |issue = 7201 |pages = 192–195 |doi = 10.1038/nature07047 |bibcode = 2008Natur.454..192S }} </ref> <ref name="Pieters2009"> {{cite journal |doi = 10.1126/science.1178658 |last = Pieters |first = C. M. |coauthors = Goswami, J. N.; Clark, R. N.; Annadurai, M.; Boardman, J.; Buratti, B.; Combe, J.-P.; Dyar, M. D.; Green, R.; Head, J. W.; Hibbitts, C.; Hicks, M.; Isaacson, P.; Klima, R.; Kramer, G.; Kumar, S.; Livo, E.; Lundeen, S.; Malaret, E.; McCord, T.; Mustard, J.; Nettles, J.; Petro, N.; Runyon, C.; Staid, M.; Sunshine, J.; Taylor, L. A.; Tompkins, S.; Varanasi, P. |year = 2009 |title = Character and Spatial Distribution of OH/H2O on the Surface of the Moon Seen by M3 on Chandrayaan-1 |url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2009-10-23_326_5952/page/568 |journal = Science |volume = 326 |issue = 5952 |pages = 568–72 |pmid = 19779151 |bibcode = 2009Sci...326..568P }} </ref> <ref name="Planetary">{{cite web |url = http://planetary.org/news/2009/1113_LCROSS_Lunar_Impactor_Mission_Yes_We.html |title = LCROSS Lunar Impactor Mission: "Yes, We Found Water!" |last = Lakdawalla |first = Emily |date = 13 November 2009 |publisher = The Planetary Society |accessdate = 13 April 2010 |archive-date = 22 January 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100122233405/http://www.planetary.org/news/2009/1113_LCROSS_Lunar_Impactor_Mission_Yes_We.html |dead-url = yes }}</ref> <ref name="Colaprete"> {{cite journal |date = 1–5 March 2010 |title = Water and More: An Overview of LCROSS Impact Results |journal = 41st Lunar and Planetary Science Conference |volume = 41 |issue = 1533 |page = 2335 |bibcode = 2010LPI....41.2335C }} </ref> <ref name="Colaprete2010"> {{cite journal |author=Colaprete, A.; Schultz, P.; Heldmann, J.; Wooden, D.; Shirley, M.; Ennico, K.; Hermalyn, B.; Marshall, W; Ricco, A.; Elphic, R. C.; Goldstein, D.; Summy, D.; Bart, G. D.; Asphaug, E.; Korycansky, D.; Landis, D.; Sollitt, L. |title = Detection of Water in the LCROSS Ejecta Plume |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2010-10-22_330_6003/page/463 |journal = Science |date = 22 October 2010 |volume = 330 |issue = 6003 |pmid = 20966242 |pages = 463–468 |doi = 10.1126/science.1186986 |bibcode = 2010Sci...330..463C }} </ref> <ref name="hauri"> {{cite journal |last = Hauri |first = Erik |coauthors = Thomas Weinreich, Albert E. Saal, Malcolm C. Rutherford, James A. Van Orman |date = 26 May 2011 |title = High Pre-Eruptive Water Contents Preserved in Lunar Melt Inclusions |journal = Science Express |volume = 10 |issue = 1126 |doi = 10.1126/science.1204626 |bibcode = 2011Sci...333..213H |page = 213 }} </ref> <ref name="GB2009"> {{cite journal |doi = 10.1126/science.1166804 |last1 = Garrick-Bethell |first1 = Ian |first2=iBenjamin P. |last2=Weiss |first3= David L. |last3=Shuster |first4= Jennifer |last4=Buz |year = 2009 |title = Early Lunar Magnetism |url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2009-01-16_323_5912/page/356 |journal = Science |volume = 323 |issue = 5912 |pages = 356–359 |pmid = 19150839 |bibcode = 2009Sci...323..356G }} </ref> <ref name="Stern1999"> {{cite journal |last = Stern |first = S.A. |title = The Lunar atmosphere: History, status, current problems, and context |journal = Rev. Geophys. |volume = 37 |year = 1999 |issue = 4 |pages = 453–491 |doi = 10.1029/1999RG900005 |bibcode = 1999RvGeo..37..453S }} </ref> <ref name="Sridharan2010"> {{cite journal |last = Sridharan |first = R. |coauthors = S.M. Ahmed, Tirtha Pratim Dasa, P. Sreelathaa, P. Pradeepkumara, Neha Naika, and Gogulapati Supriya |year = 2010 |page = 947 |issue = 6 |volume = 58 |title = 'Direct' evidence for water (H2O) in the sunlit lunar ambience from CHACE on MIP of Chandrayaan I |journal = Planetary and Space Science |doi = 10.1016/j.pss.2010.02.013 |bibcode = 2010P&SS...58..947S }} </ref> <ref name="SolarViews"> Hamilton, Calvin J.; Hamilton, Rosanna L., ''The Moon'', [http://www.solarviews.com/eng/moon.htm Views of the Solar System], 1995–2011 </ref> <ref name="bbc"> {{cite news |title = 'Coldest place' found on the Moon |publisher = BBC News |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8416749.stm |first =Jonathan |last =Amos |accessdate =20 March 2010 |date = 16 December 2009 }} </ref> <ref name="Beletskii2"> {{cite book|author = V V Belet︠s︡kiĭ|title = Essays on the Motion of Celestial Bodies|url = http://books.google.com/?id=byWZusmVSecC|year = 2001|publisher = Birkhäuser|isbn = 978-3-7643-5866-2|page = 183 }} </ref> <ref name="Moon"> {{cite web |title = How Bright is the Moon? |author=Luciuk, Mike |url = http://www.asterism.org/tutorials/tut26-1.htm |publisher = Amateur Astronomers, Inc. |accessdate =16 March 2010 }} </ref> <ref name="Lambeck1977"> {{cite journal |doi = 10.1098/rsta.1977.0159 |last = Lambeck |first = K. |year = 1977 |title = Tidal Dissipation in the Oceans: Astronomical, Geophysical and Oceanographic Consequences |journal = [[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A]] |volume = 287 |issue = 1347 |pages = 545–594 |bibcode = 1977RSPTA.287..545L }} </ref> <ref name="touma1994"> {{cite journal |last = Touma |first = Jihad |coauthors = Wisdom, Jack |year = 1994 |title = Evolution of the Earth-Moon system |journal = The Astronomical Journal |volume = 108 |issue = 5 |pages = 1943–1961 |doi = 10.1086/117209 |bibcode = 1994AJ....108.1943T }} </ref> <ref name="eclipse">{{cite web |last = Thieman |first = J. |coauthors = Keating, S. |date = 2 May 2006 |url = http://eclipse99.nasa.gov/pages/faq.html |title = Eclipse 99, Frequently Asked Questions |publisher = NASA |accessdate = 12 April 2007 |archive-date = 2007-02-11 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070211120127/http://eclipse99.nasa.gov/pages/faq.html |dead-url = yes }}</ref> <ref name="Sarma-Ast-Ind"> {{cite book|last = Sarma|first = K. V.|authorlink = K. V. Sarma|editor = Helaine Selin|editor-link = Helaine Selin|title = Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures|url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediahis00seli_136|edition = 2|year = 2008|publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|isbn = 978-1-4020-4559-2|pages = [https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediahis00seli_136/page/n331 317]–321|contribution = Astronomy in India }} </ref> <ref name="Hall1977"> {{cite web |url = http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4210/pages/App_A.htm |title = Appendix A: LUNAR THEORY BEFORE 1964 |last = Hall |first = R. Cargill |year = 1977 |work = NASA History Series. LUNAR IMPACT: A History of Project Ranger. |publisher = Scientific and Technical Information Office, NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION |accessdate =13 April 2010 |location = Washington, D.C. }} </ref> <ref name="CNN">{{cite news |last = Coren |first = M. |title = 'Giant leap' opens world of possibility |publisher = CNN |date = 26 July 2004 |url = http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TECH/space/07/16/moon.landing/index.html |accessdate = 16 March 2010 |archive-date = 20 January 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120120133640/http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TECH/space/07/16/moon.landing/index.html |dead-url = yes }}</ref> <ref name="xinhua_20090301"> {{cite news |url = http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-03/01/content_7523687.htm |title = China's first lunar probe ends mission |date = 1 March 2009<!-- 19:28--> |publisher = Xinhua |accessdate =29 March 2010 }} </ref> <ref name="unoosa_q6"> {{cite web |url = http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q6 |title = Can any State claim a part of outer space as its own? |publisher = United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs |accessdate =28 March 2010 }} </ref> <ref name="unoosa_q4"> {{cite web |url = http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q4 |title = How many States have signed and ratified the five international treaties governing outer space? |date = 1 January 2006 |publisher = United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs |accessdate =28 March 2010 }} </ref> <ref name="unoosa_q5"> {{cite web |url = http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q5 |title = Do the five international treaties regulate military activities in outer space? |publisher = United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs |accessdate =28 March 2010 }} </ref> <ref name="unoosa_moon"> {{cite web |url = http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/SpaceLaw/moon.html |title = Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies |publisher = United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs |accessdate =28 March 2010 }} </ref> <ref name="unoosa_q7"> {{cite web |url = http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q7 |title = The treaties control space-related activities of States. What about non-governmental entities active in outer space, like companies and even individuals? |publisher = United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs |accessdate =28 March 2010 }} </ref> <ref name="iisl_2004">{{cite web |url = http://www.iislweb.org/docs/IISL_Outer_Space_Treaty_Statement.pdf |title = Statement by the Board of Directors of the IISL On Claims to Property Rights Regarding The Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (2004) |year = 2004 |publisher = International Institute of Space Law |accessdate = 28 March 2010 |archive-date = 22 December 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091222021426/http://www.iislweb.org/docs/IISL_Outer_Space_Treaty_Statement.pdf |dead-url = yes }}</ref> <ref name="iisl_2009">{{cite web |url = http://www.iislweb.org/docs/Statement%20BoD.pdf |title = Further Statement by the Board of Directors of the IISL On Claims to Lunar Property Rights (2009) |date = 22 March 2009 |publisher = International Institute of Space Law |accessdate = 28 March 2010 |archive-date = 22 December 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091222022107/http://www.iislweb.org/docs/Statement%20BoD.pdf |dead-url = yes }}</ref> <ref name="Marshack"> Marshack, Alexander (1991): ''The Roots of Civilization'', Colonial Hill, Mount Kisco, NY. </ref> <ref name="barnhart-and-germania"> For etymology, see {{cite book|last = Barnhart|first = Robert K.|title = The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology|year = 1995|publisher = Harper Collins|isbn = 978-0-06-270084-1|page = 487 }} For the lunar calendar of the Germanic peoples, see {{cite book|last = Birley|first = A. R. (Trans.)|title = ''Agricola and Germany''|url = https://archive.org/details/agricolagermany00taci|series = Oxford World's Classics|year = 1999|publisher = Oxford|location = USA|isbn = 978-0-19-283300-6|page = [https://archive.org/details/agricolagermany00taci/page/108 108] }} </ref> <ref name="spacetoday"> {{cite web |url = http://www.spacetoday.org/SolSys/Earth/OldStarCharts.html |title = Carved and Drawn Prehistoric Maps of the Cosmos |publisher = Space Today Online |year = 2006 |accessdate =12 April 2007 }} </ref> <ref name="sciam"> {{cite web |title = Lunacy and the Full Moon |publisher = Scientific American |year = 2009 |first1 =Scott O. |last1 = Lilienfeld |first2 = Hal |last2 = Arkowitz |url = http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=lunacy-and-the-full-moon |accessdate =13 April 2010 }} </ref> }} === Bibliografi === {{Refbegin}} * {{Anchor|CITEREFNeedham1986}}{{cite book|last = Needham|first = Joseph|title = Science and Civilization in China, Volume III: Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and Earth|url = http://books.google.com/?id=jfQ9E0u4pLAC|year = 1986|publisher = Caves Books|isbn = 978-0-521-05801-8|place = Taipei }} {{Refend}} {{Tata Surya}} [[Tumbung:Tata Surya]] [[Tumbung:Halaman dengan terjemahan tak tertinjau]] 6gy19cxwt2r7bk4inpdvv7g86mrotzl 0 18406 114020 112950 2026-09-25T01:05:37Z InternetArchiveBot 11286 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 114020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox urang}} [[Barakas:Raisa at LA Lights Music Project.jpg|jmpl|Raisa Andriana]] '''Raisa Andriana''' ({{lahirmati|[[Jakarta]]|6|06|1990}}) atawa nang lebih dipinandui lawan ngaran '''Raisa''' adalah saurang penyanyi bakabangsaan Indonesia. Inya mulai dipinandui publik imbah maanggungi iluy bajudul ''Serba Salah''. Sabelum banyanyi solo, Raisa marupakan salah satu vokalis band bentukan Kevin Aprilio, Andante, nang kamudian manjadi Vierra (wayahini Vierratale). <ref>{{cite web|url=http://wowkeren.com/seleb/raisa/profil.html|title=Profil Raisa|accessdate=28 Juni 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/id/album/raisa/id481987229|title=Raisa|accessdate=28 Juni 2014|archive-date=2014-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822070618/https://itunes.apple.com/id/album/raisa/id481987229|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="Raisa Album Launching Heart To Heart">{{cite web|url=http://flagig.com/lifestyle/raisa-album-launching-heart-to-heart/|title=Raisa Album Launching Heart To Heart|accessdate=30 Juni 2014}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Tumbung:Artis]] judsef3bbbocfy4770em1q0d5yyghlp 0 18700 114009 113171 2026-09-25T00:11:07Z InternetArchiveBot 11286 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 114009 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox philosopher|region=[[Filsafat Barat]]|era=[[Filsafat kontemporer]]|image=File:Ivan_Illich.jpg|name=Ivan Illich|birth_date={{birth date|1926|9|4|mf=y}}|birth_place=[[Vienna]], [[First Austrian Republic|Austria]]|death_date={{Death date and age|2002|12|2|1926|9|4}}|death_place=[[Bremen]], [[Jerman]]|school_tradition=[[Anarkisme]], [[Katolik]]|main_interests=[[Filsafat pendidikan]], [[Filsafat teknologi]]|influences=[[Arnold J. Toynbee]], [[Everett Reimer]], [[Jacques Maritain]], [[Leopold Kohr]], [[Jacques Ellul]], [[Hugh of Saint Victor]], [[Emmanuel Levinas]]|influenced=[[Everett Reimer]], [[André Gorz]], [[Lee Felsenstein]], [[Wolfgang Sachs]], [[Kevin Carson]], [[Bob Black]], [[John Zerzan]]}} '''Ivan Illich''' (/ɪˈvɑːn ˈɪlɪtʃ/; ranak 4 Saptimbir 1926 maninggal 2 Dasimber 2002 pas umur 76 tahun) marupakan saurang [[filsuf Austria]], pastur Katolik Roma, wan saurang "pangkaritik susial nang kada kunpensiunal" matan lambaga-lambaga [[budaya Barat]] kuntempurir wan pangaruhnya tarhadap sumbernya tarmasuk paraktik pandidikan, kadukturan, gawian, pamakaian energi, transpurtasi, wan pambangunan ikunumi. == Kahidupan Paribadi == Illich ranak di [[Wina]] matan abah katulik Kroasia, saurang insinyur Ivan Illich Peter, wan mama Yahudi Sefardim, Ellen née Regenstreif-Ortlieb. Nini matan mamanya baasal matan [[Texas]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1415202/Ivan-Illich.html|title=Ivan Illich|date=December 5, 2002|work=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref> Illich manguasai bahasa Italia, Spanyol, Prancin wan Jerman sabagai bahasa asli.<ref name="Diplo">{{Cite journal|last=Paquot|first=Thierry|date=January 2003|title=The Non-Conformist|url=http://mondediplo.com/2003/01/15illich}} ([http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2003/01/PAQUOT/9866 FR])</ref> Inya kamudian balajar bahasa Kroasia, matan bahasa kainya, ditambahi bahasa [[Yunani Kuno]] wan Latin, di samping Spanyol, Portugis, Hindi, Inggris, wan nang lain Inya balajar [[histolog]]<nowiki/>i wan [[kristalografi]] di University of Florence (Italia) tarmasuk teologi wan filsafat di Universitas Kepausan Gregoriana di Roma (1942-1946) wan sajarah abad partangahan di Salzburg Inya manulis disertasi nang fukus pada sajarawan Arnol Toynbee J. wan akan babulik ka subjek dalam tahun-tahun ta'akhirnya. Pas tahun 1951, inya "mandapatar hagan jadi pastor paroki di salah sabuting lingkungan nang paling miskin di New York - Washington Heights, di paujung utara Manhattan, wan balakas maninggalakan dairah imigran Puerto Rico manaiki pasawat. Pas tahun 1956, di umur 30, inya diangkat sabagai wakil riktur Universitas Katolik Puerto Rico, "posisi nang barhasil manjaga kurang labih babarapa tahun sabalum diampihakan -Illich talalu barlabihan dalam mangkaritik parnyataan Vatikan tantang pengendalian kelahiran wan sikap dingin tarkait bom nuklir." Di Puerto Rico, Illich tatamu lawan Everett Reimer, wan kaduanya mulai maanalisis pungsi mereka surang sabagai "pandidikan" para pamimpin. Pas tahun 1959, inya malakukan parjalanan di saluruh [[Amirika Selatan|Amerika Selatan]] dengan bajalan batis wan naik bus.<ref name="Diplo"/> Pas tahun 1961, Illich mandiriakan Centro de Documentación Intercultural (fr) (ClDOC, atawa Pusat Dukumintasi Antarbudaya) di Cuernavaca, Meksiko, nang saulah-ulah sabuting kursus bahasa nang manawarakan pusat panalitian hagan misionaris matan Amerika Utara wan relawan matan Aliansi hagan parugram Kamajuan<ref name="Diplo"/> diinisiasi ulih John F. Kennedy. Niat aslinya adalah untuk mendokumentasikan partisipasi Vatikan dalam "perkembangan modern" dari apa yang disebut Dunia Ketiga. Illich menaruh kecurigaan pada belas kasihan liberal atau keangkuhan konservatif yang memotivasi naiknya perkembangan industri global. == Kunsip == ; Malawan paruduktivitas : Gagasan utama Ivan Illich marupakan kunsip [[counterproductivity]] (Malawan paruduktivitas): haratan lambaga-lambaga masyarakat industri mudirin mahalangi tujuan nang ditargitakan mereka. Misalnya, Ivan Illich mahitung bahwa, di Amerika pada 1970-an, pabila ikam manambahakan waktu nang dihabisakan hagan bagawi hagan dapat duit supaya kawa nukar mubil, waktu nang dihabasiakan di dalam mubil (tarmasuk pas lalu lintas macet), waktu nang dihabisakan dalam parawatan kasihatan industri karana kacalakaan mubil, waktu nang dihabisakan di industri minyak hagan binsin mubil.. dll, wan ikam mambagi jumlah kilumitir nang ditampuh per tahun tu, ikam dapat parhitungan sabagai barikut: 10000 km par tahun par urang dibagi lawan 1600 jam par tahun di tiap Amerika sama lawan 6 km tiap jam. jadi kaancapan bujur mubil manjadi kurang labih 3,7 mil par jam. ; Specific diseconomy : Diseconomy kusus marupakan istilah lain nang dipakai Illich sabgai ukuran tingkat counterproductivity kalambagaan nang tarjadi, mangacu pada tingkat nang tapat nang kaya, industri medis mainduksi panyakit, sistem paadilan malanggangakan nang kada adil, lambaga pandidikan maulah kabuduhan, sistim paadilan malanggangakan nang kada adil, atawa partahanan nasiunal kawa maulah bangsa kada aman. Haratan diseconomy nang khusus maningkat tarus, ini baarti sabuting lambaga atawa industri magin kontraproduktif wan niat nang asal. ; Monopoli radikal : Inya mandapat kunsip monopoli radikal: haratan miduim sacara teknis atawa tampaknya labih epektip, itu kamudian maulah monopoli nang manulak aksis ka midia nang lain. Konsumsi wajib matan midium nang mamakai banyak energi (nang kaya transportasi bamutur) mamparsempit hasil matan nilai pakai (kaharatan angkutan bawaan). {{Quote|Dengan "monopoli radikal" Maksudku dominasi satu jenis produk bukan dominasi satu merek. Saya berbicara tentang monopoli radikal ketika salah satu produksi industri berproses dalam latihan kontrol eksklusif atas kepuasan kebutuhan yang mendesak, dan tidak termasuk kegiatan nonindustrial dari kompetisi.|Ivan Illich|<ref>Illich 1973, p52.</ref>}} ; Karamahan : Illich bagawi hagan mambuka kamungkinan-kamungkinan hanyar. Illich manyampaiakan sabuting bab matan Bebaskan Masyartakat atas usulan untuk kelahiran kembali Epimethean Man.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ilcovile.it/scritti/Quaderni%20del%20Covile%20n.4%20-%20Indagini%20su%20Epimeteo%20tra%20Ivan%20Illich,%20Konrad%20Weiss%20e%20Carl%20Schmitt.pdf|title=Indagini su Epimeteo tra Ivan Illich, Konrad Weiss e Carl Schmitt|year=2008|publisher=[[Il Covile]]|access-date=22 February 2013}}</ref> Inya bapikiran bahwa kita mamarluakan alat nang ramah dibandingakan masin. Alat mungkin baisi banyak aplikasi, babarapa sangat bida matan panggunaan awal nang dimaksud. Sebuting alat kawa dianggap sabagai ungkapan pamakai. Kabalikan matan masin, nang mana manusia jadi hamba nang baisi peran nang tardiri matan manjalanakan masin hagan sabuting tujuan. == Referensi == {{Reflist}} * {{Cite book|title=Twentieth-century European cultural theorists|url=https://archive.org/details/twentiethcentury0000unse_k1p9|last=Hansom|first=Paul|publisher=Gale Group|year=2001|isbn=0-7876-4659-8|location=Detroit, Mich.|page=[https://archive.org/details/twentiethcentury0000unse_k1p9/page/212 212]|ref=harv|author-link=Paul Hansom}} * {{Cite book|title=Tools for Conviviality|url=https://archive.org/details/toolsforconvivi000illi|last=Illich|first=Ivan|year=1973|id=ISBN 0-06-080308-8, ISBN 0-06-012138-6|ref=harv|author-link=Ivan Illich}} * {{Cite book|title=Medical Nemesis|url=https://archive.org/details/medicalnemesisex00illirich|last=Illich|first=Ivan|publisher=Calder & Boyars|year=1974|isbn=0-7145-1096-3|location=London|oclc=224760852|ref=CITEREFIllich1974b|author-link=Ivan Illich}} * {{Cite journal|last=du Plessix Gray|first=Francine|author-link=Francine du Plessix Gray|date=April 25, 1970|title=Profiles: The Rules of the Game|publisher=[[The New Yorker]]|pages=40–92|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|title=[[Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology]]|last=Postman|first=Neil|publisher=Knopf|year=1992|location=New York|oclc=24694343|ref=harv|author-link=Neil Postman}} == Bacaan terkait == * {{Cite book|title=Power in the Highest Degree: Professionals and the Rise of a New Mandarin Order|url=https://archive.org/details/powerinhighestde00derb_0|last=Derber|first=Charles|last2=Schwartz|first2=William A.|last3=Magrass|first3=Yale|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1990|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|title=Silencing Ivan Illich: A Foucauldian Analysis of Intellectual Exclusion|last=Gabbard|first=D. A.|publisher=Austin & Winfield|year=1993|isbn=1-880921-17-0|location=New York|ref=harv}} * Winkler, J.T. The intellectual celebrity syndrome. ''Lancet'', 1987 Feb.21, 1: 450. == Pranala luar == * [http://ivan-illich.org Ivan-illich.org: The International Journal of Illich Studies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726200049/http://ivan-illich.org/ |date=2011-07-26 }} — ''an open access, interdisciplinary, bi-annual publication engaging the thought/writing of Ivan Illich and his circle.'' * [http://ivan-illich.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/4-Thirteen-Ways-of-Looking-at-Ivan-Illich.pdf Ivan-illich.org: Thirteen Ways of Looking at Ivan Illich] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502000657/http://ivan-illich.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/4-Thirteen-Ways-of-Looking-at-Ivan-Illich.pdf |date=2014-05-02 }} * [http://ournature.org/~novembre/illich/ Ournature.org: Ivan Illich Archives] * [http://www.preservenet.com/theory/Illich.html The Preservation Institute: Illich's writings on the web] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713101656/http://www.preservenet.com/theory/Illich.html |date=2014-07-13 }} * [http://altruists.org/ivan_illich Altruists.org; Collection of Illich Resources, including MP3s] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120203045/http://www.altruists.org/ivan_illich |date=2008-11-20 }} * [http://www.davidtinapple.com/illich/ Davidtinapple.com: An extensive set of Illich's writings and recordings] * [http://www.amconmag.com/article/2010/feb/01/00024/ Amconmag.com: The People's Priest] * [http://www.pudel.uni-bremen.de/420en_beteiligte.html uni-bremen.de: Thinking After Illich] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023131/http://www.pudel.uni-bremen.de/420en_beteiligte.html |date=2016-03-04 }} * [http://www.opencollector.org/history/homebrew/tools.html Opencollector.org: Full text of ''Tools for Conviviality''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009114834/http://opencollector.org/history/homebrew/tools.html |date=2010-10-09 }} * [http://www.swaraj.org/illich_hell.htm Text of ''To Hell With Good Intentions''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155819/http://www.swaraj.org/illich_hell.htm |date=2007-09-30 }} — ''Cuernavaca, Mexico, on April 20, 1968''. * [http://www.wtp.org/archive/transcripts/ivan_illich_jerry.html Wtp.org: Ivan Illich with Jerry Brown] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512224929/http://www.wtp.org/archive/transcripts/ivan_illich_jerry.html |date=2018-05-12 }} — ''KPFA, 22 March 22 1996''. * [http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-illic.htm The Encyclopaedia of Informal Education: Illich article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418082800/http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-illic.htm |date=2008-04-18 }} * {{Google books|lEbVblv-G0gC|The Challenges of Ivan Illich: A Collective Reflection|page=0}} * [http://www.lewrockwell.com/wall/wall28.html "A Turbulent Priest in the Global Village"] by Richard Wall, LewRockwell.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050316094420/http://www.guardian.co.uk/print/0,3858,4563612-103684,00.html Obituary] from ''The Guardian'' * [http://wholeearth.com/ArticleBin/111-7.html "Remembering Ivan Illich"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070722015816/http://www.wholeearth.com/ArticleBin/111-7.html |date=2007-07-22 }} ''Whole Earth Magazine'', Spring 2003 * [http://www.lancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(03)12233-7/fulltext Obituary] from ''The Lancet'' Volume 361, Issue 9352, Page 185, 11 January 2003 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12233-7] by Pearce Wright, t1ilh3t5jk8qhp8yorthpwnaog0d4pt 0 19434 114023 113236 2026-09-25T01:42:53Z InternetArchiveBot 11286 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 114023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redirect|UTC}} {| class="wikitable" style="float: right;" |+Waktu saat ini |{{nowrap|{{CURRENTTIME}}, {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}}} (UTC) – <span class="plainlinks" id="purgelink">{{nowrap|[{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=purge}} Muat ulang halaman]}}</span></div> |} '''Waktu Universal Terkoordinasi''' ([[Basa Inggris|bahasa Inggris]]: ''Coordinated Universal Time'', [[Basa Parancis|bahasa Prancis]]: ''Temps Universel Coordonné'', singkatan resmi: '''UTC'''{{fn|1}}), sering disebut sebagai '''Waktu Zulu''' adalah pawujudan matan waktu atom matan [[Waktu Universal]] (UT) atawa [[Waktu Greenwich]] (GMT). Waktu ini adalah dasar dari [[waktu sipil]]. [[Zona waktu]] di sabarataan dunia adalah ditampaiakan sebagai tambahan positif atawa negatif dari UT. Beda UTC dari [[Waktu Atom Internasional]] adalah sejumlah beberapa detik genap (bukan pecahan), sesuai lawan waktu yang dihitung oleh jam atom. Beda UTC dari UT hanya sepersekian detik. UTC adalah ukuran waktu campuran: kecepatan dari UTC adalah berdasarkan yang dihitung oleh standar jam atom, tetapi [[epoch]] dari UTC dicocokkan selalu supaya dekat lawan waktu UT yang berdasarkan data astronomi. Putaran [[bumi]] sedikit demi sedikit mengalami perlambatan (karena efek pengereman oleh pasang-surut), sehingga [[Waktu Matahari|mean hari matahari]] semakin bertambah semenjak diperkenalkannya TAI. Karena alasan ini, UT adalah "lebih lambat" dari TAI. UTC selalu dipertahankan untuk berada dalam 0.9 detik dari [[Universal Time|UT1]] (UT1 adalah satu dari tiga definisi UT yang paling akurat); [[detik kabisat]] akan ditambahkan ke (atawa mungkin bisa juga dikurangkan dari) UTC disetiap akhir bulan. Hingga saat ini, penambahan/pengurangan detik kabisat ini (yang pertama tahun 1972) selalu dalam harga positif, dan dilakukan pada tanggal 30 Juni atawa 31 Desember, di mana penambahan detik kabisat dinamakan sebagai jam 23:59:60. Pengumuman dari detik kabisat ini dilakukan oleh ''[[International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service]]'' (IERS - Sistem Internasional Pelayanan Putaran Bumi dan Referensi), berdasarkan pengukuran akurat dari prakiraan [[astronomi]] dari putaran bumi. Secara sejarah, satu detik kabisat selalu diperlukan setiap satu atawa dua tahun sekali. Namun, detik kabisat sudah lama tidak ditambahkan semenjak tahun 1998, karena perlambatan bumi telah berkurang secara sementara dalam 7 tahun terakhir ini. Detik kabisat yang lalu, seperti pernah diumumkan IERS pada bulan Juli 2005, terjadi pada tanggal 31 Desember 2005. Untuk keperluan praktis, dan untuk keperluan perdagangan dan hukum, perbedaan kecil (dalam pecahan detik) antara UTC dan UT (atawa GMT) adalah dianggap kecil, dan karena alasan ini, dalam percakapan biasa UTC sering disebutkan sebagai GMT, walaupun sebenarnya secara teknis ini adalah tidak tepat. [[Waktu Indonesia Tangah]] (WITA) adalah sama dengan UTC+8. == Catatan == * {{fnb|1}} WUT dibuat oleh sekelompok ilmuwan internasional, dan mereka tidak mencapai kesepakatan untuk menggunakan singkatan dalam bahasa Inggris, CUT, atawa bahasa Prancis, TUC, maka dicarilah jalan tengah yaitu dengan singkatan UTC.<ref>http://tf.nist.gov/general/misc.htm#Anchor-14550.</ref> == Referensi == === Catatan === {{reflist}} === Bibilografi === {{refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last1 = Allan|first1=David W.|first2 = Neil|last2 = Ashby|first3 = Clifford C.|last3 = Hodge|publisher = Hewlett-Packard|year = 1997|title = The Science of Timekeeping}} [[Application note|Application Note]]. * {{cite web| ref = harv| last1 = Allen| first1 = Steve| url = http://www.ucolick.org/~sla/leapsecs/utcdoomed| title = UTC is doomed| accessdate = 18 July 2011| year = 2011a}} * {{cite web | ref = harv | last1 = Allen | first1 = Steve | url = http://www.ucolick.org/~sla/leapsecs/ | title = UTC might be redefined without Leap Seconds | accessdate = 18 July 2011 | year = 2011b }} * {{Cite conference | ref = harv | conference = ITU-R Special Rapporteur Group Colloquium on the UTC Time Scale | date = 29 May 2003 | url = http://www.ucolick.org/~sla/leapsecs/torino/arias_3.pdf | title = Rotation of the Earth and Time scales | last1 = Arias | first1 = E. F. | last2 = Guinot | first2 = B. | last3 = Quinn | first3 = T. J. }} * {{cite web | ref = {{SfnRef|Aviation Time|2006}} | title = Aviation Time | year = 2006 | accessdate = 17 July 2011 | publisher = Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association | work = AOPA's Path to Aviation | url = http://www.aopa.org/path/time.html }} * {{cite web |ref={{SfnRef| Bulletin C| 2011}} |url=http://hpiers.obspm.fr/iers/bul/bulc/bulletinc.dat |title=Bulletin C |publisher=[[International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service|IERS EOP PC]], [[Paris Observatory|Observatoire de Paris]] |accessdate=17 July 2011 |date=8 July 2011 }} * {{cite journal |ref=harv |last=Essen |first=L. |authorlink=Louis Essen |year=1968 |title=Time Scales |journal=Metrologica |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=161–5 |url=http://www.leapsecond.com/history/1968-Metrologia-v4-n4-Essen.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=18 October 2008 |doi=10.1088/0026-1394/4/4/003 |bibcode=1968Metro...4..161E }} * {{cite journal | ref=harv| last1=Finkleman| first1=David| last2=Allen | first2=Steve | last3= Seago | first3 = John | last4 = Seaman | first4 = Rob | last5 = Seidelmann | first5 = P. Kenneth | title = The Future of Time: UTC and the Leap Second | journal=American Scientist | issue = July–August 2011 | year = 2011| page=312 | doi=10.1511/2011.91.1 | arxiv = 1106.3141v1 | volume=99}} * {{cite journal| ref = harv | last1 = Guinot| first1 = Bernard | date = August 2011 | volume=48 | issue=4 | title = Solar time, legal time, time in use | journal = Metrologica | pages =S181–185| doi = 10.1088/0026-1394/48/4/S08|bibcode = 2011Metro..48S.181G }} * {{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|History of TAI-UTC|c. 2009}} |url=ftp://maia.usno.navy.mil/ser7/tai-utc.dat |title=History of TAI-UTC |publisher=Time Service Dept., [[United States Naval Observatory|U.S. Naval Observatory]] |accessdate=4 January 2009 |year=c. 2009 |archive-date=19 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719193539/http://maia.usno.navy.mil/ser7/tai-utc.dat |dead-url=yes }} * {{cite web | ref = harv | last1 = Horzepa | first1 = Stan | title = Surfin': Time for Ham Radio | publisher = American Radio Relay League | date = 17 September 2010 | url = http://www.arrl.org/news/surfin-time-for-ham-radio | accessdate = 24 October 2011 }} * {{cite book|ref=harv|last1=Howse|first1=Derek|title=Greenwich Time and the Longitude|url=https://archive.org/details/greenwichtimelon0000hows|year=1997|publisher=Philip Wilson|location=London|isbn=0-85667-468-0}} * {{cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|How NTP Works|2011}} | url = http://www.eecis.udel.edu/~mills/ntp/html/warp.html | title = How NTP Works | date = 28 July 2011 | work = NTP: The Network Time Protocol }} See heading "NTP Timescale and Data Formats". * {{cite web| ref = {{SfnRef|IAU resolutions|1976}}| year = 1976| url = http://www.iau.org/static/resolutions/IAU1976_French.pdf| title = IAU resolutions adopted at the XVIth General Assembly, Grenoble, France, 1976| access-date = 2020-07-07| archive-date = 2019-05-02| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190502234359/https://www.iau.org/static/resolutions/IAU1976_French.pdf| dead-url = yes}} Resolution no. 3 by Commissions 4 (Ephemerides/Ephémérides) and 31 (Time/L'Heure) (near the end of the document) "recommend that the following notations be used in all languages", UT0(i), UT1(i), UT2(i), UTC, UTC(i), UT, where (i) is institution "i". * {{cite web| ref = {{SfnRef|Iceland|2011}}| title = Iceland| year = 2011| url = http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/europe/iceland/}} * {{cite journal | ref = {{SfnRef|International Bureau of Weights and Measures|2011}} | author = International Bureau of Weights and Measures | authorlink = International Bureau of Weights and Measures | title = Circular T | issue = 285 | date = 10 October 2011 | url = ftp://ftp2.bipm.org/pub/tai/publication/cirt.285 }} * {{cite web| ref = harv| author = International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service| authorlink = International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service| title = IERS Bulletins| date = 19 July 2011| url = http://www.iers.org/IERS/EN/Publications/Bulletins/bulletins.html| access-date = 7 July 2020| archive-date = 8 April 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160408000429/http://www.iers.org/IERS/EN/Publications/Bulletins/bulletins.html| dead-url = yes}} * {{cite news|last1 = Irvine|first1 = Chris|title = Scientists propose 'leap hour' to fix time system|date = 18 Dec 2008|newspaper = The Telegraph|url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/3817096/Scientists-propose-leap-hour-to-fix-time-system.html|ref = harv|access-date = 7 July 2020|archive-date = 17 December 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131217072733/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/3817096/Scientists-propose-leap-hour-to-fix-time-system.html|dead-url = yes}} * {{cite web |ref= {{sfnref|ITU Radiocommunication Assembly|2002}} |author= ITU Radiocommunication Assembly |url= http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/tf/R-REC-TF.460-6-200202-I!!PDF-E.pdf |title= Standard-frequency and time-signal emissions |year= 2002 |publisher= International Telecommunications Union |accessdate= 2 August 2011 }} * {{cite web|ref=harv|url=http://www.apparent-wind.com/gmt-explained.html|title=A Few Facts Concerning GMT, UT, and the RGO|accessdate=17 July 2011|last1=Langley|first1=Richard B.|date=20 January 1999}} * {{cite web| ref = {{sfnref|Leap decision postponed|2012}}| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-16625614| work = BBC News| title = Leap second decision is postponed| date = January 19, 2012}} * {{Cite journal |ref=harv |author=McCarthy, Dennis D. |title=Astronomical Time |journal=Proc. IEEE |volume=79 |issue=7 |pages=915–920 |date=July 1991 |doi=10.1109/5.84967 |url=http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/volatile/astronomical-time.pdf |format=PDF |authorlink=Dennis McCarthy (scientist) }} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last1 = McCarthy|first1 = Dennis D.|author1-link = Dennis McCarthy (scientist)|last2 = Seidelmann|first2 = P. Kenneth|year = 2009|publisher = Wiley VCH|location = Weinheim|title = TIME From Earth Rotation to Atomic Physics|isbn = 978-3-527-40780-4}} * {{cite journal |ref=harv |last=Markowitz |first=W. |coauthors=''et al.'' |year=1958 |month=August |title=Frequency of caesium in terms of Ephemeris Time |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=105–7 |url=http://www.leapsecond.com/history/1958-PhysRev-v1-n3-Markowitz-Hall-Essen-Parry.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=18 October 2008 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.1.105 |last2=Hall |first2=R. |last3=Essen |first3=L. |last4=Parry |first4=J. |bibcode=1958PhRvL...1..105M }} * {{Cite book|ref = harv|year = 1988|last=Markowitz|first = Wm.|editor1-last = Babcock|editor1-first = A. K.|editor2-last = Wilkins|editor2-first = G. A.|title = The Earth's Rotation and Reference Frames for Geodesy and Geophysicss: Proceedings of the 128th Symposium of the International Astronomical Union, held in Coolfont, West Virginia, U.S.A., 20–24 October 1986|chapter = Comparisons of ET(Solar), ET(Lunar), UT and TDT|publisher = Kluwer Academic Publishers|location = Dordrecht|bibcode=1988IAUS..128..413M|pages = 413–418}} * {{cite web | ref = {{SfnRef|Military & Civilian Time Designations|n.d.}} | url = http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/info/timezone.htm | publisher = wwp | title = Military & Civilian Time Designations }} * {{cite web | ref = harv | author = National Institute of Standards and Technology | authorlink = National Institute of Standards and Technology | accessdate = 17 July 2011 | url = http://www.nist.gov/pml/div688/utcnist.cfm#cut | date = 18 January 2011 | title = Frequently asked questions (FAQ) | archive-date = 24 March 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150324013728/http://www.nist.gov/pml/div688/utcnist.cfm#cut | dead-url = yes }} * {{cite web | ref = harv | author = National Institute of Standards and Technology | authorlink = National Institute of Standards and Technology | url = http://www.nist.gov/pml/div688/leapseconds.cfm#often | date = 19 March 2012 | title = Frequently asked questions (FAQ) | access-date = 7 July 2020 | archive-date = 7 April 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160407135200/http://www.nist.gov/pml/div688/leapseconds.cfm#often | dead-url = yes }} * {{cite web | ref = {{SfnRef|Military and Civilian Time Zones |n.d.}} | url = http://www.timehubzone.com/time/zones | publisher = www.timehubzone.com | title = Military and Civilian Time Zones }} * {{cite web |ref=harv |last1=Nelson |first1=G.K. |last2=Lombardi |first2=M.A. |last3=Okayama |first3=D.T. |title=NIST Time and Frequency Radio Stations: WWV, WWVH, and WWVB |year=2005 |work= |publisher=[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] |url=http://ts.nist.gov/MeasurementServices/Calibrations/upload/SP250-67.pdf |format=PDF |id=(Special Publication 250-67) |access-date=2020-07-07 |archive-date=2011-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927045207/http://ts.nist.gov/MeasurementServices/Calibrations/upload/SP250-67.pdf |dead-url=yes }} * {{Cite conference | ref = harv | last1 = Nelson | first1 = Robert A. | last2 = McCarthy | first2 = Dennis D. | author2-link = Dennis McCarthy (scientist) | url = http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/pdf/cgsicMeetings/45/29a%20UTCLeapSecond.ppt | title = Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) and the Future of the Leap Second | conference = Civil GPS Interface Committee | publisher = [[United States Coast Guard]] | date = 13 September 2005 | access-date = 7 July 2020 | archive-date = 30 January 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120130220042/http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/pdf/cgsicMeetings/45/29a%20UTCLeapSecond.ppt | dead-url = yes }} * {{Cite journal |ref=harv |last1=Nelson |first1=Robert A. |last2=McCarthy |first2=Dennis D. |coauthors=''et al.'' |title=The leap second: its history and possible future |journal=Metrologia |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=509–529 |year=2001 |format=PDF |doi=10.1088/0026-1394/38/6/6 |url=http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/time/metrologia-leapsecond.pdf |bibcode=2001Metro..38..509N }} * {{cite journal | ref = harv | last1 = Seidelmann | first1 = P. Kenneth | last2 = Seago | first2 = John H. | date = August 2011 | volume = 48 | issue = 4 | title = Time scales, their users, and leap seconds | journal = Metrologia | pages = S186–S194 | url = http://www.agi.com/resources/user-resources/downloads/white-paper.aspx?id=158 | doi = 10.1088/0026-1394/48/4/S09 | bibcode = 2011Metro..48S.186S | access-date = 2020-07-07 | archive-date = 2012-10-19 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121019144359/http://www.agi.com/resources/user-resources/downloads/white-paper.aspx?id=158 | dead-url = yes }} * {{cite web | ref = harv | last1 = Seaman | first1 = Rob | url = http://iraf.noao.edu/~seaman/leap/ | title = A Proposal to Upgrade UTC | accessdate = 18 July 2011 | year = 2003 | archive-date = 23 July 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110723140249/http://iraf.noao.edu/~seaman/leap/ | dead-url = yes }} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Seidelmann|first=P.K.|title=Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac|publisher=University Science Books|location=Sausalito, CA|year=1992}} * {{Cite journal | ref = harv | last1 = Stephenson | first1 = F. R. | last2 = Morrison | first2 = L. V. |title=Long-term fluctuations in the Earth's rotation: 700 BC to AD 1990 | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A | year = 1995 | pages = 165–202 | bibcode = 1995RSPTA.351..165S | volume = 351 | doi = 10.1098/rsta.1995.0028 | issue = 1695}} * {{cite web | ref = {{sfnref|Standard time|2010}} | title = Standard time | year = 2010 | url = http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode15/usc_sup_01_15_10_6_20_IX.html | work = U.S. Code | publisher = Legal Information Institute }} Title 15, Chapter 6, Subchapter IX. * {{cite web | ref = harv | url = http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/volatile/ITU-R-TF.460-4.pdf | title = TF.460-4: Standard-frequency and time-signal emissions | publisher = International Telecommunication Union | at = Annex I | year = 1986 }} * {{cite web |ref = {{sfnRef|Time|n.d.}} |url = http://www.bipm.org/en/scientific/tai/ |date = n.d. |accessdate = 22 May 2013 |publisher = International Bureau of Weights and Measures |title = Time }} * {{cite web | ref = harv | author = Time Service Dept. | title = Leap Seconds | year = c. 2009 | publisher = United States Naval Observatory | url = http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/leapsec.html | accessdate = 17 July 2011 | archive-date = 26 November 1996 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/19961126204059/http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/leapsec.html | dead-url = yes }} * {{cite web| ref = {{SfnRef|United States Naval Observatory|n.d.}}| accessdate = 10 Oct 2013| title = Universal Time| author = United States Naval Observatory| url = http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/UT.php| archive-date = 22 July 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110722212121/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/UT.php| dead-url = yes}} * {{cite web | title = Universal Time | work = Oxford Dictionaries: British and World English | accessdate = 9 March 2013 | url = http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Universal%2BTime | publisher = Oxford University Press | ref = {{SfnRef|Universal Time|n.d.}} | archive-date = 4 May 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130504193834/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Universal%2BTime | dead-url = yes }} * {{cite news|ref=harv|first=Jack|last=Williams|title=Understanding and using Zulu time|url=http://www.usatoday.com/weather/zulu.htm|work=|publisher=[[USA Today]]|date=17 May 2005|accessdate=25 February 2007}} {{refend}} == Lihat pula == * [[Waktu Atom Internasional]] ([[Waktu Atom Internasional|TAI]]) * [[Universal Time|Waktu Universal]] ([[Universal Time]]) juga termasuk definisi UT1 * [[Waktu Sidereal]] ([[Waktu Sidereal|Sidereal Time]]) * [[Waktu Ephemeris]] ([[Waktu Ephemeris|Ephemeris Time]]) * [[Waktu Matahari]] * [[Jam atom]] == Pranala luar == {{Wiktionary|UTC}} * [http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/time/zeitgesetz.en.html Definition of Coordinated Universal Time in German law–ZeitG §1 (3)] * [http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eop-pc/earthor/utc/TAI-UTC_tab.html International Earth Rotation Service; list of differences between TAI and UTC from 1961 to present] * [http://www.usno.navy.mil/USNO/time/master-clock/systems-of-time U.S. Naval Observatory: Systems of Time] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011153200/http://www.usno.navy.mil/USNO/time/master-clock/systems-of-time |date=2014-10-11 }} * [http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-datetime W3C Specification about UTC Date and Time] and [[IETF]] [[Internet standard]] RFC 3339, based on [[ISO 8601]] * [http://www.ipses.com/prod/timing/UTC-GPS.php?language=en Standard of time definition: UTC, GPS, LORAN and TAI] * [https://itunews.itu.int/En/4271-What-is-in-a-nameBROn-the-term-Coordinated-Universal-Time.note.aspx What is in a name? On the term Coordinated Universal Time] {{Perbedaan waktu UTC}} [[Kategori:Sistem koordinat langit]] [[fi:Aikajärjestelmä#UTC]] 71wnp2fej6rrg0qhy2trkl01vi6x9bo 0 19804 114002 90919 2026-09-24T23:55:05Z InternetArchiveBot 11286 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 114002 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Barakas:Federal_states_of_the_Philippines.png|ka|jmpl|375x375px|Peta Filipina manampaiakan kepulauan Luzon, kepulauan Visayas, wan kepulauan Mindanao]] Filipina tadiri matan 7.107 pulau, tatapi hanya sakitar 4.000 nang sudah diganai. Pulau-pulau ngitu imbahnya di kalumpukaan katiga kelompok ganal naitu kepulauan Luzon, kepulauan Visayas, wan jua kepulauan [[Mindanao]]. Ngini marupakan '''daptar pulau di [[Pilipina|Filipina]]''': == Luzon == === Kepulauan Babuyan === {{Div col}} * [[Pulau Babuyan]] * [[Kepulauan Balintang]] * [[Pulau Barit]] * [[Pulau Calayan]] * [[Camiguin de Babuyanes|Pulau Camiguin]] * [[Pulau Dalupiri (Cagayan)|Pulau Dalupiri]] * [[Didicas Volcano|Pulau Didicas]] * [[Pulau Fuga]] * [[Pulau Irao]] * [[Pulau Mabag]] * [[Pulau Pamoctan]] * [[Pulau Pan de Azucar (Babuyan)|Pulau Pan de Azucar]] * [[Pulau Panuitan]] * [[Pulau Pinon]] {{Div col end}}<gallery widths="220" heights="160"> Barakas:Babuyan islands en.png|Peta [[Kepulauan Babuyan]] Barakas:Smith Volcano 1.jpg|[[Smith Volcano]] baandak parak titik barata matan [[Pulau Babuyan]] Barakas:Fuga Island Tide Gauge 1927.jpg|Pamandangan [[tide gauge]] di [[Pulau Fuga]] haratan tahun 1927 </gallery> === Kepulauan Bacuit === [[Barakas:Cadlao2.jpg|jmpl|Jukung di Pulau Cadlao]] {{Div col}} * [[Pulau Bury]] * [[Pulau Cadlao]] * [[Pulau Calitang]] * [[Pulau Camago]] * [[Pulau Cavayan]] * [[Pulau Caverna]] * [[Pulau Commando]] * [[Pulau Depeldet]] * [[Pulau Diapila]] * [[Pulau Dibuluan]] * [[Pulau Dilumacad]] * [[Pulau Dolarog]] * [[Pulau Emmit]] * [[Pulau Entalula]] * [[Pulau Guintungauan]] * [[Pulau Inambuyod]] * [[Pulau Lagen]] * [[Pulau Lalutaya]] * [[Pulau Malapacao]] * [[Pulau Matinloc]] * [[Pulau Miniloc]] * [[Pulau Mitre]] * [[Pulau Nacpan]] * [[Pulau North Guntao]] * [[Pulau Paglugaban]] * [[Pulau Pangalusian]] * [[Pulau Peaked (Palawan)|Pulau Peaked]] * [[Pulau Pinagbuyatan]] * [[Pulau Pinasil]] * [[Pulau Saddle (Palawan)|Pulau Saddle]] * [[Pulau Shimizu]] * [[Pulau South Guntao]] * [[Pulau Tapiutan]] * [[Kepulauan Tent]] * [[Pulau Vigan]] {{Div col end}} === Kepulauan Batanes === [[Barakas:Sabtang_Island,_Batanes.JPG|ka|jmpl|Pantai pasir putih di Pulau Sabtang ]] {{Div col}} * [[Pulau Batan]] * [[Pulau Dequey]] * [[Pulau Diogo]] * [[Pulau Itbayat]] * [[Pulau Ivuhos]] * [[Pulau Mavudis]] * [[Pulau Sabtang]] * [[Pulau Siayan]] {{Div col end}} === Bicol Region === [[Barakas:Stunning_view_(803550746).jpg|jmpl|Pamandangan matahari tinggalam matan pantai Tinaga di Tinaga ]] {{Div col}} * [[Pulau Anahau]] * [[Pulau Anchor (Camarines Sur)|Pulau Anchor]] * [[Pulau Animasola]] * [[Pulau Apuao Grande]] * [[Pulau Apuao]] * [[Pulau Atulayan]] * [[Pulau Bagacay]] * [[Pulau Bagatao]] * [[Pulau Bagieng]] * [[Kepulauan Balagbag]] * [[Pulau Bani]] * [[Pulau Basot]] * [[Pulau Batan, Albay|Pulau Batan (Albay)]] * [[Pulau Batan (Sorsogon)]] * [[Pulau Buguias]] * [[Pulau Butauanan]] * [[Pulau Cagbalisay]] * [[Pulau Cabgan]] * [[Pulau Cagbinunga]] * [[Pulau Cagbulauan]] * [[Pulau Cagraray]] * [[Palumbanes|Pulau Calabagio]] * [[Calaguas|Kepulauan Calaguas]] * [[Pulau Calalanag]] * [[Pulau Calambayanga]] * [[Pulau Calintaan]] * [[Pulau Canimo]] * [[Pulau Canton (Camarines Norte)|Pulau Canton]] * [[Pulau Capugdan]] * [[Pulau Caringo]] * [[Catanduanes|Pulau Catanduanes]] * [[Pulau Cauit]] * [[Cimarron Islets]] * [[Pulau Cotivas]] * [[Pulau Daruanac]] * [[Pulau Dehanlo]] * [[Pulau Entrance (Camarines Norte)|Pulau Entrance]] * [[Pulau Etinas]] * [[Pulau Gota]] * [[Pulau Guihinyan]] * [[Pulau Guinabugan]] * [[Pulau Guinanayan]] * [[Pulau Guintinua]] * [[Pulau Haponan]] * [[Pulau Huag]] * [[Pulau Hunongan]] * [[Pulau Ingalan]] * [[Pulau Juag]] * [[Pulau Laja]] * [[Pulau Lahos]] * [[Pulau Lahuy]] * [[Kepulauan Lamit]] * [[Lato Islet]] * [[Pulau Maculabo]] * [[Pulau Mahadi]] * [[Kepulauan Malarad]] * [[Pulau Malasugue]] * [[Pulau Malaumaun]] * [[Pulau Manito]] * [[Pulau Masnou]] * [[Pulau Matanga]] * [[Pulau Matukad]] * [[Pulau Minalahos]] * [[Pulau Monteverde]] * [[Pulau Ocata]] * [[Pulau Pagbocayan]] * [[Pulau Paguriran]] * [[Kepulauan Palompon]] * [[Pulau Palita]] * [[Pulau Palumbato]] * [[Panay (Catanduanes)|Pulau Panay]] * [[Pulau Parayan]] * [[Kepulauan Pimacuapan]] * [[Pulau Pinaglukaban]] * [[Pulau Pitogo (Camarines Sur)|Pulau Pitogo]] * [[Palumbanes|Pulau Porongpong]] * [[Pulau Puling]] * [[Kepulauan Quinalasag]] * [[Pulau Quinamanuca]] * [[Pulau Quinapagyan]] * [[Pulau Rapu-rapu]] * [[Pulau Refugio (Camarines Sur)|Pulau Refugio]] * [[Rosa Islet]] * [[Pulau Sabitang Laya]] * [[Pulau Saboon]] * [[Pulau Samur]] * [[Pulau San Miguel, Albay|Pulau San Miguel (Albay)]] * [[Pulau San Miguel (Camarines Sur)]] * [[Pulau Siapa]] * [[Pulau Sibauan]] * [[Pulau Siruma]] * [[Pulau Sombrero (Camarines Sur)|Pulau Sombrero]] * [[Pulau Subic (Sorsogon)|Pulau Subic]] * [[Pulau Sula]] * [[Pulau Tabusao]] * [[Pulau Tag]] * [[Pulau Tailon]] * [[Kepulauan Tanao]] * [[Pulau Tanglar]] * [[Pulau Ticlin]] * [[Palumbanes|Pulau Tignob]] * [[Pulau Tinaga]] * [[Pulau Tinago]] {{Div col end}} === Cagayan Valley === [[Barakas:Faro_de_Cabo_Engaño_Lighthouse.jpg|jmpl|The Cape Engaño Lighthouse di Cape Engaño, Pulau Palaui]] {{Div col}} * [[Pulau Apulagan]] * [[Pulau Ati]] * [[Pulau Catali]] * [[Pulau Cent]] * [[Pulau Dipodo]] * [[Pulau Disumangit]] * [[Pulau Escucha]] * [[Pulau Estagno]] * [[Kepulauan Dos Hermanos (Cagayan)]] * [[Pulau Gay (Isabela)|Pulau Gay]] * [[Pulau Gran Laja]] * [[Pulau Lafu]] * [[Pulau Maloncon]] * [[Pulau Manidad]] * [[Pulau Masalansan]] * [[Pulau Palaui]] * [[Pulau Rona]] * [[Pulau San Vicente (Cagayan)|Pulau San Vicente]] * [[Pulau Sibato]] * [[Pulau Sinago]] * [[Pulau Spires (Isabela)|Pulau Spires]] {{Div col end}} === Kepulauan Calamianes === {{Div col}} * [[Pulau Alava]] * [[Pulau Apo (Palawan)|Pulau Apo]] * [[Pulau Ariara]] * [[Pulau Bacbac]] * [[Pulau Bakbak]] * [[Pulau Bantac]] * [[Pulau Barselisa]] * [[Pulau Bayaca]] * [[Pulau Binalabag]] * [[Pulau Black (Calamian Group)|Pulau Black]] * [[Pulau Bolina]] * [[Pulau Bugur]] * [[Pulau Bulalacao]] * [[Pulau Bunaun]] * [[Pulau Busuanga]] * [[Pulau Cabilauan]] * [[Pulau Cabulauan]] * [[Pulau Cacayatan]] * [[Pulau Cagbatan]] * [[Pulau Cagdanao]] * [[Pulau Calanhayaun]] * [[Pulau Calauit]] * [[Pulau Calibang]] * [[Pulau Calipipit]] * [[Pulau Calumbagan]] * [[Pulau Camanga]] * [[Pulau Canaron]] * [[Pulau Canipo (Calamian)|Pulau Canipo]] * [[Pulau Cheron]] * [[Pulau Chindonan]] * [[Pulau Compare]] * [[Pulau Condut]] * [[Pulau Coron]] * [[Pulau Culion]] * [[Pulau Debogso]] * [[Pulau Delian]] * [[Pulau Demelias]] * [[Pulau Depagal]] * [[Kepulauan Dibanca]] * [[Pulau Dibatoc]] * [[Pulau Diboyoyan]] * [[Pulau Dibutonay]] * [[Pulau Dicabaito]] * [[Pulau Dicalubuan]] * [[Pulau Dicapadiac]] * [[Pulau Dicapululan]] * [[Pulau Dicoyan]] * [[Pulau Dimakya]] * [[Pulau Dimancal]] * [[Pulau Dimanglet]] * [[Pulau Dimansig]] * [[Pulau Dimipac]] * [[Pulau Dinanglet]] * [[Pulau Dinaran]] * [[Pulau Dipalian]] * [[Pulau Ditaytayan]] * [[Diwaran (pulau)|Pulau Diwaran]] * [[Pulau Dumunpalit]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/overseasproperty/10017462/10-unusual-islands-for-sale.html|title=Ten unusual islands for sale|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|access-date=2020-09-23|archive-date=2013-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626155846/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/overseasproperty/10017462/10-unusual-islands-for-sale.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * [[Pulau East Malcatop]] * [[Pulau East Nalaut]] * [[Pulau Elet]] * [[Pulau Galoc]] * [[Pulau Gintu]] * [[Pulau Gued]] * [[Pulau Guinlep]] * [[Pulau Guintungauan]] * [[Pulau Hadyibulao]] * [[Pulau Hidong]] * [[Pulau Horse (Calamian)|Pulau Horse]] * [[Pulau Ile]] * [[Pulau Inapupan]] * [[Pulau Kalampisauan]] * [[Pulau Lagat]] * [[Pulau Lajo]] * [[Pulau Lamud]] * [[Pulau Lanit]] * [[Pulau Lauauan]] * [[Pulau Liatui]] * [[Linapacan, Palawan|Pulau Linapacan]] * [[Pulau Lubutglubut]] * [[Pulau Lusong]] * [[Pulau Maapdit]] * [[Pulau Magranting]] * [[Pulau Malajon]] * [[Pulau Malaposo]] * [[Pulau Malaroyroy]] * [[Pulau Malbatan]] * [[Pulau Malcapuya]] * [[Pulau Malcatop]] * [[Pulau Malpagalen]] * [[Pulau Maltatayoc]] * [[Pulau Malubutglubut]] * [[Pulau Manglet]] * [[Pulau Manlegad]] * [[Pulau Manolaba]] * [[Pulau Manolebeng]] * [[Pulau Marily]] * [[Pulau Mayokok]] * [[Pulau Mininlay]] * [[Pulau Naglayan]] * [[Pulau Nanga]] * [[Pulau Nanga (Linapacan)|Pulau Nanga]] * [[Pulau Nangalao]] * [[Pulau Napula]] * [[Pulau Napuscud]] * [[Pulau Nici]] * [[Pulau North Cay (Palawan)|Pulau North Cay]] * [[Pulau North Malbinchilao]] * [[Pulau Octon]] * [[Pulau Pangaldavan]] * [[Pulau Pangititan]] * [[Pulau Pass (Palawan)|Pulau Pass]] * [[Pulau Patoyo]] * [[Pulau Pingkitinan]] * [[Pulau Popototan]] * [[Pulau Rat (Calamian)|Pulau Rat]] * [[Pulau Rhodes (Calamian)|Pulau Rhodes]] * [[Pulau Salimbubuc]] * [[Pulau Salung]] * [[Pulau Salvacion (Calamian)|Pulau Salvacion]] * [[Pulau Sangat]] * [[Pulau Santa Monica (Calamian)|Pulau Santa Monica]] * [[Pulau South Cay (Palawan)|Pulau South Cay]] * [[Pulau Talampulan]] * [[Pulau Talanpetan]] * [[Pulau Tambon]] * [[Pulau Tampel]] * [[Pulau Tangat]] * [[Pulau Tanoban]] * [[Pulau Tantangon]] * [[Pulau Tara]] * [[Pulau Teardrop (Palawan)|Pulau Teardrop]] * [[Pulau Titangcob]] * [[Pulau Uson]] * [[Pulau Vanguardia]] * [[Pulau West Nalaut]] {{Div col end}} === Catanduanes === {{Div col}} * [[Pulau Balacay]] * [[Pulau Calabagio]] * [[Jumbit Islets]] * [[Pulau Lete (Catanduanes)|Pulau Lete]] * [[Pulau Macalanhag]] * [[Pulau Maguinling]] * [[Pulau Palumbanes]] * [[Pulau Panay (Catanduanes)|Pulau Panay]] * [[Pulau Porongpong]] * [[Pulau Pinohagan]] * [[Pulau Pondanan]] * [[Pulau Virac]] {{Div col end}} === Central Luzon === [[Barakas:Grande_Island.JPEG|jmpl|Pulau Grande]] {{Div col}} * [[Pulau Camara]] * [[Pulau Capones]] * [[Kepulauan Egg (Aurora)|Kepulauan Egg]] * [[Pulau Hermana Mayor]] * [[Pulau Hermana Menor]] * [[Kepulauan Los Frailes (Zambales)|Kepulauan Los Frailes]] * [[Pulau Magalawa]] * [[Pulau Matalvi]] * [[Pulau Pamana (Zambales)|Pulau Pamana (Pequeña)]] * [[Pulau Potipot]] * [[Pulau San Salvador (Zambales)|Pulau Salvador]] * [[Pulau Silanguin]] * [[Pulau Subic Chiquita]] * [[Fort Wint|Pulau Grande]] * [[Pulau Tabones]] {{Div col end}} === Cuyo Archipelago === [[Barakas:ManamocIsland.JPG|jmpl|Pulau Manamoc di janaki matan utara]] [[Barakas:PamalicanMainBeach.JPG|jmpl|Pantai utama di pantai selatan Pamalican]] {{Div col}} * [[Pulau Adunbrat]] * [[Agutaya, Palawan|Pulau Agutaya]] * [[Pulau Alcisiras]] * [[Pulau Bararin]] * [[Pulau Bisucay]] * [[Pulau Canipo]] * [[Pulau Caponyan]] * [[Pulau Cauayan]] * [[Pulau Cocoro]] * [[Pulau Cuyo]] * [[Pulau Dit]] * [[Pulau Guinlabo]] * [[Pulau Halog]] * [[Pulau Imalaguan]] * [[Pulau Imaruan]] * [[Pulau Indagamy]] * [[Pulau Lean (Palawan)|Pulau Lean]] * [[Pulau Lubid]] * [[Pulau Malcatop]] * [[Pulau Maligun]] * [[Pulau Manamoc]] * [[Pulau Mandit]] * [[Pulau Maracañao]] * [[Pulau Matarabis]] * [[Pulau Oco]] * [[Pulau Pamalican]] * [[Pulau Pamitinan]] * [[Pulau Pandan (Palawan)|Pulau Pandan]] * [[Pulau Pangatatan]] * [[Pulau Patungal]] * [[Pulau Paya]] * [[Pulau Payo]] * [[Pulau Putic]] * [[Quiniluban|Pulau Quiniluban]] * [[Pulau Quinimatin]] * [[Kepulauan Quinimatin Chico]] * [[Pulau Round (Palawan)|Pulau Round]] * [[Pulau Silad]] * [[Pulau Silat]] * [[Pulau Siparay]] * [[Pulau Tacbubuc]] * [[Pulau Tagauayan]] * [[Pulau Tatay]] * [[Pulau Tinituan]] {{Div col end}} === Ilocos Region === {{Div col}} * [[Pulau Alo]] * [[Pulau Badoc]] * [[Pulau Balaqui]] * [[Pulau Cabalitian]] * [[Pulau Cabarruyan]] * [[Pulau Cangaluyan]] * [[Pulau Comas]] * [[Pulau Culebra (Pangasinan)|Pulau Culebra]] * [[Kepulauan Dos Hermanos (Ilocos Norte)|Kepulauan Dos Hermanos]] * [[Kepulauan Hundred]] * [[Pulau Lagtaras]] * [[Pulau Monroe (Ilocos Norte)|Pulau Monroe]] * [[Pulau Narra]] * [[Pulau Pinget]] * [[Pulau Poro (Pangasinan)|Pulau Poro]] * [[Pulau Salomague]] * [[Pulau Santiago (Pangasinan)|Pulau Santiago]] * [[Pulau Siapar]] * [[Pulau Silaqui]] * [[Pulau Tagaporo]] * [[Pulau Tambac]] * [[Pulau Tanduyong]] {{Div col end}} === Kepulauan Manila Bay === [[Barakas:Map_of_Corregidor_1941.jpg|jmpl|peta Pulau Corregidor haratan tahun 1941]] {{Div col}} * [[Pulau Caballo]] * [[Pulau Carabao, Cavite|Pulau Carabao]] * [[Pulau Corregidor]] * [[Pulau El Fraile]] * [[Pulau La Monja]] * [[Kepulauan Los Cochinos]] * [[Pulau Tubutubu]] {{Div col end}} === Marinduque === {{Div col}} * [[Pulau Banot]] * [[Pulau Elefante]] * [[Pulau Hakupan]] * [[Pulau Maniuaya]] * [[Pulau Marinduque]] * [[Pulau Mompog]] * [[Pulau Salomaque]] * [[Pulau San Andres (Marinduque)|Pulau San Andres]] * [[Pulau Santa Cruz (Marinduque)|Pulau Santa Cruz]] * [[Kepulauan Tres Reyes]] ** [[Pulau Baltazar (Marinduque)|Pulau Baltazar]] ** [[Pulau Gaspar (Marinduque)|Pulau Gaspar]] ** [[Pulau Melchor (Marinduque)|Pulau Melchor]] {{Div col end}} === Masbate === {{Div col}} * [[Pulau Arena (Masbate)|Pulau Arena]] * [[Pulau Bagababoy]] * [[Pulau Balanguingue]] * [[Pulau Bugtung]] * [[Pulau Burias]] * [[Pulau Busing]] * [[Pulau Cagpating]] * [[Pulau Camasusu]] * [[Pulau Carogo]] * [[Pulau Chico (Masbate)|Pulau Chico]] * [[Pulau Daquit-Daquit]] * [[Pulau Deagan]] * [[Pulau Guilutugan]] * [[Pulau Guinauayan]] * [[Pulau Guinlabagan]] * [[Pulau Guinluthagan]] * [[Pulau Hamoraon]] * [[Pulau Jintotolo]] * [[Pulau Magcaraguet]] * [[Pulau Majaba]] * [[Pulau Manoc]] * [[Masbate (pulau)|Pulau Masbate]] * [[Pulau Matabao]] * [[Pulau Nabugtu]] * [[Pulau Nabugtut]] * [[Pulau Nagarao]] * [[Pulau Nagurang]] * [[Pulau Namatian]] * [[Pulau Napayauan]] * [[Pulau Naro]] * [[Pulau Paltaban]] * [[Pulau Piña (Masbate)|Pulau Piña]] * [[Pulau Pobre (Masbate)|Pulau Pobre]] * [[Pulau Puting]] * [[Pulau Sablayan]] * [[Pulau San Miguel (Masbate)]] * [[Pulau Sombreno]] * [[Pulau Tanguingui (Masbate)|Pulau Tanguingui]] * [[Pulau Templo]] * [[Pulau Ticao]] * [[Tinalisayan Islets]] * [[Pulau Tumalaytay]] * [[Pulau Veagan]] {{Div col end}} === Metro Manila === [[Barakas:Convalencia_Island_on_Pasig_River_in_Manila.jpg|jmpl|Pamandangan di bagian selatan Isla de Convalecencia matan Jumbatan Ayala di atas Sungai Pasig]] {{Div col}} * Isla de Balut ([[Tondo, Manila|Tondo]]) * [[Isla de Convalecencia]] ([[San Miguel, Manila|San Miguel]]) * [[Pulau Freedom]] ([[Parañaque]]) - man-made island * [[Isla de Provisor]] ([[Paco, Manila|Paco]]) * [[Isla Pulo]] ([[Navotas]]) * Former islands ** [[Isla de Binondo]] ** Isla de Romero ([[Quiapo, Manila|Quiapo]]) ** Isla de Tanduay ([[San Miguel, Manila|San Miguel]]) ** Isla de Tanque ([[Paco, Manila|Paco]]) {{Div col end}} === Mindoro === {{Div col}} * [[Pulau Ambil]] * [[Pulau Ambulong]] * [[Pulau Anaganahao]] * [[Pulau Apo (Mindoro)]] * [[Pulau Alibatan]] * [[Pulau Aslom]] * [[Kepulauan Baco]] ** [[Pulau Baco Grande]] ** [[Pulau Baco Chico]] * [[Pulau Binantgaan]] * [[Pulau Boquete]] * [[Pulau Buyayao]] * [[Pulau Cabra]] * [[Pulau Cayos del Bajo]] * [[Pulau Garza (Mindoro)|Pulau Garza]] * [[Pulau Golo]] * [[Pulau Ilin]] * [[Pulau Libago]] * [[Pulau Lubang]] * [[Pulau Maasim]] * [[Pulau Malavatuan]] * [[Pulau Malaylay]] * [[Pulau Manadi]] * [[Pulau Mandaui]] * [[Pulau Masin]] * [[Pulau Medio (Mindoro)]] * [[Pulau Menor (Mindoro)]] * [[Pulau Mindoro]] * [[Pulau North Pandan]] * [[Pulau Opao]] * [[Pulau Pambaron]] * [[Pulau Paniguian]] * [[Pulau Pocanol]] * [[Pulau San Antonio (Mindoro)|Pulau San Antonio]] * [[Pulau Sibalat]] * [[Pulau Silonay]] * [[Pulau South Pandan]] * [[Pulau Suguicay]] * [[Pulau Tajud]] * [[Pulau Tambaron]] * [[Pulau White (Mindoro)|Pulau White]] {{Div col end}} === Palawan === [[Barakas:Cabo_Melville_Lighthouse_1892.JPG|jmpl|Merkusuar Cape Melville di titik selatan Pulau Balabac sakitaran tahun 1892]] [[Barakas:Đảo_An_Bang.JPG|jmpl|Pamandangan matan Amboyna Cay, sabuting pulau matan gugusan Kapulauan Spratly di Laut Cina Selatan]] {{Div col}} * [[Pulau Albaguen]] * [[Pulau Albay]] * [[Pulau Anas]] * [[Pulau Apo (Palawan)|Pulau Apo]] * [[Pulau Apulit]] * [[Pulau Arena (Palawan)|Pulau Arena]] * [[Pulau Arrecife (Bataraza)]] * [[Pulau Arrecife (Honda Bay)]] * [[Pulau Bagambangan]] * [[Pulau Baja Hanura]] * [[Pulau Balabac]] * [[Pulau Bancalan]] * [[Pulau Bancauan]] * [[Pulau Bancoran]] * [[Pulau Bangawan]] * [[Pulau Bangiluan]] * [[Pulau Barangonan]] * [[Pulau Batas]] * [[Pulau Bessie]] * [[Pulau Bibangan]] * [[Pulau Binatican]] * [[Pulau Binga]] * [[Pulau Bintaugan]] * [[Pulau Binulbulan]] * [[Pulau Burung]] * [[Pulau Bivouac]] * [[Pulau Boayan]] * [[Pulau Bongot]] * [[Pulau Boombong]] * [[Pulau Bowen (Palawan)|Pulau Bowen]] * [[Pulau Bucid]] * [[Pulau Bugsuk]] * [[Pulau Buquias]] * [[Pulau Bush (Palawan)]] * [[Pulau Butacan]] * [[Pulau Byan]] * [[Kepulauan Cabugan]] * [[Pulau Cabuli]] * [[Pulau Cacbolo]] * [[Pulau Cacbucao]] * [[Pulau Cacnipa]] * [[Pulau Cagayancillo]] * [[Pulau Cagdanao]] * [[Pulau Cagsalay]] * [[Pulau Cakisigan]] * [[Pulau Calabadian]] * [[Pulau Calabatuan]] * [[Pulau Calabucay]] * [[Pulau Calabugdong]] * [[Pulau Calalong]] * [[Pulau Calampuan]] * [[Pulau Calandagan]] * [[Pulau Cambari]] * [[Pulau Canabungan]] * [[Pulau Candaraman]] * [[Pulau Canimeran]] * [[Pulau Cañon]] * [[Pulau Capsalon]] * [[Pulau Capyas]] * [[Pulau Casian]] * [[Pulau Casirahan]] * [[Pulau Castle (Palawan)|Pulau Castle]] * [[Pulau Catalat]] * [[Pulau Cauayan]] * [[Pulau Cavili]] * [[Pulau Cayoya]] * [[Pulau Central (Palawan)|Pulau Central]] * [[Pulau Comiran]] * [[Pulau Coral (Palawan)|Pulau Coral]] * [[Pulau Cotad]] * [[Pulau Dadaliten]] * [[Pulau Dalahican]] * [[Pulau Damad]] * [[Pulau Daracotan]] * [[Kepulauan Datag]] * [[Pulau Debangan]] * [[Pulau Denanayan]] * [[Pulau Deribongan]] * [[Pulau Dinif]] * [[Pulau Dinisonan]] * [[Pulau Ditadita]] * [[Pulau Ditnot]] * [[Pulau Dondonay]] * [[Pulau Double (Palawan)|Pulau Double]] * [[Pulau Dry (Palawan)|Pulau Dry]] * [[Pulau Dumaran]] * [[Pulau Elephant (Palawan)|Pulau Elephant]] * [[Pulau Emelina]] * [[Pulau Flower (Palawan)|Pulau Flower]] * [[Pulau Fondeado]] * [[Pulau Fraser (Palawan)|Pulau Fraser]] * [[Pulau Gabung]] * [[Pulau Gardiner (Palawan)|Pulau Gardiner]] * [[Pulau Green (Palawan)|Pulau Green]] * [[Pulau Guindabdaban]] * [[Pulau Hen and Chickens (Palawan)|Pulau Hen and Chickens]] * [[Pulau Howley (Palawan)|Pulau Howley]] * [[Pulau Ibalaton]] * [[Pulau Ibohor]] * [[Pulau Ibulbol]] * [[Pulau Icadambanauan]] * [[Pulau Iloc]] * [[Pulau Imorigue]] * [[Pulau Imuruan]] * [[Pulau Inamukan]] * [[Pulau Inobian]] * [[Pulau Inoladoan]] * [[Pulau Johnson (Palawan)|Pulau Johnson]] * [[Pulau Josefa]] * [[Kepulauan Kalayaan]] atau [[Kepulauan Spratly]] <small>(diklaim Tiongkok, Taiwan, Malaysia, Brunei dan Vietnam)</small> ** [[Pulau Bailan]] ** [[Pulau Binago]] ** [[Pulau Kota]] ** [[Pulau Spratly|Pulau Lagos]] ** [[Pulau Lawak]] ** [[Pulau Ligao]] ** [[Pulau Likas]] ** [[Pulau Pag-asa]] ** [[Pulau Panata]] ** [[Pulau Parola]] ** [[Pulau Flat (Spratly)|Pulau Patag]] ** [[Pulau Pugad]] ** [[Pulau Rurok]] * [[Pulau Kalungpang]] * [[Pulau Kaoya]] * [[Pulau Lampiligan]] * [[Pulau Langisan]] * [[Pulau Langoy]] * [[Pulau Liabdan]] * [[Pulau Linda]] * [[Pulau Little Maosanon]] * [[Pulau Lomalayang]] * [[Pulau Luli]] * [[Pulau Lumbucan]] * [[Pulau Lump (Palawan)|Pulau Lump]] * [[Pulau Maalaquequen]] * [[Pulau Macuao]] * [[Pulau Maducang]] * [[Pulau Makesi]] * [[Pulau Malaibo]] * [[Pulau Malanao]] * [[Pulau Malapackun]] * [[Pulau Malapnia]] * [[Pulau Malauton]] * [[Pulau Malcorot]] * [[Pulau Malinsono]] * [[Pulau Malotamban]] * [[Pulau Mantangule]] * [[Pulau Manuc Manucan]] * [[Pulau Manucan]] * [[Pulau Manulali]] * [[Pulau Maobanen]] * [[Pulau Maosanon]] * [[Pulau Maqueriben]] * [[Pulau Marantao]] * [[Pulau Maraquit]] * [[Pulau Maricaban (Palawan)|Pulau Maricaban]] * [[Pulau Mariquit]] * [[Pulau Maroday]] * [[Pulau Mayabacan]] * [[Pulau Mayakli]] * [[Pulau Maybara]] * [[Pulau Maylakan]] * [[Pulau Maytiguid]] * [[Pulau Meara]] * [[Pulau Mialbok]] * [[Pulau Nabat]] * [[Pulau Nagulon]] * [[Pulau Nasalet]] * [[Pulau Nasubata]] * [[Pulau Niaporay]] * [[Pulau Nokoda]] * [[Pulau North Channel (Palawan)|Pulau North Channel]] * [[Pulau North Mangsee]] * [[Pulau North Verde]] * [[Pulau Notch (Palawan)|Pulau Notch]] * [[Kepulauan Pabellon]] * [[Pulau Palawan]] * [[Pulau Palm (Palawan)|Pulau Palm]] * [[Pulau Paly]] * [[Pulau Pamalatan]] * [[Pulau Pandan]] * [[Pulau Pandanan]] * [[Pulau Pangisian]] * [[Pulau Papagapa]] * [[Pulau Parunponon]] * [[Pulau Passage (Palawan)|Pulau Passage]] * [[Pulau Patawan]] * [[Pulau Patetan]] * [[Pulau Patongong]] * [[Pulau Peaked (Palawan)|Pulau Peaked]] * [[Pulau Pez]] * [[Pulau Pirate (Palawan)|Pulau Pirate]] * [[Pulau Puerco]] * [[Pulau Pulaw Talam]] * [[Kepulauan Puntog]] * [[Pulau Quimbaludan]] * [[Pulau Ramesamey]] * [[Pulau Ramos (Palawan)|Pulau Ramos]] * [[Pulau Rangod]] * [[Pulau Rasa]] * [[Pulau Reinard]] * [[Pulau Rinambacan]] * [[Pulau Rita]] * [[Pulau Rizal Pongtog]] * [[Pulau Roughton]] * [[Pulau Salingsingan]] * [[Kepulauan San Miguel (Palawan)|Kepulauan San Miguel]] * [[Pulau Sanz]] * [[Pulau Secam]] * [[Kepulauan Segyam]] * [[Pulau Señorita]] * [[Pulau Shell (Palawan)|Pulau Shell]] * [[Kepulauan Silanga]] * [[Pulau Small Pagbo]] * [[Pulau Sombrero (Palawan)|Pulau Sombrero]] * [[Pulau South (Palawan)|Pulau South]] * [[Pulau South Mangsee]] * [[Pulau South Verde]] * [[Pulau Stanlake]] * [[Pulau Suotiv]] * [[Pulau Tagalinong]] * [[Pulau Tagbulo]] * [[Pulau Talacanen]] * [[Pulau Tanusa]] * [[Kepulauan Tarusan]] * [[Pulau Temple (Palawan)|Pulau Temple]] * [[Pulau Tidepole (Palawan)|Pulau Tidepole]] * [[Pulau Tomandang]] * [[Kepulauan Tres Marias (Palawan)|Kepulauan Tres Marias]] * [[Pulau Triple Cima]] * [[Tubbataha Reef]] * [[Pulau Tuluran]] * [[Pulau Ursula]] * [[Pulau Wedge (Palawan)|Pulau Wedge]] * [[Pulau White (Palawan)|Pulau White]] * [[Pulau White Round (Palawan)|Pulau White Round]] * [[North Islet (Tubbataha Reef)]] * [[South Islet (Tubbataha Reef)]] {{Div col end}} === Kepulauan Polillo === [[Barakas:Polillo_Island.JPG|jmpl|Pamandagan di atas awan matan Pulau Polillo]] {{Div col}} * [[Pulau Anawan]] * [[Pulau Anirong]] * [[Pulau Balesin]] * [[Pulau Buguitay]] * [[Pulau Cabaloa]] * [[Pulau Diligin]] * [[Pulau East Ikikon]] * [[Pulau Icol]] * [[Pulau Ikikon]] * [[Jomalig, Quezon|Pulau Jomalig]] * [[Pulau Kalongkooan]] * [[Pulau Kalotkot]] * [[Pulau Karlagan]] * [[Pulau Katabunan]] * [[Pulau Katakian Chica]] * [[Pulau Katakian Grande]] * [[Pulau Lantao (Philippines)|Pulau Lantao]] * [[Pulau Lumaya]] * [[Pulau Malaguinoan]] * [[Pulau Minamata]] * [[Pulau Palasan]] * [[Pulau Pandanan (Quezon)|Pulau Pandanan]] * [[Pulau Patnanungan]] * [[Pulau Pinaglonglogan]] * [[Pulau Polillo]] * [[Pulau San Rafael (Quezon)|Pulau San Rafael]] * [[Kepulauan Uala]] * [[Pulau Usok]] {{Div col end}} === Romblon === [[Barakas:Sibuyan_Island.JPG|jmpl|Pamandangan di atas awan matan Pulau Sibuyan]] {{Div col}} * [[Agdapdap Islet]] * [[Aguada Islet]] * [[Alad (pulau)|Pulau Alad]] * [[Pulau Alfonso XIII (Molo)]] * [[Aregita Islets]] * [[Baboy-baboy Islets]] * [[Pulau Bang-og]] * [[Pulau Banton]] * [[Pulau Bantoncillo]] * [[Batacan Islet]] * [[Pulau Biaringan]] * [[Binucot Islet]] * [[Pulau Cabahan]] * [[Cabugaan Islets]] * [[San Jose, Romblon|Pulau Carabao]] * [[Pulau Carlota]] * [[Cascaro Islets]] * [[Pulau Cobrador]] * [[Pulau Cresta de Gallo]] * [[Pulau Gakot]] * [[Pulau Guimpasilan]] * [[Pulau Guindauahan ni Bendoy]] * [[Guinhoan Islet]] * [[Hinaguman Islet]] * [[Inanayan Islet]] * [[Pulau Isabel (Philippines)|Pulau Isabel]] * [[Lapus-lapus Islet]] * [[Pulau Lictinon]] * [[Loboton Islet]] * [[Pulau Logbon]] * [[Pulau Maestro de Campo (Sibale)]] * [[Pulau Manamoc (Japar)]] * [[Nabagbagan Islets]] * [[Nilintian Islet]] * [[Origon Islets]] * [[Otod Islet]] * [[Paksi Islet]] * [[Pez Islet]] * [[Polloc|Pulau Polloc]] * [[Prat Islets]] * [[Puro Islet]] * [[Pulau Ramiligan]] * [[Pulau Romblon]] * [[Pulau Sibuyan]] * [[Romblon, Romblon|Pulau San Pedro]] * [[Pulau Simara]] * [[Pulau Tablas]] * [[Tinang Islets]] * [[Tinigban Islet]] * [[Uyangon Islet]] {{Div col end}} === Tagalog Selatan === {{Div col}} * [[Pulau Alabat]] * [[Pulau Alibijaban]] * [[Pulau Anilon]] * [[Pulau Apat]] * [[Pulau Bakaw-Bakaw]] * [[Pulau Balot (Cavite)|Pulau Balot]] * [[Pulau Baluti]] * [[Pulau Binombonan]] * [[Pulau Bird (Quezon)|Pulau Bird]] * [[Pulau Bonga]] * [[Pulau Bonito]] * [[Pulau Bubuin]] * [[Pulau Burunggoy]] * [[Pulau Caban]] * [[Pulau Cagbalete]] * [[Pulau Calamba]] * [[Pulau Culebra (Batangas)|Pulau Culebra]] * [[Pulau Dalig]] * [[Pulau Dampalitan]] * [[Pulau Fortune (Philippines)|Pulau Fortune]] * [[Pulau Ikulong]] * [[Pulau Isla Puting Bato]] * [[Pulau Lagdauin]] * [[Pulau Lambauing]] * [[Pulau Ligpo]] * [[Pulau Limbones]] * [[Pulau Malahi]] * [[Pulau Malajibomanoc]] * [[Pulau Mangayao]] * [[Pulau Manlanat]] * [[Pulau Maricaban]] * [[Pulau Napayong]] * [[Pulau Pagbilao Chica]] * [[Pulau Pagbilao Grande]] * [[Pulau Palasan]] * [[Pulau Patayan]] * [[Pulau Santa Amalia]] * [[Pulau Sombrero (Batangas)|Pulau Sombrero]] * [[Kepulauan Talabaan]] * [[Pulau Talim]] * [[Pulau Tingloy]] * [[Pulau Twin (Batangas)|Pulau Twin]] * [[Pulau Verde]] * [[Pulau Volcano]] {{Div col end}} == [[Mindanao]] == === Caraga === {{Div col}} * [[Pulau Agony (Surigao del Sur)]] * [[Pulau Aling]] * [[Pulau Amaga]] * [[Kepulauan Arangasa]] * [[Pulau Ayninan]] * [[Pulau Ayoki]] * [[Pulau Bagasinan]] * [[Pulau Banga]] * [[Pulau Bayagnan]] * [[Pulau Britania]] * [[Pulau Cabgan (Surigao del Sur)]] * [[Pulau Condona]] * [[Gabao Islet]] * [[Pulau General (Surigao del Norte)]] * [[Pulau Hamuan]] * [[Kepulauan Haycock]] * [[Pulau Hinatuan]] * [[Pulau Jobo]] * [[Pulau Kabo, Philippines|Pulau Kabo]] * [[Pulau Lamagon]] * [[Pulau Lapinigan]] * [[Kepulauan Lenungao]] * [[Pulau Load]] * [[Pulau Ludguran]] * [[Pulau Maanoc]] * [[Pulau Mahaba (Surigao del Norte)]] * [[Pulau Mahaba (Surigao del Sur)]] * [[Pulau Majangit]] * [[Pulau Mancahoram]] * [[Pulau Mancangangi]] * [[Pulau Maopia]] * [[Pulau Maowa]] * [[Pulau Masapelid]] * [[Pulau Mawes]] * [[Pulau Nagubat]] * [[Pulau Panirongan]] * [[Pulau Puyo]] * [[Pulau Singag]] * [[Pulau Sugbu]] * [[Pulau Taganongan]] * [[Pulau Talavera]] * [[Pulau Tigdos]] * [[Pulau Tinago (Surigao del Norte)]] * [[Pulau Unamao]] {{Div col end}} === Central Mindanao === {{Div col}} * [[Pulau Alidama]] * [[Pulau Balot]] * [[Pulau Balutmato]] * [[Pulau Bongo]] * [[Pulau Donayang]] * [[Pulau East Balut]] * [[Pulau Ibus]] * [[Pulau Limbayan]] * [[Pulau Sarampungan]] * [[Pulau Tagatungan]] * [[Pulau Taytayan]] * [[Pulau West Balut]] * [[Pulau Balaysan]] {{Div col end}} === Davao Region === {{Div col}} * [[Pulau Balut]] * [[Pulau Big Cruz]] * [[Pulau Buenavista (Davao)|Pulau Buenavista]] * [[Pulau Bugoso]] * [[Pulau Cabugao]] * [[Pulau Dumalag]] * [[Pulau Ivy (Davao)|Pulau Ivy]] * [[Pulau Kopia]] * [[Pulau Little Cruz]] * [[Pulau Luban]] * [[Pulau Malipano]] * [[Pulau Manamil]] * [[Pulau Mangrove (Davao)|Pulau Mangrove]] * [[Pulau Oak (Davao)|Pulau Oak]] * [[Pulau Olanivan]] * [[Pulau Pandasan]] * [[Pulau Pujada]] * [[Pulau Quinablongan]] * [[Pulau Samal]] * [[Pulau San Victor]] * [[Pulau Sarangani]] * [[Pulau Sigaboy]] * [[Pulau Talicud]] * [[Pulau Uanivan]] {{Div col end}} === Kepulauan Dinagat === {{Div col}} * [[Pulau Awasan]] * [[Pulau Capiquian]] * [[Pulau Danaon]] * [[Pulau Dinagat]] * [[Pulau Doot]] * [[Pulau East Caliban]] * [[Pulau Hagaknab]] * [[Pulau Hanigad]] * [[Pulau Hibuson]] * [[Pulau Hikdop]] * [[Pulau Kanhanusa]] * [[Pulau Kanihaan]] * [[Pulau Kayabangan]] * [[Pulau Kayosa]] * [[Pulau Kotkot]] * [[Pulau Little Hibuson]] * [[Pulau Nonoc]] * [[Pulau Pangabangan]] * [[Pulau Puyo (Dinagat)]] * [[Pulau Rasa]] * [[Pulau Sayao]] * [[Pulau Sibale (Dinagat)]] * [[Pulau Sibanac]] * [[Pulau Sibanoc]] * [[Pulau Sumilon (Dinagat)]] * [[Pulau Tabuk]] * [[Pulau Unib]] * [[Pulau West Caliban]] {{Div col end}} === Mindanao Utara === {{Div col}} * [[Pulau Agutayan (Misamis Oriental)|Pulau Agutayan]] * [[Kepulauan Bao-Baon]] * [[Pulau Cabgan (Misamis Occidental)|Pulau Cabgan]] * [[Pulau Camiguin]] * [[Pulau Capayas]] * [[Pulau Dolphin (Misamis Occidental)|Pulau Dolphin]] * [[Pulau Maburos]] * [[Pulau Mantigue]] * [[Pulau Naputhaw]] * [[Pulau Silanga]] * [[Pulau White (Philippines)|Pulau White]] {{Div col end}} === Siargao === {{Div col}} * [[Pulau Abanay]] * [[Pulau Anahawan]] * [[Pulau Antokon]] * [[Pulau Bancuyo]] * [[Pulau Bucas Grande]] * [[Pulau Cambiling]] * [[Pulau Casalian]] * [[Pulau Cawhagan]] * [[Pulau Corregidor (Surigao del Norte)|Pulau Corregidor]] * [[Pulau Daku]] * [[Pulau East Bucas]] * [[Pulau Guyam]] * [[Pulau Halian]] * [[Pulau Kangbangio]] * [[Pulau Kangnun]] * [[Pulau Kaob]] * [[Pulau Lajanosa]] * [[Pulau Laonan]] * [[Pulau Mamon]] * [[Pulau Megancub]] * [[Pulau Middle Bucas]] * [[Pulau Pagbasoyan]] * [[Pulau Pansukian]] * [[Pulau Poneas]] * [[Pulau Siargao]] * [[Pulau Tona]] {{Div col end}} === Sulu Archipelago === [[Barakas:Panguan_Island.jpg|jmpl|Pulau Panguan, Pulau paling buncu matan Sulu Archipelago parak lawan parbatasan Philippine-Malaysian ]] [[Barakas:Docking_at_Mardanas_Island.jpg|jmpl|Pulau Mardanas , dipinandui urang lawan ngaran lain naitu Siluag]] [[Barakas:Panampangan_Island.jpg|jmpl|Pulau Panampangan, pulau nang baisi hamparan pasir nang paling panjang di Filipina]] {{Div col}} * [[Pulau Andulinang]] * [[Pulau Babuan]] * [[Pulau Baguan]] * [[Balanguingui, Sulu|Balanguingui]] * [[Pulau Baliungan]] * [[Pulau Balukbaluk]] * [[Pulau Bambanan]] * [[Pulau Banaran]] * [[Pulau Bangalao]] * [[Pulau Bankungan]] * [[Pulau Basbas]] * [[Kepulauan Basibuli]] * [[Pulau Basilan]] * [[Kepulauan Batalinos]] * [[Pulau Baturapac]] * [[Pulau Bauang Diki]] * [[Pulau Bihintinusa]] * [[Pulau Bilangan]] * [[Pulau Bilatan]] * [[Pulau Bintoulan]] * [[Pulau Bintut]] * [[Pulau Bitinan]] * [[Pulau Boaan]] * [[Pulau Bohan]] * [[Bongao, Tawi-Tawi|Pulau Bongao]] * [[Pulau Buan]] * [[Pulau Bubuan]] * [[Pulau Bucutua]] * [[Pulau Bulan]] * [[Buli Nusa Islet]] * [[Pulau Buliculul]] * [[Pulau Bulicutin]] * [[Pulau Bulisuan]] * [[Pulau Buluan]] * [[Bulubulu Islet]] * [[Pulau Bunabunaan]] * [[Pulau Bungbunan]] * [[Pulau Bunotpasil]] * [[Pulau Cabingaan]] * [[Pulau Cabucan]] * [[Pulau Cacatan]] * [[Mapun, Tawi-Tawi|Pulau Cagayan de Sulu]] * [[Calaitan Islets]] * [[Pulau Calupag]] * [[Pulau Camabalan]] * [[Pulau Canas]] * [[Pulau Cancuman]] * [[Pulau Cap (Sulu)|Pulau Cap]] * [[Pulau Capual]] * [[Celandat Islets]] * [[Pulau Coco (Basilan)|Pulau Coco]] * [[Pulau Cujangan]] * [[Pulau Cunilan]] * [[Pulau Dakule]] * [[Dalauan]] * [[Pulau Dammai]] * [[Kepulauan Dasaan]] * [[Pulau Dasalan]] * [[Kepulauan Datubato]] * [[Pulau Dawata]] * [[Pulau Dawildawil]] * [[Pulau Deatobato]] * [[Pulau Dipolod]] * [[Pulau Doc Can]] * [[Pulau Dongdong]] * [[Pulau Dundangon]] * [[Pulau East Bolod]] * [[Pulau Gaiya]] * [[Pulau Gal-loman]] * [[Pulau Gondra]] * [[Pulau Goreno]] * [[Pulau Great Bakungaan]] * [[Pulau Great Gounan]] * [[Pulau Guimba]] * [[Pulau Gujangan]] * [[Pulau Haluluko]] * [[Pulau Hegad]] * [[Pulau Hole (Basilan)|Pulau Hole]] * [[Pulau Jinhling]] * [[Jolo|Pulau Jolo]] * [[Pulau Kabancauan]] * [[Pulau Kaludlud]] * [[Pulau Kaluitan]] * [[Pulau Kamawi]] * [[Pulau Kang Tipayan Dakula]] * [[Pulau Kang Tipayan Diki]] * [[Pulau Kauluan]] * [[Pulau Kinapusan]] * [[Pulau Kulassein]] * [[Pulau Laa]] * [[Pulau Lahangon]] * [[Pulau Lahatlahat (Basilan)|Pulau Lahatlahat]] * [[Kepulauan Lahatlahat]] * [[Pulau Lakit]] * [[Pulau Laminusa]] * [[Pulau Lampinigan]] * [[Pulau Langaan]] * [[Pulau Langas]] * [[Pulau Lanhil]] * [[Pulau Lapac]] * [[Pulau Laparan]] * [[Pulau Latuan]] * [[Pulau Lawayan]] * [[Pulau Lemondo]] * [[Pulau Liaburan]] * [[Pulau Lihiman]] * [[Pulau Linawan]] * [[Pulau Little Coco (Basilan)|Pulau Little Coco]] * [[Pulau Little Dipolod]] * [[Pulau Loran]] * [[Pulau Lubucan]] * [[Lugus, Sulu|Pulau Lugus]] * [[Pulau Lumbian]] * [[Pulau Lupa]] * [[Pulau Magados]] * [[Pulau Magpeos]] * [[Pulau Malamawi]] * [[Pulau Malicut]] * [[Pulau Mamad]] * [[Pulau Mamanak]] * [[Pulau Mamanoc]] * [[Pulau Mamanuc]] * [[Pulau Mambahenauhan]] * [[Pulau Manangal]] * [[Pulau Manate]] * [[Pulau Mandah]] * [[Pulau Maniacolat]] * [[Pulau Mantabuan]] * [[Pulau Manubul]] * [[Pulau Manuk Manka]] * [[Pulau Manungut]] * [[Pulau Maranas]] * [[Pulau Marungas]] * [[Pulau Mataja]] * [[Pulau Minis]] * [[Kepulauan Muligi]] * [[Pulau Nancan]] * [[Pulau North Ubian]] * [[Pulau Nusa Buani]] * [[Kepulauan Nusa]] * [[Pulau Omapoy]] * [[Pulau Orell]] * [[Pulau Pahumaan]] * [[Pulau Palajangan]] * [[Pulau Pamelican]] * [[Pulau Pamisaan]] * [[Pulau Panampangan]] * [[Pulau Pandak]] * [[Pulau Pandalan]] * [[Pulau Pandanan]] * [[Pandami, Sulu|Pulau Pandami]] * [[Pulau Pandugas]] * [[Pulau Pangana Paturuan]] * [[Pulau Panganap]] * [[Pulau Pangas]] * [[Pulau Pangasahan]] * [[Pulau Pangasinan (Sulu)|Pulau Pangasinan]] * [[Pangutaran Islet]] * [[Pulau Pantocunan]] * [[Pulau Papahag]] * [[Pulau Paquia]] * [[Pulau Parangan]] * [[Pulau Paral]] * [[Pulau Pasigpasilan]] * [[Pata, Sulu|Pulau Pata]] * [[Pulau Patian]] * [[Pulau Perangan]] * [[Pulau Pilas]] * [[Pulau Pintado]] * [[Punungan Islet]] * [[Pulau Salaro]] * [[Pulau Saluag]] * [[Pulau Salkulakit]] * [[Pulau Saluping]] * [[Sanga-Sanga|Pulau Sanga-Sanga]] * [[Pulau Sangasiapu]] * [[Kepulauan Sangboy]] * [[Pulau Sarucsarucan]] * [[Pulau Sasa]] * [[Pulau Secubun]] * [[Siasi, Sulu|Pulau Siasi]] * [[Pulau Sibago]] * [[Pulau Sibakel]] * [[Pulau Sibijindacula]] * [[Sibutu, Tawi-Tawi|Pulau Sibutu]] * [[Pulau Sicagot]] * [[Pulau Sicalangcalong]] * [[Sicolan Islet]] * [[Pulau Silumisan]] * [[Pulau Siluag]] * [[Pulau Simanayo]] * [[Pulau Simbay]] * [[Pulau Simisa]] * [[Simunul, Tawi-Tawi|Pulau Simunul]] * [[Pulau Singaan]] * [[Pulau Sipangkot]] * [[Pulau Sipayu]] * [[Pulau Sipungot]] * [[Pulau Siringo]] * [[Pulau Sirun]] * [[Sitangkai, Tawi-Tawi|Pulau Sitangkai]] * [[Pulau Situgal Hea]] * [[South Ubian, Tawi-Tawi|Pulau South Ubian]] * [[Pulau Sucoligao]] * [[Pulau Sugbai]] * [[Suka Suka Dakula Islet]] * [[Pulau Sulade]] * [[Pulau Sumbasumba]] * [[Pulau Suucan]] * [[Pulau Taala]] * [[Pulau Tabawan]] * [[Pulau Tabolongan]] * [[Kepulauan Tabuan]] * [[Pulau Taganak]] * [[Pulau Tagao]] * [[Pulau Tagutu]] * [[Pulau Taitagan]] * [[Pulau Taja]] * [[Pulau Takela]] * [[Pulau Takipamasilaan]] * [[Pulau Talonpisa]] * [[Pulau Taluc]] * [[Pulau Talungan]] * [[Pulau Tambilunay]] * [[Pulau Tambulian]] * [[Pulau Tamuk]] * [[Pulau Tancan]] * [[Pulau Tancolaluan]] * [[Tandubas, Tawi-Tawi|Pulau Tandubas]] * [[Pulau Tandubatu]] * [[Pulau Tandungan]] * [[Pulau Tanduowak]] * [[Pulau Tapaan]] * [[Pulau Tapiantana]] * [[Tapul, Sulu|Pulau Tapul]] * [[Pulau Tara]] * [[Kepulauan Tataan]] * [[Pulau Tatalan]] * [[Pulau Tatik]] * [[Pulau Tauitaui (Sulu)|Pulau Tauitaui]] * [[Pulau Tawitawi]] * [[Pulau Teinga]] * [[Pulau Tengolan]] * [[Pulau Teomabal]] * [[Pulau Ticul]] * [[Pulau Tiguilabun]] * [[Pulau Tihik Tihik]] * [[Kepulauan Tijitiji]] * [[Pulau Tinundukan]] * [[Pulau Tinutungan]] * [[Banguingui, Sulu|Pulau Tongquil]] * [[Kepulauan Tonkian]] * [[Pulau Tubalubac]] * [[Pulau Tubigan]] * [[Pulau Tulayan]] * [[Pulau Tulian]] * [[Pulau Tumbagaan]] * [[Pulau Tumindao]] * [[Pulau Tunbaunan]] * [[Pulau Tungbukan]] * [[Kepulauan Turtle, Tawi-Tawi|Kepulauan Turtle]] * [[Pulau Tusan Bongao]] * [[Pulau Tutu Kipa]] * [[Pulau Ultra]] * [[Pulau Usada]] * [[Pulau West Bolod]] * [[Pulau Zau]] {{Div col end}} === Zamboanga Peninsula === {{Div col}} * [[Pulau Aliguay]] * [[Pulau Bagiyas]] * [[Pulau Balabac (Zamboanga)|Pulau Balabac]] * [[Pulau Bangaan]] * [[Pulau Baong]] * [[Pulau Bibaya]] * [[Pulau Bobo]] * [[Pulau Buguias]] * [[Pulau Buloan]] * [[Pulau Caboc]] * [[Pulau Cabog]] * [[Pulau Cabut]] * [[Pulau Cambugan]] * [[Pulau Condulingan]] * [[Kepulauan Dao-Dao]] * [[Pulau Gatusan]] * [[Pulau Great Santa Cruz]] * [[Pulau Igat]] * [[Pulau Kabungan]] * [[Pulau Lambang]] * [[Pulau Lampinigan]] * [[Pulau Lamuyong]] * [[Kepulauan Lapinigan]] * [[Pulau Latas]] * [[Pulau Letayon]] * [[Pulau Lipari]] * [[Pulau Little Malanipa]] * [[Pulau Little Santa Cruz]] * [[Pulau Lungui]] * [[Pulau Lutangan]] * [[Pulau Maculay]] * [[Pulau Malanipa]] * [[Pulau Murcielagos]] * [[Kepulauan Nipa Nipa]] * [[Olutanga|Pulau Olutanga]] * [[Pulau Pandalusan]] * [[Pulau Panikian]] * [[Pulau Paraitan]] * [[Pulau Pina]] * [[Pulau Pinya]] * [[Pulau Piñahun]] * [[Pulau Pisan]] * [[Pulau Pitas]] * [[Pulau Puli Puli]] * [[Pulau Putili]] * [[Pulau Sacol]] * [[Pulau Sagayaran]] * [[Pulau Salangan]] * [[Pulau Selinog]] * [[Kepulauan Sibulan]] * [[Pulau Simoadang]] * [[Pulau Sirumon]] * [[Kepulauan Ticala]] * [[Pulau Tictauan]] * [[Pulau Tigabon]] * [[Pulau Tigbauan]] * [[Pulau Tigburacao]] * [[Pulau Triton]] * [[Pulau Tugsocan]] * [[Pulau Tumalutab]] * [[Pulau Visa]] * [[Pulau Vitali]] {{Div col end}} == Visayas == === Biliran === {{Div col}} * [[Pulau Calutan]] * [[Pulau Capiñahan]] * [[Pulau Caygan]] * [[Pulau Dalutan]] * [[Pulau Ginuroan]] * [[Pulau Higatangan]] * [[Pulau Maripipi]] * [[Pulau Sambawan]] * [[Tagampol Islet]] * [[Tingkasan Islet]] {{Div col end}} === Bohol === {{Div col}} * [[Pulau Bagongbanwa]] * [[Pulau Balicasag]] * [[Pulau Banacon]] * [[Pulau Banbanon]] * [[Pulau Bansalan]] * [[Pulau Bantigue]] * [[Pulau Batasan]] * [[Pulau Bilangbilangan]] * [[Pulau Bonoon]] * [[Pulau Budlaan]] * [[Pulau Butan]] * [[Pulau Bugatusan]] * [[Pulau Cabantulan]] * [[Pulau Cabgan (Bohol)]] * [[Pulau Cabilao]] * [[Pulau Cabul-an Besar]] * [[Pulau Cabul-an Kecil]] * [[Pulau Cabasihan Kecil]] * [[Pulau Calituban]] * [[Pulau Calanggaman]] * [[Pulau Cancostino]] * [[Pulau Cataban]] * [[Pulau Catang]] * [[Pulau Catiil]] * [[Pulau Cauayan]] * [[Pulau Cauming]] * [[Pulau Cauming II]] * [[Pulau Del Mar]] * [[Pulau Gak-ang]] * [[Pulau Gaus]] * [[Pulau Guindacpan]] * [[Pulau Handayan]] * [[Pulau Hambongan Big]] * [[Pulau Hayaan]] * [[Pulau Hingotanan]] * [[Pulau Inanoran]] * [[Pulau Jao]] * [[Pulau Juagdan]] * [[Pulau Lapinig]] * [[Pulau Lapinig Chico]] * [[Pulau Lumayag]] * [[Pulau Lumislis]] * [[Pulau Ma-agpit]] * [[Pulau Mahaba]] * [[Pulau Mahanay]] * [[Pulau Malingin]] * [[Pulau Mantatao]] * [[Pulau Maumauan]] * [[Pulau Mocaboc]] * [[Pulau Nasingin]] * [[Pulau Nonocnocan]] * [[Pulau Pandanon]] * [[Pulau Pamasalon]] * [[Pulau Pamasaun]] * [[Pulau Pamilacan]] * [[Pulau Panga]] * [[Pulau Pangangan]] * [[Pulau Panglao]] * [[Pulau Puntod]] * [[Pulau Puntod Guindacpan]] * [[Pulau Saae]] * [[Pulau Sag]] * [[Pulau Sagasa]] * [[Pulau Sandingan]] * [[Pulau Sib]] * [[Pulau Silo]] * [[Pulau Tabangdio]] * [[Pulau Tabaon]] * [[Pulau Tambu]] * [[Pulau Tangaon]] * [[Pulau Tilmubo]] * [[Tintinan, Ubay|Pulau Tintiman]] * [[Pulau Tres Reyes]] * [[Pulau Ubay]] * [[Pulau Villalimpia]] * [[Pulau Virgin, Panglao|Pulau Virgin]] {{Div col end}} [[Barakas:Gato_Island.jpg|jmpl|Pamandangan dari awan Pulau Gato]] {{Div col}} * [[Pulau Bantayan]] {{Bantayan islands}} * [[Pulau Calamangan]] * [[Kepulauan Camotes]] ** [[Pulau Pacijan]] ** [[Pulau Ponson]] ** [[Pulau Poro]] ** [[Pulau Tulang]] * [[Pulau Capitancillo]] * [[Pulau Carnaza]] * [[Pulau Chocolate (Cebu)]] * [[Pulau Dakit-Dakit]] * [[Pulau Gapas-Gapas]] * [[Isla de Gato|Pulau Gato]] * [[Pulau Guintacan]] * [[Pulau Jibitnil]] * [[Pulau Mactan]] * [[Pulau Malapascua]] * [[Pulau Maria (Cebu)]] * [[Pulau Olango]] ** [[Pulau Camungi]] ** [[Pulau Gilutongan]] ** [[Pulau Kaohagan]] ** [[Pulau Nalusuan]] ** [[Pulau Panganan]] ** [[Pulau Sulpa]] * [[Pulau Pescador]] * [[Pulau Sumilon]] * [[Pulau Zaragoza]] ;Former islands * [[Pulau Cauit]] {{Div col end}} === Guimaras === {{Div col}} * [[Pulau Ave Maria]] * [[Pulau Guiuanon]] * [[Inampulugan|Pulau Inampulugan]] * [[Pulau Malingin]] * [[Pulau Nabural]] * [[Pulau Naburot]] * [[Pulau Nadulao]] * [[Pulau Nagarao]] * [[Pulau Nalibas]] * [[Pulau Natunga]] * [[Pulau Nauai]] * [[Pulau Panubulon]] * [[Pulau Seraray]] * [[Pulau Taklong]] * [[Pulau Tandog]] * [[Pulau Unisan]] * [[Pulau Yeta]] {{Div col end}}{{Div col}} * [[Pulau Bacol]] * [[Pulau Badian (Leyte)|Pulau Badian]] * [[Pulau Cabgan (Leyte)]] * [[Pulau Calaguan]] * [[Pulau Kalanggaman]] * [[Pulau Caltagan]] * [[Pulau Calumpijan]] * [[Pulau Canigao]] * [[Cuatro Islas]] ** [[Pulau Apid]] ** [[Pulau Digyo]] ** [[Pulau Himokilan]] ** [[Pulau Mahaba (Leyte)|Pulau Mahaba]] * [[Pulau Cumaiac]] * [[Pulau Dabun]] * [[Danajon Islet]] * [[Gatighan|Pulau Gatighan]] * [[Pulau Gigatangan]] * [[Pulau Gumalac]] * [[Pulau Limasawa]] * [[Pulau Nabubuy]] * [[Pulau Panaon]] * [[Pulau San Pablo (Leyte)]] * [[Pulau San Pedro (Leyte)]] * [[Pulau Taboc]] * [[Pulau Zapatos]] {{Div col end}} === Pulau Negros === {{Div col}} * [[Pulau Agutayan]] * [[Pulau Anajauan]] * [[Pulau Apo]] * [[Pulau Bulata]] * [[Pulau Danjugan]] * [[Pulau Diutay]] * [[Pulau Jomabo]] * [[Lakawon|Pulau Lakawon]] * [[Pulau Molocaboc]] * [[Pulau Sipaway|Pulau Sipaway (Refugio)]] * [[Pulau Siquijor]] * [[Pulau Suyaan]] * [[Pulau Talabong]] {{Div col end}} === Panay === {{Div col}} * [[Binuluangan#Location and geography|Pulau Adcalayo]] * [[Pulau Balbagon]] * [[Pulau Batbatan]] * [[Bayas Islets]] ** [[Pulau Bayas]] ** [[Pulau Magusipol]] ** [[Pulau Manipulon]] ** [[Pulau Pangalan]] * [[Pulau Binuluangan]] * [[Kepulauan Bogtongan]] * [[Pulau Boracay]] * [[Pulau Buri (Iloilo)|Pulau Buri]] * [[Pulau Calabazas]] * [[Pulau Calagnaan]] * [[Pulau Caluya]] * [[Pulau Canas]] * [[Pulau Chinela]] * [[Kepulauan Concepcion]] ** [[Pulau Agho]] ** [[Pulau Anauayan]] ** [[Pulau Bag-o Abo]] ** [[Pulau Bag-o Isi]] ** [[Pulau Baliguian]] ** [[Pulau Bocot]] ** [[Pulau Botlog]] ** [[Pulau Bulubadiangan]] ** [[Pulau Chico (Iloilo)|Pulau Chico]] ** [[Pulau Colebra]] ** [[Pulau Danao-Danao]] ** [[Pulau Igbon]] ** [[Pulau Malangabang]] ** [[Pulau Pan de Azucar (Iloilo)|Pulau Pan de Azucar]] ** [[Pulau Sombrero (Iloilo)|Pulau Sombrero]] ** [[Pulau Tago]] ** [[Pulau Tagubanhan]] * [[Pulau Crocodile (Aklan)|Pulau Crocodile]] * [[Pulau Dunao]] * [[Islas de Gigantes|Kepulauan Gigantes]] ** [[Pulau Antonia (Iloilo)|Pulau Antonia]] ** [[Pulau Bantigui]] ** [[Bulubadiang Islet]] ** [[Pulau Cabugao]] ** Gigantes Norte ** Gigantes Sur ** Gigantillo Islet ** Gigantuna Islet ** [[Pulau Tanguingui (Iloilo)|Pulau Tanguingui]] ** [[Pulau Balbagon#Location and geography|Turnina Islet]] * [[Pulau Himamylan]] * [[Pulau Juraojurao]] * [[Pulau Lacdian]] * [[Pulau Laurel]] * [[Pulau Libagao]] * [[Pulau Loguingot]] * [[Pulau Mabay]] * [[Pulau Magaisi]] * [[Pulau Magalumbi]] * [[Pulau Maliaya]] * [[Pulau Manigonigo]] * [[Pulau Maniguin]] * [[Manlot|Pulau Manlot]] * [[Pulau Mararison]] * [[Pulau Marbuena]] * [[Pulau Matagda]] * [[Pulau Nagarao]] * [[Pulau Naburot]] * [[Pulau Nagubat]] * [[Pulau Nasidman]] * [[Pulau Natig]] * [[Binuluangan#Location and geography|Pulau Nilidlaran]] * [[Pulau Nogas]] * [[Pulau Balbagon#Location and geography|Pulau Ojastras]] * [[Pulau Olotayan]] * [[Pulau Panagatan Malaqui]] * [[Pulau Pandan (Aklan)|Pulau Pandan]] * [[Pulau Pinamucan]] * [[Pulau Piña]] * [[Pulau Salog]] * [[Pulau Semirara]] * [[Pulau Sibalon]] * [[Pulau Sibato]] * [[Pulau Sibay]] * [[Pulau Sibolon]] * [[Pulau Sicogon]] * [[Pulau Seco (Antique)|Pulau Seco]] * [[Pulau Tabon (Philippines)|Pulau Tabon]] * [[Binuluangan#Location and geography|Pulau Tabugon]] * [[Binuluangan#Location and geography|Tabugon Chico Islet]] * [[Tinguiban Islet]] * [[Pulau Tulunanaun]] * [[Tumaguin|Pulau Tumaguin]] * [[Pulau Zapato]] * [[Pulau Zapato Menor]] {{Div col end}} === Samar === {{Div col}} * [[Pulau Aguada]] * [[Pulau Almagro]] * [[Pulau Anahao]] * [[Pulau Anajao]] * [[Pulau Andis]] * [[Pulau Aocon]] * [[Pulau Apiton]] * [[Pulau Badian (Samar)|Pulau Badian]] * [[Pulau Balinatio]] * [[Pulau Bangon]] * [[Pulau Bani]] * [[Bar Islet (Samar)]] * [[Pulau Bascal]] * [[Pulau Bascal-Agotay]] * [[Pulau Basiao]] * [[Pulau Batag]] * [[Pulau Batgongon]] * [[Pulau Baul]] * [[Binaliw Islet]] * [[Pulau Binay]] * [[Pulau Biri]] * [[Pulau Boloan]] * [[Pulau Botig]] * [[Pulau Buad]] * [[Pulau Buri]] * [[Pulau Cabaongon]] * [[Pulau Cagduyong]] * [[Pulau Cahayagan]] * [[Pulau Calapan]] * [[Pulau Calicoan]] * [[Pulau Camandag]] * [[Pulau Cambaye]] * [[Pulau Canahauan Dacu]] * [[Pulau Canahauan Guti]] * [[Pulau Candule]] * [[Caparangasan|Pulau Caparangasan]] * [[Pulau Capogpocanan]] * [[Pulau Capul]] * [[Pulau Catalaban]] * [[Pulau Cauhagan]] * [[Pulau Coconut (Samar)|Pulau Coconut]] * [[Pulau Dalupiri (Samar)|Pulau Dalupiri]] * [[Pulau Danaodanauan]] * [[Kepulauan Darahuay]] * [[Pulau Daram]] * [[Pulau Darsena]] * [[Pulau Divinubo]] * [[Pulau Escarpada (Samar)|Pulau Escarpada]] * [[Pulau Fulin]] * [[Pulau Goyam]] * [[Pulau Guimtim]] * [[Pulau Guintarcan]] * [[Pulau Hilabaan]] * [[Pulau Hirapsan]] * [[Pulau Hiuinatungan]] * [[Pulau Homangad]] * [[Pulau Homonhon]] * [[Pulau Inatunglan]] * [[Pulau Iniyao]] * [[Pulau Jinamoc]] * [[Pulau Kantican]] * [[Kapuroan Islets]] * [[Pulau Karikiki]] * [[Pulau Kaybani]] * [[Pulau Laguinit]] * [[Pulau Lalawigan]] * [[Pulau Lamingao]] * [[Pulau Leleboon]] * [[Pulau Libucan]] * [[Pulau Libucan Gutiay]] * [[Pulau Linao]] * [[Pulau Little Karikiki]] * [[Pulau Macalayo]] * [[Pulau Macarite]] * [[Pulau Macton]] * [[Pulau Magesang]] * [[Pulau Makate]] * [[Pulau Malatugawi]] * [[Pulau Manicani]] * [[Pulau Marapilit]] * [[Pulau Maravilla (Samar)]] * [[Pulau Masigni]] * [[Pulau Medio (Samar)|Pulau Medio]] * [[Pulau Minanut]] * [[Pulau Minasangan]] * [[Pulau Montoconan]] * [[Pulau Napalisan]] * [[Kepulauan Naranjo]] ** [[Pulau Destacado]] ** [[Pulau Majaba]] ** [[Pulau Maragat]] ** [[Pulau Panganoron]] ** [[Pulau Sila]] ** [[Pulau Sangputan]] ** [[Pulau Tarnate]] * [[Pulau Palihon]] * [[Pulau Parasan]] * [[Pulau Pasig]] * [[Pulau Pilar (Samar)|Pulau Pilar]] * [[Pulau Poro (Samar)|Pulau Poro]] * [[Pulau Porogot Daco]] * [[Pulau Punubulu]] * [[Pulau Rosa (Samar)|Pulau Rosa]] * [[Pulau Samar]] * [[Pulau San Andres (Samar)|Pulau San Andres]] * [[Pulau San Bernardino (Samar)|Pulau San Bernardino]] * [[Pulau San Juan (Samar)|Pulau San Juan]] * [[Pulau Santa Rita (Samar)|Pulau Santa Rita]] * [[Pulau Santo Niño]] * [[Pulau Sibay]] * [[Pulau Sibugay (Samar)]] * [[Pulau Sisi]] * [[Pulau Suluan]] * [[Pulau Tagapul-an]] * [[Kepulauan Tagdaranao]] * [[Pulau Tangad]] * [[Pulau Timpasan]] * [[Pulau Tinau]] * [[Tubabao|Pulau Tubabao]] * [[Kepulauan Uacuac]] * [[Pulau Uguis]] {{Div col end}} == Daptar pulau manurut ukuran == Daptar pulau di Filipina badasarakan ukuran. Ada babarapa parbidaan ukuran wilayah matan bamacam-macam sumber, nang kaini maubah renkeng babarapa pulau. Area kada disambat definitif. {| style="margin:auto;" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; font-size:95%; text-align:center; background-color:#FAFFF5;" ! style="width:0.6em;" |# !Nama ! data-sort-type="number" |Luas<ref>{{Cite web|title=Islands by Land Area|url=http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm|website=Island Directory Tables|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme|access-date=4 March 2013|archive-date=20 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220003634/http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> ! style="width:5em;" |Koordinat ! style="width:20em;" |Catatan |- | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#F2F2F2;" |1 | style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;" |Luzon |{{Convert|109,965|km2|0}}<br /> | data-sort-value="16" style="text-align:right;" |{{Coor|15.9996|N|121.0000|E}} | style="text-align:left;" |15th largest island and 4th most populated island in the world |- | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#F2F2F2;" |2 | style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;" |[[Mindanao]] |{{Convert|97,530|km2|0}}<br /> | data-sort-value="7.695" style="text-align:right;" |{{Coor|7.695|N|124.251|E}} | style="text-align:left;" |19th largest island in the world |- | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#F2F2F2;" |3 | style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;" |Samar |{{Convert|13,429|km2|0}}<br /> | data-sort-value="11.800" style="text-align:right;" |{{Coor|11.800|N|125.012|E}} | style="text-align:left;" |<ref name="yearbook">{{Cite web|title=2010 Philippine Yearbook|url=https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2010%20PIF.pdf|publisher=National Statistics Office|location=Manila, Philippines|issn=0116-1520|access-date=2015-12-14|edition=23rd}}</ref> Largest island entirely within one region |- | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#F2F2F2;" |4 | style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;" |Negros |{{Convert|13,310|km2|0}}<br /> | data-sort-value="10.026" style="text-align:right;" |{{Coor|10.026|N|122.967|E}} | style="text-align:left;" | Largest island constituting one region |- | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#F2F2F2;" |5 | style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;" |Palawan |{{Convert|12,189|km2|0}}<br /> | data-sort-value="9.5001" style="text-align:right;" |{{Coor|9.5001|N|118.5000|E}} | style="text-align:left;" |Largest island entirely within one province |- | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#F2F2F2;" |6 | style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;" |Panay |{{Convert|12,011|km2|0}}<br /> | data-sort-value="11.174" style="text-align:right;" |{{Coor|11.174|N|122.504|E}} | style="text-align:left;" | |- | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#F2F2F2;" |7 | style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;" |Mindoro |{{Convert|10,572|km2|0}}<br /> | data-sort-value="12.8707" style="text-align:right;" |{{Coor|12.8707|N|120.9279|E}} | style="text-align:left;" | |- | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#F2F2F2;" |8 | style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;" |Leyte |{{Convert|7,368|km2|0}}<br /> | data-sort-value="10.8335" style="text-align:right;" |{{Coor|10.8335|N|124.8333|E}} | style="text-align:left;" | |- | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#F2F2F2;" |9 | style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;" |Cebu |{{Convert|4,468|km2|0}}<br /> | data-sort-value="10.3284" style="text-align:right;" |{{Coor|10.3284|N|123.8060|E}} | style="text-align:left;" |Island province |- | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#F2F2F2;" |10 | style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;" |Bohol |{{Convert|3,821|km2|0}}<br /> | data-sort-value="9.8447" style="text-align:right;" |{{Coor|9.8447|N|124.2135|E}} | style="text-align:left;" |Island province |- | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#F2F2F2;" |11 | style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;" |Masbate |{{Convert|3,268|km2|0}}<br /> | data-sort-value="12.2502" style="text-align:right;" |{{Coor|12.2502|N|123.5000|E}} | style="text-align:left;" |Island province |- | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#F2F2F2;" |12 | style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;" |Catanduanes |{{Convert|1,523|km2|0}}<br /> | data-sort-value="13.8086" style="text-align:right;" |{{Coor|13.8086|N|124.2233|E}} | style="text-align:left;" |Island province |- | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#F2F2F2;" |13 | style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;" |Basilan |{{Convert|1,265|km2|0}}<br /> | data-sort-value="6.5911" style="text-align:right;" |{{Coor|6.5911|N|121.9885|E}} | style="text-align:left;" |Island province; largest island of the Sulu Archipelago |- | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#F2F2F2;" |14 | style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;" |Marinduque |{{Convert|920|km2|0}}<br /> | data-sort-value="13.3850" style="text-align:right;" |{{Coor|13.3850|N|121.9811|E}} | style="text-align:left;" |Island province |- | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#F2F2F2;" |15 | style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;" |Busuanga |{{Convert|890|km2|0}}<br /> | data-sort-value="12.1451" style="text-align:right;" |{{Coor|12.1451|N|120.0948|E}} | style="text-align:left;" |Largest of the Kepulauan Calamian |- | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#F2F2F2;" |16 | style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;" |Jolo |{{Convert|869|km2|0}}<br /> | data-sort-value="5.9732" style="text-align:right;" |{{Coor|5.9732|N|121.1501|E}} | style="text-align:left;" |Part of the Sulu Archipelago |- | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#F2F2F2;" |17 | style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;" |Tablas |{{Convert|844|km2|0}}<br /> | data-sort-value="12.4055" style="text-align:right;" |{{Coor|12.4055|N|122.0642|E}} | style="text-align:left;" |<ref name="nscb">{{Cite web|title=Province: Romblon|url=http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/province.asp?regName=REGION+IV-B+%28MIMAROPA%29&regCode=17&provCode=175900000&provName=ROMBLON|website=PSGC Interactive|publisher=National Statistical Coordination Board|access-date=3 March 2013}} </ref> |- | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#F2F2F2;" |18 | style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;" |Dinagat |{{Convert|769|km2|0}}<br /> | data-sort-value="10.2249" style="text-align:right;" |{{Coor|10.2249|N|125.5947|E}} | style="text-align:left;" |Island province |- | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#F2F2F2;" |19 | style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;" |Polillo |{{Convert|629|km2|0}}<br /> | data-sort-value="14.8428" style="text-align:right;" |{{Coor|14.8428|N|121.9293|E}} | style="text-align:left;" | |- | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#F2F2F2;" |20 | style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;" |Tawitawi |{{Convert|581|km2|0}}<br /> | data-sort-value="5.1979" style="text-align:right;" |{{Coor|5.1979|N|120.0333|E}} | style="text-align:left;" |Island province; part of the Sulu Archipelago |- | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#F2F2F2;" |21 | style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;" |Guimaras |{{Convert|560|km2|0}}<br /> | data-sort-value="10.5797" style="text-align:right;" |{{Coor|10.5797|N|122.6007|E}} | style="text-align:left;" |Island province |- | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#F2F2F2;" |22 | style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;" |Biliran |{{Convert|536|km2|0}}<br /> | data-sort-value="11.5835" style="text-align:right;" |{{Coor|11.5835|N|124.4667|E}} | style="text-align:left;" |Island province |- | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#F2F2F2;" |23 | style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;" |Sibuyan |{{Convert|465|km2|0}}<br /> | data-sort-value="12.3862" style="text-align:right;" |{{Coor|12.3862|N|122.5612|E}} | style="text-align:left;" | |- | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#F2F2F2;" |24 | style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;" |Burias |{{Convert|417|km2|0}}<br /> | data-sort-value="12.8816" style="text-align:right;" |{{Coor|12.8816|N|123.2078|E}} | style="text-align:left;" | |- | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#F2F2F2;" |25 | style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;" |Siargao |{{Convert|416|km2|0}}<br /> | data-sort-value="9.9052" style="text-align:right;" |{{Coor|9.9052|N|126.0667|E}} | style="text-align:left;" | |- | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#F2F2F2;" |26 | style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;" |Culion |{{Convert|389|km2|0}}<br /> | data-sort-value="11.8192" style="text-align:right;" |{{Coor|11.8192|N|119.9606|E}} | style="text-align:left;" |<ref name="brit">{{Cite web|title=Culion Island|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/146053/Culion-Island|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=April 7, 2011}}</ref> Part of the Kepulauan Calamian |- | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#F2F2F2;" |27 | style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;" |Siquijor |{{Convert|334|km2|0}}<br /> | data-sort-value="9.1976" style="text-align:right;" |{{Coor|9.1976|N|123.5964|E}} | style="text-align:left;" |Island province |- | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#F2F2F2;" |28 | style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;" |Ticao |{{Convert|332|km2|0}}<br /> | data-sort-value="12.5162" style="text-align:right;" |{{Coor|12.5162|N|123.6947|E}} | style="text-align:left;" | |- | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#F2F2F2;" |29 | style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;" |Dumaran |{{Convert|322|km2|0}}<br /> | data-sort-value="10.5471" style="text-align:right;" |{{Coor|10.5471|N|119.8730|E}} | style="text-align:left;" | |- | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#F2F2F2;" |30 | style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;" |Balabac |{{Convert|319|km2|0}}<br /> | data-sort-value="7.9421" style="text-align:right;" |{{Coor|7.9421|N|117.0083|E}} | style="text-align:left;" | |- | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#F2F2F2;" |31 | style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;" |Camiguin |{{Convert|255|km2|0}}<br /> | data-sort-value="9.1740" style="text-align:right;" |{{Coor|9.1740|N|124.7094|E}} | style="text-align:left;" |Island province |- | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#F2F2F2;" |32 | style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;" |Samal |{{Convert|254|km2|0}}<br /> | data-sort-value="7.0479" style="text-align:right;" |{{Coor|7.0479|N|125.7442|E}} | style="text-align:left;" | |- | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#F2F2F2;" |33 | style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;" |Panaon |{{Convert|216|km2|0}}<br /> | data-sort-value="10.0513" style="text-align:right;" |{{Coor|10.0513|N|125.2125|E}} | style="text-align:left;" | |- | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#F2F2F2;" |34 | style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;" |Olutanga |{{Convert|194|km2|0}}<br /> | data-sort-value="7.3667" style="text-align:right;" |{{Coor|7.3667|N|122.8817|E}} | style="text-align:left;" | |- | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#F2F2F2;" |35 | style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;" |Alabat |{{Convert|193|km2|0}}<br /> | data-sort-value="14.1184" style="text-align:right;" |{{Coor|14.1184|N|122.0515|E}} | style="text-align:left;" | |- | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#F2F2F2;" |36 | style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;" |Bucas Grande |{{Convert|128|km2|0}}<br /> | data-sort-value="9.6738" style="text-align:right;" |{{Coor|9.6738|N|125.9486|E}} | style="text-align:left;" | |- | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#F2F2F2;" |37 | style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;" |Lubang |{{Convert|125|km2|0}}<br /> | data-sort-value="13.7675" style="text-align:right;" |{{Coor|13.7675|N|120.186111|E}} | style="text-align:left;" | |- | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#F2F2F2;" |38 | style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;" |Bugsuk |{{Convert|119|km2|0}}<br /> | data-sort-value="8.2542" style="text-align:right;" |{{Coor|8.2542|N|117.3081|E}} | style="text-align:left;" | |- |- | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#F2F2F2;" |39 | style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;" |Bantayan |{{Convert|116|km2|0}}<br /> | data-sort-value="11.2187" style="text-align:right;" |{{Coor|11.2187|N|123.7487|E}} | style="text-align:left;" | |- | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#F2F2F2;" |40 | style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;" |Sibutu |{{Convert|109|km2|0}}<br /> | data-sort-value="4.7779" style="text-align:right;" |{{Coor|4.7779|N|119.4764|E}} | style="text-align:left;" | |- | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#F2F2F2;" |41 | style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;" |Homonhon |{{Convert|105|km2|0}}<br /> | data-sort-value="10.7558" style="text-align:right;" |{{Coor|10.7558|N|125.7393|E}} | style="text-align:left;" | |- | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#F2F2F2;" |42 | style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;" |Poro |{{Convert|96 <!-- aggregate of municipalities of Poro and Tudela -->|km2|0}}<br /> | data-sort-value="10.6721" style="text-align:right;" |{{Coor|10.6721|N|124.4560|E}} | style="text-align:left;" |Part of Kepulauan Camotes group |- | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#F2F2F2;" |43 | style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;" |Patnanongan |{{Convert|92|km2|0}}<br /> | data-sort-value="14.7835" style="text-align:right;" |{{Coor|14.7835|N|122.1779|E}} | style="text-align:left;" | |- | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#F2F2F2;" |44 | style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;" |Pangutaran |{{Convert|90|km2|0}}<br /> | data-sort-value="6.2780" style="text-align:right;" |{{Coor|6.2780|N|120.5477|E}} | style="text-align:left;" | |} | style="vertical-align:top;" |{{GeoGroup|section=List of islands by size}} |} == Peta == Templat:Islands of the Philippines image map == Lihati jua == * [[Daptar pulau]] == Referensi == {{Reflist}} [[Tumbung:Daptar Pulau]] [[Tumbung:Pulau di Filipina]] s85ltyp6zyaxkrwyk2k68zo34cvfgf0 0 20254 114017 113180 2026-09-25T00:42:23Z InternetArchiveBot 11286 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 114017 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Barakas:Smallpox_depicted_in_the_Toggenburg_Bible.jpg|jmpl|300x300px|Ilustrasi Maut Hirang (1411)]] [[Barakas:1346-1353_spread_of_the_Black_Death_in_Europe_map.svg|jmpl|Panyabaran Wabah Hirang di Irupa wan Timur Parak (1346–1353)]] '''Maut Hirang''', disambat jua '''Wabah Hirang''' atawa '''Black Death''', adalah sabuting pandemi harat nang panambayannya kana [[Irupa]] pas partangahan sampai pauncitan abad ka-14 (1347 – 1351) wan mamatii sapartiga sampai duwa partiga pupulasi Irupa. Haratan nang parak baimbaian, tarjadi jua epidemi di sapalih ganal [[Asia]] wan [[Timur Tangah]], nang manampaiakan bahwa paristiwa di Irupa sabujurnya marupakan bagian matan pandemi multiregional. Lamunnya tarmasuk [[Timur Tangah|Timur Tengah]], [[India]], wan [[Ripublik Rakyat Cina|Tiongkok]], Maut Hirang sudah mamatii kurang labih sadikitnya 75 juta nyawa. Panyakit nang sama diduga pulang malanda Irupa lawan saban ganarasi lawan parbidaan intensitas wan tingkat fatalitas nang balaianan sampai abad 1700-an. Babarapa wabah panting nang cungul imbahnya nang kaya Wabah Italia (1629 – 1631), Wabah Besar London (1665 – 1666), Wabah Besar Wina (1679), Wabah Besar Marseille (1720 – 1722), wan jua wabah pas tahun 1771 di Moskwa. Panyakit ngini kawa dimusnahakan di Irupa pas pamulaan abad ka-19, tagal masih basambung di bagian lain dunia ([[Ripublik Aprika Tangah|Afrika Tengah]] wan Oriental, [[Madagaskar]], Asia, wan saban sapalih [[Amirika Selatan|Amerika Selatan]]). Maut Hirang mancungulakan akibat drastis lawan populasi Irupa, wan jua maubah struktur sosial Irupa. Wabah ngini maulah parburuan wan mamatii tarhadap kaum minoritas nangkaya Yahudi, pandatang, pangamis, wan jua pandarita lepra. Kakadapastian hagan supaya kawa hidup maulah sabuting kacandrungan nang kada sihat lawan masyarakat hagan hidup hanya hagan hari ngini.Nang kaya digambarakan ulih [[Giovanni Boccaccio]] di ''The Decameron'' (1353). == Pangaranan == Paristiwa pamulaan di Irupa pamulaannya disambat lawan "Mortalitas Besar" (''Great Mortality'') ulih bubuhan panulis kontemporer. Ngaran "Maut Hirang" umumnya dianggap baasal matan gajala khas matan panyakit ngini, nang disambat ''acral necrosis'', di mana kulit urang nang kana jadi hirang karana pandaharahan subdermal. Catatan sajarah sudah maulah sapalih ganal ilmuwan mamparcayai bahwa Maut Hirang adalah sabuting sarangan wabah bubonik nang bakas bakteri ''Yersinia pestis'' wan disabarakan ulih lalat lawan panulungan binatang nang kaya tikus rumah (''Rattus rattus''), walaupun ada jua sapalih urang nang malihati kabujuran hal ngini. == Sajarah == Salawas ribuan tahun, kadada penyakit epidemi. Tagal, haratan urang-urang mulai bagana di kuta, infeksi kawa manyabar lawan tanyaman. Haratan padagang wan tantara manggawi parjalanan matan kuta ka kuta, Buhannya mambawa bakteri wan virus di awak buhannya wan manyabarakan infeksi ka populasi hanyar. Kakanakan dalam bahaya taganal karana sampai abad kasembilan balas, 50% anak maninggal sabalum umur lima tahun. Tadapat saban tiuri menganai asal matan wabah ngini. Salah sabuting tiuri nang tatuha adalah bahwa maut hirang baasal matan dataran stepa di [[Asia]] tengah. Matan dairah ngini, manyabar manuju [[Irupa]] malalui Jalur Sutra dibawa ulih tantara wan padagang Mongol. Wabah ngini manyabar di Asia wan marabak di Pruvinsi Hubei, Cina. Haratan tahun 1334. Maut Hirang di Irupa panambayannya dilapurakan baandak di Kuta Caffa nang andakannya di Krimea pas tahun 1347. == Cara Panyabaran == Wabah panyakit ngini cungul malalui tiga buting macam panularan. Nang taumum marupakan Varian Pes baasal matan pambangkakan kelenjar getah bening (Bubo) nang cungul di gulu korban, katiak atawa jua pangkal paha. Panyakit ngini tumbuh lawan barbagai ukuran, dimulai matan ganalanya kaya hintalu sampai ganalnya nang kaya apel. Maskipun babarapa ikung urang selamat matan panderitaan, wabah penyakit ngini biasanya hanya mambarii harapan hidup saminggu lawan korban. Panyabaran wabah Pes bamula matan serangga (umumnya kutu) nang tainfeksi malalui kontak langsung lawan binatang pengerat tarmasuk di antaranya tikus wan marmut nang tainfeksi wabah. Imbah tikus nangitu mati, kutu maiguti tikus wan manyabarkannya lawan manusia. Varian kadua marupakan wabah Pneumonia nang manyarang sistim pahinakan wan disabarakan hanya lawan mahirup udara nang dihambusakan malalui korban. Wabah panyakit ngini jauh labih mamatikan dibanding wabah Pes, harapan hidup hanya kawa diukur dalam satu atawa dua hari. Varian katiga marupakan panularan wabah Septicemia, wabah ngini manyarang sistim darah. Balain lawan kadua wabah lainnya, varian ngini kawa manyabar malalui igutan serangga atawa biatang pengerat nang sudah tainfeksi, atawa malalui kontak lawan manusia nang sudah tainfeksi lainnya. == Akibat Maut Hirang == [[Barakas:Burying_Plague_Victims_of_Tournai.jpg|jmpl|188x188px|Warga Tournai mengubur korban wabah]] Tingkat kamatian matan wabah ngini sangat bavariasi di samuaan dairah wan balain targantung sumbernya. Diparkirakan wabah ngini mamatii kurang labih 200 juta ikung urang pas abad ka-14. Wabah ngini mamatii sakitar 40% populasi [[Mesir]] pas wayahitu. Sapalih populasi panduduk Paris maninggal, Florence Italia kahilangan populasinya matan 110 ribu ikung urang pas tahun [[1338]], manjadi sakitar 50 ribu ikung urang pas tahun [[1351]]. 60% panduduk [[Hamburg]] wan [[Bremen]] maninggal.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Snell|first=Melissa|year=2006|title=The Great Mortality|url=http://historymedren.about.com/od/theblackdeath/a/greatmortality_2.htm|publisher=Historymedren.about.com|access-date=2009-04-19|postscript=<!--None-->|archive-date=2009-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310140601/http://historymedren.about.com/od/theblackdeath/a/greatmortality_2.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Sabalum tahun 1350, tadapat sekitar 170.000 panduduk di Jerman, wan angka ngini bakurang hampir 40.000 pas 1450.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Peasant Fires: The Drummer of Niklashausen|url=https://archive.org/details/peasantfiresdrum0000wund|last=Richard Wunderli|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|year=1992|isbn=0-253-36725-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/peasantfiresdrum0000wund/page/52 52]}}</ref> Haratan tahun 1348 wabah ngini manyabar lawan ancap banar sabalum bubuhan duktur atawa pamarintah kawa mangatahui asal wabah nangitu, pupulasi [[Irupa|Eropa]] sudah bakurang sapartiganya. Di kuta nang rami, sangat umum haratan sapalih panduduknya maninggal karana wabah. Urang Irupa nang bagana di dairah nang taisulasi kada maalami karugian saparah nang di kuta. Salah sabuting pihak nang tingkat kamatiannya jua tinggi adalah rahib wan biarawan, karana biasanya buhannya nang marawat korban Maut Hirang. Di Kawasan [[Asia Tenggara]] tarmasuk di antaranya [[Indunisia]], balum ditamuakan bukti tarutama bukti tartulis manganai kabaradaan Maut Hirang wan akibatnya lawan populasi panduduk. Hal ngini cukup mambingungakan karana mangingat Asia Tenggara tautama Indunisia, tarmasuk ka dalam jalur laut pada [[Jalur Sutra]]. Raminya pardagangan antara [[Arab]], [[India]], wan [[Cina]], maulah Indunisia sangat bapotensi hagan tarkana wabah ngini. Tadapat babarapa tiuri manganai asal Maut Hirang nang baasal matan kawasan Asia Tenggara, tagal tiuri-tiuri ngini balum kawa dibuktiakan sacara pasti. Panalitian Sharon N DeWitte matan University of South Carolina sudah mambarii dimensi hanyar dalam mampalajari wabah Maut Hirang wan mambarii tampilan panambayan kahidupan binian wan kakanakan salawas wabah malanda. Panalitian tentang Maut Hirang jarang tarjadi karana sampel nang dipakai sangat jarang, hanya babarapa sampel ganal nang jalas baasal matan abad ka-14 pas Maut Hirang terjadi. Manurut analisis Sharon Dewitte, Maut Hirang nang tarjadi pas abad ka-14 bukan wabah pamusnah massal, malainakan ditujukan lawan urang nang talamah matan saban sisi tarmasuk umur wan awak. Urang nang salamat matan Maut Hirang maalami masa parbaikan kasihatan wan baumur panjang dimana rata-rata habis umur bakisar 70 hingga 80 tahun dibandingakan urang nang hidup sabalum wabah malanda. Kundisi awak manulungi kalangsungan hidup imbah Maut Hirang, dimana kasihatan kada salalu sama tatapi manjalasakan kundisi daya tahan tubuh bartahan dalam melawan wabah penyakit nang baulang. Sacara langsung maupun kada langsung, wabah Maut Hirang sangat kuat mambantuk pula kamatian barkalanjutan salawas babarapa ganarasi imbah baakhirnya epidemi. === Penganiayaan === Fanatisme wan samangat akan religi barkembang tautama di Irupa karana Maut Hirang. Babarapa kalumpuk masyarakat Irupa manyarang kalumpuk tartantu nang kaya urang Yahudi, biarawan, urang asing, pengemis, wan paziarah. lepers Buhannya mangira bahwa lawan manggawi ngitu, akan manulungi maatasi masalah wabah. Pangidap panyakit Kusta wan urang-urang nang baisi kalainan kulit atawa nang baisi jerawat nang parah, biasanya kada diherani. Karena para dokter pada abad ke-14 kehabisan ide untuk menjelaskan mengenai penyebabnya, masyarakat Eropa mulai mengubah sudut pandang kepada astrologi, gempa bumi, dan sumur yang dicemarkan oleh orang Yahudi sebagai alasan untuk penyebab wabah. Pemerintah di Eropa tidak dapat menyelesaikan masalah karena mereka tidak tahu mengenai penyebab dan cara penyebarannya.Mekanisme penyebaran wabah pada abad ke-14 tidak dimengerti oleh orang pada saat itu. Banyak orang kemudian menyalahkan bahwa ini adalah kemarahan Tuhan. Ada banyak serangan terhadap masyarakat Yahudi. Pada bulan Agustus 1349, komunitas Yahudi di Mainz dan Cologne dimusnahkan. Sebelumnya pada bulan Februari, penduduk Strasbourg membunuh 2.000 penduduk Yahudi untuk alasan yang sama. Hingga tahun 1351, 60 Komunitas besar dan 150 komunitas kecil Yahudi telah dimusnahkan. === Kehilangan Norma Dan Sosialisasi Masyarakat === [[Giovanni Boccaccio]], seorang penulis asal Italia hidup melalui wabah yang melanda kota Florence pada tahun 1348. Pengalaman ini mengilhaminya untuk menulis ‘The Decameron‘, kisah tujuh pria dan tiga wanita yang melarikan diri dari wabah penyakit dengan melarikan diri ke sebuah villa di luar kota. Cerita Giovanni sangat menggambarkan keadaan abad pertengahan di Eropa pada waktu itu. Masing-masing warga menghindari warga yang lain, hampir tidak ada tetangga yang saling berhubungan, saudara tidak pernah menghubungi atau hampir tidak pernah mengunjungi satu sama lain. Wabah penyakit ini lebih buruk dan luar biasa hingga menyebabkan ayah dan ibu menolak untuk menjenguk anak-anak mereka yang terjangkit wabah, seolah-olah mereka tidak miliki anak. Banyak pria dan wanita jatuh sakit, dibiarkan tanpa perawatan apapun kecuali dari rasa sosial teman (tapi hanya sedikit), meskipun banyak yang mencoba membayar dengan upah tinggi tetapi tidak memiliki banyak kesempatan memperolehnya. Nasib yang sangat menyedihkan menimpa kalangan kelas bawah dan sebagian besar kelas menengah. Kebanyakan dari mereka tetap tinggal di rumah, hidup dengan kemiskinan dan harapan keselamatan, ribuan orang jatuh sakit. Mereka tidak mendapatkan perawatan dan perhatian, hampir semua penderita wabah penyakit meninggal. Banyak yang mengakhiri hidup di jalan-jalan malam hari dan siang hari, meninggal di rumah-rumah mereka yang diketahui mati karena tetangga mencium bau mayat membusuk. Mereka yang lebih peduli tergerak oleh amal agama akan menyingkirkan mayat-mayat yang membusuk. Dengan bantuan porter, mereka membawa mayat (yang terkena wabah penyakit) keluar dari rumah dan meletakkannya di pintu. == Referensi == {{Reflist}} == Pranala luar == * {{Id icon}} [http://jurnal.kesimpulan.com/2011/09/bakteri-yersinia-pestis-dibalik-tragedi.html Jurnal KeSimpulan.com - Bakteri Yersinia pestis Dibalik Tragedi Wabah Black Death] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308095042/http://jurnal.kesimpulan.com/2011/09/bakteri-yersinia-pestis-dibalik-tragedi.html |date=2016-03-08 }} * {{Id icon}} [http://jurnal.kesimpulan.com/2011/10/sekuens-genom-bakteri-yersinia-pestis.html Jurnal KeSimpulan.com - Sekuens Genom Bakteri Yersinia pestis Tragedi Black Death] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020043738/http://jurnal.kesimpulan.com/2011/10/sekuens-genom-bakteri-yersinia-pestis.html |date=2011-10-20 }} * {{Id icon}} [http://cutpen.com Sejarah Dunia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920033623/http://cutpen.com/ |date=2012-09-20 }}, Ulasan pendek artikel [http://cutpen.com/2012/05/black-death-wabah-penyakit.html Black Death, Wabah Penyakit Menular Di Eropa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007143807/http://cutpen.com/2012/05/black-death-wabah-penyakit.html |date=2012-10-07 }} * {{Id icon}} [[Isains|iSains]], artikel jurnal terbuka [http://www.isains.com/2014/05/wabah-black-death-ternyata-membuat.html Wabah Black Death Ternyata Membuat Penderita Berumur Panjang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122054544/http://www.isains.com/2014/05/wabah-black-death-ternyata-membuat.html |date=2020-11-22 }} * {{En}} [http://www.themediadrome.com/content/articles/blackdeath.htm Henry Knighton's account] * {{En}} [http://housatonic.net/Documents/627.htm Agnolo di Tura's account] * {{En}} [http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/plague/perspectives/de_mussi.shtml Gabriele de' Mussi's account] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029004222/http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/plague/perspectives/de_mussi.shtml |date=2006-10-29 }} * {{En}} [http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/plague/perspectives/marchionne.shtml Marchionne di Coppo di Stefano Buonaiuti's account] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203113411/http://brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/plague/perspectives/marchionne.shtml |date=2007-02-03 }} * {{En}} [http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/plague/perspectives/petrarca2.shtml A Petrarch account] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204225814/http://brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/plague/perspectives/petrarca2.shtml |date=2007-02-04 }} * {{En}} [http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/plague/perspectives/petrarca.shtml More quotes from Petrarch] * {{En}} [http://www.historyguide.org/ancient/lecture29b.html ''The History Guide'' "Satan Triumphant: The Black Death"] * {{En}} [http://www.emedicine.com/EMERG/topic428.htm Symptoms, causes, pictures of bubonic plague] * {{En}} [http://www.themiddleages.net/plague.html Overview of the black death] * {{En}} [http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/health/newsid_1925000/1925513.stm BBC news story on controversy over Black Death origins] * {{En}} [http://www.snopes.com/language/literary/rosie.htm Examination of "Ring around the Rosy"'s relationship to the plague] * {{En}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20060718164333/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/society_culture/welfare/black_01.shtml Black Death Overview from BBC] * {{En}} [http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/osheim/intro.html Plague and Public Health in Renaissance Europe] * {{En}} [http://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/case_plague/ Secrets of the Dead. Mystery of the Black Death, PBS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325105354/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/case_plague/ |date=2014-03-25 }} * {{En}} [http://www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/Myadel/pandemics.htm Pandemics in Eastern Europe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605143319/http://www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/Myadel/pandemics.htm |date=2011-06-05 }} [[Tumbung:Sajarah Irupa]] [[Tumbung:Halaman dengan terjemahan tak tertinjau]] 2anvcmrxdu1068rri9v8yir0wtbag5z 0 21198 114019 113222 2026-09-25T00:57:53Z InternetArchiveBot 11286 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 114019 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Parallax Example en.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|right|Ilustrasi sadarhana masalah paralaks matan ubjik lawan jarak tawing maraga paubahan sudut pandang. Amun diitihi matan ""Sudut pandang A", objek kalihatannga baandak di muka kutak warna biru. Amun diitihi matan "Sudut pandang B", ubjik tadi "kalihatan" sudah bapindah ka kutak warna habang.]] [[File:Parallax.gif|thumb|right| Animasi ngini marupakan contoh matan paralaks. Kawa diitihi sudut pandangnya bagarak matan sabuting sisi ka sabuting sisi lainnya, ubjik nang tajauh kalihatan bagarak talambat pada ubjik nang taparak lawan kamera. Di kasus ngini, kutak putih nang ada di muka kalihatan bagarak tacapat pada kutak warna hijau nang ada ditangah.]] '''Paralaks''' (baasal matan kata [[Yunani Bahari]] ''παράλλαξις'' (parallaxis) nang artinya alternisasi) marupakan pamindahan atawa parbidaan dalam [[malihat andak]] sabuting ubjik lawan dua buting [[pandangan (astronomi)|sudut pandang]] nang balain wan diukur lawan sudut atawa semi-sudut kamiringan antara dua garis ngitu.<ref>{{cite dictionary | title=Parallax | quote=Mutual inclination of two lines meeting in an angle | encyclopedia=Shorter Oxford English Dictionary | date=1968}}</ref><ref name=oed>{{cite dictionary | encyclopedia=Oxford English Dictionary | date=1989 | edition=Second | title=Parallax | quote=''Astron.'' Apparent displacement, or difference in the apparent position, of an object, caused by actual change (or difference) of position of the point of observation; spec. the angular amount of such displacement or difference of position, being the angle contained between the two straight lines drawn to the object from the two different points of view, and constituting a measure of the distance of the object. | url=http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50171114?single=1&query_type=word&queryword=parallax&first=1&max_to_show=10 }}</ref> Maraga [[perspektif (grafik)|perspektif]], ubjik nang taparak manampaiakan paralaks nang taganal pada ubjik nang tajauh amun diitihi matan andak nang balaian, jadi paralaks kawa dipakai gasan manantuakan jarak. == Perspektif visual == [[File:The sun, street light and Parallax edit.jpg|thumb|right|Di foto ngini, [[Matahari]] talihat diatas [[lampu jalan]]. Di pantulannya nang ada di banyu, matahari cungul sajalur lawan lampu jalan maraga [[gambar virtual]] tabantuk matan posisi malihat nang balain.]] Mata manusia wan binatang nang lainnya baandak di tampat nang balain-lain di kapalanya, parbidaan andak ngini mahasilakan sudut pandang nang balain jua. Hal ngini marupakan basis matan [[stereopsis]], sabuah proses di mana otak maeksploitasi paralaks maraga pandangan nang balain matan mata gasan mandapatakan persepsi nang jalas wan mamparkiraakan jarak ka ubjik.<ref>{{Cite book | last1=Steinman | first1=Scott B. | last2=Garzia | first2=Ralph Philip | date=2000 | title=Foundations of Binocular Vision: A Clinical perspective | url=https://archive.org/details/foundationsofbin0000stei | publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional | isbn=978-0-8385-2670-5 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/foundationsofbin0000stei/page/2 2]–5 }}</ref> Binatang mamakai jua ''paralaks garak'', dimana binatang (atawa kapalanya haja) bagarak gasan manadapatakan sudut pandang nang balain. Cuntuhnya, [[merpati]] (nang matanya kada baisi bidang pandang nang batumpang tindih jadinya inya kada kawa mamakai stereopsis) manggelengakan kapalanya kaatas wan kabawah sakira kawa malihat labih jalas.<ref>{{harvnb|Steinman|Garzia|2000|loc=p. 180}}.</ref> Paralaks garak kawa jua didapatakan mamakai [[stereoskopi baguyang]], grafik komputer mambari gambar nang jalas malalui aniamsi sudut pandang nang bapindah daripada mamakai panglihatan binokular. ==Sudut pandang sanjata== Paralaks bapangaruh lawan [[panglihatan (alat)|alat panglihatan]] matan [[sanjata jarak jauh]] dalam banyak hal. Kekeran nang dipasang di [[sanjata halus]] wan [[busur wan panah|busur]], wan sanjata lainnya., jarak tegak lurus antara panglihatan wan sumbu paluncuran sanjata (misalnya [[kaliber paluncuran]] matan sanjata) biasanya dipinandui lawan ngaran "''katinggian panglihatan''" kawa maalami kasalahan mangeker nang liwar banar pas manimbak di jarak nang parak, apalagi pas manimbak target nang halus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dexadine.com/bexhelp/bexhelp23.htm|title=Ballistic Explorer Help|website=www.dexadine.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928025148/http://www.dexadine.com/bexhelp/bexhelp23.htm|archive-date=2011-09-28}}</ref> Kasalahan paralaks ngini disaimbangakan (pas diparluakan) mamakai pahitungan nang mamarluakan jua variabel nang lain kaya [[gugurnya paluru]], [[katahanan angin lawan ubjik]], wan jarak target nang diparkiraakan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crossbowmen.com/index.htm.trajectory.html|title=Crossbows / Arrows & Bolts / Trajectory / Trajectories.|website=www.crossbowmen.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708205657/http://www.crossbowmen.com/index.htm.trajectory.html|archive-date=2011-07-08}}</ref> ==Catatan Batis== <references/> ==Raralatan Luar== * [http://inner.geek.nz/javascript/parallax/ Instructions for having background images on a web page use parallax effects] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123081440/http://inner.geek.nz/javascript/parallax/ |date=2010-11-23 }} * [http://www.perseus.gr/Astro-Lunar-Parallax.htm Actual parallax project measuring the distance to the moon within 2.3%] * BBC's [https://web.archive.org/web/20180103160809/http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/space/universe/questions_and_ideas/astronomical_distances#p00bf0l7 Sky at Night] programme: Patrick Moore demonstrates Parallax using Cricket. (Mamarluakan [[RealPlayer]]) * Berkeley Center for Cosmological Physics [https://web.archive.org/web/20120303140550/http://bccp.lbl.gov/Academy/pdfs/Parallax.pdf Parallax] * [http://www.phy6.org/stargaze/Sparalax.htm Parallax] on an educational website, including a quick estimate of distance based on parallax using eyes and a thumb only [[Tumbung:Astrometri]] [[Tumbung:Trigonometri]] of4ie3b27zth7z6nynnin0rxi6f1jcr 0 21212 114014 113343 2026-09-25T00:27:25Z InternetArchiveBot 11286 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 114014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox spesies |item = Q20980826 <!--taksonomi untuk Felis catus dari Wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20980826--> |synonyms= *''[[Felis silvestris]] catus'' <small>([[sinonim subyektif]])</small><ref name="Driscoll" /> *''[[Felis catus]] domestica'' <small>([[sinonim junior]] tidak valid)</small><ref name="ITIS F.c.d.">{{cite web |url= http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=727487 |title=ITIS Standard Report Page: Felis catus domestica |work=ITIS Online Database |accessdate=14 December 2011}}</ref> *''F. catus domesticus'' {{small|Erxleben, 1777}}<ref name=Erxleben>{{Cite book |last=Erxleben |first=J. C. P. |year=1777 |title=Systema regni animalis per classes, ordines, genera, species, varietates cvm synonymia et historia animalivm. Classis I. Mammalia |location=Lipsiae |publisher=Weygandt |pages=520–521 |chapter=Felis Catus domesticus |chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/iochristpolycerx00erxl/page/520}}</ref> *''F. angorensis'' {{small|[[Karl Christian Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1788}} *''F. vulgaris'' {{small|Fischer, 1829}} }} '''Kucing''' disambat jua '''kucing domestik'''<ref name="MSW3fc">{{MSW3 Carnivora|id=14000031 |pages=534–535 |heading=Species ''Felis catus''}}</ref><ref name="ITIS F.c.">{{cite web |url= http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=183798 |title=ITIS Standard Report Page: Felis catus |work=ITIS Online Database |year=2011 |publisher=[[Integrated Taxonomic Information System]] |location=Reston, Virginia |accessdate=14 December 2011}}</ref> atawa '''kucing rumah''' ([[ngaran ilmiah]]: ''Felis silvestris catus'' atawa ''Felis catus'') yaitu huaran [[mamalia]] [[karnivora]] matan [[Familia|kulawarga]] [[Felidae]]. Kata "kucing" rajin maampah gasan "kucing" nang sudah dimimakakan,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/housecat |title="Housecat" in the American Heritage Dictionary |publisher=Education.yahoo.com |accessdate=6 Oktober 2010 |archive-date=2013-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022174554/http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/housecat |dead-url=yes }}</ref> tagal kawa jua marujuk gasan "[[kucing ganal]]" nang kaya [[singa]] wan [[harimau]]. Kucing sudah babaur lawan kahidupan [[manusia]] paling kada matan 6.000 tahun SM, matan [[karangka]] kucing di [[Siprus|Pulau Siprus]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Meet Helen and Aphrodite, Cyprus's indigenous cats|url =http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/life/2009-11/03/content_8904093.htm|work=China Daily|accessdate = 3 November 2009}}</ref> Urang [[Masir Kuno]] matan 3.500 SM sudah mamakai kucing gasan maugahakan [[tikus]] atawa [[binatang pangarat]] lain matan [[kindai]] nang manyimpani kulihan mangatam.<ref name="9500 years">{{cite web|title=Oldest Known Pet Cat? 9500-Year-Old Burial Found on Cyprus|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/04/0408_040408_oldestpetcat.html|accessdate=6 March 2007|date=8 April 2004|publisher=National Geographic News|archive-date=12 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612150738/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/oldest-known-pet-cat-9500-year-old-burial-found-on-cyprus|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Wayah ngini, kucing adalah saikung [[binatang gaduhan]] nang pupulir di dunia.<ref name=SciAm>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-taming-of-the-cat |title=The Evolution of House Cats |publisher=Scientific American |author=Carlos A. Driscoll, Juliet Clutton-Brock, Andrew C. Kitchener and Stephen J. O'Brien |accessdate=26 August 2009}}</ref> Kucing nang garis katurunannya tacatat sacara rasmi sawagai kucing [[trah]] atawa galur murni (''pure breed''), nang kaya [[kucing persia|persia]], [[Kucing siam|siam]], [[kucing manx|manx]], wan [[kucing sphinx|sphinx]]. Kucing nang kaya ngini rajin dianakakan di wadah panggaduhan binatang rasmi. Jumlah kucing ras wastu 1% matan sabarataan kucing di dunia, sisanya adalah kucing lawan katurunan kambuhan nang kaya kucing liar atawa kucing kampung. == Taksonomi wan evolusi == [[Berkas:AfricanWildCat.jpg|jmpl|Kucing liar Afrika, ''Felis silvestris lybica'', adalah nenek moyang kucing domestik.]] Felidae adalah familia mamalia nang berevolusi lakas banar nang babagi datu nini nang sama 10–15&nbsp;juta tahun bahari wara<ref name="Johnson 1997">{{Cite journal |title=Phylogenetic Reconstruction of the Felidae Using 16S rRNA and NADH-5 Mitochondrial Genes |last=Johnson |first=Warren |last2=O'Brien |first2=Stephen J. |journal=Journal of Molecular Evolution |year=1997 |volume=44 |issue=0 |pages=S98–S116 |doi=10.1007/PL00000060 |pmid=9071018 }}</ref> wan tabuat [[singa]], [[harimau]], [[cougar]] wan banyak lagi nang lain. Dalam familia ini, kucing domestik (''Felis catus'') merupakan hagian matan [[genus]] ''[[Felis]]'', nang merupakan galambang kucing halus nang baisi kikira tujuh spesies (tagantung pada skema klasifikasi).<ref name="MSW3fc" /><ref name="ITIS F.">{{cite web |url= http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=180586 |title=ITIS Standard Report Page: Felis |work=ITIS Online Database |accessdate=14 December 2011 }}</ref> Anggota matan genus ini didapat di sabarataan dunia wan tamasuk [[kucing hutan]] (''Felis chaus'') matan tenggara Asia, [[kucing liar Eropa]] (''F. silvestris silvestris''), [[kucing liar Afrika]] (''F. s. lybica''), [[kucing gunung Cina]] (''F. bieti''), wan [[kucing pasir]] Arab (''F. margarita''), antara lain.<ref name="Stefoff">{{Cite book |publisher=Benchmark Books |location=New York |isbn=0-7614-1577-7 |last=Stefoff |first=Rebecca |title=Cats |url=https://archive.org/details/cats00stef |date=November 2003 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cats00stef/page/34 34] }}</ref> Kucing domestik panambaian diklasifikasikan sawagai ''Felis catus'' oleh [[Carolus Linnaeus]] dalam [[edisi ke-10 Systema Naturae|edisi ke-10 ''Systema Naturae'']]-nya nang diterbitkan pada tahun 1758.<ref name="MSW3fc" /><ref name="hasilan otomatis1">{{Cite book|last=Linnaeus |first=Carolus |authorlink=Carl Linnaeus |title=''Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis'' |publisher=Holmiae (Laurentii Salvii) |year=1766 |page=62 |url= http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k99004c/f62.chemindefer |accessdate=2 April 2008 |language=la |volume=1 |edition=12th |origyear=1758}}</ref> Marga [[filogenetika]] modern, kucing domestik rajin dianggap sawagai subspesies matan kucing liar, ''F. silvestris''.<ref name="MSW3fc" /><ref name="Driscoll" /><ref name="MSW3fs">{{MSW3 Carnivora|pages=536–537|id=14000057|heading=Species ''Felis silvestris''}}</ref> Hal naya maulah pamakaian istilah nang bacampur, marga kucing domestik kawa disambat lawan ngaran subspesiesnya, ''Felis silvestris catus''.<ref name="MSW3fc" /><ref name="Driscoll" /><ref name="MSW3fs" /> Kucing liar jua sudah disambat sawagai babagai subspesies ''F. catus'',<ref name="MSW3fs" /> tetapi pada tahun 2003, [[International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature]] menetapkan ngaran gasan kucing liar sawagai ''F. silvestris''.<ref name="ICZN">{{Cite journal |title=Opinion 2027 |journal=Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature |volume=60 |publisher=[[International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature]] (ICZN) |year=2003 |url= http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/iczn/BZNMar2003opinions.htm |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110609014212/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/iczn/BZNMar2003opinions.htm |archivedate= 9 June 2011 }}</ref> Ngaran nang paling umum dipakai gasan kucing domestik tetap ''F. catus'', maumpati [[Konvensi (norma)|konvensi]] gasan hiwan gaduhan mamakai [[Sinonim (taksonomi)|sinonim]] pamulaan (senior) nang diusulkan.<ref name="ICZN" /> Bahanu, kucing domestik disambat sawagai ''Felis domesticus''<ref name="MacDonald">{{Cite journal |title=Nutrition of the domestic cat, a mammalian carnivore |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-nutrition_1984_4/page/521 |last=MacDonald |first=M. L. |last2=Rogers |first2=Q. R. |last3=Morris |first3=J. G. |journal=Annual Review of Nutrition |volume=4 |pages=521–562 |year=1984 |pmid=6380542 |doi=10.1146/annurev.nu.04.070184.002513 }}</ref> atawa ''Felis domestica'',<ref name="MSW3fc" /> kaya nang diusulakan oleh naturalis Jerman [[Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben|J. C. P. Erxleben]] pada tahun 1777 tetapi ini lain ngaran-ngaran taksonomi valid wan kada tapi dipakai dalam literatur ilmiah,<ref name="MacDonald"/> marga binomial Linnaeus diutamakan.<ref name="Vella">{{Cite book |title=Robinson's Genetics for Cat Breeders and Veterinarians |edition=4th |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |isbn=0-7506-4069-3 |last=Vella |first=Carolyn M. |author2=Shelton, Lorraine M. |author3=McGonagle, John J. |author4= Stanglein, Terry W. |year=1999 |page=3}}</ref> Sabuting galambang kucing liar hirang [[Transkaukasus|Transkaukasia]] suah diklasifikasikan sawagai ''Felis daemon''<small> ([[Konstantin Alekseevich Satunin|Satunin]] 1904)</small> tapi damini galambang naya dianggap menjadi hagian matan kucing domestik.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://caucasian-large-mammalian.narod.ru/ |title=Catalogue of the Specimens of Caucasian Large Mammalian Fauna in the Collection of The National Museum of Georgia |publisher=Caucasian-large-mammalian.narod.ru |accessdate=4 July 2013}}</ref> Sabarataan kucing dalam genus naya babagi datu nini nang sama nang bisa haja hidup kikira 6–7&nbsp;juta tahun bahari di Asia.<ref name="Johnson">{{Cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1122277 |volume=311 |issue=5757 |pages=73–77 |title=The Late Miocene Radiation of Modern Felidae: A Genetic Assessment |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2006-01-06_311_5757/page/73 |journal=Science |year=2006 |pmid=16400146 |last=Johnson |first=Warren E. |last2=Eizirik |first2=E. |last3=Pecon-Slattery |first3=J. |last4=Murphy |first4=W. J. |last5=Antunes |first5=A. |last6=Teeling |first6=E. |last7=O'Brien |first7=Stephen J. |bibcode = 2006Sci...311...73J }}</ref> Hubungan nang pas dalam Felidae parak tapi masih balum pasti,<ref name="Mattern" /><ref name="Masuda 1996">{{Cite journal |title=Molecular Phylogeny of Mitochondrial Cytochrome b and 12S rRNA Sequences in the Felidae: Ocelot and Domestic Cat Lineages |last=Masuda |first=R. |author2=Lopez, J. V. |author3=Slattery, J. P. |author4=Yuhki, N. |author5= O'Brien, Stephen J. |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |year=1996 |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=351–365 |doi=10.1006/mpev.1996.0085 |pmid=8975691 }}</ref> misalnya kucing gunung Cina bahanu diklasifikasikan (lawan ngaran ''Felis silvestris bieti'') sawagai [[upaspesies]] kucing liar, nang kaya varietas Afrika Utara ''F. s. lybica''.<ref name="Driscoll" /><ref name="Mattern">{{Cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1096-0031.2000.tb00354.x |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=232–253 |last=Mattern |first=Michelle Y. |title=Phylogeny and Speciation of Felids |journal=Cladistics |year=2000 |last2=McLennan |first2=Deborah A. }}</ref> Dibandingakan lawan hadupan, kucing kada marasani paubahan ganal salawas proses domestikasi, marga bantuk wan perilaku kucing domestik kada secara radikal balain matan kucing liar wan kucing domestik kawa banar batahan di alam liar.<ref name="Lipinski">{{Cite journal |title=The Ascent of Cat Breeds: Genetic Evaluations of Breeds and Worldwide Random-bred Populations |last=Lipinski |first=Monika J. |author2=Froenicke, Lutz |author3=Baysac, Kathleen C. |author4=Billings, Nicholas C. |author5=Leutenegger, Christian M. |author6=Levy, Alon M. |author7=Longeri, Maria |author8=Niini, Tirri |author9= Ozpinar, Haydar |journal=Genomics |date=January 2008 |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=12–21 |doi=10.1016/j.ygeno.2007.10.009 |pmid=18060738 |pmc=2267438 }}</ref><ref name="CameronBeaumont">{{Cite journal|title=Evidence Suggesting Pre-adaptation to Domestication throughout the Small Felidae |last=Cameron-Beaumont |first=Charlotte |last2=Lowe |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Bradshaw |first3=John W. S. |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |year=2002 |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=361–366 |doi=10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00028.x |url=http://www.neiu.edu/~jkasmer/Biol498R/Readings/essay1-06.pdf |accessdate=29 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609020351/http://www.neiu.edu/~jkasmer/Biol498R/Readings/essay1-06.pdf |archivedate=9 June 2011 }}</ref> Kucing rumah nang sabigian dimanakakan rancak kawin silang lawan populasi ''F. catus'' [[liar]].<ref name="Bradshaw1999">{{Cite journal |title=Feral Cats: Their Role in the Population Dynamics of ''Felis catus'' |last=Bradshaw|author2=Horsfield, G. F. |author3=Allen, J. A. |author4= Robinson, I. H. |journal=Applied Animal Behaviour Science |year=1999 |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=273–283 |doi=10.1016/S0168-1591(99)00086-6 }}</ref> Evolusi tabatas salawas domestikasi naya baarti bahwa hibridisasi kawa [[Hibrida Felidae#Kucing domestik wan hibridisasi|terjadi lawan banyak Felidae nang lain]], terutama [[kucing leopard]] Asia.<ref name="Oliveira">{{Cite journal|last=Oliveira |first=R. |author2=Godinho, R. |author3=Randi, E. |author4= Alves, P. C. |title=Hybridization Versus Conservation: Are Domestic Cats Threatening the Genetic Integrity of Wildcats (''Felis silvestris silvestris'') in Iberian Peninsula? |journal=Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. |volume=363 |issue=1505 |page=295329861 |year=2008 |pmid=18522917 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2008.0052 |pmc=2606743}}</ref> Beberapa perilaku alami wan karakteristik kucing liar bisa haja sudah [[Preadaptasi|memengaruhi]] buhannya gasan didomestikasi sawagai hiwan gaduhan.<ref name="CameronBeaumont" /> Karakter naya tamasuk ukuran kecil, sifat sosial, bahasa tubuh nang jelas, katuju bagaya wan kapintaran relatif tinggi.<ref name="Fogle">{{Cite book |last=Fogle |first=Bruce (ed.) |title=Interrelations Between People and Pets |year=1981 |publisher=Charles C. Thomas Publications |isbn=0-398-04169-5}}</ref>{{rp|12–17}} Babarapa spesies Felidae halus bisa haja baisi kecenderungan bawaan terhadap kejinakan.<ref name="CameronBeaumont" /> Kucing baisi baik hubungan [[mutualisme|mutualistik]] atawa [[komensalisme|komensal]] lawan manusia. Dua teori utama dibariakan tentang kaya apa kucing didomestikasi. Dalam satu teori, urang singhaja mamanakakan kucing dalam proses [[seleksi buatan]] marga buhannya adalah predator dari hama.<ref name="OConnor">{{Cite journal |title=Wild or Domestic? Biometric Variation in the Cat ''Felis silvestris'' |last=O'Connor |first=T. P. |journal=International Journal of Osteoarchaeology |year=2007 |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=581–595 |doi=10.1002/oa.913 }}</ref> Ngini sudah dikritik sawagai kada masuk akal, marga hadiah gasan usaha kaya itu bisa haja talalu sadikit; kucing umumnya kada manggawi perintah wan bujur buhannya makan hiwan pangarat, spesies lain kaya ''[[ferret]]'' atawa [[terrier]] bisa haja tabaik dalam mengendalikan hama-hama ini.<ref name="Driscoll">{{Cite journal |title=In the Light of Evolution III: Two Centuries of Darwin Sackler Colloquium: From Wild Animals to Domestic Pets&nbsp;– An Evolutionary View of Domestication |last=Driscoll |first=C. A. |last2=MacDonald |first2=D. W. |last3=O'Brien |first3=Stephen J. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=106 |issue=S1 |pages=9971–9978 |year=2009 |pmid=19528637 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0901586106 |pmc=2702791 |bibcode = 2009PNAS..106.9971D }}</ref> == Referensi == <references /> lamns36yat2bsac723o3mjx8nod3ton 0 21587 114012 113347 2026-09-25T00:25:02Z InternetArchiveBot 11286 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 114012 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox spesies | binomial_authority = [[Peter Ouwens|Ouwens]], [[1912]] | range_map = Komodo dragon distribution id.png }} '''Komodo''' atawa disambat jua '''biawak komodo''' (''Varanus komodoensis''), adalah [[janis]] [[biawak]] ganal nang tadapat di [[Komodo (pulau)|Pulau Komodo]], [[Rinca]], [[Pulau Flores|Flores]], [[Gili Motang]], wan [[Gili Dasami]] di Parupinsi [[Nusa Tenggara Timur|Nusa Tunggara Timur]], [[Indunisia]].<ref name="itis">{{ITIS|ID=202168|taxon=Varanus komodoensis|year=2007|date=19 June}}</ref><ref name="komo">{{cite book|author=Trooper Walsh; Murphy, James Jerome; Claudio Ciofi; Colomba De LA Panouse|title=Komodo Dragons: Biology and Conservation (Zoo and Aquarium Biology and Conservation Series)|year=2002|url=https://archive.org/details/komododragonsbio0000unse|publisher=Smithsonian Books|location=Washington, D.C|pages=|isbn=1-58834-073-2|oclc=|doi=}}</ref> Biawak ngini ulih panggana asli pulau Komodo jua disambat lawan ngaran satampat '''ora'''.<ref name="amnh">[http://www.amnh.org/nationalcenter/Endangered/ora/ora.html Endangered! Ora] URL diakses pada [[15 Januari]] [[2007]].</ref> Komodo adalah janis pangganalnya matan kulawarga [[Varanidae]], sakaligus [[bingkarungan]] pangganalnya di dunia, lawan rata-rata panjang 2-3 [[mitir]] wan baratnya kawa sampai 100&nbsp;kg. Komodo adalah pamangsa puncak di habitatnya marga sajauh ngini kada dikatahui adanya binatang pamakan daging ganal lain suwalih biawak ngini.<ref name="world">{{cite book|author=Chris Mattison,|title=Lizards of the World (Of the World)|url=https://archive.org/details/lizardsofworld0000matt|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|year=1989 & 1992|pages= pp. 16, 57, 99, 175|isbn=0-8160-5716-8|oclc=|doi=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Burness G, Diamond J, Flannery T |title=Dinosaurs, dragons, and dwarfs: the evolution of maximal body size |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |volume=98 |issue=25 |pages=14518-23 |year=2001 |pmid=11724953}}</ref><ref name="firefly">{{cite book|author=Tim Halliday (Editor), Kraig Adler (Editor)|title=Firefly Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians|year=2002|url=https://archive.org/details/fireflyencyclope0000unse_p6l7|publisher=Firefly Books Ltd|location=Hove|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fireflyencyclope0000unse_p6l7/page/112 112], 113, 144, 147, 168, 169|isbn=1-55297-613-0|oclc=|doi=}}</ref> Awaknya nang ganal wan ngaran baiknya nang mambari gair maulah bubuhannya jadi salah sabuting binatang paling dipinandui di dunia. Wayah ngini, habitat komodo nang sabujurnya sudah manyusut marga gagawian manusia, sampai lambaga [[IUCN]] mamasukakan komodo jadi janis nang [[Janis rantan|rantan]] tahadap kapunahan. Biawak komodo sudah ditatapakan jadi binatang nang dilindungi ulih pamarintah Indunisia wan habitatnya dijadiakan [[taman nasiunal]], yaitu [[Taman Nasiunal Komodo]], nang tujuannya didiriakan gasan malindungi bubuhannya. == Ilmu wiwir wan bantuk kata == [[Barakas:Komodo dragon skin.jpg|jmpl|kiri|240px|Kulimbit komodo.]] [[Barakas:KDragon1mj.jpg|jmpl|ka|250px|Batis wan buntut komodo.]] [[Barakas:Varanus komodoensis3.jpg|jmpl|ka|250px|Komodo nang bajamur.]] Komodo [[marau]] tuha rancaknya baisi barat kikira 70&nbsp;kg,<ref name="animal" />, tagal komodo nang diharagu di pakurungan rancak baisi bubut nang tabarat. Cuntuh marau pangganalnya nang suah didapati panjangnya sampai 3.13 mitir lawan barat kikira 166&nbsp;kg, tamasuk barat makanan nang balum dicarna di dalam parutnya.<ref name="sciam">Ciofi, Claudia. [http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=000EFE16-865C-1CD6-B4A8809EC588EEDF The Komodo Dragon]. ''Scientific American'', March 1999. URL diakses pada [[21 Desember]] [[2006]]</ref> Komodo baisi buntut nang sama panjang lawan awaknya. Magun komodo tacatat jadi bingkarungan pangganalnya di dunia, tagal lain janis nang pamanjangnya. Ngaran baik panjang awak (kada tamasuk barat awak) diingkuti ulih [[biawak Papua]] (''Varanus salvadorii'').<ref name="biz">{{cite web |url=http://www.komododragon.biz/KomodoDragonFactSheet |title=Komodo Dragon - An Information Resource - Fact Sheet |accessdate=2008-03-13 |format= |work= |archive-date=2008-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307024159/http://www.komododragon.biz/KomodoDragonFactSheet |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Komodo lalakian taganal daripada komodo bibinian, lawan kalir kulimbit matan dauk kadap sampai habang batu bata, wan komodo bibinian rancaknya bakalir hijau kasuklatan wan baisi talutuhan halus kuning di rakungannya. Komodo anum labih bamacam-macam kalirnya, lawan kalir kuning, hijau, wan putih lawan latar balakang hirang.<ref name="location"/> Di dalam muntung komodo tuha, tadapat kikira 60 buting gigi nang barigit curing sapanjang kikira 2.5 [[sintimitir|cm]], nang rancak tapacul.<ref name="location"/><ref name="whozoo">[http://whozoo.org/students/amabau/komodo_dragon.htm Whozoo Komodo Dragon] URL accessed December 21, 2006.</ref> Komodo baisi [[ilat]] nang panjang, bakalir kuning kasuklatan wan bacikang.<ref name="sciam"/> Banyu liur komodo adalah sabuting hal nang rancak dipandirakan banyak urang marga kabanyakan urang maanggapnya baracun kaya wisa ular atawa bingkarungan baracun, bahkan dianggap kadada tatambanya, kawa gasan mancagah atawa jua mambarasihakan racun ngitu. Magun, hal ngini jadi pahualan panjang di antara bubuhan ahli binatang di dunia.<ref name="docent">[http://szgdocent.org/resource/rr/c-komodo.htm Komodo Dragon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050214110617/http://szgdocent.org/resource/rr/c-komodo.htm |date=2005-02-14 }} URL accessed [[December 21]], 2006.</ref> == Ilmu pisiulugi == [[Barakas:Komodo Dragons in the wild on Rinca island Indonesia..jpg|jmpl|ka|250px|Komodo di Rinca.]] [[Barakas:Komodo Dragon Eating Rinca.jpg|jmpl|ka|250px|Komodo anum di Rinca nang makan bangkai hadangan.]] Komodo kawa manjanak sampai sajauh 300 m, tagal marga [[ritina]]nya wastu baisi [[sel karucut]], binatang ngini kada kawa manjanak lawan baik wayah malam kadap. Komodo kawa mambidaakan kalir, tagal kada talalu kawa mambidaakan upjik nang kada bagarak.<ref name="nzpfactsheet">{{cite web |url=http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/ReptilesAmphibians/Facts/FactSheets/Komododragon.cfm |title=Komodo Dragon Fact Sheet - National Zoo| FONZ |accessdate=2007-11-25 |format= |work=}}</ref> Komodo kada baisi indra pandangaran, saupama baisi luang talinga.<ref name="bbc">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/animals/features/336feature1.shtml |title=BBC - Science & Nature - Articles - The Komodo conundrum |accessdate=2007-11-25 |format= |work= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050321094818/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/animals/features/336feature1.shtml |archivedate=2005-03-21 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Komodo mamakai ilatnya gasan mancium bau mangsanya kaya halnya sapalih ganal [[Squamata]]. Ilat komodo manangkap partikel bau di udara, imbah ngitu maandaknya ka urgan di langit-langit muntungnya nang disambat [[urgan Jacobson]] nang baguna gasan maanalisis tanda-tanda matan bau ngitu.<ref name="draconian"/> Lawan patulung angin wan kabiasaannya manulihakan kapalanya ka kanan wan ka kiwa wayah bajalan, komodo kawa malacak kaandakan daging bangkai sajauh 4—9.5&nbsp;km.<ref name="location"/> Luang hidung komodo wastu baguna gasan bahinak wan lain mancium bau marga komodo kada baisi salaput panarima bau di hidungnya.<ref name="zipcode">[http://zipcodezoo.com/animals/v/varanus_komodoensis.asp Zipcodezoo.com - Varanus komodoensis] URL accessed February 1, 2007.</ref> Komodo jua kada baisi urgan parasa di ilatnya, wastu ada sahikit hujung-hujung sarap parasa di rakungan dalam.<ref name="draconian">[http://www.draconian.com/dragons/komodo-dragon-background.php Komodo Dragon - Background] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212824/http://www.draconian.com/dragons/komodo-dragon-background.php |date=2021-06-02 }} URL accessed April 13, 2007</ref> Komodo sawat dianggap [[dakak]] wayah [[paitihan]] mandapatakan bahua bisikan, suara nang maningkat wan kuciakan sakalinya kada maujaki komodo ngitu. Hal ngini imbah ngitu tabantahakan wayah kariawan [[Kabun Binatang London ZSL]], Joan Proctor malatih biawak komodo gasan kaluar makan lawan suaranya, bahkan jua wayah inya kada talihat ulih si biawak.<ref name="liz"/> == Kalakuan == [[Barakas:Varanus komodoensis.JPG|jmpl|ka|250px|Di gambar ngini, buntut wan [[karukut]] komodo kawa tajanak lawan jalas.]] [[Barakas:KomodoDragon.jpg|jmpl|ka|250px|Komodo nang guring. Cuba itihi kukunya nang ganal. Kukunya dipakai gasan batampur wan makan.]] [[Barakas:Komodo coin, Indonesia Dscn0057.jpg|jmpl|ka|250px|Koin [[Rupiah]] Indunisia nang bagambar komodo.]] [[Barakas:Komodo-dragon-1.jpg|jmpl|ka|250px|Dua ikung komodo di Pulau Komodo.]] Komodo marau wastu tadapat wan wastu kawa didapati di [[Indunisia]] di [[Nusa Tunggara Timur]], pasnya di [[pulau Komodo]], [[pulau Rinca|Rinca]] wan sapalih pulau halus di intangannya wan jua di pasisir barat [[pulau Flores]].<ref name="sczkd">[http://www.scz.org/animals/d/komodo.html Sedgewick County Zoo information about Varanus Komodoensis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208055018/http://www.scz.org/animals/d/komodo.html |date=2007-12-08 }} Pranala diakses pada [[21 Desember]] [[2006]].</ref> Habitat komodo adalah padang kumpai tabuka (sabana) wan hutan sabat, bahanu jua di pasisir pantai. Komodo bakagiatan wayah [[tangah hari]] sampai [[kamarian]], tagal tatap banaung bila suhu udara liwar panas.<ref name="gateway-faq"/><ref name="southsea"/> Komodo adalah binatang nang katuju manyaurangan wan wastu [[bakumpulan]] wayah makan atawa bakambang biak. Biawak ngini kawa bukah laju sampai 20&nbsp;km/jam pada intangan nang handap. Komodo harat [[bakunyung]] jua wan kawa manyalam sadalam 4.5 mitir<ref name="jung">[http://www.sfsu.edu/~geog/bholzman/courses/316projects/komodo.htm The Biogeography of the Komodo Dragon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901163637/http://www.sfsu.edu/~geog/bholzman/courses/316projects/komodo.htm |date=2012-09-01 }} URL diakses pada [[24 Februari]] [[2007]].</ref> wan jua harat manaiki puhun mamakai karukut bubuhannya nang kuat.<ref name="animal">{{cite book |last = Burnie |first = David |coauthors = Don E. Wilson |title = Animal |url = https://archive.org/details/animal0000unse_m2z3 |publisher = DK Publishing, Inc. |date = 2001 |location = New York, New York |pages = 417, 420 |id = ISBN 0-7894-7764-5}}</ref> Gasan manangkap mangsa nang baandak di luar jangkauannya, komodo kawa badiri lawan batis balakangnya wan mamakai buntutnya jadi panunjang.<ref name="liz"/> Sairing batambahnya umur wan ukuran awak, komodo tarancak mamakai karukutnya jadi sanjata, marga ukuran awak nang ganal mangalihakannya manaiki puhun. Gasan tampat balindung, komodo kawa manabuk luang salibar 1–3 mitir lawan urat bayang muka wan karukutnya nang kuat.<ref name="cogger"/> Marga ukuran awaknya wan kabiasaan guring di dalam luang, komodo kawa manjaga panas awaknya salawas malam hari wan mangurangi waktu bajamur wayah [[baisukan]] imbahnya.<ref>{{cite book|author=Eric R. Pianka and Laurie J. Vitt; with a foreword by Harry W. Greene|title=Lizards: windows to the evolution of diversity|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|year=2003|page=244|isbn=0-520-23401-4|oclc=|doi=}}</ref> === Makanan === Komodo adalah binatang pamakan binatang lain ([[karnivora]]). Tagal, biawak ngini tarancak mamakan daging bangkai.<ref name="world"/> [[Paitihan]] nang ada manunjukakan bahua biawak komodo baburu mangsa hidup lawan cara batabun-tabun diumpati lawan sarangan tiba-tiba tahadap kurbannya. Wayah mangsa ngitu sudah dalam jangkauannya, komodo langsung manyarangnya lawan maigut di higa bawah awak atawa rakungan.<ref name="location"/> Komodo mandapati mangsanya lawan mamakai ilatnya nang kawa marasaakan [[bau]] mangsa, binatang mati atau sakarat pada intangan sampai 9,5 kilumitir.<ref name="location"/> Komodo mamakan buruannya lawan cara marabit putungan ganal matan daging, imbah ngitu managuknya bulat-bulat, pahadangan tungkai mukanya manahan awak mangsanya. Gasan mangsa baukuran halus sampai saganal [[kambing]], bahanu komodo langsung mahabisakannya sakali taguk.<ref name="southsea"/> Banyu liur di muntung komodo mambantunya managuk mangsanya. Saupama damintu, runtutan managuk tatap mamarluakan waktu nang panjang, rancaknya 15–20 manit diparluakan gasan managuk saikung kambing. Komodo bahanu bausaha mahancapi runtutan managuk ngitu lawan manikin daging mangsanya ka [[puhun]] atawa batu, gasan mamaksa daging "masuk" malalui rakungannya.<ref name="southsea"/> Gasan mahindari panyumbatan udara wayah managuk, komodo bahinak malalui sabuting handil halus di bawah ilat, nang bahubungan langsung lawan [[hampau]]nya.<ref name="location"/> Wihangnya komodo kawa dibuka sakahandak marga utut tangkuraknya nang linak, mamungkinakan komodo kawa malahap mangsa nang ganal sampai saganal 80% bubut awaknya saurang dalam sakali makan.<ref name="firefly"/><ref name="reptilis"/> Mangsa komodo tuha di antaranya [[reptilia]] halus (tamasuk janisnya saurang), [[babi hutan]], [[kambing]], [[minjangan]], [[kuda]], wan [[hadangan]]. Sadangakan komodo anum mamangsa [[karangga]], hintalu, [[mamalia]], wan [[reptilia]] halus.<ref name="world"/><ref name="reptilis">[http://reptilis.net/lacertilia/varanidae/komodo.html The Reptipage: Komodo dragons] URL accessed February 13, 2007.</ref> Imbah makan, komodo bajalan manyirit awaknya nang kakanyangan mancari tampat tabuka gasan bajamur wan mahancapi runtutan pancarnaan. Lamun kada, makanan ngitu kawa mambusuk dalam parutnya wan maracuni awaknya saurang. Marga [[mitabulisma]]nya nang lambat, komodo ganal kawa batahan lawan wastu makan kikira 12 kali satahun atawa sakali sabulan.<ref name="location"/> Imbah daging mangsanya tacarna, komodo mamuntahakan sisa-sisa tanduk, rambut, wan gigi mangsanya, dalam gumpalan-gumpalan bacampur lawan landir babau haruk. Imbahnya, komodo manyapuakan muhanya ka tanah atawa ka padang sabat gasan mambarasihakan sisa-sisa landir nang masih tatikap di muntungnya.<ref name="location"/> Wayah makan sacara bakalumpuk, komodo nang baukuran pangganalnya rancaknya makan badahulu, diumpati lawan komodo lain nang baukuran tahalus. Jantan pangganalnya manunjukakan duminasinya malalui basa awak wan dasisannya, nang imbahnya disambut lawan basa nang sama ulih jantan-jantan lain nang tahalus gasan manampaiakan pangakuan bubuhannya atas kakuasaan komodo ganal ngitu. Komodo-komodo nang baukuran sama kawa cagar bakalahi maadu kakuatan, lawan cara badiri pada dua batis balakang, imbah ngitu saling mamukul wan manunjul lawan batis muka, sampai sasaikung mangaku kalah wan mundur walau bahanu nang kalah kawa tabunuh dalam pakalahian wan dimangsa ulih si pamanang.<ref name="location"/> Bahanu komodo mamangsa [[manusia]] jua wan mayat nang ditabuk matan luang makam nang dangkal.<ref name="liz"/> Kabiasaan ngini maulah panggana pulau Komodo mahindari tanah bapasir wan mamilih mangubur mayat di tanah liat, wan manukupi atasnya lawan batu-batu sakira kada kawa ditabuk ulih komodo.<ref name="southsea">{{cite book|author=Alison Ballance; Morris, Rod|title=South Sea Islands: A Natural History|year=2003|url=https://archive.org/details/southseaislandsn0000ball|publisher=Firefly Books Ltd|location=Hove|pages=|isbn=1-55297-609-2|oclc=|doi=}}</ref> Ada jua nang manduga bahua komodo baubah gasan mamangsa [[gajah kihit]] ''[[Stegodon]]'' nang suah hidup di [[Flores]].<ref name = "Diamond">Diamond, J (1987) "Did Komodo dragons evolve to eat pygmy elephants?" ''Nature'' '''326'''(6116): 832-832</ref> Komodo dikatahui suah jua mangajutakan wan manakutani minjangan-minjangan bibinian nang rahatan batianan, lawan harapan supaya kaguguran wan bangkai janinnya kawa dimangsa, sabuting kalakuan nang didapati jua di binatang-binatang pamangsa ganal di [[Aprika]].<ref name="Diamond"/> === Wisa wan kuman === Wayah warih 2005, paitih matan Uniparsitas Melbourne, [[Australia]], manyimpulakan bahua [[biawak Perentie]] (''Varanus giganteus'') wan biawak-biawak lainnya, wan jua bingkarungan-bingkarungan matan suku Agamidae, kamungkinan baisi samacam [[wisa]]. Salawas ngini, dikatahui bahua luka-luka marga igutan binatang-binatang ngini liwar rawan [[paradangan]] marga adanya kuman nang hidup di muntung bingkarungan-bingkarungan ngini, tagal bubuhan paitih ngini manunjukakan bahua [[ujak]] langsung nang cungul di luka-luka igutan ngitu dimargaakan masuknya wisa bakakuatan manangah. Bubuhan paitih ngini sudah manjanaki luka-luka di tangan manusia marga igutan biawak ''Varanus varius'', ''V. scalaris'' wan komodo, wan sabarataan manampaiakan tanggapan nang sarupa: bangkak sacara hancap dalam babarapa manit, gangguan pambakuan darah, rasa sakit sampai ka siku, diumpati lawan babarapa gajala nang batahan sampai babarapa jam imbahnya.<ref>{{cite web |author=Fry, Brian G., et al. |url=http://www.naherpetology.org/pdf_files/467.pdf |title=Early evolution of the venom system in lizards and snakes |accessdate=2008-03-13 |format=PDF |work= |archive-date=2017-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010191815/http://www.naherpetology.org/pdf_files/467.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Sabuting kalanjar nang baisi wisa nang liwar baracun sudah bakulih dijuhut matan muntung saikung komodo di [[Kabun Binatang Singapura]], wan mayakinakan bubuhan paitih lawan kandungan wisa komodo<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20090519/sc_afp/scienceanimalkomodoaustralia_20090519073836 Scientists discover deadly secret of Komodo's bite], Yahoo News diakses pada 20/05/2009</ref>. Kuman nang liwar mamatiakan di banyu liur komodo dikikiraakan adalah kuman ''[[Pasteurella multocida]]''.<ref>Feldman, Ruth Tenzer. "Dragon drool!(Animal Angles)(komodo dragons)(Brief article)." Odyssey 16.2 (Feb 2007): 49(1). Student Resource Center - Gold. Gale. 23 Oct. 2007 [http://find.galegroup.com/ips/start.do?prodId=IPS].</ref> Suwalih manian wisa, banyu liur komodo baisi bamamacam kuman mamatiakan jua di dalamnya; labih matan 28 kuman [[Gram-nigatip]] qan 29 [[Gram-pusitip]] sudah diasingakan matan banyu liur ngini.<ref>Montgomery JM, Gillespie D, Sastrawan P, Fredeking TM, Stewart GL (2002) "Aerobic salivary bacteria in wild and captive Komodo dragons" ''Journal of Wildlife Diseases'' ''' 38''' (3): 545-551</ref> Kuman-kuman ngitu maulah [[Sepsis|septikemia]] lawan kurbannya. Lamun igutan komodo kada langsung mambunuh mangsa wan mangsa ngitu kawa bukah, awamnya mangsa nang kada bauntung ngini cagar mati dalam waktu sahari atawa saminggu marga paradangan, marga komodo kamungkinan taguh tahadap mikrubanya saurang, banyak [[paitihan]] digawi gasan manggagai molekul antibaktiri lawan harapan kawa dipakai gasan [[patambaan]] manusia.<ref name="nwf"/> == Pakambangbiakan == Musim kawin komodo rancaknya balangsung antara bulan [[Mai]] sampai [[Agustus]].<ref name="jung"/> Salawas pariuda ngini, komodo jantan rancak bakalahi lawan pajantan lain gasan marabutkan batina wan wilayah kakuasaannya. Dua pajantan "baudar" lawan jantan lainnya sambil badiri mamakai batis balakang imbah ngitu batutunjulan wan mamukul lawan batis muka. Komodo nang kalah cagar tarabah wan "tasunduk" ka tanah. Kadua komodo jantan ngitu kawa muntah atawa bahira wayah basiap gasan bakalahi.<ref name="liz"/> Pamanang patarungan cagar manjulurakan [[ilat]] panjangnya di awak si batina gasan manjanak panarimaan sang batina.<ref name="firefly" /> Komodo batina bakalakuan [[antagunis]] wan malawan pakai gigi wan karukut bubuhannya salawas pamulaan pasa bagampiran. Imbahnya, jantan musti mangandaliakan batina salawas bahajuk anggaran kada taluka. Salawas pakawinan, si jantan manggusukakan dagu bubuhannya di batina, diumpati garukan karas di atas balukuk wan manjilat.<ref name="library">[http://library.sandiegozoo.org/Fact%20Sheets/komodo_dragon/Komodo.htm Komodo Dragon: Varanus komodoensis 1998] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051216073115/http://library.sandiegozoo.org/Fact+Sheets/komodo_dragon/Komodo.htm |date=2005-12-16 }} URL accessed January 24, 2007.</ref> Pakawinan tajadi wayah jantan mamasukakan sasabuting [[hemipenis]]nya ka kloaka batina.<ref name="nzpfactsheet"/> Komodo bakalakuan [[munugami|munugamus]] wan mambantuk "gampiran" sabuting kalakuan nang langka gasan bingkarungan.<ref name="liz"/><ref name="reptilis"/> Komodo batina rancaknya maandak hintalunya di luang tanah, cakungan di tabing bukit atawa gundukan sarang burung [[hangit babatis-jingga]] nang sudah ditinggalakan. Tagal, komodo takatuju manyimpan hintalu-hintalunya di sarang nang sudah ditinggalakan.<ref>Jessop TS, Sumner J, Rudiharto H, Purwandana D, Imansyah MJ, Phillips JA (2004) "Distribution, use and selection of nest type by Komodo Dragons" ''Biological Conservation'' '''117''' (5): 463-470</ref> Sarang komodo rata-rata baisi 20 hintalu.<ref name="liz"/> Batina barabah di atas hintalu-hintalu ngitu gasan maharami wan malindunginya sampai mamacah imbah diharami salawas 7–8 bulan.<ref name="jung"/> Runtutan pamacahan adalah usaha malapahi gasan anak komodo, nang kaluar matan cangkang hintalu imbah manguyaknya lawan [[gigi hintalu]] nang cagar pacul imbah gawian barat ngini tuntung. Imbah bakulih manguyak kulimbit hintalu, bayi komodo kawa barabah di cangkang hintalu bubuhannya gasan babarapa jam sabalum mulai manabuk kaluar sarang bubuhannya. Wayah mamacah, bayi-bayi ngini liwar rantan dimakan ulih pamangsa.<ref name="location"/> Komodo anum mahabisakan tahun-tahun panambaiannya di atas puhun, tampat bubuhannya kada mutlak aman matan pamangsa, tamasuk matam komodo tuha nang kanibal, nang bahanu mamangsa biawak-biawak anum nang bakulih diburu.<ref name="liz"/><ref name="factsheet"/> Komodo mamarluakan talung sampai lima tahun gasan jadi tuha, wan kawa hidup labih matan 50 tahun.<ref name="liz"/><ref name="reptilis"/> .<ref name="cogger">{{cite book|author=consultant editors, Harold G. Cogger & Richard G. Zweifel; illustrations by David Kirshner|title=Encyclopedia of reptiles & amphibians|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000unse_h2i0|publisher=Academic Press|location=Boston|year=1998|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000unse_h2i0/page/132 132], 157-8|isbn=0-12-178560-2|oclc=|doi=}}</ref> === Partenogenesis === [[Barakas:Aa komodo dragon baby.jpg|jmpl|ka|Bayi komodo [[partenogenesis|partenogenetik]] di [[Kabun Binatang Chester]], [[Inggris]].]] [[Barakas:Parthkomodo.jpg|jmpl|ka|Bayi komodo [[partenogenesis|partenogenetik]] di [[Kabun Binatang Chester]], [[Inggris]].]] Di higa runtutan pakambangbiakan nang sasuai, tadapat sapalih cuntuh kajadian komodo batina mangulihakan anak kadada kadatangan pajantan ([[partenogenesis]]), kajadian nang dikatahui cungul jua di sapalih janis riptil lainnya kaya di [[Cnemidophorus]].<ref name="animal"/> "Sungai", saikung komodo di [[Kabun Binatang London]], bahintalu wayah pamulaan tahun [[2006]] imbah dihalat matan jantan salawas labih matan dua tahun. Ilmuwan pamulaannya mangira lamun komodo ngini kawa manyimpan [[sperma]] babarapa lawas matan kulih pakawinan lawan komodo jantan wayah waktu sabalumnya, sabuting panyasuaian nang dipinandui lawan istilah [[suparpikundasi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metafilter.com/58040/Virgin-Birth-No-Virgin-Hatch|title=Virgin Birth? No, Virgin Hatch.|website=www.metafilter.com}}</ref> Wayah tanggal [[20 Disimbir]] [[2006]], dilapurakan lamun "Flora", komodo nang hidup di [[Kabun Binatang Chester]], [[Inggris]] adalah komodo kadua nang dikatahui mangulihakan hintalu kadada [[fertilisasi]] (pambuahan matan pakawinan). Inya mangaluarakan 11 hintalu, wan 7 di antaranya bakulih mamacah.<ref>Catatan kandangnya di [[Kebun Binatang Chester]], [[Inggris]]</ref> Paitih matan [[Uniparsitas Liverpool]] di Inggris utara manggawi tes genetika lawan talung hintalu nang kada jadi pacah imbah diugah ka inkubatur wan tabukti lamun "Flora" kada baisi kuntak awak lawan komodo jantan. Imbah dapatan nang mangajutakan ngini, panaraian digawi tahadap hintalu-hintalu "Sungai" wan dikatahui lamun hintalu-hintalu ngitu jua dikulihakan kadada pambuahan matan luar.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article759338.ece |title=Wise men testify to Dragon's virgin birth - Times Online |accessdate=2007-11-26 |format= |work= |archive-date=2020-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528134302/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Komodo baisi [[sistim panantuan seks]] kromosomal [[sistim panantuan seks ZW|ZW]], lain [[sistim panantuan seks XY]]. Katurunan "Flora" nang bakalamin jantan, manunjukakan tajadinya babarapa hal, lamun hintalu "Flora" nang kada dibuahi basipat [[haploid]] pamulaannya, imbah ngitu manggampirakan kromosomnya saurang jadi [[diploid]]. Ngini manunjukakan lamun inya kada mangulihakan hintalu diploid, sabadimapa tajadi lamun sasabuting runtutan pambalahan-riduksi [[meiosis]] di [[uparium]]nya jajung. Wayah komodo batina (baisi kromosom seks ZW) mangulihakan anak lawan cara ngini, inya mawarisakan wastu sasabuting matan gampiran-gampiran kromosom ampunnya, tamasuk sabuting matan dua kromosom seksnya. Sabuting set kromosom tunggal ngini imbahnya dirangkapi dalam hintalu, nang bakambang sacara partenogenetika. Hintalu nang manarima kromosom Z cagar jadi ZZ (jantan) wan nang manarima kromosom W cagar jadi WW wan jajung gasan bakambang.<ref name="ZW">''[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6196225.stm Virgin births for giant lizards]''</ref> Diduga lamun panyasuaian ripruduktip samacam ngini mamungkinakan saikung binatang batina mamasuki sabuah [[relung ekologi]] nang taukung (kaya halnya pulau) wan cara partenogenesis imbahnya mangulihakan katurunan jantan. Malalui pakawinan lawan anaknya ngitu pada wayah nang imbahnya binatang-binatang ngini kawa mambantuk pupulasi nang bakambang biak sacara siksual, marga dapat mangulihakan katurunan jantan wan batina.<ref name="ZW" /> Saupama panyasuaian ngini basipat mauntungakan, kabun binatang parlu waspada marga partenogenesis mungkin kawa mangurangi kabamacaman genetika.<ref name="pmid">{{cite journal |author=Watts PC, Buley KR, Sanderson S, Boardman W, Ciofi C, Gibson R |title=Parthenogenesis in Komodo Dragons |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_december-21-28-2006_444_7122/page/1021 |journal=Nature |volume=444 |issue=7122 |pages=1021-2 |year=2006 |pmid=17183308 |doi=10.1038/4441021a}}</ref> Wayah 31 Januari 2008, Kabun Binatang Sedgwick County di Wichita, [[Kansas]] jadi kabun binatang nang pamulaan mandukumintasi partenogenesis lawan komodo di Amirika. Kabun binatang ngini baisi dua komodo batina tuha, nang sasabuting di antaranya mangulihakan 17 butir hintalu wayah 19-20 Mai 2007. Wastu dua hintalu nang diinkubasi wan dipacahakan marga masalah katasadiaan wadah; nang pamulaan mamacah wayah 31 Januari 2008, diumpati ulih nang kadua wayah 1 Pibuari 2008. Kadua anak komodo itu bakalamin jantan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scz.org/n_recent.html |title=Recent News - Sedgwick County Zoo |accessdate=2008-02-12 |format= |work= |archive-date=2008-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211184900/http://www.scz.org/n_recent.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23058689/ |title=Komodo dragons hatch with no male involved - Science - MSNBC.com |accessdate=2008-02-12 |format= |work= |archive-date=2012-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023073929/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23058689/ |dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Paubahan == Pakambangan paubahan komodo dimulai lawan genus [[Varanus]], nang cungul di [[Asia]] kikira 40 juta tahun hampau nang imbah ngity baugah ka [[Australia]]. Kikira 15 juta tahun hampau, padapatan limping banua Australia wan [[Asia Tunggara]] mangawaakan bubuhan biawak bagarak bamara wilayah nang damini dipinandui sawagai [[Nusantara]]. Komodo diyakini baubah matan padatuan Australianya wayah kikira 4 juta tahun hampau, wan manyabar ka timur sampai sajauh [[Timor]]. Paubahan katinggian pamukaan laut matan [[jaman Is]] sudah maulah agihan komodo bakurang wan damini wastu didapati di sapalih pulau haja.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.komododragon.biz/Evolution |title=Komodo Dragon - Evolution theory of the Komodo Dragon |accessdate=2008-03-13 |format= |work=}}</ref> == Komodo wan manusia == [[Barakas:KdragonT.zoo.jpg|jmpl|ka|250px|Komodo di Kabun Binatang [[Toronto]].]] [[Barakas:Makan_bareng.jpg|jmpl|ka|250px|Sagarumbungan komodo rahatan makan saikunh kambing di [[Kabun Binatang Surabaya]].]] === Padapatan === Komodo panambaian kali dicatatakan ulih urang [[Irupa]] wayah tahun 1910. Ngarannya maligar imbah tahun 1912, wayah [[Pieter Antonie Ouwens]], diriktur Museum Zoologi di [[Buitenzorg]] (damini [[Kuta Bogor|Bogor]]), mancungulakan jurnal pasal komodo imbah manarima gambar wan kulimbit reptil ngini.<ref name="liz">{{cite book|author=text by David Badger; photography by John Netherton|title=Lizards: a natural history of some uncommon creatures, extraordinary chameleons, iguanas, geckos, and more|url=https://archive.org/details/lizards00davi|publisher=Voyageur Press|location=Stillwater, MN|year=2002|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lizards00davi/page/32 32], 52, 78, 81, 84, 140-145, 151|isbn=0-89658-520-4|oclc=|doi=}}</ref><ref name="factsheet">[http://www.komododragon.biz/KomodoDragonFactSheet Facts and Data on the Komodo Dragon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080104225849/http://www.komododragon.biz/KomodoDragonFactSheet |date=2008-01-04 }} URL diakses pada [[5 Januari]] [[2006]].</ref> Imbahnya, komodo adalah panyabab digawinya pakujukan ka [[pulau Komodo]] ulih W. Douglas Burden wayah tahun 1926. Imbah bulik lawan 12 cuntuh nang diawitakan wan 2 ikung komodo hidup, pakujukan ngini mambariakan inspirasi gasan pilim [[King Kong (pilim 1933)|King Kong]] tahun 1933.<ref>[http://www.unmuseum.org/burden.htm The Virtual Exploration Society: the Burden Expedition to Komodo Island] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730000717/http://www.unmuseum.org/burden.htm |date=2021-07-30 }} URL accessed March 18, 2007.</ref> W. Douglas Burden adalah urang panambaian nang mangarani ''"Komodo dragon"'' gasan binatang ngini.<ref name="gateway-faq">{{cite web |url=http://www.komodo-gateway.org/faq1.html |title=Komodo National Park | Komodo Island | Frequently Asked Questions |accessdate=2007-10-25 |format= |work=}}</ref> Talung matan cuntuh komodo nang dikulihinya diawitakan jadi binatang tampaian wan sampai damini masih disimpan di [[Musium Sajarah Alam Amirika]].<ref>[http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/expeditions/treasure_fossil/Treasures/Komodo_Dragons/komodo.html?aa American Museum of Natural History: Komodo Dragons] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123040040/http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/expeditions/treasure_fossil/Treasures/Komodo_Dragons/komodo.html?aa |date=2010-11-23 }}. Retrieved 7 June 2007.</ref> === Paitihan === Marga manyadari bakurangnya jumlah binatang ngini di alam bibas, bubuhan ilmuwan wan pahimpunan antarabangsa kada mambariakan paburuan komodo wan mawatasi jumlah binatang nang diambil gasan paitihan ilmiah. Pakujukan komodo tamandak sawayah [[Parang Dunia II]] wan kada disambung sampai tahun 1950-an wan 1960-an, wayah digawi paitihan-paitihan tahadap kalakuan makan, pakambangbiakan, wan suhu awak komodo. Wayah tahun-tahun ngitu, sabuah pakujukan nang lain dirancang gasan maitihi komodo dalam jangka panjang. Tugas ngini gugur ka tangan kulawarga Auffenberg, nang imbahnya bagana salawas 11 bulan di Pulau Komodo wayah tahun 1969. Salawas wayah ngitu, Walter Auffenberg wan Putra Sastrawan sawagai patulungnya, bakulih manangkap wan manandai labih matan 50 ikung komodo.<ref name="nwf">{{cite web |url=http://www.nwf.org/nationalwildlife/article.cfm?articleId=810&issueId=63 |title=Chasing the Magic Dragon - National Wildlife Magazine |accessdate=2007-11-06 |format= |work= |archive-date=2009-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220164644/http://www.nwf.org/nationalwildlife/article.cfm?articleId=810&issueId=63 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Kulih pakujukan ngini sakalinya liwar baujak tahadap mahingkatnya pakurungan komodo.<ref name="komo"/> Paitihan-paitihan imbahnya mambariakan gambaran nang labih tarang wan jalas pasal parangai-parangai alami komodo, jadi bubuhan biolog kaya halnya Claudio Ciofi kawa manyambung kajian nang tadalam.<ref name="natgeo"/> === Palastarian === Biawak komodo adalah binatang nang rantan tahadap kapunahan wan digarumbungakan jadi binatang Rentan dalam daptar [[IUCN Red List]].<ref>{{IUCN2006|assessors=World Conservation Monitoring Centre|year=1996|id=22884|title=Varanus komodoensis|downloaded=11 May 2006}} Listed as Vulnerable (VU B1+2cde v2.3) URL accessed December 21, 2006</ref> Kikira 4.000–5.000 ikung komodo dikikiraakan masih hidup di alam marau. Garumbung ngini tawatas manyabar di pulau-pulau Rinca (1.300 ekor), Gili Motang (100), Gili Dasami (100), Komodo (1.700), wan Flores (kikira 2.000 ekor).<ref name="komo"/> Walau kaitu, ada kagairan manganai garumbung ngini marga dikikiraakan matan sabarataan ngitu wastu tauna 350 ikung batina nang mangulihakan wan kawa bakambang biak.<ref name="amnh" /> Marga kagairan ngini, wayah tahun 1980 Pamarintah Indunisia manatapakan badirinya [[Taman Nasiunal Komodo]] gasan malindungi garumbung komodo wan ikusistimnya di sapalih pulau tamasuk Komodo, Rinca, wan Padar.<ref name="knp">{{cite web |url=http://www.komodonationalpark.org/ |title=The official website of Komodo National Park, Indonesia. |accessdate=2007-02-02 |format= |work= |archive-date=2017-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906181650/http://www.komodonationalpark.org/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Balakangan, ditatapakan jua Cagar Alam Wae Wuul wan Wolo Tado di Pulau Flores gasan mambantu palastarian komodo.<ref name="natgeo"/> Tagal, ada bukti-bukti nang manunjukakan lamun komodo, sakadanya sapalih, sudah tabiasa lawan kahadiran manusia. Komodo-komodo ngini tabiasa dimakani karkas binatang tarnak, sawagai panampaian gasan manarik wisatawan di sapalih tampat ilangan.<ref name="world"/> Gawian [[vulkanis]], [[lindu]], karusakan habitat, kamandahan (garumbung komodo di Pulau Padar parak punah marga kamandahan alami suah tajadi di sana), bakurangnya mangsa, mahingkatnya pariwisata, wan paburuan kadap, maulah komodo sasain rantan tahadap kapunahan. [[CITES]] (''the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species'') sudah manatapakan lamun padagangan komodo, kulimbit atawa jua palihan-palihan lain matan binatang ngini kada dibariakan.<ref name="location">{{cite book|author=Tara Darling (Illustrator)|title=Komodo Dragon: On Location (Darling, Kathy. on Location.)|year=1997|url=https://archive.org/details/komododragon00tara|publisher=Lothrop, Lee and Shepard Books|location=|pages=|isbn=0-688-13777-6|oclc=|doi=}}</ref><ref name="zipcode"/><ref name="natgeo">{{cite web |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/01/0129_030129_komodo.html |title=Trapping Komodo Dragons for Conservation |accessdate=2007-11-08 |format= |work= |archive-date=2018-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105050211/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/01/0129_030129_komodo.html |dead-url=yes}}</ref> Walau kada rancak tajadi, komodo dikatahui kawa mambunuh manusia. Wayah tanggal 4 Juni 2007, saikung komodo dikatahui manyarang saurang anak lalakian baumur walung tahun. Anak ngini imbahnya maninggal marga pandarahan nang bangat. Ngini adalah catatan panambaian pasal sarangan nang baakibat kamatian wayah 33 tahun ngini.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19026658/ |title=Komodo dragon kills boy in Indonesia - Asia-Pacific - MSNBC.com |accessdate=2007-06-07 |format= |work= |archive-date=2007-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607135725/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19026658/ |dead-url=yes}}</ref> === Pakurungan === Sudah lawas komodo jadi tuntunan nang manarik di bamamacam [[kabun binatang]], marga ukuran awak wan ngaran baiknya, nang maulahnya liwar tasuhur. Saupama damintu, binatang ngini kada rancak ditampaiakan di kabun binatang, marga komodo rantan tahadap jangkitan wan panyakit marga parasit, wan ngalih bakambang biak.<ref name="amnh" /> Komodo nang panambai ditampaiakan adalah di [[Kabun Binatang Smithsonian]] wayah tahun 1934, tagal binatang ngini wastu batahan hidup salawas dua tahun. Ihtiar gasan maharagu riptil ngini disambung tarus, tagal umur binatang ngini dalam pakurungan kada tapi panjang, rata-rata wastu 5 tahun di kabun binatang ngitu. [[Paitihan]] nang digawi ulih Walter Auffenberg di atas, nang kulihnya imbahnya dicungulakan sawagai buku ''The Behavioral Ecology of the Komodo Monitor'', kawarihannya mamungkinakan paharaguan wan pambiakan satwa langka ngni di pakurungan.<ref name="komo" /> Imbah dijanaki, lamun banyak cuntuh komodo nang diingu manampaiakan parangai mimak gasan jangka waktu tatantu. Di sapalih kajadian, dikaduakan lamun bubuhan pawang bakulih mambawa kaluar komodo matan kandangnya gasan bahubugan lawan pailang, tamasuk kakanakan di antaranya, kadada bakas nang mambahayaakan pailang.<ref name="procter">Procter, J. B. 1928. On a living Komodo Dragon ''Varanus komodensis'' Ouwens, exhibited at the Scientific Meeting, October 23rd, 1928. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1928:1017-1019.</ref><ref name="lederer">Lederer, G. 1931. Erkennen wechselwarme Tiere ihren Pfleger? Wochenschr. Aquar.-Terrarienkunde 28: 636-638.</ref> Komodo kamungkinan kawa maminandui urang saikung-saikung. Ruston Hartdegen matan Kabun Binatang [[Dallas]] manyambat lamun komodo-komodo nang diingunya batanggapan balain lamun bahadapan lawan pawang nang rancak maingunya, lawan pawang lain nang kurang labih sudah patuh, atawa lawan pawang nang sama sakali balum patuh.<ref name="dragons">Murphy, J., and Walsh, T., 2006. Dragons and Humans. Herpetological Review, 37: 269-275.</ref> Paitihan tahadap komodo inguan mambuktiakan lamun binatang ngini katuju bamain. Sabuting kajian pasal komodo nang hakun manunjul sakup nang ditinggalakan ulih pawangnya, nyata-nyata manampaiakan lamun binatang ngitu tatarik lawan suara nang ditimbulakan sakup wayah bakitar sapanjang pamukaan babatu. Saikung komodo batina anum di Kabun Binatang Nasiunal di [[Washington, D.C.]] katuju maraih wan manguncang bamamacam banda tamasuk [[hampatung]], balik-balik kinuman, bulatan palastik, wan salimput. Komodo ngini katuju jua mamasuk-masukakan kapalanya ka dalam kutak, sipatu, wan bamamacam upjik lainnya. Komodo ngitu lain kada kawa mambidaakan banda-banda tadi lawan makanan; inya hanyar mamakannya lamun banda-banda tadi dimumuri lawan darah tikus. Parangai bamain-main ngini kawa dibandingakan lawan parangai bamain mamalia.<ref name="firefly" /> Catatan lain pasal kakatujuan bamain komodo didapatakan matan Uniparsitas [[Tennessee]]. Saikung komodo anum nang dingarani "Kraken" bamain lawan galang-galang palastik, sipatu, imbir, wan balik, lawan cara manunjulnya, mamukul-mukulnya, wan mambawanya lawan maigutnya di muntung. "Kraken" mamparlakuakan banda-banda ngitu balain lawan apa nang jadi makanannya.<ref>"Such jokers, those Komodo dragons. (Reptiles)." Science News 162.5 (August 3, 2002): 78(1). Student Resource Center - Gold. Gale. 8 Oct. 2007 [http://find.galegroup.com/ips/start.do?prodId=IPS].</ref> Komodo nang pina mimak banar jua kawa baparangai panyarang sacara kada taduga, hususnya lamun wilayahnya dimasuki ulih urang nang kada dipinanduinya. Wayah bulan Juni 2001, sarangan saikung komodo manimbulakan luka-luka bangat lawan Phil Bronstein—editor iksikutip harian ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' wan bakas laki [[Sharon Stone]], saurang aktris Amirika tasuhur—wayah inya mamasuki kandang binatang ngitu atas saruan pawangnya. Bronstein diigut komodo ngitu di batisnya nang tilanjang, imbah si pawang mamadahiakannya supaya mambuka sipatu putihnya, nang digairakan kawa maunjun pahatian si komodo.<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20010630213115/http://www.time.com/time/sampler/article/0,8599,133163,00.html Transcript: Sharon Stone vs. the Komodo Dragon]''</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Phillip T. Robinson|title=Life at the zoo: behind the scenes with the animal doctors|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeatzoobehind00robi|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|year=2004|page=[https://archive.org/details/lifeatzoobehind00robi/page/79 79]|isbn=0-231-13248-4|oclc=|doi=}}</ref> Maski lalakian ngitu salamat, tagal inya mamarluakan pambadahan gasan manyambung baasa [[tendon]] ututnya nang luka.<ref>"Tale of the Dragon. (World News)." National Geographic World (Nov 2001): 7(1). Student Resource Center - Gold. Gale. 23 Oct. 2007 <http://find.galegroup.com/ips/start.do?prodId=IPS>.</ref> == Bahan acuan == {{reflist}} [[Tumbung:Biawak]] fksg2n2wi0xevngjls6w4zqa0c04f11 0 21936 114022 72474 2026-09-25T01:39:27Z InternetArchiveBot 11286 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 114022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug | Verifiedfields = | verifiedrevid = | drug_name = mRNA-1273 | INN = | type = vaccine mRNA | image = | alt = | caption = <!-- Vaccine data --> | target = [[COVID-19]] | vaccine_type = mRNA <!-- Clinical data --> | pronounce = | tradename = | Drugs.com = | MedlinePlus = | licence_EU = | DailyMedID = Moderna_COVID-19_Vaccine | licence_US = | pregnancy_AU = | pregnancy_AU_comment = | pregnancy_US = | pregnancy_US_comment = | pregnancy_category = | routes_of_administration = [[suntikan intraotot|Intraotot]] | class = | ATC_prefix = Tidak ada | ATC_suffix = | ATC_supplemental = <!-- Legal status --> | legal_AU = <!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled --> | legal_AU_comment = | legal_BR = <!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, D1, D2, E, F --> | legal_BR_comment = | legal_CA = <!-- OTC, Rx-only, Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII --> | legal_CA_comment = | legal_DE = <!-- Anlage I, II, III or Unscheduled --> | legal_DE_comment = | legal_NZ = <!-- Class A, B, C --> | legal_NZ_comment = | legal_UK = <!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD (Benz) POM, CD (Anab) POM or CD Inv POM / Class A, B, C --> | legal_UK_comment = | legal_US = Diperintahkan untuk pemakaian darurat | legal_US_comment = ([[Perintah Pemakaian Darurat]])<ref name="FDA PR 20201218">{{cite press release | title=FDA Takes Additional Action in Fight Against COVID-19 By Issuing Emergency Use Authorization for Second COVID-19 Vaccine | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-takes-additional-action-fight-against-covid-19-issuing-emergency-use-authorization-second-covid | access-date=18 December 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317151347/https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-takes-additional-action-fight-against-covid-19-issuing-emergency-use-authorization-second-covid |date=17 March 2021 }}</ref><ref name="Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine FDA label">{{cite web | title=Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine- cx-024414 injection, suspension | website=DailyMed | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=e0651c7a-2fe2-459d-a766-0d59e919f058 | access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine FDA EUA">{{cite report | url=https://www.fda.gov/media/144636/download | format=PDF | title=Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine Emergency Use Authorization | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=18 December 2020 | access-date=20 December 2020}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> | legal_EU = | legal_EU_comment = | legal_UN = <!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV --> | legal_UN_comment = | legal_status = <!-- For countries not listed above --> <!-- Identifiers --> | CAS_number_Ref = | CAS_number = | CAS_supplemental = | PubChem = | IUPHAR_ligand = | DrugBank_Ref = | DrugBank = DB15654 | ChemSpiderID_Ref = | ChemSpiderID = | UNII_Ref = | UNII = EPK39PL4R4 | KEGG_Ref = | KEGG = | ChEBI_Ref = | ChEBI = | ChEMBL_Ref = | ChEMBL = | NIAID_ChemDB = | PDB_ligand = | synonyms = Vaksin COVID-19 Moderna, CX-024414 <!-- Chemical and physical data --> | IUPAC_name = | chemical_formula_ref = | chemical_formula = | C= | H= | Ag= | Al= | As= | Au= | B= | Bi= | Br= | Ca= | Cl= | Co= | F= | Fe= | Gd= | I= | K= | Li= | Mg= | Mn= | N= | Na= | O= | P= | Pt= | S= | Sb= | Se= | Sr= | Tc= | Zn= | charge= | molecular_weight = | molecular_weight_comment = | SMILES = | StdInChI = | StdInChI_comment = | StdInChIKey = | density = | density_notes = | melting_point = | melting_high = | melting_notes = | boiling_point = | boiling_notes = | solubility = | sol_units = | specific_rotation = }} {{COVID-19 pandemic sidebar}} '''Vaksin COVID-19 Moderna''' atawa '''mRNA-1273''' adalah sabuah [[vaksin COVID-19]] nang dikambangakan ulih [[National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases]] (NIAID), [[Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority]] (BARDA), dan [[Moderna]]. Paksin ngitu dipakaiakan malalui [[suntikan intraotot]]. Wayah 18 Disimbir 2020, mRNA-1273 dikaluarakan malalui [[papadah pamakaian kapalipitan]] ulih [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) Amerika Serikat.<ref name="nih-eua">{{cite news |title=Statement from NIH and BARDA on the FDA Emergency Use Authorization of the Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine |url=https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/statement-nih-barda-fda-emergency-use-authorization-moderna-covid-19-vaccine |access-date=19 December 2020 |agency=US National Institutes of Health |date=18 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="CDC ACIP Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine">{{cite journal | last=Oliver | first=Sara E. | last2=Gargano | first2=Julia W. | last3=Marin | first3=Mona | last4=Wallace | first4=Megan | last5=Curran | first5=Kathryn G. | last6=Chamberland | first6=Mary | last7=McClung | first7=Nancy | last8=Campos-Outcalt | first8=Doug | last9=Morgan | first9=Rebecca L. | last10=Mbaeyi | first10=Sarah | last11=Romero | first11=José R. | last12=Talbot | first12=H. Keipp | last13=Lee | first13=Grace M. | last14=Bell | first14=Beth P. | last15=Dooling | first15=Kathleen | display-authors=6 | title=The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices' Interim Recommendation for Use of Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine — United States, December 2020 | journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report | volume=69 | issue=5152 | date=December 2020 | doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm695152e1 | page= | url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/pdfs/mm695152e1-H.pdf | name-list-style=vanc}}</ref><ref name="lovelace">{{cite news |first=Berkeley | last = Lovelace Jr | name-list-style = vanc |date=2020-12-19|title=FDA approves second Covid vaccine for emergency use as it clears Moderna's for U.S. distribution|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/18/moderna-covid-vaccine-approved-fda-for-emergency-use.html|access-date=2020-12-19|work=CNBC}}</ref> == Jujuhutan == bbxrejsda1w8awv39y94t9cp11no1g2 0 21942 114003 110471 2026-09-24T23:56:23Z InternetArchiveBot 11286 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 114003 wikitext text/x-wiki Ngini adalah daptar tukuh tasuhur nang habis umur marga [[Panyakit koronavirus 2019]] (COVID-19), nang baasal matan virus [[Koronavirus sindrom pahinakan akut barat 2|SARS-CoV-2]] asal [[Tiongkok]] nang manyabar pada [[Pandemi COVID-19]] di sabarataan dunia. == Daftar tokoh yang meninggal dunia pada tahun 2020 == {|class="wikitable sortable" |- valign=bottom ! Tanggal kematian ! Negara ! Tempat kematian ! Nama ! Kewarganegaraan ! Usia ! Catatan |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-01-25|format=md}} | {{flag|Tiongkok}} || [[Wuhan]] | [[Liang Wudong]] | {{flag|Tiongkok}} | {{age|1959|3|1|2020|1|25}} | Dokter, kematian pertama karena [[infeksi nosokomial]]<ref>{{cite news |title=武汉医院告急 第一名医生殉职 中国军医团抵达增援 |url=http://www.rfi.fr/cn/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/20200125-%E6%AD%A6%E6%B1%89%E5%8C%BB%E9%99%A2%E5%91%8A%E6%80%A5-%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%90%8D%E5%8C%BB%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%89%E8%81%8C-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9B%E5%8C%BB%E5%9B%A2%E6%8A%B5%E8%BE%BE%E5%A2%9E%E6%8F%B4 |agency=rfi |date=25 Januari 2020 |language=zh}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-01-26|format=md}} | {{flag|Tiongkok}} || [[Wuhan]] | [[Wang Xianliang]] | {{flag|Tiongkok}} | {{age|1957|5|1|2020|1|26}} | Mantan ketua Komisi Urusan Etnis dan Agama Wuhan<ref>{{cite news |author1=覃建行 |title=武汉市民宗委原主任王献良因感染新型冠状病毒去世 |url=http://china.caixin.com/2020-01-26/101508637.html |publisher=财新网 |date=26 Januari 2020 |language=zh}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-01-27|format=md}} | {{flag|Tiongkok}} || [[Wuhan]] | [[Yang Xiaobo (politikus Hubei)|Yang Xiaobo]] | {{flag|Tiongkok}} | {{age|1963|1|1|2020|1|26}} | Mantan walikota [[Huangshi]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rfi.fr/cn/中国/20200128-武汉肺炎-黄石前市长重症病毒死亡 |script-title=zh:武汉肺炎 武汉任职一前市长重症病毒死亡 |last=Xiao Shan 小山 |date=28 Januari 2020 |website=Radio France International |language=zh-Hans |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129013029/http://www.rfi.fr/cn/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/20200128-%E6%AD%A6%E6%B1%89%E8%82%BA%E7%82%8E-%E9%BB%84%E7%9F%B3%E5%89%8D%E5%B8%82%E9%95%BF%E9%87%8D%E7%97%87%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1 |archive-date=29 Januari 2020 |access-date=29 Januari 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-02-06|format=md}} | {{flag|Tiongkok}} || [[Wuhan]] | [[Qiu Jun (binaragawan)|Qiu Jun]] | {{flag|Tiongkok}} | 72 | Binaragawan<ref>{{cite news |title=在人间丨武汉七旬健美冠军，没能度过这个冬天 |url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/JNyKUZkWuCdtbu9VF--EHg |work=Weixin |language=zh |date=8 Februari 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-02-07|format=md}} | {{flag|Tiongkok}} || [[Wuhan]] | [[Hong Ling (genetikawan)|Hong Ling]] | {{flag|Tiongkok}} | {{age|1966|11|27|2020|2|7}} | Genetikawan, profesor<ref>{{cite news |title=华科教授红凌因新冠肺炎逝世 同事:他4天前才发病 |url=http://www.bjnews.com.cn/wevideo/2020/02/08/686466.html |date=8 Februari 2020 |publisher=[[The Beijing News]] |language=zh}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-02-07|format=md}} | {{flag|Tiongkok}} || [[Wuhan]] | [[Li Wenliang]] | {{flag|Tiongkok}} | {{age|1986|10|12|2020|2|7}} | Oftalmologis, orang pertama yang memeringati soal wabah tersebut<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3049411/coronavirus-li-wenliang-doctor-who-alerted-authorities-outbreak |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |title=Coronavirus: Whistleblower Dr Li Wenliang confirmed dead of the disease at 34, after hours of chaotic messaging from hospital |date=7 Februari 2020 |accessdate=7 Februari 2020 |last=Zhou |first=Cissy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207003045/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3049411/coronavirus-li-wenliang-doctor-who-alerted-authorities-outbreak |archive-date=7 Februari 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-02-10|format=md}} | {{flag|Tiongkok}} || [[Wuhan]] | [[Lin Zhengbin]] | {{flag|Tiongkok}} | {{age|1957|7|6|2020|2|10}} | Pakar [[transplantasi organ]]<ref>{{cite news |title=移植专家林正斌离世：院方称尚不知如何染病，家人也被感染正治疗 |url=http://news.ifeng.com/c/7tydEbuh9p0 |date=11 Februari 2020 |publisher=ifeng.com |language=zh}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-02-13|format=md}} | {{flag|Tiongkok}} || [[Wuhan]] | [[Liu Shouxiang]] | {{flag|Tiongkok}} | 61 | Pelukis cat air dan profesor<ref>{{cite news |title=中国水彩画大师 刘寿祥不敌武汉肺炎 |url=https://www.chinapress.com.my/20200213/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%B4%E5%BD%A9%E7%94%BB%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%88-%E5%88%98%E5%AF%BF%E7%A5%A5%E4%B8%8D%E6%95%8C%E6%AD%A6%E6%B1%89%E8%82%BA%E7%82%8E/ |agency=中國報 |language=zh}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-02-14|format=md}} | {{flag|Tiongkok}} || [[Wuhan]] | [[Liu Fan (perawat)|Liu Fan]] | {{flag|Tiongkok}} | 59 | Wakil Ketua Perawat Rumah Sakit Wuchang di Wuhan<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.163.com/20/0216/21/F5HP57P00001899O.html|title=武昌医院一护士因新冠肺炎去世 生前护理技术过硬 |last=李英强 |date=16 Februari 2020 |publisher=新京报 |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218042952/https://news.163.com/20/0216/21/F5HP57P00001899O.html |archive-date=18 Februari 2020 |access-date=24 Agustus 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-02-15|format=md}} | {{flag|Tiongkok}} || [[Wuhan]] | [[Duan Zhengcheng]] | {{flag|Tiongkok}} | {{age|1934|06|15|2020|2|15}} | Insinyur industrial dan pembuat reka cipta<ref>{{cite news |editor1=Li Yuan ({{lang|zh|李苑}}) |url=http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2020/2/435790.shtm |script-title=zh:段氏伽马刀发明人段正澄院士去世 |work=sciencenet.cn |date=15 Februari 2020 |accessdate=16 Februari 2020 |language=zh}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-02-27|format=md}} | {{flag|Iran}} || [[Tehran]] | {{hs|Khosroshahi, Hadi}}[[Hadi Khosroshahi]] | {{flag|Iran}} | 81 | Rohaniwan dan diplomat, mantan Duta Besar untuk Vatikan<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran's ex-ambassador to Vatican dies of coronavirus |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200227-irans-ex-ambassador-to-vatican-dies-of-coronavirus/ |work=Middle East Monitor |date=27 Februari 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-02|format=md}} | {{flag|Iran}} || [[Tehran]] | {{hs|Mirmohammadi, Mohammad}}[[Mohammad Mirmohammadi]] | {{flag|Iran}} | 71 | Penasehat senior untuk Pemimpin Tertinggi [[Ali Khamenei]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Bostock |first=Bill |title=A member of the inner circle of Iran's Supreme Leader died of the coronavirus, as the country records more deaths than anywhere outside China |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/iran-supreme-leader-khamenei-inner-circle-first-death-coronavirus-2020-3 |work=Business Insider |date=3 Maret 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-05|format=md}} | {{flag|Iran}} || [[Tehran]] | {{hs|Sheikholeslam, Hossein}}[[Hossein Sheikholeslam]] | {{flag|Iran}} | {{age|1952|11|29|2020|3|5}} | Politikus dan diplomat<ref>{{cite news |date=6 Maret 2020 |title=Former Hostage Taker Of US Diplomats Dies Of Coronavirus In Iran |url=https://en.radiofarda.com/a/former-hostage-taker-of-us-diplomats-dies-of-coronavirus-in-iran/30470975.html |url-status=live |work=[[Radio Farda]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319162822/https://en.radiofarda.com/a/former-hostage-taker-of-us-diplomats-dies-of-coronavirus-in-iran/30470975.html |archive-date=19 Maret 2020 |access-date=31 Maret 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-07|format=md}} | {{flag|Iran}} || [[Langroud]] | {{hs|Langroudi, Reza Mohammadi}}[[Reza Mohammadi Langroudi]] | {{flag|Iran}} | {{age|1928|8|3|2020|3|7}} | Ayatollah<ref>{{cite web |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2020/03/07/Two-Iranian-religious-figures-latest-to-die-of-coronavirus-in-Iran.html |title=Two Iranian religious figures latest to die of coronavirus in Iran |date=7 March 2020 |website=english.alarabiya.net |access-date=13 August 2021 |archive-date=15 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315075740/https://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2020/03/07/Two-Iranian-religious-figures-latest-to-die-of-coronavirus-in-Iran.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-07|format=md}} | {{flag|Iran}} || [[Tehran]] | {{hs|Rahbar, Fatemeh}}[[Fatemeh Rahbar]] | {{flag|Iran}} | 55/56<!-- Born in 1964 --> | Anggota [[Majelis Konsultatif Islam|Parlemen]]<ref>{{cite news |author=IFP Editorial Staff |date=7 Maret 2020 |title=Newly-Elected Female Politician Dies of Coronavirus in Iran |url=https://ifpnews.com/newly-elected-female-politician-dies-of-coronavirus-in-iran |url-status=live |work=Iran Front Page |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320132321/https://ifpnews.com/newly-elected-female-politician-dies-of-coronavirus-in-iran |archive-date=20 Maret 2020 |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-09|format=md}} | {{flag|Italia}} || [[Treviso]] | {{hs|De Zan, Italo}}[[Italo De Zan]] | {{flag|Italia}} | {{age|1925|7|1|2020|3|9}} | Atlet sepeda<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ilmattino.it/primopiano/cronaca/coronavirus_veneto_treviso_news_italo_de_zan_morto-5104942.html |title=Coronavirus a Treviso, morto Italo De Zan: l'ex campione di ciclismo amico di Coppi e Bartali |publisher=[[ilmattino.it]] |date=11 Maret 2020 |accessdate=11 Maret 2020 |language=it}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-09|format=md}} | {{flag|Korea Selatan}} || [[Daegu]] | [[Lee Cha-su]] | {{flag|Korea Selatan}} | {{age|1957|6|6|2020|3|9}} | Politikus dan aktivis<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20200310104400053 |title=이차수 전 대구 북구의장 코로나19 사망 소식에 보건당국 비상 |publisher=연합뉴스 |date=10 Maret 2020 |language=ko}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-09|format=md}} | {{flag|Iran}} || [[Tehran]] | {{hs|Rahchamani, Mohammad-Reza}}[[Mohammad-Reza Rahchamani]] | {{flag|Iran}} | {{age|1952|12|1|2020|3|9}} | Anggota [[Majelis Konsultatif Islam|Parlemen]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Former Iranian MP dies of coronavirus |url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/445916/Former-Iranian-MP-dies-of-coronavirus |date=9 Maret 2020 |accessdate=9 Maret 2020 |publisher=[[Tehran Times]] |archive-date=2020-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310050701/https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/445916/Former-Iranian-MP-dies-of-coronavirus |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-10|format=md}} | {{flag|Iran}} || [[Tehran]] | {{hs|Alavi Tabar, Mohammad}}[[Mohammad Alavi Tabar]] | {{flag|Iran}} | 89 | Politikus<ref>{{cite news |url=https://avatoday.net/node/9121 |title=Latest updates on COVID-19 outbreak in Iran, March 15 |date=16 Maret 2020 |publisher=Avatoday}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-10|format=md}} | {{flag|Spanyol}} || [[Madrid]] | {{hs|Peralta, Marcelo}}[[Marcelo Peralta]] | {{flag|Argentina}} | {{age|1961|3|5|2020|3|10}} | Saxofonis dan guru<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/sociedad/el-saxofonista-argentino-marcelo-peralta-murio-por-coronavirus-en-madrid.phtml |title=El saxofonista argentino Marcelo Peralta murió por coronavirus en Madrid |publisher=[[perfil.com]] |date=10 Maret 2020 |accessdate=10 Maret 2020 |language=es}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-12|format=md}} | {{flag|Italia}} || [[Asti]] | {{hs|Rabino, Giovanni Battista}}[[Giovanni Battista Rabino]] | {{flag|Italia}} | {{age|1931|12|5|2020|3|12}} | Mantan anggota [[Parlemen Italia|Parlemen]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lastampa.it/asti/2020/03/12/news/morto-per-il-coronavirus-l-ex-parlamentare-coldiretti-gianni-rabino-1.38584949|title=Morto per il coronavirus l'ex parlamentare Coldiretti Gianni Rabino - La Stampa|date=12 Maret 2020|website=lastampa.it}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-13|format=md}} | {{flag|Iran}} || | {{hs|Shabani, Nasser}}[[Nasser Shabani]] | {{flag|Iran}} | 52/53<!-- Born in 1967 --> | Jenderal, panglima senior [[Korps Garda Revolusioner Islam]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2020/03/13/Senior-Iranian-IRGC-commander-dies-of-coronavirus-.html |title=Senior Iranian IRGC commander dies of coronavirus |date=13 Maret 2020 |accessdate=13 Maret 2020 |publisher=[[Al Arabiya English]] }}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-14|format=md}} | {{flag|Italia}} || [[Milan]] | {{hs|Schlesinger, Piero}}[[Piero Schlesinger]] | {{flag|Italia}} | {{age|1930|5|19|2020|3|14}} | Yuris dan bankir<ref>{{cite news|url=https://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2020/03/16/news/coronavirus_piero_schlesinger_milano-251444431/|title=Coronavirus, morto Piero Schlesinger. La Cattolica: "Addio maestro, sei stato un modello"|work=[[La Repubblica]]|date=16 Maret 2020|language=it|access-date=19 Maret 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-15|format=md}} | {{flag|Italia}} || [[Milan]] | {{hs|Gregotti, Vittorio}}[[Vittorio Gregotti]] | {{flag|Italia}} | {{age|1927|8|10|2020|3|15}} | Arsitek<ref>{{cite news |title=Coronavirus: morto Vittorio Gregotti, maestro dell'architettura del Novecento |url=https://www.corriere.it/cultura/20_marzo_15/morto-vittorio-gregotti-maestro-dell-architettura-novecento-ba9468ca-6699-11ea-a26c-9a66211caeee.shtml |accessdate=15 Maret 2020 |work=Corriere della Sera |date=15 Maret 2020 |language=it}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-15|format=md}} | {{flag|Turki}} || [[Üsküdar]] | {{hs|Yalman, Aytac}}[[Aytaç Yalman]] | {{flag|Turki}} | {{age|1940|7|29|2020|3|15}} | Jenderal, mantan [[Daftar Komandan Angkatan Darat Turki|Komandan Angkatan Darat Turki]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ntv.com.tr//turkiye/aytac-yalmanin-corona-virus-nedeniyle-oldugu-kanaati-olusmustur-bashekimlik-acikladi,_0CqXn7vuUGEvsNACdBPSA|title='Aytaç Yalman'ın corona virüs nedeniyle öldüğü kanaati oluşmuştur' (Başhekimlik açıkladı)|website=www.ntv.com.tr |language=tr}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-16|format=md}} | {{flag|Prancis}} || [[Ajaccio]] | {{hs|Alfonsi, Nicolas}}[[Nicolas Alfonsi]] | {{flag|Prancis}} | {{age|1936|4|13|2020|3|16}} | Politikus dan pengacara, mantan anggota [[Senat (Prancis)|Senat]] dan [[Walikota (Prancis)|Walikota]] [[Piana, Korsika|Piana]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Galland |first1=Marion |title=Nicolas Alfonsi est décédé |url=https://www.francebleu.fr/infos/politique/nicolas-alfonsi-est-decede-1584378281 |accessdate=16 Maret 2020 |work=[[France Bleu]] |date=16 Maret 2020 |language=fr}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-16|format=md}} | {{flag|Italia}} || [[Crema, Lombardy|Crema]] | {{hs|Bassi, Sergio}}[[Sergio Bassi]] | {{flag|Italia}} | 69 | Penyanyi-penulis lagu foklor<ref>{{cite web |title=L'addio a Bassi, il menestrello della Bassa che cantava il Po |url=https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/milano/laddio-bassi-menestrello-bassa-che-cantava-po-1842492.html |date= 17 Maret 2020|language=it}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-16|format=md}} | {{flag|Iran}} || [[Qom]] | {{hs|Bathaie Golpayegani, Hashem}}[[Hashem Bathaie Golpayegani]] | {{flag|Iran}} | 78/79 | Rohaniwan dan anggota [[Majelis Pakar]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Top Iranian cleric among those tasked with choosing supreme leader succumbs to coronavirus infection |url=https://www.rt.com/news/483203-iran-top-cleric-coronavirus/ |accessdate=16 Maret 2020 |agency=RT News |date=16 Maret 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-16|format=md}} | {{flag|Italia}} || [[Mestre]] | {{hs|Pavone, Francesco Saverio}}[[Francesco Saverio Pavone]] | {{flag|Italia}} | {{age|1944|3|25|2020|3|16}} | Magistrat<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ilmessaggero.it/italia/coronavirus_francesco_saverio_pavone_morto_magistrato_mala_del_brenta_ultime_notizie-5114903.html|title=Coronavirus, morto Francesco Saverio Pavone, l'ex Procuratore che smantellò la Mala del Brenta|website=www.ilmessaggero.it|language=it}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-16|format=md}} | {{flag|Iran}} || [[Tehran]] | {{hs|Raisdana, Fariborz}}[[Fariborz Raisdana]] | {{flag|Iran}} | 71/72 | Ekonom dan profesor<ref>{{cite web |title=فریبرز رئیس دانا، اقتصاددان، بر اثر ابتلا به کرونا درگذشت |url=https://www.asriran.com/fa/news/718963/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B2-%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D9%87-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B4%D8%AA |website=asriran |accessdate=16 Maret 2020 |language=fa}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-17|format=md}} | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} || [[Seattle]] | {{hs|Schwartz, Stephen}}[[Stephen Schwartz (patologis)|Stephen Schwartz]] | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} | {{age|1942|1|1|2020|3|17}} | Patologis<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/education/uw-pathologist-stephen-schwartz-78-dies-after-covid-19-hospitalization/|title=UW pathologist Stephen Schwartz, 78, dies after COVID-19 hospitalization|date=18 Maret 2020|website=The Seattle Times}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-18|format=md}} | {{flag|Burkina Faso}} || [[Ouagadougou]] | {{hs|Compaoré, Rose Marie}}[[Rose Marie Compaoré]] | {{flag|Burkina Faso}} | {{age|1958|11|13|2020|3|18}} | Wakil Presiden [[Majelis Nasional Burkina Faso]] ke-2<ref name=france24/> Compaoré adalah korban meninggal akibat koronavirus pertama di [[Afrika Sub-Sahara]].<ref name=france24>{{cite news |first= |last=|title=Burkina Faso reports Sub-Saharan Africa's first coronavirus death as WHO warns 'prepare for worst' |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200319-burkina-faso-sub-saharan-africa-coronavirus-covid19-death-who-tedros-adhanom-ghebreyesus |work=[[France 24]] |publisher= |date=19 Maret 2020 |accessdate=1 April 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330214044/https://www.france24.com/en/20200319-burkina-faso-sub-saharan-africa-coronavirus-covid19-death-who-tedros-adhanom-ghebreyesus |archivedate=30 Maret 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=quartz>{{cite news |first=Kwasi Gyamfi |last=Asiedu|title=Four government ministers have contracted coronavirus in Burkina Faso and it's spreading rapidly |url=https://qz.com/africa/1822890/coronavirus-four-government-ministers-infected-in-burkina-faso/ |work=[[Quartz Africa]] |publisher= |date=22 Maret 2020 |accessdate=1 April 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401014759/https://qz.com/africa/1822890/coronavirus-four-government-ministers-infected-in-burkina-faso/ |archivedate=1 April 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-18|format=md}} | {{flag|Italia}} || [[Carrara]] | {{hs|Federici, Luciano}}[[Luciano Federici]] | {{flag|Italia}} | {{age|1938|05|16|2020|3|18}} | Pemain sepak bola<ref>{{cite web|website=iltirreno.gelocal.it|title=Coronavirus, altri 27 casi positivi in provincia di Massa-Carrara. E c'è un decesso|url=https://iltirreno.gelocal.it/massa/2020/03/18/news/coronavirus-altri-27-casi-positivi-in-provincia-di-massa-carrara-e-c-e-un-decesso-1.38609048|accessdate=21 Maret 2020|date=18 Maret 2020|language=it}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-18|format=md}} | {{flag|Prancis}} || | {{hs|Leber, Jean}}[[Jean Leber]] | {{flag|Prancis}} | 80/81 | Pemain biola<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.francemusique.fr/actualite-musicale/mort-du-violoniste-et-pedagogue-jean-leber-82476?utm_medium=Social&utm_source=Twitter#Echobox=1584802787|title=Mort du violoniste et pédagogue Jean Leber |work=France Musique |first=Léopold |last=Tobisch |date=21 Maret 2020 |accessdate=22 Maret 2020 |language=fr}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-18|format=md}} | {{flag|Prancis}} || [[Paris]] | {{hs|Richelet, Henri}}[[Henri Richelet]] | {{flag|Prancis}} | 75 | Pelukis<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vosgesmatin.fr/edition-la-plaine/2020/03/26/hommage-a-henri-richelet-peintre-du-temps-qui-passe|title=Hommage à Henri Richelet, peintre du temps qui passe |work=Vosges Matin |date=26 Maret 2020 |accessdate=27 Maret 2020 |language=fr}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-18|format=md}} | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} || [[Scarsdale, New York|Scarsdale]] | {{hs|Trindade, Sérgio}}[[Sérgio Trindade]] | {{flag|Brasil}} | {{age|1940|12|14|2020|3|18}} | Insinyur kimia dan peneliti, anggota [[Panel Antar-Pemerintahan untuk Perubahan Iklim]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Sérgio Trindade morre vítima do COVID-19 |url=https://eco21.eco.br/cientista-ambiental-sergio-trindade-morre-vitima-do-covid-19/ |website=ECO21 |accessdate=1 April 2020 |language=pt-BR |date=20 Maret 2020 |archive-date=24 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324013235/https://eco21.eco.br/cientista-ambiental-sergio-trindade-morre-vitima-do-covid-19/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-19|format=md}} | {{flag|Italia}} || [[Bergamo]] | {{hs|Donina, Innocenzo}}[[Innocenzo Donina]] | {{flag|Italia}} | {{age|1950|8|16|2020|3|19}} | Pemain sepak bola<ref>{{cite news |title=Coronavirus, muore l'ex Bari Innocenzo Donina |url= https://www.bariviva.it/sport/coronavirus-muore-l-ex-bari-innocenzo-donina/ |publisher= Bari Viva |date= 20 Maret 2020|language=it}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-19|format=md}} | {{flag|Iran}} || [[Tehran]] | {{hs|Kahram, Hamid}}[[Hamid Kahram]] | {{flag|Iran}} | 61/62 | Politikus dan dokter hewan<ref>{{cite news |title=Former Iran MP Hamid Kahram dies from coronavirus |url= https://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2020/03/20/Former-Iran-MP-Hamid-Kahram-dies-from-coronavirus.html |publisher= [[Al Arabiya English]] |date= 20 Maret 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-19|format=md}} | {{flag|France}} || [[Paris]] | {{hs|Mabele, Aurlus}}[[Aurlus Mabélé]] | {{flag|Congo, Rep.}} | {{age|1953|10|26|2020|3|19}} | Musisi dan komponis<ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.newtimes.co.rw/latest-news/covid-19congolese-music-legend-aurlus-mabele-dies | title= COVID-19:Congolese music legend Aurlus Mabele dies | publisher= The New Times | date= 20 Maret 2020 | access-date= 2021-08-13 | archive-date= 2020-03-21 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200321135807/https://www.newtimes.co.rw/latest-news/covid-19congolese-music-legend-aurlus-mabele-dies | dead-url= yes }}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-19|format=md}} | {{flag|Italia}} || [[Fidenza]] | {{hs|Stanca, Antonio Michele}}[[Antonio Michele Stanca]] | {{flag|Italia}} | {{age|1942|5|22|2020|3|19}} | Genetikawan<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ilmessaggero.it/italia/coronavirus_morto_michele_stanca_scienziato_georgofili_news-5122514.html|title=Coronavirus, morto Michele Stanca: genetista e vicepresidente dei Georgofili|website=www.ilmessaggero.it |language=it}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-20|format=md}} | {{flag|Spanyol}} || [[Madrid]] | {{hs|Falco, Carlos}}[[Carlos Falcó, Marquess Griñón ke-5|Carlos Falcó]] | {{flag|Spanyol}} | {{age|1937|2|3|2020|3|20}} | [[Grandee Spanyol]], sosialita dan wirausahawan<ref>{{cite news| url= https://www.abc.es/estilo/gente/abci-muere-carlos-falco-marques-grinon-83-anos-202003201839_noticia.html|title= Muere Carlos Falcó, marqués de Griñón, a los 83 años por coronavirus| publisher = ABC.es | date = 20 Maret 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-20|format=md}} | {{flag|Prancis}} || [[Paris]] | {{hs|Oudin, Jacques}}[[Jacques Oudin]] | {{flag|Prancis}} | {{age|1939|10|7|2020|3|20}} | Mantan [[Senate (Prancis)|senator]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/pays-de-la-loire/vendee/noirmoutier-jacques-oudin-est-decede-6788121|title=Noirmoutier. Jacques Oudin est décédé|last=Sartoux|first=Élodie|date=21 Maret 2020|website=Ouest-France.fr|language=fr|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=22 Maret 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-20|format=md}} | {{flag|Italia}} || [[Vicenza]] | {{hs|Quaresimin, Marino}}[[Marino Quaresimin]] | {{flag|Italia}} | {{age|1937|11|22|2020|3|20}} | Politikus<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ilgiornaledivicenza.it/territori/vicenza/coronavirus-morto-l-ex-sindaco-marino-quaresimin-1.8001028|title=Coronavirus, morto l'ex sindaco Marino Quaresimin|first=Società Editrice Athesis|last=S.p.A|website=Il Giornale di Vicenza.it |language=it}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-21|format=md}} | {{flag|Filipina}} || [[Manila]] | {{hs|Baviera, Aileen}}[[Aileen Baviera]] | {{flag|Filipina}} | {{age|1959|8|20|2020|3|21}} | [[ilmu politik|Ilmuwan politik]] dan [[sinologi]]s<ref>{{cite news| url= https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/metro/730685/former-dean-of-up-asian-center-dies-due-to-pneumonia-covid-19/story/|title=Former dean of UP Asian Center dies due to pneumonia, COVID-19|date=21 Maret 2020|work=GMA Network}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-21|format=md}} | {{flag|Spanyol}} || | {{hs|Capdevila, Vicenc}}[[Vicenç Capdevila]] | {{flag|Spanyol}} | {{age|1936|10|28|2020|3|21}} | Mantan Walikota [[L'Hospitalet de Llobregat]] dan mantan [[Kongres Deputi|Deputi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ccma.cat/324/mor-per-coronavirus-vicenc-capdevila-exalcalde-de-lhospitalet-de-llobregat/noticia/2998966/|title=Mor per coronavirus Vicenç Capdevila, exalcalde de l'Hospitalet de Llobregat|date=22 March 2020|work=CCMA|language=ca}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-21|format=md}} | {{flag|Prancis}} || [[Paris]] | {{hs|Derrida, Marguerite}}[[Marguerite Derrida]] | {{flag|Prancis}} | {{age|1932|7|7|2020|3|21}} | Psikoanalis<ref>{{cite web | last=Roudinesco | first=Elisabeth | title=La mort de la psychanalyste Marguerite Derrida | website=Le Monde | date=25 March 2020 | url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2020/03/25/la-mort-de-la-psychanalyste-marguerite-derrida_6034390_3382.html | access-date=26 March 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-21|format=md}} | {{flag|Prancis}} || [[Lille]] | {{hs|Razafindranazy, Jean Jacques}}[[Jean-Jacques Razafindranazy]] | {{flag|Prancis}} | 68 | Dokter<ref>{{cite web|url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/coronavirus-deces-jean-jacques-razafindranazy-premier-medecin-victime-epidemie-france-814958.html|title=Coronavirus : décès de Jean-Jacques Razafindranazy , le premier médecin victime de l'épidémie en France|date=22 March 2020|work=France 1 Outre-Mer|language=French}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-21|format=md}} | {{flag|Spanyol}} || [[Madrid]] | {{hs|Sanz, Lorenzo}}[[Lorenzo Sanz]] | {{flag|Spanyol}} | {{age|1943|8|9|2020|3|21}} | Pengusaha, mantan presiden [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/51991851|title=Lorenzo Sanz: Former Real Madrid president dies after contracting coronavirus|date=21 March 2020|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=21 March 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-22|format=md}} | {{flag|Spanyol}} || [[Barcelona]] | {{hs|Colon, Germa}}[[Germà Colón]] | {{flag|Spanyol}} | {{age|1928|11|30|2020|3|22}} | [[Filologi]]s<ref>{{cite web |title=S'ha mort el lingüista Germà Colón, víctima de la Covid-19 |url=https://www.vilaweb.cat/noticies/sha-mort-el-linguista-germa-colon-victima-de-la-covid-19/ |website=VilaWeb |accessdate=22 March 2020 |language=ca}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-22|format=md}} | {{flag|Spanyol}} || [[Alicante]] | {{hs|Joanet, Benito}}[[Benito Joanet]] | {{flag|Spanyol}} | {{age|1935|09|16|2020|3|22}} | Pemain sepak bola dan pelatih<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mundodeportivo.com/futbol/rcd-espanyol/20200323/4844560948/espanyol-benito-joanet-coronavirus.html|title=Fallece Benito Joanet, víctima del coronavirus|date=23 March 2020|website=Mundo Deportivo}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-22|format=md}} | {{flag|Spanyol}} || [[Ciudad Real]] | {{hs|Loizaga Viguri, Jose Maria}}[[José María Loizaga Viguri]] | {{flag|Spanyol}} | {{age|1936|5|9|2020|3|22}} | Pengusaha<ref>{{cite news|last=Redacción|first=|title=Muere el vicepresidente de ACS José María Loizaga por el coronavirus|url=https://cincodias.elpais.com/cincodias/2020/03/22/companias/1584901839_325405.html|date=22 March 2020|accessdate=23 March 2020|work=Cinco Días|location=Madrid|page=|number=}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-22|format=md}} | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} || [[New York City|New York]] | {{hs|Longo, Mike}}[[Mike Longo]] | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} | {{age|1937|03|19|2020|3|22}} | Pianis jazz, komponis, penulis<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wbgo.org/post/mike-longo-prominent-jazz-pianist-known-his-tenure-dizzy-gillespie-dies-83|title=Mike Longo, Prominent Jazz Pianist Known For His Tenure with Dizzy Gillespie, Dies at 83|first=Nate|last=Chinen|website=www.wbgo.org}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-23|format=md}} | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} || [[Craryville, New York|Craryville]] | {{hs|Berger, Maurice}}[[Maurice Berger]] | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} | {{age|1956|05|22|2020|3|23}} | Kurator seni rupa dan profesor<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/coronavirus/bs-md-umbc-curator-dies-from-coronavirus-20200325-mrndfpcvujfjpjutvfucpa4g2y-story.html |title=Maurice Berger, a chief curator at UMBC and a renowned scholar, dies at 63 in New York of coronavirus complications |publisher=Baltimore Sun |date= |accessdate=28 March 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-23|format=md}} | {{flag|Spanyol}} || [[Segovia]] | {{hs|Bose, Lucia}}[[Lucia Bosè]] | {{flag|Italia}} | {{age|1931|01|28|2020|3|23}} | Aktris [[neorealisme Italia]], [[Miss Italia]] 1947<ref>{{cite news |title=Italian actress Lucia Bose dies of coronavirus |url=https://style.news.am/eng/news/68811/italian-actress-lucia-bose-dies-of-coronavirus.html |work=News.am |date=24 March 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-23|format=md}} | {{flag|Spanyol}} || [[Madrid]] | {{hs|Folgado, Jose}}[[José Folgado]] | {{flag|Spanyol}} | 75 | Pengusaha, ekonom dan politikus<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.economiadigital.es/directivos-y-empresas/coronavirus-muere-jose-folgado-ex-presidente-red-electrica_20046609_102.html|title=Muere el ex-presidente de Red Eléctrica José Folgado por coronavirus|first=Sergi|last=Ill|website=Economía Digital}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-23|format=md}} | {{flag|Zimbabwe}} || [[Harare]] | {{hs|Makamba, Zororo}}[[Zororo Makamba]] | {{flag|Zimbabwe}} | {{age|1990|1|17|2020|3|23}} | Wartawan |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-23|format=md}} | {{flag|Pakistan}} || [[Gilgit]] | {{hs|Riaz, Usama}}[[Usama Riaz]] | {{flag|Pakistan}} | 26 | Dokter medis<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1544225/ajk-pm-announces-nishan-e-kashmir-for-gb-doctor-who-died-of-coronavirus|title=AJK PM announces Nishan-e-Kashmir for GB doctor who died of coronavirus}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-23|format=md}} | {{flag|Italia}} || [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]] | {{hs|Rizzuto, Calogero}}[[Calogero Rizzuto (arsitek)|Calogero Rizzuto]] | {{flag|Italia}} | {{age|1955|1|20|2020|3|23}} | Arsitek dan preservationis sejarah<ref>{{cite web |last1=Scarso |first1=Vania |title=Coronavirus, è deceduto l'architetto Calogero Rizzuto » Corriere Elorino |url=https://www.corriereelorino.it/coronavirus-e-deceduto-larchitetto-calogero-rizzuto/ |website=Corriere Elorino |accessdate=1 April 2020 |language=it-IT |date=23 March 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-23|format=md}} | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} || [[Schenectady, New York|Schenectady]] | {{hs|Robb, Walter}}[[Walter Robb (insinyur)|Walter Robb]] | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} | {{age|1928|04|25|2020|3|23}} | Insinyur, eksekutif dan filantropis<ref name="timesunion">{{cite web|url=https://www.timesunion.com/news/article/GE-executive-philanthropist-Walter-Robb-dies-of-15151449.php |title=GE executive, philanthropist Walter Robb dies of COVID-19 |publisher=Timesunion.com |date= |accessdate=24 March 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-23|format=md}} | {{flag|Prancis}} || [[Clamart]] | {{hs|Seve, Lucien}}[[Lucien Sève]] | {{flag|Prancis}} | {{age|1926|12|9|2020|3|23}} | Filsuf dan aktivis politik<ref>{{cite web|url = https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article173192 | work = maitron.fr | title = SÈVE Lucien | author = | date = 23 March 2020 }}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-23|format=md}}{{efn|name="Announcement date"| Kematian diumumkan pada tanggal ini}} | {{flag|Britania Raya}} || | {{hs|Stern, William}}[[William Stern (pengusaha)|William Stern]] | {{flag|Hongaria}} | {{age|1935|07|02|2020|3|23}} | Pengusaha, korban selamat [[kamp konsentrasi Bergen-Belsen]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/23/devastating-vicar-and-headteacher-among-latest-named-uk-coronavirus-victims | title = 'Devastating': vicar and headteacher among latest UK coronavirus victims | date = 2020-03-23}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-23|format=md}} | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} || [[New York City|New York]] | {{hs|Wooden, Nashom}}[[Nashom Wooden]] | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} | {{age|1969|05|22|2020|03|23}} | Artis pertunjukan<ref>{{cite web|url = https://people.com/style/project-runway-winner-geoffrey-mac-mourns-nashom-wooden-mona-foot-die-coronavirus/ | title =Nashom Wooden, Known by N.Y.C. Nightlife Scene as Drag Queen Mona Foot, Dies from Coronavirus | author =People.Com | date = 25 March 2020 }}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-24|format=md}} | {{flag|Italia}} || [[Genoa]] | {{hs|Acquarone, Lorenzo}}[[Lorenzo Acquarone]] | {{flag|Italia}} | {{age|1931|02|25|2020|3|24}} | Pengcara dan politikus dan anggota [[Parlemen Italia]] <ref>{{cite news |last=Preve |first=Marco |title=Coronavirus, è morto a Genova il professor Lorenzo Acquarone |url=https://genova.repubblica.it/cronaca/2020/03/24/news/coronavirus_e_morto_il_professor_lorenzo_acquarone-252225468 |date=24 March 2020 |newspaper=[[La Repubblica]] |accessdate=24 March 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-24|format=md}} | {{flag|Prancis}} || [[Melun]] | {{hs|Dibango, Manu}}[[Manu Dibango]] | {{flag|Kamerun}} | {{age|1933|12|12|2020|3|23}} | Saxofonis dan penulis lagu<ref>{{Cite news|last=AFP|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2020/03/24/le-saxophoniste-manu-dibango-est-mort-des-suites-du-covid-19-annoncent-ses-proches_6034197_3382.html|title=Le saxophoniste Manu Dibango est mort des suites du Covid-19, annoncent ses proches|date=24 March 2020|work=Le Monde|access-date=24 March 2020|url-status=live|language=fr}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-24|format=md}} | {{flag|Hongaria}} || [[Budapest]] | {{hs|Dick, Steven}}[[Steven Dick]] | {{flag|Britania Raya}} | 37 | Diplomat<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-52042786|title=Scottish diplomat dies after getting coronavirus|date=25 March 2020|via=www.bbc.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Walker|first=Shaun|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/mar/25/british-diplomat-dies-of-coronavirus-in-hungary|title=British diplomat dies of coronavirus in Hungary|date=25 March 2020|work=The Guardian|access-date=27 March 2020|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-24|format=md}} | {{flag|Britania Raya}} || [[London]] | {{hs|Farah, Mohamed}}[[Mohamed Farah (pesepak bola)|Mohamed Farah]] | {{flag|Somalia}} | {{age|1961|2|15|2020|3|23}} | Pemain sepak bola<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/former-african-footballer-mohamed-farah-dies-due-to-covid-19/articleshow/74822572.cms|title=Former African footballer Mohamed Farah dies due to COVID-19}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-24|format=md}} | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} ||[[Ridgewood, New Jersey|Ridgewood]] | {{hs|Finder, Alan}}[[Alan Finder]] | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} | {{age|1948|2|19|2020|3|24}} | Wartawan<ref>{{cite news | access-date = 27 March 2020 | date = 24 March 2020 | title = Longtime reporter, editor Alan Finder dies at 72 | work = Newsday | url = https://www.newsday.com/long-island/obituaries/alan-finder-obituary-1.43423378 | first = John | last = Valenti | archive-date = 27 March 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200327144914/https://www.newsday.com/long-island/obituaries/alan-finder-obituary-1.43423378 | dead-url = yes }}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-24|format=md}} | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} || [[Sarasota, Florida|Sarasota]] | {{hs|McNally, Terrence}}[[Terrence McNally]] | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} | {{age|1938|11|03|2020|3|24}} | Pengarang drama dan penulis naskah<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lefkowitz |first1=Andy |title=Terrence McNally, Tony-Winning Scribe of Love! Valour! Compassion!, Ragtime & More, Dies at 81 |url=https://www.broadway.com/buzz/196791/terrence-mcnally-tony-winning-scribe-of-love-valour-compassion-ragtime-more-dies-at-81/ |website=Broadway.com |accessdate=24 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-24|format=md}} | {{flag|Prancis}} || [[Paris]] | {{hs|Murray, John F.}}[[John F. Murray]] | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} | 93 | Pulmonologis<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/03/25/longtime-bay-area-pulmonary-specialist-dr-john-f-murray-dies-of-disease-he-helped-fight-after-bout-with-covid-19/ |title=Longtime Bay Area pulmonary specialist Dr. John F. Murray dies of disease he helped fight after bout with COVID-19 |website=MercuryNews.com |last=Crowley |first=Kerry |date=25 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326212952/https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/03/25/longtime-bay-area-pulmonary-specialist-dr-john-f-murray-dies-of-disease-he-helped-fight-after-bout-with-covid-19/ |archive-date=26 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-24|format=md}} | {{flag|Republik Dominika}} || [[Santo Domingo]] | {{hs|Polanco, Jenny}}[[Jenny Polanco]] | {{flag|Republik Dominika}} | {{age|1958|1|18|2020|3|24}} | Perancang fesyen<ref name=nytimes>{{cite news |first=Sam |last=Roberts |title=Jenny Polanco, Fashion Designer with a Caribbean Palette, Dies at 62 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/27/obituaries/jenny-polanco-dead-coronavirus.html |work=[[New York Times]] |date=27 March 2020 |accessdate=30 March 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329063141/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/27/obituaries/jenny-polanco-dead-coronavirus.html |archivedate=29 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=nbc>{{cite news |first=Nicole |last=Acevedo |title=Jenny Polanco, acclaimed Dominican fashion designer, dies of coronavirus |url=https://news.yahoo.com/jenny-polanco-beloved-dominican-fashion-143000584.html |work=[[NBC News]] |publisher=[[Yahoo News]] |date=25 March 2020 |accessdate=30 March 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325180339/https://news.yahoo.com/jenny-polanco-beloved-dominican-fashion-143000584.html |archivedate=25 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-25|format=md}} | {{flag|Belanda}} || [[Tilburg]] | {{hs|Aarts, Harry}}[[Harry Aarts]] | {{flag|Belanda}} | {{age|1930|3|9|2020|3|25}} | Politikus, mantan anggota [[Dewan Perwakilan (Belanda)|Dewan Perwakilan]]<ref>{{cite web |author=Richard Clevers |url=https://www.bd.nl/oisterwijk/cda-er-en-brabander-in-hart-en-nieren-harry-aarts-90-overleden-aan-coronavirus~a74030f2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326230303/https://www.bd.nl/oisterwijk/cda-er-en-brabander-in-hart-en-nieren-harry-aarts-90-overleden-aan-coronavirus~a74030f2/ |archive-date=26 March 2020 |title=CDA'er en Brabander in hart en nieren Harry Aarts (90) overleden aan coronavirus |language=Dutch |publisher=[[Brabants Dagblad]] |date=26 March 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-25|format=md}} | {{flag|Italia}} || [[Santa Maria Nuova]] | {{hs|Barozzi, Danilo}}[[Danilo Barozzi]] | {{flag|Italia}} | {{age|1927|8|21|2020|3|25}} | Atlet sepeda<ref>{{cite web |title=Coronavirus: morto l'ex ciclista Danilo Barozzi - Ciclismo |url=https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/sport/ciclismo/2020/03/26/coronavirus-morto-lex-ciclista-danilo-barozzi_2f97b91a-9327-4404-9173-0bf0afdaa780.html |website=Agenzia ANSA |accessdate=1 April 2020 |language=it |date=26 March 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-25|format=md}} | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} || [[Montclair, New Jersey|Montclair]] | {{hs|Cardoz, Floyd}}[[Floyd Cardoz]] | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} | {{age|1960|10|20|2020|3|25}} | Chef dan penyiar televisi<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lefkowitz |first1=Andy |title='Top Chef Masters' winner Floyd Cardoz dies after coronavirus diagnosis |url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/floyd-cardoz-chef-obit-coronavirus/index.html |website=cnn.com |accessdate=25 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-25|format=md}} | {{flag|Brasil}} || [[São Paulo]] | {{hs| Galati, Martinho Lutero}}[[Martinho Lutero Galati]] | {{flag|Brasil}} | {{age|1953|9|29|2020|3|25}} | Konduktor<ref>{{cite web | title=Maestro Martinho Lutero Galati de Oliveira morre em São Paulo após contrair coronavírus"| website=Globo.com | date=26 March 2020 | url=https://g1.globo.com/pop-arte/noticia/2020/03/26/maestro-martinho-lutero-galati-de-oliveira-morre-em-sao-paulo.ghtml | language=pt | access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-25|format=md}} | {{flag|Prancis}} || [[Paris]] | {{hs|Goma, Paul}}[[Paul Goma]] | {{flag|Rumania}} | {{age|1935|10|2|2020|3|25}} | Pembangkang politik dan penulis<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digi24.ro/stiri/actualitate/evenimente/scriitorul-paul-goma-ucis-de-coronavirus-1281245|title=Scriitorul Paul Goma, ucis de coronavirus. Disidentul a murit într-un spital din Paris|website=www.digi24.ro}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-25|format=md}} | {{flag|Italia}} || [[Milan]] | {{hs|Mariano, Detto}}[[Detto Mariano]] | {{flag|Italia}} | {{age|1937|7|27|2020|3|25}} | Musisi dan komponis<ref>{{cite news|author=Ivan Zingariello|url=https://www.spettacolo.eu/morto-maestro-detto-mariano/|title=Addio al maestro Detto Mariano, arrangiatore dei successi di Celentano e Battisti e di colonne sonore|publisher=www.spettacolo.eu|date=25 March 2020|language=it}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-25|format=md}} | {{flag|Italia}} || [[Brescia]] | {{hs|Moreschi, Angelo}}[[Angelo Moreschi]] | {{flag|Italia}} | {{age|1952|6|13|2020|3|25}} |[[Vikariat Apostolik Gambella|Vikar Apostolik Gambella]]<ref name="Vatican News 2020">{{cite web | title=Fallece el obispo Moreschi, misionero en Etiopía | website=Vatican News | date=26 March 2020 | url=https://www.vaticannews.va/es/iglesia/news/2020-03/fallece-obispo-moreschi-misionero-etiopia.html | language=an | access-date=26 March 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-25|format=md}} | {{flag|Indonesia}} || [[Semarang]] | {{hs|Imam Suroso}}[[Imam Suroso]] | {{flag|Indonesia}} | {{age|1964|1|10|2020|3|25}} |[[Politisi anggota DPR RI|anggota DPR RI]]<ref>Suherdjoko und Ghina Ghaliya: [https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/03/28/pdi-p-lawmaker-passes-away-while-being-monitored-for-covid-19.html ''PDI-P lawmaker passes away while being monitored for COVID-19''], 28. März 2020, ''[[The Jakarta Post]]''</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-26|format=md}} | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} || [[New York City|New York]] | {{hs|Blum, Mark}}[[Mark Blum]] | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} | {{age|1950|5|14|2020|3|26}} | Pemeran<ref>{{cite web | last=Welk | first=Brian | title=Mark Blum, Star of 'Desperately Seeking Susan' and 'You,' Dies at 69 Due to Coronavirus Complications | website=TheWrap | date=26 March 2020 | url=https://www.thewrap.com/mark-blum-actor-dies-coronavirus-desperately-seeking-susan-you/ | access-date=26 March 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-26 |format=md}} | {{flag|Filipina}} || [[Manila]] | {{hs|Cobarrubias, Menggie}}[[Menggie Cobarrubias]] | {{flag|Filipina}} | {{age|1953|8|10|2020|3|26}} | Pemeran<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/entertainment/news/256623-test-results-late-actor-menggie-cobarrubias-had-coronavirus |title=Late actor Menggie Cobarrubias had coronavirus, test results show |publisher=[[Rappler]] |date=1 April 2020 |accessdate=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-26|format=md}} | {{flag|Swedia}} || | {{hs|Holmquist, Olle}}[[Olle Holmquist]] | {{flag|Swedia}} | 83 | Trombonis<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bergam |first1=Möller |title=Musikern Olle Holmquist död i corona • Systersonen: "Han var väldigt generös" |url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/musikern-olle-holmquist-dod-av-coronaviruset/ |website=www.expressen.se |accessdate=27 March 2020 |language=sv}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-26|format=md}} | {{flag|Prancis}} || [[Paris]] | {{hs|Maria Teresa of Bourbon-Parma}}[[Putri María Teresa dari Bourbon-Parma]] | {{flag|Prancis}} / {{flag|Spanyol}} | {{age|1933|7|28|2020|3|26}} | Aktivis dan pakar sosiologi politik<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insider.com/royal-death-coronavirus-spain-princess-maria-teresa-borbon-parma-2020-3|title=A Spanish princess is the world's first royal to die from the coronavirus|last=Schild|first=Darcy|website=Insider|access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-26|format=md}} | {{flag|Brasil}} || [[São Paulo]] | {{hs|Naomi, Munakata}}[[Naomi Munakata]] | {{flag|Brasil}} | {{age|1955|5|11|2020|3|26}} | Konduktor<ref name="Folha">{{Cite web |title=Naomi Munakata, uma das principais regentes do Brasil, morre vítima de coronavírus |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ilustrada/2020/03/naomi-munakata-uma-das-principais-regentes-do-brasil-morre-por-coronavirus.shtml |publisher=Folha de São Paulo |accessdate=26 March 2020|language=pt}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-26|format=md}} | {{flag|Italia}} || [[Lucca]] | {{hs|Roni, Luigi}}[[Luigi Roni]] | {{flag|Italia}} | {{age|1942|2|22|2020|3|26}} | Penyanyi<ref>{{cite web |last1=Decalf |first1=Guillaume |title=Luigi Roni, célèbre basse italienne, meurt du coronavirus |url=https://www.francemusique.fr/actualite-musicale/luigi-roni-celebre-basse-italienne-meurt-du-coronavirus-82662 |website=France Musique |accessdate=1 April 2020 |language=fr |date=27 March 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-26|format=md}} | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} || [[New York City|New York]] | {{hs|Sorkin, Michael}}[[Michael Sorkin]] | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} | {{age|1948|8|2|2020|3|26}} | Arsitek, kritikus<ref>{{cite web | last=Hilburg | first=Jonathan | title=Michael Sorkin passes away after contracting coronavirus | website=The Architect's Newspaper | date=26 March 2020 | url=https://archpaper.com/2020/03/michael-sorkin-passes-away-after-contracting-coronavirus/ | access-date=26 March 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-26|format=md}} | {{flag|Britania Raya}} || [[Rutherglen]] | {{hs|Wilson, Hamish}}[[Hamish Wilson]] | {{flag|Britania Raya}} | {{age|1942|12|13|2020|3|26}} | Pemeran<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hdwarrior.co.uk/2020/03/29/a-tribute-to-my-good-friend-hamish-wilson/|title=A tribute to my good friend Hamish Wilson.|website=HD Warrior|access-date=31 March 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-27|format=md}} | {{flag|Brasil}} || [[Rio de Janeiro]] | {{hs|Azulay, Daniel}}[[Daniel Azulay]] | {{flag|Brasil}} | {{age|1947|5|30|2020|3|27}} | Artis buku komik<ref>{{cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2020/03/27/morre-o-desenhista-daniel-azulay.ghtml|title=Daniel Azulay, desenhista e artista plástico, morre vítima de coronavírus, aos 72 anos, diz família|publisher=Globo|language=pt|accessdate=29 March 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-27|format=md}} | {{flag|Spanyol}} || [[Logroño]] | {{hs|Gayoso Rey, Jesus}}[[Jesús Gayoso Rey]] | {{flag|Spanyol}} | {{age|1971|4|26|2020|3|27}} | Letkol [[Garda Sipil (Spanyol)|Garda Sipil]] dan kepala [[Grupo de Acción Rápida|GAR]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20200328/48128726691/muere-jefe-gar-guardia-civil-jesus-gayaso-video-seo-ext.html|title=Muere el jefe del GAR de la Guardia Civil por coronavirus|date=28 March 2020|publisher=La Vanguardia|language=es|accessdate=31 March 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-27|format=md}} | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} || [[Dallas County, Texas|Dallas County]] | {{hs|McDaniel, Orlando}}[[Orlando McDaniel]] | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} | {{age|1960|12|1|2020|3|27}} | Pemain [[sepak bola Amerika]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Former LSU WR McDaniel dies from COVID-19 |url=https://www.espn.com/college-football/story/_/id/28966107/former-lsu-receiver-orlando-mcdaniel-dies-coronavirus |website=ESPN.com |accessdate=28 March 2020 |language=en |date=28 March 2020}}</ref> |- |2020-03-27 |{{Flag|Indonesia}} |[[Jakarta]] |[[Ahmad Djuhara]] |{{Flag|Indonesia}} |53 |Arsitek Indonesia<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20200327200410-20-487694/ketua-ikatan-arsitek-ahmad-djuhara-meninggal-di-rspi|title=Ketua Ikatan Arsitek Ahmad Djuhara Meninggal di RSPI|website=nasional|language=id-ID|access-date=2020-03-28}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-28|format=md}} | {{flag|Swedia}} || [[Stockholm]] | {{hs|Behrendtz, Kerstin}}[[Kerstin Behrendtz]] | {{flag|Swedia}} | {{age|1950|8|18|2020|3|28}} | Penyiar radio<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lindqvist |first1=Johan |title=Radiolegendaren Kerstin Behrendtz har avlidit i corona |url=http://www.gp.se/1.26094733 |website=gp.se |accessdate=28 March 2020 |language=sv |date=28 March 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-28|format=md}} | || | {{hs|Jordan, Pearson}}[[Pearson Jordan]] | {{flag|Barbados}} | {{age|1950|10|23|2020|3|28}} | Sprinter<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1092624/olympian-pearson-jordan-passes-away|title=Olympian Pearson Jordan passes away from COVID-19}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-28|format=md}} | {{flag|Spanyol}} || | {{hs|Galante, Galante}}[[Chato Galante]] | {{flag|Spanyol}} | {{age|1948|4|27|2020|3|28}} | Aktivis dan mantan tahanan politik<ref>{{cite web |title=Fallece el activista y preso del franquismo Chato Galante con coronavirus |url=https://www.eldiario.es/sociedad/Fallece-activista-franquista-Chato-Galante_0_1011048946.html |website=eldiario.es |accessdate=30 March 2020 |language=es}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-28|format=md}} | {{flag|Uruguay}} | [[Montevideo]] | {{hs|González Rissotto, Rodolfo}}[[Rodolfo González Rissotto]] | {{flag|Uruguay}} | {{age|1949|10|7|2020|3|28}} | Politikus<ref>{{cite web |title=Uruguay registers first death in the country from coronavirus |url=https://g1.globo.com/bemestar/coronavirus/podcast/novo-coronavirus-perguntas-e-respostas/noticia/2020/03/28/uruguai-registra-primeira-morte-no-pais-por-coronavirus.ghtml |publisher=Globo |accessdate=29 March 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-28|format=md}} | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} | [[Great Neck, New York|Great Neck]] | {{hs|Helmreich, William B.}}[[William B. Helmreich]] | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} | {{age|1945|08|25|2020|3|28}} | Sosiolog, Profesor<ref>{{cite web |title=William Helmreich, sociologist of US Jewry and inveterate New Yorker, dies of coronavirus |url=https://www.jta.org/2020/03/30/obituaries/william-helmreich-sociologist-of-u-s-jewry-and-inveterate-new-yorker-dies-of-coronavirus |website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |accessdate=30 March 2020 |date=30 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=William Helmreich, Sociologist and a Walker in the City, Dies at 74 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/30/nyregion/william-helmreich-dead-coronavirus.html |website=The New York Times |accessdate=30 March 2020 |date=30 March 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-28|format=md}} | {{flag|Britania Raya}} || [[London]] | {{hs|Khan, Azam}}[[Azam Khan (pemain squash)|Azam Khan]] | {{flag|Pakistan}} | 95 | Pemain squash<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hussain |first1=Khalid |title=Squash great Azam Khan dies of coronavirus aged 95 |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/279680-legendary-squash-player-azam-khan-passes |publisher=Geo News |accessdate=28 March 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-28|format=md}} | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} || [[Rockport, Massachusetts|Rockport]] | {{hs|McKinnnell, Michael}}[[Michael McKinnell]] | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} | 84 | Arsitek<ref>{{cite web | last=Marquard | first=Bryan | title=Architect Michael McKinnell, co-designer of Boston City Hall, dies at 84 | website=The Boston Globe | date=28 March 2020 | url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/03/28/metro/architect-michael-mckinnell-co-designer-boston-city-hall-dies-84/ | access-date=28 March 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-29|format=md}} | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} | [[New York City|New York]] | {{hs|Broadbent, Peregrine}}[[Peregrine Broadbent]] | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} | 56 | CFO [[Jefferies Group]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cranley |first1=Ellen |title=Jefferies Group CFO has died from coronavirus complications, becoming the first high-profile financial leader to fall victim to the pandemic |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/jefferies-group-cfo-peg-broadbent-died-from-coronavirus-complications-2020-3 |website=Business Insider |date=29 March 2020 |accessdate=30 March 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-29|format=md}} | {{flag|Spanyol}} | [[Madrid]] | {{hs|Capón, José Luis}}[[José Luis Capón]] | {{flag|Spanyol}} | {{age|1948|2|6|2020|3|29}} | Pemain sepak bola<ref>{{cite web |title=Fallece Jose Luis Capón por coronavirus, histórico lateral del Atlético de Madrid |url=https://www.elconfidencial.com/deportes/futbol/2020-03-29/jose-luis-capon-muere-atletico-de-madrid-anos-futbol-coronavirus_2523828/ |website=El Confidencial |accessdate=30 March 2020 |language=es |date=29 March 2020}}</ref> |- |{{Date table sorting|2020-03-29|format=md}} |{{flag|Prancis}} |[[Paris]] | {{hs|Devedjian, Patrick}}[[Patrick Devedjian]] |{{flag|Prancis}} |{{age|1944|8|26|2020|3|29}} |Presiden [[Hauts-de-Seine]], mantan menteri pemerintahan<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/planete/live/2020/03/29/coronavirus-suivez-en-direct-la-journee-du-dimanche-29-mars_6034801_3244.html|title=Coronavirus : Patrick Devedjian, président des Hauts-de-Seine et ancien ministre, est mort du Covid-19|date=|work=[[Le Monde]]|access-date=29 March 2020|url-status=live|language=fr-FR}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-29|format=md}} | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} || [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]] | {{hs|Diffie, Joe}}[[Joe Diffie]] | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} | {{age|1958|12|28|2020|3|29}} | Penyanyi country<ref>{{cite web |last1=Willman |first1=Chris |title=Joe Diffie, '90s Country Music Star, Dies of Coronavirus at 61 |url=https://variety.com/2020/music/news/joe-diffie-coronavirus-country-star-died-dead-1203548295/ |website=Variety |accessdate=29 March 2020 |language=en |date=29 March 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-29|format=md}} | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} || [[Salt Lake City]] | {{hs|Garff, Robert H.}}[[Robert H. Garff]] | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} | 78 | Pengusaha dan mantan Jurubicara [[Dewan Perwakilan Utah]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Robert Garff, prominent Utah businessman and former House speaker, is state's third victim of COVID-19 |url=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2020/3/29/21198863/utah-covid19-700-cases-coronavirus-salt-lake |website=Deseret News |accessdate=29 March 2020 |language=en |date=29 March 2020 |archive-date=29 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329195409/https://www.deseret.com/utah/2020/3/29/21198863/utah-covid19-700-cases-coronavirus-salt-lake |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-29|format=md}} | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} || [[New York City|New York]] | {{hs|Mercader, Maria}}[[Maria Mercader]] | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} | {{age|1965|11|28|2020|3|29}} | Produser berita televisi dan wartawan<ref>{{cite web |title=Remembering Maria Mercader, CBS News journalist for three decades |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/remembering-maria-mercader-cbs-news-journalist-for-three-decades/ |website=www.cbsnews.com |accessdate=30 March 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-29|format=md}} | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} || [[New York City|New York]] | {{hs|Merrill, Alan}}[[Alan Merrill]] | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} | {{age|1951|2|19|2020|3|29}} | Penyanyi utama [[Arrows (grup musik Britania Raya)|Arrows]] dan penulis lagu<ref>{{cite web |title=Alan Merrill, 'I Love Rock 'N Roll' Writer, Dies at 69 |url=https://bestclassicbands.com/alan-merrill-i-love-rock-n-roll-arrows-obituary-3-29-20/ |website=Best Classic Bands |accessdate=29 March 2020 |date=2 August 2017}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-29|format=md}} | {{flag|Prancis}} || [[Angers]] | {{hs|Rapp, Francis}}[[Francis Rapp]] | {{flag|Prancis}} | {{age|1926|6|27|2020|3|29}} | Sejarawan abad pertengahan<ref>{{cite web |title=Nécrologie. Francis Rapp s'en est allé, emporté par le Covid-19 |url=https://www.dna.fr/edition-strasbourg/2020/03/29/francis-rapp-s-en-est-alle |website=www.dna.fr |accessdate=30 March 2020 |language=FR-fr}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-29|format=md}} | {{flag|Italia}} || [[Ponte San Pietro]] | {{hs|Rottoli, Angelo}}[[Angelo Rottoli]] | {{flag|Italia}} | {{age|1958|12|14|2020|3|29}} | Petinju<ref>{{cite web |title=Pugilato, coronavirus: morto ex campione europeo dei massimi leggeri Rottoli |url= https://www.repubblica.it/sport/vari/2020/03/29/news/coronavirus_morto_pugile_rottoli-252623963/ |publisher=[[la Repubblica]] |language=Italian |date=29 March 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-29|format=md}} | {{flag|Jepang}} || [[Tokyo]] | {{hs|Shimura, Ken}}[[Ken Shimura]] | {{flag|Jepang}} | {{age|1950|2|20|2020|3|29}} | Pelawak<ref>{{cite web |title=コメディアンの志村けんさん死去新型コロナ感染で肺炎発症 |url= https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20200330/k10012357011000.html |website=[[NHK]]|accessdate=30 March 2020 |date=30 March 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-30|format=md}} | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} || [[Brooklyn]] | {{hs|Borjas, Lorena}}[[Lorena Borjas]] | {{flag|Meksiko}} | {{age|1960|5|29|2020|3|30}} | Transgender dan aktivis hak imigran<ref>{{cite web |title=Lorena Borjas, Mother of Queens' Trans Latinx Community, Has Died Due to Coronavirus |url=https://www.them.us/story/lorena-borjas-mother-of-queens-trans-latinx-community-died-coronavirus |website=Them. |accessdate=30 March 2020 |date=30 March 2020}}</ref> |- |{{Date table sorting|2020-03-30|format=md}} | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} |[[New York City|New York]] |{{hs|Goodrich, James T.}}[[James T. Goodrich]] | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} | 73 |Dokter bedah otak<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/coronavirus/humble-ny-doctor-who-led-miracle-surgery-on-conjoined-twins-dies-of-covid-19-complications/2351569/|title='Humble' NYC Doctor Who Led Miracle Surgery on Conjoined Twins Dies of COVID-19 Complications|website=NBC New York|language=en-US|access-date=30 March 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-30|format=md}} | {{flag|Britania Raya}} || | {{hs|Hodgkiss, David}}[[David Hodgkiss]] | {{flag|Britania Raya}} | 71 | Ketua [[Lancashire County Cricket Club]]<ref>{{cite web |title=David Hodgkiss: Lancashire CCC chairman dies after contracting coronavirus |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/52093290 |website=BBC Sport |accessdate=30 March 2020 |date=30 March 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-30|format=md}} | {{flag|Serbia}} || [[Belgrade]] | {{hs|Knežević, Milutin}}[[Milutin Knežević]] | {{flag|Serbia}} | {{age|1949|01|10|2020|3|30}} | Uskup Ortodoks Serbia<ref>{{cite web |title=Preminuo episkop valjevski Milutin koji je bio zaražen korona virusom |url=https://www.blic.rs/vesti/drustvo/preminuo-episkop-valjevski-milutin-koji-je-bio-zarazen-korona-virusom/sm8n1ze |website=Blic.rs |accessdate=30 March 2020 |language=sr}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-30|format=md}} | {{flag|Prancis}} || [[Neuilly-sur-Seine|Neuilly]] | {{hs|Yhombi-Opango, Joachim}}[[Joachim Yhombi-Opango]] | {{flag|Kongo, Rep.}} | {{age|1939|01|12|2020|3|30}} | Mantan [[Daftar presiden Republik Kongo|Presiden]] dan [[daftar perdana menteri Republik Kongo|Perdana Menteri]] Republik Kongo<ref>{{cite web |title=Coronavirus: décès de l'ex-président congolais Yhombi Opango |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/coronavirus-deces-de-l-ex-president-congolais-yhombi-opango-20200330 |website=lefigaro.fr |date=30 March 2020 |accessdate=30 March 2020 |language=fr}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-31|format=md}} | {{flag|Belarus}} || [[Vitebsk]] | {{hs|Dashkevich, Viktor}}[[Viktor Dashkevich]] | {{flag|Belarus}} | {{age|1945|1|3|2020|3|31}} | Pemeran panggung<ref>{{cite web |title=Умер заразившийся коронавирусом актер Виктор Дашкевич |url=https://rg.ru/2020/03/31/umer-zarazivshijsia-koronavirusom-akter-viktor-dashkevich.html |website=Российская газета |accessdate=1 April 2020 |language=Russian}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-31|format=md}} | {{flag|Senegal}} || [[Dakar]] | {{hs|Diouf, Pape}}[[Pape Diouf]] | {{flag|Senegal}} | {{age|1951|12|18|2020|3|31}} | Wartawan, mantan presiden [[Olympique de Marseille]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Coronavirus : Pape Diouf, l'ancien président de l'OM, est décédé |url=http://www.leparisien.fr/sports/coronavirus-pape-diouf-l-ancien-president-de-l-om-hospitalise-a-nice-31-03-2020-8291718.php |website=Le Parisien |accessdate=31 March 2020 |date=31 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Marsilya'nın eski başkanı Pape Diouf corona virüsünden hayatını kaybetti - Son dakika Fransa Ligue 1 haberleri - Fotomaç - Son dakika Fransa Ligue 1 haberleri - Fotomaç |url=https://www.fotomac.com.tr/fransaligue1/2020/03/31/marsilyanin-eski-baskani-pape-diouf-yasam-savasi-veriyor |website=www.fotomac.com.tr |accessdate=31 March 2020 |language=French}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-31|format=md}} | {{flag|Prancis}} || [[Strasbourg]] | {{hs|Gomez Nieto, Rafael}}[[Rafael Gómez Nieto]] | {{flag|Spanyol}} | {{age|1921|01|29|2020|3|31}} |Prajurit, [[Daftar veteran pemberontakan militer dan perang terakhir yang bertahan hidup|anggota terakhir yang bertahan hidup]] dari ''[[La Nueve]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fallece el último superviviente de la compañía que liberó París de los nazis |url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/cultura/20200331/48215141168/rafael-gomez-nieto-la-nueve-paris-nazis-hitler-republicanos.html|website=La Vanguardia |accessdate=31 March 2020 |date=31 March 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-31|format=md}} | {{flag|Britania Raya}} || [[London]] | {{hs|Jack, Andrew}}[[Andrew Jack (pelatih dialek)|Andrew Jack]] | {{flag|Britania Raya}} | {{age|1944|01|28|2020|3|31}} | Pelatih dialek dan pemeran<ref>{{cite web |last1=Newbold |first1=Mark |title=Rest in Peace Andrew Jack, Major Caluan Ematt |url=https://www.fanthatracks.com/news/conventions-events/rest-in-peace-andrew-jack-major-caluan-ematt/ |website=Fantha Tracks |accessdate=31 March 2020 |date=31 March 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-31|format=md}} | {{flag|Swedia}} || [[Stockholm]] | {{hs|Oneborg, Tomas}}[[Tomas Oneborg]] | {{flag|Swedia}} | {{age|1958|03|28|2020|3|31}} | Fotografer<ref>{{cite web |title=SvD-fotografen Tomas Oneborg avliden i covid-19 |url=https://www.svd.se/svd-fotograf-avliden-i-covid-19 |website=Svenska Dagbladet |accessdate=31 March 2020 |language=sv |date=31 March 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-31|format=md}} | {{flag|Afrika Selatan}} || [[Umhlanga, KwaZulu-Natal|Umhlanga]] | {{hs|Ramjee, Gita}}[[Gita Ramjee]] | {{flag|Afrika Selatan}} | 63 | HIV prevention researcher<ref>{{cite news |title=JUST IN: Renowned SA scientist Gita Ramjee dies of complications due to Covid-19 |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/kwazulu-natal/just-in-renowned-sa-scientist-gita-ramjee-dies-of-complications-due-to-covid-19-45863633 |accessdate=31 March 2020 |agency=IOL}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-31|format=md}} | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} || [[New York City|New York]] | {{hs|Roney, Wallace}}[[Wallace Roney]] | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} | {{age|1960|5|25|2020|3|31}} | Pemain terompet jazz<ref>{{cite web |last1=Farrell |first1=Paul |title=Wallace Roney Dead: Miles Davis' Protege Dies from Covid-19 Complications |url=https://heavy.com/entertainment/2020/03/wallace-roney-dead/ |website=Heavy.com |accessdate=31 March 2020 |language=en |date=31 March 2020 |archive-date=31 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331205922/https://heavy.com/entertainment/2020/03/wallace-roney-dead/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-31|format=md}} | {{flag|Britania Raya}} || | {{hs|Sinclair, Peter J. N.}}[[Peter J. N. Sinclair]] | {{flag|Britania Raya}} | {{age|1946|9|18|2020|3|31}} | Ekonom<ref>{{cite web |title=Coronavirus: David Cameron's tutor Prof Peter Sinclair dies |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-birmingham-52118901 |website=BBC |accessdate=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-03-31|format=md}} | {{flag|Spanyol}} || | {{hs|Yuste, Daniel}}[[Daniel Yuste]] | {{flag|Spanyol}} | {{age|1944|11|17|2020|3|31}} | Pemain sepeda<ref>{{cite web |last1=Barker |first1=Gabby |title=Former Madrid cyclist Daniel Yuste dies of coronavirus at 75 |url=https://sportsfinding.com/former-madrid-cyclist-daniel-yuste-dies-of-coronavirus-at-75/27675/ |website=Sports Finding |accessdate=31 March 2020 |date=31 March 2020 |archive-date=2020-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401001029/https://sportsfinding.com/former-madrid-cyclist-daniel-yuste-dies-of-coronavirus-at-75/27675/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-01|format=md}} | {{flag|Serbia}} || [[Belgrade]] | {{hs|Blažić, Branislav}}[[Branislav Blažić]] | {{flag|Serbia}} | {{age|1957|4|01|2020|4|01}} | Dokter bedah dan politikus, mantan [[Kementerian Perlindungan Lingkungan Hidup (Serbia)|Menteri Perlindungan Lingkungan Hidup]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Serbian state secretary dies from coronavirus |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/world/2020/04/01/serbian-state-secretary-dies-from-coronavirus |website=The Star Online |accessdate=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-01|format=md}} | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} || [[Greenwich, Connecticut|Greenwich]] | {{hs|Duffy, Kevin}}[[Kevin Duffy]] | {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} | {{age|1933|1|10|2020|4|01}} | Mantan hakim untuk [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York|U.S. District Court for Southern New York]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Borsuk |first1=Ken |title=Judge from Greenwich who presided over World Trade Center bombing case dies from coronavirus |url=https://www.greenwichtime.com/news/coronavirus/article/Kevin-Duffy-Greenwich-resident-and-judge-in-15172320.php |website=GreenwichTime |accessdate=1 April 2020 |date=1 April 2020 |archive-date=2 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402002953/https://www.greenwichtime.com/news/coronavirus/article/Kevin-Duffy-Greenwich-resident-and-judge-in-15172320.php |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-01|format=md}} | {{flag|Britania Raya}} || [[London]] | {{hs|Hussein, Nur Hassan}}[[Nur Hassan Hussein]] | {{flag|Somalia}} | {{age|1937|2|16|2020|4|01}} | Mantan [[Perdana Menteri Somalia]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Somalia's ex Prime Minister dies of corona virus |url=https://www.pulselive.co.ke/news/somalias-ex-prime-minister-nur-hassan-hussein-nur-adde-dies-of-corona-virus/ez6rn4k |publisher=Pulse |accessdate=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-01|format=md}} |{{Flag|Amerika Serikat}} | [[Poughkeepsie]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Adam Schlesinger, Fountains of Wayne and ‘Crazy Ex-Girlfriend’ songwriter, dies from coronavirus at 52 |url=https://www.jta.org/quick-reads/adam-schlesinger-fountains-of-wayne-and-crazy-ex-girlfriend-songwriter-dies-from-coronavirus-at-52 |accessdate=2 April 2020 |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency}}</ref> |[[Adam Schlesinger]] |{{Flag|Amerika Serikat}} |52 |Penulis lagu nominasi Emmy, Grammy, Oscar dan Tony, anggota [[Fountains of Wayne]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2020/music/news/adam-schlesinger-coronavirus-dead-dies-1203552130/|title=Adam Schlesinger Dies of Coronavirus Complications at 52|last=Willman|first=Chris|last2=Willman|first2=Chris|date=2020-04-01|website=Variety|language=en|access-date=2020-04-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Sisario|first=Ben|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/01/arts/music/adam-schlesinger-dead-coronavirus.html|title=Adam Schlesinger, Songwriter for Rock, Film and the Stage, Dies at 52|date=2020-04-01|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-04-01|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-01|format=md}} | Amerika Serikat|| [[Saddle River, New Jersey]] | {{hs|Pizzarelli, Bucky}}[[Bucky Pizzarelli]] | Amerika Serikat | {{age|1926|1|9|2020|4|1}} | Gitaris jazz<ref>{{cite web |last1=Westhoven |first1=William |title=Jazz-guitar great Bucky Pizzarelli dies at 94 after testing positive for coronavirus |url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2020/04/02/jazz-great-bucky-pizzarelli-dies-after-testing-positive-coronavirus/5112393002/ |publisher=USA Today |accessdate=2 April 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-02|format=md}} | Spanyol | [[Madrid]] | {{hs|Benito, Goyo}}[[Goyo Benito]] | Spanyol | {{age|1946|10|21|2020|04|02}} | Pesepak bola<ref>{{cite web |title=Muere Goyo Benito, histórico defensa del Real Madrid |url=https://www.mundodeportivo.com/futbol/real-madrid/20200402/48273796479/muere-goyo-benito-historico-defensa-del-real-madrid.html |website=Mundo Deportivo |accessdate=2 April 2020 |language=es |date=2 April 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-02|format=md}} | Lebanon | [[Beirut]] | {{hs|Catalla, Bernardita}}[[Bernardita Catalla]] | Filipina | {{age|1958|02|18|2020|04|02}} | Duta besar Filipina untuk Lebanon<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dfa.gov.ph/dfa-news/statements-and-advisoriesupdate/26554-statement-on-the-demise-of-honorable-bernardita-m-catalla-philippine-ambassador-to-lebanon|title=Statement: On the Demise of Honorable Bernardita L. Catalla, Philippine Ambassador to Lebanon|last=|first=|date=2020-04-02|website=Department of Foreign Affairs|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508204250/https://dfa.gov.ph/dfa-news/statements-and-advisoriesupdate/26554-statement-on-the-demise-of-honorable-bernardita-m-catalla-philippine-ambassador-to-lebanon|archive-date=2020-05-08|access-date=2020-04-02|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-02|format=md}} | Britania Raya | [[Bristol]] | {{hs|Large, Eddie}}[[Eddie Large]] | Britania Raya | {{age|1941|6|25|2020|4|2}} | Pelawak<ref name="Eddie Large dies aged 78">{{cite web |title=Eddie Large dies aged 78 |url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/people/news/5726/rip-eddie-large/ |website=[[British Comedy Guide]] |accessdate=2 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="Cricket">{{cite tweet |user=jimmy__cricket |number=1245663976475820032 |date=2020-04-02|title=With a heavy heart I have just found out, (through his son Ryan), that his father Eddie Large has passed away | last = Cricket| first = Jimmy|author-link= Jimmy Cricket}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-02|format=md}} | India | [[Amritsar]] | {{hs|Singh Khalsa, Nirmal}}[[Nirmal Singh Khalsa]] | India | {{age|1952|4|12|2020|4|02}} | Penyanyi dan pendeta ([[Golden Temple|Darbar Sahib]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Former Hazoori Ragi Nirmal Singh Khalsa dead, had tested positive for coronavirus |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/former-hazoori-ragi-nirmal-singh-khalsa-dead-had-tested-positive-for-coronavirus-64557 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |accessdate=2 April 2020 |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404144336/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/former-hazoori-ragi-nirmal-singh-khalsa-dead-had-tested-positive-for-coronavirus-64557 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-02|format=md}} | Prancis | | {{hs|Sowinski, Arnold}}[[Arnold Sowinski]] | Prancis | {{age|1931|3|17|2020|04|02}} | Pesepak bola<ref name="lequipe.fr">{{cite web |title=Disparition : Arnold Sowinski, ancien entraîneur du RC Lens, est mort |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Disparition-arnold-sowinski-ancien-entraineur-du-rc-lens-est-mort/1124404 |website=L'Équipe |accessdate=3 April 2020 |language=fr |date=2 April 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-03|format=md}} | Argentina | [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]] | {{hs|Giménez, Juan}}[[Juan Giménez]] | Argentina | {{age|1943|11|16|2020|04|03}} | Artis buku komik dan ilustrator <ref>{{cite web |title=Acclaimed Comics Artist Juan Gimenez Dies Due To Coronavirus |url=https://comicbook.com/comics/2020/04/03/acclaimed-comics-artist-juan-gimenez-dies-due-to-coronavirus/ |website=Comicbook.com |accessdate=3 April 2020 |language=en |date=3 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://meaww.com/coronavirus-celebrity-death-comic-book-artist-juan-gimenez-industry-reactions-mourn-loss-death|title=Veteran comic book artist Juan Giménez's death from coronavirus leaves industry members devastated|date=2020-04-03|work=Meaww|access-date=2020-04-03|language=en}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-02|format=md}} | Britania Raya | [[Bristol]] | {{hs|Large, Eddie}}[[Eddie Large]] | Britania Raya | {{age|1941|6|25|2020|4|2}} | Pelawak<ref name="Eddie Large dies aged 78"/><ref name="Cricket"/> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-02|format=md}} | Amerika Serikat | | {{hs|Rubashkin, Aaron}}[[Aaron Rubashkin]] | Amerika Serikat | 92 | Pengusaha<ref>{{cite web |title=Reb Avrohom Aaron Rubashkin z”l |url=https://matzav.com/reb-avrohom-aaron-rubashkin-zl/ |website=matzav.com |accessdate=3 April 2020 |date=2 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://collive.com/avraham-aaron-rubashkin-92-obm/ |title=Avraham Aaron Rubashkin, 92, OBM |date=2 April 2020 |website=COLlive.com}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-02|format=md}} | Prancis | [[Lens, Pas-de-Calais|Lens]] | {{hs|Sowinski, Arnold}}[[Arnold Sowinski]] | Prancis | {{age|1931|3|17|2020|04|02}} | Pesepak bola<ref name="lequipe.fr"/> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-03|format=md}} | Amerika Serikat | [[New York City|New York]] | {{hs|Bosworth, Patricia}}[[Patricia Bosworth]] | Amerika Serikat | {{age|1933|4|24|2020|04|03}} | Actress and author<ref>{{cite web |title=Patricia Bosworth, Hollywood Actress and Biographer, Dies at 86 |url=https://www.thewrap.com/patricia-bosworth-hollywood-actress-and-marlon-brando-biographer-dies-at-86-from-coronavirus-complications/ |website=TheWrap |accessdate=3 April 2020 |date=3 April 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-03|format=md}} | | | {{hs|Hernando Contreras, Francisco}}[[Francisco Hernando Contreras]] | Spanyol | 74 | Pengembang perumahan<ref>{{cite news |title=Muere por coronavirus Paco el Pocero, el famoso constructor de Seseña durante la burbuja inmobiliaria |url=https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/4215767/0/muere-paco-pocero-coronavirus/ |accessdate=3 April 2020 |work=www.20minutos.es - Últimas Noticias |date=3 April 2020 |language=es}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-03|format=md}} | Britania Raya | [[London]] | {{hs|Robinson, Tim}}[[Tim Robinson (kartografer)|Tim Robinson]] | Britania Raya | 85 | Penulis dan kartografer<ref>{{cite web |title=Author and cartographer Tim Robinson dies from coronavirus |url=https://www.rte.ie/culture/2020/0403/1128347-author-and-cartographer-tim-robinson-dies-from-coronavirus/ |website=RTE |accessdate=3 April 2020 |language=en |date=3 April 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-03|format=md}} | Italia | [[Cesena]] | {{hs|Rossi, Sergio}}[[Sergio Rossi (perancang perumahan)|Sergio Rossi]] | Italia | 84 | Perancang sepatu<ref>{{cite web |first1=Katie|last1=Abel|first2=Luisa|last2=Zargani |title=Sergio Rossi Dies at 84 |url=https://wwd.com/accessories-news/footwear/footwear-legend-sergio-rossi-dies-84-coronavirus-1203553603/ |website=WWD |accessdate=3 April 2020 |language=en |date=3 April 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-03|format=md}} | Turki | {{hs|Sönmez, Yusuf Kenan}}[[Yusuf Kenan Sönmez]] | {{age in years|1948|2020}} | Politikus, mantan anggota [[Majelis Agung Nasional Turki]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Yusuf Kenan Sönmez kimdir? Yusuf Kenan Sönmez kaç yaşında ve nereli? |url=https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2020/gundem/yusuf-kenan-sonmez-kimdir-yusuf-kenan-sonmez-kac-yasinda-ve-nereli-5723671/ |accessdate=3 April 2020 |publisher=[[Sözcü]] |date=3 April 2020 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20200411215841/https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2020/gundem/yusuf-kenan-sonmez-kimdir-yusuf-kenan-sonmez-kac-yasinda-ve-nereli-5723671/ | archivedate = 11 April 2020 }}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-03|format=md}} | Amerika Serikat (New York) | {{hs|Stringer-Cuevas, Arlene}}[[Arlene Stringer-Cuevas]] | {{age|1933|09|25|2020|04|03}} | Mantan anggota [[Dewan Kota New York]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Calder |first1=Rich |title=Comptroller Scott Stringer’s mom dead from coronavirus |url=https://nypost.com/2020/04/03/comptroller-scott-stringers-mother-arlene-has-died-from-coronavirus/ |website=New York Post |accessdate=5 April 2020 |language=en |date=3 April 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-04|format=md}} | Britania Raya (London) | {{hs|Benedict, Jay}}[[Jay Benedict]] | {{age|1951|04|11|2020|04|04}} | Pemeran Amerika Serikat, yang utamanya berkarya di Britania Raya<ref>{{cite web |title=Jay Benedict, ‘Emmerdale’ and ‘Aliens’ actor, dies at 68 from COVID-19 |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/6788932/jay-benedict-emmerdale-dead-coronavirus/ |website=Global News |accessdate=8 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-04|format=md}} | Belgia (Brussels) | {{hs|Bodson, Philippe}}[[Philippe Bodson]] | {{age|1944|11|2|2020|04|04}} | Pengusaha dan politikus, mantan [[senat Belgia|senator Belgia]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Voormalig VBO-voorzitter Philippe Bodson overleden aan coronavirus |url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2020/04/04/bodson-overleden/ |accessdate=4 April 2020 |work=VRT |date=4 April 2020 |language=NL}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-04|format=md}} | Amerika Serikat ([[Shelter Island, New York|Shelter Island]]) | {{hs|Compton, Forrest}}[[Forrest Compton]] | {{age|1925|9|15|2020|04|04}} | Pemeran<ref>{{cite web |title=Update: Town announces the first deaths from coronavirus |url=https://shelterislandreporter.timesreview.com/2020/04/04/town-announces-the-first-deaths-from-coronavirus/ |website=Shelter Island Reporter |accessdate=5 April 2020 |date=4 April 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-04|format=md}} | Brasil (São Paulo) | {{hs|Corral, Florindo}}[[Florindo Corral]] | {{age|1949|11|7|2020|04|04}} | Pengusaha<ref>{{cite news |title=Morre Florindo Corral, fundador da FAM |url=https://tododia.com.br/manchete/morre-aos-70-anos-florindo-corral-fundador-da-fam/ |accessdate=4 April 2020 |work=Jornal TodoDia |date=4 April 2020 |language=pt-BR |archive-date=6 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406175656/https://tododia.com.br/manchete/morre-aos-70-anos-florindo-corral-fundador-da-fam/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-04|format=md}} | Amerika Serikat (New Orleans) | {{hs|Dempsey, Tom}}[[Tom Dempsey]] | {{age|1947|1|12|2020|04|04}} | Pemain sepak bola Amerika Serikat<ref>[https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/2020/04/04/tom-dempsey-dies-73-coronavirus-battle/2950040001/ Tom Dempsey dies at 73 after battle with coronavirus<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-04|format=md}} | Prancis (Paris) | {{hs|Dor, Xavier}}[[Xavier Dor]] | {{age|1929|1|30|2020|04|04}} | Pakar embriologi dan aktivis anti-aborsi<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pontificum |first1=Summorum |title=Rappel à Dieu de Docteur Dor |url=https://www.riposte-catholique.fr/archives/155429 |website=Riposte-catholique |accessdate=5 April 2020 |language=fr-FR |date=4 April 2020 |archive-date=6 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406100144/https://www.riposte-catholique.fr/archives/155429 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-04|format=md}} | Amerika Serikat (New York) | {{hs|Montgomery, Olan}}[[Olan Montgomery]] | {{age|1963|4|12|2020|04|04}} | Pemeran dan artis<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200411042243/https://www.dealfuneraldirectors.com/obituary/Timothy-Montgomery "Timothy Olan Montgomery: April 12, 1963 - April 4, 2020 (Age 56),"] Deal Funeral Directors, April 10, 2020.</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-04|format=md}} | Amerika Serikat (New York) | {{hs|Islam, Muhammad Sirajul}}[[Muhammad Sirajul Islam]] | {{age|1943|01|01|2020|04|04}} | Mantan [[Jatiya Sangsad|anggota parlemen Bangladesh]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Ex-Moulvibazar MP Sirajul Islam dies from coronavirus in US |url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/national/ex-moulvibazar-mp-sirajul-islam-dies-from-coronavirus-in-us-1586066210 |website=The Financial Express |accessdate=5 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-04|format=md}} | Prancis (Paris) | {{hs|Moreau, Marcel}}[[Marcel Moreau]] | {{age|1933|4|16|2020|04|04}} | Penulis Belgia<ref>{{cite web |title=Décès de Marcel Moreau: un écrivain du débordement |url=https://plus.lesoir.be/292323/article/2020-04-04/deces-de-marcel-moreau-un-ecrivain-du-debordement |website=Le Soir Plus |accessdate=4 April 2020 |language=fr |date=4 April 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-04|format=md}} | Britania Raya ([[London]]) | {{hs|Sebastianpillai, Anton}}[[Anton Sebastianpillai]] | 70an | Penulis (dengan nama Anton Sebastian) dan konsultan geriatrisian.<ref name="BBC-52204509">{{cite web |title=Doctor in his 70s dies at London hospital |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-52204509 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |accessdate=8 April 2020 |date=7 April 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-04|format=md}} | Britania Raya ([[Bath, Somerset|Bath]]) | {{hs|Thynn, Alexander}}[[Alexander Thynn, 7th Marquess of Bath|Alexander Thynn]] | {{age|1932|05|06|2020|04|04}} | Aristokrat, [[Marquess of Bath]] ke-7<ref name="BBC-52173794">{{cite web |title=Lord Bath dies after contracting coronavirus |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-52173794 |website=BBC News |accessdate=5 April 2020 |date=5 April 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-04|format=md}} | Prancis | {{hs|Wattenberg, Frida}}[[Frida Wattenberg]] | {{age|1924|04|07|2020|04|04}} | Anggota [[pemberontakan Prancis]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Coronavirus : deux anciens résistants, Henri Ecochard et Frida Wattenberg, emportés par le Covid-19 |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/sante/maladie/coronavirus/coronavirus-deux-anciens-resistants-henri-ecochard-et-frida-wattenberg-emportes-par-le-covid-19_3902369.html |website=Franceinfo |accessdate=8 April 2020 |language=fr |date=6 April 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-05|format=md}} | Amerika Serikat ([[Akron, Ohio|Akron]]) | {{hs|Fierro, Lee}}[[Lee Fierro]] | 91 | Pemeran<ref>{{cite web |title=Lee Fierro, 'Jaws' Actress, Dies of Coronavirus Complications at 91 |url=https://www.etonline.com/lee-fierro-jaws-actress-dies-of-coronavirus-complications-at-91-144274 |website=Entertainment Tonight |accessdate=6 April 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-05|format=md}} | Mesir ([[Kairo]]) | {{hs|Jibril, Mahmoud}}[[Mahmoud Jibril]] | {{age|1952|05|28|2020|04|05}} | Politikus, dulunya pelaksana jabatan [[Daftar kepala pemerintahan Libya|Perdana Menteri Libya]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=El-Tablawy |first1=Tarek |title=Former Libya Premier Jibril Dies in Cairo From Coronavirus |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-05/former-libya-premier-jibril-dies-in-cairo-from-coronavirus |accessdate=5 April 2020 |date=5 April 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-05|format=md}} | Britania Raya (London) | {{hs|Laws, John }}[[John Laws (hakim)|John Laws]] | {{age|1945|10|05|2020|04|05}} | Mantan Kepala Hakim Banding<ref>{{cite web |last1=Booth |first1=Robert |title=Retired judge and Cummings' uncle Sir John Laws dies after contracting Covid-19 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/law/2020/apr/05/retired-senior-judge-sir-john-laws-dies-after-contracting-coronavirus |website=The Guardian |accessdate=5 April 2020 |date=5 April 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-05|format=md}} | | {{hs|Parisse, Michel}}[[Michel Parisse]] | {{age|1936|05|01|2020|04|05}} | Sejarawan Prancis<ref>{{cite web |title=Michel Parisse est mort |url=https://www.lhistoire.fr/hommage/michel-parisse-est-mort |website=www.lhistoire.fr |accessdate=7 April 2020 |language=fr}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-06|format=md}} | Amerika Serikat | {{hs|Aylon, Helène}}[[Helène Aylon]] | {{age|1931|02|04|2020|04|06}} | Seniman ekofeminis<ref>{{cite web |last1=Greenberger |first1=Alex |title=Helène Aylon, Eco-Feminist Artist Who Pondered Change, Is Dead at 89 of Coronavirus-Related Causes |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/helene-aylon-dead-coronavirus-1202683365/ |website=ARTnews.com |accessdate=8 April 2020 |date=7 April 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-06|format=md}} | Spain ([[Lleida]]) | {{hs|Benet i Jornet, Josep Maria}}[[Josep Maria Benet i Jornet]] | {{age|1940|06|20|2020|04|06}} | Playwright and screenwriter<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cervera |first1=Marta |title=Muere Benet i Jornet, faro de la dramaturgia catalana contemporánea |url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/ocio-y-cultura/20200406/benet-jornet-muere-coronavirus-7918764 |website=elperiodico |accessdate=6 April 2020 |language=es |date=6 April 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-06|format=md}} | Spanyol ([[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]]) | {{hs|Cortina, Alfonso}}[[Alfonso Cortina]] | {{age|1944|03|13|2020|04|06}} | Mantan Presiden [[Repsol YPF]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Muere Alfonso Cortina, expresidente de Repsol, por coronavirus |url=https://www.abc.es/economia/abci-muere-expresidente-repsol-alfonso-cortina-coronavirus-202004061044_noticia.html |website=ABC |accessdate=6 April 2020 |date=6 April 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-06|format=md}} | | {{hs|Le Brun, Jacques}}[[Jacques Le Brun]] | {{age|1931|05|18|2020|04|06}} | Sejarawan Prancis<ref>{{cite web |title=Coronavirus: décès de l'historien Jacques Le Brun |url=https://www.livreshebdo.fr/article/coronavirus-deces-de-lhistorien-jacques-le-brun |website=Livres Hebdo |accessdate=6 April 2020 |language=fr}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-06|format=md}} | Israel ([[Yerusalem]]) | {{hs|Steiner, Mark}}[[Mark Steiner]] | {{age|1942|05|06|2020|04|06}} | Matematikawan dan profesor filsafat kelahiran Amerika Serikat<ref>{{cite web |last1=Weinberg |first1=Justin |title=Mark Steiner (1942-2020) |url=https://dailynous.com/2020/04/06/mark-steiner-1942-2020/ |website=Daily Nous |accessdate=6 April 2020 |date=6 April 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-06|format=md}} | Amerika Serikat ([[Philadelphia]]) | {{hs|Sulyk, Stephen}}[[Stephen Sulyk]] | {{age|1924|10|02|2020|04|06}} | | Uskup [[Gereja Katolik Yunani Ukraina|Katolik Ukraina]], [[Eparki Agung Philadelphia|Epark Agung emeritus Philadelphia]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Retired Ukrainian Archbishop Sulyk of Phila. dies of COVID-19 |url=https://catholicphilly.com/2020/04/news/local-news/retired-ukrainian-archbishop-sulyk-of-phila-dies-of-covid-19/ |accessdate=7 April 2020 |work=Catholic Philly |date=7 April 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-06|format=md}} | Spanyol (Madrid) | {{hs|Tatary, Riay}}[[Riay Tatary]] | 72 | Pemimpin relijius Muslim, ketua [[Komisi Islam Spanyol]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.madridiario.es/fallece-riay-tatary-presidente-comision-islamica|website=Madridiario|date=6 April 2020|title=Fallece Riay Tatary, presidente de la Comisión Islámica de España, víctima del Covid-19}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-07|format=md}} | Britania Raya (London) | {{hs|Al-Qazwini, Jawdat}}[[Jawdat Al-Qazwini]] | 67 | Cendekiawan Irak<ref>{{cite web |title=مؤسسة الشيخ الوائلي تنعي العلامة د. جودت القزويني |url=https://www.newlebanon.info/lebanon-now/456631/%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B9%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%AF-%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A |website=newlebanon.info |accessdate=8 April 2020 |language=ar}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-07|format=md}} | Swiss | {{hs|Chappot, Roger}}[[Roger Chappot]] | {{age|1940|10|17|2020|04|07}} | Pemimpin hoki es Olimpiade<ref>{{cite web |title=Swiss hockey great Chappot dies due to virus |url=https://www.espn.in/olympics/hockey/story/_/id/29007900/swiss-hockey-great-roger-chappot-dies-due-covid-19 |website=ESPN |accessdate=8 April 2020 |language=en |date=7 April 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-07|format=md}} | France ([[Aix-en-Provence]]) | {{hs|Chaudenson, Robert}}[[Robert Chaudenson]] | {{age|1937|04|12|2020|04|07}} | Linguist<ref>{{cite web |title=Robert Chaudenson, le défenseur du Créole Réunionnais, a succombé au Covid-19 |url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/reunion/robert-chaudenson-a-succombe-au-covid-19-820596.html |website=Réunion la 1ère |accessdate=7 April 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-07|format=md}} | Prancis (Paris) | {{hs|Cochet, Jean-Laurent}}[[Jean-Laurent Cochet]] | {{age|1935|01|28|2020|04|07}} | Pemeran dan sutradara <ref>{{cite web |title= Le grand homme de théâtre Jean-Laurent Cochet est mort à 85 ans |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/culture/cinema/le-grand-homme-de-theatre-jean-laurent-cochet-professeur-de-fabrice-luchini-et-de-gerard-depardieu-est-mort-a-85-ans_3903769.html |website=France TV Info |accessdate=7 April 2020 |date=7 April 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-07|format=md}} | Amerika Serikat (Los Angeles) | {{hs|Garfield, Allen}}[[Allen Garfield]] | {{age|1939|11|22|2020|04|07}} | Pemeran<ref>{{cite web |title=Allen Garfield, Actor in 'The Conversation,' 'The Stunt Man' and 'Nashville,' Dies at 80 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/allen-garfield-dead-actor-conversation-stunt-man-nashville-was-80-1289151 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |accessdate=8 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-07|format=md}} | Rusia (Moskwa) | {{hs|Kazaryan, Mishik}}[[Mishik Kazaryan]] | {{age|1948|02|28|2020|04|07}} | Fisikawan kelahiran Amerika Serikat<ref>{{cite web |title=Профессор-физик Мишик Казарян умер в Москве от осложнений COVID-19 |url=https://www.svoboda.org/a/30537605.html |website=Радио Свобода |accessdate=7 April 2020 |language=ru}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-07|format=md}} | Republik Ceko ([[Praha]]) | {{hs|Kren, Jan}}[[Jan Křen]] | {{age|1930|08|22|2020|04|07}} | Sejarawan, akademisi dan pembelot<ref name=ir>{{cite news |first=|last=|title=Zemřel historik Jan Křen. S nemocí covid-19 se léčil v Nemocnici Na Bulovce |url=https://www.irozhlas.cz/veda-technologie/veda/jan-kren-zemrel-historik_2004071856_cen |work={{ill|iROZHLAS|cs}} |publisher= |date=2020-04-07 |accessdate=2020-04-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407210307/https://www.irozhlas.cz/veda-technologie/veda/jan-kren-zemrel-historik_2004071856_cen |archivedate=2020-04-07 |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-07|format=md}} | Amerika Serikat (New York) | {{hs|Perlow, Yaakov}}[[Yaakov Perlow]] | 89 | Rabi Hasidik<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kornbluh |first1=Jacob |title=Agudath Israel leader succumbs to coronavirus |url=https://jewishinsider.com/2020/04/agudath-israel-leader-succumbs-to-coronavirus/ |website=Jewish Insider |accessdate=7 April 2020 |language=en |date=7 April 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-07|format=md}} | Amerika Serikat (Nashville) | {{hs|Prine, John}}[[John Prine]] | {{age|1946|10|10|2020|04|07}} | Penyanyi dan penulis lagu<ref name="nyt-obit-grimes">{{cite news |last1=Grimes |first1=William |authorlink=William Grimes (journalist) |title=John Prine, Who Chronicled the Human Condition in Song, Dies at 73 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/07/arts/music/john-prine-dead.html |accessdate=8 April 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=7 April 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-07|format=md}} | | {{hs|Read, Nipper}}[[Nipper Read]] | {{age|1925|03|31|2020|04|07}} | Perwira polisi dan administrator tinju<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dodd |first1=Vikram |title=Detective who jailed Kray twins dies 'after contracting coronavirus' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/apr/07/leonard-nipper-read-detective-who-jailed-kray-twins-dies-after-contracting-coronavirus |website=The Guardian |accessdate=7 April 2020 |date=7 April 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-07|format=md}} | Italia ([[Potenza]]) | {{hs|Sabia, Donato}}[[Donato Sabia]] | {{age|1963|09|11|2020|04|08}} | Pelari jarak menengah<ref>{{cite web |last1=Piccioni |first1=Valerio |title=Il coronavirus stronca Sabia, due volte finalista olimpico negli 800 metri |url=https://www.gazzetta.it/Atletica/08-04-2020/coronavirus-stronca-sabia-due-volte-finalista-olimpico-800-metri-37052071866.shtml |website=La Gazzetta dello Sport |accessdate=8 April 2020 |date=8 April 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-07|format=md}} | Italia (Roma) | {{hs|Tábet, Miguel Ángel}}[[Miguel Ángel Tábet]] | {{age|1941|12|24|2020|04|08}} | Teolog Venezuela dan [[exegete]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ambrogetti |first1=Angela |title=Coronavirus, il primo sacerdote muore a Roma, il venezuelano Miguel Ángel Tábet |url=https://www.acistampa.com/story/coronavirus-il-primo-sacerdote-muore-a-roma-il-venezuelano-miguel-angel-tabet-13852 |website=www.acistampa.com |accessdate=12 April 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-07|format=md}} | Amerika Serikat (New York) | {{hs|Willner, Hal}}[[Hal Willner]] | {{age|1956|04|05|2020|04|07}} | Produser musik<ref>{{cite web |last1=Willman |first1=Chris |title=Hal Willner, Music Producer and ‘SNL’ Veteran, Dies of Coronavirus at 64 |url=https://variety.com/2020/music/obituaries-people-news/hal-willner-dead-dies-music-producer-saturday-night-live-1234573202/ |website=Variety |accessdate=7 April 2020 |language=en |date=7 April 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-07|format=md}} | Britania Raya (London) | {{hs|Xudeydi}}[[Xudeydi]] | 92 | Musisi dalam genre Somalia tradisional<ref>{{cite web |title=Somalia: Legendary musician succumbs to COVID-19 in London |url=https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-legendary-musician-succumbs-to-covid-19-in-london |publisher=Garowe Online |accessdate=8 April 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-08|format=md}} | Amerika Serikat (New York) | {{hs|Benitez-McCollum, Leila}}[[Leila Benitez-McCollum]] | 89 | penyiar televisi dan radio Filipina-Amerika<ref>{{cite web |title=TV, radio icon Leila Benitez-McCollum dies of COVID-19 complications in New York |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/entertainment/2020/4/9/Leila-Benitez-McCollum-COVID-19.html |website=CNN |accessdate=12 April 2020 |language=en |archive-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412160406/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/entertainment/2020/4/9/Leila-Benitez-McCollum-COVID-19.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-08|format=md}} | Amerika Serikat ([[Albany, New York|Albany]]) | {{hs|Brodsky, Richard}}[[Richard L. Brodsky]] | {{age|1946|05|04|2020|04|08}} | Politikus, mantan anggota [[Majelis Negara Bagian New York]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Coronavirus News: Former New York State Assemblyman Richard Brodsky dies from COVID-19 |url=https://abc7ny.com/coronavirus-new-york-ny-cases-in-news/6089241/ |accessdate=9 April 2020 |work=abc7NY |date=9 April 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-08|format=md}} | Spanyol (Madrid) | {{hs|Jones, Miguel}}[[Miguel Jones]] | {{age|1938|10|27|2020|04|08}} | Pesepak bola<ref>{{cite news |title=Muere por coronavirus Miguel Jones, otra leyenda del Atlético de Madrid|trans-title=Another Atlético Madrid legend, Miguel Jones, dies of coronavirus |url=https://www.elmundo.es/deportes/futbol/primera-division/2020/04/08/5e8df84ffc6c8305278b45e4.html |accessdate=8 April 2020 |work=El Mundo |agency=EFE |date=8 April 2020 |language=Spanish}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-08|format=md}} | Amerika Serikat ([[Vermont]]) | {{hs|Juskiewicz, Bernie}}[[Bernie Juskiewicz]] | {{age|1943|04|06|2020|04|08}} | Politikus, mantan anggota [[Dewan Perwakilan Vermont]] (2013–2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=Former state rep Bernie Juskiewicz dies of coronavirus|url=https://vtdigger.org/2020/04/09/former-state-rep-bernie-juskiewicz-dies-of-coronavirus/}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-08|format=md}} | Italia ([[Milan]]) | {{hs|La Rosa, Francesco}}[[Francesco La Rosa]] | {{age|1926|12|09|2020|04|08}} | Pesepak bola<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gianni |first1=Andrea |title=Dalla serie A alla morte al Pat: addio a Francesco La Rosa |url=https://www.ilgiorno.it/milano/cronaca/morto-la-rosa-1.5100371 |website=Il Giorno |accessdate=12 April 2020 |language=it |date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412203201/https://www.ilgiorno.it/milano/cronaca/morto-la-rosa-1.5100371 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-08|format=md}} | Prancis ([[Lille]]) | {{hs|Madelin, Henri}}[[Henri Madelin]] | {{age|1936|04|26|2020|04|08}} | imam [[Serikat Yesus|Yesuit]], teolog<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.la-croix.com/Religion/Catholicisme/France/Le-jesuite-Henri-Madelin-decede-2020-04-08-1201088435|title=Le jésuite Henri Madelin est décédé|date=8 April 2020|work=La Croix|language=French}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-09|format=md}} | United States ([[Raceland, Louisiana|Raceland]]) | {{hs|Bagala, Reggie}}[[Reggie Bagala]] | {{age|1965|07|08|2020|04|09}} | Politikus, anggota [[Dewan Perwakilan Louisiana]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=VARGAS |first1=RAMON ANTONIO |title=Louisiana lawmaker Reggie Bagala dies amid battle with coronavirus at age 54 |url=https://www.nola.com/news/coronavirus/article_1b719610-7ab6-11ea-9ec8-0f29eb03c71b.html |website=NOLA.com |accessdate=10 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-09|format=md}} | | {{hs|Engels, Marc}}[[Marc Engels]] | 54 | Insinyur suara Belgia<ref>{{cite web |title=Coronavirus : Marc Engels, ingénieur du son pour " Le Bureau des légendes ", est mort |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/culture/coronavirus-marc-engels-ingenieur-du-son-pour-le-bureau-des-legendes-est-mort-10-04-2020-2370863_3.php |website=Le Point |accessdate=10 April 2020 |language=fr |date=10 April 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-09|format=md}} | Canada ([[Toronto]]) | {{hs|Ho, Kam Ming}}[[Ho Kam Ming]] | 95 | Artis bela diri Kanada kelahiran Makau<ref>{{cite news | url = https://sports.sina.com.cn/others/freefight/2020-04-11/doc-iirczymi5717616.shtml | title= 咏春名家何金铭感染新冠逝世 系叶问十大弟子之一 |publisher= sina.com.cn | date = 11 April 2020 |accessdate=11 April 2020 |language= zh}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-09|format=md}} | United Kingdom (London) | {{hs|Smirnov, Dmitri}}[[Dmitri Smirnov (composer)|Dmitri Smirnov]] | {{age|1948|11|02|2020|04|09}} | Russian-born British composer<ref>{{cite web |title=Скончался композитор Дмитрий Смирнов |url=https://www.classicalmusicnews.ru/news/dmitrij-smirnov-passed/ |website=ClassicalMusicNews.Ru |accessdate=9 April 2020 |language=ru-RU |date=9 April 2020}}</ref> |- |{{Date table sorting|2020-04-10|format=md}} |Britania Raya (London) |{{hs|Chadirji, Rifat}}[[Rifat Chadirji]] |93 |Arsitek, fotografer dan aktivis Irak<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://middle-east-online.com/en/iraqi-architect-rifat-chadirji-dies-covid-19|title=Iraqi architect Rifat Chadirji dies of COVID-19|last=|first=|date=2020-04-11|website=MEO|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-10|format=md}}{{efn|name="Announcement date"| Kematian diumumkan pada tanggal tersebut}} | Britania Raya | {{hs|Dwyer, Hilary}}[[Hilary Dwyer]] | {{age|1945|05|06|2020|04|10}} | Aktris<ref>{{cite web |title=Hilary Heath, Actress in 'Witchfinder General,' Dies of COVID-19 Complications at 74 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/hilary-heath-dead-actress-witchfinder-general-dies-covid-19-complications-at-74-1289887 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |accessdate=11 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-10|format=md}} | Spanyol ([[Madrid]]) | {{hs|Múgica, Enrique}}[[Enrique Múgica]] | 88 | Mantan [[Kementerian Kehakiman (Spanyol)|Menteri Kehakiman]], [[Ombudsman Spanyol|Ombudsman]] dan [[Kongres Deputi|Deputi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Coronavirus: Muere Enrique Múgica, ex ministro de justicia del PSOE |url=https://www.larazon.es/espana/20200410/rwmiyi3pwfan5oejpni4jb6p7m.html |website=La Razón |accessdate=10 April 2020 |language=es |date=10 April 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-10|format=md}} | Spanyol (Madrid) | {{hs|Zavala, Iris M.}}[[Iris M. Zavala]] | {{age|1936|12|27|2020|04|10}} | Penulis, aktivis kemerdekaan dan intelektual Puerto Riko<ref>{{cite web |title=Muere la escritora puertorriqueña Iris Zavala por coronavirus en España |url=https://www.elnuevodia.com/entretenimiento/cultura/nota/muerelaescritorapuertorriquenairiszavalaporcoronavirusenespana-2560342/ |website=El Nuevo Dia |accessdate=12 April 2020 |language=es-pr |date=11 April 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-11|format=md}} | Amerika Serikat (New York) | {{hs|Chera, Stanley}}[[Stanley Chera]] | {{age|1942|10|22|2020|04|11}} | Eksekutif real estate<ref>{{cite web |last1=Samtani |first1=Hiten |last2=Bockmann |first2=Rich |title=Stanley Chera, titan of NYC retail, dies of coronavirus |url=https://therealdeal.com/2020/04/11/stanley-chera-titan-of-nyc-retail-dies-of-covid-19/ |website=The Real Deal |accessdate=12 April 2020 |archive-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412013812/https://therealdeal.com/2020/04/11/stanley-chera-titan-of-nyc-retail-dies-of-covid-19/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-11|format=md}} | Amerika Serikat ([[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]]) | {{hs|Conway, John}}[[John Horton Conway]] | {{age|1937|12|26|2020|04|11}} | Matematikawan Britania Raya<ref>[http://maddmaths.simai.eu/news-2/conway-morto/ Il matematico John Horton Conway è morto di Covid-19 all'età di 82 anni] {{in lang|it}}</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2020/apr/12/coronavirus-live-pope-easter-lockdown-us-death-toll-uk-boris-johnson-donald-trump-?page=with:block-5e92a9048f08db3109f20f63#block-5e92a9048f08db3109f20f63 Coronavirus live news], in: ''The Guardian'', Apr 12 2020</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-12|format=md}} | Spanyol | {{hs|Aritmendi, Francisco}}[[Francisco Aritmendi]] | {{age|1938|9|17|2020|04|12}} | Pelari jarak jauh Olimpiade<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abc.es/deportes/abci-coronavirus-muere-francisco-aritmendi-unico-atleta-espanol-gano-mundial-cross-202004121820_noticia.html}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-12|format=md}} | Israel (Yerusalem) | {{hs|Bakshi-Doron, Eliyahu}}[[Eliyahu Bakshi-Doron]] | 79 | Mantan [[Kepala Rabi Sefardi Israel]]<ref>https://m.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Former-Rishon-LeZion-Rabbi-Eliyahu-Bakshi-Doron-dies-of-coronavirus-624465</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-12|format=md}} | Britania Raya | {{hs|Brooke-Taylor, Tim}}[[Tim Brooke-Taylor]] | {{age|1940|7|17|2020|04|12}} | Pelawak<ref>{{cite web |title=Tim Brooke-Taylor dead: Comedian and actor dies aged 79 after contracting coronavirus |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity-news/tim-brooketaylor-dead-dies-79-coronavirus-a4412831.html |website=[[Evening Standard]] |accessdate=12 April 2020}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-12|format=md}} | Spanyol ([[Madrid]]) | {{hs|Seco Serrano, Carlos}}[[Carlos Seco Serrano]] | {{age|1923|11|14|2020|04|12}} | Sejarawan<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/cultura/20200412/48447257097/muere-carlos-seco-serrano.html|title=Fallece Carlos Seco Serrano, maestro de la Historia de España|accessdate=12 April 2020|last=Vila-SanJuán|first=Sergio|date=12 April 2020|website=La Vanguardia|location=Barcelona|language=es}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-13|format=md}} | | {{hs|Alavedra, Baldiri}}[[Baldiri Alavedra]] | {{age|1944|02|21|2020|04|13}} | Pesepak bola Spanyol<ref>{{cite web |title=Mor Baldiri Alavedra |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.cat/ca/futbol/primer-equip/noticies/1655433/mor-baldiri-alavedra |website=www.fcbarcelona.cat |accessdate=13 April 2020 |language=ca}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-13|format=md}} | Spanyol ([[Valencia]]) | {{hs|Cotino, Juan}}[[Juan Cotino]] | {{age|1950|01|26|2020|04|13}} | Politikus, mantan [[Direktur Jenderal Kepolisian (Spanyol)|Direktur Jenderal Kepolisian]] dan Presiden [[Corts Valencianes]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elmundo.es/comunidad-valenciana/2020/04/13/5e944f2afdddff1a338b45f9.html|title=Muere Juan Cotino por coronavirus, ex director general de la Policía y ex presidente de las Cortes Valencianas|accessdate=13 April 2020|last=Borràs|first=Xavier|date=13 April 2020|website=El Mundo|location=Valencia|language=es}}</ref> |- | {{Date table sorting|2020-04-13|format=md}} | Pakistan ([[Peshawar]]) | {{hs|Sarfraz, Zafar}}[[Zafar Sarfraz]] | {{age|1969|10|30|2020|04|13}} | Pemain kriket<ref>{{cite web |title=Covid-19 claims Pakistan first-class cricketer Zafar Sarfraz |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29030327/covid-19-claims-pakistan-first-class-cricketer-zafar-sarfraz |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=13 April 2020 |language=en |date=13 April 2020}}</ref> |- | | | | | | |} f1qj1kmjbbu7s1dg013avj85d6dtuw8 0 26851 114013 80169 2026-09-25T00:27:12Z Ezagren 143 +gambar 114013 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kampung |kar = |gambar =[[Barakas:Kantor Desa 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=Kenohan |kode pos =75564 |luas =... km² |warga =... urang |karacapan =... urang/km² }} '''Teluk Muda''' yaitu sabuting [[kampung]] di Kacamatan [[Kenohan, Kutai Kartanegara|Kenohan]], [[Kabupatin Kutai Kartanegara]], Prupinsi [[Kalimantan Timur]], [[Indunisia]]. == Tautan luar == {{RefDagri|2022}} {{Kenohan, Kutai Kartanegara}} {{Authority control}} {{Kampung-stub}} 9jlx5yow1u9n6dp3s23ouhwhqi1w0ou 0 27055 114015 111940 2026-09-25T00:28:21Z Ezagren 143 +gambar 114015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kampung |kar = |gambar =[[Barakas:Kantor Desa Teluk Dalam, Kutai Kartanegara.jpg|300px|Kantur pambakal Teluk Dalam]] |panjalasan =Kantur pambakal Teluk Dalam |ngaran =Teluk Dalam |prupinsi =Kalimantan Timur |dati2 =Kabupatin |ngaran dati2 =Kutai Kartanegara |kacamatan =Tenggarong Seberang |kode pos =75572 |luas =... km² |warga =... urang |karacapan =... urang/km² }} '''Teluk Dalam''' yaitu sabuting [[kampung]] di Kacamatan [[Tenggarong Seberang, Kutai Kartanegara|Tenggarong Seberang]], [[Kabupatin Kutai Kartanegara]], Prupinsi [[Kalimantan Timur]], [[Indunisia]]. {{Tenggarong Seberang, Kutai Kartanegara}} {{Authority control}} {{Kampung-stub}} akiu6sxreev8g7kvah1sdcvfqkzhmto 0 33026 113996 110825 2026-09-24T23:28:48Z InternetArchiveBot 11286 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 113996 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox|color=saddlebrown|name=Asam kamal|image=Tamarindus_indica_pods.JPG|image_width=240px|image_caption=Buah asam kamal di rapunnya|regnum=[[Plantae]]|divisio=[[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]|classis=[[Magnoliopsida]]|ordo=[[Fabales]]|familia=[[Fabaceae]]|subfamilia=[[Caesalpinioideae]]|tribus=[[Detarieae]]|genus='''''Tamarindus'''''|species='''''T. indica'''''|binomial=''Tamarindus indica''|binomial_authority=[[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]<ref>{{aut|[[Carolus Linnaeus|Linne, C. von]]}}. 1753. ''Species plantarum :exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, ...'' [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13829#page/46/mode/1up '''1''': 34]. Holmiae : Impensis Laurentii Salvii</ref>}} '''Asam kamal''' ('''''Tamarindus indica''''') adalah sabuting buah nang baisi rasa masam; salajur jua ngaran rapun nang mahasilakannya nang masih masuk dalam kaluarga ''Fabaceae'' (Leguminosae). Tanaman ngini adalah angguta [[genus]] ''Tamarindus''. Ngaran lain asam kamal adalah asam kamal (kamal) asam (Mly.), accem (Md.), ''asang kamal'', ''asang jawi'' (banyak bahasa di [[Sulawesi]]) wan lainnya.<ref name="heyne">{{Aut|[[Karel Heyne|Heyne, K.]]}} 1987. ''Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia'' '''2''': 903-7. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kehutanan, Bogor. (Edisi berbahasa Belanda [http://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten02heyn/page/232/mode/2up?view=theater '''1916''': 232])</ref> Salaya ngitu ada juwa urang nang manyambatnya sampalok, ''kalamagi'' (kada-linkid="82" href="./Filipina" id="mwIQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Filipina">Tagalog), ''magyee'' (Burma), ma-kham (Thai), khaam (Laos), ''khoua me'' (Kamboja), me, trai me (Vietnam), wan ''tamarind'' (Inggris).<ref name="prosea2">{{Aut|Coronel, R.E.}} 1997. ''Tamarindus indica'' L. dalam E.W.M. Verheij dan R.E. Coronel. ''Buah-buahan Yang Dapat Dimakan''. Sumberdaya Nabati Asia Tenggara (PROSEA) '''2''': 385-388. Gramedia, Jakarta</ref> Buah nang sudah tuha, sudah masak wan dikaringakan biasanya disambat '''asam kawak'''. Asam kamal rancak dipakai sabagai campuran bumbu dalam banyak masakan [[Indunisia]] gasan rasa atawa manambahi rasa masam di makanan, misalnya di gangan asam<ref>{{Cite web|last=Anonim|first=|title=Asam Jawa, Tumbuhan Multifungsi|url=https://www.satuharapan.com/read-detail/read/asam-jawa-tumbuhan-multifungsi|website=satuharapan.com|language=id|access-date=2021-07-17|archive-date=2022-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409022405/https://www.satuharapan.com/read-detail/read/asam-jawa-tumbuhan-multifungsi|dead-url=yes}}</ref> atau bahanu di kuah [[pempek]]. Asam jua dipakai gasan jamu tradisiunal nang dijual ulih panjaja jamu bajalan (jamu gendong). Asam kamal sabujurnya tiba matan banua Afrika. == Asal ngaran == "Asam" adalah ngaran biasa nang dipakai gasan sabarataan bumbu nang terasa masam di masakan, tamasuk asam kandis wan asam gelugur. Ngaran "asam kamal" dipakai ulih urang Melayu karana dipakai dalam masakan kamal. Tanaman nginih dibawa ulih urang India. Ngaran ''''tamarind'''' wan tamarind baasal matan [[Bahasa Arap|bahasa Arab]] tamr الهندي ''tamrul-hindī''. Artinya labih atawa kurang: kurma [[India]].<ref>Oxford English Dictionary: [http://www.oed.com/ tamarind]</ref><ref>Etymology OL: [https://www.etymonline.com/word/tamarind tamarind]</ref><ref>Merriam-Webster: [[mwod:tamarind|tamarind]]</ref>. [[Barakas:Tamarindus_indica_tree.JPG|kiri|jmpl|268x268px|Rapun asam]] == Garambas == [[Barakas:Tamarind.jpg|kiri|jmpl|220x220px|Buah asam nang jadi asam kamal]] Rapun asam bantukannya ganal, salawasan hijau (kada maalami musim baguguran daun), tinggi mahangun 30 m nang diamitir batang di pangkalannya hangun 2 m. Kulimbit batang bakalir habuk kahabuan, kasar wan pacah, bagalumbang lurus. Rapunnyanya labat duwa daun, malibar wan mambulat.<ref name="prosea2">{{Aut|Coronel, R.E.}} 1997. ''Tamarindus indica'' L. dalam E.W.M. Verheij dan R.E. Coronel. ''Buah-buahan Yang Dapat Dimakan''. Sumberdaya Nabati Asia Tenggara (PROSEA) '''2''': 385-388. Gramedia, Jakarta</ref> Daun-daun sakali banyak manyirip ganap, panjang 5-13 cm, tasulang sali, lawan daun panumpu nang kaya pita maruncing, habang anum mamutih. &nbsp;Anak daunnya lunjung manyimpit, 8-16 pasang, asing-asing baukuran 0,5-1 × 1-3,5 cm, higanya rata, pangkalnya singgang wan mambulat, hujungnya mambulat sampai saikit bataluk.<ref name="prosea2">{{Aut|Coronel, R.E.}} 1997. ''Tamarindus indica'' L. dalam E.W.M. Verheij dan R.E. Coronel. ''Buah-buahan Yang Dapat Dimakan''. Sumberdaya Nabati Asia Tenggara (PROSEA) '''2''': 385-388. Gramedia, Jakarta</ref><ref name="steenis">{{Aut|[[van Steenis]], C.G.G.J.}} 1981. ''Flora, untuk sekolah di Indonesia''. PT Pradnya Paramita. Jakarta. Hal. 227</ref>&nbsp; Kambang tasusun dalam tundung ranggang, di katiak daun atawa di hujung cangking hangun 16 cm panjangnya. &nbsp;Kambang kukupu lawan 4 kalupak wan 5 daun mahkuta, babau harum. Mahkuta kuning putih lawan urat-urat habang mahabuk hangun 1,5 cm.<ref name="prosea2">{{Aut|Coronel, R.E.}} 1997. ''Tamarindus indica'' L. dalam E.W.M. Verheij dan R.E. Coronel. ''Buah-buahan Yang Dapat Dimakan''. Sumberdaya Nabati Asia Tenggara (PROSEA) '''2''': 385-388. Gramedia, Jakarta</ref>&nbsp; Buah nang menggalambung, handak silinder, malangkung atawa lurus, babigi sampai 10 biji, rancak lawan penyempitan maantara dua bigi, kulit buah (eksokarp) mangaras bakalir habuk atawa habu, lawan urat nang mangaras wan linyak kaya banang. Daging buah (mesokarp) putih mahijau rahatan anum, jadi habang mahabuk sampai hirang rahatan masak, manis wan marikit. Bigi habuk mahirang, mancarunung, karas wan pina babantuk buncu ampat.<ref name="prosea2">{{Aut|Coronel, R.E.}} 1997. ''Tamarindus indica'' L. dalam E.W.M. Verheij dan R.E. Coronel. ''Buah-buahan Yang Dapat Dimakan''. Sumberdaya Nabati Asia Tenggara (PROSEA) '''2''': 385-388. Gramedia, Jakarta</ref> == Wadah tumbuh == [[Barakas:TamarindSeedling.jpg|kiri|jmpl|220x220px|Aanakan rapun asam]] Asam kamal tamasuk tumbuhan trupis. Tibanya dikikirakan matan savana Afrika timur<ref name="prosea2">{{Aut|Coronel, R.E.}} 1997. ''Tamarindus indica'' L. dalam E.W.M. Verheij dan R.E. Coronel. ''Buah-buahan Yang Dapat Dimakan''. Sumberdaya Nabati Asia Tenggara (PROSEA) '''2''': 385-388. Gramedia, Jakarta</ref> di mana pariannya nang saluh ditamuakan, salah sabutingnya di [[Sudan]]. Imbahnya baribu tahun, tanaman ini hudah balalah ka [[Asia]] tropis,<ref name="prosea2" /> lawan imbahnya ngitu ka Karibia lawan Amerika Latin. Lamun tanahnya rasuk nangkaya di [[Indunisia]], tanaman ini tumbuh manyaluh di hutan daun dan savana. Pohon asam kawa tumbuh bagus hangun tingginya kikira 1.000 m (bahanu hangun aja 1.500 m) dpl, di tanah bapasir atawa tanah licak, utamanya di dairah nang musim karingnya jalas wan cukup panjang.<ref name="prosea2">{{Aut|Coronel, R.E.}} 1997. ''Tamarindus indica'' L. dalam E.W.M. Verheij dan R.E. Coronel. ''Buah-buahan Yang Dapat Dimakan''. Sumberdaya Nabati Asia Tenggara (PROSEA) '''2''': 385-388. Gramedia, Jakarta</ref> == Hasil wan kegunaan == === Buah === [[Barakas:Ikan_Tenggiri_Masak_Asam_Jawa.jpg|kiri|jmpl|''Iwak tenggiri masak asam'', salah sabuting masakan khas Jawa nang mamakai asam kamal sabagai bumbunya]] Daging buah asam kamal tarkanal banar, wan dipakai dalam bamacam bahan masakan atawa bumbu di babagai banua. Buah [[Pencok|nang]] anum baisi rasa nang kaya asam, wan rancak dipakai gasan bumbu gangan asam atawa campuran rujak. Banyu sari asam adalah minuman nang rancak dikinum masyarakat, tautama di pulau Jawa. Buah nang sudah masak kawa disimpan lawas imbah dikupas wan dijamur hangun karing. Asam kawak - kaya nang biasa disambatnya - adalah nang biasa dihandaki antar pulau wan antar nagara. Salain gasan bumbu, gasan mambari rasa asam atawa gasan manghilangkan bau manis [[iwak]], asam kawak biasa dipakai gasan bahan sitrup, lampuk, gula-gula, wan jamu.<ref name="prosea2">{{Aut|Coronel, R.E.}} 1997. ''Tamarindus indica'' L. dalam E.W.M. Verheij dan R.E. Coronel. ''Buah-buahan Yang Dapat Dimakan''. Sumberdaya Nabati Asia Tenggara (PROSEA) '''2''': 385-388. Gramedia, Jakarta</ref><ref name="steenis">{{Aut|[[van Steenis]], C.G.G.J.}} 1981. ''Flora, untuk sekolah di Indonesia''. PT Pradnya Paramita. Jakarta. Hal. 227</ref> Cara gasan mamakai ngini adalah manjamur daging buah asam kamal nang sudah dibuang matan kulitnya nang sudah bulat-bulat kaya hintalu itik. Salaya ngitu, asam kawak kawa diulah jadi madu asam, nang caranya adalah manjamur asam kawak dalam wadah nang tatutup, sampai takaluar banyu habuk mahirang. Banyu ngini - madu asam - dipakai gasan mananambai muntung malatup.<ref name="Dalimartha">[[Setiawan Dalimartha|Dalimartha, Setiawan]] (2006). ''Atlas Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia''. '''4'''. hal.9-13. [[Jakarta]]:Puspa Swara. ISBN 979-1133-14-X.</ref> Thailand jua mahasilakan asam kamal nang manis.<ref name="prosea2">{{Aut|Coronel, R.E.}} 1997. ''Tamarindus indica'' L. dalam E.W.M. Verheij dan R.E. Coronel. ''Buah-buahan Yang Dapat Dimakan''. Sumberdaya Nabati Asia Tenggara (PROSEA) '''2''': 385-388. Gramedia, Jakarta</ref> Buah ngini tarkanal wan dimakan mantah; jadinya dijual dalam bantuk polong nang kada dikupas. Biji asam rancak dimakan imbah dirandam wan dijarang, atawa imbah dipanggang.<ref name="steenis">{{Aut|[[van Steenis]], C.G.G.J.}} 1981. ''Flora, untuk sekolah di Indonesia''. PT Pradnya Paramita. Jakarta. Hal. 227</ref> Salain itu, biji asam jua diulah jadi galapung gasan maulah wadai atawa ruti.<ref name="prosea2">{{Aut|Coronel, R.E.}} 1997. ''Tamarindus indica'' L. dalam E.W.M. Verheij dan R.E. Coronel. ''Buah-buahan Yang Dapat Dimakan''. Sumberdaya Nabati Asia Tenggara (PROSEA) '''2''': 385-388. Gramedia, Jakarta</ref> === Kayu === Kayu teras asam kamal bakalir habuk mahabang, barat, karas, padat, tahan lawas wan tikstur halus, jadinya rancak dipakai gasan maulah pakakas, karajinan, ukiran-ukiran wan patung.<ref name="heyne"/><ref name="steenis">{{Aut|[[van Steenis]], C.G.G.J.}} 1981. ''Flora, untuk sekolah di Indonesia''. PT Pradnya Paramita. Jakarta. Hal. 227</ref> Bagi kakanakan di [[Jawa Tengah]], kayu asam adalah kayu pilihan gasan maulah gasing. Bigi asam jua rancak dipakai dalam badakuan. == Jujuhutan == {{Reflist}} == Tautan luar == * H(Bandar) BHL: [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/48033#page/238/mode/1up ''Tamarindus indica'', L.] @ K. Heyne. De Nuttige Planten van Ned. - Apa nang handak diulah? Indie, II: 232 (1916) * (Inggris) E-Prosea: [http://proseanet.org/prosea/e-prosea_detail.php?frt=&id=1550 ''Tamarindus indica'' L.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812195213/http://proseanet.org/prosea/e-prosea_detail.php?frt=&id=1550 |date=2020-08-12 }} Diarsipakan 2020-08-12 di Wayback Machine. * {{En}} ICRAF: [http://apps.worldagroforestry.org/downloads/Publications/PDFS/BC07320.pdf ''Tamarindus indica'' L.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717164725/https://apps.worldagroforestry.org/downloads/Publications/PDFS/BC07320.pdf |date=2023-07-17 }} * {{En}} Julia F. Morton. ''Buah-buahan dari iklim hangat: [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/tamarind.html Tamarind]'' * (Inggris) Plant Cultures: [http://www.plantcultures.org.uk/plants/tamarind_landing.html History and botany of tamarind] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827194321/http://plantcultures.org.uk/plants/tamarind_landing.html |date=2008-08-27 }} Diarsipakan 2008-08-27 di Wayback Machine. * (Inggris) California Rare Fruit Growers: [http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/tamarind.html Tamarind Fruit Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812043646/http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/tamarind.html |date=2020-08-12 }} Diarsipakan 2020-08-12 di Wayback Machine. * (Inggris) FDA Import Alert: [https://web.archive.org/web/20090104230818/http://www.fda.gov/ora/fiars/ora_import_ia2107.html Tamarind (11/29/06)] * {{En}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20081222214643/http://www.fda.gov/ora/oasis/10/ora_oasis_i_21.html Refusal Actions by FDA as Recorded in OASIS] [[Tumbung:Rarampah]] [[Tumbung:Hasil hutan lain kayu]] [[Tumbung:Tanaman tatamba]] rkx63rtdn3kiwt4b8khxo7y2nntyy4l 0 34182 114021 96710 2026-09-25T01:10:41Z InternetArchiveBot 11286 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 114021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox urang}} '''Kouassi Ryan Sessegnon''' (lahir 18 Mei 2000) adalah pemain bal profesional matan Inggris posisinya bek kiwa atawa sayap kiwa di tim Tottenham Hotspur. Inya suah main di tim nasional Inggris di angkatan anum. Karirnya jadi lancing pas main di tim senior Fulham tahun 2016, umurnya masih 16 tahun. Inya meulah klubnya jadi main bagus, inya jadi pamain bal penambaian nang diranakakan tahun 2000-an nang kawa meulah gol di pertandingan utama liga Inggris. Inya jadi pemain peanumnya nang kawa maulah gol di pertandingan Championship. Tahun 2017-18, musim ka duanya waktu itu, sukses maantar Fulham promosi ka Liga Premier lewat jalur ''play-off,'' inya kawa mencetak 15 gol wan dapat bamacam-macam penghargaan pribadi di akhir musim. == Kehidupan pamulaan == Ia diranakakan di [[Roehampton]], London, bisi dingsanak kembar, Steven, nang main di Fulham. Bisi kaka lakian ngarannya Chris, jadi pamain bal semi-profesional.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2017/oct/29/englands-under-17s-we-can-show-we-are-as-good-as-anyone|title=England's under-17s: 'They don’t walk around with 1966 noose around necks'|last=Fisher|first=Ben|date=2017-10-29|work=The Guardian|access-date=11 March 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Sessegnon bisi sepupu jauh main bal profesional matan [[Benin]], Stéphane Sességnon.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/football/fulham-teen-ryan-sessegnon-can-rise-to-challenge-as-chelsea-tottenham-and-europe-look-on-a3451296.html|title=Fulham teen Ryan Sessegnon can rise to challenge as Chelsea, Tottenham and Europe look on|last=Collomosse|first=Tom|date=27 January 2017|work=London Evening Standard|access-date=7 June 2017}}</ref> Pas lagi anum (Sessegnon) lawan dingsanaknyanya Steven, main di tim lokal Wandgas FC. Tahun 2008, wayah umur 9 tahun, kaduanya dapat kontrak di Fulham. Pas debut, bedua beading ngini bagabung masuk di tim bawah umur 9 tahun.<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 August 2019|title=Sessegnon: "I can't wait to get out there and play"|url=https://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/2019/august/sessegnon-i-can-t-wait-to-get-out-there-and-play/|website=www.tottenhamhotspur.com|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="fulhamfc.com">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Ryan Sessegnon {{!}} Fulham Football Club|url=https://www.fulhamfc.com/player-profiles/ryan-sessegnon|website=www.fulhamfc.com|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=8 March 2019}}</ref> Mulanya inya main jadi penyerang tengah di tingkat pamula, imbahtu main di kiwa sekalinya bagus. Inya banyak beguru lawan sesama pemain kiwa kaya Luke Shaw wan [[Gareth Bale]], 2 pemain ngini kakatujuannya pas lagi anum, ujarnya, 'pas Shaw lagi di Southampton Shaw jadi bek kiwa, aku katuju malihat sidin main di sayap atas wan bawah, wan meliati kayapa kaduanya meulah gol, pehabisannya aku bapikir kalo aku handak meumpati bedua itu'.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2018/03/02/ryan-sessegnon-idolised-luke-shaw-gareth-bale-growing-loved/|title=Ryan Sessegnon exclusive interview: 'I idolised Luke Shaw growing up. I loved watching him bomb down the wing'|last=Bull|first=J. J.|date=2018-03-02|work=The Telegraph|access-date=8 March 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> Sessegnon rancak datang ke klub Coombe Boys' School di [[New Malden]], London, parak lawan wadah latihan Taman Motspur Fulham. .<ref>{{Cite web|last=Polden|first=Jake|date=2018-09-25|title=Ryan Sessegnon exclusively opens up on his ambitions for the future|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/ryan-sessegnon-exclusive-fulham-wonderkid-13298905|website=mirror|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=8 March 2019}}</ref> Baimbai wan dingsanaknya nang main di Coombe Boys, bedua bedingsanak nginig membawa tim hanyarnya juara kompetisi Piala pemuda [[Asosiasi Sepak Bola Sekolah Inggris|ESFA]] yaitu PlayStation Schools' Cup tahun 2014 dan 2015, Inya kawa meulah 2 gol di final tahun 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2018/05/25/ryan-sessegnon-quiet-pupil-english-footballs-teenage-marvel/|title=Ryan Sessegnon: From quiet pupil to English football's teenage marvel|last=Dean|first=Sam|date=2018-05-25|work=The Telegraph|access-date=11 March 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> Pas musim 2015-16, Sessegnon kawa main reguler gasan tim U-18 Fulham, padahal inya hanyar umur 15 tahun.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Ryan Sessegnon {{!}} Fulham Football Club|url=https://www.fulhamfc.com/player-profiles/ryan-sessegnon|website=www.fulhamfc.com|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=9 March 2019}}</ref> == Karir klub == === Fulham === ==== Musim 2016-17 ==== Pas pemulaan latihan lawan tim utama, inya masih umur 15 tahun bulan Maret 2016,<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2018-04-17|title=Ryan Sessegnon is the kid who rules over men... so is Tottenham next?|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-5612395/Ryan-Sessegnon-kid-rules-men-Tottenham-next.html|website=Mail Online|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=8 March 2019}}</ref> inya promosi ka skuad senior oleh manajer Slavisa Jokanovic gasan persiapan musim 2016-17.<ref name="fulhamfc.com"/> Inya meulah gol senior penambaiannya pas 19 Juli pas Fulham menang 3-0 Brighton and Hove Albion di pertandingan persahabatan.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Fulham 3–0 Brighton {{!}} Fulham Football Club|url=https://www.fulhamfc.com/first-team/2016_2017/friendly/brighton-and-hove-albion|website=www.fulhamfc.com|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=8 March 2019}}</ref> Tanggal 9 Agustus, Sessegnon debut di tim utama di pertandingan Piala EFL behadapan Leyton Orientpas itu inya masih umur 16 tahun 81 hari.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36949840|title=Leyton Orient 2–3 Fulham|date=9 August 2016|access-date=10 August 2016|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Pas 16 Agustus, inya debut liga di pertandingan Championship mehadapi Leeds United skornya seri 1-1.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 August 2016|title=Wood strikes to clinch late point|url=http://www.leedsunited.com/news/article/116sde3jdhs0b1u5ajmem29p05/title/wood-strikes-to-clinch-late-point|publisher=Leeds United F.C.|access-date=16 August 2016|archive-date=19 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819090802/http://www.leedsunited.com/news/article/116sde3jdhs0b1u5ajmem29p05/title/wood-strikes-to-clinch-late-point|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pas 20 Agustus, inya meulah gol profesional penambaiannya di pertandingan liga mehadapi [[Cardiff City FC|Cardiff City]], Sessegnon jadi pamain profesional penambaian di Liga Inggris nang lahir tahun 2000-an nang meulah gol di pertandingan penambaian di tim wan jadi pemain peanumnya nang meulah gol di pertandingan Championship.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/37067348|title=Fulham 2–2 Cardiff|date=20 August 2016|access-date=22 August 2016|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.90min.com/posts/3666315-man-united-enter-transfer-race-with-liverpool-to-sign-fulham-starlet-ryan-sessegnon|title=Man United Enter Transfer Race With Liverpool to Sign Fulham Starlet Ryan Sessegnon|last=Shode|first=Lekan|date=24 August 2016|access-date=14 September 2016|publisher=90min}}</ref> Meulah gol kemenangan di debutnya lawan Fulham pas [[Piala FA]] 8 Januari behadapan Cardiff, Inya jadi salah sebuting pencetak gol peanumnya dalam sajarah kompetisi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/football/fulhams-16yearold-ryan-sessegnon-marks-fa-cup-debut-with-goal-to-become-one-of-the-competitions-a3435396.html|title=Fulham's 16-year-old starlet Sessegnon marks FA Cup debut with a goal|date=8 January 2017|work=London Evening Standard|access-date=1 July 2017}}</ref> Pas 11 Maret, inya kawa meulah 2 gol di patandingan mehadapi juara liga Newcastle United,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Newcastle United 1–3 Fulham|url=https://www.fulhamfc.com/first-team/2016_2017/league/away/newcastle-united|publisher=Fulham F.C.|access-date=1 July 2017}}</ref> inya dapat ambungan matan legenda hidup Newcastle Alan Shearer menyambatnya "pamain brilian".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shearer|first=Alan|date=11 March 2017|title=He was brilliant, as was his captain Tom Cairney|url=https://twitter.com/alanshearer/status/840613425080336384|website=@alanshearer|access-date=1 July 2017}}</ref> Total Sessegnon tampil 30 laga di sabarataan kompetisi, tamasuk di leg kadua babak play-off pas Fulham kalah lawan Reading,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/39853033|title=Reading 1–0 Fulham (agg: 2–1)|date=16 May 2017|access-date=1 July 2017|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Sessegnon sukses meulah 7 gol, dan inya masuk daftar Tim Kejuaraan PFA of the Year,<ref name="1617PFA">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/39648483|title=PFA teams of the year: Chelsea and Tottenham dominate Premier League XI|date=20 April 2017|access-date=5 May 2018|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> jadi pemain peanumnya nang pernah ada.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.squawka.com/news/confirmed-brighton-dominate-cship-toty-but-one-newcastle-inclusion-has-fans-talking/936519#M2G4Jg4prFy4oRl2.97|title=Ryan Sessegnon becomes youngest ever player in PFA Championship Team of the Year|work=Squawka Football News|access-date=1 July 2017}}</ref> Wartawan mulai katuju lawan Sessegnon pas inya debut wan permainannya bekambang tarus. "Bulan Pebruari 2017, koran Italia La Gazzetta dello Sport' 'meandak Sessegnon jadi salah sebuting dari 30 pamain U-20 paling atas di Eropa, Pas bulan Mei 2017, 'Sports Illustrated' 'mengaraninya jadi pamain bal U-20 pembaiknya urutan 19 dunia".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.si.com/planet-futbol/2017/05/16/top-20-under-20-world-soccer|title=Top 20 Under 20: The world's best rising soccer stars|last=Lyttleton|first=Ben|work=Sports Illustrated|access-date=1 July 2017}}</ref> Kawannya setim, Stefan Johansen, bepadah "99% Sessegnon pacangan jadi salah sabuting bek kiwa paling atas dunia".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11681/10767778/ryan-sessegnon-in-focus-fulham-teenager-is-the-next-english-star|title=Ryan Sessegnon in focus: Fulham teenager is the next English star|access-date=1 July 2017|publisher=Sky Sports}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/fulhams-ryan-sessegnon-the-future-10405372|title=Sessegnon 'the future of English football' says Fulham teammate before playoffs|last=Walters|first=Mike|date=11 May 2017|work=Daily Mirror|access-date=1 July 2017|location=London}}</ref> Wayah jendela transfer musim panas dibuka, mulai banyak peminatnya handak menyuruh pindah dari klub Liga Premier, salah sebutingnya Everton,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.getwestlondon.co.uk/sport/football/transfer-news/everton-latest-club-linked-fulhams-12715620|title=Everton the latest club to be linked with Ryan Sessegnon|last=O'Donovan|first=Ryan|date=9 March 2017|work=getwestlondon|access-date=1 July 2017}}</ref> Liverpool<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/transfer-news/liverpool-plotting-summer-move-fulhams-12944494|title=Liverpool plotting summer move for Fulham's Ryan Sessegnon|last=Pearce|first=James|date=26 April 2017|work=Liverpool Echo|access-date=1 July 2017}}</ref> wan Manchester United,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2017/06/01/manchester-united-keen-sign-fulham-wonderkid-ryan-sessegnon/|title=Manchester United keen to sign Fulham wonderkid Ryan Sessegnon|work=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=1 July 2017|location=London}}</ref> di Bundesliga kaya Bayern Munich wan RB Leipzig,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dreamteamfc.com/c/archives/news-gossip/186636/fulham-newcastle-ryan-sessegnon/|title=Who is the English 16-year-old who scored twice against Newcastle?|date=11 March 2017|work=Dream Team FC|access-date=1 July 2017}}</ref> waktu itu biaya kompensasinya £22 juta<ref>{{Cite web|last=Metro.co.uk|first=Metro Sport Reporter for|date=1 June 2017|title=Jose Mourinho personally rates teenage star and requests Man Utd sign him|url=http://metro.co.uk/2017/06/01/jose-mourinho-personally-requests-manchester-united-sign-ryan-sessegnon-6678646/|website=Metro|access-date=1 July 2017}}</ref> ada aturan matan [[Asosiasi Sepak Bola]] kalo inya balum kawa manandatangani kontrak profesional sampai umurnya 17 tahun pas 18 Mei 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Association|first=The Football|title=The website for the English football association, the Emirates FA Cup and the England football team|url=http://www.thefa.com/~/media/Files/TheFAPortal/governance-docs/registrations/fa-rule-c---relating-to-players.ashx.|publisher=The Football Association|access-date=1 July 2017}}</ref> Pas 28 Juni 2017, sudah diumumkan kalo inya manandatangani kontrak profesional penambaiannya lawan Fulham, mambari jaminan gasan masa depan Sessegnon mendaftarkannya ke klub sampai tahun 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sess Turns Pro|url=https://www.fulhamfc.com/news/2017/june/28/sess-turns-pro|publisher=Fulham F.C.|access-date=1 July 2017}}</ref> Inya berharap kawa main rutin di tim utama, ujarnya, "Musim semalam aku baisi banyak kesempatan gasan jadi pamain utama di tim utama jadi aku handak menyambung kesempatan itu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/football/tottenham-transfer-news-ryan-sessegnon-reveals-why-he-snubbed-premier-league-clubs-to-sign-new-a3575996.html|title=Ryan Sessegnon reveals why he snubbed Tottenham and Manchester United|date=29 June 2017|work=London Evening Standard|access-date=1 July 2017}}</ref> ==== Musim 2017-18 ==== Pas 28 Juli 2017, Fulham maumumkan kalo inya mamakai baju nomor 3, sebelumnya pakai nomor 30. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Squad Numbers|url=http://www.fulhamfc.com/news/2017/july/28/squad-numbers|publisher=Fulham F.C.|access-date=31 July 2017}}</ref>Inya kawa meulah gol penambaiannya musim ini pas Fulham seri 1-1 lawan Cardiff 9 September.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/41132796|title=Fulham 1–1 Cardiff City|date=9 September 2017|access-date=14 September 2017|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Pas bulan Nupimbir 2017, ''FourFourTwo'' mamasukakannya di daftar 100 Pemuda Pembaiknya di Dunia, dibandingakan lawan [[Ashley Cole]] wan [[David Alaba]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/my/features/fourfourtwos-100-best-teenagers-world-2017-40-21|title=FourFourTwo's 100 Best Teenagers in the World 2017: 40–21|date=9 November 2017|work=FourFourTwo|access-date=23 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119095950/https://www.fourfourtwo.com/my/features/fourfourtwos-100-best-teenagers-world-2017-40-21|archive-date=2017-11-19|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pas 21 Nupimbir 2017, Penampilan pembaiknya gasan Fulham pas inya mendapatkan penampilan ka-50 pas inya meulah ''hat-trick'' profesional penambaiannya dalam kemenangan luar kandang 5-4 behadapan Sheffield United<ref name="SHUFUL">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/41978135|title=Sheffield United 4–5 Fulham|date=21 November 2017|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> - nang penambaian umur 17 tahun nang beulahhat-tricks 4 tingkat paling atas liga Inggris matan Dele Alli tahun 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|last=OptaJoe|date=22 November 2017|title=17 – Ryan Sessegnon was the first 17-year-old to score a hat-trick within the top four tiers of English league football since Dele Alli in March 2014 (Notts County 1–3 MK Dons in League One). Exciting.pic.twitter.com/Yax86Qt6kL|url=https://twitter.com/OptaJoe/status/933257770790404096|website=@OptaJoe|access-date=23 November 2017}}</ref> Imbah meulah 6 gol Januari 2018, maraga behadapan Ipswich Town, [[Burton Albion FC|Burton Albion]], wan [[Barnsley FC|Barnsley]], inya jadi pemain anum pembaiknya dalam penghargaan Asosiasi PFA dan ''Player of the Month''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=EFL Official Website Player of the Month: Ryan Sessegnon – Fulham|url=https://www.efl.com/news/2018/february/player-of-the-month-ryan-sessegnon---fulham/|access-date=10 February 2018}}</ref><ref name="ThePFA.com">{{Cite web|title=Ryan Sessegnon voted the PFA Bristol Street Motors Player of the Month|url=https://www.thepfa.com/thepfa/pfa-fans-player-of-the-month/january-pfa-championship-fans-player-of-the-month-ryan-sessegnon|publisher=Professional Footballers' Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211072324/https://www.thepfa.com/thepfa/pfa-fans-player-of-the-month/january-pfa-championship-fans-player-of-the-month-ryan-sessegnon|archive-date=11 February 2018|dead-url=yes|access-date=10 February 2018}}</ref> Pas 19 Februari, inya jadi pamain ka-10 dalam 20 pamain nang prospeknya paling menjanjikan di seberataan Eropa. Sessegnon kawa masuk daftar bergengsi oleh CIES pemain kaya penjaga gawang AC Milan Gianluigi Donnarumma di posisi penambaian wan penyerang [[Paris Saint-Germain]] Kylian Mbappé peringkat 3.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/43115781|title=Gianluigi Donnarumma: AC Milan keeper named top under-20 European prospect|date=19 February 2018|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Pas April 2018, Sessegnon dinominasikan dalam EFL Championship sabagai ''Player of the Season'' wan ''Young Player of the season''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 April 2018|title=EFL awards: Tom Cairney, Ruben Neves & Ryan Sessgenon on Championship shortlist|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/43641225|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref> Inya jadi pamain Championship penambaian nang masuk penghargaan ''PFA Young Player of the Year''. Pas 15 April, Sessegnon dapat 5 penghargaan nang balum pernah ada sebelumnya. Ini kejadian wayah inya dinobatakan sabagai pembaiknya dalam Pamain Kejuaraan Musim ini, Pamain Anum Musim Ini, [[Apprentice Liga Sepakbola Tahun Ini|''Apprentice of the Year'']], wan jmasuk dalam Tim EFL Club Developed XI.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/fulham-wonderkid-ryan-sessegnon-wins-12371190|title=Fulham wonderkid Ryan Sessegnon wins FIVE gongs at EFL awards including Championship Player of the Year|last=Whaling|first=James|date=15 April 2018|work=Mirror|access-date=16 April 2018}}</ref> Fulham kawa menuntungakan musim liga peringkat ke-3, ini meulah Fulham kawa maju ka babak [[Play-off EFL Championship|play-offs]], Sessegnon sukses membawa timnya mendapatakan tiket di final play-off meulah gol pambuka wan mambantu gol kamenangan pertandingan di leg kadua semifinal behadapan [[Derby County FC|Derby County]].<ref name="14 May 2018">{{Cite web|last=Dean|first=Sam|title=Ryan Sessegnon blows Derby County away to fire Fulham into play-off final|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2018/05/14/ryan-sessegnon-fires-fulham-play-off-final-derby-county-blown/|website=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=14 May 2018}}</ref> Pas 26 Mei, inya membawa kemenangan gasan timnya lewat gol menit ka-23 Tom Cairney di kamenangan 1-0 behadapan Aston Villa dalam Kejuaraan EFL play-off final di Wembley, inya sukses membawa Fulham promosi ka Liga Premier.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2018/may/26/aston-villa-fulham-championship-play-off-final-match-report|title=Fulham promoted to Premier League after play-off win over Aston Villa|date=26 May 2018|work=The Guardian|access-date=24 October 2018}}</ref> ==== Musim 2018-19 ==== Inya tampil di laga lanjutan Liga Premier pamulaannya pada 11 Agustus 2018, hari pambukaan liga hanyar, Fulham manang 2-0 di kandang musuh Crystal Palace.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 August 2018|title=Fulham v Crystal Palace, 2018/19|url=https://www.premierleague.com/match/38310|publisher=Premier League|access-date=24 November 2018}}</ref> Pas 20 Oktober, inya meulah gol penambaiannya di Liga Premier pas Fulham kalah 4-2 dari Cardiff City, jadi pamain pemulaan nang diranakakan tahun 2000-an nang meulah gol di kompetisi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/45930086|title=Premier League stats: Ryan Sessegnon and the millennium babies making an impact|date=21 October 2018|access-date=24 October 2018|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Inya mencatat penampilan ka-100 gasan klub pas 8 Desember,pas Fulham kalah 4-1 behadapan Manchester United.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.express.co.uk/sport/football/1055752/Man-Utd-Premier-League-TV-Stream-Fulham-Score-Goals-Jose-Mourinho-Paul-Pogba-Latest|title=Man Utd 4–1 Fulham AS IT HAPPENED: Romelu Lukaku scores first home goal since March|last=Anderson|first=Jamie|date=8 December 2018|access-date=1 January 2019|publisher=Express}}</ref> Pas 2 April 2019, Fulham didegradasi dari Liga Premier imbah kalah 4-1 behadapan Watford.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/47701937|title=Watford 4–1 Fulham: Cottagers relegated from Premier League with five games still to play|date=2019-04-02|access-date=2019-04-05|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Tottenham Hotspur === Pas 8 Agustus 2019, Ryan Sessegnon manandatangani kontrak hanyar lawan Spurs gasan 5 tahun,lawan opsi perpanjangan setahun. Kesepakatan nang diulah harganya £25 juta, ditambah lawan pamain Josh Onomah nang ditransfer ka Fulham.<ref>{{Cite news|url=Ryan Sessegnon: Tottenham agree £25m deal for Fulham defender|last=Ornstein|first=David|date=8 August 2019|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> Tahun 2016, inya main di tim nasional Inggris U17 Euro.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 May 2016|title=Duo on England duty|url=http://www.fulhamfc.com/news/2016/may/04/duo-on-england-duty|publisher=Fulham F.C.|access-date=10 August 2016}}</ref> Inya meulah gol penambaiannya gasan [[Tim nasional U-19 nasional Inggris|Inggris U-19]] behadapan [[Timnas U-19 nasional Luksemburg|Luksemburg]] di pertandingan kualifikasi Eropa U-19 Championship 10 Nupimbir 2016, meulah gol ka-2 di kemenangan 2-0.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The website for the English football association, the Emirates FA Cup and the England football team|url=http://www.thefa.com/news/2016/nov/10/england-u19s-luxembourg-report-101116|publisher=The Football Association|access-date=1 July 2017}}</ref> Pas 26 Juni 2017, inya masuk skuad 18 pamain gasan final Euro 2017 U-19 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Association|first=The Football|title=Young Lions squad for U19 Euro|url=http://www.thefa.com/news/2017/jun/26/england-u19-squad-for-euros-260617|publisher=The Football Association|access-date=1 July 2017}}</ref> Inya kawa meulah 3 gol, tamasuk 2 dalam kemenangan 4-1 behadapan [[Tim sepak bola nasional pemuda|Jerman]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 July 2017|title=Young Lions ace Ryan Sessegnon says first-team action has helped him at Euros finals|url=http://www.thefa.com/news/2017/jul/10/ryan-sessegnon-post-germany-100717|publisher=The Football Association|access-date=13 July 2017}}</ref> manuntungakan turnamen jadi top skor bersama<ref>{{Cite web|title=Under-19 – Statistics|url=http://www.uefa.com/under19/season=2017/statistics/index.html|publisher=UEFA|access-date=15 July 2017|archive-date=21 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921220313/http://www.uefa.com/under19/season=2017/statistics/index.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> maraga ngitu jua Inggris jadi juara gasan penambaiannya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/football/england-win-euro-u19-championship-as-lukas-nmecha-winner-downs-portgual-in-final-a3588831.html|title=England win Euro Under-19 Championship with win over Portugal|work=London Evening Standard|access-date=15 July 2017}}</ref> Inya masuk ''team of the tournament''.<ref name="2017 Technical Report">{{Cite web|title=2017 UEFA U19 Technical Report|url=http://www.uefa.com/under19/season=2017/technical-report/uefa-technical-team/index.html|publisher=UEFA|access-date=5 October 2017|archive-date=4 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104084104/http://www.uefa.com/under19/season=2017/technical-report/uefa-technical-team/index.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pas umur 17, inya debut U-21 di 27 Maret 2018, debutnya membawa kamenangan 2-1 atas Ukraina di Kejuaraan Eropa U-21.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/43561101|title=England U21 2–1 Ukraine U21|last=|first=|date=2018-03-27|work=|access-date=8 March 2019|language=en-GB}}</ref> Pas 27 Mei 2019, inya masuk dalam skuad pamain Inggris U-21 gasan UEFA European U-21 Championship 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thefa.com/news/2019/may/26/england-u21s-squad-named-for-euros-270519|title=ENGLAND U21S SQUAD NAMED BY AIDY BOOTHROYD FOR THIS SUMMER'S EURO FINALS IN ITALY|date=27 May 2019|access-date=19 June 2019|publisher=The FA}}</ref> == Jujuhutan == [[Tumbung:Pamain bal]] [[Tumbung:Pamain bal matan Inggris]] p88eqdi9xx5802dcp2o7m50vhzqk7xt 0 34997 114000 107878 2026-09-24T23:36:21Z InternetArchiveBot 11286 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 114000 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}}[[Berkas:Florida freshwater marshes usgov image.jpg|jmpl|ka|300px|Brangkabanyu tawar di [[Florida]], [[Amirika Sarikat]] ]]'''Brangka''' adalah [[lahan basah]] parian baruh nang ditanami lawan kumpai atawa ''tumbuhan terna''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/types/marsh.html |title=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Characterization of marshes |access-date=2024-10-22 |archive-date=2010-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100403154746/http://www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/types/marsh.html |dead-url=yes}}</ref> Tatanaman nang rajin hidup di payau misalnya ''wlingi, mendong, gelagah, bakung'', [[teratai]] wan banyak pang lagi. Bahanu tatanaman nang lain jua ada, tagal jarang jumlahnya, kaya tanaman kayu nang lambat tumbuh. Lingkungan brangka kawa dibanjiri banyu kada barasa, banyu hanta, atawa banyu masin. Brangka kamungkinan marupakan bagian matan ekosistim nang taganal, nangkaya hutan bakau atawa hutan gambut. Atawa, marupakan wilayah ekoton (pergeseran) antara [[Danaw|danau]], [[sungai]] wan hutan rawa banyu tawar. Wilayah nang kaya ini rancak banyak diganai iiwakan, sahingga jadi [[habitat]] nang panting gasan macam-macam margasatwa, tarutama burung merandai, itik liar wan angsa liar. Salain itu ada jua buhaya wan binatang-binatang nang lain nang kaya ular sanca wan anakonda. Peruraian bagian-bagian tumbuhan nang tenggelam ke dasar Brangkamenghasilkan gas rawa, nang bahanu tabakar sorangan wan meulah api misterius; sabuah fenomena nang di nagara-nagara Barat rancak dihubungakan lawan keberadaan jin atawa hantu banyu/hutan nang dinamai Will o' the wisp, lentera labu, atawa [[:en:sprite (folklore)|''peri hutan'']]. == Jujuhutan == {{reflist}} == Itihi jua == {{commonscat|Marshes}} * [[Lahan basah]] * [[Rawa]] * [[Gambut]] * [[Hutan bakau]] * [[Tumbuhan akuatik]] [[Kategori:Lahan basah]] sv0x4g4diybbi15yep7q7gfhxzr4f3e 0 38613 113999 110901 2026-09-24T23:36:18Z InternetArchiveBot 11286 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 113999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building | name = Borj-e Milad | native_name = برج میلاد | alternate_name = Manara Teheran | logo = | logo_size = 100px | image = Park Entrance - panoramio.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Menara Teheran, 2016 | status = {{Color|Green|Tuntung}} | location = {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Teheran]], [[Iran]] | coordinates = {{coord|35|44|41|N|51|22|31|E|region:IR|display=inline,title}} | start_date = 2000 | completion_date = 2007 | opening = 7 Uktubir 2008 | building_type = Telekomunikasi, komersial, restoran, [[Manara observasi|observasi]] | height = | antenna_spire = {{convert|435.0|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | roof = {{convert|315.0|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | top_floor = {{convert|312.0|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | floor_count = 12 | elevator_count = 6 | cost = | floor_area = {{convert|154.000|sqm|abbr=on}} | architect = Mohammad Reza Hāfezi | structural_engineer = | main_contractor = [http://bolandpayeh.com/ Boland Payeh Co.] | developer = | owner = | management = [http://bolandpayeh.com/ Boland Payeh Co.] | website = [http://tehranmiladtower.ir Situs rasmi] | references = <ref name="skyscraper">{{cite web|title=Borj-e Milad, Tehran - SkyscraperPage.com|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=6767|publisher=Skyscraperpage.com|access-date=2012-12-29}}</ref><ref name="iitk">{{cite web|last=Zafarani|first=H.|title=Seismic Response Analysis of Milad Tower in Tehran, Iran|url=http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/14_05-01-0449.pdf|publisher=Iitk.ac.in|access-date=2012-12-29}}</ref><ref name="emporis"/> }} '''Borj-e Milad''' ([[basa Parsia]]: برج میلاد, ''Borj e Milād''), nang disambat juwa '''Manara Teheran''' (basa Parsia: برج تهران, ''Borj e Tehrān''),<ref name="emporis">{{Cite web|title=Milad Tower {{!}} Buildings|url=http://www.emporis.com/building/miladtower-tehran-iran|publisher=Emporis.com|access-date=2012-12-29|archive-date=2014-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202183434/http://www.emporis.com/building/miladtower-tehran-iran|dead-url=yes}}</ref> iyalah [[manara]] sarabaguna di [[Teheran]], [[Iran]]. Manara ngini iya manara paningginya ka-6<ref name="NBN Nasl Bartar Novin">{{Cite web|date=n.d.|title=Milad Tower, a perfect product for a perfect project|url=http://www.nbn.ir/viewer.php?id=15|publisher=NBN (Nasl Bartar Novin)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091117010931/http://www.nbn.ir/viewer.php?id=15|archive-date=November 17, 2009|access-date=2009-09-10}}</ref> wan struktur badiri bibas paningginya ka-24 di dunia.<ref>Andrew Burke, Mark Elliott.</ref> Manara ngini andakannya di [[Kuta Gharb|Kuta Gharb,]] distrik Gisha, tingginya 435 m matan bawahnya sampai ka hujung antina.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-09-08|title=Iran Opens World's 4th Highest Telecoms Tower|url=http://www.cellular-news.com/story/34027.php|publisher=Cellular-News|access-date=2009-10-05}}</ref> Manara ngini iya juwa bagian matan Pusat Pardagangan Antarbangsa wan ''Konvensi'' Teheran, nang juwa tamasuk ''hotel'' bintang lima, pusat ''konvensi'', pusat pardagangan dunia, wan taman IT.<ref name="skyscraper"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="167">[http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=6767 "Borj-e Milad, Tehran - SkyscraperPage.com"]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="168">Skyscraperpage.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="169"><span class="reference-accessdate">Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2012-12-29</span></span>.</span></cite></ref><ref name="iitk"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFZafarani">Zafarani, H. [http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/14_05-01-0449.pdf "Seismic Response Analysis of Milad Tower in Tehran, Iran"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref><ref name="emporis2">{{Cite web|title=Milad Tower {{!}} Buildings|url=http://www.emporis.com/building/miladtower-tehran-iran|publisher=Emporis.com|access-date=2012-12-29|archive-date=2014-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202183434/http://www.emporis.com/building/miladtower-tehran-iran|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Sajarah == === Latar balakang === Manara [[Teheran]] iya bagian matan ''proyek'' Shahestan Pahlavi, nang mangganali kuta gasan pamarintahan hanyar wan pusat pardagangan gasan [[Teheran]], nang dirancang wayah 1970-an tagal kada suah kajadian, kacuali Manara sabutin nih. Imbah dituraikan antarbangsa, ''proyek'' ngitu dibariakan ka Parusahaan Llewely Davies, wan pambangunannya dirasmiakan wayah 19 Agustus 1975, lawan [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah Iran]] wan Walikuta Teheran [[Gholamreza Nikpey]] ada mamatak plakat emas gasan manikasi ari parasmian.<ref>Shahestan Pahlavi.</ref> Ihwal lain nang maulah pambangunan manara ngini, dimulai imbah [[Revolusi Iran|revolusi 1979]], sababnya pamarintahan Iran nang hanyar handak maulah simbol hanyar gasan Teheran gasan manggantiiakan [[Manara Azadi]] nang dianggap buhannya simbol pamarintahan Pahlavi. === Pambangunan === Pambangunan manara dimulai wayah 1997. Imbah tuntung pambangunannya di tangah-tangah 2000-an, Manara Teheran dianggap jadi manara ''telekomunikasi'' nang badiri bibas ka-4 di dunia.<ref name="emporis3">{{Cite web|title=Milad Tower {{!}} Buildings|url=http://www.emporis.com/building/miladtower-tehran-iran|publisher=Emporis.com|access-date=2012-12-29|archive-date=2014-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202183434/http://www.emporis.com/building/miladtower-tehran-iran|dead-url=yes}}</ref> ''Desain proyek'' ngini dikapalai lawan ''arsitek'' Iran Mohammad Reza Hafezi. ''Kontraktor'' umum nang manggawi matan parusahaan Boland Payeh,lawan ''klien'' duwa ''investor'' utamanya iya parusahaan Yadman Sazeh, parwakilan matan Kuta Teheran.<ref name="iitk2"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFZafarani">Zafarani, H. [http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/14_05-01-0449.pdf "Seismic Response Analysis of Milad Tower in Tehran, Iran"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> == Album == <gallery> Barakas:Tochal_and_Milad_Tower_from_Chitgar_Park.jpg|[[Tochal|Gunung Tochal]] wan Manara Teheran dijanak matan [[Taman Chitgar]]. Barakas:Towers_in_Tehran_City_at_night.jpg|Manara Teheran tajanak matan [[Shahrak-e Gharb|Kota Qarb]]. Barakas:Tehran_highway_at_night.jpg|Manara Teheran tatiring matan [[Jalan Tol Hemmat]]. Barakas:Vista_de_Teherán_desde_la_Torre_Milad,_Irán,_2016-09-17,_DD_76.jpg|Kuta Teheran dilihat matan atas Manara Teheran. Barakas:Tochal_view_from_Milad_Tower.jpg|Pamandangan Manara Teheran ka kuta wan pagunungan. </gallery> == Jujuhutan == <references /> [[Tumbung:Manara di Iran]] a1xyrxi9syigniiozf2ne09vc1ikps8 0 39671 113998 113951 2026-09-24T23:35:20Z InternetArchiveBot 11286 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 113998 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Berua''' yaitu sabuah ngaran [[kalurahan]] di [[Biringkanaya, Makassar|Kacamatan Biringkanaya]], [[Kota Makassar|Kuta Makassar]], [[Sulawesi Selatan]], [[Indonesia]]. Kalurahan ini pamakaran matan [[Paccerakkang, Biringkanaya, Makassar|Kalurahan Paccerakkang]] wayah pamakaran dairah di Kuta Makassar tahun 2015.<ref>[https://www.liputan6.com/regional/read/2290325/makassar-dimekarkan-jadi-153-kelurahan-dan-15-kecamatan Makassar Dimekarkan Jadi 153 Kelurahan dan 15 Kecamatan] diakses 4 November 2019 14.02 WIB</ref><ref>[http://www.jdih.setjen.kemendagri.go.id/files/KOTA%20MAKASSAR_SULSEL_02_2015.pdf Pembentukan Kelurahan Minasa Upa, Kelurahan Bonto Duri, Kelurahan Biring Romang, Kelurahan Bitowa, Kelurahan Laikang, Kelurahan Berua, Kelurahan Katimbang, Kelurahan Bakung, Kelurahan Buntusu, Kelurahan Kapasa Raya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712010806/http://www.jdih.setjen.kemendagri.go.id/files/KOTA%20MAKASSAR_SULSEL_02_2015.pdf |date=2019-07-12 }}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kalurahan ini baisi luas wilayah 2,05&nbsp;km² nang tadiri matan 52 RT wan 8 RW. Sacara astronomis, kalurahan ini baandak di titik koordinat 5°07'03.70" LS wan 119°31'14.00" BT. Jumlah panduduk Kalurahan Berua wayah tahun 2019 tacatat 27.062 jiwa, nang tadiri atas 13.214 jiwa lalakian wan 13.848 jiwa bibinian. Kantur kalurahan ini baalamat di Jl. Poros Paccerakkang (Ruko Adiba), Kuta Makassar.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=Fajriani|first=Nur|date=22 Mei 2020|title=Sejarah Penamaan dan Profil Kelurahan Berua, Kecamatan Biringkanaya di Makassar|url=https://makassar.tribunnews.com/2020/05/22/sejarah-penamaan-dan-profil-kelurahan-berua-kecamatan-biringkanaya-di-makassar?page=all|website=makassar.tribunnews.com|access-date=9 Juni 2023}}</ref> == Kronik ngaran == Sacara etimologis, ngaran '''Berua''' diambil dalam [[bahasa Makassar]], yakni ''Beru'' ([]) nang baarti "hanyar". Samantara ''-a'' ngini sufiks infleksional dalam basa Makassar nang kada maubah makna kata, tagal kawa bafungsi sabagai sasuatu nang manunjukakan ngaran wadah atawa kelas kata []. Kalurahan Berua baasal matan kata "Berua" nang artinya hanyar. Bahari wilayah ini hamparan lahan kusung/tanah lapang nang diandaki babarapa urang matan luar Makassar. Hususnya urang matan [[Kabupaten Pangkep]] nang mancari gawian. Lawas-kalawasan kawasan ngitu jadi rami wan manjadi sabuah pakampungan hanyar (hanyar = ''beru'' dalam [[bahasa Makassar]]). Nang imbah ngitu dipinandui lawan ngaran Kampung Berua.<ref name=":02" /> == Pambantukan == Kalurahan Berua tabantuk sabagai hasil pamakaran [[Paccerakkang, Biringkanaya, Makassar|Kalurahan Paccerakkang]] dalam [[Biringkanaya, Makassar|Kacamatan Biringkanaya]], Kuta Makassar. Pamakaran ini ditatapakan dalam Pasal 4 Paraturan Dairah Kuta Makassar Nomor 2 Tahun 2015 pasal Pambantukan Kalurahan Minasa Upa, Kalurahan Bonto Duri, Kalurahan Biring Romang, Kalurahan Bitowa, Kalurahan Laikang, Kalurahan Berua, Kalurahan Katimbang, Kalurahan Bakung, Kalurahan Buntusu, wan Kalurahan Kapasa Raya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jdihn.go.id/files/147/perdano.2thn2015.pdf|title=Peraturan Daerah Kota Makassar Nomor 2 Tahun 2015 tentang Pembentukan Kelurahan Minasa Upa, Kelurahan Bonto Duri, Kelurahan Biring Romang, Kelurahan Bitowa, Kelurahan Laikang, Kelurahan Berua, Kelurahan Katimbang, Kelurahan Bakung, Kelurahan Buntusu, Kelurahan Kapasa Raya|date=9 September 2015|work=Jaringan Dokumentasi dan Informasi Hukum Nasional|access-date=13 Agustus 2023|page=7|archive-date=13 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813024132/https://jdihn.go.id/files/147/perdano.2thn2015.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Watas wilayah == Kalurahan Berua baisi watas-watas wilayah sabagai barikut: {| class="wikitable" !Sabelah !Babatasan |- |utara |[[Daya, Biringkanaya, Makassar|Kalurahan Daya]] wan [[Sudiang Raya, Biringkanaya, Makassar|Kalurahan Sudiang Raya]] |- |selatan |[[Buntusu, Tamalanrea, Makassar|Kalurahan Buntusu]] |- |barat |[[Daya, Biringkanaya, Makassar|Kalurahan Daya]], [[Kapasa, Tamalanrea, Makassar|Kalurahan Kapasa]], wan [[Tamalanrea, Tamalanrea, Makassar|Kalurahan Tamalanrea]] |- |timur |[[Paccerakkang, Biringkanaya, Makassar|Kalurahan Paccerakkang]] wan [[Katimbang, Biringkanaya, Makassar|Kalurahan Katimbang]] |} <ref name=":02" /> == Jujuhutan == {{Biringkanaya, Makassar}} {{Authority control}}{{Kelurahan-stub}} [[Tumbung:Kalurahan di Kuta Makassar]] [[Tumbung:Biringkanaya, Makassar]] 45gmglmqodmxglkg7ul7zz84uwkrwqb