ဟမ်ႏဩဇာႏ

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      <comment>ဖန်ဆင်ꩻလဲဉ်းလိတ်မဲ့ငါ တောမ်ႏ &quot;[[File:Manure spreading Hlokozi 2007 11 29.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|A [[farmer]] spreading [[manure]] to improve [[soil fertility]]]] {{owidslider |start        = 2023 |list         = Template:OWID/Fertilizer use in kg per hectare of arable land#gallery |location      = commons |caption      = |title        = |language     = |file         = File:Fertilizer use in kg per hectare of arable land, World, 2023 (...&quot;</comment>
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'''ဟမ်ႏဩဇာႏ'''ယို ထွာ ကအီးလွူးတန်အီထာꩻမွူးတာႏ ထာꩻသဘာဝဒျာႏတဲ့နောဝ်ꩻ၊ လိုꩻမာꩻထွာခါꩻနေးစားတဲ့နောဝ်ꩻ ကသော့ꩻဖေႏလွေꩻအီ ဟမ်ႏကို၊ တောဝ်းလဲ့ ထာꩻမွူးထျꩻကိုတစွိုးသွူ။ ဟမ်ႏဩႏဇာႏကိုယို လုံးဖိုန်ႏဖုံႏရာ တောဝ်းလဲ့ သဘာဝတမွေးတောဝ်းဒါႏ ကရဲန်ꩻခါꩻဟမ်ႏဖုံႏအောဝ်ႏပါ။ သဘာဝနေးတဲ့နောဝ်ꩻ မာꩻတွမ်ႏထာꩻခြွိုင်းထေနေးတဲ့နောဝ်ꩻ ဟမ်ႏဩႏဇာႏအောဝ်ႏအီဒါႏ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Scherer2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |doi=10.1002/14356007.a10_323.pub3 |chapter=Fertilizers, 1. General |date=15 July 2009 |last1=Scherer |first1=Heinrich W. |last2=Mengel |first2=Konrad |last3=Kluge |first3=Günter |last4=Severin |first4=Karl |title=[[Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry]] |volume=14 |isbn=978-3-527-30673-2 |pages=171–97 |chapter-url=https://z-library.ec/book/09QgD6k4Xp |access-date=17 April 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}&lt;/ref&gt; ခေတ်တသာ ထာꩻဆို့ꩻရုဲင်ဖဲ့ꩻကို ဟမ်ႏဩႏဇာႏအောဝ်ႏခြꩻလွောန်ꩻဖေႏ အဓိက အဟာရ ၃ ဗာႏ။ နုဲတ်ထရိုစဲန်၊ ဖော့သဖိုရတ်သ်၊ တွမ်ႏယင်း ပိုတဲတ်သီယမ် ယို ၃ စွိုးအောဝ်ႏပါဗာႏ၊ အဲန်းဂလစ်နေးနောဝ်ꩻ အတဲမ်းနယ်ခါꩻတွမ်ႏ NPK ၊ ယစားစားကို အသော့ꩻဖေႏခါꩻပါ အဟာႏရတောင်ႏတာႏပီနုဲင်း လုံႏဖိုန်ႏ။ ထာꩻဆို့ꩻသား ဖြေ့ꩻလွေꩻသော့ꩻထာယိုဖုံႏ အွိုးထာꩻမွူးထျꩻ၊ ဖြေ့ꩻသဲင်နေးတဲ့အောဝ်ႏ၊ ကြူကြာသော့ꩻထီကိုထွူ ဇျာꩻသော့ꩻဖေႏနေးထာꩻမွူးစားလဲ့အောဝ်ႏသွူ။ 

Historically, fertilization came from natural or organic sources: [[compost]], [[Manure|animal manure]], [[Human waste|human manure]], harvested [[mineral]]s, [[crop rotation]]s, and byproducts of human-nature industries (e.g. [[Fish meal|fish processing waste]], or [[Blood meal|bloodmeal]] from [[animal slaughter]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Güldner |first1=Dino |last2=Larsen |first2=Laura |last3=Cunfer |first3=Geoff |date=20 August 2021 |title=Soil fertility transitions in the context of industrialization, 1750–2000 |journal=[[Social Science History]] |volume=45 |issue=Special Issue 4 |pages=785–811 |doi=10.1017/ssh.2021.26 |url=https://www.academia.edu/65291943 |access-date=13 April 2026 |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, starting in the 19th century, after innovations in [[plant nutrition]] following [[Justus von Liebig]]'s discoveries, an [[Industrial agriculture|agricultural industry]] developed around synthetically created [[Agrochemical|agrochemical fertilizers]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Russell |first1=Darrell A. |last2=Williams |first2=Gerald G. |date=March–April 1970 |title=History of chemical fertilizer development |journal=[[Soil Science Society of America Journal]] |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=260–5 |doi=10.2136/sssaj1977.03615995004100020020x |url=https://z-library.ec/book/09QgpZdWXp |access-date=17 April 2026 |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}&lt;/ref&gt; This transition was important in transforming the [[Food system|global food system]] towards larger-scale [[Intensive farming|industrial agriculture]] with large crop yields in [[monoculture]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Tilman |first1=David |last2=Cassman |first2=Kenneth G. |last3=Matson |first3=Pamela A. |last4=Naylor |first4=Rosamond |last5=Polasky |first5=Stephen |date=8 August 2002 |title=Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=418 |issue=6898 |pages=671–7 |doi=10.1038/nature01014 |pmid=12167873 |bibcode=2002Natur.418..671T |url=https://www.academia.edu/2279116 |access-date=13 April 2026 |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Fertilization (JOKAMT2Pe14-1).tif|thumb|A farmer broadcasting solid fertilizer into his field in [[Janakkala|Janakkala, Finland]] in 1960]]
The invention of [[Haber process]] for producing [[ammonia]] for nitrogen in the 20th century combined with amplified [[Productive capacity|chemical production capacity]] created during [[World War II]] led to a boom in using [[nitrogen fertilizer]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1 June 2016 |title=Fritz Haber |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/fritz-haber |access-date=13 April 2026 |website=[[Science History Institute]] |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt; In the latter half of the 20th century, increased use of nitrogen fertilizers (800% increase between 1961 and 2019) has been a crucial component of the increased productivity of [[conventional food systems]] as part of the so-called &quot;[[Green Revolution]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mbow2019&quot;/&gt;

Fertilizers, especially when applied excessively, can have environmental consequences such as [[water pollution]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=McIsaac |first=Gregory |title=Encyclopedia of water Science |year=2003 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |editor-last1=Steward |editor-first1=Bertram A. |editor-last2=Howell |editor-first2=Terry A. |edition=1st |location=Boca Raton, Florida |pages=950–5 |chapter=Surface water pollution by nitrogen fertilizers |doi=10.1201/NOE0849396274 |isbn=978-1-351-24982-9 |access-date=13 April 2026 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/88573588 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[eutrophication]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Jing |last2=Xu |first2=Chang-chun |last3=Ridoutt |first3=Bradley G. |last4=Wang |first4=Xue-chun |last5=Ren |first5=Pin-an |date=15 August 2017 |title=Nitrogen and phosphorus losses and eutrophication potential associated with fertilizer application to cropland in China |journal=[[Journal of Cleaner Production]] |volume=159 |pages=171–9 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.05.008 |bibcode=2017JCPro.159..171H |url=https://www.academia.edu/109493106 |access-date=13 April 2026 |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt; due to nutrient [[Runoff (hydrology)|runoff]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Harmel |first1=R. Daren |last2=Pampell |first2=Rehanon A. |last3=Leytem |first3=April B. |last4=Smith |first4=D. R. |last5=Haney |first5=Rick L. |date=1 January 2018 |title=Assessing edge-of-field nutrient runoff from agricultural lands in the United States: how clean is clean enough? |journal=[[Journal of Soil and Water Conservation]] |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=9–23 |doi=10.2489/jswc.73.1.9 |bibcode=2018JSWC...73....9H |url=https://z-library.ec/book/B9EYqrNo95 |access-date=13 April 2026 |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, the chemical process for creating the fertilizers results in byproducts, including [[Carbon emissions|carbon]] and other emissions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=October 2016 |title=Carbon footprint analysis of mineral fertilizer production in Europe and other world regions |last1=Brentrup |first1=Frank |last2=Hoxha |first2=Antoine |last3=Christensen |first3=Bjarne |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312553933 |access-date=13 April 2026 |website=LCA Food 2016 |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt; In some cases [[Soil contamination|contamination and pollution of soil]] result by accumulation of [[heavy metals]] contained in some fertilizers collected through mining.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Zwolak |first1=Aneta |last2=Sarzyńska |first2=Magdalena |last3=Szpyrka |first3=Ewa |last4=Stawarczyk |first4=Kinga |date=6 July 2019 |title=Sources of soil pollution by heavy metals and their accumulation in vegetables: a review |journal=[[Water, Air, and Soil Pollution]] |volume=230 |issue=7 |article-number=164 |doi=10.1007/s11270-019-4221-y |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019WASP..230..164Z |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[sustainable agriculture|Sustainable agricultural]] practices, such as [[reduced tillage]] and planting [[buffer strip]]s, can minimize these adverse environmental effects.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Muhie |first=Seid Hussen |date=December 2022 |title=Novel approaches and practices to sustainable agriculture |journal=Journal of Agriculture and Food Research |volume=10 |article-number=100446 |doi=10.1016/j.jafr.2022.100446 |doi-access=free |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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'''ဟမ်ႏဩဇာႏ'''ယို ထွာ ကအီးလွူးတန်အီထာꩻမွူးတာႏ ထာꩻသဘာဝဒျာႏတဲ့နောဝ်ꩻ၊ လိုꩻမာꩻထွာခါꩻနေးစားတဲ့နောဝ်ꩻ ကသော့ꩻဖေႏလွေꩻအီ ဟမ်ႏကို၊ တောဝ်းလဲ့ ထာꩻမွူးထျꩻကိုတစွိုးသွူ။ ဟမ်ႏဩႏဇာႏကိုယို လုံးဖိုန်ႏဖုံႏရာ တောဝ်းလဲ့ သဘာဝတမွေးတောဝ်းဒါႏ ကရဲန်ꩻခါꩻဟမ်ႏဖုံႏအောဝ်ႏပါ။ သဘာဝနေးတဲ့နောဝ်ꩻ မာꩻတွမ်ႏထာꩻခြွိုင်းထေနေးတဲ့နောဝ်ꩻ ဟမ်ႏဩႏဇာႏအောဝ်ႏအီဒါႏ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Scherer2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |doi=10.1002/14356007.a10_323.pub3 |chapter=Fertilizers, 1. General |date=15 July 2009 |last1=Scherer |first1=Heinrich W. |last2=Mengel |first2=Konrad |last3=Kluge |first3=Günter |last4=Severin |first4=Karl |title=[[Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry]] |volume=14 |isbn=978-3-527-30673-2 |pages=171–97 |chapter-url=https://z-library.ec/book/09QgD6k4Xp |access-date=17 April 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}&lt;/ref&gt; ခေတ်တသာ ထာꩻဆို့ꩻရုဲင်ဖဲ့ꩻကို ဟမ်ႏဩႏဇာႏအောဝ်ႏခြꩻလွောန်ꩻဖေႏ အဓိက အဟာရ ၃ ဗာႏ။ နုဲတ်ထရိုစဲန်၊ ဖော့သဖိုရတ်သ်၊ တွမ်ႏယင်း ပိုတဲတ်သီယမ် ယို ၃ စွိုးအောဝ်ႏပါဗာႏ၊ အဲန်းဂလစ်နေးနောဝ်ꩻ အတဲမ်းနယ်ခါꩻတွမ်ႏ NPK ၊ ယစားစားကို အသော့ꩻဖေႏခါꩻပါ အဟာႏရတောင်ႏတာႏပီနုဲင်း လုံႏဖိုန်ႏ။ ထာꩻဆို့ꩻသား ဖြေ့ꩻလွေꩻသော့ꩻထာယိုဖုံႏ အွိုးထာꩻမွူးထျꩻ၊ ဖြေ့ꩻသဲင်နေးတဲ့အောဝ်ႏ၊ ကြူကြာသော့ꩻထီကိုထွူ ဇျာꩻသော့ꩻဖေႏနေးထာꩻမွူးစားလဲ့အောဝ်ႏသွူ။ 

သမဲင်ꩻခြောင်ꩻအလꩻ ကဗွူႏဟမ်ႏဩႏဇာႏယို အောဝ်ႏသဘာဝရွီးခိုႏ တောဝ်းလဲ့ အောဝ်ႏ အော်ဂဲန်းနေက်ရွီးခိုႏဖုံႏနုဲင်း ဟမ်ႏမွထာꩻအီႏသေင်မွ၊ တရစ္ဆာန်ႏအေႏသဲင်ဖိုန်ႏ၊ လိုအေႏဆီႏသဲင်ဖုံႏ၊ ဗွူလောဝ်း ဗွူမွူးဖုံႏ၊ ထာꩻမွူးသေင်ဖုံႏ၊ ထပေႏအလွိုအလာဖုံႏ၊ ထာꩻသားသွီႏဖုံႏရာကိုမာꩻလွောန်ဝင်ꩻသွူ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Güldner |first1=Dino |last2=Larsen |first2=Laura |last3=Cunfer |first3=Geoff |date=20 August 2021 |title=Soil fertility transitions in the context of industrialization, 1750–2000 |journal=[[Social Science History]] |volume=45 |issue=Special Issue 4 |pages=785–811 |doi=10.1017/ssh.2021.26 |url=https://www.academia.edu/65291943 |access-date=13 April 2026 |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt; ကွဲးတဲင်တွော့ꩻ တယ်ႏ ၁၉ ရျာꩻဗူႏကို ထွားနုဲင်း၊ ဖြေ့ꩻနိုင်းလွဝင်ꩻ ဓာတုဗေဒ ဟမ်ႏဩႏဇာႏ။ ဟမ်ႏဩႏဇာႏနောဝ်ꩻစားနောဝ်ꩻ ထွာနေး လိုꩻမဉ်ꩻ [[:en:Justus von Liebig|Justus Von Liebig]] သေထွꩻခါꩻ ထာꩻဆို့ꩻရုဲင်ခရာႏဖဲ့ꩻထွူ တယ်ႏဆို့ꩻစက်ခြွိုင်း ထေထန်ႏနေး မရမက။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Russell |first1=Darrell A. |last2=Williams |first2=Gerald G. |date=March–April 1970 |title=History of chemical fertilizer development |journal=[[Soil Science Society of America Journal]] |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=260–5 |doi=10.2136/sssaj1977.03615995004100020020x |url=https://z-library.ec/book/09QgpZdWXp |access-date=17 April 2026 |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
&lt;!-- This transition was important in transforming the [[Food system|global food system]] towards larger-scale [[Intensive farming|industrial agriculture]] with large crop yields in [[monoculture]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Tilman |first1=David |last2=Cassman |first2=Kenneth G. |last3=Matson |first3=Pamela A. |last4=Naylor |first4=Rosamond |last5=Polasky |first5=Stephen |date=8 August 2002 |title=Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=418 |issue=6898 |pages=671–7 |doi=10.1038/nature01014 |pmid=12167873 |bibcode=2002Natur.418..671T |url=https://www.academia.edu/2279116 |access-date=13 April 2026 |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Fertilization (JOKAMT2Pe14-1).tif|thumb|A farmer broadcasting solid fertilizer into his field in [[Janakkala|Janakkala, Finland]] in 1960]]
The invention of [[Haber process]] for producing [[ammonia]] for nitrogen in the 20th century combined with amplified [[Productive capacity|chemical production capacity]] created during [[World War II]] led to a boom in using [[nitrogen fertilizer]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1 June 2016 |title=Fritz Haber |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/fritz-haber |access-date=13 April 2026 |website=[[Science History Institute]] |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt; In the latter half of the 20th century, increased use of nitrogen fertilizers (800% increase between 1961 and 2019) has been a crucial component of the increased productivity of [[conventional food systems]] as part of the so-called &quot;[[Green Revolution]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mbow2019&quot;/&gt;

Fertilizers, especially when applied excessively, can have environmental consequences such as [[water pollution]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=McIsaac |first=Gregory |title=Encyclopedia of water Science |year=2003 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |editor-last1=Steward |editor-first1=Bertram A. |editor-last2=Howell |editor-first2=Terry A. |edition=1st |location=Boca Raton, Florida |pages=950–5 |chapter=Surface water pollution by nitrogen fertilizers |doi=10.1201/NOE0849396274 |isbn=978-1-351-24982-9 |access-date=13 April 2026 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/88573588 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[eutrophication]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Jing |last2=Xu |first2=Chang-chun |last3=Ridoutt |first3=Bradley G. |last4=Wang |first4=Xue-chun |last5=Ren |first5=Pin-an |date=15 August 2017 |title=Nitrogen and phosphorus losses and eutrophication potential associated with fertilizer application to cropland in China |journal=[[Journal of Cleaner Production]] |volume=159 |pages=171–9 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.05.008 |bibcode=2017JCPro.159..171H |url=https://www.academia.edu/109493106 |access-date=13 April 2026 |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt; due to nutrient [[Runoff (hydrology)|runoff]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Harmel |first1=R. Daren |last2=Pampell |first2=Rehanon A. |last3=Leytem |first3=April B. |last4=Smith |first4=D. R. |last5=Haney |first5=Rick L. |date=1 January 2018 |title=Assessing edge-of-field nutrient runoff from agricultural lands in the United States: how clean is clean enough? |journal=[[Journal of Soil and Water Conservation]] |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=9–23 |doi=10.2489/jswc.73.1.9 |bibcode=2018JSWC...73....9H |url=https://z-library.ec/book/B9EYqrNo95 |access-date=13 April 2026 |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, the chemical process for creating the fertilizers results in byproducts, including [[Carbon emissions|carbon]] and other emissions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=October 2016 |title=Carbon footprint analysis of mineral fertilizer production in Europe and other world regions |last1=Brentrup |first1=Frank |last2=Hoxha |first2=Antoine |last3=Christensen |first3=Bjarne |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312553933 |access-date=13 April 2026 |website=LCA Food 2016 |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt; In some cases [[Soil contamination|contamination and pollution of soil]] result by accumulation of [[heavy metals]] contained in some fertilizers collected through mining.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Zwolak |first1=Aneta |last2=Sarzyńska |first2=Magdalena |last3=Szpyrka |first3=Ewa |last4=Stawarczyk |first4=Kinga |date=6 July 2019 |title=Sources of soil pollution by heavy metals and their accumulation in vegetables: a review |journal=[[Water, Air, and Soil Pollution]] |volume=230 |issue=7 |article-number=164 |doi=10.1007/s11270-019-4221-y |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019WASP..230..164Z |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[sustainable agriculture|Sustainable agricultural]] practices, such as [[reduced tillage]] and planting [[buffer strip]]s, can minimize these adverse environmental effects.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Muhie |first=Seid Hussen |date=December 2022 |title=Novel approaches and practices to sustainable agriculture |journal=Journal of Agriculture and Food Research |volume=10 |article-number=100446 |doi=10.1016/j.jafr.2022.100446 |doi-access=free |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;

==ထူႏတောမ်==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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      <text bytes="10499" sha1="3cesktooh6zpnkm42frwr9geko6ye76" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Manure spreading Hlokozi 2007 11 29.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|A [[farmer]] spreading [[manure]] to improve [[soil fertility]]]]
&lt;!--
{{owidslider
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'''ဟမ်ႏဩဇာႏ'''ယို ထွာ ကအီးလွူးတန်အီထာꩻမွူးတာႏ ထာꩻသဘာဝဒျာႏတဲ့နောဝ်ꩻ၊ လိုꩻမာꩻထွာခါꩻနေးစားတဲ့နောဝ်ꩻ ကသော့ꩻဖေႏလွေꩻအီ ဟမ်ႏကို၊ တောဝ်းလဲ့ ထာꩻမွူးထျꩻကိုတစွိုးသွူ။ ဟမ်ႏဩႏဇာႏကိုယို လုံးဖိုန်ႏဖုံႏရာ တောဝ်းလဲ့ သဘာဝတမွေးတောဝ်းဒါႏ ကရဲန်ꩻခါꩻဟမ်ႏဖုံႏအောဝ်ႏပါ။ သဘာဝနေးတဲ့နောဝ်ꩻ မာꩻတွမ်ႏထာꩻခြွိုင်းထေနေးတဲ့နောဝ်ꩻ ဟမ်ႏဩႏဇာႏအောဝ်ႏအီဒါႏ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Scherer2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |doi=10.1002/14356007.a10_323.pub3 |chapter=Fertilizers, 1. General |date=15 July 2009 |last1=Scherer |first1=Heinrich W. |last2=Mengel |first2=Konrad |last3=Kluge |first3=Günter |last4=Severin |first4=Karl |title=[[Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry]] |volume=14 |isbn=978-3-527-30673-2 |pages=171–97 |chapter-url=https://z-library.ec/book/09QgD6k4Xp |access-date=17 April 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}&lt;/ref&gt; ခေတ်တသာ ထာꩻဆို့ꩻရုဲင်ဖဲ့ꩻကို ဟမ်ႏဩႏဇာႏအောဝ်ႏခြꩻလွောန်ꩻဖေႏ အဓိက အဟာရ ၃ ဗာႏ။ နုဲတ်ထရိုစဲန်၊ ဖော့သဖိုရတ်သ်၊ တွမ်ႏယင်း ပိုတဲတ်သီယမ် ယို ၃ စွိုးအောဝ်ႏပါဗာႏ၊ အဲန်းဂလစ်နေးနောဝ်ꩻ အတဲမ်းနယ်ခါꩻတွမ်ႏ NPK ၊ ယစားစားကို အသော့ꩻဖေႏခါꩻပါ အဟာႏရတောင်ႏတာႏပီနုဲင်း လုံႏဖိုန်ႏ။ ထာꩻဆို့ꩻသား ဖြေ့ꩻလွေꩻသော့ꩻထာယိုဖုံႏ အွိုးထာꩻမွူးထျꩻ၊ ဖြေ့ꩻသဲင်နေးတဲ့အောဝ်ႏ၊ ကြူကြာသော့ꩻထီကိုထွူ ဇျာꩻသော့ꩻဖေႏနေးထာꩻမွူးစားလဲ့အောဝ်ႏသွူ။ 

သမဲင်ꩻခြောင်ꩻအလꩻ ကဗွူႏဟမ်ႏဩႏဇာႏယို အောဝ်ႏသဘာဝရွီးခိုႏ တောဝ်းလဲ့ အောဝ်ႏ အော်ဂဲန်းနေက်ရွီးခိုႏဖုံႏနုဲင်း ဟမ်ႏမွထာꩻအီႏသေင်မွ၊ တရစ္ဆာန်ႏအေႏသဲင်ဖိုန်ႏ၊ လိုအေႏဆီႏသဲင်ဖုံႏ၊ ဗွူလောဝ်း ဗွူမွူးဖုံႏ၊ ထာꩻမွူးသေင်ဖုံႏ၊ ထပေႏအလွိုအလာဖုံႏ၊ ထာꩻသားသွီႏဖုံႏရာကိုမာꩻလွောန်ဝင်ꩻသွူ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Güldner |first1=Dino |last2=Larsen |first2=Laura |last3=Cunfer |first3=Geoff |date=20 August 2021 |title=Soil fertility transitions in the context of industrialization, 1750–2000 |journal=[[Social Science History]] |volume=45 |issue=Special Issue 4 |pages=785–811 |doi=10.1017/ssh.2021.26 |url=https://www.academia.edu/65291943 |access-date=13 April 2026 |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt; ကွဲးတဲင်တွော့ꩻ တယ်ႏ ၁၉ ရျာꩻဗူႏကို ထွားနုဲင်း၊ ဖြေ့ꩻနိုင်းလွဝင်ꩻ ဓာတုဗေဒ ဟမ်ႏဩႏဇာႏ။ ဟမ်ႏဩႏဇာႏနောဝ်ꩻစားနောဝ်ꩻ ထွာနေး လိုꩻမဉ်ꩻ [[:en:Justus von Liebig|Justus Von Liebig]] သေထွꩻခါꩻ ထာꩻဆို့ꩻရုဲင်ခရာႏဖဲ့ꩻထွူ တယ်ႏဆို့ꩻစက်ခြွိုင်း ထေထန်ႏနေး မရမက။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Russell |first1=Darrell A. |last2=Williams |first2=Gerald G. |date=March–April 1970 |title=History of chemical fertilizer development |journal=[[Soil Science Society of America Journal]] |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=260–5 |doi=10.2136/sssaj1977.03615995004100020020x |url=https://z-library.ec/book/09QgpZdWXp |access-date=17 April 2026 |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}&lt;/ref&gt; ထာꩻယိုကကာႏငါနောဝ်ꩻ ထွာလွောန် ဆို့ꩻအာဒါႏအီထာꩻ ဆို့ꩻနေးတွမ်ႏစက်ခြွိုင်းဖဲ့ꩻကို၊ ဟမ်ႏတဗီႏလို့ကိုကအောဝ်ႏဒါႏ ထာꩻအမ်ႏအွꩻဖဲ့ꩻ အောဝ်ႏအာတာႏ အဗွို့ꩻစဲင်းစဲ့ ထာꩻအရေꩻတန်သွူ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Tilman |first1=David |last2=Cassman |first2=Kenneth G. |last3=Matson |first3=Pamela A. |last4=Naylor |first4=Rosamond |last5=Polasky |first5=Stephen |date=8 August 2002 |title=Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=418 |issue=6898 |pages=671–7 |doi=10.1038/nature01014 |pmid=12167873 |bibcode=2002Natur.418..671T |url=https://www.academia.edu/2279116 |access-date=13 April 2026 |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Fertilization (JOKAMT2Pe14-1).tif|thumb|A farmer broadcasting solid fertilizer into his field in [[Janakkala|Janakkala, Finland]] in 1960]]
&lt;!--
The invention of [[Haber process]] for producing [[ammonia]] for nitrogen in the 20th century combined with amplified [[Productive capacity|chemical production capacity]] created during [[World War II]] led to a boom in using [[nitrogen fertilizer]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1 June 2016 |title=Fritz Haber |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/fritz-haber |access-date=13 April 2026 |website=[[Science History Institute]] |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt; In the latter half of the 20th century, increased use of nitrogen fertilizers (800% increase between 1961 and 2019) has been a crucial component of the increased productivity of [[conventional food systems]] as part of the so-called &quot;[[Green Revolution]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mbow2019&quot;/&gt;

Fertilizers, especially when applied excessively, can have environmental consequences such as [[water pollution]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=McIsaac |first=Gregory |title=Encyclopedia of water Science |year=2003 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |editor-last1=Steward |editor-first1=Bertram A. |editor-last2=Howell |editor-first2=Terry A. |edition=1st |location=Boca Raton, Florida |pages=950–5 |chapter=Surface water pollution by nitrogen fertilizers |doi=10.1201/NOE0849396274 |isbn=978-1-351-24982-9 |access-date=13 April 2026 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/88573588 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[eutrophication]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Jing |last2=Xu |first2=Chang-chun |last3=Ridoutt |first3=Bradley G. |last4=Wang |first4=Xue-chun |last5=Ren |first5=Pin-an |date=15 August 2017 |title=Nitrogen and phosphorus losses and eutrophication potential associated with fertilizer application to cropland in China |journal=[[Journal of Cleaner Production]] |volume=159 |pages=171–9 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.05.008 |bibcode=2017JCPro.159..171H |url=https://www.academia.edu/109493106 |access-date=13 April 2026 |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt; due to nutrient [[Runoff (hydrology)|runoff]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Harmel |first1=R. Daren |last2=Pampell |first2=Rehanon A. |last3=Leytem |first3=April B. |last4=Smith |first4=D. R. |last5=Haney |first5=Rick L. |date=1 January 2018 |title=Assessing edge-of-field nutrient runoff from agricultural lands in the United States: how clean is clean enough? |journal=[[Journal of Soil and Water Conservation]] |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=9–23 |doi=10.2489/jswc.73.1.9 |bibcode=2018JSWC...73....9H |url=https://z-library.ec/book/B9EYqrNo95 |access-date=13 April 2026 |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, the chemical process for creating the fertilizers results in byproducts, including [[Carbon emissions|carbon]] and other emissions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=October 2016 |title=Carbon footprint analysis of mineral fertilizer production in Europe and other world regions |last1=Brentrup |first1=Frank |last2=Hoxha |first2=Antoine |last3=Christensen |first3=Bjarne |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312553933 |access-date=13 April 2026 |website=LCA Food 2016 |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt; In some cases [[Soil contamination|contamination and pollution of soil]] result by accumulation of [[heavy metals]] contained in some fertilizers collected through mining.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Zwolak |first1=Aneta |last2=Sarzyńska |first2=Magdalena |last3=Szpyrka |first3=Ewa |last4=Stawarczyk |first4=Kinga |date=6 July 2019 |title=Sources of soil pollution by heavy metals and their accumulation in vegetables: a review |journal=[[Water, Air, and Soil Pollution]] |volume=230 |issue=7 |article-number=164 |doi=10.1007/s11270-019-4221-y |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019WASP..230..164Z |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[sustainable agriculture|Sustainable agricultural]] practices, such as [[reduced tillage]] and planting [[buffer strip]]s, can minimize these adverse environmental effects.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Muhie |first=Seid Hussen |date=December 2022 |title=Novel approaches and practices to sustainable agriculture |journal=Journal of Agriculture and Food Research |volume=10 |article-number=100446 |doi=10.1016/j.jafr.2022.100446 |doi-access=free |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;

==ထူႏတောမ်==
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