Wikipedia bswiki https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C4%8Detna_strana MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.3 first-letter Mediji Posebno Razgovor Korisnik Razgovor s korisnikom Wikipedia Razgovor o Wikipediji Datoteka Razgovor o datoteci MediaWiki Razgovor o MediaWikiju Šablon Razgovor o šablonu Pomoć Razgovor o pomoći Kategorija Razgovor o kategoriji Portal Razgovor o portalu TimedText TimedText talk Modul Razgovor o modulu Event Event talk Topic Derventa 0 1577 3849296 3833081 2026-05-25T14:51:15Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 2 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849296 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugo značenje}} {{Infokutija naselje u BiH | ime = Derventa | drugo_ime = | službeno_ime = Grad Derventa | naselje_vrsta = Grad | slika = {{multiple image | total_width = 300 | border = infobox | perrow = 1/3/2 | caption_align = center | image1 = Narodna biblioteka Branko Radicevic Derventa 01.jpg | image2 = Hram Uspenja Presvete Bogorodice u Derventi.jpg | image3 = Gradska dzamija Derventa.jpg | image4 = Katolicka crkva Derventa 02.jpg | image5 = Osnovna skola Nikola Tesla u Derventi 01.jpg | image6 = Derventsko setaliste.jpg }} | slika_veličina = | slika_alt = | slika_opis = | slika_zastava = | zastava_alt = | slika_grb = Дервента (грб).svg | grb_alt = | etimologija = | nadimak = | moto = | slika_karta = Derventa municipality.svg | karta_alt = | karta_opis = Grad Derventa u Bosni i Hercegovini | koordinate = {{coord|44|58|45.0|N|17|54|24.0|E|type:city|display=inline,title}} | entitet = [[Republika Srpska]] | osnovan = | osnivač = | sjedište = | gradonačelnik = Igor Žunić<ref name="LI_2024">{{Cite web|url=https://www.izbori.ba/Rezultati_izbora/?resId=36&langId=1#/8/14/0|title=Lokalni izbori 2024 - Derventa|date=5. 11. 2024|website=izbori.ba|publisher=[[Centralna izborna komisija Bosne i Hercegovine]]|access-date=16. 11. 2024}}</ref> | gradonačelnik_stranka = [[Savez nezavisnih socijaldemokrata|SNSD]] | površina_naselja = 16.64 | površina_grada = 516.60 | površina_fusnote = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> | površina_bilješka = | nadmorska_visina = | visina_fusnote = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> | najveća_visina = | najveća_visina_vrh = | najmanja_visina = | najmanja_visina_vrh = | stanovništvo_datum = [[Popis stanovništva u Bosni i Hercegovini 2013.|2013]] | stanovništvo_fusnote = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> | stanovništvo_naselje = 11631 | stanovništvo_naselje_izvor = | stanovništvo_grad = 27404 | stanovništvo_grad_izvor = | stanovništvo_demonim = | poštanski_broj = 74 400 | pozivni_broj = (+387) 53 | matični_broj_naselja = 207446<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fzs.ba/Dem/Popis/nas_mjestaBiH.pdf |title=Sistematski spisak općina i naseljenih mjesta u Bosni i Hercegovini |work=fzs.ba |access-date=24. 11. 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305101405/http://www.fzs.ba/Dem/Popis/nas_mjestaBiH.pdf |archive-date=5. 3. 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | matični_broj_grada = 20133 | veb-sajt = {{URL|http://www.derventa.ba/}} | fusnote = }} '''Derventa''' je [[Službeni gradovi Bosne i Hercegovine|grad]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://derventa.ba/bs/derventa-dobila-status-grada/|title=Derventa dobila status Grada – Grad Derventa|language=bs-BA|access-date=25. 4. 2021}}</ref> i središte istoimene [[općina|općine]] na sjeveru [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosne i Hercegovine]]. Graniči sa općinama [[Brod (općina)|Brod]], [[Modriča]], [[Doboj]], [[Prnjavor]], a na sjeveru je rijeka [[Sava]], koja predstavlja deset kilometara dugu granicu sa Republikom [[Hrvatska|Hrvatskom]]. Na prostoru površine 517&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> u 56 naselja i gradu Derventi po popisu iz 1991. godine, živjelo je 56.489 stanovnika, od toga u samom gradu Derventi - 17.748. Prema nezvaničnim rezultatima popisa 2013. u gradu Derventi je živjelo 12.680 stanovnika, a u općini Derventa 30.177. == Historija == {{Citat|Derventa je nastala u XVI vijeku. Pouzdano se zna da je postojala prije austrijskog napada na Bosnu 1716. godine. Prema podacima iz XIX vijeka Derventa je imala tvrđavu sa kvadratnom osnovom i dva bedema. Pred spoljnim bedemom postojao je rov širine devet metara. Imala je 8 kula. U tvrđavu se ulazilo preko dva mosta. U unutrašnjosti tvrđave bila je kuća za komandanta tvrđave — dizdara i jedan bunar. Sa Dobor-kulom zatvarala je, u to vrijeme, strategijski pravac preko Doboja ka Sarajevu. U septembru 1688. godine 3.000 austro-ugarskih konjanika na čelu sa Ludvigom Badenskim prodrlo je preko r. Save i u borbi oko Dervente porazili snage bosanskog paše. Dvadeset i osam godina kasnije komandant Broda, pukovnik Petraš, provalio je preko Save sa slavonskim Krajišnicima, upao u Derventu i porušio je. Turci su je opravili, ali ju je austrougarska vojska posljednji put porušila 1890. godine.<ref name="Samardžija S. 1983">Samardžija S. (1983): Četrnaesta srednjobosanska NOU brigada. Skupština opštine Prnjavor, Banja Luka.</ref>}} Iz [[Osmanlije|osmanlijskih]] izvora saznajemo da se na mjestu današnjeg grada nalazilo selo Gornja Ukrina, koje je [[1600]]. godine imalo dvije stotine petnaest kuća. Krajem 19. vijeka bio je to već grad sa 3.200 domaćinstava. Prva osnovna škola počela je da radi [[1864]]. a gradska bolnica dvadesetak godina kasnije. Do kraja 19. vijeka već su razvijeni i prvi [[Industrija|industrijski]] pogoni. Izgrađen je parni mlin, tkačnica, štamparija, vodovod, a kroz Derventu je prošla i pruga uskog kolosjeka koja je povezivala [[Bosanski Brod]] i [[Sarajevo]]. Početkom 20. vijeka Derventa je već postala i bogato trgovačko mjesto, a njena okolina važila je kao jedan od najplodnijih krajeva tadašnje Bosne. Pred [[Prvi svjetski rat]] u Derventi su otvorene gimnazija, učiteljska i poljoprivredna škola. Nakon [[Drugi svjetski rat|Drugog svjetskog rata]] u kome je život izgubilo oko 1000 ljudi sa ovog područja i znatnih razaranja, Derventa [[1980te|1980-ih]] godina dostiže vrhunac u svom razvoju i svrstava se u gornji dio ljestvice srednje razvijenih općina [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosne i Hercegovine]]. Pred posljednji rat od 57.000 stanovnika općine u industriji tekstila, kože i obuće, crne metalurgije i metaloprerade, poljoprivredne proizvodnje, građevinarstvu, grafičkoj industriji i drugim pratećim djelatnostima bilo je trinaest i po hiljada zaposlenih. Derventa je imala 17.000 stanovnika, a sa svim centrima mjesnih zajednica bila je povezana kategorisanim putevima. Do važnijih centara u širem okruženju i centara susjednih općina vodili su magistralni putevi. To je sa njenim geografskim položajem činilo posebnu pogodnost za protok roba, ljudi i brzu komunikaciju sa većim regionalnim centrima bivše Jugoslavije. {{Citat|Okolna sela oko Dervente potresala je 1834. godine pop Jovičina buna kmetova protiv turskih zuluma u kojoj su se seljaci Hrvati i Srbi, zajednički »rame uz rame«, pomagani i od Muslimana borili i ginuli za svoja prava. Učestvovali su i u bosanskohercegovačkoj buni 1875-1878. godine koja je bila zahvatila i derventski kraj. Napredan radnički pokret oglašava se u Derventi dosta rano, osnivanjem podružnice drvodelja, a zatim i osnivanjem Mjesne socijaldemokratske partije 1908. godine; prvim lokalnim radničkim štrajkom i pobunom seljaka protiv davanja trećine begovima godine 1910,207 kao i šestomjesečnim štrajkom u tvornici »Ukrina« 1936. godine i sl. Od 1940. godine u Derventi postoji organizacija KPJ i Skoja. Poslije okupacije Jugoslavije i tokom cijelog NOR-a ove organizacije su bile vrlo aktivne i njihovom zaslugom Derventa i okolna sela, posebno ona zapadno od nje, bila su od prvih dana ustanka uključena u NOB i dala su dosta boraca.<ref name="Samardžija S. 1983">Samardžija S. (1983): Četrnaesta srednjobosanska NOU brigada. Skupština opštine Prnjavor, Banja Luka.</ref>}} '''Derventa u ratu u Bosni i Hercegovini''' odnosi se na vojne operacije, ratne zločine, razaranja i demografske promjene na području Dervente tokom [[Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini|rata u Bosni i Hercegovini]] od 1992. do 1995. godine. Derventa je bila jedno od važnijih ratišta u [[Bosanska Posavina|Bosanskoj Posavini]], a borbe za grad i njegovu okolinu pratile su masovna zatvaranja civila, zlostavljanja u logorima, razaranje vjerskih i stambenih objekata te veliko raseljavanje stanovništva. === Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini === Derventa je bila jedno od važnijih ratišta u [[Bosanska Posavina|Bosanskoj Posavini]], a borbe za grad i njegovu okolinu pratile su masovna zatvaranja civila, zlostavljanja u logorima, razaranje vjerskih i stambenih objekata te veliko raseljavanje stanovništva.<ref name="DetektorFacts">{{cite web|url=https://ratnizlocin.detektor.ba/lokacija/derventa/2|title=Derventa – Sudski utvrđene činjenice iz rata u BiH|website=Detektor|publisher=BIRN BiH|access-date=12. 3. 2026}}<ref name="RSE2014">{{cite web |title=Derventa: Tragovi rata još uvijek su vidljivi |url=https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/derventa-tragovi-rata-jo%C5%A1-uvijek-su-vidljivi/25370357.html |website=Radio Slobodna Evropa |date=4. 5. 2014 |access-date=12. 3. 2026}}</ref> Uoči rata Derventa je bila etnički mješovita općina u sjevernoj Bosni, smještena na prostoru Bosanske Posavine. Tokom raspada [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija|SFRJ]] i jačanja nacionalnih stranaka područje općine dobilo je dodatni strateški značaj zbog cestovnih pravaca koji povezuju sjevernu Bosnu sa zapadnim dijelovima zemlje i sa susjednom [[Hrvatska|Hrvatskom]].<ref name="Popis2013">{{cite web|url=https://www.statistika.ba/?id=20133&show=12|title=Popis 2013 u BiH|website=Agencija za statistiku Bosne i Hercegovine|access-date=12. 3. 2026|archive-date=7. 10. 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007200210/http://www.statistika.ba/?show=12&id=20133|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Popis2013" /> === Tok rata === Prema sudski utvrđenim činjenicama, u Derventi su se već u aprilu 1992. vodile borbe između [[Jugoslavenska narodna armija|JNA]] i drugih jedinica, uz prisustvo hrvatskih brigada, a grad i okolna naselja bili su izloženi granatiranju, privođenjima i ispitivanjima civila nesrpske nacionalnosti.<ref name="DetektorFacts" /> U prvoj polovini 1992. Derventa je bila pod kontrolom jedinica Hrvatske vojske i HVO-a, dok je početkom jula 1992. grad zauzela Vojska Republike Srpske u okviru borbi u Bosanskoj Posavini.<ref name="RSE2014" /> Nakon promjene kontrole nad gradom uslijedila su dodatna razaranja, protjerivanja i dugotrajne posljedice po lokalno stanovništvo.<ref name="RSE2014" /> === Logori i ratni zločini === Prema sudski utvrđenim činjenicama koje je sistematizirao Detektor na osnovu pravosnažnih presuda, civili srpske nacionalnosti su krajem aprila 1992. nakon napada u naselju [[Čardak]] hapšeni i odvođeni u Dom JNA u Derventi, gdje su zatvorenici premlaćivani, ponižavani i mučeni; jedan zatočenik je ubijen nakon premlaćivanja.<ref name="DetektorFacts" /> Na području Dervente su od kraja aprila do ljeta 1992. postojali i drugi logori za zatočenike srpske nacionalnosti, uključujući hangar u Rabiću, objekat silosa u Polju i školu u mjestu Poljari, gdje su zatvorenici fizički zlostavljani, izvođeni na prisilne radove, a dio njih korišten za kopanje rovova na borbenim linijama.<ref name="DetektorFacts" /> S druge strane, sudski utvrđene činjenice i novije optužnice domaćih pravosudnih institucija bilježe i zločine nad civilima hrvatske nacionalnosti. U maju 1992. civili hrvatske nacionalnosti bili su zatvarani u fiskulturnoj sali osnovne škole u [[Kalenderovci]]ma, gdje su pojedini zatočenici izvođeni i premlaćivani.<ref name="DetektorFacts" /><ref name="OTDoboj2024">{{cite web|url=https://ot-doboj.pravosudje.ba/vstvfo/S/111/article/136924|title=Potvrđena optužnica za ratni zločin protiv civilnog stanovništva na području opštine Derventa 1992.godine|date=4. 7. 2024|website=Okružno javno tužilaštvo u Doboju|access-date=12. 3. 2026}}</ref> Detektor također navodi da su osobe srpske nacionalnosti tokom juna 1992. držane zatvorene u školi u Poljarima, gdje su premlaćivane, te da je jedan zatvorenik ubijen ispred logora.<ref name="DetektorFacts" /> Godine 2023. potvrđena je i optužnica protiv bivšeg pripadnika 103. brigade HVO-a zbog navodnog učešća u ubistvu, protivzakonitom zatvaranju i zlostavljanju civila srpske nacionalnosti u logoru u zgradi bivšeg Doma JNA u Derventi tokom aprila i maja 1992. godine.<ref name="Pravosudje2023">{{cite web|url=https://pravosudje.ba/vstvfo/S/111/article/123994|title=Potvrđena optužnica za ratni zločin protiv civilnog stanovništva na području opštine Derventa 1992.godine|date=7. 6. 2023|website=Pravosuđe Bosne i Hercegovine|access-date=12. 3. 2026}}</ref> === Razaranje vjerskih i kulturnih objekata === Rat u Derventi bio je praćen i uništavanjem vjerskih objekata. Franjevački samostan i crkva sv. Marka Evanđelista na [[Plehan]]u minirani su 2. jula 1992. i potpuno srušeni.<ref name="Plehan">{{cite web|url=https://www.bosnasrebrena.ba/plehan-samostan-i-zupa-sv-marka-evandelista|title=Plehan – samostan i župa sv. Marka evanđelista|website=Bosna Srebrena|access-date=12. 3. 2026}}</ref> Radio Slobodna Evropa navodi da su srpske snage u julu 1992. minirale i potpuno uništile samostanski kompleks na Plehanu.<ref name="RSE2014" /> Na području Dervente porušena je i gradska džamija iz osmanskog perioda. Komisija za očuvanje nacionalnih spomenika Bosne i Hercegovine u svojoj odluci o mjestu i ostacima graditeljske cjeline navodi da se novi objekt gradi na mjestu [[Gradska džamija u Derventi|Gradske džamije]] porušene 1992. godine.<ref name="KonsDzamija">{{cite web|url=https://aplikacija.kons.gov.ba/kons/public/uploads/odluke_hrv/Derventa%20dzamijaHR.pdf|title=Mjesto i ostaci graditeljske cjeline – Gradska džamija u Derventi|website=Komisija za očuvanje nacionalnih spomenika Bosne i Hercegovine|access-date=12. 3. 2026|archive-date=29. 5. 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529141758/http://aplikacija.kons.gov.ba/kons/public/uploads/odluke_hrv/Derventa%20dzamijaHR.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Posljedice === Posljedice rata u Derventi ogledale su se u velikom broju ubijenih i raseljenih, promjeni etničke strukture stanovništva, te dugotrajnoj sporoj obnovi porušenih naselja i vjerskih objekata.<ref name="Popis2013" /><ref name="RSE2014" /> Poslijeratni povratak odvijao se sporo, a razrušene kuće i infrastrukturna devastacija ostali su vidljivi i godinama nakon završetka rata.<ref name="RSE2014" /> Ratna zbivanja u Derventi ostala su predmet sudskih postupaka pred domaćim sudovima i dio su šire historije ratnih zločina u Bosanskoj Posavini.<ref name="DetektorFacts" /><ref name="OTDoboj2024" /><ref name="Pravosudje2023" /> == Geografija == [[Datoteka:Katolicka crkva Derventa 02.jpg|mini|Katolička crkva Derventa]] Općina Derventa nalazi se na sjeveru BIH. Derventa leži na obalama rijeke Ukrine, a sam grad je smješten na desnoj obali Ukrine. Derventa se nalazi na 44°55's.g.š. i 17°54'i.g.d. područje ove općine prostire se između niskih planina: Matojice na sjeverozapadu, Vučjaka na sjeveroistoku i Krnjina na jugozapadu, a na sjeveru je rijeka Sava koja predstavlja 10&nbsp;km dugu granicu sa Republikom Hrvatskom. Derventa graniči sa općinama Bos.Brod, Modriča, Doboj, Stanari, Prnjavor i Srbac. U saobraćajno-geografskom pogledu općina Derventa ima jako povoljan položaj. Smještena je na raskrsnici putnih pravaca za Bos. Brod, Bos. Šamac, Doboj i B.Luku. U regionalno-geografskom pogledu teritorij općine Derventa pripada makroregiji Peripanonske Bosne, mezoregiji Posavsko-donjovrbasko-donjobosanska. U geotektonskom pogledu prostor ove općine pripada unutrašnjoj srednjobosanskoj flišnoj zoni. u većem dijelu teritorija je aluvijalna ravan koju je izgradila rijeka Sava i njene pritoke u ovom dijelu djelovanjem bočne erozije. Što se tiče geološke građe na ovom prostoru najviše dominiraju neogene i kvartarne naslage. Prostor aluvijalne ravni izgrađen je od najmlađih sedimenata: šljunka, pijeska, glina. ovakav geološki sastav imaju brežuljkasta uzvišenja Vučjaka, za razliku od obronaka Matojice gdje više dolaze do izražaja starije eruptivne stijene graniti. U pogledu reljefa ovaj prostor pripada južnom obodu Panonske nizije. To je pretežno brežuljkasto nizijski kraj, kojeg karakterišu niski brežuljci različitog pravca pružanja od 200–250 m nadmorske visine. U klimatskom pogledu prostor općine Derventa ima Cfb-umjerenokontinentalnu klimu sa toplim ljetom. Prosječna godišja temperatura zraka kreće se oko 11&nbsp;°C. Srednja januarska temperatura je oko -1&nbsp;°C, a srednja julska iznosi 22&nbsp;°C. Prosječna godišnja količina padavina kreće se oko 1000&nbsp;mm. Od vegetacijskog pokrova prisutne su vlažne šume hrasta lužnjaka i poljskog jasena, te umjereno vlažne šume vrba i topola. == Stanovništvo == {{Glavni|Demografija Dervente|Spisak naseljenih mjesta u gradu Derventi}} === Austrougarski popisi stanovništva === {| class="wikitable" ! Kotar ! 1879. ! 1885. ! 1895. ! 1910. |- | Derventa | 39 385 | 43 970 | 53 136 | 65 784 <ref>Franjo Marić, Pregled pučanstva BiH između 1879. i 1995. godine., II. izdanje, Katehetski salezijanski centar – Zagreb 1996. godine</ref> |- |} Po posljednjem službenom popisu stanovništva iz 1991. godine, općina Derventa imala je 56.489 stanovnika, raspoređenih u 57 naselja. [[Datoteka:Dolnjacka dzamija Derventa.jpg|mini|Dolnjačka džamija Derventa]] === Nacionalni sastav stanovništva – grad Derventa === {{Stanovništvo BiH | naslov_tabele = Sastav stanovništva | ime_naseljenog_mjesta = Derventa | vrsta_naseljenog_mjesta = grad | maticni_broj = 20133 | admin_godina = 2013 | g2013_izvor = <ref name="popis2013nm">{{cite web|title=Popis 2013 BiH – Stanovništvo prema etničkoj/nacionalnoj pripadnosti i spolu, po naseljenim mjestima|url=http://www.popis.gov.ba/popis2013/doc/Knjiga2/BOS/K2_T2-2_B.xlsx|work=popis.gov.ba|access-date=19. 9. 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919132628/http://www.popis.gov.ba/popis2013/doc/Knjiga2/BOS/K2_T2-2_B.xlsx|archive-date=19. 9. 2017}}</ref> | g1991_izvor = <ref name="Nacionalni sastav stanovništva Republike Bosne i Hercegovine 1991.">{{Cite web |url=http://fzs.ba/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/nacionalni-sastav-stanovnistva-po-naseljenim-mjestima-bilten-234.pdf |title=Nacionalni sastav stanovništva Republike Bosne i Hercegovine 1991.|page=35|work=fzs.ba |access-date= 24. 4. 2016}}</ref> | g1981_izvor = <ref name="Nacionalni sastav stanovništva SFR Jugoslavije 1981.">{{Cite web| url=http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/G1981/pdf/G19814001.pdf |title=Nacionalni sastav stanovništva SFR Jugoslavije 1981. |work=stat.gov.rs |access-date= 24. 4. 2016}}</ref> | g1971_izvor = <ref name="Nacionalni sastav stanovništva SFR Jugoslavije 1971.">{{Cite web| url=http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/G1971/pdf/G19714001.pdf |title=Nacionalni sastav stanovništva SFR Jugoslavije 1971. |work=stat.gov.rs |access-date= 24. 4. 2016}}</ref> | g1961_izvor = <ref name="Nacionalni sastav stanovništva FNR Jugoslavije 1961.">{{Cite web |url=http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/G1961/pdf/G19614001.pdf |title=Nacionalni sastav stanovništva FNR Jugoslavije 1961. |work=stat.gov.rs |access-date= 15. 4. 2016}}</ref> | g2013_ukupno = 27404 | g2013_bosnjaci = 1895 | g2013_srbi = 22349 | g2013_hrvati = 2573 | g2013_bosanci = 33 | g2013_romi = 10 | g2013_muslimani = 69 | g2013_bosanciihercegovci = 5 | g2013_albanci = 1 | g2013_jugosloveni = 53 | g2013_ukrajinci = 31 | g2013_crnogorci = 3 | g2013_turci = 4 | g2013_slovenci = 1 | g2013_pravoslavci = 2 | g2013_nisu_izjasnili = 252 | g2013_nepoznato = 58 | g1991_ukupno = 56489 | g1991_muslimani = 7086 | g1991_srbi = 22938 | g1991_hrvati = 21952 | g1991_jugosloveni = 3348 | g1981_ukupno = 57010 | g1981_muslimani = 6034 | g1981_srbi = 22840 | g1981_hrvati = 23629 | g1981_jugosloveni = 3914 | g1981_slovenci = 16 | g1981_crnogorci = 35 | g1981_albanci = 20 | g1981_madari = 6 | g1981_makedonci = 16 | g1971_ukupno = 56141 | g1971_muslimani = 6548 | g1971_srbi = 23124 | g1971_hrvati = 25228 | g1971_jugosloveni = 575 | g1971_slovenci = 36 | g1971_crnogorci = 48 | g1971_albanci = 12 | g1971_madari = 3 | g1971_makedonci = 17 | g1961_ukupno = 57267 | g1961_muslimani = 3337 | g1961_srbi = 26680 | g1961_hrvati = 25671 | g1961_jugosloveni = 961 | g1961_slovenci = 52 | g1961_crnogorci = 43 | g1961_albanci = 22 | g1961_madari = 19 | g1961_makedonci = 27 }} === Nacionalni sastav stanovništva – naseljeno mjesto Derventa === {{Stanovništvo BiH | naslov_tabele = Sastav stanovništva | ime_naseljenog_mjesta = Derventa | vrsta_naseljenog_mjesta = naselje | maticni_broj = 207446 | admin_godina = 2013 | g2013_izvor = <ref name="popis2013nm" /> | g1991_izvor = <ref name="Nacionalni sastav stanovništva Republike Bosne i Hercegovine 1991." /> | g1981_izvor = <ref name="Nacionalni sastav stanovništva SFR Jugoslavije 1981." /> | g1971_izvor = <ref name="Nacionalni sastav stanovništva SFR Jugoslavije 1971." /> | g1961_izvor = <ref name="Nacionalni sastav stanovništva FNR Jugoslavije 1961." /> | g2013_ukupno = 11631 | g2013_bosnjaci = 1219 | g2013_srbi = 9667 | g2013_hrvati = 378 | g2013_bosanci = 29 | g2013_romi = 4 | g2013_muslimani = 53 | g2013_bosanciihercegovci = 5 | g2013_albanci = 1 | g2013_jugosloveni = 37 | g2013_ukrajinci = 21 | g2013_crnogorci = 1 | g2013_turci = 4 | g2013_nisu_izjasnili = 153 | g2013_nepoznato = 21 | g1991_ukupno = 17748 | g1991_muslimani = 5558 | g1991_srbi = 4555 | g1991_hrvati = 4317 | g1991_jugosloveni = 2623 | g1981_ukupno = 14357 | g1981_muslimani = 4593 | g1981_srbi = 2934 | g1981_hrvati = 3727 | g1981_jugosloveni = 2799 | g1981_slovenci = 9 | g1981_crnogorci = 21 | g1981_albanci = 18 | g1981_madari = 2 | g1981_makedonci = 12 | g1971_ukupno = 11824 | g1971_muslimani = 5065 | g1971_srbi = 2496 | g1971_hrvati = 3439 | g1971_jugosloveni = 459 | g1971_slovenci = 32 | g1971_crnogorci = 38 | g1971_albanci = 11 | g1971_madari = 3 | g1971_makedonci = 14 | g1961_ukupno = 9843 | g1961_muslimani = 2542 | g1961_srbi = 2961 | g1961_hrvati = 3414 | g1961_jugosloveni = 625 | g1961_slovenci = 38 | g1961_crnogorci = 39 | g1961_albanci = 20 | g1961_madari = 17 | g1961_makedonci = 26 }} == Mjesne zajednice == === Gradske mjesne zajednice === * MZ Derventa I * MZ Derventa II * MZ Derventa III * MZ Potočani * MZ Ukrina obuhvataju naseljeno mjesto Derventa (najveći dio) Prigradska mjesna zajednica - MZ Bišnja - obuhvata naseljena mjesta: Derventa (manji dio), Donja Bišnja, Gornja Bišnja, Osojci i Tetima === Seoske mjesne zajednice === * MZ [[Agići]] - obuhvata naseljena mjesta: [[Agići]], Lug, Lužani i Rapćani * MZ Begluci - obuhvata naseljena mjesta: Begluci i Gradac * MZ Bijelo Brdo - obuhvata naseljeno mjesto Bijelo Brdo * MZ Bosanski Dubočac - obuhvata naseljena mjesta: Bosanski Dubočac i Pjevalovac * MZ Bukovica - obuhvata naseljena mjesta: Bukovica Mala i Bukovica Velika * MZ Bunar - obuhvata naseljena mjesta: Brezici, Bukovac, Bunar, Kovačevci, Stanići i Velika * MZ Cerani - obuhvata naseljeno mjesto Cerani * MZ Crnča - obuhvata naseljeno mjesto Crnča * MZ Donji Višnjik - obuhvata dio naseljenog mjesta Donji Višnjik * MZ Gornji Višnjik - obuhvata naseljeno mjesto Gornji Višnjik i dio naseljenog mjesta Donji Višnjik * MZ Kalenderovci - obuhvata naseljena mjesta: Donja Lupljanica, Donji Detlak, Drijen, Gornji Detlak, [[Kalenderovci Donji]] i Kalenderovci Gornji * MZ Kostreš - obuhvata naseljeno mjesto Kostreš * MZ Kulina - obuhvata naseljena mjesta: Gornji Božinci, Kulina i Poljari * MZ Kuljenovci - obuhvata naseljeno mjesto Kuljenovci * MZ Lupljanica - obuhvata naseljeno mjesto Gornja Lupljanica i Vrhovi * MZ Lužani Bosanski - obuhvata naseljeno mjesto Lužani Bosanski * MZ Lužani Novi - obuhvata naseljeno mjesto Lužani Novi * MZ Mišinci - obuhvata naseljena mjesta: Gradina, Mala Sočanica, Mišinci i Tunjestala * MZ Miškovci - obuhvata naseljeno mjesto Miškovci * MZ [[Modran (Derventa)|Modran]] - obuhvata naseljena mjesta: Dažnica i [[Modran (Derventa)|Modran]] * MZ [[Osinja]] - obuhvata naseljeno mjesto Osinja * MZ Pojezna - obuhvata naseljeno mjesto Pojezna * MZ Polje - obuhvata naseljeno mjesto Polje * MZ Trstenci - obuhvata naseljeno mjesto Trstenci * MZ Velika Sočanica - obuhvata naseljeno mjesto Velika Sočanica * MZ Zelenike - obuhvata naseljena mjesta: Šušnjari, Zelenike i Živinice * MZ Žeravac - obuhvata naseljeno mjesto Žeravac == Privreda == {{Standardi sekcija}} U posljednjem ratu koji se odvijao na većem dijelu područja općine bilo je mnogo žrtava, a razorena su i uništena ogromna materijalna dobra. U direktnim borbenim dejstvima oštećen je ili uništen veći dio stambenih zgrada, industrijska oprema, posebno prerađivački kapaciteti Tekstilne industrije "Ukrina", kao i materijalna dobra poljoprivrede. Prema nepotpunim podacima materijalna ratna šteta procenjuje se na preko pet stotina miliona [[dolar]]a. Po prestanku ratnih dejstava sa skromnim vlastitim materijalnim mogućnostima pristupilo se sanaciji objekata koji su bili neophodni za uspostavljanje najvažnijih životnih funkcija. Uz pomoć donatora saniran je dio vodovoda, elektro i PTT sistema, školskih objekata, obdanište i dom zdravlja, kao i veći dio lokalnih puteva i saobraćajnica magistralnog značaja. Pokrenut je i dio privrednih kapaciteta. Predratni privredni kapaciteti Dervente i proizvodnja čijih je šezdeset procenata bilo namijenjeno stranom tržištu, te značajna poljoprivredna proizvodnja, uz dobre saobraćajne veze i kadrovski potencijal predstavljaju osnovu privredne obnove i daljeg razvoja ove općine. Kada je riječ o ulaganju u privredu Dervente posebnu pažnju svakako privlači "Ukrina" sa devedeset godina dugom tradicijom u proizvodnji tkanina i pletenina sa ubačenom potkom. Ta proizvodnja dostigla je [[1991]]. godine 10 miliona metara kvadratnih tkanine, a proizvođeni su i zaštitna oprema, kuhinjska galanterija i posteljina. U fabrici je radilo hiljadu 800 radnika. No, "Ukrina" je najviše i pogođena ratnim razaranjima. Tkačnica je potpuno uništena, a predionica, dorada i konfekcija djelimično oštećene. U fabrici trenutno četrdeset zaposlenih proizvodi zaštitnu odjeću i posteljinu. Fabrika šavnih cijevi "UNIS" imala je godišnju proizvodnju od 40 hiljada tona cijevi, cijevnih elemenata i proizvoda finalne prerade. Trenutno se proizvodni kapaciteti ove fabrike koriste sa 25 procenata. To jasno ukazuje koje su mogućnosti ulaganja u tu fabriku, posebno u finalnu preradu, pogotovo što tržište za proizvode "UNIS"-a postoji, a sačuvan je i kadrovski potencijal. U Fabrici obuće "DEMOS" proizvođeno je prije rata 15 hiljade pari obuće dnevno, od čega 90 procenata za izvoz. Fabrika danas radi sa 23 procenta kapaciteta, a veći dio proizvodnje namijenjen je stranim partnerima. Imajući u vidu infrastrukturnu opremljenost objekata i kadrovski potencijal dodatna ulaganja omogućila bi znatno proširenje proizvodnje. Potrebe za dodatnim kapitalom postoje i u ostalim preduzećima u Derventi. Značajne su mogućnosti povećanja proizvodnje i širenja proizvodnih programa u Fabrici autodijelova "Mehanika", zatim Građevinskom preduzeću "Rad", štampariji "Iskra", Preduzeću za proizvodnju, montažu i projektovanje metelnih konstrukcija i opreme "Tehnorad" i nizu drugih privatnih preduzeća kojih je sve više u Derventi. Ona su komplementarna većim industrijskim kapacitetima i dopunjuju proizvodne programe. Razvoju tih preduzeća doprinose i stimulativne olakšice u planskoj gradnji, kako stambenog, tako i poslovnog prostora. Oblast poljoprivrede u društvenom i individualnom sektoru također predstavlja bitnu osnovu ekonomskog razvoja općine. Dodatnim ulaganjem u ratarsku proizvodnju, proizvodnju stočne hrane, doradu sjemena, tovne kapacitete, otkup i preradu mlijeka, klaničke kapacitete i preradu mesa, može se značajno povećati obim proizvodnje, jer sirovine postoje, a plasman proizvoda je obezbjeđen. Na području općine postoji blizu tri stotine mini farmi za pet stotina muznih krava, tov deset hiljada junadi i četiri stotine hiljada pilića. Ako se tome dodaju i prije rata izgrađeni kapaciteti fabrike stočne hrane koja je proizvodila 57 tona hrane u jednoj smjeni sa skladišnim prostorom za hiljadu tona, zatim fabrika sjemena za deset tona krmnog bilja, dvadeset hiljada kartica povrća i osam tona sjemena na liniji dorade u jednoj smjeni, te podatak da je fabrika raspolagala sa stotinu pedeset hektara uredjenog zemljišta i kapacitetom za tov šest stotina junadi u turnusu, jasno je da su raspoloživi kapaciteti u poljoprivredi izuzetno veliki, ali neiskorišteni. Geografski položaj i prirodne karateristike područja općine Derventa pružaju značajne mogućnosti za razvoj lovnog i seoskog turizma. Cijela teritorija bogata je divljači niskog lova a obronci Motajice poznati su po srnećoj divljači. I čista i nezagadjena rijeka Ukrina koja protiče kroz Derventu bogata je ribom, a u ljetnim mjesecima popularno izletište Dervenčana. == Mediji == * [[Derventski list]] == Kultura == === Nacionalni spomenici === {{Glavni|Spisak nacionalnih spomenika Bosne i Hercegovine u Derventi}} == Sportski timovi == *FK Tekstilac, *ŽRK Demos, *NK "MARKOVAC" == Poznate ličnosti == {{Div col|2}} * [[Alija Dubočanin]], književnik * [[Anton Maras]], taekwondo, osvajač 2.mj. na EP u Stuttgartu 1984. * [[Abas Arslanagić]], rukometni trener i golman * [[Mario Tokić]], nogometaš * [[Kruno Šarić]], dramski umjetnik * [[Muhamed Kondžić]] * [[Izet Đuzel]] * Dr. [[Alojz Benac]] * [[Zoran Jurkić]] * [[Mile Kitić]], folk pjevač * [[Dara Bubamara]], folk pjevačica * [[Alaga Gagić]] * [[Sulejman Medenčević]] * [[Muhamed ef. Tarabar]] * [[Tihomir Lešić]] * [[Filip Maršić]], Župnik * [[Azemina Grbić]], pjevačica * [[Senad Lupić]], nogometaš osvajač Kupa Maršala Tita 1988. * Ilija i Marko Begić, pjevači izvorne muzike * [[Vedran Ćorluka]], nogometaš * [[Muhammed Memić]], rukometaš * [[Asim Alibegović]], ljekar * [[Petar A. Ćosić]], književnik {{Div col end}} == Reference == {{refspisak|2}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{commonscat|Derventa Municipality}} {{Portal Bosna i Hercegovina}} * [http://www.derventa.ba/ Zvanični sajt Grada Derventa] {{Administrativna podjela Bosne i Hercegovine}} {{Grad Derventa}} [[Kategorija:Općine Bosne i Hercegovine]] [[Kategorija:Općine Republike Srpske]] [[Kategorija:Derventa|*]] 0xib7pc7clda0hl9na691l3lg9pbcx0 Donji Vakuf 0 1596 3849323 3822964 2026-05-25T18:33:38Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 2 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija naselje u BiH | ime = Donji Vakuf | drugo_ime = | službeno_ime = Općina Donji Vakuf | naselje_vrsta = Općina i naseljeno mjesto | slika = Vrbas u Donjem Vakufu.JPG | slika_veličina = | slika_alt = | slika_opis = Donji Vakuf | slika_zastava = | zastava_alt = | slika_grb = Donji Vakuf grb.jpg | grb_alt = | etimologija = | nadimak = | moto = | slika_karta = BiH municipality location Donji Vakuf.svg | karta_alt = | karta_opis = Općina Donji Vakuf u Bosni i Hercegovini | koordinate = {{coord|44|08|37.7|N|17|23|49.3|E|type:city|display=inline,title}} | entitet = [[Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine]] | kanton = [[Srednjobosanski kanton|Srednjobosanski]] | osnovan = | osnivač = | sjedište = | načelnik = Huso Sušić<ref name="izbori2020">{{cite web |title=Donji Vakuf |url=https://www.izbori.ba/Rezultati_izbora/?resId=27&langId=1#/8/89/0 |website=izbori.ba |publisher=Centralna izborna komisija Bosne i Hercegovine |access-date=6. 12. 2020}}</ref> | načelnik_stranka = nezavisni | površina_naselja = 6.24 | površina_općine = 320.70 | površina_fusnote = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> | površina_bilješka = | nadmorska_visina = | visina_fusnote = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> | najveća_visina = | najveća_visina_vrh = | najmanja_visina = | najmanja_visina_vrh = | stanovništvo_datum = [[Popis stanovništva u Bosni i Hercegovini 2013.|2013]] | stanovništvo_fusnote = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> | stanovništvo_naselje = 6711 | stanovništvo_naselje_izvor = | stanovništvo_općina = 13985 | stanovništvo_općina_izvor = | stanovništvo_demonim = | poštanski_broj = 70 220 | pozivni_broj = (+387) 30 | matični_broj_naselja = 112917<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fzs.ba/Dem/Popis/nas_mjestaBiH.pdf |title=Sistematski spisak općina i naseljenih mjesta u Bosni i Hercegovini |work=fzs.ba |access-date=24. 11. 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305101405/http://www.fzs.ba/Dem/Popis/nas_mjestaBiH.pdf |archive-date=5. 3. 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | matični_broj_općine = 10294 | veb-sajt = {{URL|http://donji-vakuf.ba}} | fusnote = }} '''Donji Vakuf''' je [[naseljeno mjesto]] i sjedište istoimene [[općina|općine]] u [[Skopaljska dolina|Skopaljskoj dolini]], u centralnom dijelu [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosne i Hercegovine]]. == Historija == === Postanak grada === [[Datoteka:Džamija u Donjem Vakufu.JPG|mini|lijevo|150px|Džamija u centru grada]] U srednjem vijeku područje današnjeg Donjeg Vakufa je pripadalo župi Uskoplje. Pouzdano se ne zna godina kada su udareni temelji današnjem naselju. Još [[1530]]. godine Benedik Kuprešić svojim putopisom upućuje na zaključak da se ovo naselje zvalo Donji Novi. Prema kazivanju historičara Nasufa Fazlagića grad je osnovao [[Ibrahim-beg Malkočević]] (drugi od sedam sinova Malkoč-bega, bosanskog, hercegovačkog i kliškog sandžak-bega). Prema ovim izvorima Ibrahim-beg je [[1574]]. godine podigao [[džamija|džamiju]] (Čaršijska-bas džamija) koju u svom putopisu spominje i [[Evlija Čelebija]]. U to doba Donji Vakuf se zvao Novosel. Iz sultanovog [[ferman]]a koji nosi datum 20. muharem 990. po hidžri ([[19. novembar]] [[1590]]. godine) saznajemo da je stanovništvo Novosela, zbog geopolitičkog i komunikacionog značaja koji mu je pridavala [[porta]], bilo oslobođeno poreza. Od tog datuma Novosel (Donji Vakuf) nosi status [[kasaba|kasabe]]. [[Osmanlije]] su Donji Vakuf zvali Fakvi-ziv, a kasnije Donji Vakuf. Tada je grad imao 161 kuću sa 33 medereda (neoženjena mladića). Naseljavali su ga zanatlije, trgovci, a bilo je i carskih službenika. Da je tadašnje Donje Skoplje predstavljalo značajan strateški punkt svjedoči i podatak da je u gradu službovalo 14 vojnih lica (10 spahija, dvojica ćehaja, jedan subaša i jedan vojvoda). Za osmanlijske vladavine u Donjem Vakufu na lijevoj obali Vrbasa nije izgrađena ni jedna kuća, a i naselje na desnoj nije se razvijalo. Nova [[Austro-Ugarska|austrougarska]] vlast je zatekla staru kasabu sa oko 2.000 stanovnika.<ref name="ANUBiH">{{cite journal|last=Busuladžić|first=Adnan|year=2022|title=Late Antique burial vault (tomb), church and necropolis at the site of Studena Česma in Donji Vakuf|journal=Godišnjak Centra za balkanološka ispitivanja|volume=41|pages=159–186|doi=10.5644/Godisnjak.CBI.ANUBiH-41.9}}</ref> === Austrougarsko doba === U vrijeme vladavine [[Austro-Ugarska|Austro-Ugarske]] započinje gradnja cestovnih i željezničkih komunikacija, jer je okolina Donjeg Vakufa koja je bogata šumom brzo privukla [[beč]]ke industrijalce. Izgrađena je uskotračna pruga Donji Vakuf - [[Jajce]], te Donji Vakuf - [[Bugojno]], kao i putni pravci dolinom rijeke [[Vrbas]]. Početkom ovog vijeka ([[1901]].) podignuta je prva [[pilana]] na vodeni pogon na rijeci [[Semešnica|Semešnici]], vlasništvo Huge Feldbauera. Tada je premoštena rijeka [[Vrbas]] (Filbarova ćuprija). U svojim putopisima profesor Strodl Stjepan iz [[Sarajevo|Sarajeva]] spominje da je 1901. u Donjem Vakufu bilo 2.329 stanovnika dok je Bugojno imalo 1.771 stanovnika. On je zabilježio i postojanje sreske ispostave, žandarmerijske stanice, devet [[džamija]], četiri [[mekteb]]a, narodne osnovne škole, pravoslavne crkve, pravoslavne osnovne škole, željezničke stanice. Počeo je rad i gipsare (vlašnistvo firme Latner), te pogon tkaonice [[ćilim]]a. U gradu je živio određeni broj željezničara, zanatlija, trgovaca i ugostitelja. Ostalo stanovništvo bavilo se [[Poljoprivreda|poljoprivredom]], dućane su držali imućniji ljudi. === Između dva svjetska rata === Nakon sloma [[Austro-Ugarska|Austro-Ugarske]] i stvaranja [[Kraljevina Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca|Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca]], Donji Vakuf nastavio je funkcionirati kao lokalno administrativno i trgovačko središte. Njegov razvoj i dalje je u velikoj mjeri zavisio od saobraćajnog položaja na pravcima prema Bugojnu, Jajcu i [[Travnik]]u, kao i od prerade drveta, manjih zanata i trgovine. === Drugi svjetski rat i socijalističko razdoblje === Tokom [[Drugi svjetski rat u Jugoslaviji|Drugog svjetskog rata]] Donji Vakuf, kao i šire područje srednje Bosne, bio je zahvaćen ratnim sukobima i promjenama vlasti, a poslije 1945. uklopljen je u institucionalni i privredni sistem socijalističke Jugoslavije. U drugoj polovini 20. stoljeća Donji Vakuf se razvijao kao općinsko središte s industrijskim, komunalnim i obrazovnim funkcijama.<ref name="Strategija2013">{{cite web|url=https://donji-vakuf.ba/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/StrategijaRazvojaOpcineDonjiVakuf-1.pdf|title=Strategija razvoja Općine Donji Vakuf|website=Općina Donji Vakuf|access-date=19. 3. 2026}}</ref> Službeni razvojni dokumenti općine navode da je Donji Vakuf prije rata 1992–1995. spadao u red srednje razvijenih općina.<ref name="Strategija2013" /> Privredna struktura bila je raznovrsnija nego u poslijeratnom periodu i uključivala je drvnu industriju, proizvodnju montažnih kuća, eksploataciju gipsa i kamena te pojedine metaloprerađivačke pogone.<ref name="Strategija2026">{{cite web|url=https://donji-vakuf.ba/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/Strategija-razvoja-DV_1.pdf|title=Strategija razvoja Općine Donji Vakuf 2026.|website=Općina Donji Vakuf|access-date=19. 3. 2026}}</ref> === Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini (1992–1995) === U proljeće 1992. Donji Vakuf zahvatio je rat. U aprilu 1992. u Donji Vakuf stigla je oružana formacija bosanskih Srba poznata kao ''Beli orlovi'', a od stanovništva je tražena predaja oružja.<ref name="DetektorFaktografija">{{cite web|url=https://ratnizlocin.detektor.ba/lokacija/donji-vakuf/71|title=Donji Vakuf – Sudski utvrđene činjenice iz rata u BiH|website=Detektor|access-date=19. 3. 2026}}</ref> Dana 21. maja 1992. pripadnici srpske milicije iz Donjeg Vakufa i [[Centar službi bezbjednosti Banja Luka|CSB-a Banja Luka]] napali selo [[Korenići]], a 3. juna 1992. srpska milicija i [[Vojska Republike Srpske]] napale su [[Torlakovac]].<ref name="DetektorFaktografija" /> Prema haškim presudama, sredinom 1992. pripadnici VRS-a i srpski civili provaljivali su u kuće Bošnjaka u Donjem Vakufu i okolnim selima i pljačkali njihovu imovinu, dok je većina Bošnjaka počela masovno bježati iz općine od maja 1992. nadalje.<ref name="DetektorFaktografija" /> Tokom okupacije srpske vlasti grad preimenovale u '''Srbobran'''.<ref name="DuranovicKarcic">{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/37123670/Selektivni_prikaz_materijalnih_oblika_memorijalizacije_odbrambeno_oslobodila%C4%8Dkog_rata_i_zlo%C4%8Dina_nad_Bo%C5%A1njacima_na_podru%C4%8Dju_op%C4%87ine_Donji_Vakuf_1992_1995|title=Selektivni prikaz materijalnih oblika memorijalizacije odbrambeno-oslobodilačkog rata i zločina nad Bošnjacima na području općine Donji Vakuf 1992-1995.|last1=Duranović|first1=Elvir|last2=Karčić|first2=Hikmet|website=Academia.edu|access-date=19. 3. 2026}}</ref> [[Međunarodni krivični sud za bivšu Jugoslaviju]] (ICTY) u više je predmeta obuhvatio zločine počinjene na području Donjeg Vakufa. U optužnicama i presudama protiv [[Radoslav Brđanin|Radoslava Brđanina]] te [[Mićo Stanišić|Miće Stanišića]] i [[Stojan Župljanin|Stojana Župljanina]] Donji Vakuf se navodi među općinama obuhvaćenim progonom, deportacijama, zatvaranjima i drugim zločinima nad nesrpskim stanovništvom 1992. godine.<ref name="ICTYBrdanin">{{cite web|url=https://www.icty.org/bcs/press/presuda-u-premetu-tu%C5%BEilac-protiv-radoslava-br%C4%91anina-radoslav-br%C4%91anin-osu%C4%91en-na-kaznu-zatvora|title=Presuda u predmetu tužilac protiv Radoslava Brđanina|website=Međunarodni krivični sud za bivšu Jugoslaviju|access-date=19. 3. 2026}}</ref><ref name="ICTYZupljanin">{{cite web|url=https://www.icty.org/bcs/press/mi%C4%87o-stani%C5%A1i%C4%87-i-stojan-%C5%BEupljanin-osu%C4%91eni-za-zlo%C4%8Dine-u-bosni-i-hercegovini|title=Mićo Stanišić i Stojan Župljanin osuđeni za zločine u Bosni i Hercegovini|website=Međunarodni krivični sud za bivšu Jugoslaviju|access-date=19. 3. 2026}}</ref> Godine 1994. područje Donjeg Vakufa postalo je poprište teških borbi između [[Armija Republike Bosne i Hercegovine|Armije Republike Bosne i Hercegovine]] i VRS-a. Donji Vakuf je bio jedan od prvih ciljeva proljetne ofanzive [[Sedmi korpus Armije Republike Bosne i Hercegovine|Sedmog korpusa ARBiH]] 1994. godine.<ref name="BalkanBattlegrounds">{{cite book|title=Balkan Battlegrounds: A Military History of the Yugoslav Conflict, 1990-1995|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Russian and European Analysis|year=2002|location=Washington, DC|pages=465–466}}</ref> U martu 1994. ARBiH je izvela napad iz pravca [[Bugojno|Bugojna]] i [[Prusac|Prusca]], pri čemu je zauzela neka dominantna uzvišenja i presjekla vodovod prema gradu, ali nije uspjela ući u sam Donji Vakuf.<ref name="BalkanBattlegrounds" /> Novi napadi uslijedili su početkom aprila, krajem maja i tokom ljeta 1994, kada su vođene iscrpljujuće borbe za rovove, bunkere i planinske položaje oko Košćana, Urije i komunikacija prema gradu.<ref name="BalkanBattlegrounds" /> Krajem oktobra i početkom novembra 1994. Sedmi korpus ponovo je pokušao probiti odbranu VRS-a prema Donjem Vakufu, uz artiljerijsku podršku [[Hrvatsko vijeće obrane|HVO-a]], ali su se borbe završile bez odlučujućeg ishoda.<ref name="BalkanBattlegrounds" /> Jedinice ARBiH zauzele su Donji Vakuf 14. septembra 1995. godine.<ref name="DuranovicKarcic" /> Taj datum kasnije je postao i Dan općine, a glavna gradska ulica dobila je naziv ''14. septembar''.<ref name="DuranovicKarcic" /><ref name="StatutOpcine">{{cite web|url=https://donji-vakuf.ba/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Statut-Opcine-Donji-Vakuf-sa-Izmjenama.pdf|title=Statut Općine Donji Vakuf|website=Općina Donji Vakuf|access-date=19. 3. 2026}}</ref> Ratna dešavanja u završnici sukoba ostala su predmet kasnijih sudskih procesa. Detektor je izvještavao da su bivši pripadnici VRS-a osuđeni za ubistvo 28 bošnjačkih i hrvatskih civila u [[Oborci]]ma kod Donjeg Vakufa u septembru 1995. godine, a Apelaciono vijeće Suda Bosne i Hercegovine potvrdilo je presudu krajem 2020.<ref name="DetektorOborci">{{cite web|url=https://detektor.ba/2020/12/28/potvrdjena-presuda-od-42-godine-zatvora-za-zlocine-u-oborcima/|title=Potvrđena presuda od 42 godine zatvora za zločine u Oborcima|website=Detektor|access-date=19. 3. 2026}}</ref> Dana 13. septembra 1995. kod [[Bravnice (Jezero)|Bravnica]] napadnuta izbjeglička kolona srpskih civila koja se povlačila iz Donjeg Vakufa.<ref name="DetektorBravnice">{{cite web|url=https://detektor.ba/2020/11/02/zaboravljene-zrtve-napad-na-izbjeglicku-kolonu-u-bravnicama/|title=Zaboravljene žrtve: Napad na izbjegličku kolonu u Bravnicama|website=Detektor|access-date=19. 3. 2026}}</ref> === Poslijeratni period === Nakon rata Donji Vakuf je ušao u dugotrajan period obnove političkih institucija, povratka stanovništva i privredne tranzicije. Prema Strategiji razvoja općine, iako industrijski kapaciteti na području općine nisu bili teško oštećeni ratnim dejstvima, pokušaji ponovnog pokretanja proizvodnje neposredno nakon rata uglavnom nisu dali očekivane rezultate.<ref name="Strategija2013" /> Službeni općinski dokumenti povezuju poslijeratne teškoće s posljedicama rata, tranzicijom, nedostatkom investicija i promjenom nekadašnje industrijske strukture.<ref name="Strategija2013" /><ref name="Strategija2026" /> U novijem periodu privreda Donjeg Vakufa koncentrirana je prije svega na drvnu i namještajnu industriju, kao i na eksploataciju i preradu mineralnih sirovina, posebno gipsa.<ref name="Strategija2026" /> == Geografija == [[Datoteka:Vrbas u Donjem Vakufu.JPG|mini|desno|250px|Rijeka [[Vrbas (rijeka)|Vrbas]] teče kroz Donji Vakuf]] Donji Vakuf se nalazi u [[Srednjobosanski kanton|Srednjobosanskom kantonu]], broji 8.000 stanovnika (procjena iz [[2000]]. godine), leži na rijeci [[Vrbas]]. Prije [[Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini|rata]] ([[1992]]-[[1995]]) Donji Vakuf je bio razvijen moderni gradić u kojem je živjelo oko 7.000 stanovnika, dok je općina brojala preko 20.000 stanovnika. Donji Vakuf je važno bosanskohercegovačko [[raskrižje]], kroz [[grad]] idu dvije najvažnije magistrale ([[Zenica]] - Donji Vakuf i [[Banja Luka]] - [[Jablanica]]). == Stanovništvo == {{Glavni|Demografija Donjeg Vakufa|Spisak naseljenih mjesta u općini Donji Vakuf}} Po posljednjem službenom popisu stanovništva iz 1991. godine, općina Donji Vakuf imala je 24.544 stanovnika, raspoređenih u 68 naselja. Poslije potpisivanja Dejtonskog sporazuma, općina Donji Vakuf je gotovo u cjelini ušla je u sastav [[Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine|Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine]]. U sastav [[Republika Srpska|Republike Srpske]] ušao je dio naseljenog mjesta [[Ljuša (Šipovo)|Ljuša]]. === Nacionalni sastav stanovništva – općina Donji Vakuf === {{Stanovništvo BiH | naslov_tabele = Sastav stanovništva | ime_naseljenog_mjesta = Donji Vakuf | vrsta_naseljenog_mjesta = općina | maticni_broj = 10294 | admin_godina = 2013 | g2013_izvor = <ref name="popis2013nm">{{cite web|title=Popis 2013 BiH – Stanovništvo prema etničkoj/nacionalnoj pripadnosti i spolu, po naseljenim mjestima|url=http://www.popis.gov.ba/popis2013/doc/Knjiga2/BOS/K2_T2-2_B.xlsx|work=popis.gov.ba|access-date=19. 9. 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919132628/http://www.popis.gov.ba/popis2013/doc/Knjiga2/BOS/K2_T2-2_B.xlsx|archive-date=19. 9. 2017}}</ref> | g1991_izvor = <ref name="Nacionalni sastav stanovništva Republike Bosne i Hercegovine 1991.">{{Cite web |url=http://fzs.ba/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/nacionalni-sastav-stanovnistva-po-naseljenim-mjestima-bilten-234.pdf |title=Nacionalni sastav stanovništva Republike Bosne i Hercegovine 1991.(str. 14) |work=fzs.ba |access-date= 24. 4. 2016}}</ref> | g1981_izvor = <ref name="Nacionalni sastav stanovništva SFR Jugoslavije 1981.">{{Cite web| url=http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/G1981/pdf/G19814001.pdf |title=Nacionalni sastav stanovništva SFR Jugoslavije 1981. |work=stat.gov.rs |access-date= 24. 4. 2016}}</ref> | g1971_izvor = <ref name="Nacionalni sastav stanovništva SFR Jugoslavije 1971.">{{Cite web| url=http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/G1971/pdf/G19714001.pdf |title=Nacionalni sastav stanovništva SFR Jugoslavije 1971. |work=stat.gov.rs |access-date= 24. 4. 2016}}</ref> | g1961_izvor = <ref name="Nacionalni sastav stanovništva FNR Jugoslavije 1961.">{{Cite web |url=http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/G1961/pdf/G19614001.pdf |title=Nacionalni sastav stanovništva FNR Jugoslavije 1961. |work=stat.gov.rs |access-date= 15. 4. 2016}}</ref> | g2013_ukupno = 13985 | g2013_bosnjaci = 13376 | g2013_srbi = 107 | g2013_hrvati = 58 | g2013_bosanci = 75 | g2013_romi = 152 | g2013_muslimani = 112 | g2013_bosanciihercegovci = 11 | g2013_albanci = 14 | g2013_slovenci = 1 | g2013_nisu_izjasnili = 46 | g2013_nepoznato = 12 | g1991_ukupno = 24544 | g1991_muslimani = 13509 | g1991_srbi = 9533 | g1991_hrvati = 682 | g1991_jugosloveni = 593 | g1981_ukupno = 22606 | g1981_muslimani = 11600 | g1981_srbi = 8574 | g1981_hrvati = 635 | g1981_jugosloveni = 1592 | g1981_slovenci = 5 | g1981_crnogorci = 18 | g1981_albanci = 2 | g1981_madari = 1 | g1981_makedonci = 2 | g1971_ukupno = 20393 | g1971_muslimani = 10528 | g1971_srbi = 8767 | g1971_hrvati = 924 | g1971_jugosloveni = 90 | g1971_slovenci = 3 | g1971_crnogorci = 12 | g1971_albanci = 19 | g1971_madari = 1 | g1961_ukupno = 16036 | g1961_muslimani = 6289 | g1961_srbi = 7870 | g1961_hrvati = 976 | g1961_jugosloveni = 850 | g1961_slovenci = 16 | g1961_crnogorci = 6 | g1961_albanci = 4 | g1961_madari = 4 | g1961_makedonci = 7 }} === Nacionalni sastav stanovništva – naselje Donji Vakuf === {{Stanovništvo BiH | naslov_tabele = Sastav stanovništva | ime_naseljenog_mjesta = Donji Vakuf | vrsta_naseljenog_mjesta = naselje | maticni_broj = 112917 | admin_godina = 2013 | g2013_izvor = <ref name="popis2013nm" /> | g1991_izvor = <ref name="Nacionalni sastav stanovništva Republike Bosne i Hercegovine 1991." /> | g1981_izvor = <ref name="Nacionalni sastav stanovništva SFR Jugoslavije 1981." /> | g1971_izvor = <ref name="Nacionalni sastav stanovništva SFR Jugoslavije 1971." /> | g1961_izvor = <ref name="Nacionalni sastav stanovništva FNR Jugoslavije 1961." /> | g2013_ukupno = 6711 | g2013_bosnjaci = 6360 | g2013_srbi = 56 | g2013_hrvati = 19 | g2013_bosanci = 53 | g2013_romi = 97 | g2013_muslimani = 56 | g2013_bosanciihercegovci = 11 | g2013_albanci = 14 | g2013_slovenci = 1 | g2013_nisu_izjasnili = 28 | g2013_nepoznato = 5 | g1991_ukupno = 8771 | g1991_muslimani = 5327 | g1991_srbi = 2616 | g1991_hrvati = 191 | g1991_jugosloveni = 523 | g1981_ukupno = 7224 | g1981_muslimani = 4207 | g1981_srbi = 1854 | g1981_hrvati = 184 | g1981_jugosloveni = 900 | g1981_slovenci = 5 | g1981_crnogorci = 12 | g1981_albanci = 2 | g1981_madari = 1 | g1981_makedonci = 1 | g1971_ukupno = 5012 | g1971_muslimani = 3723 | g1971_srbi = 882 | g1971_hrvati = 278 | g1971_jugosloveni = 84 | g1971_slovenci = 3 | g1971_crnogorci = 5 | g1971_albanci = 17 | g1961_ukupno = 3764 | g1961_muslimani = 2336 | g1961_srbi = 679 | g1961_hrvati = 343 | g1961_jugosloveni = 368 | g1961_slovenci = 10 | g1961_crnogorci = 5 | g1961_albanci = 4 | g1961_madari = 3 | g1961_makedonci = 7 }} == Kultura == === Nacionalni spomenici === {{Glavni|Spisak nacionalnih spomenika Bosne i Hercegovine u Donjem Vakufu}}U savremenom identitetu Donjeg Vakufa značajno mjesto zauzima kulturna baština. [[Komisija za očuvanje nacionalnih spomenika Bosne i Hercegovine]] proglasila je [[Prusac|stari grad Prusac]] nacionalnim spomenikom Bosne i Hercegovine, kao i [[Sahat-kula u Donjem Vakufu|Sahat-kulu u Donjem Vakufu]].<ref name="KONSPrusac">{{cite web|url=https://aplikacija.kons.gov.ba/kons/public/uploads/odluke_bos/DVakuf_PrusacBH.pdf|title=Historijsko područje – Stari grad Prusac, Donji Vakuf|website=Komisija za očuvanje nacionalnih spomenika Bosne i Hercegovine|access-date=19. 3. 2026|archive-date=29. 5. 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529131458/http://aplikacija.kons.gov.ba/kons/public/uploads/odluke_bos/DVakuf_PrusacBH.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="KONSSahat">{{cite web|url=https://aplikacija.kons.gov.ba/kons/public/uploads/odluke_bos/Donji%20Vakuf_Sahat%20kula%20BOS.pdf|title=Historijski spomenik – Sahat-kula u Donjem Vakufu|website=Komisija za očuvanje nacionalnih spomenika Bosne i Hercegovine|access-date=19. 3. 2026|archive-date=26. 11. 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126030502/http://aplikacija.kons.gov.ba/kons/public/uploads/odluke_bos/Donji%20Vakuf_Sahat%20kula%20BOS.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Privreda == [[Datoteka:Ulica u Donjem Vakufu.JPG|mini|desno|Raskrsnica u Donjem Vakufu]] Donji Vakuf je prije 1992. godine imao razvijenu drvnu industriju "Janj", tvornicu montažnih kuća, tvornicu gipsa i gipsceluloznih ploča, rudnike gipsa i kamena, metalni pogon, visokogradnju i niz drugih manjih preduzeća. Za vrijeme rata 1992-95. mnogo privrednih i ekonomsko važnih objekata je bilo djelimično uništeno ili opljačkano. Problem grada i općine je visoki stepen nezaposlenosti, posebno među mladom populacijom. == Obrazovanje == U gradu se nalaze gimnazija, mješovita srednja škola, te tri osnovne škole. Grad ima bogatu biblioteku, kulturno-umjetničko društvo i književni klub 'ART'. == Zanimljivosti == U okolini Donjeg Vakufa postoji 16 [[nekropola]] [[stećak]]a, ostaci gotičke bazilike u [[Oborci]]ma, [[turbe (mauzolej)|turbe]] [[Alija Torlak|Torlak Alije]] u Torlakovcu, a najveći broj kulturno-historijskih spomenika iz rimskog i osmanlijskog perioda nalazi se u [[Prusac|Pruscu]] (4&nbsp;km od Donjeg Vakufa): tvrđava tj. stari grad koju su započeli Mlečani, a završile Osmanlije, [[sahat-kula]], turbe [[Hasan Kafi Prušćak|Hasan Kjafi]] efendije, turbe [[Ajvaz-dedo|Ajvaz-dede]] i Ajvaz-dedina stijena [[Ajvatovica]] u narodu poznata kao ''mala kjaba'', jer predstavlja najveće dovište muslimana u Evropi, a ujedno i najveće tradicionalno okupljalište [[Bošnjaci|Bošnjaka]]. == Sport == === Sportski timovi === * [[FK Radnik Donji Vakuf|FK Radnik]] * [[KK Donji Vakuf|Košarkaški klub Donji Vakuf]] * Karate klub "Radnik" * Karate klub "Donji Vakuf" * [[RK Radnik Donji Vakuf|Rukometni klub Radnik]] == Poznate ličnosti == *[[Hasan Kafi Pruščak]], djela prevedena na dvanaest svjetskih jezika *[[Arif Magrdžija]], prvi demokratsko izabrani načelnik općine Donji Vakuf *[[Roman Petrović]], slikar *[[Fahrija Dautbegović]], bivši golman NK "Dinamo" iz Zagreba *[[Sulejman Kapić]], bivši nogometaš, trener i sportski radnik FK "Radnik" Donji Vakuf *[[Ismet Ramljak]], slikar *[[Nakib Abdagić]], glumac *[[Ibrahim Čustić]], glumac *[[Edo Ljubić]], pjevač sevdalinki *[[Smiljan Franjo Čekada]], nadbiskup *[[Radenko Milak]], slikar == Također pogledajte == * [[Grb općine Donji Vakuf]] * [[Plazenica]] == Reference == {{refspisak|2}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{commonscat|Donji Vakuf Municipality}} {{Portal Bosna i Hercegovina}} *[http://donji-vakuf.ba Zvanični sajt općine Donji Vakuf] {{Administrativna podjela Bosne i Hercegovine}} {{Srednjobosanski kanton}} {{Općina Donji Vakuf}} [[Kategorija:Donji Vakuf|*]] [[Kategorija:Općine Bosne i Hercegovine]] [[Kategorija:Općine Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine]] [[Kategorija:Općine u Srednjobosanskom kantonu]] 8klipnrzddyfnj52ou1bignz2vwdymw Ferida Duraković 0 3667 3849405 3823070 2026-05-26T08:04:42Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 2 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija pisac | ime = Ferida Duraković | slika = | opis_slike = | puno_ime = | rođen_kao = | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja i godine|1957|4|18}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Olovo (općina)|Olovo]], [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija|Jugoslavija]] | datum_smrti = <!-- {{Datum smrti i godine|GGGG|MM|DD|GGGG|MM|DD}} (datum smrti pa onda datum rođenja) --> | mjesto_smrti = | zanimanje = Pjesnikinja i spisateljica | jezik = | nacionalnost = | obrazovanje = | period = | žanr = | poznata_djela = | supružnik = | djeca = | nagrade = | potpis = | veb-sajt = }} '''Ferida Duraković''' (rođena 18. aprila 1957) jest [[Bosna i Hercegovina|bosanskohercegovačka]] [[Poezija|pjesnikinja]], autorica kratkih priča, spisateljica za djecu, kolumnistica i urednica.<ref>{{Citation|title=sveske.ba|url=http://www.sveske.ba/bs/autori/f/ferida-durakovic|access-date=13. 3. 2024|archive-date=28. 2. 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228153134/http://sveske.ba/bs/autori/f/ferida-durakovic|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Biografija == Rođena je 18. aprila 1957. u Olovu. Diplomirala je jugoslovensku književnost i [[srpskohrvatski jezik]] 1980. na [[Filozofski fakultet u Sarajevu|Filozofskom fakultetu u Sarajevu]]. U periodu između 1980. i 1983. radila je kao profesorica maternjeg jezika i književnosti u [[Sarajevo|Sarajevu]] i [[Vareš]]u, te kao profesorica [[srpskohrvatski jezik|srpskohrvatskog jezika]] na Vazduhoplovnoj akademiji u Rajlovcu.<ref name=Biografija>Duraković, Ferida; ''Amilina abeceda'', IPC, Sarajevo, 1999.</ref> Kao lektorica, radila je u [[Oslobođenje|Oslobođenju]] u periodu od 1983. do 1984. Do 1992. radila je kao urednica za književne programe u sarajevskom Domu mladih na [[Skenderija|Skenderiji]]. Na mjestu glavne tajnice i izvršne direktorice [[P.E.N. Centar Bosne i Hercegovine|P. E. N. Centra]] u Sarajevu provela je 22 godine.<ref name=Biografija2>Duraković, Ferida; ''Bal pod maskama'', Svjetlost, Sarajevo, 1977.</ref> Njene pjesme pretežno odražavaju unutrašnji i vanjski svijet mlade djevojke čije su nade i snovi uništeni balkanskim sukobima, kao i tvrdoglavost i upornost mladosti koja svjedoči bombardovanju svog grada u tom periodu. Duraković je 1999. godine dobila nagradu ''Vasyl Stus'' za slobodu pisanja, PEN New England za svoju „hrabru odluku da PEN centar u Sarajevu održi otvorenim tokom cijelog rata, pružajući svaku vrstu zamislive pomoći piscima“, te za „odabir pisanja - izbor da se odupre tišini i da odgovori na razaranje rata izražavanjem osjećaja“. Bila je profilirana u nedavnom proznom djelu pjesnika [[Christopher Merrill|Christophera Merrilla]] „Only The Nails Remain: Scenes From The Balkan Wars“, a „ABC Nightline“ je sadržavao portret pjesnikinje i njenog opkoljenog grada, u režiji Phila Aldena Robinsona („Patike“ i „Polje snova“). Duraković je također dobila Hellman-Hammet nagradu za slobodu izražavanja.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.smith.edu/people/ferida-durakovic|title=Ferida Durakovíc {{!}} Smith College|website=www.smith.edu|language=en|access-date=18. 3. 2026}}</ref> Objavila je petnaestak knjiga poezije, proze, književnosti za djecu i prevoda sa engleskog jezika. Od književnosti za djecu i mlade objavila je, između ostalog, i ''Još jednu bajku o ruži'' 1989. koja je postavljena na scenu amfiteatra u Domu mladih Skenderija, ''Mikijevu abecedu'' 1994. koja je postavljena na scenu [[Pozorište mladih Sarajevo|Pozorišta mladih Sarajevo]] 1995. i igrana više od pedeset puta, a potom obnovljena na istoj sceni 2016. Prevodi sa engleskog jezika, između ostalog ''Nove pjesme za Bosnu i Logor Omarska'' autorice Rosemary Menzies sa [[Novi Zeland|Novog Zelanda]]. Knjige poezije su joj objavljene u [[Poljska|Poljskoj]], [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|SAD]], te [[Italija|Italiji]] i [[Bugarska|Bugarskoj]]. Poezija joj je prevedena na [[Engleski jezik|engleski]], [[Grčki jezik|grčki]], [[Slovenski jezik|slovenski]], [[Turski jezik|turski]], [[Njemački jezik|njemački]] i [[finski jezik]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sveske.ba/bs/autori/f/ferida-durakovic|title=Sarajevske sveske|work=sveske.ba|access-date=27. 8. 2017|archive-date=29. 8. 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829032543/http://www.sveske.ba/bs/autori/f/ferida-durakovic|url-status=dead}}</ref> Priprema dvije knjige za djecu i novu knjigu. Živi u [[Sarajevo|Sarajevu]] sa suprugom i kćerkom.<ref name=":0" /> == Nagrade i nominacije == *Nagrada Književne omladine BiH za zbirku pjesama "Bal pod maskama" 1977. *Nagrada Svjetlosti za najbolju prvu knjigu mladog autora za zbirku pjesama "Bal po maskama" 1977. *Nagrada Fondacije Hellman-Hammet Fund for Free Expression USA 1993. za zbirku pjesama "The Heart of Darkness" *Nagrada Vasyl Stus Freedom-to-Write Award 1999. za zbirku pjesama "The Heart of Darkness" *Biser International proglasio je ženom godine u Bosni i Hercegovini (2002) *Nominovana za nagradu Astrid Lindgreen za dječiju književnost (2012) *Nagrada na Konkursu za radio dramu BH Radija 1 2015. godine za tekst radio drame ''Osloni se na mene'' *Nagrada za pozorišni komad ''Mrak čudak'' na Susretima lutkarskih pozorišta uz Bugojnu 2015. godine *Tekst igre za djecu Mrak čudak nagrađen je posebnom nagradom na Susretima lutkarskih pozorišta BiH u Bugojnu 2016. godine == Bibliografija == *"Bal pod maskama” poezija, 1977. *"Oči koje me gledaju" poezija, 1982. *"Mala noćna svjetiljka" poezija, 1989. *"Još jedna bajka o ruži" slikovnica, 1989. *"Selidba iz lijepog kraja gdje umiru ruže" poezija i proza, 1993. *"Mikijeva abeceda" proza za djecu, 1994. *"Srce tame" poezija, 1994. *"Amilina abeceda" proza za djecu, 1999. *"Amilina i Mikijeva abeceda" proza za djecu, 2005. *"Locus minoris − Sklonost Bosne kao melanholiji" poezija, 2007. *"Ezopove basne" slikovnica (sa Mirzom Hasanbegovićem), 2007. *"Vjetrov prijatelj" bajka, (sa Mirzom Hasanbegovićem), 2009. *"Putnici kroz (ne)vrijeme − 50 godina Sarajevskih dana poezije" (koautorstvo) 2011. *"Pokret otpora" kolumne i eseji, 2012. *"Dolga e nošta" poezija, 2014. *"Si paga con la vita" poezija, 2015. === Izbor u antologijama: === *"Sublimisme balkanique - Tom 2 - poètes de Bosnie-Herzégovine" - antologija poezije BiH na francuskom jeziku - Izbor, prijevod i predgovor M.E.O. Editions, Bruxelles 2013. - [[Tomislav Dretar]], {{ISBN|978-2-930702-71-1}} ==Reference== {{Refspisak|2}} ==Vanjski linkovi== * [https://www.mojalektira.com/biografija/ferida-durakovic/ ''Biografija Ferida Duraković''] * [http://interview.ba/interview/item/81-b-ferida-durakovic-b-pisanjem-izrazavam-stid-sto-ovakav-svijet-ostavljamo-svojoj-djeci/ ''Intervju sa Feridom Duraković''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017203449/http://interview.ba/interview/item/81-b-ferida-durakovic-b-pisanjem-izrazavam-stid-sto-ovakav-svijet-ostavljamo-svojoj-djeci |date=17. 10. 2016 }} * [http://www.prometej.ba/clanak/intervju/ferida-durakovic-postavljati-pitanja-2114 ''Ferida Duraković | Postavljati pitanja''] * [http://www.tacno.net/novosti/ferida-durakovic-radije-bih/ ''Ferida Duraković "Radije bih" ''] {{Wikicitat|Ferida Duraković}} {{stub-bh-biog}} [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1957.|Duraković, Ferida]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Olovo|Duraković, Ferida]] [[Kategorija:Bosanskohercegovački pisci|Duraković, Ferida]] [[Kategorija:Potpisnici Deklaracije o zajedničkom jeziku]] [[Kategorija:Članovi P.E.N. Centra Bosne i Hercegovine]] [[Kategorija:Živi ljudi]] 025ulq3dixvk0mzlnizfnmn3a1zdt4u Pedijatrija 0 3834 3849394 3837017 2026-05-26T06:15:53Z Panasko 146730 3849394 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Razlikovati|Podijatrija}} [[Datoteka:Pediatric polysomnogram.jpg|mini|desno|250px|Pedijatrija]] '''Pedijatrija''' ([[grčki jezik|grč.]] ''pais'' = [[dijete]] + ''iatros'' = [[ljekar]]) jeste [[nauka]] o [[bolest|oboljenjima]], poremećajima razvoja i urođenim nedostacima dječijeg [[Organizam (biologija)|organizma]] i bavi se njihovim izučavanjem, [[dijagnostika|dijagnostikom]], liječenjem, prevencijom i rehabilitacijom bolesne djece od [[porođaj|rođenja]] do kraja [[adolescencija|adolescencije]]. [[American Academy of Pediatrics|Američka akademija za pedijatriju]] preporučuje da se pedijatrijska zdravstvena zaštita pruža osobama do navršene 21. godine života, dok pojedini pedijatrijski subspecijalisti mogu nastaviti pružati zdravstvenu brigu i odraslim pacijentima, najčešće do 25. godine života.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/find-ped.html?ref=search|title=Choosing a Pediatrician for Your New Baby (for Parents) - Nemours KidsHealth|website=kidshealth.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714010130/https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/find-ped.html?ref=search|archive-date=14. 7. 2020|url-status=live|access-date=13. 7. 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=maj 1988|title=Age limits of pediatrics|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/81/5/736|journal=Pediatrics|volume=81|issue=5|page=736|doi=10.1542/peds.81.5.736|pmid=3357740|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419003118/http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/81/5/736|archive-date=19. 4. 2017|access-date=18. 4. 2017}}</ref> Širom svijeta starosne granice pedijatrije rastu iz godine u godinu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sawyer|first=Susan M.|last2=McNeil|first2=Robyn|last3=Francis|first3=Kate L.|last4=Matskarofski|first4=Juliet Z.|last5=Patton|first5=George C.|last6=Bhutta|first6=Zulfiqar A.|last7=Esangbedo|first7=Dorothy O.|last8=Klein|first8=Jonathan D.|date=1. 11. 2019|title=The age of paediatrics|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanchi/article/PIIS2352-4642(19)30266-4/abstract|journal=The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health|language=en|volume=3|issue=11|pages=822–830|doi=10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30266-4|issn=2352-4642|pmid=31542355}}</ref> [[Ljekar|Doktor medicine]] koji je specijaliziran za ovo područje poznat je kao '''pedijatar'''. Pedijatri rade u klinikama, istraživačkim centrima, univerzitetima, općim [[bolnica]]ma i [[Dječija bolnica|dječjim bolnicama]], uključujući i one koji prakticiraju pedijatrijske subspecijalnosti (npr. [[neonatologija]] zahtijeva resurse dostupne na [[Odjel intenzivne njege novorođenčadi|odjelu intenzivne njege novorođenčadi]]). == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{stub-med}} {{Commonscat|Paediatrics}} {{Medicina}} {{Normativna kontrola}} [[Kategorija:Pedijatrija|*]] sm1br3yf41dsi7wrkgytqu32c5agpqv 16. april 0 4749 3849368 3844099 2026-05-26T00:30:11Z Bosancica by MK 173186 Dopisane agencije osnovane 16. aprila 2008. 3849368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{AprilKalendar}} '''16. april / travanj (16. 4)''' jest 106. dan godine po [[gregorijanski kalendar|gregorijanskom kalendaru]] (107. u [[prestupna godina|prestupnoj godini]]). Do kraja godine ima još 259 dana. == Događaji == === 20. vijek === * [[1925]] – Teroristički napad na crkvu Sv. Nedjelja u Sofiji, kojeg su izveli [[komunisti]], ubijeno je 150, a ranjeno više od 500 osoba. * [[1945]] – Dan oslobođenja grada [[Maglaj]]a u Drugom svjetskom ratu. * [[1993]] **U selu Ahmići dogodio se napad jedinica Hrvatskog vijeća odbrane "Jokeri", "Vitezovi" i brigada "Nikola Šubić Zrinjski" u kojem je ubijeno 116 Bošnjaka. Selo Ahmići je uništeno. Porušeno je oko 180 kuća, minirane su obje džamije, zapaljena i srušena je i Osnovna škola u Ahmićima. ** Sa Rezolucijom 819 vijeća sigurnosti ujedinjenih nacija proglašena je Srebrenica u Bosanskom ratu za sigurnu zonu UN-a. Ova sigurna zona je predata Vojsci Republike Srpske skoro bez ikakvog otpora holandskih vojnika u julu 1995. * [[2008]] ** Osnovana [[Direkcija za koordinaciju policijskih tijela Bosne i Hercegovine]], upravna organizacija u sastavu [[Ministarstvo sigurnosti Bosne i Hercegovine|Ministarstva sigurnosti Bosne i Hercegovine]]. ** Osnovana [[Agencija za školovanje i stručno usavršavanje kadrova]], upravna organizacija u sastavu [[Ministarstvo sigurnosti Bosne i Hercegovine|Ministarstva sigurnosti Bosne i Hercegovine]]. ** Osnovana [[Agencija za forenzička ispitivanja i vještačenja]], upravna organizacija u sastavu [[Ministarstvo sigurnosti Bosne i Hercegovine|Ministarstva sigurnosti Bosne i Hercegovine]]. ** Osnovana [[Agencija za policijsku podršku]], upravna organizacija u sastavu [[Ministarstvo sigurnosti Bosne i Hercegovine|Ministarstva sigurnosti Bosne i Hercegovine]]. == Rođeni == === 10. vijek === * [[936]] – [[As-Sulami]], islamski mističar i sufist === 19. vijek === * [[1844]] – [[Anatole France]], francuski književnik i dobitnik Nobelove nagrade za književnost 1921. godine * [[1867]] – [[Wilbur Wright]], američki pionir aviacije i graditelj aviona * [[1889]] – [[Charlie Chaplin]], britanski komičar i režiser === 20. vijek === * [[1921]] – [[Peter Ustinov]], kosmopolit, književnik, glumac i režiser * [[1922]] – [[Leo Tindemans]], belgijski političar, 43. premijer Belgije * [[1924]] – [[Henry Mancini]], američki kompozitor filmske muzike * [[1927]] – [[Benedikt XVI]], rimski papa (građansko ime ''Joseph Alois Ratzinger'') * [[1934]] – [[Theo Merkel]], [[Zapadna Njemačka|zapadnonjemački]] [[biatlon]]ac, [[Skijaško trčanje|skijaš-trkač]] i [[Streljaštvo|sportski strijelac]] * [[1939.]] ** [[Boris Dvornik]], jugoslavensko-hrvatski glumac ** [[Dusty Springfield]], britanska soul pjevačica * [[1940.]] ** [[Margrethe II]], danska kraljica ** [[Walter Müller (biatlonac)|Walter Müller]], [[Austrija|austrijski]] [[biatlon]]ac * [[1947]] – [[Kareem Abdul-Jabbar]], američki košarkaš * [[1952]] – [[Jernej Zaplotnik]], jugoslavenski i slovenski alpinista * [[1953]] – [[Amir Talić]], bosanskohercegovački pisac * [[1961]] – [[Doris Dragović]], hrvatska pjevačica * [[1963]] – [[Paget Stewart]], [[Kanada|kanadski]] [[biatlon]]ac * [[1965]] – [[Manuel Enrique Mejuto González]], španski nogometni sudija * [[1978]] – [[Adnan Čustović]], bosanskohercegovački nogometaš * [[1993]] – [[Maksim Braun]], [[kazahstan]]ski [[biatlon]]ac * [[1997]] – [[Polona Klemenčič]], [[Slovenija|slovenska]] [[biatlon]]ka == Umrli == === 18. vijek === * [[1731]] – [[Daniel Defoe]], engleski pisac i novinar === 19. vijek === * [[1828]] – [[Francisco Goya]], španski slikar === 20. vijek === * [[1990]] – [[Greta Garbo]], švedska glumica === 21. vijek === * [[2010]] – [[Rasim Delić]], general [[Armija Republike Bosne i Hercegovine|Armije Republike Bosne i Hercegovine]] * [[2026]] – [[Alex Manninger]], austrijski nogometaš == Praznici == {{Proširiti sekciju}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commonscat|16 April}} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/16 Na današnji dan (16. april), ''BBC.co.uk''] {{en simbol}} * [http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/on-this-day/april-16/ Na današnji dan (16. april), ''nytimes.com''] {{en simbol}} {{Mjeseci}} [[Kategorija:Dani u godini|apr016]] hcwjxgefofb5cl1lyissyajfxggswpv 22. oktobar 0 5011 3849275 3824362 2026-05-25T12:51:41Z Bosancica by MK 173186 Dodano: [[1940]] – [[Katica Lacković-Grgin]], [[hrvatska]] [[Psihologija|psihologinja]] 3849275 wikitext text/x-wiki {{OktobarKalendar}} '''22. oktobar / listopad (22. 10)''' jest 295. dan godine po [[gregorijanski kalendar|gregorijanskom kalendaru]] (296. u [[prestupna godina|prestupnoj godini]]). Do kraja godine još je 70 dana. == Događaji == * [[1973]] – [[Jomkipurski rat]]: [[Ujedinjene nacije]] usvojile [[Rezolucija 338 Vijeća sigurnosti Ujedinjenih nacija|Rezoluciju 338]], kojom se traži prekid napada. == Rođeni == === 19. vijek === * [[1811]] – [[Franz Liszt]], [[Mađarska|mađarsko]]-[[Austrija|austrijski]] [[kompozitor]] i [[pijanist]] * [[1844]] – [[Sarah Bernhardt]], francuska glumica * [[1859]] – [[Karl Muck]], njemački dirigent * [[1870]] – [[Ivan Bunjin]], ruski pjesnik * [[1885]] – [[Giovanni Martinelli]], italijanski tenor === 20. vijek === * [[1913]] – [[Bao Dai]], posljednji vijetnamski car * [[1919]] – [[Doris Lessing]], engleska književnica * [[1920]] – [[Timothy Leary]], američki pisac i psiholog * [[1921]] – [[Georges Brassens]], francuski šansonjer * [[1940]] – [[Katica Lacković-Grgin]], [[hrvatska]] [[Psihologija|psihologinja]] * [[1943]] – [[Catherine Deneuve]], francuska glumica * [[1959]] – [[Nancy Bell-Johnstone]], [[SAD|američka]] [[biatlon]]ka * [[1964]] – [[Dražen Petrović]], hrvatski košarkaš * [[1969]] – [[Helmut Lotti]], belgijski pjevač * [[1976]] – [[Sofia Domeij]], [[švedska]] [[biatlon]]ka i [[Nordijsko skijanje|nordijska skijašica-trkačica]] * [[1996]] – [[Johannes Høsflot Klæbo]], norveški skijaš-trkač * [[1997]] – [[Ana Cotrus]], [[Rumunija|rumunska]] [[biatlon]]ka == Umrli == === 18. vijek === * [[1725]] – [[Alessandro Scarlatti]], [[italija]]nski [[barok]]ni kompozitor === 20. vijek === * [[1906]] – [[Paul Cézanne]], francuski slikar * [[1908]] – [[Odette Bancilhon]], [[francuska]] [[astronom]]kinja === 21. vijek === * [[2014]] – [[Rinat Safin]], [[Sovjetski Savez|sovjetski]] [[biatlon]]ac * [[2021]] – [[Vera Kuzmina]], rusko-čuvaška pozorišna glumica == Praznici == {{Proširiti sekciju}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commonscat|22 October}} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/22 Na današnji dan (22. oktobar), ''BBC.co.uk''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312192159/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/October/22 |date=12. 3. 2007}} {{en simbol}} * [http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/on-this-day/october-22 Na današnji dan (22. oktobar), ''nytimes.com''] {{en simbol}} {{Mjeseci}} [[Kategorija:Oktobar|*-22]] gmhoppz5k7bhqbg12fy50wrz5f2wif6 1940. 0 7635 3849274 3846424 2026-05-25T12:50:22Z Bosancica by MK 173186 Dodano: [[22. oktobar]] – [[Katica Lacković-Grgin]], [[hrvatska]] [[Psihologija|psihologinja]] 3849274 wikitext text/x-wiki {{godina}} {{Godina u drugim kalendarima}}'''1940.''' (MCMXL) je bila prijestupna godina koja počinje u ponedjeljak po gregorijanskom kalendaru, 1940. godina nove ere i ''Anno Domini'' (AD), 940. godina 2. milenija, 40. godina 20. stoljeća i prve godine decenije 1940-ih. Kalendar iz 1940. prema gregorijanskom kalendaru, koji uključuje datume Uskrsa i povezanih praznika, ne može se ponovo koristiti do 5280. godine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.webexhibits.org/calendars/year-definitions.html|title=Definitions Of Our Year {{!}} Calendars|access-date=9. 3. 2020}}</ref> == Događaji == * [[12. mart]] - Potpisan [[Moskovski mirovni sporazum (1940)|Moskovski mirovni sporazum]] čime je završen [[Zimski rat]] između [[Finska|Finske]] i [[Sovjetski Savez|Sovjetskog Saveza]]. * [[2. april]] - [[Njemačka]] vojska okupirala [[Danska|Dansku]] i napala [[Norveška|Norvešku]]. * [[19. oktobar]] – u [[Zagreb]]u počela [[Peta zemaljska konferencija KPJ]]. * [[16. novembar]] ** [[Drugi svjetski rat]]: Kraljevsko zrakoplovstvo (RAF) bombardiralo [[Hamburg]]. ** [[Holokaust]]: u Poljskoj nacisti zatvorili Varšavski [[Geto]], izoliravši ga od vanjskog svijeta. * [[27. novembar]] - U [[Rumunija|Rumuniji]] je [[Ion Antonescu]]o profašistička "Željezna garda" ubila više od 60 saradnika izbjeglog kralja Karola II, uključujući i bivšeg premijera [[Nicolae Iorga|Nicolaea Iorge]]. == Rođeni == Nepoznat datum – [[Pitsa Galazi]], kiparska esejistkinja, pjesnikinja i emiterka === Januar === * [[1. januar]] – [[Mersad Berber]], [[Bosna i Hercegovina|bosanskohercegovački]] slikar * [[4. januar]] ** [[Gao Xingjian]], francuski pisac, prevodilac i slikar kineskog porijekla ** [[Brian Josephson]], velški teorijski fizičar *[[25. januar]] - [[Vinko Krajtmajer]], bosanskohercegovački kompozitor === Februar === * [[5. februar]] – [[Hans Rudolf Giger]], švicarski umjetnik === Mart === * [[5. mart]] – [[Olivera Katarina]], srbijanska glumica, pjevačica i spisateljica * [[25. mart]] – [[Mina (pjevačica)|Mina]], italijanska pjevačica === April === * [[1. april]] – [[Wangari Maathai]], kenijska aktivistkinja * [[7. april]] – [[Nijaz Alispahić]], bosanskohercegovački književnik * [[8. april]] – [[John Havlicek]], američki košarkaš; * [[10. april]] – [[Alan Notley]], [[Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo|britanski]] [[biatlon]]ac * [[11. april]] – [[Hasan Muratović]], [[Bosna i Hercegovina|bosanskohercegovački]] poduzetnik i političar * [[14. april]] – [[Julie Christie]], britanska glumica * [[16. april]] – [[Walter Müller (biatlonac)|Walter Müller]], [[Austrija|austrijski]] [[biatlon]]ac * [[28. april]] – [[Frederick Andrew]], [[Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo|britanski]] [[biatlon]]ac === Maj === * [[9. maj]] – [[George Ede (biatlonac)|George Ede]], [[Kanada|kanadski]] [[biatlon]]ac * [[15. maj]] – [[Miki Shibuya]], japanski [[biatlon]]ac === Juni === * [[20. juni]] – [[John Mahoney]], britansko-američki glumac * [[25. juni]] – [[Kalevi Vähäkylä]], [[Finska|finski]] [[biatlon]]ac === Juli === * [[4. juli]] – [[Filip David]], [[SFR Jugoslavija|jugoslavenski]] i [[srbija]]nski pisac i scenarist * [[8. juli]] – [[Liliana Budicin-Manestar]], hrvatska sopranistica * [[13. juli]] – [[Mirko Marjanović (pisac)|Mirko Marjanović]] bosanskohercegovački i hrvatski pripovjedač, romanopisac, književni i likovni kritičar * [[21. juli]] – [[Constantin Carabela]], [[Rumunija|rumunski]] [[biatlon]]ac * [[22. juli]] – [[Peter Tancock]], [[Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo|britanski]] [[biatlon]]ac === August === * [[7. august]] – [[Jean-Luc Dehaene]], belgijski političar * [[19. august]] – [[Johnny Nash]], američki [[reggae]] pjevač * [[29. august]] – [[Rinat Safin]], [[Sovjetski Savez|sovjetski]] [[biatlon]]ac, četverostruki [[Spisak svjetskih prvaka u biatlonu|svjetski prvak]] i [[Spisak olimpijskih pobjednika u biatlonu|olimpijski prvak]] u biatlonu === Septembar === * [[19. septembar]] – [[Nicolae Bărbăşescu]], [[Rumunija|rumunski]] [[biatlon]]ac * [[20. septembar]] – [[Hansjörg Farbmacher]],[[Austrija|austrijski]] [[biatlon]]ac i [[Skijaško-trčanje|skijaš-trkač]] === Oktobar === * [[5. oktobar]] – [[Milena Dravić]], [[srbija]]nska i [[Jugoslavija|jugoslavenska]] filmska, pozorišna i televizijska glumica * [[9. oktobar]] - [[John Lennon]], britanski pjevač, gitarista i član grupe [[The Beatles]] * [[20. oktobar]] – [[Nedžad Ibrišimović]], bosanskohercegovački književnik * [[22. oktobar]] – [[Katica Lacković-Grgin]], [[hrvatska]] [[Psihologija|psihologinja]] === Novembar === * [[22. novembar]] – [[Terry Gilliam]], američko-britanski režiser i animator, član komičarske grupe ''[[Monty Python]]'' * [[25. novembar]] – [[Alija Behmen]], bosanskohercegovački političar * 25. novembar – [[Percy Sledge]], američki R'n'B i soul pjevač * [[26. novembar]] – [[Giovanni Astegiano]], [[italija]]nski [[biatlon]]ac === Decembar === * [[8. decembar]] – [[Aimé Gruet-Masson]], [[Francuska|francuski]] [[biatlon]]ac * [[18. decembar]] – [[Herbert Hindelang]], [[Zapadna Njemačka|zapadnonjemački]] [[biatlon]]ac * [[27. decembar]] – [[William Cliff]], belgijski pjesnik == Umrli == === Januar=== * [[9. januar]] – [[Josip Jiránek]], jugoslavenski dirigent i kompozitor češkog porijekla === Februar === * [[7. februar]] – [[Josip Chládek Bohinjski]], slovenski kompozitor i dirigent === Mart === * [[16. mart]] - [[Selma Lagerlöf]], švedska književnica === April === === Maj === * [[14. maj]] - [[Emma Goldman]], litvanska feministica === Juni === === Juli === * [[19. juli]] – [[Blanche Huber]], prva žena na [[Malta|Malti]] koja se školovala za liječnicu. === August === * [[5. august]] - [[Frederick Albert Cook]], američki istraživač i pisac * [[21. august]] - [[Lav Trocki]], boljševički i marksistički teoretičar === Septembar === * [[26. septembar]] - [[Walter Benjamin]], njemački filozof * [[28. septembar]] - [[Édouard Claparède]], švicarski neurolog i psiholog === Oktobar === * [[14. oktobar]] – [[Heinrich Kayser]], njemački [[fizičar]] === Novembar === === Decembar === == Nobelove nagrade == * Nisu dodijeljene nagrade {{Commonscat|1940|1940.}} == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Normativna kontrola}} 7oien63urmgipa9z02jahbimn3t8ee5 Safet Isović 0 7644 3849397 3798837 2026-05-26T06:31:03Z Panasko 146730 Odbijena prva izmjena teksta korisnika [[Posebno:Doprinosi/~2025-30210-66|~2025-30210-66]] koja je načinjena nakon izmjene 3755241 korisnika 87.116.183.107 3849397 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija osoba | ime = Safet Isović | slika = Safet-isovic.jpg | veličina_slike = 250px | alt_slike = | opis = | ime_pri_rođenju = | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja|1936|10|20}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Bileća]], [[Kraljevina Jugoslavija]] | datum_smrti = {{Datum smrti i godine|2007|09|02|1936|01|08}} | mjesto_smrti = [[Sarajevo]], [[Bosna i Hercegovina]] | nacionalnost = | druga_imena = | zanimanje = pjevač sevdalinke | godine_aktivnosti = 1956–2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jutarnji.hr/umro-jedan-od-najboljih-izvodaca-sevdalinki-safet-isovic/266685/|title=Umro jedan od najboljih izvođača sevdalinki Safet Isović|publisher=Jutarnji|date=2. 9. 2007|access-date=18. 7. 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129044553/http://www.jutarnji.hr/umro-jedan-od-najboljih-izvodaca-sevdalinki-safet-isovic/266685/|archive-date=29. 11. 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiopreporod.com/temp/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=77&Itemid=34|title=Danas u Sarajevu Umro Safet Isovic|publisher=Radio Preporod|date=2. 9. 2007|access-date=18. 7. 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129050523/http://www.radiopreporod.com/temp/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=77&Itemid=34|archive-date=29. 11. 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> | poznat_po = | značajni_radovi = | modul = {{Infokutija muzičar |ugradi=da | žanr = {{flatlist| * [[Sevdalinka]] * [[folk muzika|bosanski folk]] }} | background = solo_izvođač | instrument = {{flatlist| * Vokali }} | izdavač = {{flatlist| * [[Jugoton]] * [[Produkcija gramofonskih ploča Radio-televizije Beograd|PGP RTB]] * [[Diskoton]] * Beograd Disk * Sani Produktion * Terra * Extra Music }} | povezani_umjetnici = {{flatlist| * [[Zaim Imamović]] * [[Mile Petrović]] * [[Beba Selimović]] * [[Jozo Penava]] * [[Omer Pobrić]] * [[Ismet Alajbegović Šerbo]] }} }} }} '''Safet Isović''' ([[Bileća]], 20. oktobar 1936 – [[Sarajevo]], 2. septembar 2007) bio je jedan od najznačajnijih predstavnika [[Bosna i Hercegovina|bosanskohercegovačke]] [[Sevdalinka|sevdalinke]] iz druge polovine 20. i početka 21. vijeka. Svojim kvalitetnim pjevačkim izvedbama do danas ostao je uzor mnogim mladim izvođačima ove vrste muzike. Saradnjom s poznatim srbijanskim duetom [[Radojka Živković|Radojkom]] i [[Tine Živković|Tinetom Živkovićem]] kao i drugim poznatim izvođačima narodne muzike dao je doprinos u popularisanju sevdalinke izvan granica Bosne i Hercegovine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sevdalinka.info/izvodaci/doajeni-sevdaha/safet-isovic-2/|title=Safet Isović - Sevdalinka}}</ref> == Biografija == Rođen je 20. oktobra 1936. u [[Bileća|Bileći]]. Tokom [[drugi svjetski rat|drugog svjetskog rata]] napustio je Bileću kao izbjeglica sa svojim roditeljima. Od tada bio je nastanjen u [[Banja Luka|Banjoj Luci]] gdje je pohađao osnovnu školu "''Šesta pučka škola''". Nakon završetka [[Drugi svjetski rat|rata]] vratio se u Bileću gdje je upisao i maturirao [[Gimnazija|gimnaziju]], a potom upisao višu gimnaziju u [[Trebinje|Trebinju]]. Nakon šestog razreda preseljava u [[Slavonski Brod]] gdje je nastavio školovanje u gimnaziji "''Zlatko Šnajder''", bio je među najboljim đacima i završio veliku maturu 1955. Iste godine je preselio u [[Sarajevo]] i počeo studirati na [[Pravni fakultet u Sarajevu|Pravnom fakultetu]]. U Sarajevu je, nakon doseljenja, proveo ostatak života. U društvu svojih prijatelja je često [[Pjevanje|pjevao]] stare sevdalinke koje nikad nije snimio. Jedna od njih je "''Na Ophodži prema Bakijama''", a volio je pjevati i [[vranjanski sevdah]].<ref name="poznati.info">{{Cite web |url=http://poznati.info/safet-isovic-biografija/ |title=Arhivirana kopija |access-date=22. 7. 2013 |archive-date=3. 12. 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203092409/http://poznati.info/safet-isovic-biografija/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> U ljeto 1992, tokom [[Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini|rata]] Isović je bio teško ranjen u svojoj porodičnoj kući u Sarajevu. Jedno vrijeme zadržava se u [[Zagreb]]u, gdje učestvuje u osnivanju društva hrvatsko-bošnjačkog prijateljstva. Nakon rata vratio se u Sarajevo. Na velikom solističkom koncertu u [[Olimpijska dvorana Zetra|Zetri]], održanom 29. maja 2003, okupio je predstavnike [[Ulema|uleme]], [[Slikarstvo|slikara]] i [[pisac]]a, pa sve do [[novinar]]a. Pjevao je aktivno više od pola vijeka. Preminuo je 2. septembra 2007, a ukopan je dva dana kasnije u haremu [[Ali-pašina džamija|Ali-pašine džamije]] u Sarajevu.<ref name="poznati.info"/> == Muzičko stvaralaštvo == Tokom studiranja u Sarajevu, često je sa prijateljima "pjevušio" u hodniku tokom odmora. Njegovo pjevanje se svidjelo Hasku Haveriću koji ga je tada jedva nagovorio da postane član ansambla narodnih igara i pjesama studentskog društva "Slobodan Princip Seljo" gdje je polagao [[audicija|audiciju]] pred komisijom u kojoj su bili Selver Pašić, Selim Salihbegović i drugi. Zbog talenta kojeg je imao, odmah je bio primljen. Godine 1956. po nagovoru ljudi iz ansambla je otišao na audiciju na [[Radio Sarajevo]]. Nakon što je položio audiciju (iz drugog pokušaja), odobreno mu je da snimi dvije pjesme. Prve pjesme koje je snimio su bile "[[Kad ja pođem iz Sarajeva grada]]" i "[[Kasno prođoh kraj Morića hana]]" koje su emitirane na dan oslobođenja Sarajeva 1957. godine prvi put na Radio Sarajevu. Prvi solistički [[koncert]] je održao u "''Domu sindikata''" u [[Beograd]]u 19. marta 1963. godine kojeg je otvorio pjesmom "''Otvori vrata od hamama, Zlato, Zlatijo''". Zatim su slijedile godine njegovog velikog uspjeha. Bio je pobjednik mnogih velikih muzičkih [[festival]]a, dobitnik nagrade "Zlatni mikrofon" i oko 35 zlatnih i srebrnih ploča, zatim dobitnik Estradne nagrade BiH i Estradne nagrade bivše [[Jugoslavija|Jugoslavije]].<ref name="cesarica.net">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cesarica.net/t4673/safet-isovic-biografija-diskografija-popis-pjesama-slike/ |title=Arhivirana kopija |access-date=22. 7. 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008204740/http://www.cesarica.net/t4673/safet-isovic-biografija-diskografija-popis-pjesama-slike/ |archive-date=8. 10. 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Njegova muzika predstavljala je jednu novu [[duhovnost]], zasnovanu na spoju izvorne [[Tradicija|tradicije]] i socijalističkog "moderniziranog" narodnjaštva. Safet Isović je "demokratizirao" sevdalinku, učinio ju je pjesmom širokih narodnih masa. Pjevao je na svim važnijim društvenim manifestacijama, a u nekoliko navrata i u društvu sa [[Josip Broz Tito|Titom]]. Svojim kristalnim [[tenor]]om, on je pjesme o neostvarenoj ljubavnoj žudnji izvodio s nekom vrstom scenske samouvjerenosti i superiornosti.<ref name="Arhivirana kopija">{{Cite web|url=http://www.f-ton.org/forum/imena-na-estradi/8223-safet-isovic.html|title=Arhivirana kopija|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829220233/http://www.f-ton.org/forum/imena-na-estradi/8223-safet-isovic.html|archive-date=29. 8. 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=22. 7. 2013}}</ref> Dvorane u kojima je održavao solističke [[koncert]]e, širom svijeta, su bile prepune kad god je gostovao. Vrhunac svih tih gostovanja je bio održani koncert u prepunoj [[Opera (muzika)|operskoj]] dvorani u [[Sydney]]u u kojoj je ušao u katalog izvođača i jedini je pjevač iz bivše [[Jugoslavija|Jugoslavije]] koji je u njoj gostovao. Snimio je brojne [[sevdalinka|sevdalinke]] za arhiv Radio Sarajeva (uključujući i nekoliko sevdalinki uz [[saz]]). Bio je aktivan član Udruženja estradnih radnika Bosne i Hercegovine. == Saradnja s drugim muzičarima == Zahvaljujući Safetu, mnoge sevdalinke su ostale zabilježene za sva vremena kroz njegove [[Zvuk|audio]] i [[video]] snimke i arhivske snimke za Radio Sarajevo. Kroz dugu muzičku karijeru je sarađivao sa mnogim [[muzičar]]ima, izvođačima i tekstopiscima. Snimio je dosta pjesama u duetu sa izvođačima: [[Zaim Imamović|Zaimom Imamovićem]], Nadom Mamulom, Mehom Puzićem, [[Mile Petrović|Miletom Petrovićem]], [[Beba Selimović|Bebom Selimović]]. == Antologijski snimci == {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="border-collapse:collapse;" | * "[[Đul Zulejha]]" * "[[Boluje Anka Prijedorka]]" * "[[Balada o Morićima]]" * "[[Djevojka sokolu zulum učinila]]" * "[[Grana od bora, pala kraj mora]]" * "[[Kasno prođoh kraj Morića hana]]" * "[[Mujo kuje konja po mjesecu]]" * "[[Moj dilbere]]" * "[[Kiša bi pala]]" * "[[Dvi planine viš' Travnika grada]]" * "[[Mujo đogu po mejdanu voda]]" * "[[Stara staza]]" * "[[Sjetuje me majka]]" | * "[[Od sveg' me je sačuvala majka]]" * "[[Kolika je šeher Banja Luka]]" * "[[Put putuje Latif-aga]]" * "[[Vozila se po Vrbasu lađa]]" * "[[Slavuj ptica mala]]" * "[[Zmaj od Bosne]]" * "[[Haj, kakve Ajka crne oči ima]]" * "[[Vrbas voda nosila jablana]]" * "[[Akšam mrače, moj po Bogu brate]]". * "[[Zarasle su staze moje]]". * "[[Šta bi sevdah bez nas dvoje]]" * "[[Kad ja pođoh na bembašu]]" * "[[Trepetiljka trepetala]]" |} == Diskografija == {{Glavni|Diskografija Safeta Isovića}} Tokom svoje dugogodišnje karijere, Safet je snimio nekoliko stotina pjesama. U početku je kao i ostali izvođači snimao [[Muzički singl|singl ploče]] s dvije, a zatim sa četiri pjesme. Polovinom 1970-ih počeo je snimati LP (''Long play'') albume, a kasnije [[CD]]-e. == Također pogledajte == * [[Sevdalinka]] * [[Spisak sevdalinki]] * [[Spisak sevdalija|Spisak sevdahlija]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080207035103/http://www.danas.co.yu/20070915/vikend4.html Jovo Cvjetković o Safetu Isoviću] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080302004322/http://www.bosnaprkosnaodsna.mine.nu/safetisovic.htm Kolekcija tonskih zapisa] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080130140527/http://www.tekstovi-pjesama.com/trazi.php?izvodjac=Safet+Isovic Tekstovi Safetovih pjesama] == Reference == {{reference}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Isović, Safet}} [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1936.]] [[Kategorija:Umrli 2007.]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Bileća]] [[Kategorija:Bosanskohercegovački pjevači]] [[Kategorija:Sevdalije]] [[Kategorija:Političari Stranke demokratske akcije]] gdvfzlstj3ll5l3fj0rvemhahz9rjhy Lilium bosniacum 0 8681 3849451 3798995 2026-05-26T11:26:40Z Panasko 146730 3849451 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:''Lilium bosniacum''}} {{Taksokvir | boja = lightgreen | slika = Bosanski ljiljan - Ozren 1.JPG | slika_širina =250px | naziv = ''Lilium bosniacum'' | regnum = [[Biljke|Plantae]] | phylum = | classis = | ordo = [[Liliales]] | familia = ''[[Liliaceae]]'' | genus = ''Lilium'' | dvoimeno= '''''Lilium bosniacum'''' | dvoimeno_autorstvo = [[Carl Linné|L.]] | status = EN }} '''Bosanski ljiljan''' – ''Lilium bosniacum'' (Beck ex Fritsch) − je vrsta [[ljiljan]]a porijeklom iz [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosne i Hercegovine]]. Poznat je i kao '''Zlatni ljiljan''' i '''Bosanski ljiljan'''. Dugo je smatran podgrupom vrsta ''Lilium pyrenaicum'' i/ili ''Lilium carniolicum'', ali su 2005. bosanskohercegovačke populacije izdvojene u posebnu vrstu.<ref name=":0">Muratović, E., Bogunić, F., Soljan, D., & Siljak-Yakovlev, S. 2005: Does Lilium bosniacum merit species rank? A classical and molecular-cytogenetic analysis. Pl. Syst. Evolution 252: 97–109.</ref> Neki rezultati molekularnih studija<ref>I. Resetnik, Z. Liber, Z. Satovic, P. Cigic, T. Nikolic: ''Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the Lilium carniolicum group (Liliaceae) based on nuclear ITS sequences'', in: Plant Systematics and Evolution, 265: 45–58 (2007)</ref> tretiraju ga kao infraspecifični takson ''Lilium carniolicum''. ''Lilium bosniacum'', zajedno s ''[[Lilium albanicum]]'' i ''[[Lilium jankae]]'', tretirani su kao varijante ''[[Lilium carniolicum]]''. Međutim, opsežne DNK analize<ref>[http://www.bgbm.org/willdenowia/w-pdf/wi36-2Ikinci+al.pdf Nursel Ikinci, Christoph Oberprieler, Adil Güner: On the origin of European lilies: phylogenetic analysis of Lilium section Liriotypus (Liliaceae) using sequences of the nuclear ribosomal transcribed spacers, In: Willdenowia 36, 2006, str. 647–656.]</ref><ref name=":0" /> pokazale su da je ova grupa polifiletička. Bosanski ljiljan doseže visine između 30 i 90 centimetara. [[Cvijet]] je od zlatno žute do žuto-narandžaste ili žućkasto crvene boje. Cvjeta u maju i junu. Na vrhu stabljike obično ima jedan do tri viseća cvijeta, čije su latice debele i savijene unatrag. Prašnici strše i intenzivnije su [[Biološki pigment|pigmentirani]] od latica. [[Datoteka:LILIUM.png|mini|lijevo|250px|Bosanski ljiljan iz okoline Sarajeva]] Raste na kraškim padinama i grebenima, na nadmorskim visinama od 1.200 do 1.900&nbsp;m. == Bosanski simbol == {{Glavni|Bosanski ljiljan (simbol)}} Ljiljan se još naziva i zlatni ljiljan, simbol dinastije [[Kotromanići|Kotromanića]] u [[Bosna i Hercegovina u srednjem vijeku|srednjovjekovnoj Bosni]]. Kada je [[Bosna i Hercegovina]] ponovo postala nezavisna država, 1992, zlatni ljiljan se nalazio na zastavi i grbu [[Republika Bosna i Hercegovina|Republike]], ali i [[Armija Republike Bosne i Hercegovine|Armije BiH]]. ==Reference== {{Refspisak}} == Također pogledajte == * [[Endem]] * [[Endemizam]] * [[Bosanskohercegovački endemi]] * [[Armija Republike Bosne i Hercegovine]] * [[Bosanci]] * [[Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini]] {{commonscat|Lilium bosniacum}} [[Kategorija:Bosanskohercegovački endemi]] [[Kategorija:Flora Bosne i Hercegovine]] [[Kategorija:Liliaceae]] 27p2hlgx01chkxl3yuu8oy0fjmzb0wn Domaljevac-Šamac 0 9158 3849319 3823322 2026-05-25T17:36:56Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 2 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija naselje u BiH | ime = Domaljevac-Šamac | drugo_ime = | službeno_ime = Općina Domaljevac-Šamac | naselje_vrsta = Općina | slika = Trg i spomenik u Domaljevcu.jpg | slika_veličina = | slika_alt = | slika_opis = Trg i spomenik u Domaljevcu | slika_zastava = Domaljevac flag.gif | zastava_alt = | slika_grb = Domaljevacgrb.gif | grb_alt = | etimologija = | nadimak = | moto = | slika_karta = BiH municipality location Domaljevac-Šamac.svg | karta_alt = | karta_opis = Općina Domaljevac-Šamac u Bosni i Hercegovini | koordinate = {{coord|45|03|47.4|N|18|34|58.1|E|type:city|display=inline,title}} | entitet = [[Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine]] | kanton = [[Posavski kanton|Posavski]] | osnovan = 1548. | osnivač = | sjedište = | načelnik = Stjepan Piljić<ref name="izbori2020">{{cite web |title=Domaljevac-Šamac |url=https://www.izbori.ba/Rezultati_izbora/?resId=27&langId=1#/8/20/0 |website=izbori.ba |publisher=Centralna izborna komisija Bosne i Hercegovine |access-date=6. 12. 2020}}</ref> | načelnik_stranka = [[HDZ BiH]] | površina_općine = 36.83 | površina_fusnote = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> | površina_bilješka = | nadmorska_visina = 85 | visina_fusnote = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> | najveća_visina = | najveća_visina_vrh = | najmanja_visina = | najmanja_visina_vrh = | stanovništvo_datum = [[Popis stanovništva u Bosni i Hercegovini 2013.|2013]] | stanovništvo_fusnote = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> | stanovništvo_općina = 4771 | stanovništvo_općina_izvor = | stanovništvo_demonim = | poštanski_broj = 76 233 | pozivni_broj = (+387) 31 | matični_broj_općine = 11282<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fzs.ba/Dem/Popis/nas_mjestaBiH.pdf |title=Sistematski spisak općina i naseljenih mjesta u Bosni i Hercegovini |work=fzs.ba |access-date=24. 11. 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305101405/http://www.fzs.ba/Dem/Popis/nas_mjestaBiH.pdf |archive-date=5. 3. 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | veb-sajt = {{URL|http://www.domaljevac.ba/}} | fusnote = }} '''Domaljevac-Šamac''' jedna je od tri općine u [[Posavski kanton|Posavskom kantonu]] na sjeveru [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosne i Hercegovine]]. Poslije potpisivanja [[Dejtonski sporazum|Dejtonskog mirovnog sporazuma]], najveći dio općine [[Šamac]] ušao je u sastav [[Republika Srpska|Republike Srpske]]. U sastav Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine, ušla su naseljena mjesta: [[Bazik]] i [[Domaljevac]], te dijelovi naseljenih mjesta: [[Šamac]], [[Brvnik (Domaljevac-Šamac)|Brvnik]], [[Grebnice (Domaljevac-Šamac)|Grebnice]] i [[Tišina (Šamac)|Tišina]]. Od ovog područja formirana je općina Domaljevac-Šamac. == Geografija == Općina Domaljevac-Šamac nalazi se u sjevernom dijelu Bosne i Hercegovine. == Stanovništvo == {{Glavni|Demografija Domaljevca-Šamca|Spisak naseljenih mjesta u općini Domaljevac-Šamac}} === Nacionalni sastav stanovništva – općina Domaljevac-Šamac === {{Stanovništvo BiH | naslov_tabele = Sastav stanovništva | ime_naseljenog_mjesta = Domaljevac-Šamac | vrsta_naseljenog_mjesta = općina | maticni_broj = 11282 | admin_godina = 2013 | g2013_izvor = <ref name="popis2013nm">{{cite web|title=Popis 2013 BiH – Stanovništvo prema etničkoj/nacionalnoj pripadnosti i spolu, po naseljenim mjestima|url=http://www.popis.gov.ba/popis2013/doc/Knjiga2/BOS/K2_T2-2_B.xlsx|work=popis.gov.ba|access-date=19. 9. 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919132628/http://www.popis.gov.ba/popis2013/doc/Knjiga2/BOS/K2_T2-2_B.xlsx|archive-date=19. 9. 2017}}</ref> | g1991_izvor = <ref name="Nacionalni sastav stanovništva Republike Bosne i Hercegovine 1991.">{{Cite web |url=http://fzs.ba/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/nacionalni-sastav-stanovnistva-po-naseljenim-mjestima-bilten-234.pdf |title=Nacionalni sastav stanovništva Republike Bosne i Hercegovine 1991.(str. 14) |work=fzs.ba |access-date= 24. 4. 2016}}</ref> | g2013_ukupno = 4771 | g2013_bosnjaci = 17 | g2013_srbi = 92 | g2013_hrvati = 4634 | g2013_romi = 5 | g2013_jugosloveni = 3 | g2013_ukrajinci = 2 | g2013_nisu_izjasnili = 12 | g2013_nepoznato = 3 | g1991_ukupno = 4691 | g1991_muslimani = 7 | g1991_srbi = 26 | g1991_hrvati = 4598 | g1991_jugosloveni = 35 }} === Nacionalni sastav stanovništva – naselje Domaljevac === {{Stanovništvo BiH | naslov_tabele = Sastav stanovništva | ime_naseljenog_mjesta = Domaljevac | vrsta_naseljenog_mjesta = naselje | maticni_broj = 105970 | admin_godina = 2013 | g2013_izvor = <ref name="popis2013nm" /> | g1991_izvor = <ref name="Nacionalni sastav stanovništva Republike Bosne i Hercegovine 1991." /> | g2013_ukupno = 3295 | g2013_bosnjaci = 14 | g2013_srbi = 16 | g2013_hrvati = 3248 | g2013_romi = 2 | g2013_jugosloveni = 2 | g2013_ukrajinci = 1 | g2013_nisu_izjasnili = 8 | g2013_nepoznato = 2 | g1991_ukupno = 4152 | g1991_hrvati = 4072 | g1991_jugosloveni = 31 | g1991_muslimani = 7 | g1991_srbi = 20 }} == Historija == Današnja općina konstituirana je 1998. godine na dijelu teritorije prijeratne općine [[Bosanski Šamac]].<ref name="Zakon1998">{{cite web|url=https://www.fbihvlada.gov.ba/bosanski/zakoni/1998/zakoni/6%20h%20kons%20novi%20opcina.htm|title=Zakon o konstituiranju novih općina u Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine i izmjeni područja općina podijeljenih međuentitetskom i međukantonalnom-međužupanijskom crtom|website=Vlada Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine|access-date=13. 3. 2026}}</ref><ref name="ProstorniPlan">{{cite web|url=https://domaljevac.ba/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Nacrt-prostornog-plana-opcine-Domaljevac-Samac.pdf|title=Nacrt prostornog plana općine Domaljevac-Šamac za period 2020–2040. godine|website=Općina Domaljevac-Šamac|access-date=13. 3. 2026}}</ref> === Rani period === Prema lokalnim pregledima historije i sekundarnim izvorima, naselje [[Domaljevac]] prvi put se spominje 1548. godine.<ref name="Mostarski">{{cite web|url=https://mostarski.ba/opcina-domaljevac-samac/|title=Upoznajmo BiH / Općina Domaljevac-Šamac|website=Mostarski.ba|access-date=13. 3. 2026|archive-date=17. 1. 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117044533/https://mostarski.ba/opcina-domaljevac-samac/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Područje današnjeg Domaljevca-Šamca pripadalo je širem prostoru [[Bosanska Posavina|Bosanske Posavine]], koji je kroz osmanski period imao izrazito pogranični i riječki karakter, uz snažnu povezanost sa savskim prometnim pravcem i naseljima s druge strane [[Sava|Save]].<ref name="ProstorniPlan" /> U 19. stoljeću važan element lokalnog razvoja postala je crkvena organizacija. [[Župa Domaljevac]] oblikovana je odvajanjem od starijih posavskih župa, a formalno je kao župa potvrđena 1864. godine, što je predstavljalo važan korak u institucionalnom razvoju mjesta.<ref name="Posavina1864">{{cite web|url=https://www.posavina.org/domaljevac/pripreme-za-150-godisnjicu-zupe-domaljevac|title=Pripreme za 150. godišnjicu Župe Domaljevac|website=Posavina.org|access-date=13. 3. 2026}}</ref> === Od austrougarskog perioda do 1945. === U vrijeme [[Austro-Ugarska|austrougarske uprave]] naselja Bosanske Posavine prolazila su kroz upravne, demografske i privredne promjene karakteristične za sjever Bosne i Hercegovine. Prema preglednim lokalnim izvorima, do 1910. godine postojali su Gornji i Donji Domaljevac.<ref name="Mostarski" /> Godine 1926, u vrijeme [[Kraljevina Jugoslavija|Kraljevine Jugoslavije]], Domaljevac je prvi put dobio status općine. U njen sastav tada su ulazila naselja Domaljevac, Batkuša, Bazik, Brvnik, Grebnice, Liskovac i Odmut.<ref name="Mostarski" /> Time je naselje steklo širi lokalnoupravni značaj unutar šamačkog kraja. Tokom [[Drugi svjetski rat|Drugog svjetskog rata]] područje Posavine bilo je zahvaćeno ratnim operacijama, promjenama vlasti i ljudskim stradanjima, kao i druga mjesta uz savski pojas. Nakon 1945. Domaljevac je izgubio status zasebne općine i ušao u sastav općine Bosanski Šamac.<ref name="Mostarski" /> === Period socijalističke Jugoslavije === U periodu [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija|socijalističke Jugoslavije]] područje današnjeg Domaljevca-Šamca administrativno je bilo u sastavu općine Bosanski Šamac. U tom razdoblju razvijala su se mjesna naselja, putna povezanost i komunalna infrastruktura, dok je lokalno stanovništvo ostalo snažno vezano za poljoprivredu i život uz Savu.<ref name="ProstorniPlan" /> Savremeni teritorij općine obuhvata sjeveroistočni dio prijeratne općine Bosanski Šamac, odnosno cijela naselja Bazik i Domaljevac te veći ili manji dio naselja Bosanski Šamac, Brvnik, Grebnice i Tišina.<ref name="Zakon1998" /><ref name="ProstorniPlan" /> === Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini i poslijeratno razdoblje === Tokom [[Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini|rata u Bosni i Hercegovini]] područje Bosanske Posavine bilo je jedno od važnih ratišta na sjeveru zemlje. Poslijeratno teritorijalno razgraničenje između [[Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine|Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine]] i [[Republika Srpska|Republike Srpske]] oblikovalo je i današnji prostor općine Domaljevac-Šamac.<ref name="Zakon1998" /> Savremena općina formalno je konstituirana 1998. godine. Zakonom Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine utvrđeno je da područje općine Domaljevac-Šamac čine naseljena mjesta Bazik i Domaljevac te dijelovi naseljenih mjesta Bosanski Šamac, Brvnik, Grebnice i Tišina, a sjedište općine određeno je u Domaljevcu.<ref name="Zakon1998" /> === Savremeni razvoj === Službena općinska stranica navodi da je općina utemeljena 1998. godine te da se nalazi u središnjem dijelu Posavskog kantona, između [[Orašje|Orašja]] i [[Odžak]]a.<ref name="Opcina">{{cite web|url=https://domaljevac.ba/podaci-o-opcini/|title=O Općini|website=Općina Domaljevac-Šamac|access-date=13. 3. 2026}}</ref> Prema rezultatima [[Popis stanovništva u Bosni i Hercegovini 2013.|popisa stanovništva 2013.]], općina Domaljevac-Šamac imala je 4.771 stanovnika.<ref name="Popis2013">{{cite web|url=https://www.statistika.ba/?id=11282&show=12|title=Popis 2013 u BiH – Domaljevac-Šamac|website=Agencija za statistiku Bosne i Hercegovine|access-date=13. 3. 2026|archive-date=11. 2. 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260211132930/http://www.statistika.ba/?show=12&id=11282|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Uprava == Sjedište općine Domaljevac-Šamac je u naseljenom mjestu Domaljevac. == Galerija == <gallery> Datoteka:Municipality Domaljevac-Šamac Surroundings.png|Općina Domaljevac-Šamac Datoteka:Stadion Jelas Domaljevac.jpg|Stadion Jelas Domaljevac Datoteka:Crkva svete Ane Domaljevac.jpg|Crkva svete Ane </gallery> == Reference == {{reference}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commonscat|Domaljevac-Šamac}} {{Portal Bosna i Hercegovina}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160206033513/http://www.domaljevac.ba/ Zvanični sajt općine Domaljevac-Šamac] {{Administrativna podjela Bosne i Hercegovine}} {{Posavski kanton}} {{Općina Domaljevac-Šamac}} [[Kategorija:Općine Bosne i Hercegovine]] [[Kategorija:Općine Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine]] [[Kategorija:Općine u Posavskom kantonu]] [[Kategorija:Šamac]] [[Kategorija:Domaljevac-Šamac|*]] 0y72lm4ljn82fgkhubw3joiuus07rrr Debian 0 12291 3849284 3669964 2026-05-25T13:48:12Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849284 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nedostaju izvori}} {{Infokutija operativni sistem |naziv = '''Debian''' |logo = Debian-OpenLogo.svg |screenshot = Debian-8-desktop-background.png |opis = Debian 8.0 ("Jessie") sa [[GNOME]] [[Korisnički interfejs|korisničkim interfejsom]] |website = [http://debian.org/ www.debian.org] |razvijatelj = Debian projekt |grupa = [[Linux]] |izvorni model = |zadnja stabilna verzija = 11.0 (Bullseye)<ref>[https://wiki.debian.org/DebianReleases DebianReleases.] Debian Wiki</ref> |datum izdavanja stabilne verzije = [[14. april]] [[2021]]. |kernel = Monolitni |korisnički interfejs = Tekstualni (''shell'')/Grafički ([[KDE]])/([[GNOME]]) |licenca = [[Slobodni softver]] |radno stanje = Razvija se |platforme = [[i386]], [[AMD64]], [[PowerPC]], [[ARM arhitektura|ARM]], [[MIPS arhitektura|MIPS]], [[IBM eServer zSeries|S390]] |metoda nadogradnje = apt |upravljanje paketima = DEB }} '''Debian''', poznat još i kao '''Debian GNU/Linux''', je [[1993]]. nastao kao [[Linux]] distribucija koja sadrži isključivo [[GNU|slobodni softver]]. Konfigurisan je za 10 različitih [[računarska arhitektura|arhitektura]]. Pored [https://web.archive.org/web/20140211162509/http://www.apt-get.org/ APT-get], sistema za instaliranje i ažuriranje ({{jez-en|update}}) [[softver]]a, Debian sadrži i mnoge alate za sigurnosne aspekte sistema i njegovo uređenje. Najviše služi kao distribucija za prave programere i nudi pregršt aplikacija. Debian je potpuno demokratski organizovan, u rukama zajednice, i sve odluke se donose u javnosti. Sredinom septembra [[2006]]. Debian zapada u probleme po pitanju finansiranja, te sada [http://www.dunc-tank.org Dunc-Tank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070107110838/http://www.dunc-tank.org/ |date=7. 1. 2007 }} uzima novac od sponzora na račun Debiana. Korisnici Debiana su uglavnom entuzijasti i eksperti za Linux, jer je administracija u poređenju sa nekim drugim distribucijama dosta komplikovana. U međuvremenu su uprave grada [[Minhen]]a i grada [[Beč]]a otkazali ugovore sa [[Microsoft]] kompanijom i prelaze na Linux sisteme koji su bazirani na Debian distribuciji. == Verzije == Najnovija objavljena verzija Debiana se naziva ''stable''. Ispod možete vidjeti listu svih verzija Debian [[operativni sistem|operativnog sistema]]. * 11 - ''Bullseye''', izdat 14. augusta 2021 * 10 - '''Buster''', izdat 6. jula 2019 * 9 - '''Stretch''', izdat 17. juna 2017 * 8 - '''Jessie''', izdat 25. aprila 2015 * 7 - '''Wheezy''', izdat 4. maja 2013 *6.0 - '''Squeeze''', izdat [[6. februar]] [[2011]] * 5.0 - '''Lenny''', izdat [[14. februar]] [[2009]] * 4.0 - '''Etch''', izdat [[8. april]]a [[2007]]. * 3.1 – '''Sarge''', izdat [[6. juni|6. juna]] [[2005]]. * 3.0 – '''woody''', izdat [[19. juli|19 jula]] [[2002]]. * 2.2 – '''potato''', izdat [[15. august]]a [[2000]]. * 2.1 – '''slink''', izdat [[9. mart]]a [[1999]]. * 2.0 – '''hamm''', izdat [[24. juli|24. jula]] [[1998]]. * 1.3 – '''bo''', izdat [[2. juni|2. juna]] [[1997]]. * 1.2 – '''rex''', izdat [[12. decembar|12. decembra]] [[1996]]. * 1.1 – '''buzz''', izdat [[17. juni|17. juna]] [[1996]]. == Historija i razvoj == Debian Projekt je započet [[1993]], kada je [[Ian Murdock]] poslao otvoreni poziv softverskim razvijateljima ({{jez-en|maintainers}}) da doprinesu kompletnoj i dosljednoj softverskoj distribuciji baziranoj na relativno novom Linux kernelu. Ta relativno mala grupa entuzijasta posvećenih svom zadatku, koju je u početku finansirala [[Free Software Foundation]] i na koju je utjecala [[GNU]] filozofija, je tokom godina narasla na organizaciju od oko 1000 ''Debian razvijatelja''. Ime Debian je došlo iz imena tadašnje djevojke (danas žene) Iana Murdocka, Debre. == Filozofija rada == Debian programeri su uključeni u raznolike aktivnosti, uključujući uređivanje [http://www.debian.org/ WWW] i [https://web.archive.org/web/20060831143455/http://ftp.debian.org/ FTP] servera, grafički dizajn, legalnu analizu softverskih licenci, pisanje dokumentacije, i, naravno, održavanje softverskih paketa. U interesu komuniciranja filozofije i privlačenja razvijatelja koji vjeruju u principe koji su bit Debiana, Debian Projekt je objavio brojne dokumente koji opisuju njihove vrijednosti i služe kao vodiči objašnjenju Debian programera: * [http://www.debian.org/social_contract Debianov društveni ugovor] izražava Debianove obaveze prema zajednici slobodnog softvera. Svako tko pristane poštovati Debianov društveni ugovor može [http://www.debian.org/doc/maint-guide/ postati održavatelj]. Svaki održavatelj može u Debian uvesti nove programe --- ako oni zadovoljavaju kriterije slobode, a paket slijedi standarde kvalitete. * [http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines Debianovi vodiči slobodnog softvera] jasno i sažeto izražavaju Debianove kriterije slobodnog softvera. Ovo je vrlo uticajan dokument u pokretu slobodnog softvera i čini osnovu za [http://opensource.org/osd.html Open Source Free Software Guidelines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060924131853/http://www.opensource.org/osd.html |date=24. 9. 2006 }}. * [http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ Debian Policy Manual] je opširna specifikacija standarda kvalitete Debian Projekta. Debian razvijatelji su također uključeni u brojne druge projekte; neki su specifični za Debian, drugi uključuju neke ili sve članove Linux zajednice. Neki primjeri su: * [http://www.linuxbase.org/ Linux Standard Base] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031002023316/http://www.linuxbase.org/ |date=2. 10. 2003 }} (LSB) je projekt kojem je cilj standardizacija osnovnog GNU/Linux sistema, koja će omogućiti vanjskim softverskim i hardverskim razvijateljima da lagano dizajniraju upravljačke i razne druge programe za Linux općenito, nego za specifičnu GNU/Linux distribuciju. * [http://www.pathname.com/fhs/ Filesystem Hierarchy Standard] (FHS) je pokušaj standardiziranja dizajna Linux datotečnog sistema ({{jez-en|file system}}). FHS će omogućiti softverskim razvijateljima da koncentriraju svoje napore u dizajniranje programa, bez brige o tome kako će se paket instalirati u različitim GNU/Linux distribucijama. * [http://www.debian.org/devel/debian-jr/ Debian Jr.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060821151821/http://www.debian.org/devel/debian-jr/ |date=21. 8. 2006 }} je interni projekt, s ciljem da osigura da Debian ima nešto ponuditi najmlađim korisnicima. == Također pogledajte == * [[Spisak Linux distribucija]] == Reference == <references /> == Vanjski linkovi == * [http://www.debian.org Službena stranica] {{Simboli jezika|en|Engleski}} * [http://planet.debian.org/ Planet Debian] - blogovi Debian programera {{Simboli jezika|en|Engleski}} * [http://forums.debian.net/ Forum Debian korisnika] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060226040315/http://forums.debian.net/ |date=26. 2. 2006 }} {{Simboli jezika|en|Engleski}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161222132134/http://www.debianhelp.org/ Debian Help] - Wiki, forumi i blogovi {{Simboli jezika|en|Engleski}} * [http://wiki.debian.org/ Službeni Debian Wiki] {{Simboli jezika|en|Engleski}} * [http://www.netliving.com/ Debian Virtual Machine! (kompletan imidž)] {{Simboli jezika|en|Engleski}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060822195801/http://www.thoughtpolice.co.uk/vmware/ Debian Sarge, minimalna (netinstall) verzija] {{Simboli jezika|en|Engleski}} * [http://osvids.com/linclips/files/page7-1024-pop.html Debian 3.1 r1 - video] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311074139/http://osvids.com/linclips/files/page7-1024-pop.html |date=11. 3. 2007 }} {{Simboli jezika|en|Engleski}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061031155957/http://forum.linux.org.ba/viewforum.php?id=18 Debian podsekcija na forumu ULK BiH] {{Simboli jezika|bs|Bosanski}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180413015551/http://www.debian-world.com/ Debian World] - Forum u potpunosti posvećen Debian-u {{Simboli jezika|hr|Hrvatski}} {{Commons}} {{Linux-distro}} [[Kategorija:Linux distribucije]] dq85xwa6o1l4f5kxhyqc88xpbssbahs El Salvador 0 13097 3849365 3807842 2026-05-26T00:05:13Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 0 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija država | izvorno_ime = República de El Salvador | zvanično_ime = Republika El Salvador | ime_genitiv = Salvadora | zastava = Flag of El Salvador.svg | grb = Coat of arms of El Salvador.svg | mapa = LocationElSalvador.svg | službeni_jezik = [[španski jezik|španski]] | glavni_grad = [[San Salvador]] | vrsta_prve_vlasti = Predsjednik | vladar_prva_vlast = [[Claudia Rodríguez de Guevara]] | vrsta_druge_vlasti = | vladar_druga_vlast = | po_površini_na_svijetu = 152. | površina = 21.040 | procenat_vode = 1,4 | po_broju_stanovnika_na_svijetu = 97. | stanovnika = 6.600.000 | gustoća = 318,7 | nezavisnost = [[15. septembar]] [[1821]] | valuta = [[američki dolar]] | vremenska_zona = [[UTC]] -6 | himna = "[[Himno Nacional de El Salvador]]"<center>[[Datoteka:El Salvador National Anthem.ogg]]</center> | internetski_nastavak = [[.sv]] | pozivni_broj = +503 | komentar = || }} '''El Salvador''' ([[španski jezik|špan.]] ''El Salvador'' = spasitelj) je [[država]] u [[Srednja Amerika|Srednjoj Americi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/El-Salvador|title=Britannica.com El-Salvador}}</ref> Graniči sa [[Gvatemala|Gvatemalom]] na zapadu i [[Honduras]]om na sjeveru i istoku. Na jugu izlazi na [[Tihi okean]]. == Historija == Prije [[Španska|španskog]] osvajanja, prostor današnjeg Salvadora naseljavali su [[Indijanci]] organizirani u dvije veće države i nekoliko manjih.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/elsalvador/9352.htm|title=El Salvador (04/01)|website=U.S. Department of State|access-date=11. 1. 2026}}</ref> Domoroci su pripadali plemenu [[Pipil]], dijelu nomadskog naroda [[Nahua]], jednom od rijetkih srednjoameričkih plemena koja su rano prekinula obredno prinošenje ljudskih žrtava. U drugim detaljima je njihova kultura bila slična susjedima: [[Asteci]]ma i [[Maje|Majama]]. Prvi pokušaj Španaca pod vodstvom [[Pedro de Alvarado|Pedra de Alvarada]] da osvoje ovo područje završio je [[1524]]. neuspjehom. [[1525]]. se vraćaju i uspijevaju nametnuti svoju vlast koja traje sve do [[1821]]. Alvarado daje području ime Salvador ("spasitelj"). Do [[1842]]. Salvador je dio [[Ujedinjene pokrajine Srednje Amerike|Ujedinjenih pokrajina Srednje Amerike]], a nakon toga stiče potpunu samostalnost. [[1980]]. počinje dvanaestogodišnji [[građanski rat]] koji odnosi 75 000 života. Rat završava [[1992]]. kada vlada i ljevičarski pobunjenici potpisuju sporazum o političkim reformama. == Vlada == Glavne političke partije su hrišćansko-demokratska stranka i široki nacionalni front. == Političke podjele == Na 14 oblast (departmana) == Geografija == {{Proširiti sekciju}} == Privreda == Zbog unutrašnjih nemira, dugotrajnog građanskog rata, ali i prirodnih nepogoda, ekonomija Salvadora je slaba i polahko se oporavlja. Zahvaljujući vanjskoj pomoći i pomoći iseljenika koji su za vrijeme rata napustili državu, stanje se popravlja, izvoz je u porastu, a inflacija u zadnjih nekoliko godina smanjena. == Privreda == Veliki uticaj ima [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|SAD]]-ov kapital, kao i [[Kanada|kanadski]] i [[japan]]ski. Bilježi se smanjivanje udijela poljuprivrede. Najviše zaposleno u poljuprivredi ali vremenom opada. Zbog sadnja kafe opao udiodrugih biljaka te je postala monukulturna poljuprivredu. Sve se više bazira na drugim kulturama. Poljoprivreda:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldcrops.org/country/el-salvador/index.html|title=El Salvador {{!}} WorldCrops|website=worldcrops.org|access-date=11. 1. 2026}}{{Mrtav link}}</ref> * [[kafa]], * [[Banana|banane]] * [[kukuruz]], * proso * sogrum, * maniok, * krompir ali uznatno manjoj mjeri od kafe. Rude: zlato, srebro, živa, olovo, cink. Industrija; prehrambena, kožna, drvna, [[crna metalurgija]], hemijska đubriva,tekstilna,,- == Stanovništvo == Veliku većinu stanovništva, oko 90%, čine miješani potomci američkih Indijanaca i Španaca. Vrlo malo Indijanaca je zadržalo običaje i tradiciju. Prema vjeroispovijesti, većinu čine [[katolici]], a broj [[protestanti|protestanata]] je u porastu. == Kultura == {{Proširiti sekciju}} == Reference == {{refspisak|2}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commonscat|El Salvador}} * https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/geography-and-cartography/el-salvador * https://rusticpathways.com/blog/fun-facts-about-el-salvador {{Wikiatlas|El Salvador}} * {{CIA World Factbook link|es|El Salvador}} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1220684.stm El Salvador] na [[BBC|BBC News]] * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=SV El Salvador] na "International Futures" {{Države Sjeverne i Srednje Amerike}} {{Organizacija američkih država}} [[Kategorija:El Salvador|*]] [[Kategorija:Države svijeta]] [[Kategorija:Države i teritorije osnovane 1821.]] 8yld93mngzuz1segh3916yks2nccdnf Mehmed Alagić 0 13212 3849257 3748011 2026-05-25T12:04:00Z ~2026-31237-76 181745 /* */ 3849257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija vojno lice | ime = Mehmed Alagić | slika = | opis = | datum rođenja = {{Datum rođenja|1947|7|8}} | mjesto rođenja = [[Sanski Most]], [[FNRJ]] | datum smrti = {{Datum smrti i godine|2003|3|7|1947|7|8}} | mjesto smrti = Sanski Most, BiH | nacionalnost = | puno ime = | nadimak = | supruga = Ziska Alagić | titule = | knjige = | pripadnost = {{ZID|Jugoslavija|SFRJ}}<br />{{ZD|BiH|1992}} [[Republika Bosna i Hercegovina]] | služba = | čin = [[Brigadni general]] | ratovi = [[Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini]] | bitke = [[Operacija Vlašić]] (Domet-95, Domet-1)<br />[[Bitka za Kupres (1994)|Operacija Jesen '94]] | vojska = [[Jugoslavenska narodna armija]]<br />[[Armija Republike Bosne i Hercegovine]] | rod = | jedinice = | zapovijedao = [[Treći korpus Armije Republike Bosne i Hercegovine|3. korpus ARBiH]]<br />[[Sedmi korpus Armije Republike Bosne i Hercegovine|7. korpus ARBiH]] | nagrade = }} '''Mehmed Alagić''' (8. juli 1947 – 7. mart 2003) bio je ratni general [[Armija RBiH|Armije Republike Bosne i Hercegovine]]. Tokom rata bio je komandant [[Treći korpus Armije Republike Bosne i Hercegovine|3.]] i [[Sedmi korpus Armije Republike Bosne i Hercegovine|7. korpusa Armije RBiH]], a nakon rata obavljao je dužnost načelnika općine [[Sanski Most]]. Alagić rođen je u Fajtovcima kod [[Sanski Most|Sanskog Mosta]]. Bio je bivši aktivni oficir JNA. Vojnu školu završio je u Banjoj Luci 1970. godine, a kasnije je predavao i bio načelnik Škole rezervnih oficira, također u Banjoj Luci. Godine 1986, po završetku studija na visokoj vojnoj školi za starješinski kadar (Komandno-štabna škola), Alagić je postao oficir za operativne poslove 36. mehanizovane brigade. U decembru 1989, postavljen je za načelnika štaba jedne pješadijske brigade u [[Zrenjanin]]u, koja je bila u sastavu Novosadskog korpusa. Mehmed Alagić je napustio JNA 27. februara 1991. u činu potpukovnika. Dana 1. novembra 1993. imenovan je za komandanta Trećeg korpusa Armije RBiH i na tom položaju je ostao do 26. februara 1994. godine kada je preuzeo dužnost komandanta novoosnovanog Sedmog korpusa Armije RBiH.<ref>http://www.icty.org/x/cases/hadzihasanovic_kubura/ind/en/had-ii010713e.pdf</ref> Prema [[Međunarodni krivični sud za bivšu Jugoslaviju|haškoj]] optužnici, teretilo ga se [[ubistvo]], nasilje nad životom osoba, okrutno postupanje, bezobzirno razaranje gradova, naselja i sela koje nije opravdano vojnom nužnošću, pljačku javne ili privatne imovine te uništavanje ili hotimično nanošenje štete institucijama posvećenim [[Religija|religiji]] (kršenje zakona i običaja ratovanja), kao i namjerno ubijanje, namjerno nanošenje velike patnje ili ozbiljne povrede tijela ili zdravlja, nečovječno postupanje, nezakonito zatvaranje civila i ekstenzivno uništavanje imovine koja nije opravdana vojnom nuždom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.icty.org/x/cases/hadzihasanovic_kubura/cis/en/cis_hadzihasanovic_kubura_en.pdf|title=The Prosecutor v. Enver Hadžihasanović and Amir Kubura. IT-01-47 - Case Information Sheet|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=United Nation's ICTY|access-date=23. 1. 2019}}</ref> S obzirom na smrt u toku procesa, [[Međunarodni krivični sud za bivšu Jugoslaviju|međunarodni sud u Hagu]] zaustavio je proces protiv Alagića 21. marta 2003. godine. Poznat po akciji [[Operacija "Vlašić"|zauzimanja planine Vlašić]] i gradova Kupresa ([[Bitka za Kupres (1994)|operacija "Jesen '94"]]) i Donjeg Vakufa. == Također pogledajte == * [[Džamija General Mehmed Alagić]] == Reference == {{reference}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [http://www.icty.org/x/cases/hadzihasanovic/acdec/bcs/had-dec030716b.htm Predmet Hadžihasanović i Kubura (Srednja Bosna) Međunarodnog suda za bivšu Jugoslaviju u Den Hagu] {{Ratovi u bivšoj Jugoslaviji}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Alagić, Mehmed}} [[Kategorija:Generali Armije Republike Bosne i Hercegovine]] [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1947.]] [[Kategorija:Umrli 2003.]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Sanski Most]] [[Kategorija:Oficiri Jugoslavenske narodne armije]] 3z0no3dsgbgpsa3o0urmsj6udrsc3rx Dubrovačka Republika 0 14602 3849448 3829692 2026-05-26T11:16:29Z Panasko 146730 3849448 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nedostaju_izvori}} {{Infokutija bivša država | zvanično_ime = Dubrovačka Republika | izvorno_ime = Respublica Ragusina<br>Repubblica di Ragusa | genitiv = Dubrovačke Republike | razdoblje = 1358–1808. | država_prije1 = | država_prije_zastava1 = | država_prije2 = | država_prije_zastava2 = | država_prije3 = | država_prije_zastava3 = | država_prije4 = | država_prije_zastava4 = | država_prije5 = | država_prije_zastava5 = | država_poslije1 = | država_poslije_zastava1 = | država_poslije2 = | država_poslije_zastava2 = | država_poslije3 = | država_poslije_zastava3 = | država_poslije4 = | država_poslije_zastava4 = | država_poslije5 = | država_poslije_zastava5 = | zastava = St. Blaise - National Flag of the Ragusan Republic.svg | grb = Coat of arms of Ragusa.svg | uzrečica = | himna = | karta = Ragusa.png|Teritorija koju je obuhvaćala Dubrovačka republika prije 1808. | glavni_grad = [[Dubrovnik]] | glavni_grad_koordinate = | najveći_grad = | službeni_jezik = [[latinski jezik|latinski]]<br>[[italijanski jezik|italijanski]] | etničke_grupe = | državno_uređenje = [[Republika]] | vrsta_vlasti = | godina_prve_vlasti = | vladar_prva_vlast = | godina_druge_vlasti = | vladar_druga_vlast = | godina_treće_vlasti = | vladar_treća_vlast = | nezavisnost = | nezavisnost_priznato = | površina = | po_površini_na_svijetu = | procenat_vode = | stanovnika = | stanovnika_godina = | po_broju_stanovnika_na_svijetu = | gustoća = | po_broju_gustoće_na_svijetu = | valuta = | vremenska_zona = | internetski_nastavak = | pozivni_broj = | komentar = }} '''Dubrovačka republika'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Dubrovnik|title=Dubrovnik {{!}} Croatia|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=27. 5. 2016}}</ref> ([[Latinski jezik|lat.]] ''Respublica Ragusina'') bila je patricijska republika na istočnoj obali [[Jadransko more|Jadrana]] i jedna od prvih samostalnih južnoslavenskih država. Po svom je uređenju bila [[republika]], prva takve vrste kod južnih Slavena gdje je vlast imala vlastela okupljena u [[Veliko vijeće|Velikom vijeću]]. Središte Dubrovačke republike bio je grad [[Dubrovnik]] (slav. ''dub'' - hrast, ''dubrava'' = hrastova šuma), a zauzimala je područje današnje južne [[Hrvatska|Hrvatske]], obližnja ostrva i susjedne teritorije. U [[15. vijek]]u imala je oko 40.000 stanovnika. == Historija == === Počeci grada === Dubrovnik je u početku bio u sastavu Dalmatinskog temata i priznaje vlast [[Bizantijsko Carstvo|Bizanta]]. Prvi put u historijskim dokumentima se spominje 850. Bizant 925. daje Dubrovnik hrvatskom Kralju Tomislavu sa čitavim Dalmatinskim tematom kao nagradu za pobjede nad Bugarima. Dubrovnik 925. na prvom Crkvenom Saboru podpada pod Splitsku Biskupiju, a 928. na drugom Crkvenom Saboru zajedno sa Stonom i Kotorom dobiva Glagoljicu kao službeno pismo. Nakon Tomislava hrvatski Kralj Držislav bizantski eparh i patricij dobiva cijeli Dalmatinski temat isto kao i Petar Krešimir IV u 11. vijeku. Godine 992. spalio ga je [[Makedonija (Grčka)|makedonski]] car [[Samuilo]]. Krajem 10. vijeka osniva se dubrovačka [[nadbiskupija]] i [[metropolija]] Tada postaje crkveno nezavisan od [[Split]]a. Od 1205. priznaje vlast [[Venecija|Venecije]], što traje do 1358. U vrijeme mletačke vlasti Dubrovčani dižu tri bune, ali se nisu mogli osloboditi mletačke vlasti. U 13. vijeku osnovan je [[Dubrovački arhiv]]. === Razvoj Republike === Dubrovnik je priznavao vlast [[Venecija|Venecije]] od 1205. Kneza su birali Mlečani a Dubrovčani su birali [[Malo vijeće|Malo]] i [[Veliko vijeće]], [[Senat]], te ostale organe gradske samouprave. Grad je 1272. dobio [[statut]]. U Dubrovniku se vrlo rano razvija pomorstvo i trgovina. Vremenom Dubrovnik postaje glavna izvozna luka za države u zaleđu za Zahumlje i Travuniju, a kasnije za Bosnu i Rašku. U vrijeme uspona [[Raška|Raške]] Dubrovačka republika se uspješno branila od njenih napada. U 13. vijeku vlast Dubrovnika raste na šire gradsko područje i susjedne teritorije. Tako se [[Lastovo]] dobrovoljno priključuje Dubrovniku, a od 1333. u sastavu Dubrovačke republike je i [[Stonski rat]] sa [[Ston]]om. Godine 1345. i [[Mljet]] ulazi u sastav Republike. [[Zadarski mir|Zadarskim mirom]] 1358. posjedi Venecije u Dalmaciji pripali su [[Kraljevina Ugarska (1000–1526)|ugarskoj državi]]. Time je i Dubrovnik prihvatio ugarsko vrhovništvo ([[Ludovik I, kralj Ugarske|Ludovik I]]) i plaćao danak od 500 [[dukat]]a. Od tog vremena Dubrovnik sve više izgrađuje svoju samostalnost i nezavisnost. [[Knez]]a biraju sami Dubrovčani, a nakon smrti Ludovika I 1380. razvija se u samostalnu državu. [[Ston]] je imao veliko strateško značenje za [[Dubrovnik]], jer je tako mogao kontrolisati plovidbu oko ušća rijeke [[Neretva|Neretve]] i u [[Mljetski kanal|Mljetskom kanalu]]. Prostor od Stona do [[Zaton (Dubrovnik)|Zatona]], Dubrovačka republika je osigurala kada je krajem 14. vijeka od Bosne kupila [[Primorje (župa)|Slansko Primorje]]. U 15. vijeku Dubrovnik je od vojvode [[Sandalj Hranić Kosača|Sandalja Hranića]] juna 1419. i vojvode [[Radoslav Pavlović|Radoslava Pavlovića]] decembra 1426. kupio [[Konavle (Hrvatska)|Konavle]]. Time je završeno teritorijalno širenje Dubrovnika. === Procvat Dubrovačke republike === [[Datoteka:Stema.dubrovcani.vlastela.jpg|300p|mini|Grbovi dubrovačkih plemićkih porodica]] U Dubrovačkoj republici, koja je bila organizirana kao patricijska republika po uzoru na Mletke, vlast je imala vlastela sakupljena u [[Veliko vijeće|Velikom vijeću]]. U Veliko vijeće je ulazila punoljetna vlastela. Postojalo je i [[Malo vijeće]] od 11 članova koji su zajedno sa najistaknutijim pripadnicima Velikog vijeća činili [[Vijeće umoljenih]] od 45 članova. Knez se birao na mjesec dana. Dubrovnik nije imao stalnu vojsku iako je stalno ratovao zbog svog specifičnog položaja koji je bio interesna sfera jačih sila zbog kontrole plovidbe prema istoku i njegove jake posredničko-trgovačke aktivnosti, time je postao težnja vladara iz zaleđa ili pomorski jakih sila kao što su Mleci. Postojali su stalni redari i straža, a ako je bilo potrebno, uzimao je plaćenike, a nadasve se oslanjao na svoju diplomaciju. U 15. vijeku imao je oko 40.000 stanovnika. Dubrovačka republika doživljava svoj procvat u 16. vijeku, kada Dubrovčani uspješno uspostavljaju trgovačke veze s Osmanlijama, kojima plaćaju danak u novcu i robi. Istovremeno zadržavaju slobodu, nezavisnost i povlastice slobodne trgovine na cijelom području [[Osmansko Carstvo|Osmanskog Carstva]]. Dubrovčani su već od ranije imali svoja uporišta na [[Balkan]]u i uspješno razvijaju trgovinu sa Portom, ali i [[Italija|Italijom]] i [[Španija|Španijom]]. Trguje se [[rudarstvo|rudarskim]], [[poljoprivreda|poljoprivrednim]] i [[stočarstvo|stočarskim]] proizvodima, manufakturnom robom, [[so]]li i dr. U 16. vijeku Dubrovnik je imao jaku [[Trgovačka mornarica|mornaricu]], sa oko 180 brodova. Dubrovački brodovi prevozili su robu stranih trgovaca, plovili obalama [[Sredozemlje|Mediterana]] i stizali sve do [[Engleska|Engleske]]. Osnova privrednog razvoja Dubrovačke republike činili su [[pomorstvo]] i [[trgovina]] sa okolnim područjima (pogotovo srednjovjekovnom Bosnom), ali i [[zanat]]. U 15. vijeku organizuju se prve radionice za proizvodnju [[sukno|sukna]], [[staklo|stakla]] i [[sapun]]a. U to vrijeme Dubrovnik je imao i prosvjetne, socijalne, komunalne i ekonomske ustanove. U 16. vijeku zahvaljujući trgovini i pomorstvu, u Dubrovniku se akumuliraju znatna finansijska sredstva. Osnivaju se jača trgovačka i pomorska preduzeća, ali se produbljuju socijalne razlike između građana, pa se bogatiji izjednačavaju s [[vlastela|vlastelom]]. Grad [[Dubrovnik]] se izgrađuje prihodima od zanatstva i trgovine. U Dubrovniku je najviše na cijeni bila [[sloboda]], pružanje utočišta čime su izrazito ponosili, postoji i izreka "''čak i zec kad ga gone, sklanja se u Dubrovnik''. Republika je imala svoju [[zastava|zastavu]], [[grb]] i [[vojska|vojsku]]. Uspostavila je razgranatu mrežu diplomatskih i trgovačkih predstavništava u mnogim [[Evropa|evropskim]] zemljama. Njihove interese na dvorovima evropskih vladara zastupaju [[poklisar]]i, dok [[konzulat]]i štite interese dubrovačkih pomoraca širom civiliziranog svijeta. Važan zaštitnik dubrovačke slobode bila je [[Španija]], a najveći neprijatelj njenoj nezavisnosti i slobodi vječiti konkurent - [[Venecija]]. U drugoj polovini 16. vijeka opada moć Dubrovnika. Uzroci su u velikim geografskim otkrićima i revoluciji cijena koja obezvrjeđuje [[novac]]. Dubrovački [[banka]]ri manje ulažu u brodogradnju i zanatstvo, jer nedostaje kapitala, a konkurencija francuskih, engleskih i [[Nizozemska|nizozemskih]] pomoraca je sve veća. === Opadanje Dubrovačke republike === Godine 1667. Dubrovnik je uništio snažan [[zemljotres]], u kojem je stradao veliki broj Dubrovčana, dok je mnogo zgrada porušeno. Zemljotres 1667. nije bio jedini događaj koji je uzrokovao opadanje moći Dubrovačke republike. Naime, otkrićem [[Amerika|Amerike]] trgovački putevi su se premjestili na [[Atlantski okean|Atlantik]], izgradnja [[split]]ske skele od strane Mlečana, te činjenica da više nisu imali monopol na trgovinu s Osmanlijama neki su od glavnih uzročnika. Potres, a nedugo zatim i požar, samo su kruna svih nezgoda koje su u to doba zadesile Dubrovnik. Nakon viševijekovnog uspješnog balansiranja između dviju velesila u svom okruženju - Mletačke republike i Osmanskog Carstva, opća evropska ofanziva protiv Osmanlija (poraz pod [[Beč]]om 1683, kod [[Mohač]]a 1687) odrazila se i na Dubrovnik, jer su Mlečani iskoristili slabost Osmanlija i uzimanjem [[Trebinje|trebinjskog kotara]] potpuno odrezali Dubrovnik od Osmanskog Carstva i bosanskog zaleđa, i grad doveli u vrlo tešku situaciju. Međutim, [[Mir u Sremskim Karlovcima|mirom u Sremskim Karlovcima]] 1699. morala se Venecija povući iz [[Popovo polje|Popovog polja]] i vratiti ga u osmanlijske ruke, a tom je prilikom provedeno i prvo sistematsko razgraničenje Osmanskog Carstva i Venecije u [[Dalmacija|Dalmaciji]]. Dubrovčani su se još jednom, ponajprije vještom diplomatijom, oslobodili opasnosti, da ih Venecija okruži i odvoji od zaleđa. === Pad Dubrovačke republike === [[Mir u Požarevcu|Mirom u Požarevcu]] 1718. napravljen je [[koridor]] između [[Neum]]a i [[Klek (poluostrvo)|Kleka]], koji je ostao u Osmanskom carstvu. Tako su se Dubrovčani i fizički odvojili od mletačkih posjeda u Dalmaciji. Tokom ratovanja s Osmanlijama (1683-1699) Dubrovčani su se odlučili vratiti pod ugarsko-hrvatsku krunu i obnavljaju ugovor iz 1358. U 18. vijeku ponovno jača dubrovačka ekonomija i Dubrovnik izgrađuje jaku mornaricu. Orijentaciju velikih evropskih pomorskih sila na [[Atlantski okean|Atlantik]] Dubrovnik koristi za tranzit na Sredozemnom moru, ali su njegovi brodovi plovili i preko Atlantika do Amerike. U 18. vijeku Dubrovnik ima više od 85 [[konzulat]]a. Najjači ekonomski faktor bilo je [[građanstvo]], jer se vlastela nakon potresa 1667. prorijedila. == Statut Dubrovačke republike == Statut Dubrovačke republike je pisani zakon Dubrovnika, kodificiran 1272. U svojoj ranijoj historiji Dubrovčani su se služili običajnim pravom. Statutom su uredili sva dotadašnja pitanja kojima je uređivan život njihove zajednice. Dubrovčani su stvorili prosperitetnu državu zahvaljujući strogo propisanim pravilima kojih su se predstavnici komune, a kasnije republike, morali pridržavati. Zato su ti propisi postavljeni kao izraz najboljih rješenja koje je praksa davala. Poslije donošenja Statuta činjene su nadopune koje su imale snagu zakona. One su izdvajane i ukoričavane u posebne sveske nazvane "Knjiga svih promjena" (''Liber omnium reformationum''), "Zelena knjiga" (''Liber viridis'') i "Žuta knjiga" (''Liber croceus''). == Također pogledajte == * [[Dubrovnik]] * [[Dubrovačke gradske zidine]] == Reference == {{Refspisak|}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commonscat|Republic of Ragusa}} * [http://www.dubrovnik-online.net/english/history.php Historijske činjenice o Dubrovniku], iz Dubrovnik Online * [http://www.rbvex.it/ragusa.html Flags of Ragusa] {{simboli jezika|it}} * [http://www.roth37.it/COINS/Ragusa/index.html Storia e monetazione di Ragusa, oggi Dubrovnik (Dalmazia)] {{simboli jezika|it}} * [http://www.google.cl/books?id=A9MBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA211 ''Dalmatia and Montenegro''] autor [[John Gardner Wilkinson]], na [[Google Books]] *[http://www.google.cl/books?id=RtQJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ''Aus Dalmatien''], autor Ida Reinsberg-Düringsfeld (1857), na [[Google Books]] *[http://www.google.cl/books?id=JIztEHioIYUC&pg=PA337 ''Universal Geography: Republic of Ragusa''], na [[Google Books]] *[http://www.google.cl/books?id=6v8XAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA207 ''Bibliografia della Dalmazia e del Montenegro''], autor [[Giuseppe Valentinelli]], na [[Google Books]] *[http://www.google.cl/books?id=9w4YAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA216 ''Bibliografia hrvatska''], Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski, na [[Google Books]] {{simboli jezika|hr}} *[http://www.google.cl/books?id=5NwBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1 ''Geschichte des Freystaates Ragusa''] autor [[Johann Christian von Engel]], na [[Google Books]] {{simboli jezika|de}} *[http://www.google.cl/books?id=Eq8kAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA242 ''The Ethnology of Europe''] autor [[Robert Gordon Latham]], na [[Google Books]] *[http://www.google.cl/books?id=IBS_kaeJB08C&pg=PA31 ''Austria in 1848–49: Dalmatia''] autor [[William Henry Stiles]], na [[Google Books]] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070818025216/http://www.marylandciviceducation.org/croatia/ragusa.htm Ragusa, the American Revolution, and Diplomatic Relations, 1763–1783] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070818025034/http://www.marylandciviceducation.org/croatia/francesicofavi.htm Francesico Favi, the Treaty of Paris of 1783, and Ragusan Commercial Trade with the United States] *[http://books.google.cl/books?id=vUMTAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA192&dq=caboga+gondola&lr=&as_brr=1 Notizie Istorico-Critiche Sulle Antichita Storia de Letteratura dei Ragusei] autor [[Francesco Maria Appendini]]. {{Administrativna podjela Osmanskog Carstva}} [[Kategorija:Dubrovačka Republika| ]] [[Kategorija:Dubrovnik]] [[Kategorija:Pomorske republike]] [[Kategorija:Bivše slavenske države]] [[Kategorija:Bivše republike u Evropi]] [[Kategorija:Tributarne države Osmanskog Carstva]] [[Kategorija:Bivše države na Balkanu]] 6xbyjmigmd3npzrojc80g3a8ctfnyo2 Freddie Mercury 0 16913 3849464 3836626 2026-05-26T11:47:45Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849464 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija osoba | počasni_prefiks = | ime = Freddie Mercury | počasni_sufiks = | slika = Freddie Mercury performing in New Haven, CT, November 1977.jpg | veličina_slike = | alt = | opis = Mercury nastupa u [[New Haven (Connecticut)|New Havenu]] ([[Connecticut]]), 1977. sa bendom [[Queen]] | izvorno_ime = | izvorni_jezik = | izgovor = | ime_pri_rođenju = Farrokh Bulsara | datum_rođenja = {{datum rođenja|1946|09|05}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Stone Town]], [[Sultanat Zanzibar]] (sada [[Tanzanija]]) | datum_nestanka = | mjesto_nestanka = <!-- [[Grad]], [[Država]] --> | status_nestanka = | datum_smrti = {{Datum smrti i godine|1991|11|24|1946|09|05}} | mjesto_smrti = [[Kensington]], [[London]], [[Engleska]], [[UK]] | uzrok_smrti = [[Bronhopneumonija]] <small>(izazvana [[Sida|sidom]])</small> | tijelo_pronađeno = | mjesto_počivanja = Kremiran na [[Groblje Kensal Green|groblju Kensal Green]] u londonskom [[West End of London|West Endu]] | spomenici = | prebivalište = | nacionalnost = Britanac<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/711409/Freddie-Mercury |title=Freddie Mercury, British singer and songwriter |work=Encyclopedia Brittanica |access-date=11. 6. 2015}}</ref> | druga_imena = | etnicitet = <!-- Mora biti podržano pouzdanim izvorom --> | državljanstvo = | obrazovanje = [[St. Peter's Boys School]] | alma_mater = {{plainlist| * [[West Thames College|Isleworth Polytechnic College]] * [[Ealing Art College]] }} | zanimanje = {{flatlist| * Pjevač-tekstopisac * muzički producent }} | godine_aktivnosti = 1969–1991. | era = | poslodavac = | organizacija = | agent = <!-- Mora biti podržano pouzdanim izvorom --> | poznat_po = | značajni_radovi = | stil = | rodni_grad = | plaća = | bogatstvo = <!-- Mora biti podržano pouzdanim izvorom --> | visina = | težina = | televizija = | titula = | vrijeme_držanja_titule = | prethodnik = | nasljednik = | stranka = | pokret = | opozicija = | odbori = | religija = [[Zoroastrizam]] | denominacija = <!-- Mora biti podržano pouzdanim izvorom --> | krivične_prijave = <!-- Mora biti podržano pouzdanim izvorom --> | krivične_kazne = | sudski_status = | supružnik = <!-- Koristiti prema nazivu članka ili uobičajeno ime --> | partner = {{plainlist| * Mary Austin (1970–76) * Jim Hutton (1985–91) }} | djeca = | roditelji = | rodbina = | pozivni_znak = | nagrade = | veb-sajt = <!-- {{URL|primjer.com}} --> | modul = {{Infokutija muzičar|ugradi=da | pozadina = solo_izvođač | žanr = [[Rok-muzika|Rock]] | instrument = {{flatlist| * Vokal * klavir * klavijature * gitara }} | izdavač = {{flatlist| * [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] * [[Polydor Records|Polydor]] * [[EMI Records|EMI]] * [[Parlophone]] * [[Hollywood Records|Hollywood]] }} | povezani_umjetnici = {{flatlist| * [[Queen]] * [[Ibex (band)|Ibex]] / Wreckage * [[Sour Milk Sea (band)|Sour Milk Sea]] * [[Montserrat Caballé]] }} }} | modul2 = | modul3 = | modul4 = | modul5 = | modul6 = | potpis = Freddie Mercury signature 2.svg | veličina_potpisa = | alt_potpisa = Potpis Freddieja Mercuryja | fusnote = }} '''Freddie Mercury''' (5. septembar 1946 – 24. novembar 1991) bio je [[UK|britanski]] pjevač, [[muzičar]] i tekstopisac, najpoznatiji kao [[vokal (muzika)|vokal]] i tekstopisac poznate rok-grupe [[Queen]]. Kao izvođač, poznat je po svom moćnom vokalu, s rasponom od četiri oktave.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/article675005.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615085921/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/article675005.ece|title=Dance: Deux the fandango|archive-date=15. 6. 2011|work=timesonline.co.uk|access-date=26. 5. 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="rollingstone.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/6027/32782 |title=''RollingStone.com'' – 100 najboljih pjevača svih vremena |work=rollingstone.com |access-date=21. 9. 2017 |archive-date=7. 12. 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207034656/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/6027/32782 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kao tekstopisac, Freddie je napisao neke od najboljih pjesama grupe kao što su: "[[Bohemian Rhapsody]]", "[[Killer Queen]]", "[[Somebody to Love]]", "[[Don't Stop Me Now]]", "[[Crazy Little Thing Called Love]]", "[[We Are the Champions]]" i mnoge druge. Pored rada u grupi Queen, vodio je solo-karijeru, ali i povremeno bio i producent i gost (klavir ili vokal) kod drugih izvođača. Rođen je u Sultanatu Zanzibar, kao pripadnik naroda [[Parsi]]. U mjestu rođenja i Indiji odrastao je do tinejdžerske dobi. Umro je od [[Upala pluća|upale pluće]] izazvane [[Sida|sidom]] 24. novembra 1991, dan nakon što je javno priznao da je od iste obolio. Posthumno, 1992, nagrađen je britanskom muzičkom nagradom (''Brit Award'') za izuzetan doprinos britanskoj muzičkoj sceni. Njemu u čast, 20. aprila 1992. održan je [[Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert]] na [[london]]skom stadionu [[Wembley Stadium|Wembley]]. Izabran je za jednog od najvećih pjevača u historiji popularne muzike. U anketi koju je 2005. organizirao časopis ''Blender'' i MTV2, Freddie je proglašen za najboljeg muškog pjevača svih vremena.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.amiannoying.com/(S(hmgjgygenmzafpfzp5rujwf0))/collection.aspx?collection=534|title=AmIAnnoying.com - Blender Magazine's 22 Greatest Voices [MTV2]|website=www.amiannoying.com|access-date=21. 9. 2017|archive-date=9. 4. 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409054838/http://www.amiannoying.com/(S(v5ib2x3mebalyxtlla4mvc1o))/collection.aspx?collection=534|url-status=dead}}</ref> U 2008, urednici časopisa ''Rolling Stone'' uvrstili su ga na 18. mjesto njihove liste 100 najvećih pjevača ikada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-singers-of-all-time-19691231|title=100 Greatest Singers of All Time|website=Rolling Stone|access-date=21. 9. 2017|archive-date=29. 12. 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151229064058/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-singers-of-all-time-19691231|url-status=dead}}</ref> Godine 2009, časopis ''Classic Rock'' izabrao je Freddieja za najboljeg rok-pjevača svih vremena.<ref>Classic Rock, "50 Greatest Singers in Rock"</ref> Osim toga, muzički servis ''Allmusic'' okarakterizirao je Freddieja kao "jednog od najvećih rock-zabavljača svih vremena", a koji je imao "jedan od najboljih glasova u sveukupnoj muzici".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/freddie-mercury-mn0000130028|title=Freddie Mercury {{!}} Biography, Albums, Streaming Links {{!}} AllMusic|website=AllMusic|access-date=21. 9. 2017}}</ref> == Rani period života == Freddie (rođen kao Farrokh Bulsara) rođen je u tadašnjem britanskom [[protektorat]]u [[Sultanat Zanzibar|Sultanatu Zanzibar]], u Istočnoj Africi (sadašnjem dijelu [[Tanzanija|Tanzanije]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mr-mercury.co.uk/Images/Birthcertificatefreddie.jpg|title=Wayback Machine|date=28. 2. 2008|access-date=21. 9. 2017|archive-date=28. 2. 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228103923/http://mr-mercury.co.uk/Images/Birthcertificatefreddie.jpg|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inoutstar.com/news/Freddie-Mercury-real-name-Farrokh-Bulsara-1876.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810151824/http://www.inoutstar.com/news/Freddie-Mercury-real-name-Farrokh-Bulsara-1876.html|title=Freddie Mercury (real name Farrokh Bulsara) Biography|archive-date=10. 8. 2011|work=inoutstar.com|access-date=26. 5. 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Njegovi roditelji, Bomi i Jer Bulsar pripadnici su naroda [[Parsi]] iz regije [[Gudžarat]] iz [[Britanska Indija|Britanske Indije]]. Porodično prezime izvedeno je iz naziva grada Bulsar (sada poznatog pod nazivom Valsad). Kao Parsi, Freddie i njegova porodica su prakticirali [[zoroastrizam]].<ref>Sky 1992, str. 8–9</ref> [[Datoteka:Freddie Mercury's birthplace.jpg|thumb|left|Kuća u [[Zanzibar]]u gdje je Freddie živio u ranom periodu svog života]] Porodica Bulsara preselila se u Zanzibar kako bi mu otac mogao nastaviti sa svojim poslom blagajnika u britanskom kolonijalnom uredu. Freddie je imao mlađu sestru, Kashmiru.<ref>Das 2000.</ref> Veći dio djetinjstva proveo je u Indiji, a sa časovima klavira počeo je u dobi od sedam godina.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.queenonline.com/history/35|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808050139/http://www.queenonline.com/history/35|title=Queen Online › History › Band|author=Ben Sekulowicz-Barclay for Outside Line|archive-date=8. 8. 2010|work=queenonline.com|access-date=26. 5. 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Jedan od njegovih formalnih muzičkih utjecaja u to vrijeme bila je [[Bollywood|bolivudska]] pjevačica Lata Mangeshkar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/asia/2006/heroes/at_bulsara.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523230337/http://www.time.com/time/asia/2006/heroes/at_bulsara.html|title=TIME Magazine - 60 Years of Asian Heroes: Farrokh Bulsara|archive-date=23. 5. 2011|work=time.com|access-date=26. 5. 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Sa 12 godina formirao je školski bend, The Hectics, a pjevali su pjesme izvođača kao što su Cliff Richard i Little Richard.<ref>Hodkinson 2004, str. 2,61.</ref> Njegov prijatelj iz tog vremena sjeća se da je imao "neobjašnjivu sposobnost da slušajući radio reproducirati to što je čuo na klaviru."<ref>O'Donnell 2005.</ref> U tom periodu počeli su ga zvati "Freddie", a u februaru 1963. doselio se nazad u Zanzibar, gdje je ponovo počeo da živi s roditeljima.<ref>Lesley-Ann Jones (2012). "Mercury: An Intimate Biography of Freddie Mercury". str. 327. Simon and Schuster,</ref> Sa 17 godina Freddie s porodicom napušta Zanzibar iz sigurnosnih razloga, zbog [[Zanzibarska revolucija|revolucije u Zanzibaru]] iz 1964.<ref>Januszczak 1996.</ref> u kojoj je ubijeno više hiljada Arapa i Indijaca.<ref>Plekhanov 2004, str. 91</ref> Porodica se preselila u malu kuću u Felthamu, u Engleskoj. Mercury se upisuje na koledž Isleworth Polytechnic (sada ''West Thames College'') u zapadnom dijelu [[London]]a, gdje studira umjetnost. Diplomira umjetnost i grafički dizajn na Ealing Art Collegeu (sada Ealing kampus Univerziteta West London) i stečene vještine kasnije koristi za dizajniranje grba grupe. Britanski državljanin po rođenju, Mercury u tom statusu ostaje tokom ostatka svog života.<ref>Jones 1998.</ref> Nakon sticanja diplome, Mercury se pridružuje nekolicini bendova, a održava i posao na [[Aerodrom Heathrow|aerodromu Heathrow]]. Prijatelji iz tog vremena opisuju ga kao mirnog i stidljivog mladića koji je pokazivao veliki interes za muziku.<ref>Davis 1996, str. 1,10</ref> Godine 1969. pridružio se [[Liverpool|liverpulskoj]] grupi Ibex, koja je kasnije preimenovana u Wreckage. Nakratko je živio je u stanu iznad liverpulskog puba, Dovedale Towersa.<ref>Hodkinson, Mark (1995), Queen The Early Years, Omnibus Press, p. 117, {{ISBN|0-7119-6012-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/whats-on/music-nightlife/|title=What's On: What's On in Liverpool and Merseyside - Liverpool Echo|website=www.liverpoolecho.co.uk|access-date=21. 9. 2017}}</ref> Poslije se pridružuje drugoj muzičkoj grupi Sour Milk Sea, no do početka 1970-ih i ova grupa se raspada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.queenconcerts.com/live/freddie-mercury/early.html|title=QUEEN CONCERTS - Freddie Mercury concertography: Early days|author=Mr.Scully|work=queenconcerts.com|access-date=26. 5. 2015}}</ref> U aprilu 1970. Mercury se pridružuje gitaristi [[Brian May|Brianu Mayu]] i [[Bubnjevi|bubnjaru]] [[Roger Taylor|Rogeru Tayloru]], koji su prije toga bili u grupi Smile. Dolaskom Freddieja mijenjaju se koncepcija i izgled grupe. Uprkos rezerviranosti ostalih članova grupe i Trident Studiosa, početnog menadžmenta grupe, Mercury za naziv grupe izabire ime Queen. U vezi s tim poslije će reći: "Bio sam svakako svjestan gej konotacije, ali to je samo jedan aspekt toga."<ref>Highleyman 2005.</ref> Otprilike u isto vrijeme, Freddie mijenja prezime Bulsara u novo Mercury.<ref>SutcliffeHinceMack 2009, str. 22</ref> Nakon nekoliko neuspješnih pokušaja, grupi se pridružuje [[basist]] [[John Deacon]] i konačno može otpočeti era jednog od najpoznatijih muzičkih bendova svih vremena – Queena. == Karijera == === Karijera pjevača === [[Datoteka:Freddie_Mercury_range_(F2-F6,_with_falsetto).svg|mini|lijevo|Mercuryjev opseg vokala]] Iako Freddiejev govor pripada opsegu baritona, najviše pjesama iznio je u tenorskom opsegu. Njegov vokalni opseg proširen je od niskog [[bas (glas)|basovnog]] F (F2) da visokog [[soprano|sopranskog]] F (F6). Španska sopranistica Montserrat Caballé, s kojom je Mercury snimio album, izrazila je mišljenje da je "razlika između Freddieja i gotovo svih ostalih rok-zvijezda bila u tome da je on prodavao glas. Ona dodaje: <blockquote>Njegova tehnika je zapanjujuća. Bez problema s tempom, on je pjevao s osjećajem za ritam, njegov plasman vokala bio je vrlo dobar, a bio je u mogućnosti da bez napora klizi iz jednog registra u drugi. Bio je vrlo muzikalan. Njegova formulacija bila je suptilna, delikatna i slatka ili energična. Bio je u mogućnosti pronaći pravu boju ili ekspresivnu nijansu za svaku riječ.<ref>Soto-Morettini, D. (2006), Popular Singing: A Practical Guide To: Pop, Jazz, Blues, Rock, Country and Gospel, A & C Black, {{ISBN|978-0713672664}}</ref></blockquote> Pjevač grupe [[The Who]] [[Roger Daltrey]] Freddieja je nazvao "najboljim virtuozom rock'n'rolla svih vremena". Također je izjavio da je "mogao otpjevati bilo šta u bilo kojem stilu, da promijeni svoj stil od jedne do druge krajnosti i to je po njemu bila prava umjetnost. Bio je sjajan u tome."{{izvor}} === Karijera tekstopisca === Mercury je napisao 10 od 17 pjesama koje su uvrštene na kompilacijski album ''[[Greatest Hits (Queen)|Greatest Hits]]''. Neke od tih pjesama su: "[[Bohemian Rhapsody]]", "[[Seven Seas of Rhye]]", "[[Killer Queen]]", "[[Somebody to Love]]", "[[Good Old-Fashioned Lover Boy]]", "[[We Are the Champions]]", "[[Bicycle Race]]", "[[Don't Stop Me Now]]", "[[Crazy Little Thing Called Love]]" i "[[Play the Game]]". Najznačajniji aspekt njegove karijere tekstopisca očituje se u širokom spektru žanrova koje je koristio među kojima su bili [[rockabilly]], [[progresivni rock]], [[heavy metal]], [[gospel]] i [[disco]]. U intervjuu iz 1986. o tome je rekao: "Ne volim raditi iste stvari iznova i iznova. Volim vidjeti šta se sada dešava u muzici, filmu i pozorištu te uključujem sve te stvari." U poređenju s mnogim popularnim tekstopiscima, Mercury je također nastojao pisati muzički složen materijal. Naprimjer, pjesma "Bohemian Rhapsody" aciklična je po strukturi i sastoji se od mnoštva akorda. Također je napisao šest pjesama s drugog studijskog albuma ''[[Queen II]]''. S druge strane, pjesma "Crazy Little Thing Called Love" sadrži samo nekoliko akorda. Većinu svojih pjesama napisao je za klavir koristeći širok spektar različitih ključnih potpisa.{{izvor}} === Nastupi uživo === [[Datoteka:FreddieMercurySinging1977.jpg|mini|desno|Mercury nastupa 1977.]] Mercury je bio poznat po svom nastupu uživo koji su bili česti i dešavali se širom svijeta. Prikazivao je pozorišni stil koji je često izazivao oduševljenje publike koja je često učestvovala u tom performansu. Novinar britanskog časopisa ''The Spectator'' opisao ga je kao "izvođača koji zadirkuje, šokira i na kraju šarmira svoju publiku različitim ekstravagantnim verzijama samog sebe". [[David Bowie]], koji je nastupao na [[Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert]]u u čast Mercuryja i snimio pjesmu "Under Pressure" sa Queenom, pohvalio je Freddiejev stil rekavši: "Od svih izvođača uživo, Freddie je najdalje otišao ... on je po tome pitanju prešao preko ivice. I naravno, oduvijek sam se divio čovjeku koji nosi odjeću na pruge. Samo jednom sam ga vidio na koncertu i kao što kažu, on je definitivno bio čovjek koji je mogao držati publiku na dlanu." Jedan od najpoznatijih performansi Mercuryja sa grupom Queen održan je na koncertu [[Live Aid]] iz 1985. godine. Njihov nastup na tom koncertu izglasan je kao najbolji muzički koncert ikada održan. Koncert je emitiran na televiziji pod nazivom "Najveća svirka na svijetu". Freddiejeva moćna, snažna [[A cappella|cappella]] postala je poznata širom svijeta. === Karijera instrumentaliste === Kao dječak, dok je još živio u Indiji, Mercury je završio formalno obrazovanje za klavir, za uzrast do devet godina. Kasnije, u Londonu, učio je svirati gitaru. Većina njegove omiljene muzike zasnivala se na gitari kao muzičkom instrumentu. Njegovi omiljeni muzičari iz tog perioda bili su: [[The Who]], [[The Beatles]], [[Jimi Hendrix]], [[David Bowie]] i [[Led Zeppelin]]. Često je samopouzdano demonstrirao vještine na oba instrumenta, a od početka osamdesetih godina na koncertima počeo je sa učestalim korištenjem klavijatura. Najprije je angažovao Freda Mandela (kanadskog muzičara koji je takođe radio i za Pink Floyd, Elton Johna i [[Supertramp]]a) za svoj prvi solo projekat a od 1985. sarađivao je sa Mike Moranom (u studiju) i Spike Edney (na koncertima).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Lesley-Ann|title=Freddie Mercury: The Definitive Biography|page=3, poglavlje 7,|edition=2011}}</ref> Freddie je svirao klavir u mnogim najpopularnijim pjesmama Queena, uključujući ''[[Killer Queen]]'', ''[[Bohemian Rhapsody]]'', ''[[Good Old-Fashioned Lover Boy]]'', ''[[We Are the Champions]]'', ''[[Somebody to Love]]'' i "''[[Don't Stop Me Now]]''. Koristio je koncertni klavir, a povremeno i druge instrumente sa klavijaturama kao što je [[čembalo]]. Od 1980. godine tokom rada u studiju često je koristio i [[sintisajzer]]. Gitarist grupe Brian May tvrdi da je Freddie bio impresioniran sopstvenim sposobnostima na klaviru i da je taj instrument tokom koncerta manje koristio jer je želio da se na sceni kreće i zabavlja publiku.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Longfellow|first1=Matthew|title=Classic Albums: Queen: The Making of "A Night at the Opera|publisher=Eagle Rock Entertainment.}}</ref> === Samostalna karijera === {{Također pogledajte|The Solo Collection}} Uz rad u grupi, Freddie je izdao i dva samostalna albuma i nekoliko singlova. Iako njegov samostalni rad nije bio komercijalno uspješan kao većina albuma Queena, dva albuma i nekoliko singlova našli su se u top 10 UK Music Charts. Njegov prvi solo nastup seže u 1972. godinu i to pod pseudonimom Larry Lurex, kada je inženjer Trident Studia Robin Geoffrey Cable radio na muzičkom projektu, u vrijeme kada su članovi Queena snimali svoj debitantski album. Cable je angažovao Mercurija da izvede glavne vokale na pjesmama "I Can Hear Music" i "Goin 'Back", a obe su objavljene 1973. kao singlovi. Jedanaest godina kasnije, Mercury je pridonio remiksu pjesme [[Love Kills]] Richarda "Wolfie" Wolfa koja je korištena kao tema naslova za National Lampoonov ''Loaded Weapon 1''. Pjesma je izvorno snimljena 1984. godine, kada je uključena u soundtrack za remake filma [[Metropolis (film, 1927)|Metropolis]] Fritz Langa iz 1927. Napisana od strane Giorgia Morodera u saradnji sa Mercuryem u produkciji Morodera i Macka, pjesma ''Love Kills'' je debitovala na poziciji broj 10 britanske top-liste Singles Chart. Mack je producirao i singl "Hold On" iz 1987. koji je Mercury snimio sa glumicom Jo Dare za njemačku akcijsku dramu Zabou. == Reference == {{refspisak|30em}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commonscat|Freddie Mercury}} * [https://www.discogs.com/artist/79949-Freddie-Mercury Freddie Mercury] na Discogsu * {{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p4899}} * {{IMDb name|0006198}} {{Freddie Mercury}} {{Queen}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mercury, Freddie}} [[Kategorija:Britanski pjevači]] [[Kategorija:Queen]] [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1946.]] [[Kategorija:Umrli 1991.]] [[Kategorija:Britanski rok-muzičari]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Stone Town]] [[Kategorija:Dobitnici Nagrade "Brit"]] benupldjnetq8fqj93qxfqnyr4qfuf8 Hari Mata Hari 0 17230 3849459 3814934 2026-05-26T11:39:22Z Panasko 146730 Odbijena posljednja izmjena teksta korisnika [[Posebno:Doprinosi/Global Anesthesia|Global Anesthesia]] i vraćeno na izmjenu 3701420 korisnika Nerko65 3849459 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija muzičar | ime = Hari Mata Hari | pozadina = skupina | slika = harimatahari-cover.jpg | žanr = [[Pop-muzika|Pop]] | karijera = 1985– | trenutni_članovi = [[Hajrudin Varešanović]]<br />[[Izudin Kolečić]]<br />[[Karlo Martinović]]<br />[[Nihad Voloder]] | bivši_članovi = | izdavač = | porijeklo = [[Bosna i Hercegovina]] | najnoviji_album = [[Sreća (Hari Mata Hari)|Sreća]] | godina3 = | album2 = | godina2 = | album1 = | godina1 = }} '''Hari Mata Hari''' je [[Bosna i Hercegovina|bosanskohercegovačka]] muzička grupa, a ujedno je i scensko ime za pjevača [[Hajrudin Varešanović|Hajrudina Varešanovića]]. Grupa ima korijene u gradu [[Sarajevo|Sarajevu]] i značajni su pripadnici [[Sarajevska škola pop roka|tamošnje škole pop roka]]. Izveli su preko 1.000 koncerata i prodali 5.000.000 albuma do sada. Njihove pjesme su među najpoznatijim baladama u [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija|bivšoj Jugoslaviji]]. Grupa Hari Mata Hari predstavljala je [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosnu i Hercegovinu]] na [[Eurosong 2006.|Eurosongu 2006.]] održanom u [[Atina|Atini]], u [[Grčka|Grčkoj]], gdje je osvojila treće mjesto. Kao i njihove starije kolege iz [[Bijelo dugme|Bijelog dugmeta]], u svojoj muzici koriste motive iz bosanskohercegovačke narodne muzike s posebnim akcentom na pjevanje Varešanovića. Istovremeno, pored preovladavajućih plesnih pop pjesama i balada, prave izlete i u druge vrste etničke muzike <ref>{{Cite web|url= https://eurovision.tv/video/hari-mata-hari-lejla-bosnia-and-herzegovina-2006-eurovision-song-contest|title= ''Hari Mata Hari - Lejla (Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2006 Eurovision Song Contest''|work= eurovision.tv|access-date= 15. 7. 2022}}</ref><ref name="janjatović">{{cite book|last=Janjatović|first=Petar|title= EX YU ROCK enciklopedija 1960-2006, str.67|year=2007|publisher=self-released|location=Belgrade|page=75}}</ref> == Muzičko stvaralaštvo == === Počeci === Grupa Hari Mata Hari je neprekidno mijenjala članove. Danas, grupu čine Hajrudin Varešanović (pjevač), Izudin Izo Kolečić (bubnjevi), Karlo Martinović (solo gitara, prateće pjevanje), i Željko Zuber (bas-gitara, prateće pjevanje). Većinu njihovih pjesama komponirao je i aranžirao [[Hajrudin Varešanović]], dok je tekstove uglavnom pisao [[Fahrudin Pecikoza]]. Hari je odrastao na [[Vratnik (Sarajevo)|Vratniku]], [[Sarajevo|sarajevskom]] [[Stari Grad (Sarajevo)|starogradskom naselju]]. Njegov dedo je bio jedan od poznatijih pjevača tradicionalne bosanske [[sevdalinka|sevdalinke]]. Sa šest godina, Hajrudin je počeo pjevati i naučio je svirati gitaru. Prvi put je javno pjevao u lokalnom kulturnom centru, a sa deset godina je pjevao sa grupom "Omi", i kasnije za grupu "Sedam šuma". Na [[Vratnik (Sarajevo)|Vratniku]], Hari je snimio svoju prvu pjesmu "Zašto da ne uzmem nju". Nakon završetka srednje elektrotehničke škole u Sarajevu, Varešanović je počeo studirati [[filozofija|filozofiju]] i pohađao je časove prirodne politike, ali nije završio kurseve. Muzika je uzela njegov veći dio vremena, kao i njegova ljubav za [[fotografija|fotografiju]]. Godine 1979. priključio se grupi [[Zov (grupa)|Zov]] sa kojima je snimio hit "[[Golubica / Život|Poletjela golubica sa Baščaršije]]". Nakon odlaska iz ove grupe, Varešanović je pjevao s "[[Ambasadori]]ma", s kojima je, smatra se, odrastao u profesionalnog pjevača. Nakon služenja obaveznog vojnog roka u [[srbija]]nskom gradu [[Niš]]u, pojavio se na muzičkoj sceni kao solista objavljujući (1984) album ''[[Zlatne kočije]]''. U septembru 1985. Hari Varešanović je zajedno sa članovima grupe [[Baobab (grupa)|Baobab]] – [[Izudin Kolečić|Izudinom Kolečićem]], [[Edo Mulahalilović|Edom Mulahalilovićem]], [[Pjer Žalica|Pjerom Žalicom]] i [[Zoran Kesić|Zoranom Kesićem]] – pobijedio na festivalu "Nove nade, nove snage", i osnovao muzičku grupu "Hari Mata Hari". Iste te godine, nova grupa je izdala album ''[[U tvojoj kosi]]''. Godine 1986, Pjer Žalica - "Badžo" i Zoran Kesić napustili su grupu. Zamijenili su ih pijanist [[Adi Mulahalilović]] i bas-gitarist [[Nedžib Jeleč]], kojeg će kasnije zamijeniti [[Željko Zuber]]. === Uspjeh === Prvi značajan uspjeh ovog sastava bio je album iz 1986.''"[[Ne bi te odbranila ni cijela Jugoslavija]]'', dobio je glasove kao najbolji album godine. Tadašnja [[Jugovizija]] (nacionalno takmičenje za [[Eurosong]]), objavila ih je kao kandidate za predstavljanje [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija|Jugoslavije]]. Grupa Hari Mata Hari je 1986. osvojila 5. mjesto sa pjesmom "U tvojoj kosi", a naredne godine 14. mjesto sa pjesmom "Nebeska kraljica" na muzičkom takmičenju u [[Beograd]]u. Grupa Hari Mata Hari napravila je uspješan poslovni zaokret i od 1988. počela snimati za producentsku kuću [[Jugoton]] iz [[Zagreb]]a. Album ''[[Ja te volim najviše na svijetu]]'' prodat je u više od 300.000 primjeraka, dok je naredni album ''[[Volio bi' da te ne volim]]'' prodat u 500.000 primjeraka. [[Raspad Jugoslavije]] i ratovi koji su uslijedili ostavili su trag u karijeri grupe. Godine 1991. Edo Mulahalilović napustio grupu sa namjerom da započne vlastitu karijeru. Krajem 1991. grupa je objavila album ''[[Rođena si samo za mene]]'' u suradnji sa producentskom kućom [[Diskoton]] u [[Sarajevo|Sarajevu]]. Neke od pjesama sa albuma su: "Ja ne pijem" (duet sa [[Haris Džinović|Harisom Džinovićem]]), "Nije za te bekrija", "Nije zima što je zima", koje su imale solidne prodaje i uspjeh. Sa tim albumom, većina muzičkih aktivnosti je stala, zbog [[Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini|rata u Bosni i Hercegovini]]. U martu 1994. grupa je objavila naredni album tokom izbjegličkog boravka u [[Njemačka|Njemačkoj]]. Nazvan je ''[[Ostaj mi zbogom, ljubavi]]'', a autori za većinu pjesama bili su Hajrudin Varešanović i [[Izudin Kolečić]] na tekstove [[Fahrudin Pecikoza|Fahrudina Pecikoze]]. Do ponovnog ujedinjenja grupe Hari Mata Hari dolazi 1997–1998, a sačinjavaju je (osim Harija i Ize): [[Karlo Martinović]], [[Miki Bodlović]], [[Adi Mulahalilović]] i [[Emir Mehić]]. Uslijedio je povratak na muzičku scenu sa kompilacijskim albumom na kojem su se našli neki od njihovih najvećih hitova poput: "Ja nemam snage da te ne volim", "Ne lomi me", "Emina", "Ja nemam snage da te ne volim", "Gdje li si sada ljubavi", "Upomoć". Godine 1999. Hari Varešanović odabran je da predstavlja [[Bosna i Hercegovina na Eurosongu|Bosnu i Hercegovinu na Eurosongu]]. Ipak, bio je diskfalificiran zbog problema sa statusom pjesme. Hari je prodao pjesmu "Starac i more" [[Finska|Finskoj]] 1997. i finski izvođač [[Janne Hurme]] snimio je tu pjesmu na [[Finski jezik|finskom jeziku]] pod nazivom "Sydänveri" ("Krv srca"). [[Dino Merlin]], koji je osvojio drugo mjesto na takmičenju za bosanskohercegovačkog predstavnika, poslat je na [[Eurosong]] umjesto Harija, gdje je ostvario 7. mjesto. Hari je 2001. s [[Hanka Paldum|Hankom Paldum]], snimio pjesmu "Crni snijeg". Iste te godine album ''[[Baš ti lijepo stoje suze]]'' objavljen je sa par hit pjesama ("Kao domine", "Zjenico oka moga", "Baš ti lijepo stoje suze" i drugima). Godine 2002. pjesma "Ruzmarin" postala je instant hit. Hari Mata Hari bio je jedan od šest finalista na Hrvatskom radijskom festivalu i predstavljao je [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosnu i Hercegovinu]] muzičkom amaterskom takmičenju za odlazak na Eurosong ([[OGAE]]) u [[Francuska|Francuskoj]]. Također, 2002. Hari Mata Hari osvojio je [[Indexi (nagrada)|nagradu Davorin]] za pjesmu godine "Kao domine". Naredne godine Harijeva pjesma "Idi", dovela ga je do sedmog Hrvatskog radijskog festivala sa pjesmom "Navodno" s [[Ivana Banfić|Ivanom Banfić]]. Na osmom Hrvatskom radijskom festivalu grupa se takmičila s pjesmom "Nema čega nema", a na [[Splitski festival|Splitskom festivalu]] takmičili su se s pjesmom "Zakon jačega" koja je snimljena s [[Kemal Monteno|Kemalom Montenom]]. Kasnije te godine grupa je objavila album ''[[Zakon jačega (Hari Mata Hari)|Zakon jačega]]'' po istoimenoj pjesmi, za sarajevski [[Diskoton]], zagrebačku [[Croatia Records]] i beogradski HI-FI Centar.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.discogs.com/artist/717716-Hari-Mata-Hari|title= ''Hari Mata Hari''|website= discogs.com|access-date= 2. 3. 2025}}</ref> === Eurosong 2006. === [[Bosanskohercegovačka radio-televizija]] je kroz javni internetski glasački sistem izabrala grupu Hari Mata Hari kao bosanskohercegovačkog predstavnika za [[Eurosong]]. Eurosong za Bosnu i Hercegovinu dao je ime "Vrijeme je za Bosnu i Hercegovinu" i pjesma je opisana kao bosanski [[Romeo i Julija]]. Prvi put pjesma je puštena javnosti 5. marta 2006. na posebnoj prigodi u Sarajevskom teatru koji je držao "BH Eurosong 06". Hari je pjevao pjesmu prvi put javno i dobio veliki aplauz. Šest dana kasnije, Hari je pjevao pjesmu na prvom pojavljivanju na sceni u [[Beograd]]u na finalnoj večeri "Evropesme 2006". Pjesma "[[Lejla (Hari Mata Hari)|Lejla]]" za koju je muziku komponovao [[Željko Joksimović]], na tekst [[Fahrudin Pecikoza|Fahrudina Pecikoza]] i [[Dejan Ivanović|Dejana Ivanovića]], ljubavna je balada o udaljenoj ljubavi. Nadahnuta je bosanskohercegovačkom [[Sevdalinka|sevdalinkom]], a pri njenoj izvedbi koriste se lokalni tradicionalni muzički instrumenti. Žensko ime Lejla tradicionalno je [[Arapi|arapsko]] ime, a neki od svjetskih muzičkih zvijezda poput [[Eric Clapton|Erica Claptona]] i [[ZZ Top]]-a koristili su to ime u svojim pjesmama. Naziv pjesme jednak je onoj od [[Seid Memić Vajta|Seida Memića "Vajte"]] iz 1981. kada je "Lejla" bila jugoslavenska pjesma predstavnica na [[Eurosong 1981.|Eurosongu u Dublinu]], gdje je osvojila 15. mjesto. Muzički spot pjesme "Lejla" režirao je [[Pjer Žalica]], zajedno sa Hajrudinom Varešanovićem i muzičarima iz grupe Hari Mata Hari. Na njemu su prikazani neke od znamenitosti iz bosanskohrcegovačke tradicije. Snimljen je na nekoliko lokacija [[Hercegovina|Hercegovine]]: na planini [[Park prirode Blidinje|Blidinja]] i u nacionalnom parku [[Hutovo blato]], na [[Ruište|Ruištu]], i u [[Mostar]]u. Video završava sa [[Stari most|Starim mostom]] i starijim dijelom grada Mostara u pozadini. Pjesma je dobila ime glasanjem (s 3501 glasom, ostala imena su bila "Zar bi mogla ti drugog voljeti?" sa 660, i "Sakrivena" sa 462 glasa). Hari Mata Hari je ostvario 3. mjesto na [[Eurosong 2006.|Eurosongu 2006.]] sa 229 bodova. === Završni dio karijere === Godine 2007. objavljen je njihova [[Muzički singl|singl ploča]] s pjesmom "[[Zar je to još od nas ostalo]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.eurovisionuniverse.com/encyclopedia/hari-mata-hari/|title= ''Hari Mata Hari''|website= eurovisionuniverse.com|access-date= 20. 1. 2025}}</ref> Završni dio muzičke karijere ovog sastava zaokružen je s dva studijska albuma. Prvi je ''[[Sreća (Hari Mata Hari)|Sreća]]'', snimljen pet godina nakon njihovog [[Zakon jačega (Hari Mata Hari)|prethodnog]]. U njegovoj pripremi, angažovani su [[Ljubljanska filharmonija|Ljubljanska]] i [[Zagrebačka filharmonija]], zagrebački "[[Big bend (Zagreb)|Big bend]]", a kao gostujući muzičari tu su: [[Edin Karamazov]] na [[Lutnja|lutnji]] u narodnoj pjesmi "Jutros mi je ruža procvjetala", dueti u pjesmama "Ne mogu ti reći što je tuga" sa [[Nina Badrić|Ninom Badrić]], "Tvoje je samo to što daš" sa [[Eldin Huseinbegović|Eldinom Huseinbegovićem]]. Od gostujućih muzičara, pojavljuje se i [[Arsen Dedić]] u pjesmi "Sve smo podijelili", koju je otpjevao u duetu sa Varešanovićem i za koju je ujedno napisao tekst. Albumu su aranžmanima doprinijeli [[Ranko Rihtman]] i [[Branimir Mihaljević]].<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.discogs.com/release/5817930-Hari-Mata-Hari-Sre%C4%87a?srsltid=AfmBOooI5_H7qVu3_QyIBADiQCvlZ6TY03oEkaKCuX3PLB9x-pH44a_b|title= ''Hari Mata Hari - Sreća''|work= discogs.com|access-date= 6. 7. 2022}}</ref> Nakon snimanja ovog albuma [[Nihad Voloder]] napustio je grupu, a zamijenio ga je [[Željko Zuber]]. Drugi album pod nazivom [[Ćilim (Hari Mata Hari)|''Ćilim'']] objavljen je sedam godina kasnije, za koji je većinu pjesama komponirao pjevač Varešanović. S albuma se ističu pjesme "Lastavica", koju je komponirao [[Alen Lemešević]] na tekst [[Alma Abdagić|Alme Abdagić]], balada "Ne traži riječ", plesna "Još me plašiš" i "Sarajevo", koju je Varešanović posvetio svom rodnom gradu.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.discogs.com/release/9667907-Hari-Mata-Hari-%C4%86ilim?srsltid=AfmBOopZedjek4Bgx8cBHIoBT38VplLTBifwH3q8ABDCmAulX3p20kkx|title= ''Hari Mata Hari - Ćilim''|work= discogs.com|access-date= 2. 3. 2025}}</ref> Simbolični završetak karijere grupe Hari Mata Hari predstavlja poklon balada za njihovu publiku "[[Ja sam sâm što nemam tebe]]" snimljena 2020. i u kojoj su pjevanje Varešanovića pratili manji ženski [[hor]], te izvođači na [[klavir]]u i [[Flauta|flauti]].<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.discogs.com/release/27700242-Hari-Mata-Hari-Ja-Sam-Sam-%C5%A0to-Nemam-Tebe|title= ''Hari Mata Hari - Ja sam sâm što nemam tebe''|website=discogs.com|access-date= 28. 2. 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://fama.com.hr/hari-mata-hari-ja-sam-sam-sto-nemam-tebe-video/|title= ''Hari Mata Hari: Ja sam sâm što nemam tebe''|website= fama.com.hr|access-date= 2. 3. 2025}}</ref> == Članovi grupe == === Sadašnji članovi === * [[Hajrudin Varešanović]] – pjevanje * [[Izudin Kolečić]] – bubnjevi * [[Karlo Martinović]] – solo gitara * [[Nihad Voloder]] – ritam gitara === Bivši članovi === * [[Željko Zuber]] * [[Nedžib Jeleč]] * [[Adi Mulahalilović]] * [[Edo Mulahalilović]] * [[Pjer Žalica]] * [[Zoran Kesić]] * [[Miki Bodlović]] * [[Emir Mehić]] == Festivali == * 1986 – [[Jugovizija 1986.]] * 2002 – Hrvatski Radijski Festival 2002 * 2003 – Hrvatski Radijski Festival 2003 * 2003 – [[Splitski festival|Split]] 2003 * 2004 – Hrvatski Radijski Festival 2004 * 2006 – [[Eurosong 2006.|Eurosong 2006]] – ''treće mjesto'' == Diskografija == === Studijski albumi === # 1985 – ''[[U tvojoj kosi]]'' # 1986 – ''[[Ne bi te odbranila ni cijela Jugoslavija]]'' # 1988 – ''[[Ja te volim najviše na svijetu]]'' # 1989 – ''[[Volio bi' da te ne volim]]'' # 1990 – ''[[Strah me da te volim]]'' # 1992 – ''[[Rođena si samo za mene]]'' # 1994 – ''[[Ostaj mi zbogom, ljubavi]]'' # 1998 – ''[[Ja nemam snage da te ne volim]]'' # 2001 – ''[[Baš ti lijepo stoje suze]]'' # 2004 – ''[[Zakon jačega (Hari Mata Hari)|Zakon jačega]]'' # 2009 – ''[[Sreća (Hari Mata Hari)|Sreća]]'' # 2016 – ''[[Ćilim (Hari Mata Hari)|Ćilim]]'' === Singlovi === * "[[Kad dođe oktobar / Posljednji valcer s Dunava]]" (Jugoton, 1988) * "[[Javi se / Sedamnaest ti je godina]]" (Jugoton, 1988) * "[[Ruža bez trna / Ja te volim najviše na svijetu]]" (Jugoton, 1989) * "[[Šta je bilo, bilo je / Godina za godinom]]" (Jugoton, 1989) * "[[Na more dođite / Ti znaš sve]]" (Jugoton, 1989) * "[[Spavaj mi, spavaj / Pazi šta radiš]]" (Jugoton, 1989) * "[[Strah me da te volim / Nek' nebo nam sudi]]" (Jugoton, 1990) * "[[Sjeti se ljeta / Daj još jednom da čujem ti glas]]" (Jugoton, 1990) * "[[Lejla (radijska verzija) / Lejla (instrumental)]]" ([[Muzička produkcija Javnog servisa Bosne i Hercegovine]], 2006) * "[[Zar je to još od nas ostalo]]" (Hi-Fi Centar, 2007) * "[[Da ti k'o čovjek oprostim]]" (City Records, 2014) * "[[Stara ljubavi]]" (HI-FI Centar, 2015) * "[[Ja sam sâm što nemam tebe]]" (2020) === Kompilacije === # 1997 – ''[[Balade (Hari Mata Hari)|Balade]]'' # 1998 – ''[[Hitovi 1 (Hari Mata Hari)|Hitovi 1]]'' # 1999 – ''[[Hitovi 2]]'' # 2001 – ''[[Sve najljepše od Hari Mata Hari]]'' # 2002 – ''[[Ružmarin i najljepše neobjavljene pjesme]]'' # 2002 – ''[[Balade 1992–2002 (Hari Mata Hari)|Balade 1992–2002]]'' # 2006 – ''[[Najljepše od Hari Mata Hari]]'' # 2006 – ''[[Zlatna kolekcija (Hari Mata Hari)|Zlatna kolekcija]]'' # 2006 – ''[[Dueti 1988–2005 (Hari Mata Hari)|Dueti 1988–2005]]'' === Uživo === # 1999 – ''[[Live 1 i 2]]'' # 2002 – ''[[Live (Hari Mata Hari)|Live]]'' == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090615060657/http://www.hari-mata-hari.ba/ Zvanični sajt] (arhiva) * [https://eurovision.tv/video/hari-mata-hari-lejla-bosnia-and-herzegovina-2006-eurovision-song-contest Hari Mata Hari izvodi pjesmu "Lejla" na Eurosongu 2006.] {{Bosna i Hercegovina na Eurosongu}} [[Kategorija:Bosanskohercegovačke muzičke grupe]] [[Kategorija:Muzičke grupe osnovane 1985.]] [[Kategorija:Bosanskohercegovački predstavnici na Euroviziji]] [[Kategorija:Predstavnici na Eurosongu 2006.]] [[Kategorija:Muzičke grupe iz Sarajeva]] tlprs1fcvlzqfu9yzjc1pfznttfcg3c Antifašističko vijeće narodnog oslobođenja Jugoslavije 0 18041 3849427 3772970 2026-05-26T10:04:48Z CommonsDelinker 1478 Uklanjam datoteku [[c:File:Ivan_Ribar_(1995x2048).png|Ivan_Ribar_(1995x2048).png]]; na Commonsu ju je izbrisao/-la [[c:User:Yann|Yann]]; razlog: per [[:c:COM:NETCOPYVIO|]]. 3849427 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija parlament | ime = Antifašističko vijeće narodnog oslobođenja Jugoslavije | izvorno_ime = (AVNOJ) | ime_transkripcija = | boja_pozadine = red | saziv = | logo = Flag of Yugoslavia (1943–1946).svg | logo_širina = 200px | logo_opis = Zastava [[Demokratska Federativna Jugoslavija|jugoslavenskih partizana]] | vrsta = [[Jednodomni sistem]] | domovi = | ograničenje_mandata = | osnovano = 26. novembar 1942. | raspušteno = 29. novembar 1945. | prethodnik = | sljedbenik = [[Skupština Socijalističke Federativne Republike Jugoslavije|Skupština FNRJ]] | početak_saziva = 26. novembar 1942. | lider1_vrsta = [[Skupština Socijalističke Federativne Republike Jugoslavije#Predsjednici|Predsjednik]] [[Drugo zasjedanje AVNOJ-a#Predsjedništvo AVNOJ-a|Predsjedništva]] | lider1 = [[Ivan Ribar]] | stranka1 = [[Savez komunista Jugoslavije|KPJ]] | datum_izbora1 = | lider2_vrsta = Potpredsjednici | lider2 = [[Pavle Savić]]<br>[[Nurija Pozderac]] | stranka2 = [[Savez komunista Jugoslavije|KPJ]] | datum_izbora2 = | lider3_vrsta = | lider3 = | stranka3 = | datum_izbora3 = | lider4_vrsta = | lider4 = | stranka4 = | datum_izbora4 = | lider5_vrsta = | lider5 = | stranka5 = | datum_izbora5 = | lider6_vrsta = | lider6 = | stranka6 = | datum_izbora6 = | zastupnici = 77 (1942)<br>303 (1943)<br>357 (1945) | dom1 = | dom2 = | struktura1 = | struktura1_rez = 200px | struktura1_alt = | struktura2 = | struktura2_rez = | struktura2_alt = | političke_grupe1 = | političke_grupe2 = | odbori1 = | odbori2 = | zajednički_odbori = | izborni_sistem1 = | izborni_sistem2 = | posljednji_izbori1 = | posljednji_izbori2 = | posljednji_izbori3 = | sljedeći_izbori1 = | sljedeći_izbori2 = | sljedeći_izbori3 = | prostor_zasjedanja = Muzej AVNOJ-a, Jajce.JPG | zasjedanja_rez = 200px | zasjedanja_alt = | mjesto_zasjedanja = Mjesto drugog zasjedanja<br>[[Jajce]], [[Socijalistička Republika Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosna i Hercegovina]] | web-stranica = | fusnote = }} '''Antifašističko vijeće narodnog oslobođenja Jugoslavije''' ('''AVNOJ''') bilo je najviše predstavničko i [[Zakonodavna vlast|zakonodavno tijelo]] na teritoriji [[Kraljevina Jugoslavija|Kraljevine Jugoslavije]] za vrijeme [[Aprilski rat|okupacije]] države od strane [[Sile Osovine|Sila Osovine]] u [[Drugi svjetski rat|Drugom svjetskom ratu]]. Osnovan je u [[Bihać]]<nowiki/>u 26. novembra 1942. od strane [[Josip Broz Tito|Josipa Broza Tita]], vođe [[Narodnooslobodilačka vojska Jugoslavije|jugoslavenskih partizana]], oružanog pokreta otpora koji je predvodila [[Savez komunista Jugoslavije|Komunistička partija Jugoslavije]]. AVNOJ je još dva puta zasjedao, u [[Jajce|Jajcu]] 1943. i u [[Beograd]]<nowiki/>u 1945, ubrzo nakon [[Kraj Drugog svetskog rata u Evropi|završetka rata u Evropi]]. Između zasjedanja, djelovao je preko svog [[Drugo zasjedanje AVNOJ-a#Predsjedništvo AVNOJ-a|Predsjedništva]], [[Izvršni odbor AVNOJ-a|Izvršnog odbora]] i [[Nacionalni komitet oslobođenja Jugoslavije|Nacionalnog komiteta oslobođenja Jugoslavije]]. Komitetu su dodijeljena ovlaštenja koja obično imaju [[Vlada|vlade]]. Dok je Tito predsjedavao odborom, zasjedanjima AVNOJ-a i njegovim Predsjedništvom je predsjedavao [[Ivan Ribar]]. [[Drugo zasjedanje AVNOJ-a]] proglasilo se za novo zakonodavno tijelo Jugoslavije i odlučilo da ona bude [[Etnički federalizam|multietnička savezna država]]. Do 1944. [[Saveznici u Drugom svjetskom ratu|Saveznici]] i [[Vlada Kraljevine Jugoslavije u egzilu|jugoslavenska vlada u egzilu]] priznali su AVNOJ kao glavno jugoslavensko zakonodavno tijelo. [[Treće zasjedanje AVNOJ-a]] sazvano je u sklopu priprema za Ustavotvornu skupštinu, kada je ponovo sazvana [[Narodna skupština Kraljevine Jugoslavije|jugoslavenska skupština]] 1945. Odlukama AVNOJ-a utvrđeno je da će u federaciji postojati šest jedinica sa definisanim granicama. Također je preuzela poziciju legitimnog vladajućeg tijela Jugoslavije od vlade u egzilu [[Petar II, kralj Jugoslavije|Kralja Petra II]]. == Pozadina == [[Datoteka:Josip_Broz_Tito_Bihać_1942.jpg|mini|[[Josip Broz Tito]] predvodio je [[Narodnooslobodilačka vojska Jugoslavije|jugoslavenske partizane]] kao otpor okupaciji Jugoslavije.|lijevo|201x201piksel]] === Invazija i ustanak === {{Glavni|Aprilski rat|Narodnooslobodilačka borba Jugoslavije|Narodnooslobodilački pokret Jugoslavije|Jugoslavija tokom Drugog svjetskog rata}}[[Kraljevina Jugoslavija]] pristupila je [[Trojni pakt|Trojnom paktu]] 25. marta 1941. pod pritiskom [[Nacistička Njemačka|Nacističke Njemačke]]. [[Adolf Hitler]] nastojao je da zaštiti svoj južni bok prije planirane [[Operacija "Barbarossa"|invazije na Sovjetski Savez]], istovremeno osiguravajući dostupnost transportnih puteva i ekonomskih resursa na [[Balkan]]<nowiki/>u, gdje je trajao [[grčko-italijanski rat]]. Kao odgovor na pakt, generali [[Jugoslavenska vojska|Kraljevske jugoslavenske vojske]] izveli su [[Državni udar u Kraljevini Jugoslaviji|državni udar]] svrgavajući vladu i [[Pavle Karađorđević|princa regenta Pavla]]. General [[Ratnog zrakoplovstva Kraljevine Jugoslavije]] [[Dušan Simović]] postao je [[Spisak predsjednika vlada Jugoslavije|predsjednik vlade]], a namjesništvo je ukinuto proglašavanjem [[Petar II, kralj Jugoslavije|Petra II]] punoljetnim, a time i kraljem, iako je imao samo sedamnaest godina.{{Sfn|Calic|2019}} [[Datoteka:Axis_occupation_of_Yugoslavia_1941-43.png|alt=Colour-coded map of Yugoslavia|mini|[[Kraljevina Jugoslavija]] je bila okupirana i podijeljena od strane [[Sile Osovine|Sila Osovine]] u aprilu 1941.]] Dana 6. aprila 1941. [[Sile Osovine]] su izvršile [[Aprilski rat|invaziju]] i brzo okupirale [[Jugoslavija|Jugoslaviju]]. Dijelove zemlje anektirale su susjedne države, a [[Nezavisna Država Hrvatska]] (NDH) postala je [[marionetska država]], kojom su vladali [[ustaše]]. Pošto je poraz zemlje bio neminovan, [[Savez komunista Jugoslavije|Komunistička partija Jugoslavije]] (KPJ) je dala instrukcije svojim 8.000 članova da gomilaju oružje u očekivanju oružanog otpora.{{Sfn|Vukšić|2003}} Do kraja 1941. oružani otpor se proširio na sva područja zemlje osim na [[Vardarska Makedonija|Makedoniju]].{{Sfn|Tomasevich|2001}} Gradeći iskustvo u tajnim operacijama širom zemlje, KPJ je nastavila da organizuje [[Narodnooslobodilačka vojska Jugoslavije|jugoslavenske partizane]],{{Sfn|Vukšić|2003}} kao borce otpora koje je predvodio [[Josip Broz Tito]].{{Sfn|Ramet|2006}} KPJ je smatrala da je [[Operacija "Barbarossa"|njemačka invazija]] na [[Sovjetski Savez]] stvorila povoljne uslove za ustanak. Politbiro KPJ je 27. juna 1941. osnovao [[Vrhovni štab NOVJ|Vrhovni štab]] Narodnooslobodilačke vojske Jugoslavije (NOVJ) sa Titom kao vrhovnim komandantom,{{Sfn|Vukšić|2003}} a partizani su vodili rat protiv okupatora do 1945.{{Sfn|Calic|2019}} === Vlada u egzilu === [[Datoteka:DusanSImovicPedroIIDeYugoslaviaYKnezevicEnLondres21061941.jpg|mini|[[Petar II, kralj Jugoslavije|Jugoslavenski kralj Petar II]] (u sredini) s premijerom [[Vlada Kraljevine Jugoslavije u egzilu|vlade u egzilu]] [[Dušan Simović|Dušanom Simovićem]] (lijevo) i ministrom Kraljevskog dvora [[Radoje Knežević|Radojem Kneževićem]] (desno) u [[London]]u u junu 1941, ubrzo nakon bijega iz Jugoslavije.]] {{Glavni|Vlada Kraljevine Jugoslavije u egzilu}} [[Petar II, kralj Jugoslavije|Kralj Petar II]] i vlada pobegli su iz Jugoslavije u aprilu 1941, kada je postalo očigledno da vojska neće moći da odbrani državu. Odluka da se ode u egzil dovela je vladu u lošu poziciju, dodatno narušenu političkim razlikama između ministara.{{Sfn|Calic|2019}} Vlada, produžetak postpučističke vlade koju je predvodio Simović, zasnivala je svoj legitimitet na [[Ustav Kraljevine Jugoslavije|jugoslavenskom ustavu iz 1931]], koji ju je činio odgovornom kralju.{{Sfn|Đilas|1991}} Izgubila je tri ministra [[Hrvatska seljačka stranka|Hrvatske seljačke stranke]] (HSS), uključujući čelnika stranke i potpredsjednika vlade [[Vladko Maček|Vladka Mačeka]], koji je podnio ostavku i ostao u zemlji. HSS se tako podijelio i izgubio utjecaj. Ostavku je dao i [[Džafer Kulenović]], jedini ministar iz [[Jugoslavenska muslimanska organizacija|Jugoslavenske muslimanske organizacije]] (JMO).{{Sfn|Tomasevich|2001}} Vlada u egzilu bila je podijeljena duž etničke linije koja je odvajala HSS od bloka srpskih ministara iz nekoliko razjedinjenih stranaka.{{Sfn|Đilas|1991}} Podjele su se produbile jer ministri HSS-a nisu bili voljni da javno raspravljaju i osuđuju [[Genocid nad Srbima u Nezavisnoj Državi Hrvatskoj|ustaške zločine nad Srbima]] krajem 1941. U januaru 1942. Simovića je zamenio [[Slobodan Jovanović]], a njegova odluka da podrži [[Četnici|četnike]] produžila je razdor sa ministrima HSS-a.{{Sfn|Đilas|1991}} Jovanović je u četnicima gledao kao na gerilsku snagu koja obećava obnovu monarhije nakon rata. U kombinaciji sa strahom od [[Komunizam|komunizma]], to ga je navelo da ignoriše informacije o četničkoj saradnji sa Silama Osovine,{{Sfn|Calic|2019}} i da njihovog vođu, [[Draža Mihailović|Dražu Mihailovića]], postavi za ministra vojske, mornarice i vazduhoplovstva.{{Sfn|Roberts|1973}} Istovremeno, vlada je Mihailovića unaprijedila u [[Armijski general (Kraljevina Jugoslavija)|armijskog generala]] i formalno preimenovala četnike u „Jugoslavensku vojsku u otadžbini“.{{Sfn|Tomasevich|2001}} U junu 1943. Jovanović je dao ostavku, ne mogavši ponovo da okupi ministre, a njegova zamjena, [[Miloš Trifunović]], također je podnio ostavku poslije nepuna dva mjeseca. U augustu je [[Božidar Purić]] imenovan za premijera većinski administrativne vlade koju su uglavnom činili državni službenici,{{Sfn|Đilas|1991}} iako je Mihailović zadržao svoju ministarsku poziciju.{{Sfn|Tomasevich|2001}} == Prvo zasjedanje == {{Glavni|Prvo zasjedanje AVNOJ-a}} [[Datoteka:First_session_of_the_AVNOJ_in_Bihać.jpg|lijevo|mini|Slika sa prvog zasjedanja AVNOJ-a u [[Bihać]]<nowiki/>u.]] U novembru 1942. partizani su zauzeli [[Bihać]] i osigurali kontrolu nad velikim dijelom zapadne [[Bosna (regija)|Bosne]], [[Dalmacija|Dalmacije]] i [[Lika|Like]], koju su nazvali [[Bihaćka republika]].{{Sfn|Calic|2019}} U gradu je 26. i 27. novembra,{{Sfn|Tomasevich|2001}} na inicijativu Tita i KPJ, osnovano Panjugoslavensko antifašističko vijeće za narodno oslobođenje Jugoslavije (AVNOJ). AVNOJ je na svom osnivačkom zasjedanju usvojio princip [[Etnički federalizam|multietničke savezne države]] kao osnovu za buduću vladu zemlje,{{Sfn|Lukic|Lynch|1996}} ali nije zvanično odredio kakav će sistem vlasti biti implementiran nakon rata.{{Sfn|Hoare|2013}} Postojala je određena nejasnoća u pogledu broja budućih federalnih jedinica i da li će sve imati jednak status unutar federacije.{{Sfn|Hoare|2013}} AVNOJ također nije spomenuo međunarodno priznanje jugoslavenske vlade u egzilu sa sjedištem u [[London]]<nowiki/>u, koju su podržavali [[Saveznici u Drugom svjetskom ratu|zapadni saveznici]], a [[Sovjetski Savez|Sovjetski]] politički vođa [[Josif Staljin]] nije želio da se suprotstavi saveznicima podržavajući partizane. Neposredno prije sjednice u Bihaću, Tito je izvornom nazivu AVNOJ-a dodao izraz "[[Antifašizam]]" kako bi naglasio njegovu privremenu i antiosovinsku prirodu.{{Sfn|Hoare|2013}} Ovi koraci su napravljeni kao odgovor na sovjetske stavove izražene u prepisci između KPJ i [[Moskva|Moskve]] u periodu juli-novembar 1942. [[Kominterna]] je tražila od Tita da osnuje političko tijelo isključivo za oslobađanje zemlje, a ne protiv jugoslavenske monarhije. Sovjeti su tražili od AVNOJ-a da otvoreno ne promiče komunističku agendu kako bi se izbjeglo antagoniziranje zapadnih saveznika, te su upozoravali da se Tito ne imenuje za predsjednika AVNOJ-a.{{Sfn|Swain|2011}} Vijećnici AVNOJ-a predstavljali su pojedine dijelove Jugoslavije: 17 za [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosnu i Hercegovinu]], 15 za [[Hrvatska|Hrvatsku]], po 14 za [[Srbija|Srbiju]] i [[Crna Gora|Crnu Goru]], 8 za [[Slovenija|Sloveniju]], 6 za [[Sandžak]] i 3 za [[Vojvodina|Vojvodinu]], dok [[Vardarska Makedonija|Makedonija]] uopšte nije bila zastupljena. Ova raspodjela odražavala je broj partizana iz svakog dijela zemlje koji su učestvovali u oružanoj borbi. Neki od izabranih vijećnika, uključujući sve predstavnike Slovenije i Vojvodine i 12 drugih, nisu stigli.{{Sfn|Hoare|2013}} Slovenačka delegacija je telegramom obavijestila AVNOJ o svojoj podršci.{{Sfn|Lukic|Lynch|1996}} AVNOJ je izabrao Predsjedništvo sa [[Ivan Ribar|Ivanom Ribarom]] za predsjednika i [[Pavle Savić|Pavlom Savićem]] i [[Nurija Pozderac|Nurijom Pozdercem]] za potpredsjednike.{{Sfn|Hoare|2013}} Ribar je bio prvi predsjednik [[Narodna skupština Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca|Narodne skupštine Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca]], koja je kasnije preimenovana u Jugoslaviju.{{Sfn|Hoare|2013}} AVNOJ je imenovao i [[Izvršno odbor AVNOJ-a|Izvršno odbor]],{{Sfn|Hoare|2013}} kojim je predsjedavao [[Ivan Ribar]]. Vijeće je imalo tri potpredsjednika: [[Edvard Kocbek|Edvarda Kocbeka]], [[Nurija Pozderac|Nuriju Pozderca]] i [[Pavle Savić|Pavla Savića]] i još šest članova: [[Mladen Iveković|Mladena Ivekovića]] (socijalna pitanja), [[Veselin Masleša|Veselina Maslešu]] (propaganda), [[Simo Milošević]] (zdravstvo), [[Ivan Milutinović]] (ekonomija), [[Mile Peruničić]] (unutrašnji poslovi), i [[Vlada Zečević]] (vjera).{{Sfn|Pijade|1953}} Izvršni odbor se formalno nije smatralo vladom, ali Tito naveo da se vlada ne može formirati iz međunarodnih razloga. Umjesto toga, opisao je izvršni odbor kao politički instrument za mobilizaciju ljudi.{{Sfn|Swain|2011}} Nakon zasjedanja u Bihaću, osnovana su zemaljska vijeća kao politička tijela koja predstavljaju ono što se očekivalo da će biti pojedinačni dijelovi buduće federacije.{{Sfn|Banac|1988}} U januaru 1943. Izvršno vijeće AVNOJ-a objavilo je "Narodnooslobodilački zajam", pokušaj prikupljanja pola milijarde [[Kuna (NDH)|kuna]] za partizane.{{Sfn|Hoare|2013}} Ustaški režim NDH pokrenuo je propagandnu kampanju u novembru 1942. kako bi diskreditirao AVNOJ i prikazao borbu partizana kao prosrpsku i antihrvatsku. Kampanja, koja je opala nakon marta 1943, uključivala je objavljivanje brošura i novinskih članaka, kao i nekoliko skupova. Isticano je učešće [[Srbi|Srba]] u ustancima, dok [[Hrvati]] ili [[Muslimani (narod)|Muslimani]] učesnici AVNOJ-a ili nisu spominjani, etiketirani kao izdajice ili pogrešno imenovani. Ribarovo ime je pogrešno predstavljeno kao [[Slovenski jezik|slovenački]] "Janez Ribar".{{Sfn|Karaula|2013}} Tito opisuje svrhu AVNOJ-a u svom djelu ''Jugoslavenski narodi se bore za slobodu'' 1944: {{Citat|''U jesen 1942, kada je veći dio Jugoslavije bio oslobođen, pojavila se potreba da se uspostavi centralno političko tijelo za cijelu Jugoslaviju koje će upravljati svim tim odborima [bivšim lokalnim vlastima] i razriješiti Vrhovnu komandu različitih političkih funkcija koje su neprestano se gomilala silom prilika. Odlučeno je da se sazove Antifašističko Vijeće, odnosno skupština Narodnooslobodilačkog pokreta Jugoslavije. Za pamćenje, Vijeće se sastalo 26. novembra 1942. u gradu Bihaću, a prisustvovali su mu vijećnici svih naroda Jugoslavije. Usvojene su dalekosežne historijske odluke i izabran je izvršni odbor. Vijeće je predstavljalo sve antifašističke stranke i ujedinjavalo sve političke tokove, bez obzira na vjeru i nacionalnu pripadnost. Vijeće je bilo zaduženo da mobilizira sva sredstva za pomoć Narodnooslobodilačkoj vojsci i da nastavi sa organiziranjem Narodnooslobodilačkih odbora, ne samo na oslobođenim dijelovima, već i na teritoriji koja je još uvijek bila pod neprijateljskom okupacijom.''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tito |first1=Josip Broz |title=The Yugoslav peoples fight for freedom |date=juni 1944 |publisher=United Committee for South-Slav Americans |location=New York |page=28}}</ref>}} {| class="plainrowheaders wikitable" style="background:none; cellspacing=2px; text-align:left;" |+Oslobodilačka vijeća zadužena za izbor vijećnika AVNOJ-a{{Sfn|Hoare|2013}}{{Sfn|Banac|1988}} !Naziv !Skr. !Uspostavljeno |- |[[Glavni narodnooslobodilački odbor Srbije]] |GNOOS |Novembar 1941.{{Efn|Osnovana za vrijeme postojanja [[Užička republika|Užičke republike]].|naziv=Užička|grupa=lower-roman}} |- |[[Zemaljsko antifašističko vijeće narodnog oslobođenja Hrvatske]] |ZAVNOH |Juni 1943. |- |[[Slovensko narodnooslobodilačko vijeće#Historija|Slovenski narodnooslobodilački odbor]] |SNOO |Oktobar 1943. |- |[[Crnogorska antifašistička skupština narodnog oslobođenja#Historija|Zemaljsko antifašističko vijeće narodnog oslobođenja Crne Gore i Boke]] |ZAVNOCGB | rowspan="4" |Novembar 1941. |- |[[Zemaljsko antifašističko vijeće narodnog oslobođenja Bosne i Hercegovine]] |ZAVNOBiH |- |[[Glavni narodnooslobodilački odbor Vojvodine]] |GNOOV |- |[[Zemaljsko antifašističko vijeće narodnog oslobođenja Sandžaka]] |ZASNOS |- |<bdi>[[Antifašističko sobranje narodnog oslobođenja Makedonije]]</bdi> |ASNOM |August 1944. |} == Drugo zasjedanje == {{Glavni|Drugo zasjedanje AVNOJ-a}} === Vijećnici === [[Datoteka:Drugo_zasedanje_AVNOJ-A_v_Jajcu.jpg|desno|mini|Slika sa drugog zasjedanja AVNOJ-a (s lijeva na desno): [[Josip Broz Tito]], [[Josip Vidmar]], [[Edvard Kocbek]], [[Josip Rus]] i [[Moša Pijade]].]] Nakon što je [[Fašistička Italija|Italija]] [[Kapitulacija Italije|kapitulirala]] i snage zapadnih saveznika napredovale prema [[Jugoslavija|Jugoslaviji]], Tito je najavio još jedno zasjedanje AVNOJ-a.{{Sfn|Hoare|2013}} Od prethodnog zasjedanja, zapadni saveznici su počeli da podržavaju partizane,{{Sfn|Hoare|2013}} a Tito je smatrao vjerovatnim [[Velika Britanija|britansko]] iskrcavanje u Jugoslaviji.{{Sfn|Banac|1988}} U oktobru 1943, neposredno prije drugog zasjedanja, [[Centralni komitet]] [[Savez komunista Jugoslavije|KPJ]] je osnovao [[Nacionalni komitet oslobođenja Jugoslavije]] (NKOJ), jugoslavensko izvršno tijelo,{{Sfn|Hoare|2013}} imenovano da obavlja ulogu privremene vlade.{{Sfn|Tomasevich|2001}} AVNOJ se ponovo sastao u [[Jajce|Jajcu]] 29. i 30. novembra 1943. Ivan Ribar je predsjedavao kao predsjednik Izvršnog vijeća. KPJ je prvobitno planirala da drugom zasjedanju AVNOJ-a prisustvuje 250 vijećnika, koje biraju regionalna zemaljska vijeća, ali broj vijećnika je naknadno povećan za 53 i uključivao je vijećnike iz [[Vardarska Makedonija|Makedonije]] i [[Sandžak]]<nowiki/>a. Ukupno je trebalo da bude izabrano 78 vijećnika iz [[Hrvatska|Hrvatske]], 53 iz [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosne i Hercegovine]], 53 iz [[Srbija|Srbije]], 42 iz [[Slovenija|Slovenije]], 42 iz [[Sjeverna Makedonija|Makedonije]], 16 iz [[Crna Gora|Crne Gore]], 11 iz [[Sandžak]]<nowiki/>a i 8 iz [[Vojvodina|Vojvodine]].{{Sfn|Hoare|2013}} Od planiranih 303, do početka sjednice stigla su 142 vijećnika, a zasjedanju su prisustvovala i 163 zamjenika vijećnika, dok vijećnici iz Sandžaka i Makedonije nisu nikako prisustvovali. Također, [[Glavni narodnooslobodilački odbor Srbije]] nije mogao da održi izbore za svoje vijećnike zbog [[Nedićeva Srbija|njemačke okupacije Srbije]]. Umjesto toga, vijećnike su imenovale pojedine partizanske jedinice porijeklom iz Srbije, ali zbog toga istočna Jugoslavija biva nedovoljno zastupljena.{{Sfn|Hoare|2013}} {| class="plainrowheaders wikitable" style="background:none; cellspacing=2px; text-align:left;" |+Izabrani vijećnici za drugo zasjedanje AVNOJ-a{{Sfn|Hoare|2013}} !Regija !Broj vijećnika !Prisutni vijećnici !Prisutni zamjenici |- |[[Socijalistička Republika Hrvatska|Hrvatska]] | align="center" |78 | align="center" |37 | align="center" |67 |- |[[Socijalistička Republika Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosna i Hercegovina]] | align="center" |53 | align="center" |46 | align="center" |43 |- |[[Socijalistička Republika Srbija|Srbija]] | align="center" |53 | align="center" |24{{Efn|Imenovani od strane partizanskih jedinica iz [[Socijalistička Republika Srbija|Srbije]].|naziv=vijećnici iz Srbije|grupa=lower-roman}} | align="center" |– |- |[[Socijalistička Republika Slovenija|Slovenija]] | align="center" |42 | align="center" |17 | align="center" |42 |- |[[Socijalistička Republika Makedonija|Makedonija]] | align="center" |42 | align="center" |– | align="center" |– |- |[[Socijalistička Republika Crna Gora|Crna Gora]] | align="center" |16 | align="center" |16 | align="center" |11 |- |[[Sandžak]] | align="center" |11 | align="center" |– | align="center" |– |- |[[Socijalistička Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina|Vojvodina]] | align="center" |8 | align="center" |2 | align="center" |– |- !Ukupno !303 !142 !163 |} === Stvaranje nove države === [[Datoteka:Avnojf.gif|mini|Odluka AVNOJ-a da izgradi novu Jugoslaviju kao federaciju kako bi osigurala ravnopravnost svojih naroda.]] AVNOJ je donio nekoliko odluka od najvišeg političkog i ustavnog značaja. Proglasila se za vrhovno zakonodavno tijelo u zemlji i predstavnika jugoslavenskog suvereniteta,{{Sfn|Tomasevich|1969}} potvrdio opredijeljenost za formiranje demokratske federacije, i priznao ravnopravan položaj Bosne i Hercegovine, Hrvatske, Makedonije, Crne Gore, Srbije i Slovenije u budućoj federaciji. Uz ostale nižerangirane regionalne cjeline naveden je samo Sandžak, iako je njegovo zemaljsko vijeće i dalje bio uvršten među „sedam osnovnih organa narodne vlasti“. Iako položaj pojedinih naroda i regiona nije dalje razrađivan,{{Sfn|Hoare|2013}} drugo zasjedanje AVNOJ-a odredilo je tip federalnog uređenja koji će se uvesti u Jugoslaviju, po uzoru na [[Sovjetski Savez]].{{Sfn|Irvine|2007}} Titovi stavovi su prevladali nad modelom koji su usvojili [[Zemaljsko antifašističko vijeće narodnog oslobođenja Hrvatske]] i [[Savez komunista Hrvatske|Komunistička partija Hrvatske]] (KPH),{{Sfn|Irvine|2007}} nominalno samostalni dio KPJ osnovane u Hrvatskoj. {{Sfn|Banac|1988}} Lider KPH [[Andrija Hebrang (otac)|Andrija Hebrang]] se zalagao za labavu jugoslavensku federaciju u kojoj bi komunističke partije i organi osnovani u federalnim jedinicama bili suvereni. Nasuprot tome, Titova vizija federalnih jedinica bila je samo kao administrativne podjele. Hebranga je krajem 1944. zamijenio [[Vladimir Bakarić]], koji je stavove KPH o federalizmu uskladio s Titovim.{{Sfn|Irvine|2007}} AVNOJ je također negirao legitimitet jugoslavenske vlade u egzilu i zabranio povratak kralja [[Petar II, kralj Jugoslavije|Petra II]] u zemlju dok njen narod ne odluči o budućnosti monarhije nakon rata. Također je proglasio da svi sporazumi koje je prethodno sklopila vlada u egzilu podliježu preispitivanju i odobrenju, ponovnom pregovaranju ili otkazivanju, dok je sve daljnje sporazume koje je zaključila vlada u egzilu proglasio nevažećim. Nadalje, AVNOJ je izjavio da Jugoslavija nikada nije prihvatila podjelu iz 1941.{{Sfn|Tomasevich|1969}} Konačno, Titu je dodijeljen čin [[Maršal Jugoslavije|maršala Jugoslavije]].{{Sfn|Banac|1988}} AVNOJ je izabrao i novo [[Drugo zasjedanje AVNOJ-a#Predsjedništvo AVNOJ-a|Predsjedništvo]] od 63 člana, kojim je predsjedavao Ribar.{{Sfn|Hoare|2013}} Imenovano je 5 potpredsjednika: [[Antuna Augustinčića|Antun Augustinčić]], [[Moša Pijade]], [[Josip Rus]], [[Dimitar Vlahov]] i [[Marko Vujačić]]. Za sekretare Predsjedništva imenovani su [[Radonja Golubović]] i [[Rodoljub Čolaković]].{{Sfn|Pijade|1953}} Neki od vijećnika AVNOJ-a bili su nekomunisti, pa su u Predsjedništvo bili i neki nekomunisti iz predratnog [[Hrvatska seljačka stranka|HSS]]-a i [[Samostalna demokratska stranka|Samostalne demokratske stranke]] (SDS). NKOJ je potvrđen u ulozi vlade. Tito je imenovan za predsjednika NKOJ-a i imao je tri potpredsjednika.{{Sfn|Hoare|2013}} Dvojica su bili članovi KPJ [[Edvard Kardelj]] i [[Vladislav S. Ribnikar]], a jedan je bio [[Božidar Magovac]] iz HSS-a.{{Sfn|Pijade|1953}} Konačno, AVNOJ je formalno pohvalio i zahvalio Titov [[Vrhovni štab NOVJ|Vrhovni štab]] i [[Narodnooslobodilačka vojska Jugoslavije|partizanske snage]] za njihovu oružanu borbu.{{Sfn|Tomasevich|1969}} {| class="plainrowheaders wikitable" style="background:none; cellspacing=2px; text-align:left;" |+Članovi [[Nacionalni komitet oslobođenja Jugoslavije|NKOJ]]-a {{Sfn|Pijade|1953}} !Portret !Ime i prezime !Funkcija |- |[[Datoteka:Josip Broz Tito in 1942.jpg|bez okvira|107x107piksel]] |[[Josip Broz Tito]] | align="center" |predsjednik, odbrana |- |[[Datoteka:Edvard Kardelj (2).jpg|bez okvira|116x116piksel]] |[[Edvard Kardelj]] | rowspan="2" align="center" |potpredsjednik |- |[[Datoteka:No_image.png|80x80piksel]] |[[Božidar Magovac]] |- |[[Datoteka:No_image.png|80x80piksel]] |[[Vladislav S. Ribnikar]] | align="center" |potpredsjednik, informacije |- |[[Datoteka:Sulejman Filipović (cropped).jpg|bez okvira|114x114piksel]] |[[Sulejman Filipović]] | align="center" |šume i rude |- |[[Datoteka:Frane Frol.jpg|bez okvira|107x107piksel]] |[[Frane Frol]] | align="center" |pravosuđe |- |[[Datoteka:No_image.png|80x80piksel]] |[[Milivoj Jambrišak]] | align="center" |zdravlje |- |[[Datoteka:Edvard Kocbek ca.1946.jpg|bez okvira|104x104piksel]] |[[Edvard Kocbek]] | align="center" |obrazovanje |- |[[Datoteka:No_image.png|80x80piksel]] |[[Anton Kržišnik]] | align="center" |socijalne politike |- |[[Datoteka:Ivan Milutinović (1942).jpg|bez okvira|95x95piksel]] |[[Ivan Milutinović]] | align="center" |ekonomija |- |[[Datoteka:Mile Peruničić (cropped).png|bez okvira|127x127piksel]] |[[Mile Peruničić]] | align="center" |ishrana |- |[[Datoteka:ZAVNOH Rade Pribicevic Topusko (cropped).jpg|bez okvira|80x80piksel]] |[[Rade Pribičević]] | align="center" |izgradnja |- |[[Datoteka:Josip Smodlaka 1969 Yugoslavian stamp.jpg|bez okvira|99x99piksel]] |[[Josip Smodlaka]] | align="center" |vanjski poslovi |- |[[Datoteka:Dušan Sernec.jpg|bez okvira|96x96piksel]] |[[Dušan Sernec]] | align="center" |finansije |- |[[Datoteka:Todor Vujasinović.jpg|bez okvira|110x110piksel]] |[[Todor Vujasinović]] | align="center" |ekonomska rekonstrukcija |- |[[Datoteka:Vlado Zečević (1).jpg|bez okvira|80x80piksel]] |[[Vlada Zečević]] | align="center" |unutrašnji poslovi |- |[[Datoteka:Sreten Žujović Crni.jpg|bez okvira|114x114piksel]] |[[Sreten Žujović]] | align="center" |transport |} === Savezničko priznanje i razvoj 1944. === [[Datoteka:Emblem_of_Democratic_Federal_Yugoslavia.svg|desno|mini|Grb [[Demokratska Federativna Jugoslavija|Demokratske Federativne Jugoslavije]]. Datum na dnu označava [[drugo zasjedanje AVNOJ-a]].]] AVNOJ je 15. januara 1944. u svoj rad uveo [[višejezičnost]], odlučivši da svoje službeno djelo objavi na [[Srpski jezik|srpskom]], [[Hrvatski jezik|hrvatskom]], [[Slovenski jezik|slovenačkom]] i [[Makedonski jezik|makedonskom]] jeziku.{{Sfn|Hoare|2013}}{{Sfn|Batović|2010}} U februaru su AVNOJ i NKOJ na Titov zahtjev usvojili [[Grb Socijalističke Federativne Republike Jugoslavije|novi amblem buduće federacije]].{{Sfn|Trgo|1982}}{{Sfn|Hoare|2013}} Amblem se sastojao od 5 upaljenih baklji koje su gorjele kao jedan plamen koji predstavlja pet ujedinjenih nacija, te je bilo uokvireno snopovima, a na vrhu je stajala crvena petokraka. Na kraju prekrižena plavom trakom na kojoj je pisalo ime države, [[Demokratska Federativna Jugoslavija]].{{Sfn|Hoare|2013}} [[Josif Staljin|Staljin]] je bio bijesan zbog odbijanja AVNOJ-a sovjetskih savjeta prilikom uspostavljanja NKOJ-a kao privremene vlade i eksplicitnog odbacivanja vlade u egzilu. Staljin je posebno bio zabrinut zbog Titovog preuzimanja predsjednika NKOJ-a i njegovog uzdizanja u čin maršala. Smatrao je da će to signalizirati zapadnim saveznicima da se KPJ zapravo bori za revoluciju. Staljin je bio dodatno ljut činjenicom da nije dobio prethodno obavještenje o odlukama.{{Sfn|Banac|1988}} Na Staljinovo iznenađenje, zapadni saveznici nisu se oštro protivili odlukama AVNOJ-a. Nastavljen je dotok britanske opreme i naoružanja partizanima, koji je započeo u drugoj polovini 1943. na osnovu [[Dogovor o postocima|Čerčilove mediteranske strategije]].{{Sfn|Banac|1988}} Samo nekoliko dana nakon drugog zasjedanja AVNOJ-a, saveznici su na [[Teheranska konferencija|Teheranskoj konferenciji]] priznali partizane kao savezničku snagu i prekinuli dalju pomoć [[četnici]]<nowiki/>ma.{{Sfn|Tomasevich|2001}} Na poziv [[Premijer Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva|britanskog premijera]] [[Winston Churchill|Winstona Churchilla]], vlada u egzilu na čelu s [[Ivan Šubašić|Ivanom Šubašićem]] i NKOJ pod vodstvom Tita potpisali su 16. juna 1944. [[Sporazumi Tito–Šubašić#Viški sporazum|Viški sporazum]], gdje vlada u egzilu priznaje AVNOJ u zamjenu za obećanje NKOJ-a da će odluku o ustavu Jugoslavije odgoditi za poslije rata.{{Sfn|Hoare|2013}} [[Sporazumi Tito–Šubašić|Tito i Šubašić]] su 1. novembra u [[Beograd]]<nowiki/>u zaključili još jedan [[Sporazumi Tito–Šubašić#Beogradski sporazum|sporazum]], gdje je Šubašić potvrdio AVNOJ kao zakonodavno tijelo Jugoslavije i pristao na formiranje nove vlade od 18 članova. Šest članova bi dolazilo iz vlade u egzilu, a 12 bi bili članovi NKOJ-a.{{Sfn|Hoare|2013}} I drugo zasjedanje AVNOJ-a naišlo je na odgovor četničkog vrha. Na [[Svetosavski kongres|Svetosavskom kongresu]] održanom u januaru 1944. predložili su alternativno rješenje za poslijeratnu vladu.{{Sfn|Hoare|2013}} Kongres je takođre osudio AVNOJ u skladu sa savremenom četničkom propagandom kao proizvod kolaboracije [[Savez komunista Jugoslavije|komunista]] i [[Ustaše|ustaša]] protiv [[Srbi|Srba]].{{Sfn|Tomasevich|1975}} === Progon Nijemaca === [[Datoteka:Rudolfsgnad.jpg|mini|Spomenik na ivici jugoslavenskog komunističkog [[Logor Knićanin|logora Knićanin]] (Rudolfsgnad), otvoren u oktobru 1945.]] {{Glavni|Progon Nijemaca nakon Drugog svjetskog rata#Jugoslavija|Nijemci u Jugoslaviji#Drugi svjetski rat}} Predsjedništvo AVNOJ-a je 21. novembra 1944. proglasilo [[Nijemci u Jugoslaviji|Nijemce u Jugoslaviji]] kolektivno krivim za rat i neprijatelje Jugoslavije. Nijemci u područjima pod kontrolom partizana bili su internirani. Prije 1944. u Jugoslaviji je živjelo oko pola miliona [[Nijemci|Nijemaca]]. Oko 240.000 je evakuisano prije dolaska [[Crvena armija|Crvene armije]], još 150.000 je kasnije deportovano u [[Sovjetski Savez|SSSR]] na prinudni rad, 50.000 je umrlo u jugoslavenskim [[Radni logor|radnim logorima]], a 15.000 je ubijeno od strane partizana. Većina ostalih je [[Progon Nijemaca nakon Drugog svjetskog rata|protjerana iz Jugoslavije]], a njemačka imovina je konfiskovana. Do [[Popis stanovništva u Jugoslaviji 1948.|popisa stanovništva iz 1948.]] ostalo je manje od 56.000 etničkih Nijemaca.{{Sfn|Ramet|2006}} == Treće zasjedanje == {{Glavni|Treće zasjedanje AVNOJ-a}}Na prijedlog [[Saveznici u Drugom svjetskom ratu|saveznika]],{{Sfn|Hoare|2013}} u februaru 1945. AVNOJ je proširen za članove iz [[Srbija|Srbije]], [[Crna Gora|Crne Gore]], [[Kosovo (regija)|Kosova]] i [[Metohija|Metohije]], koji nisu bili zastupljeni na drugom zasjedanju.{{Sfn|Hoare|2011}} AVNOJ je ponovo proširen krajem marta na 54 člana predratne [[Narodna skupština Kraljevine Jugoslavije|jugoslavenske skupštine]], kako su to zahtijevali [[Sporazumi Tito–Šubašić]].{{Sfn|Hoare|2013}} Na [[Konferencija u Jalti|konferenciji u Jalti]] [[Winston Churchill|Churchilli]] i [[Josif Staljin|Staljin]] raspravljali su o odlukama AVNOJ-a, te su odlučili da traže ratifikaciju svih odluka AVNOJ-a od buduće jugoslavenske ustavotvorne skupštine.{{Sfn|Banac|1988}} [[Datoteka:III_Zasedanje_AVNOJ-a,_Beograd_1945.jpg|lijevo|mini|Poslijednje zasjedanje AVNOJ-a održano je u [[Beograd]]<nowiki/>u 1945.]] Istovremeno, Predsjedništvo AVNOJ-a je zaključilo da [[Sandžak]] ne treba da bude jedna od federalnih jedinica Jugoslavije. Zbog toga [[Zemaljsko antifašističko vijeće narodnog oslobođenja Sandžaka]] (ZAVNOS) podijelilo je regiju duž granice [[Kraljevina Srbija|Srbije]] i [[Kraljevina Crna Gora|Crne Gore]], kao iz 1912, i raspustilo se, a njegovi vijećnici, iz srezova koji su pripali Srbiji i Crnoj Gori, pridružili su se u njihove skupštine.{{Sfn|Banac|1988}} [[Antifašistička skupština narodnog oslobođenja Srbije]] (ASNOS) održala je prvu redovnu sjednicu od 7. do 9. aprila i izglasala je pripajanje [[Vojvodina|Vojvodine]], [[Kosovo (regija)|Kosova]] i dijela Sandžaka ([[priboj]]ski, [[Mileševac|mileševski]], zlatarski, [[Sjenica (Srbija)|sjenički]], deževski i štavički srezovi) [[Socijalistička Republika Srbija#Historija|Federalnoj Državi Srbiji]]. Narodnooslobodilačko vijeće kosovsko-metohijske oblasti održalo je prvu redovnu sjednicu od 8. do 10. jula, a odgovarajuće tijelo Vojvodine zasjedalo je 30. i 31. jula, te su oba tijela odlučila da se regija koji oni predstavljaju pridruži Srbiji. Sve ove odluke potvrđene su na [[Treće zasjedanje AVNOJ-a|trećem zasedanju AVNOJ-a]] u augustu 1945.{{Sfn|Hoare|2013}} Do kraja mjeseca AVNOJ je raspravljao i odlučio o promjenama granica svih jugoslavenskih federalnih jedinica na osnovu odgovarajućih granica prije 1941. i prije 1918.{{Sfn|Banac|1988}} Treće zasjedanje AVNOJ-a održano je u [[Beograd]]<nowiki/>u od 7. do 26. augusta 1945. u okviru pripreme Ustavotvorne skupštine. Ponovo je predsjedavao Ribar,{{Sfn|Hoare|2013}} a održan je u [[Dom Narodne skupštine Republike Srbije|zgradi jugoslavenske skupštine]].{{Sfn|NARS}} [[Izbori za narodne poslanike Ustavotvorne skupštine Demokratske Federativne Jugoslavije 1945.|Parlamentarni izbori]] održani su 11. novembra, a ustavotvorna skupština je sazvana 29. novembra 1945. [[Socijalistički savez radnog naroda Jugoslavije|Narodni front Jugoslavije]] (NOF) odnio je ubjedljivu pobjedu, a Skupština je kasnije ratifikovala odluke koje je ranije donio AVNOJ.{{Sfn|Hoare|2013}} == Naslijeđe == [[Datoteka:SocialistYugoslavia_en.svg|desno|mini|AVNOJ je definisao unutarjugoslavenske granice između konstitutivnih republika federacije.]] AVNOJ je rezultirao porazom [[Srpski nacionalizam|srpskog nacionalizma]]. U predratnoj [[Kraljevina Jugoslavija|Kraljevini Jugoslaviji]] [[Banovina Srbija|Srbija]] je bila u dominantnom položaju. U poređenju sa predratnim stanjem, kao i teritorijom koju je [[Kraljevina Srbija]] držala prije [[Prvi svjetski rat|Prvog svetskog rata]], Srbija je izgubila [[Vardarska Makedonija|Makedoniju]] i [[Crna Gora|Crnu Goru]]. AVNOJ je vratio državnost [[Socijalistička Republika Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosni i Hercegovini]] i postavio je kao ravnopravnu članicu uz ostale jugoslavenske federacije. Uspostavivši i potvrdivši granice, razdvojila je [[Srbi|Srbe]] koji žive u BiH i [[Socijalistička Republika Hrvatska|Hrvatskoj]] od [[Socijalistička Republika Srbija|Srbije]]. Te granice se ponekad nazivaju i "granice AVNOJ-a".{{Sfn|Hoare|2010}} Godine 1945. ova situacija je izazvala zabrinutost među Srbima koji su se bojali da će biti podijeljeni među više jugoslavenskih konstitutivnih republika. Kao odgovor, Tito i jugoslavenski režim koristili su retoriku osmišljenu da umanje očigledan značaj unutarjugoslavenskih granica.{{Sfn|Hoare|2010}} Iako su granice AVNOJ-a prvobitno bile povučene kao administrativne granice, one su dobile na značaju kasnijom decentralizacijom i [[Raspad Jugoslavije|raspadom Jugoslavije]].{{Sfn|Helfant Budding|2007}} [[Velika Srbija|Srpski iredentizam]] preko granica AVNOJ-a bio je faktor koji je doprinio [[Balvan-revolucija|pobuni Srba u Hrvatskoj]] 1990. i [[Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini|ratu u Bosni i Hercegovini]] od 1992. do 1995.{{Sfn|Hoare|2010}} == Također pogledajte == *[[Zemaljsko antifašističko vijeće narodnog oslobođenja Bosne i Hercegovine]] (ZAVNOBiH) *[[Crnogorska antifašistička skupština narodnog oslobođenja]] (CASNO) *[[Zemaljsko antifašističko vijeće narodnog oslobođenja Hrvatske]] (ZAVNOH) *[[Antifašističko sobranje narodnog oslobođenja Makedonije]] (ASNOM) *[[Slovenačko narodnooslobodilačko vijeće]] (SNOS) *[[Antifašistička skupština narodnog oslobođenja Srbije]] (ASNOS) **[[Antifašistička skupština narodnog oslobođenja Vojvodine]] (ASNOAPV) ** [[Antifašistička skupština narodnog oslobođenja Kosova]] (ASNOK) ** [[Zemaljsko antifašističko vijeće narodnog oslobođenja Sandžaka]] (ZAVNOS) *[[Skupština Socijalističke Federativne Republike Jugoslavije]] == Literatura == * [[Rodoljub Čolaković]] - ''Zapisi iz oslobodilačkog rata'', knjiga V. Sarajevo, 1966. * [[Nikola Babić (narodni heroj)|Nikola Babić]] - ''Jubilej AVNOJ-a i ZAVNOBiH-a (1943—1963)'', NIP »Zadrugar«, Sarajevo, 1963. * Vojna enciklopedija (knjiga III). Beograd 1972. == Napomene == <references group="lower-roman" /> == Fusnote == {{Commonscat|AVNOJ}} {{Refspisak|2}} == Reference == {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book|last=Banac|first=Ivo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_C1zDwAAQBAJ|title=With Stalin against Tito: Cominformist Splits in Yugoslav Communism|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=1988|isbn=0-8014-2186-1|location=Ithaca, New York}} * {{cite journal|last=Batović|first=Ante|year=2010|title=Zapadne reakcije na objavu Deklaracije o nazivu i položaju hrvatskoga književnog jezika 1967. godine|trans-title=Western Reactions to Publication of the Declaration Concerning the Name and Position of the Croatian Literary Language in 1967|url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/67461|journal=Časopis za suvremenu povijest|language=Croatian|location=Zagreb, Croatia|publisher=Croatian Institute of History|volume=42|issue=3|pages=579–594|issn=0590-9597}} * {{cite book|last=Calic|first=Marie-Janine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KqOWDwAAQBAJ|title=A History of Yugoslavia|publisher=[[Purdue University Press]]|year=2019|isbn=978-1-55753-838-3|location=West Lafayette, Indiana}} * {{cite book|last=Đilas|first=Aleksa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NB_TCBY-jooC|title=The Contested Country: Yugoslav Unity and Communist Revolution, 1919–1953|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1991|isbn=9780674166981|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts}} * {{cite book|last=Helfant Budding|first=Audrey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aGy3dO_aDisC|title=State Collapse in South-Eastern Europe: New Perspectives on Yugoslavia's Disintegration|publisher=Purdue University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-1-55753-461-3|editor1-last=Cohen|editor1-first=Lenard J.|location=West Lafayette, Indiana|pages=91–130|chapter=Nation/People/Republic: Self-Determination in Socialist Yugoslavia|editor2-last=Dragović-Soso|editor2-first=Jasna}} * {{cite book|last=Hoare|first=Marko Attila|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oFXdiS25N78C|title=Central and Southeast European Politics since 1989|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2010|isbn=978-0-521-88810-3|editor-last=Ramet|editor-first=Sabrina P.|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=111–136|chapter=The War of Yugoslav Succession|author-link=Marko Attila Hoare}} * {{cite book|last=Hoare|first=Marko Attila|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gkiEDAAAQBAJ|title=Serbia and the Serbs in World War Two|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|year=2011|isbn=978-1-349-32611-2|editor1-last=Ramet|editor1-first=Sabrina P.|location=London, UK|pages=201–224|chapter=The Partisans and the Serbs|editor2-last=Listhaug|editor2-first=Ola}} * {{cite book|last=Hoare|first=Marko Attila|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M4poAgAAQBAJ|title=The Bosnian Muslims in the Second World War|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2013|isbn=978-0-231-70394-9|location=Oxford, UK}} * {{cite book|last=Irvine|first=Jill|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aGy3dO_aDisC|title=State Collapse in South-Eastern Europe: New Perspectives on Yugoslavia's Disintegration|publisher=[[Purdue University Press]]|year=2007|isbn=978-1-55753-461-3|editor1-last=Cohen|editor1-first=Lenard J.|location=West Lafayette, Indiana|pages=149–178|chapter=The Croatian Spring and the Dissolution of Yugoslavia|editor2-last=Dragović-Soso|editor2-first=Jasna}} * {{cite journal|last=Karaula|first=Željko|year=2013|title=Pogledi ustaških medija prema partizanskim zasjedanjima "srpskog" AVNOJ-a|trans-title=The Opinions of the Ustasha Media Towards the Partisan Sessions of the "Serb" AVNOJ|url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=106598|journal=Historijska Traganja|language=Bosnian|location=Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina|publisher=Institut za istoriju|issue=12|pages=141–154|issn=1840-3875}} * {{cite book|last1=Lukic|first1=Renéo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPhhLfp8huIC|title=Europe from the Balkans to the Urals: The Disintegration of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union|last2=Lynch|first2=Allen|publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]|year=1996|isbn=9780198292005|location=Stockholm, Sweden}} * {{cite book|last1=Luthar|first1=Breda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S0x0vUKAhbIC|title=Remembering Utopia: The Culture of Everyday Life in Socialist Yugoslavia|last2=Pušnik|first2=Maruša|publisher=New Academia Publishing|year=2010|isbn=978-0-9844062-3-4|location=Washington, D.C.}} * {{cite journal|last=Mahmutović|first=Džafer|year=1988|title=Regionalni muzej Pounja Bihać|trans-title=Una Valley Regional Museum in Bihać|url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/145289|journal=Informatica Museologica|language=Croatian|location=Zagreb, Croatia|publisher=Muzejski dokumentacijski centar|volume=19|issue=1–2|pages=75–76|issn=0350-2325}} * {{cite book|title=Прво и друго заседање Антифашистичког већа народног ослобођења Југославије (26 и 27 новембра 1942, 29 и 30 новембра 1943) по стенографским белешкама и другим изворима|publisher=Presidium of the National Assembly of the Federative People's Republic of Yugoslavia|year=1953|editor-last=Pijade|editor-first=Moša|editor-link=Moša Pijade|location=Belgrade|language=Serbian|trans-title=The First and the Second Sessions of the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia (26–27 November 1942, 29–30 November 1943) According to Shorthand Records and Other Sources|oclc=632104149}} * {{cite book|last=Ramet|first=Sabrina P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FTw3lEqi2-oC|title=The Three Yugoslavias: State-building and Legitimation, 1918–2005|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|year=2006|isbn=9780253346568|location=Bloomington, Indiana|author-link=Sabrina P. Ramet}} * {{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Walter R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=43CbLU8FgFsC|title=Tito, Mihailović and the Allies: 1941–1945|publisher=Duke University Press|year=1973|isbn=978-0-8223-0773-0|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey|authorlink=Walter Roberts (writer)}} * {{cite book|last=Swain|first=Geoffrey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BFgBAwAAQBAJ|title=Tito: A Biography|publisher=I.B.Tauris & Co. Ltd|year=2011|isbn=978-1-84511-727-6|location=London, UK}} * {{cite book|last=Tomasevich|first=Jozo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVXuDwAAQBAJ|title=Contemporary Yugoslavia: Twenty Years of Socialist Experiment|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=1969|isbn=9780520331105|editor-last=Vucinich|editor-first=Wayne S.|location=Berkeley, California|pages=59–118|chapter=Yugoslavia During the Second World War|author-link=Jozo Tomasevich}} * {{cite book|last=Tomasevich|first=Jozo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoCaAAAAIAAJ|title=War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1975|isbn=978-0-8047-0857-9|location=Stanford, California|authorlink=Jozo Tomasevich}} * {{cite book|last=Tomasevich|first=Jozo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC|title=War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-8047-0857-9|location=Stanford, California|author-link=Jozo Tomasevich}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G8oKywEACAAJ|title=Zbornik dokumenata i podataka o narodnooslobodilačkom ratu naroda Jugoslavije|publisher=Vojnoistorijski institute (Institute of Military History)|year=1982|editor-last=Trgo|editor-first=Fabijan|volume=2/13|location=Belgrade|language=Serbo-Croatian|trans-title=Collection of Documents and Information on the Peoples' Liberation War of the Peoples of Yugoslavia|oclc=456199333}} * {{cite book|last=Vukšić|first=Velimir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5rgMvgAACAAJ|title=Tito's Partisans 1941–45|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|year=2003|isbn=1-84176-675-5|location=Oxford, UK}} * {{cite book|last=Walasek|first=Helen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vBSrCwAAQBAJ|title=Bosnia and the Destruction of Cultural Heritage|publisher=Ashgate Publishing Limited|year=2015|isbn=9781409437048|editor-last=Walasek|editor-first=Helen|location=Farnham, UK|pages=23–142|chapter=Destruction of the Cultural Heritage in Bosnia-Herzegovina: An Overview}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.parlament.gov.rs/gra%C4%91ani/edukativni-centar/kulturno-nasle%C4%91e/umetni%C4%8Dke-vrednosti.1105.html|title=Dom Narodne skupštine Republike Srbije|publisher=[[National Assembly (Serbia)]]|location=Belgrade, Serbia|language=Serbian|trans-title=House of the National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014030110/http://www.parlament.gov.rs/gra%C4%91ani/edukativni-centar/kulturno-nasle%C4%91e/umetni%C4%8Dke-vrednosti.1105.html|archive-date=14. 10. 2020|url-status=live|access-date=7. 2. 2021|ref={{harvid|NARS}}}} {{refend}}{{AVNOJ}} [[Kategorija:AVNOJ|*]] [[Kategorija:Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija]] [[Kategorija:Narodnooslobodilačka borba]] [[Kategorija:Antifašizam u Jugoslaviji]] [[Kategorija:Komunizam u Jugoslaviji]] [[Kategorija:Jugoslavija u Narodnooslobodilačkoj borbi]] [[Kategorija:Jugoslavija u Drugom svjetskom ratu]] [[Kategorija:Politička historija Jugoslavije]] [[Kategorija:1942. u Jugoslaviji]] [[Kategorija:1943. u Jugoslaviji]] [[Kategorija:1944. u Jugoslaviji]] [[Kategorija:1945. u Jugoslaviji]] [[Kategorija:Historija Bihaća]] [[Kategorija:Historija Jajca]] [[Kategorija:Historija Beograda]] b3kmk5uddzza7z1a71y08zyihuyjwds Leon Battista Alberti 0 18314 3849330 3661878 2026-05-25T19:31:50Z Silverije 11028 3849330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija likovni umjetnik | ime =Leon Battista Alberti | slika =Leon Battista Alberti.jpg | opis_slike =Leon Battista Alberti | datum_rođenja =[[14. februar]] [[1404]] | mjesto_rođenja =[[Genova]], [[Italija]] | datum_smrti =[[25. april]] [[1472]] | mjesto_smrti =[[Rim]], [[Italija]] |država za kategoriju=Italija | nacionalnost = | obrazovanje = | supružnik = | period =[[Renesansa]] | vrsta_umjetnosti =[[arhitektura]] | djela =''Santa Maria Novella''<br /> ''Palazzo Rucellai''<br /> ''Tempio Malatestiano'' | utjecao = | utjecali = | nagrade = | potpis = | web-stranica = }} '''Leon Battista Alberti''' ([[Genova]], [[18. februar]] [[1404]]. - [[Rim]], [[25. april]] [[1472]].), [[italija]]nski humanist, pjesnik, slikar, kipar, arhitekt,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leon-Battista-Alberti|title=Leon Battista Alberti {{!}} Italijanski arhitekta i pisac|last=|first=|date=|work=|newspaper=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=6. 4. 2018|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/search?q=Leon+Battista+Alberti&searchBtn=Search&isQuickSearch=true|title=Oxford Index Search Results - Oxford Reference|language=en|access-date=6. 4. 2018}}</ref> pravnik i matematičar. Prije [[Leonardo da Vinci|Leonarda]] utemeljio je ideal svestrana čovjeka - ''uomo universale'' - [[polimat]]a. Zadužio je [[književnost]] na narodnom jeziku raspravama što označuju preporod italijanske proze. U [[Rimini]]ju je izradio nacrte za crkvu S. Francesco, u [[Firenca|Firenci]] za palaču Rucella i pročelje Sta Maria Novella, a u [[Mantova|Mantovi]] crkvu S. Andrea. Uveo je kod tih građevina značajnu novost, a to je račlanjivanje [[fasada]] harmoničnim nizom pilastara. Raspravama "O slikarstvu" i "O graditeljstvu", te o kiparstvu i pespektivi utjecao je na razvitak renesansne umjetnosti. Pisao je na [[Latinski jezik|latinskom]] i [[italijanski jezik|italijanskom jeziku]]. Ostala djela: * "Sastavi koji se čitaju uz večeru" * "O spokoju duše" * "O upravljanju kućom". == Reference == {{Refspisak|}} {{Wikicitat|Leon Battista Alberti}} {{stub-biog}} {{Commonscat}} [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1404.|Alberti, Leon Battista]] [[Kategorija:Umrli 1472.|Alberti, Leon Battista]] [[Kategorija:Italijanski slikari|Alberti, Leon Battista]] [[Kategorija:Italijanski pisci|Alberti, Leon Battista]] [[Kategorija:Italijanski arhitekti|Alberti, Leon Battista]] [[Kategorija:Italijanski filozofi]] [[Kategorija:Italijanski pjesnici]] [[Kategorija:Italijanski polimati|Alberti, Leon Battista]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Genova]] [[Kategorija:Republika Genova]] 9bywdxb77am20ojcbim34byl4clwikt 2008. 0 18789 3849369 3844110 2026-05-26T00:32:11Z Bosancica by MK 173186 Dopisane agencije osnovane 16. aprila 2008. 3849369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Godina}} {{Godina u drugim kalendarima}} '''2008. ([[Rimski brojevi|MMVIII]])''' je bila prijestupna godina koja je počela u utorak po gregorijanskom kalendaru, 2008. godina nove ere i ''Anno Domini'' (AD), 8. godina 3. milenija i 21. stoljeća i deveta godina 2000-ih. 2008. je označena kao: * [[Međunarodna godina jezika]] * [[Međunarodna godina planete Zemlje]] * [[Međunarodna godina krompira]] * [[Međunarodna godina sanitacije]] [[Velika recesija]], svjetska recesija koja je započela [[2007.|2007. godine]], nastavila se tokom cijele 2008. godine. == Događaji == * [[12. januar]] – Poginulo 11 [[Makedonija|makedonskih]] vojnika u [[helikopter]]skoj nesreći pri povratku iz mirovne misije Evropske unije u [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosni i Hercegovini]]. * [[3. februar]] – [[Boris Tadić]] osvojio drugi mandat na mjestu predsjednika [[Srbija|Srbije]]. * [[5. februar]] – U [[Beograd]]u pripadnici srpske policije uhapsili nekadašnjeg slavnog jugoslavenskog fudbalera i bivšeg predsjednika [[FK Crvena zvezda|Crvene zvezde]], [[Dragan Džajić|Dragana Džajića]], zbog sumnji da je zloupotrebio službeni položaj. * [[17. februar]] – [[Kosovo]] proglasilo nezavisnost od Srbije. U Beogradu došlo do sukoba više stotina građana i policije. Kamenovane ambasade Sjedinjenih američkih država i Slovenije. * [[3. mart]] – [[Dmitrij Medvedev]] postao Predsjednik [[Rusija|Rusije]]. * [[3. maj]] – U [[Mjanmar]]u poginulo preko 22.000 ljudi nakon prolaska [[ciklon]]a * [[16. april]] ** Osnovana [[Direkcija za koordinaciju policijskih tijela Bosne i Hercegovine]], upravna organizacija u sastavu [[Ministarstvo sigurnosti Bosne i Hercegovine|Ministarstva sigurnosti Bosne i Hercegovine]]. ** Osnovana [[Agencija za školovanje i stručno usavršavanje kadrova]], upravna organizacija u sastavu [[Ministarstvo sigurnosti Bosne i Hercegovine|Ministarstva sigurnosti Bosne i Hercegovine]]. ** Osnovana [[Agencija za forenzička ispitivanja i vještačenja]], upravna organizacija u sastavu [[Ministarstvo sigurnosti Bosne i Hercegovine|Ministarstva sigurnosti Bosne i Hercegovine]]. ** Osnovana [[Agencija za policijsku podršku]], upravna organizacija u sastavu [[Ministarstvo sigurnosti Bosne i Hercegovine|Ministarstva sigurnosti Bosne i Hercegovine]]. * [[21. juli]] – Uhapšen [[Radovan Karadžić]] * [[8. august]] – U [[Peking]]u otvorene [[Olimpijske igre 2008.|XXIX olimpijske igre]]. * [[7. oktobar]] – Iznad [[Sudan]]a eksplodirao [[asteroid]] [[2008 TC3|2008 TC<sub>3</sub>]], prečnika oko 4,1 metra i mase oko 80 tona == 2008. u temama == {{Proširiti sekciju}} == Rođeni == {{Proširiti sekciju}} == Umrli == === Januar=== * [[2. januar]] – [[Nikolaj Puzanov]], [[Sovjetski Savez|sovjetski]] [[biatlon]]ac, [[Spisak svjetskih prvaka u biatlonu|svjetski prvak]] i [[Spisak olimpijskih pobjednika u biatlonu|olimpijski prvak]] u biatlonu. * [[17. januar]] – [[Bobby Fischer]], [[SAD|američki]] [[šah]]ovski [[velemajstor]] * [[22. januar]] – [[Heath Ledger]], australski glumac === Februar === * [[23. februar]] – [[Janez Drnovšek]], slovenski političar i državnik === Mart === * [[5. mart]] – [[Semka Sokolović-Bertok]], bosanskohercegovačka glumica * [[19. mart]] – [[Arthur C. Clarke]], [[Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo|britanski]] [[pisac]] [[naučna fantastika|naučne fantastike]] i [[izumitelj]] * [[24. mart]] – [[Boris Dvornik]], hrvatski glumac * [[31. mart]] - [[Nada Ludvig-Pečar]], [[Bosna i Hercegovina|bosanskohercegovačka]] [[kompozitor]]ica === April === * [[29. april]] – [[Albert Hofmann]], [[Švicarska|švicarski]] naučnik i hemičar === Maj === * [[20. maj]] – [[Hiuaz Dospanova]], kazahstanska pilotkinja === Juni === * [[5. juni]] – [[Eugenio Montejo]], [[venecuela]]nski pjesnik i diplomat * [[29. juni]] – [[Don S. Davis|Don Sinclair Davis]], američki glumac === Juli === * [[30. juli]] – [[Zlata Bartl]], bosanskohercegovačka i hrvatska naučnica === August === * [[3. august]] – [[Aleksandar Solženicin]], ruski pisac, dramatičar i historičar === Septembar === * [[7. septembar]] – [[Dino Dvornik]], hrvatski pjevač * [[12. septembar]] – [[Tomislav Ladan]], [[Hrvatska|hrvatski]] književnik * [[26. septembar]] – [[Paul Newman]], američki glumac === Oktobar === * [[11. oktobar]] – [[Jörg Haider]], austrijski političar * [[12. oktobar]] – [[Natela Jankošvili]], gruzijska slikarka === Novembar === * [[3. novembar]] - [[Vinko Krajtmajer]], bosanskohercegovački kompozitor === Decembar === * [[17. decembar]] – [[Ismet Bajramović]] "Ćelo", bivši komandant Vojne policije Armije Republike Bosne i Hercegovine * [[24. decembar]] – [[Bogosava Nikšić]], srbijanska glumica == [[Nobelova nagrada|Nobelove nagrade]] == * [[Nobelova nagrada za hemiju|Hemija]] &ndash; [[Martin Chalfie]], [[Osamu Shimomura]] i [[Roger Y. Tsien]] * [[Nobelova nagrada za ekonomiju|Ekonomija]] &ndash; [[Paul Krugman]] * [[Nobelova nagrada za književnost|Literatura]] &ndash; [[J. M. G. Le Clézio|JMG Le Clézio]] * [[Nobelova nagrada za mir|Mir]] &ndash; [[Martti Ahtisaari]] * [[Nobelova nagrada za fiziku|Fizika]] &ndash; [[Makoto Kobayashi (fizičar)|Makoto Kobayashi]], [[Toshihide Maskawa]] i [[Yoichiro Nambu]] * [[Nobelova nagrada za fiziologiju ili medicinu|Fiziologija ili medicina]] &ndash; [[Françoise Barré-Sinoussi]], [[Harald zur Hausen]] i [[Luc Montagnier]] == Reference == {{Refspisak}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{commonscat|2008}} 9li9h1vhzgnl5l68znm4miq680o3umc Severina 0 19498 3849454 3834201 2026-05-26T11:32:46Z Panasko 146730 Poništena izmjena [[Special:Diff/3788905|3788905]] korisnika/-ce [[Special:Contributions/~2025-40114-82|~2025-40114-82]] ([[User talk:~2025-40114-82|razgovor]]) 3849454 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija muzičar | počasni_prefiks = | ime = Severina Vučković | počasni_sufiks = | slika = Severina.jpg | slika_veličina = | široka_slika = <!-- 'da' ako je široka slika, inače ostaviti prazno --> | alt = | opis = Severina august 2008. | pozadina = solo_izvođač | ime_na_maternjem = | ime_na_maternjem_jezik = | ime_po_rođenju = Severina Kojić | alias = | datum_rođenja = {{datum rođenja i godine|1972|4|21}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Split]], [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija|Jugoslavija]] | porijeklo = Hrvatsko | datum_smrti = <!-- {{datum smrti i godine|GGGG|MM|DD|GGGG|MM|DD}} (datum smrti pa onda datum rođenja) --> | mjesto_smrti = | žanr = [[Pop-muzika|Pop]], pop-folk | zanimanje = Pjevačica | instrument = | karijera = 1989–danas | izdavač = [[Croatia Records]] <br /> [[Dallas Records]] <br /> [[City Records]] <br /> [[IDJTunesFM]] <br /> [[Play Production]] | povezani_umjetnici = | veb-sajt = {{URL|https://www.severina.com/}} | značajni_instrumenti = | modul = | modul2 = | modul3 = }} '''Severina Vučković''' (21. april 1972), poznata kao '''Severina''', [[hrvatska]] je pjevačica zabavne [[Muzika|muzike]]. Hrvatski sedmičnik Nacional ju je 2006. uvrstio među 100 najutjecajnijih Hrvata, nazvavši je "''jedinom bona fide'' hrvatskom slavnom osobom".<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://arhiva.nacional.hr/clanak/25186/100-najutjecajnijih-hrvata|title=100 najutjecajnijih Hrvata|date=15. 5. 2006|issue=548|magazine=[[Nacional (weekly)|Nacional]]|language=hr|access-date=1. 1. 2016}}</ref> Predstavljala je Hrvatsku na Eurosongu 2006, održanom u [[Atina|Atini]], [[Grčka]], sa pjesmom "Moja štikla", zauzevši 12. mjesto.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/naslovnica/eurosong-severina-i-moja-stikla-na-13.-mjestu-3330587|title=Jutarnji list - Eurosong: Severina i "Moja štikla" na 13. mjestu|date=20. 5. 2006|website=www.jutarnji.hr|language=hr-hr|access-date=28. 5. 2021}}</ref> Dobitnica je nagrade "Zlatna ptica" za najprodavanijeg umjetnika decenije u Hrvatskoj.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://net.hr/hot/zvijezde/severina-danas-slavi-44-rodendan-podsjetimo-se-svih-stvari-koje-su-je-ucinile-slavnom/|title=SEVERINA DANAS SLAVI 44. ROĐENDAN: Podsjetimo se SVIH stvari zbog kojih je slavna|date=21. 4. 2016|work=net.hr|language=hr|access-date=25. 9. 2018|archive-date=25. 9. 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925215804/https://net.hr/hot/zvijezde/severina-danas-slavi-44-rodendan-podsjetimo-se-svih-stvari-koje-su-je-ucinile-slavnom/|url-status=dead}}</ref> U 2015. bila je najtraženija osoba na [[Google]]-u u Hrvatskoj i Sloveniji.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://time.com/4157975/kim-kardashian-lionel-messi-most-googled-people/|title=See the Most Googled Person in Each Country in 2015|date=22. 12. 2015|magazine=[[Time (časopis)|Time]]|access-date=27. 12. 2015}}</ref> == Biografija == Rođena je 21. aprila 1972. u [[Split]]u. Sa 10 godina nastupila je u mjuziklu "Frane štrapalo". Kasnije upisuje Srednju muzičku školu u Splitu, a prve korake u profesionalnom pravcu bili su prije mature, nastupima na [[Splitski festival|Splitskom festivalu]], kao prateći vokal i na [[Zagrebfest|Festivalu Zagreb]], na koji dolazi kao pobjednica emisije Radio Zagreba "Demo X", koja je bila posvećena mladim muzičkim nadama. Do 2006. je objavila 12 samostalnih albuma te ostvarila niz vokalnih saradnji s umjetnicima: [[Arsen Dedić|Arsenom]] i [[Matija Dedić|Matijom Dedić]], [[Zlatan Stipišić - Gibonni|Gibonnijem]], [[Nikša Bratoš|Nikšom Bratošom]], [[Željko Bebek|Željkom Bebekom]], a 2002. turnejom "Virujen u te", potvrđuje status pop ikone. Severina se u javnosti pojavljuje ne samo kao pjevačica, nego i kao manekenka, voditeljica, glumica. Godine 2003. nastupa u [[Rijeka (grad)|riječkom]] HNK-u, u naslovnoj ulozi rock opere "Karolina Riječka", a 2004. s režiserom [[Peđom Ličinom]] snima "Gdje je nestala Slovenija?". Nakon višegodišnje pauze 2004. objavljuje album ''Severgreen''. Nekoliko puta je učestvovala na [[Dora|Dori]], hrvatskom takmičenju za [[Eurosong|Pjesmu Eurovizije]], a 2006. pobjeđuje na Dori pjesmom "Moja štikla", koju karakterišu etno motivi iz [[Hercegovina|Hercegovine]] i [[Zagora|Dalmatinske Zagore]], te s kojom je Severina predstavljala Hrvatsku na [[Eurosong]]u u [[Atina|Atini]] 2006. == Karijera == === Muzika === Njena karijera je počela kasnih 1980-ih kada je počela nastupati na lokalnim festivalima i takmičenjima. Jedan od njenih prvih velikih nastupa bio je 1989. u rodnom Splitu. Godine 1990. preselila se u Zagreb, gdje je pobijedila na radijskom takmičenju koje joj je donijelo album.<ref>{{cite news |title=VIDEO: PRIJE 30 GODINA IMALA JE JEDAN OD PRVIH VELIKIH NASTUPA Sjećate li se kako je naša slavna pjevačica izgledala i pjevala na početku karijere? |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/scena/domace-zvijezde/video-prije-30-godina-imala-je-jedan-od-prvih-velikih-nastupa-sjecate-li-se-kako-je-nasa-slavna-pjevacica-izgledala-i-pjevala-na-pocetku-karijere-8261372 |work=Jutarnji list |date=10. 1. 2019}}</ref> Iste godine osvojila je prvu nagradu na [[Zagrebfest|Zagrebačkom festivalu]] sa pjesmom "Zatvori oči, muzika sviraj". Ubrzo je postala voditeljica emisije Top Cup na [[Hrvatska radiotelevizija|Hrvatskoj radioteleviziji]] (HRT), koju je vodila godinu dana, a krajem godine otišla je na svoju prvu turneju u [[Australija|Australiju]].<ref name="telegram">{{cite web |last1=Matković |first1=Tamara |title=Kratka povijest evolucije Severine Vučković u 14 jednostavnih točaka |url=https://www.telegram.hr/zivot/kratka-povijest-evolucije-severine-vuckovic-u-14-jednostavnih-tocaka/ |website=telegram.hr |date=6. 4. 2015}}</ref> === 1990 - 1999 === Godine 1990. objavila je svoj prvi studijski album pod nazivom ''Severina''. Album joj je poslužio kao proboj na nacionalnu platformu, sa hit singlom "Vodi me na ples".<ref name="zena">{{cite web |title=Severina slavi 50. rođendan, a izgleda bolje no ikad |url=https://zena.rtl.hr/lifestyle/zabava/severina-slavi-50-rodendan-a-izgleda-bolje-no-ikad-75f6d72c-c144-11ec-9d8d-fa749786358a |website=zena.hr |date=21. 4. 2022 |access-date=2. 4. 2024 |archive-date=2. 2. 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202063038/https://zena.rtl.hr/lifestyle/zabava/severina-slavi-50-rodendan-a-izgleda-bolje-no-ikad-75f6d72c-c144-11ec-9d8d-fa749786358a |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pjesme "Tvoja prva djevojka" i "Kad si sam" s njene sljedeće istoimene ploče, objavljene 1992, sa kompozitorom [[Zrinko Tutić|Zrinkom Tutićem]], postale su veliki hitovi među mlađim fanovima.<ref name="zena" /> Vodeća pjesma s njenog trećeg studijskog albuma, ''Dalmatinka'' (1993), postala je senzacija i zaokupila mnoge emocije u trenutku objavljivanja. Severina je u pjesmi pjevala o svojoj ljubavi prema rodnoj [[Dalmacija|Dalmaciji]], bijeloj boji i [[Djevica Marija|Djevici Mariji]]. Album je imao ukupno 10 pjesama među kojima su "Ne bi' ti oprostila", "Ne spavaj mala moja" (obrada pjesme [[Bijelo dugme|Bijelog Dugmeta]]), "Paloma nera" i drugi. Naslovna numera i "Paloma nera" su postali broj jedan na nacionalnoj top listi. Njen četvrti album, ''Trava zelena'' (1995), postigao je veliki uspjeh. Naslovna pjesma je bila najpopularnija pjesma godine, što je rezultiralo povećanjem Severininog primata na hrvatskoj medijskoj platformi. Bila je to još jedna saradnja sa Tutićem. Slijedeće godine izdala je peti album ''Moja stvar''. Album je bio pod uticajem rok zvuka. Naslovnu numeru je sama napisala i komponovala. Album ''Djevojka sa sela'' (1998) je komponovao i napisao dijelom Tutić, a dijelom Severina. Naslovna numera je jedan od njenih najvećih hitova. Koristila ju je [[nogometna reprezentacija Hrvatske]] kao svoju neslužbenu himnu tokom svoje kampanje na [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u nogometu 1998.|Svjetskom prvenstvu 1998]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Baker |first1=Catherine |title=Sounds of the Borderland: Popular Music, War and Nationalism in Croatia since 1991 |date=2013 |publisher=Ashgate |isbn=9781409494034 |page=159 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hsmhAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA159}}</ref> Djevojka sa sela je njen poslednji album koji su komponovali Tutić i njegova producentska kuća Tutico. Razišli su se nakon njegovog objavljivanja zbog spora oko ugovora. Sedmi studijski album ''Ja samo pjevam'' (1999) bio je nastavak pop zvukova koji su se čuli na njenim prethodnim albumima. Imao je ukupno 10 pjesama. Kompozitor ovog albuma bio je [[Đorđe Novković]] sa kojim je počela da radi na svom slijedećem albumu. === 2000 - 2009 === Nakon uspjeha njenog albuma ''Pogled ispod obrva'' iz 2001, koncertna turneja i live album Virujen 2002. donijeli su joj nagradu za najprodavaniji live album uz nominaciju za hit pjesmu godine.<ref name="telegram" /> Virujen u te bila je njena prva velika turneja na kojoj je nastupila u većini velikih gradova na [[Balkan]]u uključujući [[Sarajevo]] i [[Ljubljana|Ljubljanu]] i potvrdila svoj status jedne od najpopularnijih hrvatskih muzičkih umjetnica. Nakon dvogodišnje pauze, izdala je svoj deveti studijski album ''Severgreen'' (2004). Ovo je bio njen prvi veliki projekat i javno pojavljivanje nakon skandala sa snimkom seksa koji se pojavio 2003. Album je bio pod utjecajem [[džez]] muzike. Godine 2006. pobijedila je na festivalu Dora sa pjesmom "Moja štikla" i predstavljala Hrvatsku na [[Eurosong 2006.|Eurosongu 2006]]. u [[Atina|Atini]], [[Grčka]], završivši na 13. mjestu.<ref name="telegram" /> Pjesma je izazvala kontroverzu u Hrvatskoj kada je nekoliko novinara i muzikologa tvrdilo da pjesma podsjeća na folk muziku Srbije.<ref name="Cvitanic">{{cite book |last1=Cvitanic |first1=Marilyn |title=Culture and Customs of Croatia |date=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313351174 |page=162 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIBmjEJePAgC&pg=PA162}}</ref> Međutim, istaknuti hrvatski etno muzičari poput [[Dunja Knebl|Dunje Knebl]] i [[Lidija Bajuk|Lidije Bajuk]] nisu se složili, a i kompozitor pjesme [[Boris Novković]] i sama Severina tvrde da pjesma uključuje utjecaje hrvatske narodne muzike iz [[Zagora|Dalmatinske zagore]] kao što su ganga i rere pjevanje i instrumentacija lijerica.<ref>{{cite news |title=Moja štikla: Hrvatski folk ili nova Lepa Brena |work=Jutarnji list |date=5. 3. 2006}}</ref> Nakon konkursa, počela je da radi na svom desetom studijskom albumu zajedno sa [[Goran Bregović|Goranom Bregovićem]], jednim od najuspešnijih muzičkih kompozitora na Balkanu. Dugo očekivani deseti studijski album ''Zdravo Marijo'', koji je uglavnom komponovao Bregović, objavljen je u maju 2008.<ref name="telegram" /> Nakon što su se nekoliko puta pojavili u javnosti u odjeći koja prikazuje religijske slike (naročito usku košulju s likom Djevice Marije sa Severinom koja pokazuje obilan dekolte), neki su protestirali zbog zloupotrebe vjerskih elemenata, nazivajući ih uvredljivim. Uprkos tome album je postao popularan i Severina je objavila još četiri zvanična muzička spota za singlove "Tridesete" (obrada Sezen Aksu "Kaçın Kurası"), "Gade", "Haljinica boje lila" (omot Nikola Pejaković ) i naslovnu pjesmu. Nakon objavljivanja albuma, otišla je na svoju drugu veliku regionalnu turneju. Dana 15. decembra 2009. bila predstavljena na [[Miligram (grupa)|Miligram]]ovoj pjesmi "Lola", koja je uvrštena na njihov istoimeni debi album. === 2010 - 2019 === Njen album i turneja ''Dobrodošao u klub'' (2012) držali su je u vrhu hrvatske zabavne muzike tokom cijele 2012. i 2013. i učvrstili njenu poziciju najpopularnije pop pjevačice u zemljama bivše Jugoslavije. Album je imao ukupno 12 pjesama, od čega sedam singlova. Prva dva singla koja su objavljena su "Brad Pitt", i "Grad bez ljudi". "Brad Pitt" je postao jedan od najvećih hitova 2011. "Italiana", objavljen u ljeto 2012, pogledan je više od pola miliona puta u prva 24 sata. Kasnije, izdala je "Uzbuna", naslovnu pjesmu i "Tarapana". Nastupala je, u svim većim gradovima u regiji. Turneja je započela u [[Rijeka (grad)|Rijeci]] u martu 2013. i nastavila se u [[Beograd]]u (pred 20.000 ljudi), [[Zagreb]]u (pred 19.000 ljudi), [[Sarajevo|Sarajevu]] (pred 15.000 ljudi), [[Ljubljana|Ljubljani]] (pred 11.000 ljudi) i njenom rodnom [[Split]]u (pred 12.000 ljudi). Za cijelu turneju prodato je više od 250.000 karata.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dobrodošao u Klub Tour|url=https://severina.com/dobrodosao-u-klub-tour/|access-date=28. 5. 2021|website=Severina.com|language=en}}</ref> Godine 2013. objavila je pjesmu "Hurem", nazvanu po Hurem Sultan. Komponovao je i napisao [[Andrej Babić]], a aranžeri su bili [[Ivan Popeskić]] i [[Branko Berković]]. U martu 2014. objavila je pjesmu "Alcatraz", nazvanu po zatvoru [[Alcatraz]]. Ubrzo nakon toga objavila je pjesmu "Brazil" kako bi podržala kampanju hrvatske nogometne reprezentacije na [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u nogometu 2014.|Svjetskom prvenstvu u nogometu 2014]]. U julu 2014. objavila je "Uno momento", duet sa srpskom grupom [[Ministarke]].<ref name="telegram" /> Pjesma je bila poznata po svom provokativnom muzičkom spotu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gloria.hr/vijesti/panorama/video-severina-objavila-provokativni-spot-za-pjesmu-%CB%9Duno-momento%CB%9D/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812033803/http://www.gloria.hr/vijesti/panorama/video-severina-objavila-provokativni-spot-za-pjesmu-%cb%9duno-momento%cb%9d/|url-status=dead|archive-date=12. 8. 2014|title=VIDEO Severina objavila provokativni spot za pjesmu "Uno Momento"|work=Gloria.hr}}</ref> Pokazalo se da je veoma popularan širom Balkana, postao je ljetni hit u Hrvatskoj, Srbiji, Sloveniji i Bosni i Hercegovini. U oktobru 2014. objavila je pjesmu sa srpskim pevačem [[Saša Matić|Sašom Matićem]] pod nazivom "More tuge". Krajem 2014. objavila je pjesmu "Generale" sa hrvatskim bendom Učiteljice. Početkom 2017. objavila je "Kao", glavni singl sa svog dvanaestog studijskog albuma ''Halo''. Drugi singl s albuma "Otrove" objavila je 27. marta 2017. s bosanskohercegovačkim reperom i producentom [[Jala Brat|Jalom Bratom]]. Njegov muzički spot pregledan je oko 15 miliona puta za manje od mjesec dana, a 29 miliona puta nakon dva mjeseca. Treći singl. zajedno sa muzičkim spotom "Mrtav bez mene" objavljen je 5. juna. U junu 2018. objavila je dva muzička spota za saradnju sa hrvatskim pjevačem [[Petar Grašo|Petrom Grašom]] pod nazivom "Unaprijed gotovo" i sa srpskom dečjom pjevačicom [[Ljuba Stanković|Ljubom Stankovićem]] pod nazivom "Tutorial". U julu 2018. objavila je muzički spot za singl pod nazivom "Magija", u kojem se ponovo pojavljuje Jala Brat.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zavodljiva Severina ponovno podiže temperaturu u seksi izdanju |url=https://www.tportal.hr/lifestyle/clanak/zavodljiva-severina-ponovno-podize-temperaturu-u-seksi-izdanju-foto-20180727 |website=tportal.hr |date=27. 7. 2018}}</ref> ===Pozorište i film === Svoju prvu pozorišnu ulogu u HNK Rijeka ostvarila je 2003. i igrala naslovnu ulogu u rock operi "Karolina Riječka". Dvije godine kasnije producirala je i glumila u monodrami "Čekajući svog čovika" u [[Satiričko pozorište Kerempuh|pozorištu Kerempuh]] u Zagrebu. Godine 2007. dobila je jednu od glavnih uloga u mjuziklu HNK Rijeka "Gospoda Glembajevi" (prema drami Miroslava Krleže iz 1929.). Iako je odluka o izboru Severine naišla na kritike nekih komentatora koji su dovodili u pitanje njene glumačke sposobnosti, mjuzikl je premijerno prikazan u martu 2007. sa značajnim uspjehom.<ref name="karolina">{{cite news|url=http://www.jutarnji.hr/cak-tri-premijere-glembajevih-u-rijeckom-hnk/210487/|title=Čak tri premijere Glembajevih u riječkom HNK|last=Benčić|first=L.|date=26. 1. 2007|work=[[Jutarnji list]]|language=hr|access-date=13. 9. 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022050859/http://www.jutarnji.hr/cak-tri-premijere-glembajevih-u-rijeckom-hnk/210487/|archive-date=22. 10. 2012}}</ref> Glumila je uz [[Davor Janjić|Davora Janjića]] i [[Enis Bešlagić|Enisa Bešlagića]] u bosanskohercegovačkom filmu [[Duhovi Sarajeva]] iz 2007. Godine 2007. nastupila je u petominutnoj kameo ulozi u slovenskom filmu ''Petelinji doručak''. == Privatni žvot == === Seks video === Godine 2004. procurio je snimak seksa na kojem su Severina i hercegovački hrvatski biznismen Milan Lučić, o čemu je pisao hrvatski online tabloid [[Index.hr]]. Grafičnost snimka i činjenica da je Lučić bio u braku kada je snimka snimljena šokirala je javnost. Severina je tužila sajt koji je pustio traku za naknadu štete, tvrdeći da joj je video ukraden te da je njeno intelektualno vlasništvo.<ref>Pop Star Asks Court To Show Her Porn Movie. ''[[The Independent]]'', 30 October 2004</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=29&art_id=qw1099057861839B232 |title= Croatian star wants sex movie shown in court |work=Independent Online|location=South Africa |access-date=18. 9. 2010|date= 29. 10. 2004}}</ref> Godine 2004. sud je odbacio dio tužbe o intelektualnom vlasništvu, ali je povreda privatnosti odobrena uz odštetu od 100.000 kuna.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://slobodnadalmacija.hr/mozaik/zivot/severina-dobila-parnicu-protiv-index-hr-a-5637|title=Severina dobila parnicu protiv Index.hr-a|date=2. 5. 2008|work=[[Slobodna Dalmacija]]|language=hr|access-date=25. 12. 2022}}</ref> === Odnosi i veze === Na početku karijere bila je u vezi sa pjevačem [[Zrinko Tutić|Zrinkom Tutićem]], koji je tada bio u braku. Potom je stupila u vezu sa pjevačem [[Alen Marin|Alenom Marinom]] iz benda [[Kojoti (grupa)|Kojoti]].<ref name="VL">{{cite web|last=Buva|first=Mia|date=28. 4. 2015|title=Ovo su svi Severinini bivši|language=Croatian|newspaper=Večernji list|url=https://www.vecernji.hr/showbiz/nakon-pet-propalih-zaruka-severina-ljubi-igora-kojica-1002747|access-date=2. 5. 2022}}</ref> Kasnije je stupila u vezu s muzičkim producentom [[Anto Pecotić|Antom Pecotićem]].<ref>{{cite web|website=InMedia|date=28. 11. 2015|title=Sve Severinine ljubavi: Alen je bio prvi, hoće li Igor biti zadnji?|language=hr|url=https://www.inmedia.ba/sve-severinine-ljubavi-alen-je-bio-prvi-hoce-li-igor-biti-zadnji/|access-date=2. 5. 2022|archive-date=21. 4. 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421170752/http://www.inmedia.ba/sve-severinine-ljubavi-alen-je-bio-prvi-hoce-li-igor-biti-zadnji/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Godine 1999. imala je kratku vezu sa hrvatskim manekenkom [[Adnan Taletović|Adnanom Taletovićem]], kojeg je upoznala na snimanju svog spota "Da si moj".<ref>{{cite web|date=11. 11. 2012|title='Sa Sevkom je bilo nešto posebno'|language=hr|url=https://www.tportal.hr/lifestyle/clanak/sa-sevkom-je-bilo-nesto-posebno-20121111|access-date=2. 5. 2022}}</ref> Godine 2000, još u vezi s hercegovačkim hrvatskim generalom [[Stanko Sopta|Stankom Soptom]], započela je aferu s Milanom Lučićem, oženjenim biznismenom s kojim je snimila seksualni snimak, koji je procurio u javnost 2004. U vrijeme objavljivanja snimka, Severina je navodno bila u vezi sa Srećkom Vargekom, ali su njih dvoje ubrzo raskinuli.<ref>{{cite web|website=Express Tabloid|date=23. 8. 2018|title=Od velikog biznismena do vlasnika bara: Propao nakon pornića sa Seve!|language=Bosnian|url=https://expresstabloid.ba/naslovnica/117429/od-velikog-biznismena-do-vlasnika-bara-propao-nakon-pornica-sa-seve/|access-date=2. 5. 2022}}</ref> Severina je ubrzo stupila u vezu sa ekonomistom Mateom Čuljkom. Veza je trajala godinu i po dana, ali je par raskinuo sedmicu dana pre Severininog 35. rođendana. Uskoro je počela da izlazi sa sportskim preduzetnikom Slavkom Šainovićem. Nakon dvije i po godine zabavljanja, par je raskinuo.<ref name="VL"/> U decembru 2010. upoznala je bogatog srpskog biznismena [[Milan Popović|Milana Popovića]] na proslavi njegovog rođendana, gde je bila angažovana za nastup. Ubrzo su počeli da se zabavljaju, a ona je u avgustu 2011. objavila da je trudna.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jutarnji.hr/severina-otkrila-radosnu-vijest--trudna-sam-i-s-milanom-cu-zivjeti-u-splitu-/963673/|title=Severina otkrila radosnu vijest: Trudna sam i s Milanom ću živjeti u Splitu! |work=jutarnji.hr}}</ref> U Splitu je 21. februara 2012. rodila dječaka po imenu Aleksandar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.24sata.hr/domace-zvijezde/severina-je-u-splitskoj-bolnici-rodila-sina-carskim-rezom-252835|title=Severina carskim rezom rodila svog prvog sinčića Aleksandra|work=24sata.hr|date=20. 2. 2012 }}</ref> U tom periodu živela je između Beograda, Vršca i Zagreba. U oktobru 2012. objavila je da su se ona i Popović razišli i da se vratila u Zagreb.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gloria.com.hr/vijesti/showpage.php?id=20664|title=Severina za Gloriju: Milan i ja više nismo zajedno |work=Gloria.hr|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130107173448/http://www.gloria.com.hr/vijesti/showpage.php?id=20664|archive-date=7. 1. 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.24sata.hr/domace-zvijezde/severina-ipak-priznala-istina-je-milan-i-ja-nismo-vise-u-vezi-284937|title=Severina ipak priznala: Istina je, Milan i ja više nismo u vezi|work=24sata.hr|date=10. 10. 2012 }}</ref> Istovremeno je objavljeno da je sina krstila u katoličkoj crkvi u Rijeci.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.24sata.hr/domace-zvijezde/seve-u-crkvi-u-rijeci-u-strogoj-tajnosti-krstila-sina-aleksandra-284062|title=Seve u crkvi u Rijeci u strogoj tajnosti krstila sina Aleksandra|work=24sata.hr|date=4. 10. 2012 }}</ref> Nekoliko mjeseci kasnije par se ponovo ujedinio sve dok se nisu razveli u avgustu 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jutarnji.hr/severina-i-milan-ponovo-zajedno---volimo-se--zajedno-smo--nasa-ljubav-nikad-nije-bila-dovedena-u-pitanje-/1088637/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304071636/http://www.jutarnji.hr/severina-i-milan-ponovo-zajedno---volimo-se--zajedno-smo--nasa-ljubav-nikad-nije-bila-dovedena-u-pitanje-/1088637/ |archive-date=4. 3. 2013 |title=SEVERINA I MILAN PONOVO ZAJEDNO 'Volimo se. Zajedno smo. Naša ljubav nikad nije bila dovedena u pitanje' - Jutarnji.hr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.story.hr/ekskluzivno-severina-i-milan-popovic-vise-nisu-zajedno-164673|title=EKSKLUZIVNO Severina i Milan Popović više nisu zajedno|work=story.hr}}</ref> Od tada je par bio upleten u sporove oko starateljstva, a Popović tvrdi da mu nije dozvoljen pristup da vidi njihovog sina, što je ona demantovala. Severina se 22. oktobra 2015. udala za srpskog fudbalera [[Igor Kojić|Igora Kojića]] u Balama, u Istri.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jutarnji.hr/u-beogradu-odrzana-severinina-svadbena-vecer/1462691/|title=FOTO: SEVERINA UZELA PREZIME KOJIĆ! Poznata pjevačica prošvercala mobitel i objavila fotografiju mladenaca!|author=K.R.|work=Jutarnji.hr}}</ref> Par se formalno razveo u Zagrebu 19. augusta 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20. 8. 2021|title=Severina i Igor i službeno su se rastali, nakon šest godina braka njihovoj ljubavi ipak je došao kraj|url=https://dnevnik.hr/showbuzz/celebrity/severina-i-igor-kojic-se-razveli-19-kolovoza-na-zagrebackom-sudu---663648.html|access-date=20. 8. 2021|website=Dnevnik.hr|language=hr}}</ref> Godine 2013. javno je podržala [[LGBT]] zajednicu u Hrvatskoj uoči hrvatskog ustavnog referenduma 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title=I Severina podržala LGBT zajednicu u Hrvatskoj |url=http://www.radiosarajevo.ba/novost/115622 |publisher=radiosarajevo.ba |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201019/http://www.radiosarajevo.ba/novost/115622 |archive-date=29. 10. 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Diskografija == * Demo tri pjesme (obrade) (1988.) * Singl proljeće (1988.) * ''Severina'' (1989.) * ''Dalmatinka'' (1993.) * ''Trava zelena'' (1995.) * ''Moja stvar'' (1996.) * ''Djevojka sa sela'' (1997.) * ''Ja samo pjevam'' (1999.) * ''Paloma Nera'', uživo (1999.) * ''Pogled ispod obrva'' (2001.) * ''18 velikih hitova'' (2002.) * ''Virujen u te'', uživo (2002.) * ''Virujen u te'', DVD (2003.) * ''Severgreen'' (2004.) * ''Bojate Bane Buski'' (2004.) * ''Moja štikla'' (2006.) * ''Zdravo Marijo'' (2008.) * ''Tridesete'' – uživo (2010.) * ''Dobrodošao u klub'' (2012.) * ''Dobrodošao u klub'' – uživo (2014.) * ''Halo'' (2019.) * ''Sorry'' (2023.) == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{commonscat|Severina Vučković}} * [https://www.severina.com/ www.severina.com] {{Hrvatska na Eurosongu}} {{Normativna kontrola}} [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1972.]] [[Kategorija:Živi ljudi]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Split]] [[Kategorija:Hrvatske pjevačice]] 717t2f4gw5j6lc8wxbw3ffxlku8qhfp Štrumpfovi 0 19809 3849461 3810580 2026-05-26T11:42:21Z Panasko 146730 Odbijena posljednja izmjena teksta korisnika [[Posebno:Doprinosi/HienLOL|HienLOL]] i vraćeno na izmjenu 3521934 korisnika WumpusBot 3849461 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nedostaju izvori}} '''Štrumpfovi''' ([[francuski|fr.]] ''les Schtroumpfs'', {{jez-en|the Smurfs}}, ) su izmišljena mala bića plave boje, koja žive u kućama od [[gljiva]] negdje u nekoj šumi u [[Evropa|Evropi]]. Izmislio ih je belgijski crtač [[strip]]ova Peyo. Glavni neprijatelj Štrumpfova je [[Gargamel]] sa svojim mačkom Azrijelom. Vođa plavih stvorenja [[Papa Štrumpf]] inače čarobnjak, dok jedini ženski lik među Štrumpfovima je plavuša [[Štrumpfeta]]. Štrumpfovi su se prvi put pojavili kao [[strip]] i kasnije kao [[crtani film]], u obliku serije i jednog dugometražnog animiranog filma. == Likovi == * [[Papa Štrumpf]] * [[Štrumpfeta]] Negativni likovi: * [[Gargamel]] * mačak [[Azrijel]] == Vanjski linkovi == * http://www.smurf.com/ * http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0081933 * http://miniatuurfiguren.be/smurfstabel.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426065637/http://miniatuurfiguren.be/smurfstabel.html |date=26. 4. 2012 }} {{Commonscat|Smurfs}} [[Kategorija:Likovi iz stripova]] [[Kategorija:Štrumpfovi]] 4dc7avl9ioj0ues8ne4eexccmxctl7g Husein Dervišević 0 20380 3849276 3809805 2026-05-25T13:01:30Z Panasko 146730 3849276 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija osoba | ime = Husein Dervišević | slika = | veličina_slike = | opis = | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja i godine|1948|12|28}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Bihać]], FNRJ | datum_smrti = {{Datum smrti i godine|2026|02|13|1948|12|28}} | mjesto_smrti = <!-- [[Bihać]], [[Bosna i Hercegovina]] --> | nacionalnost = | druga_imena = | zanimanje = književnik | godine_aktivnosti = | poznat_po = | značajna_djela = }} '''Husein Dervišević'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mojalektira.com/biografija/husein-dervisevic/|title=Husein Dervišević biografija {{!}} Moja Lektira|website=www.mojalektira.com|access-date=12. 8. 2025}}</ref> (28. decembar 1948 - 13. 2. 2026)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtvusk.ba/clanak/preminuo-bihacki-knjizevnik-i-pisac-husein-dervisevic/12846|title=Preminuo bihaćki književnik i pisac Husein Dervišević|website=RTV USK|language=bs|access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> bio je [[Bosna i Hercegovina|bosanskohercegovački]] [[književnik]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dervisevic.org/biografija/|title=Biografija|date=12. 9. 2020|website=Husein Dervišević|language=en|access-date=12. 8. 2025}}</ref> Osim književnih djela pisao je [[hronika|hronike]], [[reportaža|reportaže]], komentare i bavio se novinskom, dokumentarnom i umjetničkom fotografijom. Do sredine devedesetih bio je zaposlen na Radio-Bihaću, gdje je kao [[Disc jockey|DJ]] i hroničar čitao bajke o [[Rokenrol|rocknrolu]]. Više puta je nagrađivan, a zastupljen je i u čitankama i lektiri. Roman za djecu ''Prodavač osmijeha'' proglašen mu je [[knjiga|knjigom]] godine na književnoj manifestaciji "Pjesnička drugovanja" 1984, nakon čega je uvršten i u [[mađarska|mađarsku]] lektiru. == Djela<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dervisevic.org/citaonica/|title=Čitaonica|date=18. 9. 2020|website=Husein Dervišević|language=en|access-date=12. 8. 2025}}</ref> == *"Praznik", pjesme, Veselin Maslesa, Sarajevo 1969. *"Nigdina", pjesme, Svjetlost, Sarajevo, 1973. *"Kad me uzme luda rima", pjesme , Svjetlost, Sarajevo, 1978. *"Napasne basne", pjesme za djecu ,Svjetlost, Sarajevo, 1979. *"Medved ima dečje srce", pjesme za djecu, Klasje, Kikinda 1980. *"Verlen u autobusu GSP", pjesme, Zapis, Beograd 1981. *"Prodavac osmeha", roman za djecu, Vuk Karadžić, Beograd 1983. *"Grob - mladoženja i druge priče", pripovijetke, Arion, Beograd 1984. *" Uomo liquido", lzbor pjesama na italijanskom, Napulj 1984. *"Trojanska jabuka", pjesme, Glas, Banja Luka 1986. *"Demonska plavet", pjesme, Igk, Bihac 1988. *"Ćuti i plivaj", kratke priče, I gk, Bihac 1990 *"Djecija književnost naroda i narodnosti BiH (s Perom Zupcem I Vukom Cerovićem), izbor, Veselin Masleša I Svjetlost, Sarajevo 1990. *"Nezgodne zgode Malca i Bleska", price za djecu, Unsko-sanske novine, Bihać 1997. *"Ulicom Bišća", esejisticka proza, Delta, Bihać 1999. *"Samo jednom se ljubi", hronike, Delta, Bihać 1999. *"Bihacka pjesmarica, pjesme, Delta, Bihac 1990. *"Napasne i druge basne", pjesme za djecu, Unsko-sanske novine, Bihać, 1999. *"Zebra u gradu nije životinja", pjesme ,Unsko-sanske novine, Bihać, 2001. *"Borhes i mjesečina", Grafičar, Bihać, 2003. *"Šta je pjesnik jos htio da kaže", pjesme, Grafičar, Bihać, 2004. *"Čudesno putovanje Hipa i Hopa", bajka za djecu, Grafičar, Bihać, 2004. *"Snovi za večeru", pjesme, Udruženje pisaca USK, Bihać, 2007. *"Čitač samoće", pjesme, Udruženje pisaca USK Bihać *"Pseći Blues",pjesme, Udruženje pisaca USK, Bihać, 2009. *"Porijeklo nule", pjesme, Udruženje pisaca USK, Bihać 2012. *"Bajka o Mjesecu (s Tarikom Berberom), slikovnica, Grafska galerija, Bihać 2016. *"E što volim kamuflaže", pjesme za djecu, Unsko-sanske novine, Bihać 2018. *"Cros-road blues", roman, Unsko-sanske novine Bihać 2019 *"Reciklaža nije laža", slikovnica, Bihać 2020 *"Ponavljanje gradiva", pjesme, Brankovo kolo, Sremski Karlovci - Novi Sad 2021 == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Wikicitat}} * {{URL|dervisevic.org}} {{stub-bh-biog}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dervišević, Husein}} [[Kategorija:Bosanskohercegovački pisci]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Bihać]] [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1948.]] [[Kategorija:umrli 2026.]] thxdc6jidvml9iwlprl2zpbh407gi00 Šukrija Pandžo 0 20765 3849272 3807508 2026-05-25T12:48:58Z Panasko 146730 3849272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija osoba | ime = Šukrija Pandžo | slika = | alt_slike = | opis = | ime_pri_rođenju = | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja|1910|04|27}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Kalinovik]], [[Austro-Ugarska]] | datum_smrti = {{Datum smrti i godine|1984|05|30|1910|04|27}} | mjesto_smrti = [[Sarajevo]], [[SFRJ]] | nacionalnost = | druga_imena = | zanimanje = Književnik | godine_aktivnosti = | poznat_po = | značajni_radovi = }} '''Šukrija Pandžo''' (27. april 1910 – 30. maj 1984) bio je [[Bosna i Hercegovina|bosanskohercegovački]] [[književnik]]. == Biografija == Pandžo je rođen 27. aprila 1910. u Ulogu kod [[Kalinovik]]a. Osnovno školovanje je završio u rodnom mjestu, učiteljsku školu u [[Mostar]]u, a studirao [[književnost]] i [[francuski jezik]] na Višoj pedagoškoj školi u [[Beograd]]u i završava ga 1940. godine. Kao učitelj, potom kao nastavnik, radio je u raznim seoskim školama. Po dolasku u [[Sarajevo]] također je najprije radio kao nastavnik. Godine 1948. postao je urednik u Kulturnoj redakciji Radio - Sarajevo. Jedan je od osnivača popularne humorističke emisije "Veselo veče" i "Udruženja književnika BiH". Pandžo je pisao i za djecu i za odrasle poeziju, prozu, dramske tekstove. Dvostruki je dobitnik nagrade Udruženja književnika BiH; za zbirku pjesama "Razgovori" 1954. i za zbirku priča "Samo još kosovi zvižduću" 1961. Odlukom Savjeta RTV Sarajevo, 10. aprila 1970, dobija spomen-plaketu u znak priznanja za dugogodišnji uspješni rad, a 1. juna [[Josip Broz Tito]] dodjeljuje mu Orden zasluga za narod sa srebrenim zracima. Umro je 1984. u Sarajevu.<ref name="camo">{{cite web|title=::: SUKRIJA PANDZO :::|url=http://www.camo.ch/pandzo.htm|website=www.camo.ch|access-date=27. 4. 2014|archive-date=11. 10. 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011054624/http://www.camo.ch/pandzo.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="citajte">{{cite web|title=1. ŠUKRIJA PANDŽO - ČITAJTE KNJIGE!|url=http://citajteknjige.blogger.ba/arhiva/2008/06/13/1611461|website=citajteknjige.blogger.ba|access-date=9. 10. 2017|date=13. 6. 2008|archive-date=25. 10. 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025044555/http://citajteknjige.blogger.ba/arhiva/2008/06/13/1611461|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Djela == * Pjesme (Svjetlost – Sarajevo, 1952) * [[Razgovori]] – Pjesme za djecu (Narodna prosvjeta – Sarajevo, 1954) * [[Ljudi smo]] – Pripovijetke (Džepna knjiga – Sarajevo, 1958) * [[Samo još kosovi zvižduću]] – Priče za djecu (Svjetlost – Sarajevo, 1961) * [[Bliže su postale zvijezde]] – Pjesme za djecu (Svjetlost – Sarajevo, 1965) * [[Iznad gore vjetri zbore]] – Pjesme za djecu (Svjetlost – Sarajevo, 1968) * Poezija – Izbor iz poezije (Veselin Masleša – Sarajevo, 1973) * [[Zeleni strah]] – Priče za djecu (Svjetlost – Sarajevo, 1975) * [[Na kraju puta]] – Pripovijetke (Svjetlost – Sarajevo, 1979) * [[Dobro mi došli]] – Pjesme za djecu (Svjetlost – Sarajevo, 1980) * List na putu – Pjesme za djecu (Svjetlost – Sarajevo, 2000) == Nagrade == * 1954 – [[Nagrada Društva pisaca Bosne i Hercegovine]] za zbirku pjesama ''Razgovori'' * 1961 – Nagrada Društva pisaca Bosne i Hercegovine za za zbirku priča ''Samo još kosovi zvižduću'' * Orden zasluga za narod sa srebrenim zracima (1970), * Spomen-plaketa RTV Sarajevo u znak priznanja za dugogodišnji uspješni rad (1970) == Reference == {{refspisak}} {{Wikicitat}} a {{DEFAULTSORT:Pandžo, Šukrija}} [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1910.]] [[Kategorija:Umrli 1984.]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Kalinovik]] [[Kategorija:Bosanskohercegovački pisci]] [[Kategorija:Jugoslavenski pisci]] [[Kategorija:Dobitnici Nagrade Društva pisaca Bosne i Hercegovine]] rl98klf7rfm6qdyus5qlgy0gwzacvj3 Emma Watson 0 24635 3849395 3830547 2026-05-26T06:18:02Z Panasko 146730 +[[Kategorija:Živi ljudi]]; +[[Kategorija:Biografije, Pariz]] (uz pomoć [[Wikipedia:HotCat|HotCat]]a) 3849395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija osoba | ime = Emma Watson | slika = Emma Watson 2013.jpg | opis = | ime_pri_rođenju = Emma Charlotte Duerre Watson | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja i godine|1990|04|15}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Pariz]], [[Francuska]] | datum_smrti = | mjesto_smrti = | zanimanje = [[Glumac|Glumica]] | godine_aktivnosti = 1999–2022 | poznata_po = Uloga [[Hermione Granger]] u ''[[Harry Potter]]'' filmovima | nagrade = *'''BAFTA za britansku glumicu godine''' (2014)<ref name="imdb">[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0914612/awards?ref_=nm_awd Nagrade na imdb.com]</ref> }} '''Emma Watson Charlotte Duerre''' ([[Pariz]], 15. aprila 1990) je engleska glumica i model. Slavu je stekla ulogom [[Hermione Granger]] u filmskom opusu [[Harry Potter]]; a počela je tumačiti ulogu Hermione kada joj je bilo samo devet godina, nakon što je prethodno nastupala u školskim predstavama.<ref name=rovi>[http://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/300014/Emma-Watson/biography Emma Watson biografija na The New York Times] pristupljeno 12. januara 2008</ref> Glumila je u svih osam filmova iz opusa Harry Potter, zajedno sa [[Daniel Radcliffe|Danielom Radcliffeom]] i [[Rupert Grint|Rupertom Grintom]].<ref name=trio>[http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/March2007/23/c6173.html Daniel Radcliffe, Rupert Grint and Emma Watson to Reprise Roles in the Final Two Instalments of Warner Bros. Pictures' ''Harry Potter'' Film Franchise] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070402050048/http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/March2007/23/c6173.html |date=2. 4. 2007 }} pristupljeno 23. marta 2007.</ref> Rad Watsonove na opusu Harryja Pottera donio joj je nekoliko nagrada i zaradu u iznosu od više od 10 miliona [[Britanska funta|funti sterlinga]].<ref name=money>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1557009/Harry-Potters-sidekick-rich-enough-to-retire.html Harry Potter's Sidekick 'Rich Enough To Retire'] pristupljeno 25. februara 2014.</ref> Debitovala je kao model za ''Burberry'' u sezoni jesen/zima 2009. a u oktobru 2013. proglašena je najseksepilnijom glumicom prema svjetskoj anketi magazina Empire.<ref name=empire>[http://www.empireonline.com/100sexiest2013/men/men.asp?star=1 The 100 Sexiest Movie Stars 2013] pristupljeno 23. januara 2014</ref> U maju 2014. BuzzFeed joj daje epitet "najidealnije žene decenije".<ref name=flawless>[http://www.buzzfeed.com/samir/emma-watson-is-flawless 21 Times Emma Watson Proved She Is the Most Flawless Woman of the Decade] pristupljeno 31. maja 2014.</ref> 2012. pojavljuje se u filmskoj adaptaciji Stephena Chboskog ''Perks of Being a Wallflower'', a 2014. igrala je Ilu u biblijskom epskom filmu [[Darren Aronofsky|Darrena Aronofskog]] [[Noa (2014)|Noa]].<ref name=indiewire>[http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/emma-watson-gets-biblical-with-darren-aronofskys-noah-20120607 Emma Watson Gets Biblical With Darren Aronofsky's 'Noah'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616004656/http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/emma-watson-gets-biblical-with-darren-aronofskys-noah-20120607 |date=16 Juni 2012 }} pristupljeno 24. jula 2012</ref> Watson je 2014. naimenovana kao ambasadorica dobre volje za prava žena pri [[Ujedinjene nacije|Ujedinjenim nacijama]]. Ona je pomogla pokrenuti kampanju UN-a ''HeForShe'' (On za nju), koja poziva muškarce da se zalažu za "ravnopravnost spolova".<ref name="ambassador">[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/emma-watson-appointed-un-women-goodwill-ambassador-9590993.html Emma Watson named UN Women Goodwill Ambassador] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319063357/http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/sep/17/emma-watson-ethical-fashion-people-tree |date=19. 3. 2016 }} pristupljeno 8. jula 2014.</ref> Emma je također bila glavna uloga u filmu ''[[Beauty and the beast (film)|Beauty and Beast]]'' u kojem je glumila Belle, a glavna uloga je i u najnovijem filmu The Circle. == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commonscat}} * {{Imdb name|id=0914612|NAME=Emma Watson}} * (en) [https://web.archive.org/web/20070723093120/http://www.totally-emma.net/ Totally-Emma.net] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070501174316/http://www.thewatsononline.com/ The Watson Online] * [http://www.ewonline.net/ Emma Watson Online] {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Watson, Emma}} [[Kategorija:Britanski glumci]] [[Kategorija:Harry Potter]] [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1990.]] [[Kategorija:Živi ljudi]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Pariz]] g32p24unc7o2bqgessq7s4zzqgca7c9 Erozija 0 32871 3849449 3837082 2026-05-26T11:18:40Z Panasko 146730 3849449 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Datoteka:NegevWadi2009.JPG|mini|300px]] '''Erozija'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/erosion|title=Erosion|website=education.nationalgeographic.org|language=en|access-date=22. 1. 2026}}</ref> je prirodni proces pomicanja krutih materija (zemlje, blata, kamena itd.) usljed utjecaja vjetra, vode ili pomicanja uvjetovanih silom [[gravitacija|gravitacije]]. To je prirodni proces koji je u nekim slučajevima povećan zbog ljudskih aktivnosti. Rezultati erozije su produbljivanje korita [[rijeka]] (najpoznatiji primjer erozije je kanjon rijeke [[Colorado]] u [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|SAD-u]]), zatim pomicanje [[Obala|obale]] [[More|mora]] kao najprimjetniji rezultati (voda je snažnija sila od vjetra u pomicanju zemlje, dok pomicanje [[Pijesak|pijeska]] vjetrom u [[Pustinja|pustinji]] ne spada u eroziju). Erodirani sediment ili rastvorene materije mogu se transportovati samo nekoliko milimetara ili hiljadama kilometara. {{Commonscat|Erosion}} == Također pogledajte == * [[Denudacija]] == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [http://www.soilerosion.net/ The Soil Erosion Site] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091108010317/http://www.ieca.org/ International Erosion Control Association] * [http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/library/themes/erosion/ Soil Erosion Data] u European Soil Portal * [https://www.ars.usda.gov/midwest-area/west-lafayette-in/national-soil-erosion-research/ USDA National Soil Erosion Laboratory] * [http://www.swcs.org/ The Soil and Water Conservation Society] {{Normativna kontrola}} [[Kategorija:Agronomija|Erozija]] [[Kategorija:Dezertifikacija|Erozija]] [[Kategorija:Erozija| ]] [[Kategorija:Industrijska poljoprivreda|Erozija]] [[Kategorija:Nauka o tlu|Erozija]] 0nis9tht5ennb3zeqtaye1capzaiv6y Kyushu 0 33090 3849410 3690573 2026-05-26T09:16:11Z Panasko 146730 3849410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija ostrvo | naziv = Kjušu<br />九州 | slika = Kyushu Region in Japan (extended).svg | opis_slike = ostrvo Kyushu na mapi | karta = | veličina_karte = 280px | površina = 35.640 | koordinate = | najviša_tačka = Kujū-san 1788 | širina = | dužina = | država = [[Japan]] | najveći_grad = [[Fukuoka]] | stanovništvo = 13.231.995 }} '''Kjušu''' je najjužniji od četiri glavna [[japan]]ska ostrva. Od [[Honshū|Honshūa]] je odvojen Kamopnskim moreuzom, a od [[Shikoku|Shikokua]] Bungo moreuzom.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cobbing|first=Andrew|title=Kyushu: gateway to Japan: a concise history|url=https://archive.org/details/kyushugatewaytoj0000cobb|date=2009|publisher=Global Oriental|isbn=978-1-905246-18-2|series=Brill eBook titles 2010|location=Folkestone}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB|title=Kyūshū - New World Encyclopedia|website=www.newworldencyclopedia.org|access-date=2. 3. 2025}}</ref> Kjušu je nepravilno oblikovano, planinsko ostrvo. Glavni usjevi su [[riža]], [[čaj]], [[duhan]] i [[limun]]. Oko polovine [[ugalj|uglja]] iskopanog u Japanu dolazi sa nalazišta na sjeveru ostrva, ali proizvodnja opada. Najveći [[grad]] je [[Fukuoka]], a [[Kitakjušu]] je glavni industrijski centar ostrva i [[Sasebo]] u kome se nalazi pomorska baza. Na Kjušuu su Kagošima i Tanegašima svemirski centri, lansirna mjesta Nacionalne Svemirske Razvojne Agencije Japana, kao i Željeznički Tehnički Istraživački Institut. Površina 36.554 kilometra kvadratna, a broj stanovnika (1990. procjena) iznosi 13.269.000.<ref name=":0" /> == Također pogledajte == * [[Osumi (poluostrvo)|Poluostrvo Osumi]] == Vanjski linkovi == * http://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&client=firefox-a {{Commonscat|Kyushu}} == Reference == {{Refspisak}} {{Najveća ostrva na svijetu}} {{Normativna kontrola}} [[Kategorija:Japanska ostrva]] [[Kategorija:Ostrva u Tihom okeanu]] k41ss7ypheqsxjxsdwpdrifne7dzlqt Ford 0 34727 3849430 3834138 2026-05-26T10:17:13Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849430 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija kompanija | ime = Ford Motor Company | slika = Ford logo flat.svg | veličina_slike = | alt_slike = | tekst = | slika2 = FordGlassHouse.jpg | veličina_slike2 = | alt_slike2 = | tekst2 = [[Ford World Headquarters]] u Dearbornu, Michigan, poznata kao ''Staklena kuća'' | poslovno_ime = | izvorno_ime = | prijašnje_ime = | vrsta = Javna kompanija | berzni_naziv = F | ISIN = | industrija = automobilska | žanr = | sudbina = | prethodnik = | nasljednik = | osnovano = [[16. juni]] [[1903.]] | osnivač = [[Henry Ford]] | sjedište = [[Dearborn (Michigan)|Dearborn]], [[Michigan]], [[SAD]] | broj_lokacija = | poslužuje = [[Svijet]] | ključne_osobe = {{unbulleted list | [[William Clay Ford Jr.|William C. Ford, Jr.]]<br /><small>(direktor)</small> | [[Mark Fields (biznismen)|Mark Fields]]<br /><small>([[predsjednik]] i CEO)</small>}} | proizvodi = {{unbulleted list | Automobili | [[Luksuzno vozila|Luksuzna vozila]] | [[Komercijalno vozilo|Komercijalna vozila]] | [[Auto-dijelovi]] }} | zaštitni_znak = | produkcija = | servisi = {{unbulleted list | [[Finansije|Automobilske finansije]] | [[Leasing vozila]] | [[Servis (motorno vozilo)|Servis vozila]] }} | prihod = {{nowrap|{{povećanje}} {{USD|149,5 milijardi}} (2015)<ref name="AR2015Google">{{cite web |url=http://www.google.com/finance?q=NYSE%3AF&fstype=ii&ei=eE37VqG5IZXcuATP4JvQBw|title=2015 Annual Report |access-date=29. 2. 2016 |publisher=Google |location=USA}}</ref><ref name="AR2015">{{cite web |url=http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/37996/000003799616000092/f1231201510-k.htm|title=2015 Annual Report |date=11. 2. 2016 |publisher=United States Securities and Exchange Commission |location=USA}}</ref>}} | operativni_prihod = {{povećanje}} {{USD|7,648 milijardi}} (2015)<ref name="AR2015" /> | neto_dobit = {{povećanje}} {{USD|7,373 milijardi}} (2015)<ref name="AR2015" /> | APM = | ukupne_aktive = {{povećanje}} {{USD|224,9 milijardi}} (2015)<ref name="AR2015" /> | kapital = | vlasnik = {{unbulleted list | [[The Vanguard Group]] (5,82%)<ref name=4traders>{{cite web |url=http://www.4-traders.com/FORD-MOTOR-COMPANY-12542/company/ |title=Ford Motor Company company : Shareholders, managers and business summary |website=4-Traders |location=France |access-date=15. 5. 2016 |archive-date=18. 7. 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718230409/http://www.4-traders.com/FORD-MOTOR-COMPANY-12542/company |url-status=dead }}</ref> | [[Evercore Wealth Management]] (5.58%)|[[Ford family tree|Ford family]]<br>(1% pravičnost; 40% glasačke moći)<ref name=4traders/><ref name=FordFamily>{{cite news |url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/shareholders-again-back-ford-family-1463087314 |title=Shareholders Again Back Ford Family |first=Christina |last=Rogers |work=Wall Street Journal |date=12. 5. 2016 |access-date=16. 9. 2016}}</ref> }} | članovi = | zaposleni = 199.000 (2015)<ref name="AR2015" /> | matična = | divizije = {{unbulleted list | [[Spisak Fordovih vozila|Ford]] | [[Lincoln Motor Company|Lincoln]] | [[Motorcraft]] }} | podružnice = | slogan = {{unbulleted list | Go Further | Built Ford Tough }} | omjer_kapitala = | rejting = | veb-sajt = {{URL|http://www.ford.com/}} | dodatak = }} '''Ford Motor Company''' (ili kratko '''Ford''') jeste [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|američki]] [[multinacionalna korporacija|multinacionalni]] proizvođač automobila sa sjedištem u [[Dearborn]]u, savezna država [[Michigan]], predgrađu [[Detroit]]a. Osnovao ju je [[Henry Ford]] i registrirao 16. juna 1903. Kompanija prodaje automobile i komercijalna vozila pod [[Spisak Fordovih vozila|Fordovim imenom]] i većinu luksuznih automobila pod [[Lincoln Motor Company|Lincolnovim]] brendom. Ford također posjeduje [[brazil]]skog proizvođača [[SUV]]-ova, [[Troller]], i australskog proizvođača [[Ford Performance Vehicles|FPV]]. U prošlosti također je proizvodio [[traktor]]e i automobilske komponente. Ford posjeduje 2,1% udjela u [[Mazda|Mazdi]] u [[Japan]]u, 8% udjela u [[Aston Martin]]u iz Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva, i 49% udjela u [[Jiangling Motors|Jiangling]] iz Kine. Ima također veliki broj zajedničkih ugovora, jedan u [[Kina|Kini]] ([[Changan Ford Mazda]]), jedan u [[Tajvan]]u ([[Ford Lio Ho]]), jedan na [[Tajland]]u ([[AutoAlliance Thailand]]), jedan u [[Turska|Turskoj]] ([[Ford Otosan]]), te jedan u [[Rusija|Rusiji]] ([[Ford Sollers]]). Na spisku je [[Njujorška berza|Njujorške berze]] i pod kontrolom je porodice Ford, iako imaju manjinsko vlasništvo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/joannmuller/2010/12/02/ford-familys-stake-is-smaller-but-theyre-richer-and-remain-firmly-in-control/|title=Ford Family's Stake Is Smaller, But They're Richer And Still Firmly In Control|author=Joann Muller|work=Forbes|date=2. 12. 2010|access-date=31. 8. 2016}}</ref> Ford je uveo metode za velikoserijsku proizvodnju automobila i velikoserijski menadžment industrijske radne snage korištenjem bogate inženjerske proizvodne sekvence koju odlikuje kretanje montažne linije; do 1914. ove metode su bile poznate širom svijeta kao ''Fordizam''. Fordove bivše podružnice u [[Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo|Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu]], [[Jaguar Cars|Jaguar]] i [[Land Rover]], stečene 1989. i 2000. godine respektivno, prodate su kompaniji [[Tata Motors]] u martu 2008. godine. Ford je posjedovao švedskog proizvođača automobila [[Volvo cars|Volvo]] od 1999. do 2010. godine.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ford.com/about-ford/news-announcements/press-releases/press-releases-detail/pr-ford-motor-company-completes-sale-33059|title=Ford Motor Company Completes Sale of Volvo to Geely|date=2. 8. 2010|work=Ford Motor Co.|access-date=2. 8. 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100803145728/http://www.ford.com/about-ford/news-announcements/press-releases/press-releases-detail/pr-ford-motor-company-completes-sale-33059|archive-date=3. 8. 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Godine 2011, Ford je prestao s proizvodnjom [[Mercury (automobil)|Mercury]] brenda, pod kojim je reklamirao pristupni nivo luksuznih automobila u SAD, [[Kanada|Kanadi]], Meksiku, i Srednjem istoku od 1938. godine. Tokom [[Svjetska finansijska kriza od 2007.|finansijske krize]] početkom 21. vijeka, kompanija je bila blizu bankrota, ali se od tad ipak vratila profitabilnosti. Ford je drugi najveći SAD-ov proizvođač automobila (prvi je [[General Motors]]) i peti najveći u svijetu prema podacima prodaje automobila iz 2010. godine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/2011/01/hyundai-4th-largest-automaker-overtakes-ford/| title=Hyundai 4th Largest Automaker, Overtakes Ford| publisher=The Truth about Cars|year=2011|access-date=28. 1. 2011}}</ref> Krajem 2010, Ford je bio peti najveći proizvođač automobila u Evropi.<ref>{{cite web |author=ACEA |url=http://www.acea.be/images/uploads/files/20110114_PRPC-FINAL-1012.xls |title=NEW PASSENGER CAR REGISTRATIONS BY MANUFACTURER EUROPEAN UNIUM (EU) |publisher=ACEA |access-date=28. 1. 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927060728/http://www.acea.be/images/uploads/files/20110114_PRPC-FINAL-1012.xls |archive-date=27. 9. 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ford je osmorangirana sveukupno američka kompanija na spisku 2010 [[Fortune 500]], prema globalnim prihodima u 2009. godini od [[Američki dolar|$]]118.3&nbsp;milijardi.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2010/full_list/ |title=Fortune 500 |publisher=CNN |access-date=27. 11. 2010 |archive-date=16. 10. 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016000742/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2010/full_list/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> U 2008. godini, Ford je proizveo 5,532&nbsp;miliona automobila<ref>{{cite web|url=http://corporate.ford.com/doc/2008_annual_report.pdf|title=Ford Motor Company / 2008 Annual Report, Operating Highlights|format=PDF|page=1|access-date=19. 9. 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110419130103/http://corporate.ford.com/doc/2008_annual_report.pdf|archive-date=19. 4. 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> i zaposlio oko 213.000 ljudi na oko 90 postrojenja i objekata širom svijeta. Preduzeće je postalo javno u 1956. godini, ali je porodica Ford, kroz posebne dionice B klase, zadržala 40% glasačke moći.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/joannmuller/2014/03/09/william-clay-fords-legacy-cemented-familys-dynasty/ |title=William Clay Ford's Legacy Cemented Family's Dynasty |author=Joann Muller |date=9. 3. 2014 |work=Forbes}}</ref> == Historija == [[Datoteka:Henry ford 1919.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Henry Ford]] (ca. 1919)]] [[Datoteka:1910Ford-T.jpg|thumb|[[Model T]] iz 1910, uslikan u [[Salt Lake City]]ju.]] === 20. vijek === Prvi pokušaj Henry Forda u automobilskoj kompaniji pod njegovim imenom bila je [[Henry Ford Company]] na 3. novembar 1901, koja je postala [[Cadillac Motor Company]] na 22. august 1902, nakon što ju je Ford napustio sa pravima na svoje ime. Ford Motor Company je pokrenuta u pretvorenoj fabrici 1903. godine sa 28.000 [[Američki dolar|dolara]] u kešu od 12 investitora, od kojih su najpoznatiji [[John Francis Dodge|John]] i [[Horace Elgin Dodge|Horace Dodge]] (koji će kasnije osnovati [[Dodge Brothers Motor Vehicle Company|vlastitu]] auto-kompaniju). Tokom svojih ranih dana, kompanija je proizvodila samo nekoliko automobila dnevno u svom pogonu u [[Ford Mack Avenue Plant|Mack Avenue]] te kasnije u [[Ford Piquette Avenue Plant|fabrici u Piquette Avenue]] u [[Detroit]]u, [[Michigan]]. Grupa od dva-tri čovjeka radila je na svakom automobilu, sastavljajući ga od dijelova koje su većinom pravile dobavljačke kompanije koje su imale ugovor s Fordom. Za jednu deceniju kompanija će voditi u svijetu prema proširenju i finiranju [[montažna linija|koncepta montažne linije]]; a Ford je uskoro prenio većinu proizvodnje dijelova interno u vertikalnu integraciju koja se činila boljim putem za to doba. Henry Ford je imao 39 godina kada je osnovao Ford Motor Company, koja će uskoro postati jedna od svjetskih najvećih i najprofitabilnijih kompanija. Kao jedna od najvećih kompanija u svijetu kojom upravlja porodica, Ford Motor Company je u neprestanoj kontroli porodice preko 100 godina. Nakon prvog automobila na benzin koji je kreiran 1885. godine od [[Njemačka|njemačkog]] izumitelja [[Karl Benz]]a ([[Benz Patent-Motorwagen]]), efikasnije proizvodne metode su bile potrebne da bi se automobil učinio dostupnijim za srednju klasu; čemu je Ford doprinio, npr. uvođenjem prve pokretne montažne linije 1913. godine u [[Highland Park Ford Plant|fabrici na Highland Parku]]. Između 1903. i 1908. godine Ford je proizveo modele A, B, C, F, K, N, R i S, od kojih je većina prodata u stotinama ili hiljadama primjeraka godišnje. U 1908. godini, Ford je predstavio masovno proizveden [[Model T]], koji će se prodavati u milionima. Godine 1927, Ford je zamijenio T model sa [[Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Modelom A]], prvi auto sa sigurnosnim staklom na vjetrobranu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Ford/1930_Ford/1930_Ford_Brochure_02/1930%20Ford-14-15.html |title=1930 model brochure – Beauty of Line – Mechanical excellence |publisher=Ford |year=1929 |access-date=24. 5. 2012}}</ref> Ford je predstavio prvi jeftini automobil sa V8-motorom 1932. godine. [[Datoteka:Ford A iz Oldtimer muzeja Šardi (Selnica) na Noći muzeja 2020. u Čakovcu - lice.jpg|170px|thumb|[[Model A]] iz 1930, uslikan na izložbi u [[Čakovec|Čakovcu]].]] U pokušaju da se takmiče sa [[General Motors]]ovim Pontiacom srednje cijene, Oldsmobileom i Buickom, Ford je kreirao Mercuryja 1939. godine kao malo skuplji automobil. Henry Ford je kupio Lincoln Motor Company 1922. godine, u cilju da se takmiči s brendovima kao što su Cadillac i Packard u luksuznom segmentu automobilskog tržišta. Godjne 1929, Ford je ugovorio sa vladom [[Sovjetski savez|Sovjetskog saveza]] oko uspostavljanja [[GAZ]]-pogona u Rusiji prvobitno proizvodeći Ford Model A i AA tako igrajući važnu ulogu u industrijalizaciji te države.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Boris M. |last=Shpotov |title=The Ford Motor Company in the Soviet Union in the 1920s-1930s: Strategy, identity, performance, reception, adaptability |url=http://www.helsinki.fi/iehc2006/papers3/Shpotov.pdf |journal=International Economic History Congress |date=august 2006 |access-date=8. 8. 2016}}</ref> Pravljenje naučne laboratorije u Dearbornu, Michigan godine 1951, radeći neometano osnovno istraživanje, doveo je Fordov malo vjerovatno uključivanje u istraživanje [[superkonduktivnost]]i. Godine 1964. [[Ford Research Labs]] napravio je ključni proboj sa izumom superkonduktivnog kvantnog interferentnog uređaja poznatog kao [[SQUID]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://spectrum.ieee.org/biomedical/imaging/how-the-ford-motor-co-invented-the-squid |title=How the Ford Motor Co. Invented the SQUID |publisher=IEEE Spectrum |first=Ann |last=Johnson |date=27. 10. 2014 |access-date=19. 12. 2014 |archive-date=23. 12. 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223014910/http://spectrum.ieee.org/biomedical/imaging/how-the-ford-motor-co-invented-the-squid |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ford je ponudio Lifeguard sigurnosni paket od 1956, koji je uključivao takve inovacije kao standardni deep-dish volan, opcionalno pročelje, i, po prvi put u automobilima, zadnje sigurnosne pojaseve, kao i opcionalno tapaciranu instrument-tablu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Ford/1956%20Ford/1956_Ford_Fairlane_Brochure/1956%20Ford%20Fairlane-06.html |title=1956 Ford Fairlane Brochure |publisher=Ford |year=1955 |access-date=24. 5. 2012}}</ref> Ford je predstavio zaštitu od otključavanja vrata radi djece u svoje proizvode od 1957, te iste godine je ponudio prvi tvrdi krov na masovno proizvođenom automobilu sa 6 sjedala. Krajem 1955, Ford je uspostavio Kontinentalnu diviziju kao odvojenu diviziju za luksuzna kola. Ova divizija bila je odgovorna za proizvodnju i prodaju popularnog Continental Mark II. Istovremeno, Edsel divizija je kreirana da dizajnira i reklamira taj automobil počevši sa modelskom godinom 1958. Zbog ograničenih prodaja Continental i katastrofe sa Edselom, Ford je pripojio Lincoln, Mercury i Edsel u "M-E-L," što se pretvorilo u "Lincoln-Mercury" nakon Edselove smrti u novembru 1959. Ford Mustang je predstavljen 1964. godine. Godine 1965. Ford je predstavio podsjetno svjetlo za sigurnosni pojas. Sa 1980tim, Ford je predstavio nekoliko visoko uspješnih vozila širom svijeta. Tokom 1980-ih, Ford je počeo koristiti reklamni slogan, "Have you driven a Ford, lately?" ({{jez-bs|Da li ste vozili Forda nedavno?}}) da predstavi novim korisnicima svoj brend i učini da se vozila pojavljuju modernijim. Godine 1990. i 1994, respektivno, Ford je također kupio [[Jaguar Cars]] i [[Aston Martin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gearheads.org/the-history-of-ford-motor-company/ |title=The History of Ford Motor Company |date=17. 5. 2012 |publisher=GearHeads |access-date=22. 6. 2012 |archive-date=19. 5. 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519063133/http://gearheads.org/the-history-of-ford-motor-company/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tokom sredine do kraja 1990-ih, Ford je nasavio prodavati velike količine vozila, u rastućoj [[SAD|američkoj]] ekonomiji sa uzdignutom berzom i niskim cijenama goriva. Sa svitanjem novog vijeka, zbog troškova zdravstvene zaštite, viših cijena goriva i zbog oslabljene ekonomije, došlo je do pada udjela na tržištu, slabijim prodajama i nižim profitom. Većina korporativnog profita došlo je preko finansiranja potrošača automobilskim kreditom kroz firmu [[Ford Motor Credit Company]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Leggett |first=Theo |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4297305.stm |title=Ford fighting to keep its shine |publisher=BBC News |date=6. 3. 2005 |access-date=19. 9. 2010}}</ref> == Aktuelni modeli == === Evropa === * [[Ford Fiesta|Fiesta]] * [[Ford Escort|Escort]] * [[Ford Focus|Focus]] * [[Ford Focus C-Max|Focus C-Max]] * [[Ford Fusion|Fusion]] * [[Ford Galaxy|Galaxy]] * [[Ford Ka|Ka]] * [[Ford Maverick|Maverick]] * [[Ford Mondeo|Mondeo]] * [[Ford Ranger|Ranger]] * [[Ford StreetKa|StreetKa]] === SAD === * [[Ford Crown Victoria|Crown Victoria]] * [[Ford Escape|Escape]] * [[Ford Excursion|Excursion]] * [[Ford Expedition|Expedition]] * [[Ford Explorer|Explorer]] * [[Ford Explorer Sport Trac|Explorer Sport Trac]] * [[Ford F-150|F-150]] * [[Ford Five Hundred|Five Hundred]] * [[Ford Focus|Focus]] * [[Ford Freestar|Freestar]] * [[Ford Freestyle|Freestyle]] * [[Ford GT|GT]] * [[Ford Mustang|Mustang]] * [[Ford Ranger|Ranger]] * [[Ford Super Duty|Super Duty]] * [[Ford Taurus|Taurus]] * [[Ford Thunderbird|Thunderbird]] == Također pogledajte == * [[Ford Escort]] == Reference == {{refspisak|2}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commonscat}} [[Kategorija:Proizvođači automobila]] [[Kategorija:Američki proizvođači automobila]] ehwqv60mtve4z9qarcv74i44nnlfpou Otrovna kiša (Damir Urban & 4) 0 36322 3849286 3782112 2026-05-25T13:54:03Z Panasko 146730 3849286 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nedostaju izvori}} {{Infokutija album | | Ime = Otrovna kiša | Tip izdanja = Album | Artist = Damir Urban & 4 | Cover = Otrovna kiša (Urban).jpg | Background = | Izdat = 1996. | Produciran = 1996. | Žanr = | Dužina = | Kuća = Izabela | Producent(i) = D. Lukić / Urban | Ton majstor = | Snimatelj = D. Lukić | Fotografija = | Dizajn = | Kritike = | Prošli album = - | Ovaj album = '''''Otrovna kiša''' <br /> (1996)''''' | Sljedeći album = '''''[[Žena dijete (Damir Urban)|Žena dijete]] <br /> (1998)''''' }} '''Otrovna kiša''' je prvi solo album [[hrvatska|hrvatskog]] [[Rok-muzika|rock]] muzičara [[Damir Urban|Damira Urbana]] iz 1996. Na albumu se pojavljuju Urbanovi prijatelji muzičari Ljubo Silić, Marko Bradašia, Roland Fraisais i Vedran Krizan. Album je sniman u Sound design studiu ([[Lovran]]), studiu Alchemia ([[Krk]]), studio [[Dado Topić|Dade Topića]] ([[Grožnjan]]) te studiu Truly ([[Zagreb]]). Mastering je urađen u Studiu elettro formati ([[Milano]]). Ovaj album je donio Damiru Urbanu nominacije za [[Porin (nagrada)|nagradu Porina]], i to u tri kategorije: za najbolji [[video]] broj ("Nebo"), za najbolju produkciju i za najbolju snimku [[album]]a. == Lista pjesama == # Otrovna kiša (Urban - Urban & 4) 4:37 # Nebo (Urban - Urban/Mudrinić) 6:31 # Astronaut (Urban - Urban/Fraisais) 4:08 # Xtc (Urban - Urban & 4) 7:02 # Mravi (Urban - Urban & 4) 3:54 # Polarna (Urban) 1:46 # Ocean (Urban - Urban/Fraisais) 5:50 # Robot (Urban - Urban/Krizan & 4) 4:25 # Nuclear baby (Urban) 4:14 # Kralj pola srca (Urban - Silić/Urban) 6:10 # Previše (Urban - Fraisais) 2:20 # Otrovna kiša (instrumental) 2:44 == Članovi == *Damir Urban - vokal *Ljubo Silić - acoustic i electric bass i [[gitara]] na 4. *Marko Bradašia - [[bubnjevi]] *Roland Fraisais - gitara *Vedran Krizan - [[klavijatura]] == Saradnici == * Nataša i Sven Medvesek (glasovi na 6) * Elvis Stanić (gitara na 1,7,12 i solo na 2) * D.j. Pimp (scratch na 4,5,8,10) * Dilan Dop (gitara na 2, stol na 11, prateći na 2, klavijature na 2 i 5, programiranje na 2 i 6) * Edi Mendiković (violina na 3) * Edi Kraljić (prateći na 8 i 9) * Boris Krainer (snimatelj na 11) * Sample-ovi: Sakamoto, Gabrijel [[Kategorija:Albumi Damira Urbana]] [[Kategorija:Albumi iz 1996.]] q0n03icde6qtwvrvaxx92ghzj0xjcxt Enki Bilal 0 36681 3849375 3540765 2026-05-26T01:38:17Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849375 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nedostaju izvori}} {{Infokutija osoba | ime = Enes Enki Bilal | slika = Enki Bilal 20100328 Salon du livre de Paris 5.jpg | veličina_slike = | opis = Francuski strip-umjetnik bosanskog porijekla | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja i godine|1951|10|7}} | mjesto_rođenja = Beograd, FNR Jugoslavija | datum_smrti = <!-- {{Datum smrti i godine|GGGG|MM|DD|GGGG|MM|DD}}--> | mjesto_smrti = <!-- [[Grad]], [[Država]] --> | nacionalnost = | druga_imena = | zanimanje = | godine_aktivnosti = | poznat_po = | značajna_djela = }} '''Enki Bilal''', rođen [[7. oktobar|7. oktobra]] [[1951]]. kao '''Enes Bilal''', francuski je [[strip]] autor, scenarista i filmski režiser bosanskog porijekla. Rođen je u [[Beograd]]u, od oca Bošnjaka i majke Slovakinje, a kada mu je bilo 9 godina sa roditeljima seli u [[Pariz]]. Otac Muhamed Hamo Bilal je radio kao krojač za Josipa Broza Tita. U Parizu mali Enes (kasnije Enki) upoznaje René Goscinnya i započinje svoju posvećenost stripu. U Goscinnyjevom magazinu "Pilote", godine [[1972]]., objavljuje svoju prvu priču - "Le Bol Maudit". Jedan od njegovih najznačajnijih radova je i SF (naučno fantastični) strip serijal u četiri knjige pod naslovom ''Tetralogija monstruma'', odnosno ''Tetralogija Hatzfeld''', '''''koju Bilal objavljuje između 1998 i 2007, i na neki način je posvećuje Sarajevu s obzirom da je inspirirana strahotama opsade grada tokom rata '90-ih u Bosni i Hercegovini. Junaci priče su četiri sarajevska ratna siročeta, pa se i radnja, izmešu ostalog, odvija i u Sarajevu u budućnosti. ''Tetralogija monstruma'' se sastoji od četiri priče: ''San monstruma (1998)'' (francuski: ''Le sommeil du monstre; ''engleski: ''The Dormant Beast)'', ''32 Decembar (2003)'' (francuski: ''32 Décembre;'' engleski: ''December 32)'', ''Rendez-vous u Parizu (2006)'' (francuski: ''Rendez-vous à Paris )'' i ''Četiri? (2007)'' (francuski: ''Quatre?; ''engleski: ''Four?)''. Sva četiri izdanja su objavljena i na bosanskom jeziku u izdanju sarajevske izdavačke kuće ''Publika,''' '''''pri čemu se Bilal odrekao svoje zarade. Ostali značajniji radovi su strip serije ''Trilogija'' ''Nikopol ''(također objavljena na bosanskom jeziku kao integralno izdanje od strane izdavačkih kuća ''Publika ''i'' Šahinpašić''), ''Légendes d'Aujourd'hui'', te brojna pojedinačna izdanja, od kojih je na bosanskom jeziku objavljen album ''Julia & Roem'' (2011, Publika). Također važno je istaći i rad na animiranim filmovima (kao autor i u saradnji) ''Bunker Palace Hôtel (1989)'', ''Tykho Moon (1996)'', ''Immortel (Ad Vitam) (2004)'' i ''CineMonster (2007)''. Dobitnik je mnogobrojnih nagrada i priznanja za rad na stripu kao i rad na filmu. ==Reference== * [http://bdoubliees.com/journalpilote/auteurs1/bilal.htm Bilal publications in ''Pilote''], [http://bdoubliees.com/metalhurlant/auteurs1/bilal.htm ''Metal Hurlant''], [http://bdoubliees.com/asuivre/auteurs1/bilal.htm ''(A SUIVRE)''] BDoubliées * [http://www.bedetheque.com/auteur-14-BD-Bilal-Enki.html Enki Bilal] na Bedetheque * [http://www.comics.org/search.lasso?sort=chrono&query=Enki+Bilal&type=credit Enki Bilal] na Grand Comics Database * [http://comicbookdb.com/creator.php?ID=11234 Enki Bilal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103183238/http://comicbookdb.com/creator.php?ID=11234 |date=3. 11. 2012 }} na Comic Book DB ==Vanjski linkovi== {{Commonscat|Enki Bilal}} * [http://lambiek.net/artists/b/bilal.htm Enki Bilal] ''u Lambiek-ovoj Comiclopedia'' * [http://bilal.enki.free.fr/ Bilal fansite] * [http://publika.co.ba/ Publika, Sarajevo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218180931/http://publika.co.ba/ |date=18. 12. 2014 }}{{imdb name|0082094|Enki Bilal}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bilal, Enki}} [[Kategorija:Francuski crtači stripa]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Beograd]] [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1951.]] c0fdjj98xbpcckmkwbqxfixu8saf4sj Frankopani 0 46588 3849456 3750044 2026-05-26T11:35:30Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 0 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849456 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nedostaju izvori}} [[Datoteka:Frankopan.jpg|200px|mini|desno|Grb "Frankopanovića" prema Fojničkom grbovniku iz 17. vijeka. Ovaj grb Frankopani su upotrebljavali od [[1430.]] godine.]] [[Datoteka:Old Frankopan CoA (until 1430).svg|180px|mini|Stari grb knezova Krčkih (do 1430. godine), prije nego što su postali Frankopani]] '''[[Krk|Krčki]] knezovi Frankopani, Frangipani (Frankapani)''', a uz njih i [[knezovi Zrinski|Zrinski]], spadaju među najznačajnije i najpoznatije hrvatske velikaške rodove koji su od 11. do 17. vijeka, vrlo usko bili povezani sa historijom, prošlošću i sudbinom hrvatskog naroda i Hrvatske. Vijekovima su članovi tih velikaških rodova bili nosioci i branioci Hrvatske od nadmoćnijeg osmanlijskog osvajača, ali i odlučni protivnici sve opasnijeg [[Habsburgovci|habsburškog]] carskog apsolutizma i njemačkog hegemonizma, koji se je u duhu evropskog merkantilizma nastojao učvrstiti u čitavoj [[Habsburška monarhija|Habsburškoj Monarhiji]]. I prošlost tih dvaju rodova međusobno je isprepletena bračnim vezama, prijateljstvima i učešćima u skoro svim značajnijim zbivanjima u Hrvatskoj, naročito na ratištima u odbrani Hrvatske od osmanlijskih osvajača. Krčki knezovi Frankopani su jedina porodica na jadranskim ostrvima koja se razvila do moći u evropskim razmjerima. Smatra se da potječu iz '''Gradeca''' - danas napuštenog dvorca kraj [[Vrbnik (Hrvatska)|Vrbnika]], a prvi je poznati član ove domaće porodice plemenitog roda bio bio '''Dujam''' koji je [[1118]]. godine sklopio s [[Mlečani]]ma ugovor da će kao mletački vazal upravljati ostrvom. Prvog krčkog kneza Dujma naslijedila su [[1163]]. godine njegova dva sina: Bartol I. i Vid I. Treći sin Bartol II. "bio je valjda još nedorastao, pa su tako očevinu preuzela dva starija brata". Bartol i Vid bilo je najčešće ime frankopanskih potomaka – sve do Bartola IV i Vida V. Krčki knezovi ime ''Frankopani'' uzimaju tek nakon mnogo godina svoje pristutnosti na ovim prostorima. Neki historičari smatraju modom onog vremena uzimanje imena koje vuku porijeklo iz rimskih vremena. Tako je i ova hrvatska porodica uzela ime rimskih patricija “FRANGAPANIBUSA” te nakon toga i mijenjaju svoj grb u dva lava (simbol [[Mlečani|Venecije]]) koja lome [[kruh]] (frangere pane – ''lomiti kruh''). Potječu od knezova krčkih, a do sredine 15. vijeka, osim ostrva [[Krk]]a, stekli su posjede u županiji [[Gacka (pokrajina)|Gackoj]] s [[Otočac|Otočcem]], do [[Slunj]]a i [[Cetingrad]]a, [[Pounje|Pounja]] (uključujući [[Bihać]]), [[Vrlika|Vrlike]], [[Ostrovica (Lišane Ostrovičke)|Ostrovice]] i [[Skradin]]a. Većinu tih posjeda Frankapani su izgubili u borbama sa [[Osmanlijsko carstvo|Osmanlijama]]. U 17. vijeku njihovi posjedi protezali su se od [[Bosiljevo (Hrvatska)|Bosiljeva]] i [[Severin na Kupi|Severina na Kupi]] do [[Novi Vinodolski|Novog]] u [[Vinodolska općina|Vinodolu]]. I Frankapani su hrvatskom rodu dali na desetke uglednika: [[ban]]ova, književnika i ratnika. Među poznatijima su knez [[Bernardin Frankopan|Bernardin Ozaljski]], učesnik [[Bitka na Krbavskom polju|bitke na Krbavskom polju]] [[1493]]., poznati branilac Hrvatske i naročito poznat po protivosmanlijskom govoru koji je kao starac održao pred njemačkim staležima [[1522]]. u [[Nürnberg]]u, te njegov sin [[Krsto I Frankopan Ozaljski|Krsto Ozaljski]] (1482.-1527.), poznati ratnik protiv Osmanlija, [[Mlečani|Mlečana]] i [[Habsburgovci|Habsburgovaca]], "skrbnik i zaštitnik kraljevstva" koje je kao hrvatske zaslužnike poznati književnik [[Milutin Cihlar Nehajev]] prikazao u romanu "Vuci", primorski i karlovački general i ogulinski kapetan (1589.-1652.) [[Vuk II Krsto Frankopan Tržački|Vuk Krsto Tržački]], njegova djeca književnica [[Katarina Zrinski|Katarina ud. Zrinski]] (1625.-1673.) i pjesnik, prevodilac i senjski kapetan [[Fran Krsto Frankopan]] (1643.-1671.) koji se je svom puninom pridružio svom šurjaku u borbi protiv bečkog apsolutizma. Knezovi Frankopani omogućili su franjevcima dolazak na ostrvce [[Košljun]] na [[Krk]]u. Ivan VII i [[Martin Frankopan]] dobili su od Pape [[Papa Nikola V.|Nikole V.]] dozvolu (bulu- koja se danas nalazi u samostanu) da franjevci preuzmu “MOSTIR” – Košljun [[1447]]. Godine. Uz pomoć 1000 dukata Ivana Frankopana obnovio se samostan na Košljunu. [[Ivan Frankopan]] – pjesnik, usadio je ljubav za [[ostrvo]] i svojoj kćerci [[Katarina Frankopan|Katarini Frankopan]]. Iako udana u Veneciji i u izgnanstvu, ona oporučno ostavlja drugih 1000 dukata (u ono vrijeme veliku svotu) samostanu na Košljunu – uz uvjet da bude pokopana “u zemlji svojih očeva”. Kod ulaza u crkvu i danas se nalazi njen grob s originalnom nadgrobnom pločom. Katarina je prenesena na Košljun 9 godina iza svoje smrti [[1529]]. Godine. [[1671]]. godine “Judicium delegatum” – posebno određen sud osuđuje Frana Krstu Frankopana na smrt zato što nije prijavio [[Petar Zrinski|Petra Zrinskog]] i što je pozivao na ustanak. Ban Petar Zrinski osuđen je zato što je htio postati vladar. Knez Fran Krsto Frankopan u zatvoru u Bečkom Novom Mjestu piše zbirku pjesama “''Gartlic za čas kratiti''”, a Zrinski piše svojoj supruzi [[Katarina Zrinski|Katarini]] – sestri Frana Krste Frankopana: <tt>''"Moje drago srce! Nemoj se žalostiti svrhu ovoga moga pisma, ni burkati. Polag Božjega dokončanja sutra o deseti uri budu mene glavu sekli i tulikajše naukupe tvojemu bratcu. Danas smo jedan od drugoga srčeno prošćenje uzeli. Zato jemljem ja sada po ovom listu i od tebe jedan vekovečni valete, tebe proseći, ako sam te u čem zbantuval, ali ti se u čemu zameril (koje ja dobro znam) i oprosti mi! Budi Bog hvaljen, ja sam k smrti dobro pripravan, niti se plašim, ja se ufam u Boga vsemogućega, koji me je na ovom svitu ponizil, da se tulikajše mene hoće smilovati, i ja ga budem molil i prosil (komu sutra dojti ufam se), da se mi naukupe pred njegovim svetim tronušem u diki vekivečne sastanemo. Već ništa ne znam ti pisati, niti za sina, niti za druga dokončanja našega siromaštva, ja sam vse na volju Božju ostavil."''</tt> I [[Fran Krsto Frankopan]] piše oproštajno pismo svojoj supruzi : <tt>''"Predraga i preljubljena Julijo! Moja draga! Pošto mi je voljom neba i Božjom odredbom prijeći iz ovoga svijeta u drugi, da tako dadem zadovoljštinu za počinjene uvrede proti carskom Veličanstvu premilostivoga gospodara, htjedoh te iz srca da zagrlim ovim redcima i reći ti posljednji s Bogom, moleći te, moja ljubezna Julijo, da mi za Božje milosrđe oprostiš kršćanskom blagohotnosti, budeš li radi moje neobzirnosti morala trpjeti uvredu i muka. Isto te tako molim, draga Julijo, da mi oprostiš svaku i najmanju uvredu, koju sam ti nanio, otkad smo se uzeli." ''</tt> == Galerija == {| class="wikitable" align=center valign=top cellspacing=2 |- bgcolor=#DDAA77 align=center valign=top ||[[Datoteka:Dujam II. Krčki (Croatia).JPG|150px|centar]]<p style="font-size: 85%">Dujam II. Krčki (*1279-†1317) ||[[Datoteka:Žikmund Frankopan (Croatia).JPG|150px|centar]]<p style="font-size: 85%">Žikmund Frankopan, sin [[Nikola IV. Frankapan|Nikole IV.]],<br>(*? - †1486?) ||[[Datoteka:Frankopan Zagreb.JPG|150px|centar]]<p style="font-size: 85%">[[Krsto I. Frankapan Brinjski|Krsto Frankopan]] (*1482 - †1527) ||[[Datoteka:Statua Frana Krsta Frankopana u Čakovcu.jpg|150px|centar]]<p style="font-size: 85%">[[Fran Krsto Frankapan|Fran Krsto Frankopan]]<br>(*1643 - †1671) |} == Također pogledajte == * [[Stjepan Frankopan]] * [[Žigmund Frankopan]] * [[Krsto I Frankopan Ozaljski]] * [[Vuk II Krsto Frankopan Tržački]] * [[Fran Krsto Frankopan]] * [[Katarina Frankopan]] * [[Nikola Šubić Zrinski]] * [[Nikola Zrinski]] i brat [[Petar Zrinski]] * [[Katarina Zrinski]] == Vanjski linkovi == * Friederich Heyer von Rosenfield (1873), "Grafen Frangipani or Frankopanovich", in: [http://www.literature.at/viewer.alo?objid=1048360&viewmode=fullscreen&scale=3.33&rotate=&page=82 ''Wappenbuch: Der Adel des Königreichs Dalmatien'', Volume 4, part 3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200722/http://www.literature.at/viewer.alo?objid=1048360&viewmode=fullscreen&scale=3.33&rotate=&page=82 |date=4. 3. 2016 }} (in German). Nürnberg: Bauer und Raspe, p.&nbsp;44–45. * Friederich Heyer von Rosenfield (1873), "Grafen Frangipani or Frankopanovich", in: [http://www.literature.at/viewer.alo?objid=1048360&viewmode=fullscreen&scale=3.33&rotate=&page=83 ''Wappenbuch: Der Adel des Königreichs Dalmatien'', Volume 4, part 3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408013626/http://www.literature.at/viewer.alo?objid=1048360&viewmode=fullscreen&scale=3.33&rotate=&page=83 |date=8. 4. 2016 }} (in German). Nürnberg: Bauer und Raspe, p.&nbsp;44–45. * Friederich Heyer von Rosenfield (1873), "Wappen des Grafen Frangipani or Frankopanovich", in: [http://www.literature.at/viewer.alo?objid=1048360&viewmode=fullscreen&scale=3.33&rotate=&page=211 ''Wappenbuch: Der Adel des Königreichs Dalmatien'', Volume 4, part 3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210402134020/http://www.literature.at/viewer.alo?objid=1048360&viewmode=fullscreen&scale=3.33&rotate=&page=211 |date=2. 4. 2021 }} (in German). Nürnberg: Bauer und Raspe, taf. 30. * {{cite book|url=https://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/987418.Putovima-Frankopana.pdf|title=Putovima Frankopana: Frankopanska baština u Primorsko-goranskoj županiji|editor1-last=Srdoč-Konestra|editor1-first=Ines|editor2-last=Potočnjak|editor2-first=Saša|year=2018|location=Rijeka|publisher=[[Primorje-Gorski Kotar County]] & [[University of Rijeka]]|isbn=978-953-7975-76-0|format=PDF|language=hr|access-date=11. 1. 2021|archive-date=3. 4. 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403223829/https://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/987418.Putovima-Frankopana.pdf|url-status=dead}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721101255/http://www.modrus.hr/plemicka_obitelj_frankopana.php Frankopani - jedan od najznačajnijih hrvatskih plemićkih rodova] * [http://arhinet.arhiv.hr/_Generated/Pages/Stvaratelji.PublicDetails.aspx?ItemId=11051 Porijeklo knezova Krčkih]{{Mrtav link}} * [http://www.istrapedia.hr/hrv/757/frankopani/istra-a-z/ Frankopani u historiji Istre] [[Kategorija:Frankopani| ]] [[Kategorija:Historija Hrvatske]] [[Kategorija:Krk]] 70hcfbd370tn9euw3kfilw5ibwfrmkq Crkva svetog Vasilija Ostroškog (Istočno Sarajevo) 0 46929 3849434 3833512 2026-05-26T10:41:08Z Temidar 181781 3849434 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija vjerski objekt | ime = Crkva svetog Vasilija Ostroškog | slika = | opis_slike = Crkva sv. Vasilija Ostroškog u Istočnom Sarajevu | lokacija = Dobrinja, [[Istočna Ilidža]] | grad = [[Istočno Sarajevo]] | država = [[Bosna i Hercegovina]] | religija = [[Pravoslavlje]] | crkva_denominacija = [[Srpska pravoslavna crkva]] | eparhija = [[Mitropolija dabrobosanska]] | tip_objekta = Crkva | pocetak_gradnje = 1990. | zavrsetak_gradnje = 1998. | datum_osvecenja = [[30. septembar]] 2001. }} '''Crkva svetog Vasilija Ostroškog''' je pravoslavni hram u centru [[Istočno Sarajevo|Istočnog Sarajeva]] (naselje Dobrinja, općina [[Istočna Ilidža]]). Hram pripada [[Mitropolija dabrobosanska|Mitropoliji dabrobosanskoj]] [[Srpska pravoslavna crkva|Srpske pravoslavne crkve]]. == Historija parohije == Parohija na ovom prostoru se u [[19. vijek]]u spominjala pod imenom Sarajevsko polje. Od [[1919]]. godine parohija mijenja svoje granice i dobija naziv Kotoračka parohija, po selu Kotorac. Crkveni dom na lokalitetu Bijelo polje izgrađen je [[1939]]. godine sa namjerom da se podigne i crkva, ali je početak [[Drugi svjetski rat|Drugog svjetskog rata]] prekinuo te planove. == Hronološki kontekst i historijski značaj == Hram svetog Vasilija Ostroškog ima izuzetan istorijski značaj za noviju istoriju [[Sarajevo|Sarajeva]]. Nakon što je [[1940.]] godine završena i osvećena [[Crkva svetog Preobraženja u Sarajevu|Crkva Svetog Preobraženja]] na Pofalićima (izgrađena u vrijeme Kraljevine Jugoslavije), nastupio je poluvjekovni period u kojem komunističke vlasti u SFRJ nisu dozvoljavale izgradnju novih pravoslavnih hramova na gradskom području. Dobijanjem građevinske dozvole i početkom radova u oktobru 1990. godine, crkva na Dobrinji zvanično je postala prvi pravoslavni hram čija je gradnja odobrena i započeta na prostoru sarajevskih gradskih opština nakon Drugog svjetskog rata. U momentu početka gradnje, lokacija je administrativno pripadala urbanoj zoni opštine [[Novi Grad (Sarajevo)|Novi Grad Sarajevo]]. Zemljište za izgradnju crkve poklonio je lokalni mještanin Vukan Šehovac. Tek nakon potpisivanja [[Dejtonski sporazum|Dejtonskog mirovnog sporazuma]] i uspostavljanja nove linije razgraničenja, hram je geografski pripao novoformiranoj opštini [[Istočna Ilidža]] u sastavu [[Istočno Sarajevo|Istočnog Sarajeva]]. == Izgradnja i obnova hrama == Pripreme i početak izgradnje crkve na Dobrinji započeli su u oktobru 1990. godine. Do početka [[Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini|rata u Bosni i Hercegovini]] [[1992]]. godine, završeni su glavni zidarski radovi, a krov objekta je pokriven bakarnim limom. Tokom ratnih dejstava (1992–1995), objekat se nalazio u zoni ratnih dejstava, zbog čega je pretrpio teška oštećenja. Nakon završetka rata, pristupilo se sistematskoj sanaciji unutrašnjih i vanjskih zidova, krova, te unutrašnjem uređenju. Svi radovi na obnovi uspješno su završeni 1998. godine. == Osvjećenje == U hramu je 2. maja [[1999]]. godine svečano obilježeno nekoliko historijskih jubileja Srpske pravoslavne crkve. Svečani čin osvjećenja crkve predvodio je tadašnji mitropolit dabrobosanski Nikolaj, 30. septembra 2001. godine. == Reference == <ref name="bs-wiki">{{cite web |title=Crkva svetog Vasilija Ostroškog (Istočno Sarajevo) |url=https://wikipedia.org |website=bs.wikipedia.org |access-date=2026-05-26}}</ref> <ref name="sr-wiki">{{cite web |title=Црква Светог Василија Острошког у Источном Сарајеву |url=https://wikipedia.org |website=sr.wikipedia.org |access-date=2026-05-26}}</ref> <ref name="grad-is">{{cite web |title=Храм Светог Василија Острошког: Уточиште за душу |url=https://gradistocnosarajevo.net |website=gradistocnosarajevo.net |publisher=Grad Istočno Sarajevo |access-date=2026-05-26}}</ref> <ref name="princip">{{cite web |title=Hram Svetog Vasilija Ostroškog utočište za dušu |url=https://princip.news |website=princip.news |access-date=2026-05-26}}</ref> {{reflist}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [http://www.crkva-dobrinja.org/ http://www.svetivasilije-is.org/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001172453/http://crkva-dobrinja.org/ |date=1. 10. 2016 }} {{Portal Bosna i Hercegovina}} {{Commons|Saint Basil of Ostrog church (Istočno Sarajevo)}} {{Mitropolija dabrobosanska}} [[Kategorija:Crkve u Istočnom Sarajevu]] [[Kategorija:Srpske pravoslavne crkve u Bosni i Hercegovini|I]] q8hfpxwa330nq2i6y8qsq35qd2a3d2n Gabriel 0 54954 3849383 3482593 2026-05-26T04:13:37Z Surajr7 181362 3849383 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Datoteka:Ghent Altarpiece - Angel of the Annunciation.jpg|thumb|150px|Gabriel]] '''Gabriel''' ili '''Gabrijel''' ime je jednog od [[anđeo|arhanđela]] ({{jez-he|גַּבְרִיאֵל}}, ''Gavriʼel''; {{jez-la|Gabriel}}; {{jez-el|Γαβριήλ}}; {{jez-ar|جبريل}}, ''Jibrīl'', ''Džibril''), a znači "moja je moć Bog", "moj je ratnik Bog", ili "Bog je jak" ili "junak Božji". U [[Biblija|Bibliji]] se prvi put pojavljuje u knjizi proroka [[Daniel (knjiga)|Daniela]]. U [[Novi zavjet|Novom zavjetu]] Gabriel je taj koji navješćuje [[Zaharija|Zahariji]] da će mu se roditi sin, [[Ivan Krstitelj]], a [[sveta Marija|Mariji]] da će roditi [[Isus]]a. [[Muslimani]] vjeruju kako je on bio medij preko kojeg je Muhammedu [[Bog]] otkrio [[Kur'an]], a nazivaju ga [[Džibril]] – "čisti duh".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=20950|title=Hrvatska enciklopedija, mrežno izdanje|year=2021|editor-last=Kragić|editor-first=Bruno|publisher=Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža|publication-place=Zagreb|access-date=2. 2. 2023}}</ref> Kao zaštitnika poštuju ga glasonoše i pismonoše. Papa [[Pio XII]] proglasio ga je 1951. zaštitnikom telekomunikacija: [[telegraf]]a, [[telefon]]a, [[radio|radija]] i [[televizija|televizije]]. == Reference == {{reference}} == Također pogledajte == {{Commonscat}} * [[Džibril]] [[Kategorija:Kršćanstvo]] [[Kategorija:Judaizam]] 1gcpzbfbgc08ghng1kge4bd4l7eho16 Julien Green 0 55211 3849268 3784743 2026-05-25T12:44:58Z Panasko 146730 3849268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nedostaju izvori}} {{Infokutija osoba | ime = Julien Green | slika =Portrait of Julian Green (1900-1998), by photographer Carl van Vechten.jpg | veličina_slike = | opis = [[Francuska|francuski]] književnik [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|američkog]] porijekla | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja|1900|9|6}} | mjesto_rođenja = Pariz, Francuska | datum_smrti = {{Datum smrti i godine|1998|8|13|1900|9|6}} | mjesto_smrti = Pariz, Francuska | nacionalnost = | druga_imena = | zanimanje = | godine_aktivnosti = | poznat_po = | značajna_djela = }} '''Julien Green''' ([[Pariz]], 6. septembar 1900 - [[Pariz]], 13. august 1998), [[Francuska|francuski]] književnik [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|američkog]] porijekla. Svoju nemirnu, senzibilnu prirodu najbolje je razotkrio u [[dnevnik|dnevnicima]] ("Journal"). Opisuje morbidna stanja, izgubljene pojedince, malodušnost i tjeskobe. Pod uticajem je engleske književnosti, posebno [[William Blake|W. Blakea]], o kome je napisao zanimljiv esej. == Djela == * "Mont-Cinere", * "Adrienne Mesurat", * "Levithian", * "Vizionar", * "Svatko u svojoj noći", * "Putnik na zemlji", * "Ključevi smrti", * "Jug", * "Neprijatelj", * "Sjena". {{Commonscat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Green, Julien}} [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1900.]] [[Kategorija:Umrli 1998.]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Pariz]] [[Kategorija:Francuski pisci]] [[Kategorija:Američki pisci]] [[Kategorija:Članovi Francuske akademije]] icnhmaem04plt816wsnck76ttzn54ma EUFOR 0 55298 3849357 3714776 2026-05-25T22:25:06Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nedostaju izvori}} [[Datoteka:EUFOR_Roundel.svg|mini|200px|Simbol EUFOR-a]] '''EUFOR''' ili '''Snage Evropske unije''' je naziv za vojsku u [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosni i Hercegovini]] koji nadgleda vojnu implementaciju [[Dejtonski sporazum|Dejtonskog sporazuma]]. Također EUFOR je djelovao i u [[DR Kongo]], [[Čad]]u i [[Centralnoafrička Republika|Centralnoafričkoj Republici]]. U Bosni i Hercegovini su naslijedili [[SFOR]] i [[IFOR]]. Zamjena SFOR-a sa EUFOR-om je, u najvećoj mjeri, bila samo promjena komandira: 80% svih trupa je ostalo na položajima. Zamijenili su [[NATO]]-ov [[SFOR]] [[2. decembar|2. decembra]] [[2004]]. godine == Također pogledajte == * [[Vojska Evropske unije]] == Vanjski linkovi == * [http://www.euforbih.org/ Službena stranica EUFOR-a] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724231706/http://www.euforbih.org/ |date=24. 7. 2008 }} {{Simboli jezika|en|engleski}} * http://consilium.europa.eu/cms3_fo/showPage.asp?id=1366&lang=de {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202112516/http://consilium.europa.eu/cms3_fo/showPage.asp?id=1366&lang=de |date=2. 12. 2008 }} * https://web.archive.org/web/20061017050915/http://www.delmkd.ec.europa.eu/en/Concordia/ Misija u Makedoniji * http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/de/Aussenpolitik/RegionaleSchwerpunkte/Afrika/Kongo-Einsatz.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113143020/http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/de/Aussenpolitik/RegionaleSchwerpunkte/Afrika/Kongo-Einsatz.html |date=13. 11. 2012 }} {{stub-polit}} {{commonscat|EUFOR}} [[Kategorija:Vojna historija Bosne i Hercegovine]] [[Kategorija:Multinacionalne jedinice i formacije]] [[Kategorija:EUFOR|*]] [[Kategorija:Organizacije osnovane 2004.]] owns1f5zigrr9cvaa0ldznh2i7te3ob Za sve ove godine 0 63897 3849273 3843079 2026-05-25T12:50:11Z Panasko 146730 Odbijena posljednja izmjena teksta korisnika [[Posebno:Doprinosi/IV LOZA|IV LOZA]] i vraćeno na izmjenu 3834433 korisnika NeptuneBot 3849273 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija album | | Ime = Za sve ove godine | Tip izdanja = Studijski album | Artist = [[Crvena jabuka|Crvene jabuke]] | Cover = | Background = studio | Izdat = 1987. | Produciran = | Žanr = [[Pop-muzika|pop]] [[Rok-muzika|rok]] | Dužina = | Kuća = [[Jugoton]] | Producent(i) = [[Željko Brodarić Jappa]] | Ton majstor = | Snimljen = novembar 1986 - januar 1987 u ''Tetrapak studiju'' u [[Split]]u | Fotografija = | Dizajn = | Kritike = | Prošli album = [[Crvena jabuka (album)|Crvena jabuka]]<br>1986 | Ovaj album = Za sve ove godine<br>1987 | Sljedeći album = [[Sanjati (album)|Sanjati]]<br>1988 }} '''''Za sve ove godine''''' drugi je studijski [[album]] [[Sarajevo|sarajevske]] pop rok grupe [[Crvena jabuka]]. Objavila ga je zagrebačka izdavačka kuća [[Jugoton]] 30. 3. 1987,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Crvena-Jabuka-Za-Sve-Ove-Godine/release/1387931|title=Crvena Jabuka – Za Sve Ove Godine (1987, Vinyl)|website=[[Discogs]]}}</ref> a ponovno je objavljen na [[Compact disc|CD]] 2003. == Snimanje albuma == Članovi grupe Crvena Jabuka počeli su sa radom na ovom albumu u ljeto 1986. godine, nešto prije njihovog prvog koncerta i tragične saobraćajne nesreće. Budući da je ovo trebao biti album u sjećanje na dva nesretno preminula člana grupe (Aljošu Buhu i Dražena Ričla), ostali članovi su odlučili da za ovaj album ne bude nikakvog reklamiranja niti koncertne turneje. Sa ovog (kao i prethodnog) albuma preuzete su pjesme koje su korištene za objavljivanja tri [[Muzički singl|singl ploče]]: "[[Ako, ako / Uzmi me kad hoćeš ti]]", "[[Nema više vremena / Tugo, nesrećo]]" i "[[Za sve ove godine / Umrijeću noćas od ljepote]]". U to vrijeme, solo gitarist, pjevač i vođa sastava [[Dražen Ričl]], te [[Zlatko Arslanagić]] koji je bio ritam gitarist i pisac većine tekstova sa njihovog [[Crvena jabuka (album)|prvog albuma]], imali su nekoliko demo snimaka pjesama za pojavljivanje na novom albumu. Demo snimke su procurile na internet u posljednjem tromjesečju 2011. - dvadeset pet godina nakon smrti dva gorepomenuta člana ovog sastava. Album je imao i radni naziv "Uzmi me (kad hoćeš ti)", čije pjesme su na kraju muzički prerađene i uvrštene na njihov prvi koncertni album "[[Uzmi me (kad hoćeš ti)]]" 1990. Nakon što su skoro pripremili cijeli album, tri preostala člana grupe Crvena jabuka odlučila su da bez odlaganja uđu u studio i završe cjelokupni muzički materijal. Producent je bio [[Željko Brodarić Jappa]], koji je godinu prije radio produkciju njihovog debitantskog albuma, a snimanje je urađeno u istom muzičkom ''Tetrapak studiju'' u [[Split]]u. Da nadoknadi činjenicu da su sada bila samo tri preostala člana ovog sastava, [[Dražen Žerić]] (koji je bio prateći pjevač na debitantskoj ploči) preuzeo je ulogu glavnog pjevača što će biti praksa na svakom narednom albumu, a Zlatko Arslanagić je osim električne gitare svirao i [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitaru]]. Muzičari iz grupe Crvena jabuka odlučili su da neće raditi nikakve promocije, reklame, pa čak ni koncertnu turneju, što bi takođe moglo objasniti zašto se ovaj album nije prodavao tako dobro kao njihovi drugi albumi.<ref name="discogs">{{Cite web|url= https://www.discogs.com/master/588234-Crvena-Jabuka-Za-Sve-Ove-Godine|title= ''Crvena jabuka - Za sve ove godine''|work= discogs.com|access-date= 21. 8. 2022}}</ref> == Opis == Sve pjesme napisane su u junu, julu i augustu 1986. Materijal su pripremili: Dražen Ričl, Aljoša Buha, Darko Jelčić, Dražen Žerić i Zlatko Arslanagić. Kao i na njihovom debitantskom albumu, i ovdje je ponovljena veoma uspješna kombinacija bržih rok pjesama i balada na akustičnoj gitari. Pjesme na ovom albumu su mnogo jednostavnije s blažim baladama zahvaljujući činjenici da je riječ o tribute albumu. ''"Za sve ove godine"'' otvara pjesma ''"Otrov"'' koja svojim uvodom na [[sintisajzer]]u i [[riff]]ovioma na električnoj gitari pomalo podsjeća na veliki hit američke grupe [[Van Halen]] ''"[[Jump (Van Halen)|Jump]]"''. Za njom slijede balada ''"Tugo nesrećo"'' i poletna rok kompozicija ''"Dođi kod mene"'', koje zajedno u samom početku daju dobar muzički niz zaokružujući se preostalim pjesmama na njihovom drugom muzičkom izdanju. Novina na ovom albumu je pjesma ''"Hajde hajde de opusti se"'' odsvirana u plesnom [[disco]] ritmu.<ref name="discogs"/> == Spisak pjesama == # "Otrov" (Zlaja) # "Tugo nesrećo" (Zijo) # "Za sve ove godine" (Zlaja) # "Dođi kod mene" (Zijo/Zlaja) # "Nema više vremena" (Zlaja) # "Umrijeću noćas od ljepote" (Zlaja) # "Ako ako" (Zlaja) # "Uzmi me (kad hoćeš ti)" (Zlaja) # "Hajde hajde de opusti se" (Žera/Zlaja) # "Jedina" (Zijo/Zlaja) # "Da je samo malo sreće" (Zijo) # "Osim tebe (ljubavi)" (Zlaja) <ref name="discogs"/> == Članovi grupe == * Zlatko Arslanagić (Zlaja) – ritam gitara, [[bas-gitara]], prateći vokal, tekstopisac * Darko Jelčić (Cunja) – [[bubnjevi]], [[udaraljke]] * Dražen Žerić (Žera) – [[Klavir|klavijature]], [[harmonika]], [[flauta]], vokal, tekstopisac * Željko Brodarić (Jappa) – producent <ref name="discogs"/> {{kurzivan naslov}} {{Crvena jabuka}} [[Kategorija:Albumi Crvene jabuke]] [[Kategorija:Albumi iz 1987.]] o1nwwhotemg4vvcf8m3n7i458vnpaq8 Tunel spasa 0 63942 3849458 3758879 2026-05-26T11:37:14Z Panasko 146730 3849458 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija spomenik | naziv = Tunel spasa | nativno_ime = | slika = Sarajevo tunnel.jpg | tekst = Sarajevski tunel | lokacija = Sarajevo | dizajner = | tip = | materijal = | dužina = 785,5&nbsp;m | širina = | visina = | početak = | završetak = 1993. | otvoreno_za = | posvećeno = [[Opsada Sarajeva]] | slika_mape = | map_text = | map_width = | relief = | coordinates = | latd = | latm = | lats = | latNS = | longd = | longm = | longs = | longEW = | lat = | long = | web-sajt = {{URL|mcsarajevo.ba/tunel-spasa}} | dodaci = }} '''Tunel spasa''' je [[Sarajevo|sarajevski]] ratni tunel koji je napravljen tokom [[Opsada Sarajeva|opsade Sarajeva]] 1993. Tunel je napravljen ispod piste [[Međunarodni aerodrom Sarajevo|Sarajevskog aerodroma]] i povezivao je dvije teritorije pod kontrolom [[Armija Republike Bosne i Hercegovine|Armije Republike Bosne i Hercegovine]] ([[Dobrinja (Sarajevo)|Dobrinja]] i [[Butmir]]), pa se tako i tunel zvao '''Tunel D-B'''. Tunel je dužine 785,5&nbsp;m, širine oko 1&nbsp;m i visine oko 1,5&nbsp;m, iako je na nekim dijelovima visina i do 1,8&nbsp;m. Tunel se u zvaničnim razgovorima [[Armija Republike Bosne i Hercegovine|ARBIH]]-a i [[Ujedinjene nacije|UN-a]] vodio pod imenom "Tunel kojeg nema".<ref>{{cite web|title=Tunel spasa - ''Tunel kojeg nema''|url=https://tunelspasa.ba/#tunel-kojeg-nema|website=tunelspasa.ba|access-date=18. 4. 2018|archive-date=22. 4. 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422145306/https://tunelspasa.ba/#tunel-kojeg-nema|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tunel je bio najstrožija tajna Sarajeva jer su kroz tunel u [[Sarajevo]] stizali hrana, oružje, cigarete. Tokom 1994. tunelom su postavljene šine po kojima su išla kolica. Također tokom 1994. za tunel je saznala [[vojska Republike Srpske]] tako da je [[Ratko Mladić]] tražio od UN-a koji je držao [[Međunarodni aerodrom Sarajevo|aerodrom]] da se tunel sruši i zatvori. Potom je [[Vojska Republike Srpske|VRS]] pokušala kopanjem drugog tunela i preusmjeravanjem rijeke [[Željeznica (pritoka Bosne)|Željeznice]] da potopi tunel i tako ga onesposobi, međutim ta namjera nije uspjela. == Izgradnja == Iako je ideja nastala ranije, a neke pripremne radnje su obavljene i prije, kao zvanični datum početka izgradnje tunela uzima se 29. januar 1993.<ref name="izgradnjatunela">{{cite web|title=Izgradnja tunela|url=https://tunelspasa.ba/#izgradnja-tunela|website=tunelspasa.ba|access-date=18. 4. 2018|archive-date=22. 4. 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422145306/https://tunelspasa.ba/#izgradnja-tunela|url-status=dead}}</ref> Izgradnja se odvijala u teškim okolnostima, kako zbog stroge tajnosti tako i zbog nedostatka materijalnih sredstava. S butmirske strane tunela, kao podzida, koristilo se drvo dok je s druge strane, usljed nedostatka tog materijala, korišten čelik. Najeći problem kod zemljanih radova predstavljale su površinske i podzemne vode usljed čega su instalirane pumpe koje su izbacivale vodu na "ničiju zemlju". Problem je predstavljalo i odlaganje iskopanog materijala obzirom da je projekat vođen u tajnosti. Ukupno je na obje strane tunela bilo angažovano oko 300 ljudi.<ref name="izgradnjatunela" /> == Muzej == Nakon završetka rata i okončanja opsade grada, porodična kuća koja je služila kao ulaz u tunel je pretvorena u muzej. Muzej sadrži različite eksponate kao što su ratne fotografije, dijelovi vojne opreme i naoružanja, zastave, vojne uniforme i sl.<ref>Hamber, B. (2012). Conflict museums, nostalgia, and dreaming of never again. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 18(3), 268.</ref> U 2004, lokalni organi za planiranje su tražili sredstva za "potpunu rekonstrukciju tunela" i "izgradnju muzejskih objekata na mjestu ulaza i izlaza iz tunela".<ref>Agence France-Presse. (1. 2. 2004). Sarajevo’s wartime tunnel survives as museum. Preuzeto sa https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/01/international/europe/01SARA.html.</ref> Posjetioci muzeja i dalje mogu proći dionicom tunela u dužini od oko 20&nbsp;m. Svrha postojanja muzeja, po Vladimiru Zubiću, zamjeniku Gradskog vijeća Sarajeva je da je muzej "podsjetnik svima, da za takvim objektom kao što je ovaj tunel, koji je omogućio stanovnicima opkoljenog grada minimum egzistencije, nikada više ne postoji potreba. Tunel će biti mjesto gdje će mladi ljudi moći učiti o dijelu svoje nedavne historije i to će biti dokaz da je taj dio naše historije nikada neće biti zaboravljen."<ref>Alic, A. (2002). Saving Sarajevo’s lifeline. Time World (19. 3). Preuzeto sa http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,218633,00.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610223913/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,218633,00.html |date=10. 6. 2010 }}.</ref> Kuća i zemljišta oko ulaza u Tunel spasa je u vlasništvu Bajre Kolara, koji i upravlja muzejom. U dokumentarcu u kojem se govori o ratnom tunelu u Sarajevu on navodi razlog za pretvaranje svoje privatne kuće u muzej: "Sve što smo imali, dali smo za odbranu i oslobađanje Sarajeva". Iako postoji već 15 godina bez ikakve vladine finansijske podrške, muzej predstavlja jednu od posjećenijih lokacija bosanskohercegovačkog [[Glavni grad|glavnog grada]]. Turističke ture u Sarajevu sadrže i posjetu ovom muzeju kao jednoj od ratnih lokacija u gradu. == Galerija == <gallery> Datoteka:Sarajevo tunnel.jpg|Unutrašnjost tunela Datoteka:Sarajevo tunnel cart.jpg|Kolica za transport kroz tunel Datoteka:Presidents Chair, Sarajevo tunnel.jpg|"Predsjednička stolica" za prijevoz važnijih osoba kroz tunel Datoteka:Sarajevo tunnel museum (1).jpg|Muzej sarajevskog tunela </gallery> == Također pogledajte == * [[Opsada Sarajeva]] == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == * {{Commonscat-inline|Sarajevo Tunnel}} * {{službeni sajt|https://www.mcsarajevo.ba/tunel-spasa}} {{Muzeji u BiH}} {{Opsada Sarajeva}} {{Sarajevo}} {{Sarajevski muzeji}} [[Kategorija:Građevine u Sarajevu]] [[Kategorija:Opsada Sarajeva]] [[Kategorija:Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini]] [[Kategorija:Muzeji u Sarajevu]] ftpxvcvp2uddt0hs4zlxx9bkt5nf2i2 Mitohondrija 0 71303 3849393 3817731 2026-05-26T06:13:13Z Panasko 146730 3849393 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Datoteka:Animal_mitochondrion_diagram_en.svg|mini|desno|300px|Struktura mitohondrije]] [[Slika:Mitochondria, mammalian lung - TEM.jpg|thumb|300px|right| Dvije mitohondrije iz plućnog tkiva sisara, sa matriksom i membranama, pod [[elektronski mikroskop|elektronskom mikroskopom]]]] [[Datoteka:Biological cell.svg|mini|desno|300px|'''Organizacija tipske eukariotske ćelije''':<br /> 1 – [[Jedarce]]<br> 2 – [[ćelijsko jedro|Jedro]]<br> 3 – [[Ribosom]]i<br> 4 – [[Vezikula]]<br>5 – Hrapavi [[endoplazmatski retikulum]]<br> 6 – [[Golđijev aparat]]<br> 7 – [[Mikrotubule]]<br>8 – Glatki [[endoplazmatski retikulum]]<br>9 – '''Mitohondrija''' <br>10 – [[Lizosom]]<br> 11 – [[Citoplazma]]<br> 12 – [[Mikrosom]]i<br> 13 – [[Centriole]]]] '''Mitohondrija''' je dvostruko [[lipidni dvosloj|membranski]] vezana [[organela]] koja se nalazi u većini [[eukarioti|eukariotskih]] organizma. Mitohondrije stvaraju većinu zaliha [[ćelija (biologija)|ćelijskog]] [[adenozin-trifosfat]]a (ATP), koji se kasnije koristi kao izvor [[hemijska enegija|hemijske energije]], koristeći energiju [[kisik]]a koji se oslobađa u [[disanje|aerobnom disanju]] na [[unutrašnja mitohondrijska membrana|njenoj unutrašnjoj membrani]]. Na taj način, mitohondrije imaju ulogu cjeloživotnih ćelijskih [[energija|energana]] i jednog od osnovnih tora održavanja [[homeostaza|homeostaze]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Campbell |first1=Neil A. |first2=Brad |last2=Williamson |first3=Robin J. |last3=Heyden |name-list-style=vanc |title=Biology: Exploring Life |publisher=Pearson plc/Prentice Hall |year=2006 |location=Boston, Massachusetts |url=http://www.phschool.com/el_marketing.html |isbn=978-0-13-250882-7 |access-date=19. 2. 2022 |archive-date=2. 11. 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102041816/http://www.phschool.com/el_marketing.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Schmidt-Rohr 20">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schmidt-Rohr K | year = 2020 | title = Oxygen Is the High-Energy Molecule Powering Complex Multicellular Life: Fundamental Corrections to Traditional Bioenergetics | journal = ACS Omega | volume = 5 | issue = 5| pages = 2221–2233 | doi = 10.1021/acsomega.9b03352 | pmid = 32064383 | pmc = 7016920 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Prvi ih je otkrio [[Albert von Kölliker]] 1880, u voljnim mišićima insekata. Frazu "ćelijska elektrana" skovao je [[Philip Siekevitz]] u istoimenom članku iz 1957.<ref name="Schmidt-Rohr 20"/> Nekim ćelijama u nekim [[Metazoa|višećelijskim organizmima]] nedostaju mitohondrije (naprimjer, zrela [[Crveno krvno zrnce|crvena krvna zrnca]] [[Sisari|sisara]]). Veliki broj [[jednoćelijski organizam|jednoćelijskih organizama]], kao što su [[mikrosporidija]], [[parabazalidi]] i [[diplomonadi]], smanjili su ili transformisali svoje mitohondrije u [[mitosom|druge strukture]].<ref name="mitosomes">{{cite journal | vauthors = Henze K, Martin W | title = Evolutionary biology: essence of mitochondria | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2003-11-13_426_6963/page/n45 | journal = Nature | volume = 426 | issue = 6963 | pages = 127–128 | date = novembar 2003 | pmid = 14614484 | doi = 10.1038/426127a | bibcode = 2003Natur.426..127H | s2cid = 862398 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Poznato je da je jedan [[Eukarioti|eukariot]], ''[[Monocercomonoides]]'', potpuno izgubio svoje mitohondrije, i jedan višećelijski organizam, ''[[Henneguya zschokkei|Henneguya salminicola]]'', poznato je da su zadržali [[Organela|organele]] povezane s mitohondrijima u vezi s potpunim gubitkom njihovog mitohondrijskog [[genom]]a.<ref name="newscientist.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2235009-animal-that-doesnt-need-oxygen-to-survive-discovered/|title=Animal that doesn't need oxygen to survive discovered New Scientist|website=www.newscientist.com|access-date=25. 2. 2020}}</ref><ref name="PNAS">{{Cite journal|last1=Yahalom|first1=Dayana|last2=Atkinson|first2=Stephen D.|last3=Neuhof|first3=Moran|last4=Chang|first4=E. Sally|last5=Philippe|first5=Hervé|last6=Cartwright|first6=Paulyn|last7=Bartholomew|first7=Jerri L.|last8=Huchon|first8=Dorothée|date=19. 2. 2020|title=A cnidarian parasite of salmon (Myxozoa: Henneguya) lacks a mitochondrial genome|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=117|issue=10|pages=5358–5363|language=en|doi=10.1073/pnas.1909907117|issn=0027-8424|pmid=32094163|pmc=7071853|doi-access=free}}</ref> Mitohondrije su površine obično između 0,75 i 3&nbsp;[[mikrometar|μm]]{{sup|2}},<ref name="pmid26777473">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wiemerslage L, Lee D | title = Quantification of mitochondrial morphology in neurites of dopaminergic neurons using multiple parameters | journal = Journal of Neuroscience Methods | volume = 262 | pages = 56–65 | date = mart 2016 | pmid = 26777473 | pmc = 4775301 | doi = 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.01.008 }}</ref> ali se značajno razlikuju po veličini i strukturi. Osim ako nisu posebno [[boja|obojene]], nisu vidljive. Osim snabdijevanja ćelijskom energijom, mitohondrije su uključene u druge funkcije, kao što su [[Ćelijska komunikacija|signalizacija]], [[ćelijska diferencijacija]] i [[apoptoza|ćelijska smrt]], kao i održavanje kontrole [[ćelijski ciklus|ćelijskog ciklusa]] i [[ćelijski rast|ćelijskog rasta]].<ref name="Schmidt-Rohr 20"/> Mitohondrijska [[biogeneza]] je zauzvrat vremenski usklađena sa ovim ćelijskim procesima.<ref name="Mitochondrial biogenesis">{{cite journal | vauthors = Valero T | title = Mitochondrial biogenesis: pharmacological approaches | journal = Current Pharmaceutical Design | volume = 20 | issue = 35 | pages = 5507–9 | year = 2014 | pmid = 24606795 | doi = 10.2174/138161282035140911142118 | quote = Mitochondrial biogenesis is therefore defined as the process via which cells increase their individual mitochondrial mass [3].&nbsp;... Mitochondrial biogenesis occurs by growth and division of pre-existing organelles and is temporally coordinated with cell cycle events [1]. | hdl = 10454/13341 | hdl-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Mitochondrial biogenesis in health and disease">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sanchis-Gomar F, García-Giménez JL, Gómez-Cabrera MC, Pallardó FV | title = Mitochondrial biogenesis in health and disease. Molecular and therapeutic approaches | journal = Current Pharmaceutical Design | volume = 20 | issue = 35 | pages = 5619–33 | year = 2014 | pmid = 24606801 | doi = 10.2174/1381612820666140306095106 | quote = Mitochondrial biogenesis (MB) is the essential mechanism by which cells control the number of mitochondria }}</ref> Mitohondrije su uključene u nekoliko ljudskih poremećaja i stanja, kao što su [[mitohon drijska bolest|mitohondrijske bolesti]],<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gardner A, Boles RG |title=Is a 'Mitochondrial Psychiatry' in the Future? A Review |journal=Curr. Psychiatry Rev. |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=255–271 |year=2005 |doi=10.2174/157340005774575064}}</ref> [[Srčana insuficijencija|srčana disfunkcija]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lesnefsky EJ, Moghaddas S, Tandler B, Kerner J, Hoppel CL | title = Mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiac disease: ischemia--reperfusion, aging, and heart failure | journal = Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology | volume = 33 | issue = 6 | pages = 1065–89 | date = juni 2001 | pmid = 11444914 | doi = 10.1006/jmcc.2001.1378 }}</ref> otkazivanje [[Srce|srca]] <ref name="pmid26443844">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dorn GW, Vega RB, Kelly DP | title = Mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics in the developing and diseased heart | journal = Genes & Development | volume = 29 | issue = 19 | pages = 1981–91 | date = oktobar 2015 | pmid = 26443844 | pmc = 4604339 | doi = 10.1101/gad.269894.115 }}</ref> i [[autizam]].<ref name="Griffiths">{{cite journal | vauthors = Griffiths KK, Levy RJ | title = Evidence of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Autism: Biochemical Links, Genetic-Based Associations, and Non-Energy-Related Mechanisms | journal = Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity | volume = 2017 | pages = 4314025 | date = 2017 | pmid = 28630658 | pmc = 5467355 | doi = 10.1155/2017/4314025 | doi-access = free }}</ref> == Također pogledajte == {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * [[Organela]] * [[Antimitohondrijska antitijela]] * [[Respirometrija|Brzine mitohondrijskog metabolizma]] * [[Mitofagija]] * [[Onkocit]] * [[Onkocitom]] * [[Plastid]] * [[Mitohondijski ribosom]] * [[Submitohondrijska čestica]] {{div col end}} == Reference == {{Refspisak|32em}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commons|Mitochondrion}} * {{cite book| last = Lane| first = Nick | title = The Vital Question: Energy, Evolution, and the Origins of Complex Life| url = https://archive.org/details/vitalquestionene0000lane_s4v7| date = 2016| publisher = WW Norton & Company | isbn= 978-0393352979}} * [http://www.Mitodb.com Mitodb.com] – The mitochondrial disease database. * [http://www.uni-mainz.de/FB/Medizin/Anatomie/workshop/EM/EMMitoE.html Mitochondria Atlas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629101035/http://www.uni-mainz.de/FB/Medizin/Anatomie/workshop/EM/EMMitoE.html |date=29. 6. 2012 }} at University of Mainz * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080821114550/http://www.mitochondrial.net/ Mitochondria Research Portal] at mitochondrial.net * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100125062948/http://www.cytochemistry.net/Cell-biology/mitoch1.htm Mitochondria: Architecture dictates function] at cytochemistry.net * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090418174136/http://bama.ua.edu/~hsmithso/class/bsc_495/mito-plastids/mito_web.html Mitochondria links] at University of Alabama * [http://www.mitophysiology.org/ MIP] Mitochondrial Physiology Society * [http://opm.phar.umich.edu/localization.php?localization=Mitochondrial%20inner%20membrane 3D structures of proteins from inner mitochondrial membrane] at University of Michigan * [http://opm.phar.umich.edu/localization.php?localization=Mitochondrial%20outer%20membrane 3D structures of proteins associated with outer mitochondrial membrane] at University of Michigan * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171201205358/http://www.mitoproteins.org/ Mitochondrial Protein Partnership] at University of Wisconsin * [http://mitominer.mrc-mbu.cam.ac.uk MitoMiner – A mitochondrial proteomics database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617065151/https://mitominer.mrc-mbu.cam.ac.uk/ |date=17. 6. 2022 }} at MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit * [http://ccdb.ucsd.edu/sand/main?stype=lite&keyword=mitochondrion&Submit=Go&event=display&start=1 Mitochondrion – Cell Centered Database] * [http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/TFrey/MitoMovie.htm Mitochondrion Reconstructed by Electron Tomography] at San Diego State University * [https://web.archive.org/web/20031211051649/http://www.wadsworth.org/databank/electron/cryomito_dis2.html Video Clip of Rat-liver Mitochondrion from Cryo-electron Tomography] {{Ćelijske strukture i organele}} {{Ćelija}} {{Evolucijska biologija}} {{Mitohondrijski enzimi}} {{Samoreplicirajuće organske strukture}} {{Organizmi}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategorija:Mitohondrije]] [[Kategorija:Ćelijsko disanje]] [[Kategorija:Endosimbioza]] [[Kategorija:Ćelije]] [[Kategorija:Citologija]] 0xz2q6hb375kj8qdph21w8okwtmxqob Dževad Zečić 0 82016 3849352 3772322 2026-05-25T21:46:05Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija naučnik | ime = Dževad Zečić | slika = | slika_širina = | naslov = | datum_rođenja = 1952. | mjesto_rođenja = [[Modriča]], [[FNR Jugoslavija]] | datum_smrti = | mjesto_smrti = | prebivalište = {{ZD|BIH}} [[Zenica]], [[Bosna i Hercegovina]] | državljanstvo = {{ZD|BIH}} [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosanskohercegovačko]] | narodnost = | etnicitet = | polje = [[Matematika]] | radna_institucija = [[Univerzitet u Zenici]] | alma_mater = | doktorski_mentor = | doktorski_studenti = | poznat_po = | autor_kratica_bot = | autor_kratica_zoo = | nagrade = | religija = | fusnote = }} '''Dževad Zečić''' ([[Modriča]], 1952) jest [[Bosna i Hercegovina|bosanskohercegovački]] [[matematičar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ianubih.ba/prof-dr-sc-dzevad-zecic/|title=Prof.dr.sc. Dževad Zečić – IANUBIH|language=bs-BA|access-date=25. 9. 2025|archive-date=6. 9. 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250906190738/https://ianubih.ba/prof-dr-sc-dzevad-zecic/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Biografija == Rodio se u [[Modriča|Modriči]], gdje je završio osnovnu i srednju školu. Na [[Univerzitet u Sarajevu|sarajevskom univerzitetu]] na [[Prirodno-matematički fakultet u Sarajevu|Prirodno-matematičkom fakultetu]] upisuje studij [[matematika|matematike]], gdje je diplomirao 1977, nakon čega se zapošljava u Metalskoj školi u [[Zenica|Zenici]]. Trenutno živi i radi u Zenici, gdje je na poziciji [[dekan]]a [[ekonomski fakultet u Zenici|Ekonomskog fakulteta u Zenici]], dok radi i na predmetima matematika (I, II i III) na [[Mašinski fakultet u Zenici|Mašinskom fakultetu u Zenici]].<ref>Spahić Denis, Hodžić Nedim, Jašarević Sabahudin, Vukojević Dušan; Mašinski fakultet u Zenici - Monografija; Zenica; 2007. godine; strana 41</ref> == Bibliografija == * ''Fragmenti iz povjesti matematika'', Pedagoški fakultet u Zenici, 2004. * ''Elementi teorije sa zbirkom urađenih zadataka iz Matematike I'', Zenica, 2005. (Zečić Dževad, Huskanović Almir, Dragunić Hermina) == Reference == {{refspisak}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zečić, Dževad}} [[Kategorija:Bosanskohercegovački matematičari]] [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1952.]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Modriča]] [[Kategorija:Živi ljudi]] [[Kategorija:Bivši studenti Univerziteta u Sarajevu]] n0aves8o2f1tkvo6zh7r0hcucvxpbp8 Eduard Wirths 0 83303 3849360 3331864 2026-05-25T22:55:20Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849360 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija osoba | ime = Eduard Wirths | slika = Eduard Wirths.jpg | veličina_slike = | opis = Eduard Wirths 1944. | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja|1909|9|4}} | mjesto_rođenja = Geroldshausen, Njemačka | datum_smrti = {{Datum smrti i godine|1945|9|20|1909|9|4}} | mjesto_smrti = Staumühle, Njemačka | nacionalnost = | druga_imena = | zanimanje = | godine_aktivnosti = | poznat_po = | značajna_djela = }} '''Eduard Wirths''' bio je pripadnik [[Njemačka|njemačke]] [[nacizam|nacionalsocijalističke]] organizacije [[SS]], na službi kao liječnik u [[koncentracioni logor|koncentracionim logorima]] [[Koncentracioni logor Dachau|Dachau]], [[Koncentracioni logor Neuengamme|Neuengamme]], [[Koncentracioni logor Auschwitz|Auschwitz]], [[Koncentracioni logor Dora-Mittelbau|Dora-Mittelbau]] i [[Koncentracioni logor Bergen-Belsen|Bergen-Belsen]]u. Wirths započinje studij medicine 1930. godine u [[Würzburg]]u i apsolvira ga 1935. godine, a 1936. godine piše svoju disertaciju sa naslovom ''Današnji nalazi o pseudoartrozi''. Već 1933. godine učlanjuje se u [[NSDAP]] i [[SA]]. 1934. godine prelazi u SS. Na kraju studija radio je u zdravstvenoj službi u [[Sonneberg]]u, a od 1937. godine radi kao asistent na Univerzitetskoj klinici za žene u [[Jena|Jeni]]. Od 1940. godine radu u državnoj liječničkoj komori. ==Rat i služba u logorima== Početkom rata 1939. godine Wirths je mobiliziran u jedinicu [[Waffen-SS]] sa kojom učestvuje u borbama u [[Skandinavija|Skandinaviji]] i na [[Istočni front|Istočnom frontu]]. Zbog zalaganja u borbi dobija orden [[Željezni križ II reda]], te se zbog slabog zdravlja vraća se u Njemačku gdje je raspoređen u službu kao liječnik. Karijeru u koncentracionim logorima započinje 1942. godine u koncentracioniom logoru Dachau, zatim u Neuengammeu, a od 1. septembra 1942. godine je glavni liječnik u logoru Auschwitz, te je bio direktno nadređeni doktorima i ratnim zločincima [[Josef Mengele|Josefu Mengeleu]] i [[Horst Fischer|Horstu Fischeru]]. Kao vođa medicinskog odjela bio je odgovoran za selekciju i ubijanje starih, bolesnih i slabih logoraša u tzv. ''[[Akcija 14f13|Akciji 14f13]]''. Također bio je odgovoran za medicinske pokuse nad logorašima. Po izjavama nekih preživjelih logoraša Wirths se zalagao u borbi protiv zaraznih bolesti koje su se širile logorom. Također se zalagao svojim liječničkim autoritetom za političke zatvorenike koji bi prijekim sudom [[Gestapo]]-a bili osuđeni na smrt.<ref>[http://www.shoa.de/biographien/422.html Biografija Eduarda Wirthsa ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222055723/http://shoa.de/biographien/422.html |date=22. 2. 2009 }} {{Simboli jezika|de|njemački}}</ref> Na osnovu tih izjava, kao i njegovih kontakata sa logorašima ne može se izvući zaključak i ocijeniti njegovo učestvovanje u zločinima, ali je jedan od rijetkih koji su na neki način poboljšavali život logorašima u Auschwitzu. ==Hapšenje i smrt == Nakon kraja rata uhapšen je od strane britanskih vojnika i u strahu od mogućeg izručenja Poljskoj, počinio je samoubistvo 20. septembra 1945. godine. U oproštajnom pismu svojoj ženi napisao je da ne zna što je loše uradio. Također u izjavi koju je napisao prije samoubistva napisao je, da sve što je radio, radio je pod punom kršćanskom i liječničkom sviješću u pomaganju bolesnih logoraša. == Također pogledajte == * [[Holokaust]] * [[Josef Mengele]] ==Reference== {{reference}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wirths, Eduard}} [[Kategorija:Holokaust|Eduard, Wirths]] [[Kategorija:Članovi SS]] [[Kategorija:Članovi Waffen-SS]] [[Kategorija:Njemački ljekari]] [[Kategorija:Članovi NSDAP-a]] [[Kategorija:Članovi SA]] [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1909.]] [[Kategorija:Umrli 1945.]] fv6a69nc6bcqxd2r5oenvcng60yt7rm Adenozin-trifosfat 0 87264 3849281 3816300 2026-05-25T13:31:51Z Panasko 146730 3849281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija hemijski spoj | Color: = lightblue |Naziv= Adenozintrifosfat | Strukturna formula = [[Datoteka:ATP structure.svg|300px]] | Hemijski spoj = Adenozin-trifosfat | Druga imena = adenozin 5'-(tetrahidrogen trifosfat) | Sumarna formula = | CAS registarski broj = 56-65-5 | Kratki opis = | Molarna masa = 507,181 g/mol | Agregatno stanje = | Gustoća = | Tačka topljenja = | Tačka ključanja = | Pritisak pare = | Rastvorljivost = | Dipolni moment = }} [[Datoteka:ATP-xtal-3D-balls.png|mini|300px|Skeletna struktura ATP]] [[Datoteka:Atp exp.qutemol-ball.png|mini|300px|3D struktura ATP]] '''Adenozin-trifosfat''' ili '''ATP''' je istovremeno i glavno unutarćelijsko "skladište" i izvor i prijemnik [[energija|energije]]. [[Ćelija (biologija)|Ćelija]] može normalno funkcionisati i obavljati redovne životne funkcije samo kad na raspolaganju ima dovoljnu količinu ATP-a, tj. energije. Najveća količina ATP-a kod životinja nastaje u [[mitohondrija]]ma, u kojima se oslobađa energija potrebna za sintezu (ćelijsko disanje). Kod biljaka, značajni proizvođači ATP-a su i [[hloroplast]]i, u kojima se koristi energija [[fotosinteza|fotosinteze]].<ref>Koolman J., Roehm K. H. (2005): Color Atlas of Biochemistry. Georg Thieme Verlag, p. 123Stuttgart, Germany:. {{ISBN|3-13-100372-3}}.</ref><ref>Daintith J., ed. (2004). Oxford Dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 435. {{ISBN|0-19-860918-3}}.</ref><ref>Gajewski E., Steckler D., Goldberg R. (1986): Thermodynamics of the hydrolysis of adenosine 5'-triphosphate to adenosine 5'-diphosphate. (PDF). J Biol Chem 261 (27): 12733–7. PMID 3528161.</ref> == Građa ATP-a == [[File:MgATP2-small.gif|thumb|300px|Prikaz rotacije jednostruke gasne faze [[magnezij]]-ATP helata sa nadležnosi za 2-. Molekula je optimizirana na UB3LYP/6-311 ++ G (d, p) teorijskom nivou i atomskoj konektivnosti, vještački izmijenjena putem optimizatora za odražavanje vjerojatne elektronske strukture.]] Adenozin trifosfat građen je od nitrogenove baze [[adenin]]a, [[Monosaharidi|monosaharida]] [[riboza|riboze]] i tri molekule [[fosfor]]a. Prva molekula fosfora na ribozu vezana je čvrstom [[kovalentna veza|kovalentnom vezom]], te nije energetski bogata. Druge dvije molekule fosfora jedna za drugu vezane su fosfatnim vezama. Zato se ćelija služi hidrolizom kako bi odvojila fosfate i tako dobila energiju iz energijom bogatih veza. == Procesi korištenja fosfatnih veza == [[Datoteka:Adenozin trifosfat.svg|mini|360px|Shematski prikaz dijelova molekule adenozin-trifosfata i fosfatnih veza]] === Fosforilacija === U fosfatnim vezama [[energija]] se dobija staničnim procesom fosforilacije. '''Fosforilacija''' je proces pri kojemu se na ''adenozin monofosfat'' (AMP) veže dodatni fosfat energetski bogatom vezom i nastaje ''adenozin difosfat'' (ADP) nakon toga još jedan fosfat se veže na drugi i nastaje treća energijom bogata fosfatna veza (dobijamo ATP). Proces fosforilacije odvija se u [[mitohondrija]]ma, a energija, koja se ulaže u veze, je ona koja se dobija iz [[ćelijsko disanje|ćelijskog disanja]]. === Hidroliza ATP-a === Za svoje aktivnosti [[ćelija (biologija)|ćelija]] troši energiju koju je pohranila u fosfatne veze pomoću hidrolize. '''Hidroliza ATP-a''' je proces pri kojem dolazi do pucanja zadnje fosfatne veze i otcjepljenja zadnjeg fosfata. Pri tome nastaje ADP, energetski siromašniji spoj koji sadrži samo jednu energijom bogatu vezu. Ako je ćeliji potrebno još energije, ona odcjepljuje još jedan fosfat, puca i druga veza, te se oslobađa energija koja je dalje potrebna ćeliji. [[Datoteka:ATP.jpg|mini|centar|720px|Hidroliza ATP-a]] === Glukoza === {{Glavni| Ciklus limunske kiseline|Oksidativna fosforilacija}} U [[mitohondrija]]ma, piruvat se oksidira pomoću kompleksa piruvat dehidrogenaze. [[Acil-grupa]], koja u potpunosti oksidira u [[ugljik-dioksid]] tokom ciklusa limunske kiseline (također poznatog kao [[Krebsov ciklus]]). Svaki "obrt" kroz ciklus limunske kiseline proizvodi dvije [[molekula|molekule]] [[ugljik-dioksid]]a, jednu molekulu ATP ekvivalenta [[Guanozin-trifosfat|guanozin-trifosfata]] (''GTP'') kroz [[fosforilacija|fosforilaciju]] (kataliziranu sukcinil-CoA sintetazom), tri molekule smanjenog koenzima NADH i jednu molekulu smanjenog koenzima [[FADH 2]]. Obje ove druge molekule se recikliraju u svoj oksidirani oblik (NAD +, odnosno [[Flavin adenin-dinukleotid|FAD]]) preko transportnog elektrona lanca , što stvara dodatni ATP iz oksidativne fosforilacije . Oksidacija prvo rezultatira NADH molekulom u sintezi 2-3 ATP molekula, i oksidacijom jednog FADH2 prinosa između 1-2 ATP molekula. Većina ćelijskog ATP se stvara u ovom procesu. Iako je ciklus limunske kiseline ne uključuje molekulski kisika, to je obavezno aerobni proces, jer je potrebn O2 da se reciklira smanjenje NADH i FADH2 do svog oksidiranog stanja. U nedostatku kisika, ciklusu limunske kiseline će prestati raditi, zbog nedostatka raspoloživih NAD + i FAD. Generiranje ATP iz [[mitohondrija]] od citosolnog NADH oslanja se na [[malat-aspartat]] transport (i u manjoj mjeri glicerol-fosfat transportere), jer se unutarnja membrana mitohondrija nepropusna za NADH i NAD +.. Umjesto prenošenja generira NADH, a [[enzim]] [[malat-dehidrogenaza]] pretvara oksaloacetat u [[Jabučna kiselina|malat]], koji se translokacion na mitohondrijsku matricu. Još jedna reakcija koju katalizira malate dehidrogenaza javlja se u suprotnom smjeru, proizvodnjom oksaloacetata i NADH, iz nedavno nastalog malata i unutrašnjef skladišta NAD + u mitohondrijama. [[Transaminaza]] pretvara oksaloacetat u [[Asparaginska kiselina|aspartat]] za transport vraćanjem kroz membranu i u međumembranski prostor. Oksidativna fosforilacija, prolazak elektrona iz NADH i FADH2 kroz elektronski transportni lanac omogućava pumpanje protona iz mitohondrijske matrice i u međumembransk8 prostor. To stvara protonski motiv sila koji je neto učinak [[pH]] gradijenta i gradijenta [[električni potencijal|električnog potencijala]], preko unutrašnje membrane mitohondrija. Protok protona kroz taj potencijalski gradijent - to jest, matricu međumembranskog prostora - daje pokretačku snaga za sintezu ATP, uz katalitsko djelovanje ATP sintaze . Ovaj [[enzim]] sadrži rotorsku podjedinicu koja fizički rotira u odnosu na statičke dijelovi proteina, tokom sinteze ATP. Većina molekula ATP sintetiziranih u mitohondrijama se koristiti za mobilne procese u citosolu, tako da mora biti izvezena sa svog mjesta sinteze u mitohondrijskoj matrici. Unutrašnje membrane sadrži antiporter , na ADP / ATP translokazi, koja se kao sastavni membrane protein koristi za razmjenu novosintetiranih ATP u matrici za ADP u međumembranskom prostoru. Ovo premještanje je vođeno membranskim potencijalom, što rezultira u kretanjem oko četiri negativne pojave iz mitohondrijske membrane u zamjenu za tri negativne za premještanje unutra. Međutim, to je također potrebno za transport fosfata u mitohondrije; fosfatni nosači pokreću proton sa svakog fosfata, djelomično trošeći protonski gradijent. === Beta oksidacija === {{Glavni|Beta oksidacija}} Masne kiseline mogu se razlagani na [[Acetil koenzim A|acetil-CoA]] beta-oksidacijom. Svaki krug ovog ciklusa smanjuje dužinu acil lanca dva atoma ugljika i proizvodi jedan NADH i jedan FADH2 molekule, koje se koriste za proizvodnju ATP, oksidativnom fosforilacijom. Jer NADH i FADH2 su energetski bogate molekule i desetine ATP molekula koje mogu biti generirane beta-oksidacijom jednog dugog acil lanaca. Visok prinos energije ovog procesa i kompaktno skladištenje masti objašnjava zašto je to najbogatiji izvor [[kalorija]] iz [[hrana|hrane]]. === Fermentacija === {{Glavni|Fermentacija}} Fermentacije podrazumijeva proizvodnju energije kroz proces fosforilacije u odsustvu respiratornog elektronskog transportnog lanca . U većini [[eukarioti|eukariota]], glukoza se koristi i kao energetski izvor i donator elektrona. Jednadžba za oksidaciju glukoze u [[mliječna kiselina|mliječnu kiselinu]] je: C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> 2 CH<sub>3</sub>CH(OH)COOH + 2 ATP === Anaerobna disanje === {{Glavni| anaerobno disanje}} Anaerobno disanje je proces disanja pomoću elektronskih akceptora osim O 2 . Kod [[prokarioti|prokariota]], u anaerobnom disanju se javlja više akceptanata elektrona. To uključuje [[nitrat]]e , [[sulfat]]e ili [[ugljik-dioksid]]. Ovi procesi dovode do ekološki značajnih procesa. Kao što su [[denitrifikacija]], smanjenje [[sulfat]]a i/ili [[acetogeneza]] ==Dopunjavanje ATP iz nukleozida difosfat kinaze== ATP može biti sintetiziran kroz nekoliko tzv "dopunjavanje" reakcije katalizira enzim porodice nukleozida difosfat kinaze (NDKs), koje koriste druge nukleozida triphosphates kao fosfata donatora visoke energije, kao i ATP: guanido-phosphotransferase obitelji, ==Proizvodnje ATP tokom fotosinteze== U [[Biljke|biljkama]], ATP se sintetizira u itilakoidnoj membrane [[hloroplast]]a u svjetloj fazi [[fotosinteza|fotosinteze]], u procesu koji se naziva fotofosforilacija. Tako, svjetlosna [[energija]] se koristi za pumpanje protona preko membrane.hloroplasta. To donosi snagu protonskom motivu, što vodi ka intazi ATP, baš kao i u oksidativnoj fosforilaciji. Neke od [[molekula]] ATP proizvedene u hloroplasti se troši u [[Calvinov ciklus|Calvinovom ciklusu]], u kojem se proizvode [[šećer]]i [[trioza|trioze]]. ==Recikliranje ATP== Ukupna količina ATP u ljudskom tijelu je oko 0,2 mola . Većina ATP se obično ne sintetizirani ''de novo'', ali se iz ADP proizvedi tokom navedenih procesa. Tako, u svakom trenutku, uukupni iznos ATP + ADP ostaje prilično konstantan. Energija koju koriste ljudske ćelije zahtijeva [[hidroliza|hidrolizu]] od 100-150 mola ATP svakodnevno, što je oko 50–75&nbsp;kg. Ljudsko tijelo do svoje tjelesne težine obično koristi ATP tokom dana. To znači da se svaki ATP molekula, u toku jednog dana, reciklira oko 500-750 puta (100 / 0,2 = 500). ATP se ne može se čuvati, pa potrošnja blisko prati njegovu sintezu. Međutim ukupno oko 5g ATP koriste procesi kretanja u bilo koje vrijeme. ==Regulacija biosinteze== Proizvodnja ATP u aerobnim eukariotskim ćelijama čvrsto je regulirana alosterskim mehanizama, sa efektom povratnih informacija, a koncentracija supstrata zavisi od pojedinih [[enzim]]a glikolize i oksidativnih puteva fosforilacije. Ključne kontrolne točke se javljaju u enzimskim reakcijama koje su, pod fiziološkim uvjetima, toliko energetski povoljne da su praktično nepovratne U glikolizi, heksozakinazom se direktno inhibira njen proizvod, glukozo-6-fosfat, a [[piruvat kinaza]] je inhibirana svojom ATP. Glavna kontrolna tačka za glikolitski put je fosfofruktokinaza (''PFK''), koja alosterično inhibira visoke koncentracije ATP i aktivira visoke koncentracije AMP. Inhibicija PFK putem ATP je neobična, jer ATP je i supstrat u reakciji kataliziranoj putem PFK; biološki aktivni oblik enzima je [[tetramer]] koji postoji u dva moguća konformacije, od kojih su samo jedne veže drugu podlogu fruktoze-6-fosfat (''F6P''). Protein ima dva mjesta vezivanja za ATP - aktivno mjesto]] je dostupno u obje [[Bjelančevine|proteinske]] konformacije, ali ATP na mjestu inhibitora stabilizira potvrda da je vezivanje F6P loše. Broj drugih malih molekula može nadoknaditi ATP-izazvani pomak u ravnoteži formiranja i reaktiviranja PFK, uključujući ciklični AMP , amonijum jon, neorganske fosfate, i fruktozo- 1,6 i 2,6 difosfate. [[Krebsov ciklus|Ciklus limunske kiseline]] uglavnom regulira dostupnost ključnih supstrata, posebno odnosa NAD + - NADH i koncentraciju [[kalcij]]a, neorganskih fosfata, ATP, ADP i AMP. Mplekula [[Limunska kiselina|citrata]] – koja daja ime u ciklusu – je povratna informacija inhibitoru citrat sintazi i inhibiru PFK, pružajući direktnu veza između regulacije ciklusa limunske kiseline i glikolize. U oksidativnoj fosforilaciji, ključna je kontrola reakcija katalizirane citokrom C-oksidazom , što je regulira dostupnost svojih supstrata – u smanjenom obliku citohroma C . Iznos smanjenja citokroma C dostupan je u direktnoj vezi sa količinom drugih supstrata: što direktno implicira ovu jednadžbu: :<math> \frac{1}{2}\mathrm{NADH} + \mathrm{cyt~c_{ox}} + \mathrm{ADP} + P_i \iff \frac{1}{2}\mathrm{NAD^{+}} + \mathrm{cyt~c_{red}} + \mathrm{ATP} </math> koji direktno implicija jednadžbu: :<math> \frac{\mathrm{cyt~c_{red}}}{\mathrm{cyt~c_{ox}}} = \left(\frac{[\mathrm{NADH}]}{[\mathrm{NAD}]^{+}}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\left(\frac{[\mathrm{ADP}] [P_i]}{[\mathrm{ATP}]}\right)K_{eq} </math> Tako visoka stopa: [NADH] → [NAD<sup>+</sup>] ili visok odnos [ADP] [P<sub>i</sub>] prema [ATP] implicira visok iznos reduciranod citohroma c i visoku razinu aktivnosti citohrom oksidaze c. Dodatni nivo regulacije se odvija putem stope transporta ATP i NADH između [[mitohondrija|mitohondrijskog]] matriksa i [[citoplazma|citoplazme]].<ref>Berg J. M., Tymoczko J. L., Stryer L. (2007): Biochemistry (6th ed.). W. H. Freeman, New York, {{ISBN|0-7167-8724-5}}.</ref><ref>Stryer, Lubert (2002). Biochemistry (5th ed.). W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, {{ISBN|0-7167-1843-X}}.</ref><ref>Storer A., Cornish-Bowden A. (1976): Concentration of MgATP2− and other ions in solution. Calculation of the true concentrations of species present in mixtures of associating ions. Biochem J 159 (1): 1–5. PMC 1164030. PMID 11772.</ref><ref>Wilson J, Chin A (1991). "Chelation of divalent cations by ATP, studied by titration calorimetry". Anal Biochem 193 (1): 16–9. doi:10.1016/0003-2697(91)90036-S., PMID 1645933.</ref><ref>Rich P. R. (2003): The molecular machinery of Keilin's respiratory chain. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 31 (Pt 6): 1095–105. doi:10.1042/BST0311095. PMID 14641005.</ref><ref>Lodish H Berk A, Matsudaira P, Kaiser CA, Krieger M, Scott MP, Zipursky S. L., Darnell J. (2004). Molecular Cell Biology (5th ed.). New York: WH Freeman. {{ISBN|978-0-7167-4366-8}}.</ref> == Također pogledajte == * [[Adenozind-ifosfat]] (ADP) * [[Adenozin-monofosfat]] (AMP) * [[Ciklični adenozin-monofosfat]] (cAMP) * [[Adenozintrifosfataza|ATPaza]] * [[Hidroliza adenozin-trifosfata]] * [[Krebsov ciklus|Ciklus limunske kiseline]] (poznat i kao Krebsov ciklus) * [[Fosfokreatin|Fosfagen]] * [[Faktor razmjene nukledita]] * [[Mitohondrija]] * [[Fotofosforilacija]] * [[ATP-test]] == Reference == {{refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commons category|Adenosine triphosphate}} * [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe-srv/PDBeXplore/ligand/?ligand=ATP ATP veza sa proteinima] u [[Protein Data Bank|PDB]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160310134410/http://www.scienceaid.co.uk/biology/biochemistry/atp.html ScienceAid: Energy ATP and Exercise] * [http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=5957 PubChem odrednica za adenozin trifosfat] * [http://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?cpd:C00002 KEGG odrednica za adenozin trifosfat] {{Commonscat|Adenosine triphosphate}} {{Commons|Nucleotides}} {{Spojevi fosfora}} {{Nukleobaze, nukleozidi, i nukleotidi}} [[Kategorija:Ćelijsko disanje]] [[Kategorija:Nukleotidi]] [[Kategorija:Koenzimi]] [[Kategorija:Neurotransmiteri]] d2z9xaknm29n5eeq3yr6crxqhmb7wgf Jan van Eyck 0 97897 3849385 3791676 2026-05-26T04:38:26Z Surajr7 181362 3849385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija likovni umjetnik | ime =Jan van Eyck | slika =Portrait of a Man in a Turban (Jan van Eyck) with frame.jpg | opis_slike =''Čovjek s crvenim turbanom (Autoportret)'', 1433., [[tempera]] i ulje na drvu, 33,3 x 25,8 cm, [[Nacionalna galerija|Nacionalna galerija u Londonu]]. | datum_rođenja =1390 | mjesto_rođenja =[[Maastricht]], [[Nizozemska]] | datum_smrti =9. juli 1441 | mjesto_smrti =[[Brugge]], [[Belgija]] | država za kategoriju = | nacionalnost = | obrazovanje = | supružnik = | period =[[Renesansa]], [[Rano nizozemsko slikarstvo]] | vrsta_umjetnosti =slikarstvo | djela =''[[Portret Arnolfinijevih]]'' <br> ''[[Gentski oltar]]'' | utjecao = | utjecali = [[Robert Campin]], [[Braća Limbourg]], [[Gotika|Međunarodna gotika]] | nagrade = | potpis = | web-stranica = }} '''Jan van Eyck''' ili '''Johannes de Eyck''' (rođen prije ili oko 1395 - umro 9. Jula 1441. godine) bio je [[Flandrija|flamanski]] slikar<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jan van Eyck {{!}} Biography, Art, Paintings, Arnolfini Portrait, Ghent Altarpiece, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jan-van-Eyck|newspaper=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2025-12-22|language=en}}</ref> aktivan u gradu [[Brugge]]su i smatran jednim od najboljih sjevernoevropskih slikara XV vijeka. S bratom [[Hubert van Eyk|Hubertom]] oslikao je jedno od njegovih najznačajnijih slikarskih djela, [[Gentski oltar]]. Zapravo Hubert je započeo ovo djelo, ali ga je 1432. završio njegov brat Jan, 10 godina nakon Hubertove smrti. Postoji česta zabluda iz XVI vijeka nakon pisanja prvog historičara umjetnosti [[Giorgio Vasari]]ja da je Jan van Eyck izumio uljanu tehniku. Uljana tehnika oslikavanja drvenih statua i drugih objekata je daleko starija, i Theophilus jasno daje upustva za slikanje bazirano na ulju, napisano 1125. Istina je doduše da su van Eyck braća bili jedni od najranijih [[Nizozemska|nizozemskih]] slikara koji su koristili vrlo detaljno [[Panelno slikarstvo|slikanje na panelima]], i postigli su nove i nevjerovatne efekte kroz korištenje uglačavanja i ostalih tehnika. Zbog njegove vještine, on je tradicionalno poznat kao ''"otac uljane tehnike"''. == Galerija == <gallery> Datoteka:Ghent Altarpiece Google Art Project.jpg|''[[Gentski oltar]]'', 1432. Datoteka:Van Eyck - Arnolfini Portrait.jpg|''[[Portret Arnolfinijevih]]'' 1434. Datoteka: Eyck, Jan van - Madonna with Canon van der Paele.jpeg|''La Madone au Chanoine van der Paele'' </gallery> == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20111110024859/http://www.louvre.fr/llv/dossiers/detail_oal.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198674055871&CURRENT_LLV_OAL%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198674055871&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500955&bmLocale=en A Closer Look at Jan van Eyck's Virgin and Child with Chancellor Rolin (Louvre museum)] *[http://xv.kikirpa.be/database/MASTERS/van-eyck.htm Centre for the Study of Fifteenth-Century Painting in the Southern Netherlands and the Principality of Liège]{{Mrtav link|datum=Oktobar 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} List of works *[http://www.wga.hu/html/e/eyck_van/jan/index.html Web Gallery of Art] *[http://www.museumsyndicate.com/artist.php?artist=9 Jan van Eyck Gallery at MuseumSyndicate] *[http://www.vlaamsekunstcollectie.be/index.aspx?local=en&p=themaspub&query=identifier=668&toppub=668&page=1 Flemish Art Collection: Madonna with Canon Joris van der Paele, a masterpiece by van Eyck] *[http://www.jan-van-eyck.org 103 Works by Jan van Eyck at www.jan-van-eyck.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016205912/http://www.jan-van-eyck.org/ |date=16. 10. 2009 }}{{Normativna kontrola}} {{Commonscat}} [[Kategorija:Nizozemski slikari]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Brugge]] [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1395.]] [[Kategorija:Umrli 1441.]] [[Kategorija:Renesansni slikari]] f1yhapfb9kfpxxtmncygx0rv0u6q4cc 3849389 3849385 2026-05-26T06:02:07Z Surajr7 181362 3849389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija likovni umjetnik | ime =Jan van Eyck | slika =Jan van Eyck - Portrait of a Man (Self Portrait?) 1433.jpg | opis_slike =''Čovjek s crvenim turbanom (Autoportret)'', 1433., [[tempera]] i ulje na drvu, 33,3 x 25,8 cm, [[Nacionalna galerija|Nacionalna galerija u Londonu]]. | datum_rođenja =1390 | mjesto_rođenja =[[Maastricht]], [[Nizozemska]] | datum_smrti =9. juli 1441 | mjesto_smrti =[[Brugge]], [[Belgija]] | država za kategoriju = | nacionalnost = | obrazovanje = | supružnik = | period =[[Renesansa]], [[Rano nizozemsko slikarstvo]] | vrsta_umjetnosti =slikarstvo | djela =''[[Portret Arnolfinijevih]]'' <br> ''[[Gentski oltar]]'' | utjecao = | utjecali = [[Robert Campin]], [[Braća Limbourg]], [[Gotika|Međunarodna gotika]] | nagrade = | potpis = | web-stranica = }} '''Jan van Eyck''' ili '''Johannes de Eyck''' (rođen prije ili oko 1395 - umro 9. Jula 1441. godine) bio je [[Flandrija|flamanski]] slikar<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jan van Eyck {{!}} Biography, Art, Paintings, Arnolfini Portrait, Ghent Altarpiece, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jan-van-Eyck|newspaper=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2025-12-22|language=en}}</ref> aktivan u gradu [[Brugge]]su i smatran jednim od najboljih sjevernoevropskih slikara XV vijeka. S bratom [[Hubert van Eyk|Hubertom]] oslikao je jedno od njegovih najznačajnijih slikarskih djela, [[Gentski oltar]]. Zapravo Hubert je započeo ovo djelo, ali ga je 1432. završio njegov brat Jan, 10 godina nakon Hubertove smrti. Postoji česta zabluda iz XVI vijeka nakon pisanja prvog historičara umjetnosti [[Giorgio Vasari]]ja da je Jan van Eyck izumio uljanu tehniku. Uljana tehnika oslikavanja drvenih statua i drugih objekata je daleko starija, i Theophilus jasno daje upustva za slikanje bazirano na ulju, napisano 1125. Istina je doduše da su van Eyck braća bili jedni od najranijih [[Nizozemska|nizozemskih]] slikara koji su koristili vrlo detaljno [[Panelno slikarstvo|slikanje na panelima]], i postigli su nove i nevjerovatne efekte kroz korištenje uglačavanja i ostalih tehnika. Zbog njegove vještine, on je tradicionalno poznat kao ''"otac uljane tehnike"''. == Galerija == <gallery> Datoteka:Ghent Altarpiece Google Art Project.jpg|''[[Gentski oltar]]'', 1432. Datoteka:Van Eyck - Arnolfini Portrait.jpg|''[[Portret Arnolfinijevih]]'' 1434. Datoteka: Eyck, Jan van - Madonna with Canon van der Paele.jpeg|''La Madone au Chanoine van der Paele'' </gallery> == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20111110024859/http://www.louvre.fr/llv/dossiers/detail_oal.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198674055871&CURRENT_LLV_OAL%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198674055871&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500955&bmLocale=en A Closer Look at Jan van Eyck's Virgin and Child with Chancellor Rolin (Louvre museum)] *[http://xv.kikirpa.be/database/MASTERS/van-eyck.htm Centre for the Study of Fifteenth-Century Painting in the Southern Netherlands and the Principality of Liège]{{Mrtav link|datum=Oktobar 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} List of works *[http://www.wga.hu/html/e/eyck_van/jan/index.html Web Gallery of Art] *[http://www.museumsyndicate.com/artist.php?artist=9 Jan van Eyck Gallery at MuseumSyndicate] *[http://www.vlaamsekunstcollectie.be/index.aspx?local=en&p=themaspub&query=identifier=668&toppub=668&page=1 Flemish Art Collection: Madonna with Canon Joris van der Paele, a masterpiece by van Eyck] *[http://www.jan-van-eyck.org 103 Works by Jan van Eyck at www.jan-van-eyck.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016205912/http://www.jan-van-eyck.org/ |date=16. 10. 2009 }}{{Normativna kontrola}} {{Commonscat}} [[Kategorija:Nizozemski slikari]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Brugge]] [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1395.]] [[Kategorija:Umrli 1441.]] [[Kategorija:Renesansni slikari]] 0gbhiddnphcmg9sza71dxb8p7okdxmo Flamenko 0 100697 3849417 3842287 2026-05-26T09:40:29Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849417 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija muzički žanr | ime = Flamenko | izvorno_ime = | izvorno_ime_jez = | etimologija = | ostala_imena = | boja_teksta = | boja_pozadine = | slika = Belen maya.jpg | veličina_slike = | alt_slike = | tekst = | stilsko_porijeklo = [[Andaluski nubah]] | kulturološko_porijeklo = [[Romska muzika]] | instrumenti = [[Vokalna muzika|Vokal]], [[pljeskanje]], [[gitara]], [[kastanjete]], [[cajón flamenco]] | izvedeni_oblici = | podžanrovi = {{Plainlist| * [[Alegrías]] * [[Bulerías]] * [[Fandango]] * [[Malagueña]] * [[Rumba flamenca]] * [[Sevillanas]] * [[Seguiriyas]] * [[Soleá]] * [[Tango]] * [[Tientos]] * [[Verdiales]] }} | spisak_podžanrova = | fuzijski_žanrovi = {{Plainlist| * [[Flamenco rok]] * [[Novi flamenco]] }} | regionalne_scene = | mjesni_pokreti = | ostale_teme = | bilješke = }} '''Flamenko''' je španska [[Umjetnost|umjetnička]] forma zasnovana na različitim folklornim muzičkim tradicijama južne [[Španija|Španije]], razvijena unutar gitano subkulture regije [[Andaluzija]], a historijski je prisutna i u [[Ekstremadura|Extremaduri]] i [[Murcia|Murciji]].<ref name="Leblon">{{harv|Leblon|2003|loc=72-73}}</ref><ref>{{harv|Aoyama|2007|loc=105}}</ref><ref>{{harv|Manuel|1989|loc=51-52}}</ref> U širem smislu, termin se koristi za označavanje raznih savremenih i tradicionalnih [[Muzika|muzičkih]] stilova tipičnih za južnu Španiju. Flamenko je usko povezan s gitanima [[Romi|romske]] etničke pripadnosti koji su značajno doprinijeli njegovom nastanku i profesionalizaciji. Međutim, njegov stil je jedinstveno andaluzijski, a flamenko umjetnici su historijski uključivali Špance i gitano i ne-gitano naslijeđa.<ref>{{harv|Hayes|2009|loc=31-37}}</ref> Najstariji zapis o flamenko muzici datira iz 1774. u knjizi ''Las Cartas Marruecas'' (Marokanska pisma) autora [[José Cadalsa|Joséa Cadalsa]].<ref>{{harv|Akombo|2016|loc=240–241}}</ref> Razvoj flamenka tokom protekla dva vijeka je dobro dokumentovan: "pozorišni pokret saineta (jednočinki) i tonadila, popularne pjesmarice i notni zapisi, običaji, studije plesova i toquesa, usavršavanje, novine, grafički dokumenti u slikama i gravurama... u kontinuiranoj evoluciji zajedno s ritmom, poetskim strofama i ambijentom."<ref>{{harv|Ríos Ruiz|1997|loc=16-17}}</ref> [[Datoteka:FlamencoSevilla.jpg|350px|mini|Plesačice, pjevač i gitarist]] Dana 16. novembra 2010, [[UNESCO]] je proglasio flamenko jednim od [[remek-djela usmene i nematerijalne baštine čovječanstva]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/flamenco-00363|title=Flamenco|year=2010|website=ich.unesco.org|publisher=[[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists|UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List]]|access-date=30. 9. 2021}}</ref> == Romska umjetnost == Flamenco je jedan od muzičkih fenomena koji je, uprkos svojim narodnim korijenima, nadživio modu tj. muzičke tendencije usmjeravane od onih koji kreiraju muzički "ukus" većine. Svojom snagom pronalazi ljubitelje van [[Španija|Španije]]. To je živa [[umjetnost]] koja upija tendencije svake vrste bez gubitka svoje osobnosti. Glavna karekteristika flamenca je povezanost sa publikom koja reagira na emotivan način. Flamenco je proizvod mješanja različitih [[kultura]] kao što su romska, [[Arapi|arapska]], [[Kršćanstvo|hrišćanska]] i [[Jevreji|jevrejska]].Također se često naziva ciganskom umjetnošću zbog uticaja koji je pridonijela [[Romi|ta etnička skupina]] u "rođenju" i razvoju istog. == Etimologija riječi flamenco == Flamenco je do prije nekih sto pedeset godina bio marginalna kultura u tadašnjem španskom društvu i kao takav nezanimljiv za ostavljanje bilo kakvog traga u pisanoj riječi. Prvi pisci koji pokazuju bilo kakav interes o temi pojavljuju se u 19. stoljeću, sa premalo kontakata unutar kulture i upravo zbog toga nisu išli u korak sa trenutnim strujanjima unutar žanra. Tadašnji izvođači i znalci bili su u pravilu nepismeni ljudi čije je znanje dolazilo usmenim putem. Zbog svega toga, dan danas postoji mnogo različitih teorija o postanku riječi flamenco. U rječniku Španske Kraljevske Akademije postoje različita značenja riječi flamenko, među kojima se nalazi opis pojma o kojem je ovdje riječ. Doslovan prijevod bi bio: "Kaže se za izvjesna sociokulturološka manifestiranja općen povezana sa španskim [[Romi]]ma, a posebno sa [[Andaluzija|andaluškim]]." Također su zanimljiva objašnjenja: "porijeklom iz Flandrije" i "neko ili nešto što je povezano sa tom historijskom evropskom regijom". {{Infokutija nematerijalna kulturna baština | vrsta_baštine = Flamenko | slika = File:Tablao Cordobés 06.jpg | širina slike = 80px | opis_slike = Flamenko u Cordobi | regija = [[Evropa]] | institucija = | država = {{ZID|Španija}} | mjesto = | zajednica = | predlagač = | kriterij = | datum_upisa_u_nkb = | lista_upisa_elementa = Reprezentativna lista nematerijalne kulturne baštine čovječanstva | unesco_oznaka = 00363 | unesco_datum_upisa = 2010. | lokacija_upisa = [https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/flamenco-00363 UNESCO] | veb-sajt = }} == Nematerijalna kulturna baština == Flamenko je umjetnički izraz koji spaja pjesmu, ples i muziciranje. [[Andaluzija]] u južnoj Španiji je srce flamenka, iako ima korijene i u oblastima kao što su [[Murcia]], [[Ekstremadura]] i [[Granada]]. U sjeveroistočnom dijelu Granade, na Svetom brdu, nalazi se kolonija Roma. U njihovim bijelim kućama - pećinama udubljenim u brdu, danas se nalaze najautentičniji flamenco barovi Španije, individualne škole flamenca, a noćni život traje sve do ranih jutarnjih časova.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://furaj.ba/flamenko/ |title=Flamenko |access-date=29. 1. 2023 |archive-date=29. 1. 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129193809/https://furaj.ba/flamenko/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Restorani-barovi u kojima se igra i pjeva uz flamenco, zovu se ''tablaosi''. Mnogi od njih su visoko komercijalizovani i dobro naplaćuju jednočasovni ili dvočasovni program. Grad [[Sevilja]], četvrti po veličini u Španiji, smatra se kolijevkom flamenka u Andaluziji i po njemu je postao poznato turističko mjesto koje svakodnevno privlači turiste, da bi prisustvovali jednom ovakvom spektaklu uživo.<ref>[https://www.centarzaafirmacijuirazvoj.org/2020/02/25/zanimljive-cinjenice-o-tradicionalnom-spanskom-plesu-el-flamenco/ Zanimljivosti o tradicionalnom španskom plesu El Flamenco]</ref> Flamenko je na [[UNESCO]]-voj Reprezentativnoj [[Lista nematerijalne kulturne baštine u Evropi|listi]] [[Nematerijalna kulturna baština|nematerijalnog kulturnog naslijeđa]] čovječanstva kao element kulturne baštine u [[Španija|Španiji]].<ref name="flamenko">[https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/spain-ES UNESCO: Nematerijalna svjetska baština u Španiji - ich.unesco.org - Pristupljeno 19.11.2021.]{{en}}</ref> Odluku o upisu donio je Međuvladin komitet za očuvanje nematerijalnog kulturnog naslijeđa na zasjedanju koje je održano od 15. do 19. novembra 2010. u [[Nairobi]]ju u [[Kenija|Keniji]]u.<ref>[https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/flamenco-00363 UNESCO: Flamenko - ich.unesco.org, Pristupljeno, 7.01.2023]{{en}}</ref> == Palos == Muzički pravci flamenca u Španiji zovu se ''palos''. Poredak abecednim redom: [[Alboreá]] | [[Alegrías]] | [[Bambera]] | [[Bulerías]] | [[Cabales]] | [[Campanilleros]] | [[Cantiña]] | [[Caña]] | [[Caracoles]] | [[Carcelera]] | [[Cartagenera]] | [[Colombiana]] | [[Corrido gitano]] | [[Debla]] | [[Fandango]] | [[Fandanguillo]] | [[Farruca]] | [[Galeras]] | [[Garrotín]] | [[Granaína]] | [[Guajira]] | [[Jabera]] | [[Jota Flamenca]] | [[Liviana]] | [[Malagueña]] | [[Mariana-Flamenco]] | [[Martinete]] | [[Media]] | [[Media Granaína]] | [[Milonga]] | [[Minera]] | [[Mirabrás]] | [[Nana - Flamenco]]| [[Petenera]] | [[Polo-Flamenco]] | [[Romance]] | [[Romera]] | [[Rondeña]] | [[Rumba]] | [[Saeta]] | [[Seguiriya]] ili Siguiriya | [[Serrana]] | [[Sevillana]] | [[Soleá]] | [[Tango]] | [[Tanguillo]] | [[Taranta]] | [[Taranta]] ili Taranto | [[Tiento]] | [[Toná]] | [[Trillera]] | [[Verdiales]] | [[Vidalita]] | [[Zambra]] | [[Zorongo]] == Najpoznatiji umjetnici == * '''[[Paco de Lucía]]''' '''- komponist i virtuoz na [[gitara|gitari]].''' == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Izvori == *{{cite book|title=The Unity of Music and Dance in World Cultures|last=Akombo|first=David|place=North Carolina|publisher=McFarland Books|year=2016|isbn=978-0786497157}} * {{cite journal|last= Aoyama|first= Yuko|title= The role of consumption and globalization in a cultural industry: The case of flamenco|journal= [[Geoforum]]|volume= 38|issue= 1|year= 2007|publisher= Elsevier|pages= 103–113|doi= 10.1016/j.geoforum.2006.07.004}} * Álvarez Caballero, Ángel: ''El cante flamenco'', Alianza Editorial, Madrid, Second edition, 1998. {{ISBN|84-206-9682-X}} (First edition: 1994) * Álvarez Caballero, Ángel: ''La Discografía ideal del cante flamenco'', Planeta, Barcelona, 1995. {{ISBN|84-08-01602-4}} * {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Anon.|2010}}|reference=Anon. 2010. "[http://es.noticias.yahoo.com/5/20101116/tlc-el-flamenco-es-declarado-patrimonio-d712def.html El flamenco es declarado Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial de la Humanidad por la Unesco]"{{Dead link|date=juli 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, Yahoo Noticias, 16 November 2010 (accessed 16 November 2010).}} * {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Anon.|2012}}|reference=Anon. "[http://www.flamenco-events.com/palosetcompas.html Palos & compas] ". Flamenco-Events.com (2012; accessed 19 March 2020).}} * {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Anon.|2019}}|reference=Anon. "[https://www.flamencoexport.com/flamenco-wiki/palos-del-flamenco.html Palos del Flamenco: Categorías]". flamencoexport.com (2019, accessed 19 March 2020).}} * Arredondo Pérez, Herminia, and Francisco J. García Gallardo: "Música flamenca. Nuevos artistas, antiguas tradiciones" In ''Andalucía en la música. Expresión de comunidad, construcción de identidad'', edited by Francisco J. García y Herminia Arredondo. Sevilla: Centro de Estudios Andaluces, 2014, pp.&nbsp;225–242. {{ISBN|978-84-942332-0-3}} * Banzi, Julia Lynn (PhD): "Flamenco Guitar Innovation and the Circumscription of Tradition" 2007, 382 pages; AAT 328581, DAI-A 68/10, University of California, Santa Barbara. * Caba Landa, Pedro, and Carlos Caba Landa. ''Andalucía, su comunismo y su cante jondo''. First edition, Editorial Atlántico 1933. Third edition, Editorial Renacimiento 2008. {{ISBN|978-84-8472-348-6}} * {{cite encyclopedia|author-last= Cruces-Roldán|first= Cristina|title= Flamenco|encyclopedia= Bloomsbury Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World, Genres: Europe|volume= 11|year= 2017|pages= 249–306|editor-last1= Prato|editor-first1= Paolo|editor-last2= Horn|editor-first2= David|location= United Kingdom|publisher= [[Bloomsbury Academic]]|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WKc0DwAAQBAJ|isbn= 978-1-5013-2612-7}} * Coelho, Víctor Anand (Editor): "Flamenco Guitar: History, Style, and Context", in ''[[Cambridge Companions to Music|The Cambridge Companion to the Guitar]]'', Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp.&nbsp;13–32. * {{cite encyclopedia|last= Devorah Bennahum|first= Ninotchka|title= Flamenco: Music and Dance|encyclopedia= [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|location= United States|isbn= 978-1-59339-292-5|publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|url= https://www.britannica.com/art/flamenco|url-access= subscription|year= 2023}} * {{cite book|author-last= Llano|author-first= Samuel|chapter= Flamenco as Palimpsest: Reading through Hybridity|title= Transnational Spanish Studies|year= 2020|pages= 161–180|location= United Kingdom|publisher= [[Liverpool University Press]]|editor-last1= Davies|editor-first1= Catherine|editor-last2= O'Bryen|editor-first2= Rory| isbn= 9781789627282|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=sa9_EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA161}} * {{cite book | last=Lorca | first=F.G. | title=El Cante jondo: primitivo canto andaluz | publisher=Alianza | series=Sección literatura | year=1970 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ACAVMQAACAAJ | language=es | access-date=16. 5. 2023}} *{{cite book | last=Lorca | first=F.G. | title=Poema del cante jondo - Romancero gitano (conferencias y poemas) | publisher=Stockcero, Incorporated | year=2010 | isbn=978-1-934768-37-2 | url=http://www.stockcero.com/pdfs/978-1-934768-37-2_SAMP.pdf | language=es | access-date=16. 5. 2023}} *{{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Harper|n.d.}}|reference={{OEtymD|flamenco}}.}} *{{cite book|title=Flamenco: Conflicting Histories of the Dance|url=https://archive.org/details/flamencoconflict0000haye|last=Hayes|first=Michelle Heffner|location=North Carolina|publisher=McFarland Books|year=2009|isbn=978-0786439232}} *{{cite journal |last=Herrera |first=Muhammad Ali |title=Breve biografía de Blas Infante |journal=Alif Nûn |date=mart 2006 |number=36 |url=http://www.libreria-mundoarabe.com/Boletines/n%ba36%20Mar.06/BiografiaBlasInfante.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411064932/http://www.libreria-mundoarabe.com/Boletines/n%BA36%20Mar.06/BiografiaBlasInfante.html|url-status=dead |archive-date=11. 4. 2013 }} *{{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Hoces|1982}}|reference=Hoces Bonavilla, Sabas de. n.d. {{cite web|url=https://funjdiaz.net/folklore/07ficha.cfm?id=201|title=Acotaciones sobre algunos conceptos errados con el flamenco (1)|publisher=funjdiaz.net|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924020123/https://funjdiaz.net/folklore/07ficha.cfm?id=201|access-date=22. 10. 2019|archive-date=24. 9. 2015}} ''Revista de Folklore'', no. 23:147–157 (archive from 24 September 2015).}} * {{cite book|last= Holguín|first= Sandie|title= Flamenco Nation: The Construction of Spanish National Identity|location= Madison|publisher= [[University of Wisconsin Press]]|year= 2019|isbn= 9780299321802|pages= 25–57|doi= 10.2307/j.ctvgc62dd|jstor=j.ctvgc62dd |s2cid= 197774320}} *{{cite book|last=Infante|first=Blas|title=Orígenes de lo Flamenco y Secreto del Cante Jondo (1929–1933)|year=2010|page=166|publisher=Consejería de Cultura de la Junta de Andalucía |url=http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/culturaydeporte/web/html/sites/consejeria/general/Galerias/Adjuntos/destacados/origenes_de_lo_flamenco.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102024520/http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/culturaydeporte/web/html/sites/consejeria/general/Galerias/Adjuntos/destacados/origenes_de_lo_flamenco.pdf |archive-date=2. 11. 2013 |url-status=live}} *{{cite book|last=Koster|first=Dennis|title=Guitar Atlas, Flamenco|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8SMixi1mbQC&pg=PA5|access-date=4. 3. 2013|date=1. 6. 2002|publisher=Alfred Music Publishing|isbn=978-0-7390-2478-2}} *{{cite book|last= Leblon|first= Bernard|translator-last= Ni Shuinear|translator-first= Sinead|title= Gypsies and Flamenco: The Emergence of the Art of Flamenco in Andalusia|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=farZoyKozikC|location= Hatfield|publisher= [[University of Hertfordshire Press]]|year= 2003|isbn= 9781902806051}} *{{Cite journal|last=Machin-Autenrieth|first=Matthew|date=2015|title=Flamenco ¿Algo Nuestro? (Something of Ours?): Music, Regionalism and Political Geography in Andalusia, Spain|journal=Ethnomusicology Forum|volume=24|issue=1 (April)|pages=4–27|doi=10.1080/17411912.2014.966852|hdl=2164/17695 |s2cid=217531496|hdl-access=free}} * Mairena, Antonio, and Ricardo Molina. ''Mundo y formas del cante flamenco'', Librería Al-Ándalus, third edition, 1979 (First Edition: Revista de Occidente, 1963) *{{cite journal|last= Manuel|first= Peter|title= Evolution and Structure in Flamenco Harmony|url= https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D8902FFS/download|journal= Current Musicology|publisher= [[Columbia University Press]]|year= 1986|volume= 42|pages= 46–57|doi= 10.7916/D88051HJ|s2cid= 193937795}} *{{cite journal|last= Manuel|first= Peter|title= Andalusian, Gypsy, and Class Identity in the Contemporary Flamenco Complex|publisher= [[University of Illinois Press]]|journal= Ethnomusicology|year= 1989|volume= 33|number= 1|pages= 51–52|doi= 10.2307/852169|jstor= 852169|url= https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1535&context=jj_pubs|url-access= subscription}} *{{cite book|last=Martin|first=Juan|title=Solo Flamenco Guitar|url=https://archive.org/details/melbayplaysolofl0000unse|publisher=Mel Bay Publications|isbn=978-0-7866-6458-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/melbayplaysolofl0000unse/page/48 48]|date=2002}} *{{cite book|title=Flamenco: All You Wanted to Know|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bzd1CTtnjS8C&pg=PA6|last=Martinez|first=Emma|publisher=Mel Bay|year=2011|isbn=9781609744700}}. * Martín Salazar, Jorge: ''Los cantes flamencos'', Diputación Provincial de Granada, Granada, 1991 {{ISBN|84-7807-041-9}} * {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Manuel|2006}}|reference=Manuel, Peter. "Flamenco in Focus: An Analysis of a Performance of Soleares." In ''Analytical Studies in World Music'', edited by Michael Tenzer. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006, pp.&nbsp;92–119.}} *{{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Mendoza|2011}}|reference=Mendoza, Gabriela. "[http://www.elsalvador.com/mwedh/nota/nota_completa.asp?idCat=8615&idArt=5620732 Ser flamenco no es una música, es un estilo de vida]". ''El Diario de Hoy'' (2011): {{Page needed|date=mart 2020|reason=Inclusive page numbers of article needed}}.}} * Ortiz Nuevo, José Luis: ''Alegato contra la pureza'', Libros PM, Barcelona, 1996. {{ISBN|84-88944-07-1}} * {{cite book |last=Pohren |first=Donn E. |title=The Art of Flamenco |location=Westport, Connecticut |publisher=Bold Strummer |year=2005|isbn=978-0933224025}} * {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Real Academia Española|2019}}|reference=Real Academia Española. "[https://dle.rae.es/flamenco?m=form flamenco, ca]". ''Diccionario de la lengua Española'', tricentenary edition. Madrid: Real Academia Español, 2019. (accessed 19 March 2020).}} * {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Ríos Ruiz|1997}}|reference=Ríos Ruiz, Manuel. ''Ayer y hoy del cante flamenco'', Ediciones Istmo, Tres Cantos (Madrid), 1997. {{ISBN|84-7090-311-X}}.}} *{{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Rossy|1998}}|reference=Rossy, Hipólito: ''Teoría del Cante Jondo'', Cresda, Barcelona, 1998. {{ISBN|84-7056-354-8}} (First edition: 1966)}} *{{cite book |title=Vibrant Andalusia: The Spice of Life in Southern Spain |url=https://archive.org/details/vibrantandalusia0000anar |last=Ruiz |first=Ana |publisher=Algora |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-87586-540-9}} * {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Torres Cortés|2001}}|reference=Torres Cortés, Norberto. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20070308101516/http://www.tristeyazul.com/cronicas/ntc14.htm El compromiso y la generosidad de manolo Sanlúcar] ". ''El Olivo'', no. 88 (February 2001, especial "Manolo Sanlúcar").}} * [http://www.rtve.es/alacarta/videos/rito-y-geografia-del-cante/ ''Rito y geografía del cante''. Serie documental de los años 70 del siglo XX sobre los orígenes, estilos y pervivencia del cante flamenco], con [[José María Velázquez]]-Gaztelu. * ''[https://www.rtve.es/alacarta/audios/nuestro-flamenco/ Nuestro flamenco]'': programa de [[Radio Clásica]], con José María Velázquez-Gaztelu. * [http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/cultura/web/publico/areas/minisitio.jsp?idA=8&men=1&pagc=8_1_1presentacion.jsp Agencia Andaluza para el Desarrollo del Flamenco] * [https://www.flamencoviejo.com Flamenco Viejo] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120930032149/http://www.flamencoolimpico.com/ Flamenco Olímpico] Reportaje Documental * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120924003408/http://www.radiole.com/especiales/enciclopedia_flamenco/ ''Flamenco de la A a la Z'']: breve enciclopedia del flamenco que incluye diccionario en el [http://www.radiole.com/ sitio] de [[Radiolé]]. * [[Félix Grande|GRANDE]], Félix: ''Memoria del flamenco'', con prólogo de [[José Manuel Caballero Bonald]]. Galaxia Gutenberg/[[Círculo de Lectores]], Barcelona, 1991. ** [http://www.librosaguilar.com/uploads/ficheros/libro/primeras-paginas/200701/primeras-paginas-memoria-flamenco.pdf Texto] en ''[[PDF]]''. * [https://www.sevillaflamenco.es Flamenco en Sevilla] * [[Emilio Lafuente Alcántara|Lafuente Alcántara]], Emilio (1825–1868): ''Cancionero popular. Colección escogida de seguidillas y coplas'', 1865. ** Vol. II: [https://books.google.com/books?id=bNv24CF7m-gC&dq=inauthor%3Aemilio%20inauthor%3Alafuente%20inauthor%3Aalcantara&pg=PA5 ''Coplas'']; texto en [[Google Books]]. ** [https://sites.google.com/site/earabistasyafricanistas/indice-de-autores/emilio-lafuente-y-alcantara-1825-1868 Sobre Emilio Lafuente Alcántara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005171914/https://sites.google.com/site/earabistasyafricanistas/indice-de-autores/emilio-lafuente-y-alcantara-1825-1868 |date=5. 10. 2015 }}, hermano de [[Miguel Lafuente Alcántara]], en el [https://sites.google.com/site/earabistasyafricanistas/ sitio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005170007/https://sites.google.com/site/earabistasyafricanistas/ |date=5. 10. 2015 }} Biblioteca Virtual de Arabistas y Africanistas Españoles. * [http://es.slideshare.net/lu1312/el-flamenco-y-sus-palos?qid=584a2f83-aef4-4599-8362-490cfab397a3&v=qf1&b=&from_search=1] * Universo Lorca | [https://www.universolorca.com/lugar/plaza-de-los-aljibes/ El Concurso del Cante Jondo de 1922. Web dedicada a la vida y obra de Federico García Lorca y su vinculación con Granada.] (Diputación de Granada) * Los Palos del Flamenco | [https://blog.flamencosonline.com/tag/historia/ Los Palos del Flamenco. Artículos sobre el origen y evolución del arte flamenco.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523174909/https://blog.flamencosonline.com/tag/historia/ |date=23. 5. 2021 }} (Flamencos Online) == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commonscat|Flamenco|Flamenko}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071023020335/http://www.flamenco-world.com/ Svijet flamenca] * [http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta? Flamenco Rječnik Španske Kraljevske Akademije] {{Normativna kontrola}} [[Kategorija:Umjetnost]] [[Kategorija:Nematerijalna kulturna baština u Španiji]] bsi6anzpwykdb273q6748wjki0a0gmz Distribuirano računarstvo 0 110052 3849310 3808768 2026-05-25T16:37:04Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849310 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Datoteka:Distributed-parallel.svg|mini|(a), (b): distribuirani sistem. (c): paralelni sistem.]] '''Distribuirano računarstvo''' se u računarskoj nauci koristi za oblast koja proučava '''distribuirane sisteme'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.supermicro.com/en/glossary/distributed-computing|title=What is Distributed Computing?|access-date=9. 1. 2026|archive-date=24. 1. 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260124073334/https://www.supermicro.com/en/glossary/distributed-computing|url-status=dead}}</ref> Distribuirani [[sistem]] se sastoji od više samostalnih [[računar]]a koji komuniciraju putem računarske mreže. Računari međusobno djeluju sa namjerom da postignu zajednički cilj. Računarski program koji radi u u distribuiranom sistemu se zove distribuirani program, i distribuirano [[Računarsko programiranje|programiranje]] je proces pisanja takvih programa. Distribuirano računarstvo se također odnosi na korištenje distribuiranih sistema za rješavanje računarskih problema. U distribuiranom računarstvu se problem dijeli na više zadataka, pa se svaki dio zadatka rješava na posebnom računaru. == Uvod == Riječ ''distribuirani (en: distributed)'' u izrazima, kao što su "distribuirani sistem", "distribuirano programiranje", i "distribuirani algoritam" u originalu se odnose računarske mreže gdje su individualni računari bili fizički distribuirani na određenom geografskom području<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lynch|first=Nancy A. (Nancy Ann)|url=http://archive.org/details/distributedalgor0000lync|title=Distributed algorithms|date=1996|publisher=San Francisco, CA. : Morgan Kaufmann Publishers|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-1-55860-348-6}}</ref>. U novije vrijeme se koristi u mnogo širem značenju, čak i kada se odnosi na o autonomne [[računar]]ske procese koji se odvijaju u samom računaru kao jedinci, i koji međusobno djeluje sa drugima razmjenjivanjem poruka<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dolev|first=Shlomi|title=Self-stabilization|date=2000|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-04178-2|location=Cambridge, Mass}}</ref> === Paralelno ili distribuirano računarstvo? === Termini "[[konkurentno računarstvo]]", "[[paralelno računarstvo]]", i "distribuirano računarstvo" imaju dosta preklapanja, i ne postoji jasna razlika među tim izrazima<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ghosh|first=Sukumar|title=Distributed systems: an algorithmic approach|date=2007|publisher=Chapman & Hall/CRC|isbn=978-1-58488-564-1|series=Chapman & Hall/CRC computer and information science series|location=Boca Raton}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://webee.technion.ac.il/~idish/sigactNews/#column%2032|title=The ACM SIGACT News Distributed Computing Column Archive of Idit Keidar|website=webee.technion.ac.il|access-date=9. 1. 2026|archive-date=16. 1. 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116123634/http://webee.technion.ac.il/~idish/sigactNews/#column%2032|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Uvod u historiju distribuiranih računarskih sistema == Korištenje konkurentnih procesa koji komuniciraju prenošenjem poruka ima svoje korijene u studijama arhitektura [[Operativni sistem|operativnih sistema]] iz 1960-tih godina<ref>{{Cite book|last=Andrews|first=Gregory R.|url=http://archive.org/details/foundationsofmul0000andr|title=Foundations of multithreaded, parallel, and distributed programming|date=2000|publisher=Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-201-35752-3}}</ref>. Prvi široko raspostranjeni distribuirani sistemi su bile lokalne mreže, kao što je [[Ethernet]] koji je izumljen u 1970-tim (Andrews, 2000). [[ARPANET]], prethodnik [[Internet]]a, je predstavljen u kasnim 1960-tim, i [[ARPANET]] [[e-mail]] je izumljen u ranim 1970-tim. E-mail je postao najuspješnija aplikacija ARPANET-a (Peter, 2004), i vjerovatno je najraniji primjer distribuirane aplikacije u velikim razmjerama. Dodatno, uz ARPANET i njegovog nasljednika Internet, druge rane svjetske računarske mreže uključuju [[Usenet]] i [[FidoNet]] iz 1980-tih, i obje su bile korištene za podršku distribuiranim sistemima za diskusiju. Studij distribuiranog računarstva postaje zasebna grana računarskih nauka u ranim 1980-tim.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://diphyx.com/stories/distributed-systems-introduction/|title=Distributed Systems Introduction|website=DiPhyx|language=en|access-date=9. 1. 2026}}</ref> == Aplikacije == Dva su glavna razloga za korištenje distribuiranih sistema i distribuiranog računarstva. Prvo, sama priroda aplikacija može ''zahtijevati'' korištenje [[Komunikacija|komunikacijske]] mreže koja spaja nekoliko računara. Naprimjer, podaci se proizvode na jednoj fizičkoj lokaciji i potrebni su na drugoj lokaciji. Drugo, mnogo je slučajeva u kojima je, u principu, moguće korištenje jednog računara, ali je korištenje distribuiranog sistema ''korisno'' iz praktičnih razloga. Naprimjer, može biti efikasnije dobiti željeni nivo performansi korištenjem klastera računara, sastavljenog od jeftinijih računara, u poređenju sa računarom visoke klase. Također, [[klaster]] može biti manje podložan padu cijelog sistema, jer nema samo jednu kritičnu tačku. Isto, takav klaster je jednostavnije nadograđivati.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Elmasri|first=Ramez|title=Fundamentals of database systems|last2=Navathe|first2=Sham|date=2001|publisher=Addison-Wesley|isbn=978-0-201-54263-9|edition=3. ed., internat. ed., [Nachdr.]|location=Reading, Mass.}}</ref> Primjeri distribuiranih sistema<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/think/insights/distributed-computing-use-cases|title=10 industries that use distributed computing {{!}} IBM|date=18. 7. 2024|website=www.ibm.com|language=en|access-date=9. 1. 2026}}</ref> i aplikacija uključuju: * Telekomunikacione mreže: ** [[Telefon]]ske mreže i mrežu [[mobilna telefonija|mobilne telefonije]]. ** računarske mreže, kao što je [[Internet]]. ** bežične [[senzor]]ske mreže. ** ruterske algoritme. * mrežne aplikacije: ** [[World wide web]] i [[peer-to-peer]] mreže. ** masivne online igre velikog broja igrača, kao zajednice virtualne realnosti. ** [[Distribuirane baze podataka]] i distribuirane sisteme upravljanja bazama podataka. ** mrežne datotečne sisteme. ** Distribuirane informacione procesne sisteme, kao što su [[Bankarstvo|bankarski sistemi]] i sistemi rezervacije avionskih karata. * kontrola procesa u realnom vremenu: ** kontrolni sistemi avio-saobraćaja. ** [[Industrijski kontrolni sistemi]]. * [[Paralelno računanje]]: ** [[računanje u naučne svrhe]], uključujući klastersko računanje, i [[grid računarstvo]], kao i razno [[dobrovoljno računanje]], odnosno njihove projekte; ** [[Distribuirano renderiranje]] u računarskoj grafici (render farme). == Najbrže distribuirane mreže == * [[Folding@Home]], * [[BOINC]] * [[Milkyway@Home]] * Collatz Conjecture * [[SETI@Home]] * Einstein@Home * GIMPS == Također pogledajte == * [[Velika količina podataka]] == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == * http://perso.citi.insa-lyon.fr/flemouel/Teaching/Lyon_University/Master_RTS/Distributed_Computing/Lecture_RTS02-SD_Principles_2011-2012.pdf * [http://www.nethistory.info/History%20of%20the%20Internet/email.html Historija e-maila na engleskom] * https://groups.csail.mit.edu/tds/papers/Lynch/Lifetime_Contributions_Book-2.pdf == Literatura == {{Refbegin|2}} ; Knjige * {{citation|author=[[Hagit Attiya|Attiya, Hagit]] and Jennifer Welch|title=Distributed Computing: Fundamentals, Simulations, and Advanced Topics|publisher=Wiley-Interscience|year=2004|url=}} {{ISBN|0-471-45324-2}}. * {{citation|author1=Christian Cachin|author2=Rachid Guerraoui|author3=Luís Rodrigues|title=Introduction to Reliable and Secure Distributed Programming|publisher=Springer|year=2011|isbn=978-3-642-15259-7|edition=2.|bibcode=2011itra.book.....C|url=}} * {{Citation|author=Coulouris, George|title=Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design (5th Edition)|publisher=Addison-Wesley|year=2011|display-authors=etal|url=}} {{ISBN|0-132-14301-1}}. * {{citation|first=Jim|last=Faber|title=Java Distributed Computing|publisher=O'Reilly|year=1998|url=http://docstore.mik.ua/orelly/java-ent/dist/index.htm|access-date=29. 9. 2010|archive-date=24. 8. 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824170917/http://docstore.mik.ua/orelly/java-ent/dist/index.htm|url-status=live}}: [http://docstore.mik.ua/orelly/java-ent/dist/index.htm Java Distributed Computing by Jim Faber, 1998] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824170917/http://docstore.mik.ua/orelly/java-ent/dist/index.htm|date=24. 8. 2010}} * {{citation|author=Garg, Vijay K.|title=Elements of Distributed Computing|publisher=Wiley-IEEE Press|year=2002|url=}} {{ISBN|0-471-03600-5}}. * {{citation|first=Gerard|last=Tel|title=Introduction to Distributed Algorithms|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1994|url=}} * {{citation|author=Chandy, Mani|title=Parallel Program Design|display-authors=etal|author-link=K. Mani Chandy|publisher=Addison-Wesley|year=1988|url=}} {{ISBN|0201058669}} * {{cite book|last1=Dusseau|first1=Remzi H.|url=https://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~remzi/OSTEP/dist-intro.pdf|title=Operating Systems: Three Easy Pieces, Chapter 48 Distributed Systems|last2=Dusseau|first2=Andrea|year=2016|access-date=8. 10. 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831013525/https://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~remzi/OSTEP/dist-intro.pdf|archive-date=31. 8. 2021}} ; Članci * {{citation|editor1-last=Keidar|editor1-first=Idit|editor2-last=Rajsbaum|editor2-first=Sergio|contribution-url=http://webee.technion.ac.il/~idish/sigactNews/|contribution=Distributed computing column|title=ACM SIGACT News|year=2000–2009|title-link=ACM SIGACT News|access-date=16. 8. 2009|archive-date=16. 1. 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116123634/http://webee.technion.ac.il/~idish/sigactNews/|url=}}. * {{cite journal|last1=Birrell|first1=A. D.|last2=Levin|first2=R.|last3=Schroeder|first3=M. D.|last4=Needham|first4=R. M.|author-link4=Roger M. Needham|date=april 1982|title=Grapevine: An exercise in distributed computing|url=http://web.cs.wpi.edu/~cs4513/d07/Papers/Birrell,%20Levin,%20et.%20al.,%20Grapevine.pdf|journal=[[Communications of the ACM]]|volume=25|issue=4|pages=260–274|doi=10.1145/358468.358487|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730064812/http://web.cs.wpi.edu/~cs4513/d07/Papers/Birrell,%20Levin,%20et.%20al.,%20Grapevine.pdf|archive-date=30. 7. 2016|s2cid=16066616|url-status=live}} ; Dokumenti sa konferencija * {{cite book|last1=Rodriguez|first1=Carlos|title=2007 2nd Bio-Inspired Models of Network, Information and Computing Systems|last2=Villagra|first2=Marcos|last3=Baran|first3=Benjamin|year=2007|pages=66–69|chapter=Asynchronous team algorithms for Boolean Satisfiability|doi=10.1109/BIMNICS.2007.4610083|s2cid=15185219}} {{Refend}} {{Commonscat|Distributed computing}}{{Normativna kontrola}} [[Kategorija:Distribuirano računarstvo]] [[Kategorija:Računarstvo]] [[Kategorija:Informatika]] [[Kategorija:Tehnologija]] cnrgbs213khhshe6ni4n59xnowuviq0 Torino FC 0 138994 3849295 3809964 2026-05-25T14:41:15Z Makenzis 98619 3849295 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija fudbalski klub | Boja1 = #FFFFFF | Boja2 = #800000 | Ime kluba = '''Torino FC''' | Puno ime = Torino Football Club | Grb = Torino FC Logo.svg | Nadimak = ''Bikovi'' | Osnovan = [[1906.]] | Raspušten = | Lokacija = [[Torino]]<br>[[Pijemont]]<br>[[Italija]] | Boje = {{colorbox|maroon}} {{colorbox|white}} | Federacija = [[Nogometni savez Italije|FIGC]] | Konfederacija = | Liga = [[Serie A]] | Stadion = [[Stadio Olimpico Grande Torino|Grande Torino]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.stadiumguide.com/olimpicoditorino/ |title=Stadio Olimpico Grande Torino |work=stadiumguide.com|access-date= 1. 6. 2016}}</ref> | Kapacitet = 27.958 | Vlasnik kluba = | Predsjednik kluba = | Menadžer = | Uspjesi = | Evropski kupovi = | Adresa = | Plasman u prethodnoj sezoni = 12. mjesto | Prethodna sezona = 2025/26. | Webstranica = [http://torinofc.it/ torinofc.it] | Trenutna sezona = | uzorak_lr1 = | uzorak_t1 = | uzorak_dr1 = | uzorak_š1 = | uzorak_č1 = _torino1415h | lijeva ruka1 = 800000 | tijelo1 = 800000 | desna ruka1 = 800000 | šorc1 = 800000 | čarape1 = 800000 | uzorak_lr2 = | uzorak_t2 = _torino1415a | uzorak_dr2 = | uzorak_š2 = | uzorak_č2 = _torino1415a | lijeva ruka2 = FFFFFF | tijelo2 = FFFFFF | desna ruka2 = FFFFFF | šorc2 = FFFFFF | čarape2 = FFFFFF }} '''Torino Football Club''' je profesionalni [[italija]]nski [[nogomet]]ni klub iz [[Torino|Torina]], regija [[Pijemont]]. Takmiči se u [[Serie A]], prvom rangu italijanskog nogometa. == Historija == Osnovan je [[3. decembar|3.decembra]] [[1906]]. godine. Većinu historije je proveo u najvišem italijanskom rangu profesionalnog nogometa. Klub je sedam puta osvojio prvu ligu, prvi put u sezoni 1927/28, a posljednji put sezone 1975/76, dok su pet puta podigli trofej [[Kup Italije|Kupa Italije]]. Najveći uspjeh na međunarodnoj sceni je nastup u finalu [[Kup UEFA|Kupa UEFA]] 1992. godine. Historijski gledano, Torino je peti najuspješniji tim u Italiji po broju osvojenih scudetta. Tim je u periodu do 1970. godine bio poznat kao ''Associazione Calcio Torino'' a od 1970. do 2005. godine kao ''Torino Calcio''. == Uspjesi == *'''[[Serie A]]:''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Winner.png]] (7):''' 1927/28, 1942/43, 1945/46, 1946/47, 1947/48, 1948/49, 1975/76. *'''[[Serie B]]:''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Winner.png]] (3):''' 1959/60, 1989/90, 2000/01. *'''[[Kup Italije]]:''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Winner.png]] (5):''' 1935/36, 1942/43, 1967/68, 1970/71, 1992/93. *'''[[Superkup Italije]]:''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Finalist.png]] (1):''' 1993. *'''[[UEFA Evropska liga|Kup UEFA]]:''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Finalist.png]] (1):''' 1991/92. == Reference == {{reference}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{commonscat|Torino FC}} * {{službeni sajt|http://torinofc.it}} * [https://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/teams/club=50029/profile/index.html Torino FC] na UEFA.com * [http://www.legaseriea.it/it/serie-a/squadre/torino Torino FC] na legaseriea.it {{Serie A}} {{Originalni klubovi u Seriji A}} {{Nogometni prvaci Italije}} {{Osvajači Italijanskog kupa}} [[Kategorija:Torino FC|*]] [[Kategorija:Nogometni klubovi u Italiji]] [[Kategorija:Nogometni klubovi osnovani 1906.]] [[Kategorija:Sport u Torinu]] aox2txbmgk4yxjneje65im28yir72c4 Parma Calcio 1913 0 139176 3849291 3809959 2026-05-25T14:20:39Z Makenzis 98619 3849291 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija fudbalski klub | Boja1 = #000000 | Boja2 = #ffdd30 | Ime kluba = Parma | Puno ime = Parma Calcio 1913 | Grb = FC Parma.svg | Nadimak = ''Križari'' | Osnovan = [[1913.]] | Raspušten = | Lokacija = [[Parma]]<br>[[Emilia-Romagna]]<br>[[Italija]] | Boje = {{colorbox|#ffdd30}} {{colorbox|white}} | Federacija = [[Nogometni savez Italije|FIGC]] | Konfederacija = | Liga = [[Serie A]] | Stadion = [[Stadion Ennio Tardini|Ennio Tardini]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.stadiumguide.com/enniotardini/ |title=Stadion Ennio Tardini |work=stadiumguide.com|access-date= 26. 8. 2018}}</ref> | Kapacitet = 22.359 | Vlasnik kluba = | Predsjednik kluba = | Menadžer = | Uspjesi = | Evropski kupovi = | Adresa = | Plasman u prethodnoj sezoni = 13. mjesto (Serie A) | Prethodna sezona = 2025./26. | Webstranica = [http://parmacalcio1913.com/ parmacalcio1913.com] | Trenutna sezona = | uzorak_lr1 = _parma1819h | uzorak_t1 = _parma1819h | uzorak_dr1 = _parma1819h | uzorak_š1 = _parma1819h | uzorak_č1 = _parma1819h | lijeva ruka1 = | tijelo1 = | desna ruka1 = | šorc1 = FFFFFF | čarape1 = FFFFFF | uzorak_lr2 = _parma1819a | uzorak_t2 = _parma1819a | uzorak_dr2 = _parma1819a | uzorak_š2 = | uzorak_č2 = | lijeva ruka2 = | tijelo2 = | desna ruka2 = | šorc2 = ffdd30 | čarape2 = ffdd30 | }} '''Parma Football Club''' (bivši naziv '''Parma Associazione Calcio'''), najčešće samo '''Parma''', je profesionalni [[nogomet]]ni klub koji se takmiči u italijanskom prvom rangu profesionalnog takmičenja, [[Serie A]]. == Historija == Klub je smješten u istomenom gradu u pokrajini [[Emilia-Romagna]]. Osnovan kao '''Verdi Football Club''' u julu 1913. godine, u decembru je promijenio ime. Parma domaće utakmice igra na stadionu [[Stadio Ennio Tardini|Ennio Tardiniju]] kapaciteta 27.906 sjedećih mjesta još od 1923. godine. Ipak Parma nikada u historiji nije osvojila [[Serie A]] i do 90-tih godina [[20. vijek|prošlog stoljeća]] nije posjedovala nijedan značajan trofej. Od tada osvojili su tri trofeja [[Kup Italije|Kupa Italije]], jedan [[Superkup Italije]] kao i dva puta [[Kup UEFA]] te po jednom [[UEFA Superkup]] i [[UEFA Kup pobjednika kupova|Kup pobjednika kupova]] i to sve u periodu od 1992. do 2002. godine. U tom periodu, tačnije u sezoni 1996/97 su ostvarili najbolji plasman u domaćem prvenstvu kada su bili drugi i u tom periodu su ozbiljno ugrožavali dominaciju velike trojke; [[Juventus]]a, [[AC Milan|Milana]] i [[Inter]]a koji su i jedini klubovi u [[Italija|Italiji]] koji imaju više evropskih trofeja od Parme. Problemi za klub su počeli nakon bankrota dotadašnjeg vlasnika ''Parmalata'' nakon kojeg je rad kluba bio kontroliran od državnih organa sve do januara 2007. godine. Uprkos svim tim događanjima, klub jedan od osam italijanskih klubova koji je član [[Evropsko udruženje klubova|Evropskog udruženja klubova]]. ==Uspjesi== *'''[[Italijanski kup|Kup Italije]]:''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Winner.png]] (3)''': 1991/92, 1998/99, 2001/02. *'''[[Italijanski superkup|Superkup Italije]]:''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Winner.png]] (1)''': 1999. *'''[[UEFA Evropska liga|Kup UEFA]]:''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Winner.png]] (2)''': 1994/95, 1998/99. *'''[[UEFA Kup pobjednika kupova]]:''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Winner.png]] (1)''': 1992/93. *'''[[UEFA Superkup]]:''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Winner.png]] (1)''': 1993. == Igrači == ''Posljednja izmjena: 24. august 2018.'' {{Nogometna ekipa početak|sakrijnapomenu=1}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=1|nac=ITA|ime=[[Pierluigi Frattali]]|poz=G}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=2|nac=ITA|ime=[[Simone Iacoponi]]|poz=O}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=3|nac=ITA|ime=[[Federico Dimarco]]|poz=O}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=5|nac=SLO|ime=[[Leo Štulac]]|poz=V}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=7|nac=HOL|ime=[[Alessio Da Cruz]]|poz=N}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=8|nac=ITA|ime=[[Alessandro Deiola]]|poz=V}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=9|nac=ITA|ime=[[Fabio Ceravolo]]|poz=N}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=10|nac=ITA|ime=[[Amato Ciciretti]]|poz=V}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=11|nac=ITA|ime=[[Gianni Munari]]|poz=V}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=13|nac=ČIL|ime=[[Francisco Sierralta]]|poz=O}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=17|nac=ITA|ime=[[Antonino Barillà]]|poz=V}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=18|nac=ITA|ime=[[Massimo Gobbi]]|poz=O}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=20|nac=ITA|ime=[[Antonio Di Gaudio]]|poz=N}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=21|nac=ITA|ime=[[Matteo Scozzarella]]|poz=V}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=22|nac=POR|ime=[[Bruno Alves]]|poz=O}}([[Kapiten (nogomet)|C]]) {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=23|nac=ITA|ime=[[Marcello Gazzola]]|poz=O}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=26|nac=ITA|ime=[[Luca Siligardi]]|poz=N}} {{Nogometna ekipa sredina}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=27|nac=OBS|ime=[[Gervinho]]|poz=V}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=28|nac=ITA|ime=[[Riccardo Gagliolo]]|poz=O}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=32|nac=ITA|ime=[[Luca Rigoni]]|poz=V}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=33|nac=ITA|ime=[[Jacopo Dezi]]|poz=V}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=45|nac=ITA|ime=[[Roberto Inglese]]|poz=N}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=55|nac=ITA|ime=[[Luigi Sepe]]|poz=G}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=56|nac=ITA|ime=[[Fabrizio Bagheria]]|poz=G}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=59|nac=ITA|ime=[[Valerio Di Cesare]]|poz=O}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=61|nac=ITA|ime=[[Luigi Scaglia]]|poz=O}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=70|nac=ITA|ime=[[Antonio Junior Vacca]]|poz=V}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=71|nac=ITA|ime=[[Giuseppe Carriero]]|poz=V}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=77|nac=FRA|ime=[[Jonathan Biabiany]]|poz=V}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=88|nac=ITA|ime=[[Alberto Grassi]]|poz=V}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=93|nac=ITA|ime=[[Mattia Sprocati]]|poz=N}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=95|nac=ITA|ime=[[Alessandro Bastoni]]|poz=O}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=99|nac=SEN|ime=[[Yves Baraye]]|poz=V}} {{Nogometna ekipa kraj}} ==Bosanskohercegovački nogometaši== *[[Zlatan Muslimović]] ''(2006-2007)'' == Reference == {{reference}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{commonscat|SSD Parma Calcio 1913}} * {{službeni sajt|http://parmacalcio1913.com}} * [https://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/teams/club=54262/profile/index.html Parma Calcio 1913] na UEFA.com * [https://www.fifa.com/live-scores/clubs/club=italy-parma-34551/index.html Parma Calcio 1913]{{Mrtav link}} na FIFA.com * [http://www.legaseriea.it/it/serie-a/squadre/parma Parma Calcio 1913] na legaseriea.it {{Serie A}} {{Navkutije |ime = |naslov = Parma Calcio 1913 u takmičenjima |naslovstil = background-color:#FFd700; border: solid 1px #000; color:#000000; |podaci1 = {{Osvajači Kupa UEFA/UEFA Evropske lige}} {{Osvajači UEFA Kupa pobjednika kupova}} {{Osvajači UEFA Superkupa}} {{Osvajači Italijanskog kupa}} {{Osvajači Italijanskog superkupa}} }} [[Kategorija:Parma Calcio 1913|*]] [[Kategorija:Nogometni klubovi u Italiji|Parma Calcio 1913]] [[Kategorija:Nogometni klubovi osnovani 1913.|Parma Calcio 1913]] [[Kategorija:Sport u Parmi|Parma Calcio 1913]] [[Kategorija:Klubovi osvajači Kupa UEFA|Parma]] tivjgiacawwxlksc90ztq20cqvclhai Udinese Calcio 0 139214 3849302 3809965 2026-05-25T15:39:28Z Makenzis 98619 3849302 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija fudbalski klub | Boja1 = #FFFFFF | Boja2 = #000000 | Ime kluba = Udinese | Puno ime = Udinese Calcio S.p.A. | Grb = Udinese calcio.png | Nadimak = ''Bianconeri'' | Osnovan = [[1896.]] | Raspušten = | Lokacija = [[Udine]]<br>[[Furlanija-Julijska krajina]]<br/>[[Italija]] | Boje = {{colorbox|black}} {{colorbox|white}} | Federacija = [[Nogometni savez Italije|FIGC]] | Konfederacija = | Liga = [[Serie A]] | Stadion = [[Stadio Friuli|Dacia Arena]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.stadiumguide.com/friuli/ |title=Dacia Arena |work=stadiumguide.com|access-date= 7. 9. 2018}}</ref> | Kapacitet = 25.144 | Vlasnik kluba = | Predsjednik kluba = | Menadžer = | Uspjesi = | Evropski kupovi = | Adresa = | Plasman u prethodnoj sezoni = 10. mjesto | Prethodna sezona = 2025/26. | Webstranica = [http://www.udinese.it/ udinese.it] | Trenutna sezona = | uzorak_lr1 = _udinese1819h | uzorak_t1 = _udinese1819h | uzorak_dr1 = _udinese1819h | uzorak_š1 = | uzorak_č1 = | lijeva ruka1 = | tijelo1 = | desna ruka1 = | šorc1 = 000000 | čarape1 = 000000 | uzorak_lr2 = _udinese1819a | uzorak_t2 = _udinese1819a | uzorak_dr2 = _udinese1819a | uzorak_š2 = _udinese1819a | uzorak_č2 = | lijeva ruka2 = | tijelo2 = | desna ruka2 = | šorc2 = | čarape2 = FFFF00 | }} '''Udinese Calcio S.p.A.''' profesionalni je italijanski [[nogomet]]ni klub koji se takmiči u najvišem rangu profesionalnog takmičenja, [[Serie A|Seriji A]]. == Historija == Osnovan 1896, drugi je najstariji [[italija]]nski klub nakon [[Genoa CFC|Genoe]]. Nema mnogo bitnijih trofeja u svojim vitrinama. Najveći uspjeh jest osvajanje [[Intertoto kup]]a 2000. U [[Serie A]] proveo je 39 sezona, po čemu je trinaesti. Tradicionalna boja je crno-bijela. Domaće utakmice igra na [[Stadion Friuli|stadionu Friuli]] kapaciteta 41.652 sjedeća mjesta. Ipak, koristi se samo trećina kapaciteta. ==Uspjesi== *'''[[Serie A]]:''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Finalist.png]] (1)''': 1954/55. *'''[[Italijanski kup|Kup Italije]]:''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Finalist.png]] (1)''': 1922. *'''[[UEFA Intertoto kup]]:''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Winner.png]] (1)''': 2000. *'''[[Mitropa kup]]:''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Winner.png]] (1)''': 1980. ==Bosanskohercegovački nogometaši== *[[Riad Bajić]] ''(2017)'' == Reference == {{reference}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{commonscat|Udinese Calcio}} * {{službeni sajt|http://www.udinese.it}} * [https://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/teams/club=51310/profile/index.html Udinese Calcio] na UEFA.com * [http://www.legaseriea.it/it/serie-a/squadre/udinese Udinese Calcio] na legaseriea.it {{Serie A}} {{Osvajači Intertoto kupa}} [[Kategorija:Udinese Calcio|*]] [[Kategorija:Nogometni klubovi u Italiji]] [[Kategorija:Nogometni klubovi osnovani 1896.]] 9kca690pghppaxktt1brw82febbiiui Hosni Mubarak 0 140731 3849455 3848202 2026-05-26T11:34:54Z CommonsDelinker 1478 Zamjenjujem datoteku Photograph_of_President_William_J._Clinton_Walking_with_Egyptian_President_Hosni_Mubarak_along_the_White_House_Colonnade,_10-25-1993_(6175659599).jpg datotekom [[:File:Photograph_of_President_William_J._Clinton_Walking_with_Egyptian_P 3849455 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nedostaju izvori}} {{Infokutija politički vođa | ime = Hosni Mubarak | slika = Hosni Mubarak - Official Photo.JPG | redoslijed = Predsjednik [[Egipat|Egipta]] | vrijeme_na_vlasti = 14. oktobar 1981. – 11. februar 2011. | prethodnik = [[Anvar el-Sadat]] | nasljednik = [[Muhammed Mursi]] | redoslijed2 = | vrijeme_na_vlasti2 = | prethodnik2 = | nasljednik2 = | redoslijed3 = | vrijeme_na_vlasti3 = | prethodnik3 = | nasljednik3 = | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja|1928|05|04}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Al-Minufiyya]], [[Egipat]] | datum_smrti = {{Datum smrti i godine|2020|02|25|1928|05|04}} | mjesto_smrti = [[Kairo]], Egipat | puno_ime = Muhamed Hosni Said Mubarak | nacionalnost = Egipćanin | politička_stranka = Nacionalna Demokratska Partija Egipta | supruga = Suzane Mubarak | supružnik = | djeca = Ala Mubarak<br />Gamal Mubarak | obrazovanje = | vjera = [[Islam]] | potpis = Hosni Mubarak Signature.svg | web_stranica = }} '''Muhammad Hosni El Sayed Mubarak''' ({{jez-ar|محمد حسنى سيد مبارك}}; 4. maj 1928 – 25. februar 2020), poznat kao '''Hosni Mubarak''' ({{jez-ar|حسنى مبارك|linkovi=ne}}), bio je egipatski političar i vojskovođa koji je od 14. oktobra 1981. do 11. februara 2011. bio predsjednik [[Egipat|Egipta]]. Mubarak je nakon svog promaknuća u Egipatskom ratnom zrakoplovstvu postavljen za potpredsjednika [[Egipat|Egipta]]. Predsjednik države postao je naslijedivši [[Anvar el-Sadat]]a koji je ubijen u [[atentat]]u 6. oktobra 1981. Dana 11. februara 2011. u kratkom televizijskom obraćanju potpredsjednik Egipta [[Omar Suleiman]] je obavijestio javnost da Hosni Mubarak odlazi i da vlast predaje vojnom vijeću. Bio je to rezultat osamnaesto-dnevnog [[Protesti u Egiptu (2011)|protesta egipatskog naroda]] protiv njega i vladajućeg režima. == Rani život, obrazovanje i karijera == Hosni Mubarak je rođen 4. maja 1928. godine. Vojnu akademiju je napustio 1949. i pridružio se Vazduhoplovnoj akademiji, gdje je stekao dužnost kao pilot 1950. godine i diplomu vazduhoplovnih nauka. Od 1959. do 1961. pohađao je dodatnu obuku u [[Sovjetski Savez|Sovjetskom Savezu]]. Prije nego što je postao predsjednik [[Egipat|Egipta]], Mubarak je služio na mnogim ključnim vojnim pozicijama; također je učestvovao u [[Jomkipurski rat|Jomkipurskom ratu]] 1973. godine. == Politička karijera == === Potpredsjednik (1975-1981.) === [[Anwar el-Sadat]] imenovao je Mubaraka za svog potpredsjednika 16. aprila 1975. Sadat je također poslao Mubaraka na brojne sastanke sa stranim liderima izvan [[Arapski svijet|arapskog svijeta]]. === Predsjednik (1981-2011.) === Mubarak je povrijeđen tokom ubistva Anwara el-Sadata 1981. godine. Nakon njegove smrti Mubarak je postao 4. predsjednik Egipta. Te iste godine pobijedio je na izborima na kojima je izvukao 98.5% glasova osiguravajući svoju poziciju na vrhu i kasnije stekavši nadimak "moderni egipatski faraon". Hosni Mubarak je također predsjedavao Nacionalno demokratskom strankom, vladajući kao njen predsjednik od 1982. do 2011. godine. Tokom 1980-ih Mubarak je povećao proizvodnju stanova, odjeće namještaja i lijekova. Ponovo je pobijedio na izborima 1987. sa 97.1% glasova. Vladao je Organizacijom za afričko jedinstvo od 1989. do 1990. i ponovo od 1993. do 1994. godine. Na izborima u Egiptu 1993. Mubarak je osvojio 96.3% glasova. 1999. nije bilo nikakvih promjena, Mubarak je ponovo bio jedini kandidat i osvojio je 93,8% glasova. Predsjednik Mubarak se izjasnio protiv [[Rat u Iraku 2003.|invazije na Irak 2003. godine]], tvrdeći da je prvo trebalo riješiti [[Izraelsko-arapski sukob|izraelsko-palestinski sukob]]. Rekao je i da će rat izazvati "100 [[Osama bin Laden|bin Ladena]]". Egipat je 2005. godine imao prve predsjedničke izbore s više stranaka, ali Hosni Mubarak je ponovno izabran za svoj peti uzastopni šestogodišnji mandat, osvojivši 88,57% glasova. Mubarak je optužen za vođenje diktature u Egiptu. [[Korupcija]] je bila velika, uglavnom su lojalisti dobili najviše pozicije u vladi i političke opozicije, a mladi aktivisti su zatvoreni bez suđenja. Procjenjuje se da je Mubarak posjedovao oko 70 milijardi dolara. Hosni Mubarak je još od 2000. godine favorizovao mlađeg sina Gamala kao svoga nasljednika. == Revolucija == Protesti protiv Mubaraka i njegovog režima izbili su u Kairu i drugim egipatskim gradovima 2011. godine. Mubarak je u govoru izjavio da neće otići i da će umrijeti na egipatskom tlu. Mubarak je također najavio da neće tražiti reizbor, ali bi želio završiti svoj sadašnji mandat, te je obećao ustavnu reformu. Ovaj kompromis nije bio prihvatljiv za demonstrante, a nasilne demonstracije dogodile su se ispred Predsjedničke palače. Mubarak se povukao 11. januara 2011. == Život nakon predsjedništva == Mubarak se nakon ostavke nije pojavljivao u [[mediji]]ma. Osim porodice i bliskog kruga saradnika, on je navodno odbio da razgovara s bilo kim - čak i sa svojim pristalicama. Nagađalo se da se njegovo zdravlje brzo pogoršava; neki izvještaji govore da je bio u komi. Većina izvora je rekla da više nije zainteresiran za obavljanje bilo koje dužnosti. Njegovim sinovima i njemu bilo je suđeno između 2011. i 2017. godine. Mubarak je pušten na slobodu 24. marta 2017. Mubarak je umro 25. februara 2020. godine. Primio je vojni ukop na porodičnoj parceli izvan Kaira. == Galerija == <gallery> Datoteka:Sadat and Mubarak - Flickr - The Central Intelligence Agency.jpg|Predsjednik Egipta Anvar Sadat i general Mubarak u oktobru 1973. Datoteka:Anwar Sadat-Egyptian Parliament-1977 (11).png|Sadat i Mubarak u parlamentu 1977. Datoteka:Egyptian presidential referendum 1981 Akhbar newspaper.jpeg|Mubarak u novinama pred referendum 1981. Datoteka:President Ronald Reagan Meeting with President Hosni Mubarak of Egypt in The Oval Office - DPLA - 079aff6e5e6220e49a81e9cc4fa740e8.jpg|Američki predsjednik [[Ronald Reagan|Ronald Regan]] i Mubarak u Bijeloj kući 1983. Datoteka:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-P115717, Berlin, Besuch ägyptischer Präsident Mubarak.jpg|Mubarak i njegova supruga tokom posjete Berlinu 1989. godine. Datoteka:Photograph of President William J. Clinton Walking with Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak along the White House Colonnade - DPLA - 4095097069e68f396dc724b0e081b03a.jpg|Bil Klinton i Hosni Mubarak 1993. godine. Datoteka:Defense.gov News Photo 980419-D-9880W-112.jpg|Vilijam Koen i Hosni Mubarak u Kairu 1998. Datoteka:Hosni Mubarak with George W. Bush.jpg|Mubarak s američkim predsjednikom Džordžom V. Bušom 2002. Datoteka:Vladimir Putin in Egypt 26-27 April 2005-6.jpg|Hosni Mubarak tokom razgovora 2005. sa ruskom delegacijom i predsjednikom Vladimirom Putinom Datoteka:Pratibha Devisingh Patil and the Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh at the ceremonial reception of the President of the Arab Republic of Egypt, Mr. Mohamed Hosny Mubarak and Mrs. Susanne at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi (1).jpg|Mubarakova posjeta Indiji 2008 Datoteka:Secretary Clinton Meets With Egyptian President Mubarak (4990296929).jpg|Američka državna sekretarka Hilari Klinton i egipatski diktator Hosni Mubarak u Kairu 2010. Datoteka:Hosni funeral.jpg|Sprovod bivšeg predsjednika u februaru 2020. </gallery> ==Vanjski linkovi== {{Commonscat}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070107054512/http://www.presidency.gov.eg/html/the_president.html Predsjednik Mubarak] na zvaničnoj stranici egipatske Vlade (arhivirano 2007) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081223232009/http://www.mmc.gov.eg/branches/AIRFORCE/gg16.htm Air Marshal Hosni Mubarak] na zvaničnoj stranici egipatske vojne avijacije * {{Imdb name|0610804}} * {{Aljazeeratopic|person/hosni-mubarak}} * {{Guardiantopic|world/hosni-mubarak}} * {{NYTtopic|people/m/hosni_mubarak}} {{Hladni rat}} {{Osobe Hladnog rata}} {{Predsjednici Egipta}} {{Generalni sekretari Pokreta nesvrstanih}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mubarak, Hosni}} [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1928.]] [[Kategorija:Umrli 2020.]] [[Kategorija:Egipatski političari]] [[Kategorija:Egipatski predsjednici]] [[Kategorija:Nosioci Zvijezde Republike Indonezije]] [[Kategorija:Nosioci Ordena Nila]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Monufia (guvernorat)]] [[Kategorija:Generalni sekretari Pokreta nesvrstanih]] kf5c3cg3161kjztsql6aan74sdphs76 Enver Kazaz 0 151456 3849377 3844084 2026-05-26T01:46:17Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849377 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija osoba | ime = Enver Kazaz | slika = | veličina_slike = | opis = | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja i godine|1962|1|15}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Kamenica (Ilijaš)|Kamenica]], [[NR Bosna i Hercegovina]], [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija|FNRJ]] | datum_smrti = <!-- {{Datum smrti i godine|GGGG|MM|DD|GGGG|MM|DD}}--> | mjesto_smrti = <!-- [[Grad]], [[Država]] --> | nacionalnost = | druga_imena = | zanimanje = historičar književnosti, književni kritičar, pjesnik i publicist | godine_aktivnosti = 1991-danas | poznat_po = | značajna_djela = }} '''Enver Kazaz''' (15. januara 1962) [[Bosna i Hercegovina|bosanskohercegovački]] je [[historičar književnosti]], [[književni kritičar]], [[Poezija|pjesnik]] i [[publicist]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://makdizdar.ba/tag/enver-kazaz/|title=Enver Kazaz|publisher=Fondacija Mak Dizdar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://enciklopedija.cc/wiki/Enver_Kazaz|title=Enver Kazaz – Hrvatska internetska enciklopedija|website=enciklopedija.cc|language=hr|access-date=15. 12. 2023|archive-date=15. 12. 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215113215/https://enciklopedija.cc/wiki/Enver_Kazaz|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Biografija == Rođen je 15. januara 1962. u [[Kamenica (Ilijaš)|Kamenici]], [[Ilijaš|općina Ilijaš]]. Završio je studij na [[Odsjek za književnosti naroda Bosne i Hercegovine Filozofskog fakulteta u Sarajevu|Odsjeku za južnoslavenske književnosti Filozofskog fakulteta u Sarajevu]] 1985. Pohađao je postdiplomski studij na Filološkom fakultetu u Beogradu, gdje je odbranio magistarski rad pod nazivom: "Poezija Muse Ćazima Ćatića – književno naslijeđe i duh moderne" 1991.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sveske.ba/bs/content/nova-pripovjedacka-bosna|title=Nova pripovjedačka Bosna|publisher=Sveske.ba|access-date=15. 12. 2023|archive-date=8. 3. 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308151106/http://www.sveske.ba/bs/content/nova-pripovjedacka-bosna|url-status=dead}}</ref> Doktorsku disertaciju pod nazivom: "Bošnjački roman XX vijeka" odbranio je na [[Filozofski fakultet u Sarajevu|Filozofskom fakultetu u Sarajevu]] 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prometej.ba/clanak/drustvo-i-znanost/enver-kazaz-bosnjacki-bosanski-jezik-2611|title=Enver Kazaz: Bošnjački bosanski jezik|publisher=Prometej.ba}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.knjiga.ba/bosnjacki-roman-xx-vijeka-k4443.html|title=Bošnjački roman XX vijeka|publisher=Knjiga.ba}}</ref> Radio je u [[Institut za književnost u Sarajevu|Institutu za književnost u Sarajevu]] u periodu 1986-92.<ref name="Enver Kazaz biografija">{{cite web|url=http://penbih.ba/clanovi/enver-kazaz/|title=Enver Kazaz biografija|publisher=Penbih.ba}}</ref> Na [[Odsjek za književnosti naroda Bosne i Hercegovine Filozofskog fakulteta u Sarajevu|Odsjeku za književnosti naroda BiH Filozofskog fakulteta u Sarajevu]] radi od 1996. Profesor je za područja bosanskohercegovačke i hrvatske književnosti i komparativne južne slavistike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ff.unsa.ba/index.php/bs/2014-12-15-22-37-13/148-prof-dr-enver-kazaz|title=Prof. dr. Enver Kazaz|website=www.ff.unsa.ba|access-date=15. 12. 2023}}</ref> Tokom 2005. godine bio je gostujući profesor na Institutu za zapadnu i južnu slavistiku [[Univerzitet u Varšavi|Univerziteta u Varšavi]]. Enver Kazaz piše poeziju, a bavi se i [[Književna historija|književnom historijom]], [[Književna kritika|književnom kritikom]] i političkom publicistikom. Objavio je i priredio veći broj knjiga, radova, ogleda i studija u brojnim časopisima i zbornicima ([[Izraz (časopis)|Izraz]], [[Lica (časopis)|Lica]],<ref name="Enver Kazaz biografija"/> [[Život (časopis)|Život]], [[Diwan (časopis)|Diwan]], [[Sarajevske sveske]], [[Bosna franciscana]]). Bio je glavni urednik u [[Izdavačka kuća "Zoro"|izdavačkoj kući Zoro]] te pokretač i glavni urednik [[Lica (časopis)|časopisa Lica]], kao i član redakcije časopisa [[Književna revija]] i časopisa Sarajevske sveske. Član je [[P.E.N. Centar Bosne i Hercegovine|P.E.N. Centra Bosne i Hercegovine]]. Učestvovao je na više međunarodnih naučnih skupova kao i u radu niza naučnih skupova organiziranih u BiH. Istaknuti je lijevo orjentisani društveni i politički komentator i aktivista.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://avaz.ba/vijesti/bih/336655/enver-kazaz-dinastija-izetbegovic-u-2018-bi-mogla-otici-s-povijesne-scene|title=Enver Kazaz: Dinastija Izetbegović u 2018. bi mogla otići s povijesne scene|publisher=Dnevni avaz}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prometej.ba/clanak/vijesti/enver-kazaz-socijaldemokratija-se-vraca-svojim-osnovama-i-ljevica-ce-biti-ta-koja-ce-izvuci-zemlju-iz-kriza-3641|title=Enver Kazaz: Socijaldemokratija se vraća svojim osnovama i ljevica će biti ta koja će izvući zemlju iz kriza|publisher=Prometej.ba}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.okruzenje.net/iz-mog-ugla/enver-kazaz-izazovi-nove-ljevice|title=Enver Kazaz: Izazovi nove ljevice|publisher=Okruzenje.net|access-date=15. 12. 2023|archive-date=8. 7. 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708021020/http://www.okruzenje.net/iz-mog-ugla/enver-kazaz-izazovi-nove-ljevice|url-status=dead}}</ref> Godine 2017. potpisao je [[Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku|Dekleraciju o zajedničkom jeziku]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Derk|first=Denis|title=Donosi se Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku Hrvata, Srba, Bošnjaka i Crnogoraca|newspaper=Večernji List|trans-title=A Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins is About to Appear|language=Serbo-Croatian|url=http://www.vecernji.hr/hrvatska/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142|publisher=[[Večernji list]]|pages=6–7|location=Zagreb|issn=0350-5006|date=28. 3. 2017|archive-date=20. 9. 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920235101/https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142|url-status=live|access-date=5. 6. 2019}}</ref> Književnohistorijske studije i eseji prevedeni su mu na nekoliko jezika: engleski, njemački, poljski, mađarski i bugarski i uvršteni u više međunarodnih naučnih zbornika. Uvršten je u ''Antologiju bošnjačkog eseja,'' koju je za izdavačku kuću ''Alef''  priredio [[Alija Isaković]] i antologiju Velika knjiga lirske poezije Bosne i Hercegovine, Crne gore, Hrvatske i Srbije od početaka do danas (2025.), koju je priredio Slobodan Blagojević. == Posebna izdanja == * Musa Ćazim Ćatić – književno naslijeđe i duh moderne, Centar za kulturu i obrazovanje, Tešanj, 1997. * Morfologija palimpsesta, Centar za kulturu i obrazovanje, Tešanj, 1999. * Antologija BH priče ([[koautor]]i [[Ivan Lovrenović]] i [[Nikola Kovač]],) Alef, Sarajevo, 2000. * Bošnjački roman XX vijeka, Naklada Zoro, Zagreb-Sarajevo, 2004. * Neprijatelj ili susjed u kući, Rabic, Sarajevo 2008. * Traži se. Međunarodni centar za mir, Sarajevo, 1996. (poezija). * Subverzivne poetike, Sinopsys, Zagreb-Sarajevo, 2012. * Rat i priče iz cijelog svijeta, (koautor Ivan Lovrenović) Novi liber, Zagreb, 2009. * Unutarnji prijevodi (koautor Davor Beganović), Naklada Ljevak-Karver, Zagreb-Podgorica, 2011. * Na razvalinama, Synopsis, Sarajevo, 2014. (poezija) * Pjesništvo i rat. Tešanjska izlaganja, Centar za kulturu i obrazovanje, Tešanj, 2014. (studije i eseji) * Jezik negativne ontologije. Poetički okviri književnog opusa Amira Brke, Centar za kulturu i obrazovanje, Tešanj, 2016. * Čitanje razlika. Pjesnički opusi i poetike od Kranjčevića do Brke, Centar za kulturu i obrazovanje, Tešanj, 2016. * Kuća i drugi elementi, Synopsis, Sarajevo - Zagreb, 2016. (poezija) * Glasovi, Centar za kulturu i obrazovanje, Tešanj, 2018. (poezija) * Fraktali i različite pjesme, Centar za kulturu i obrazovanje, Tešanj, 2019. (poezija) * Neko drugi, Buybook, Sarajevo, 2021. (poezija) * Prostori čitanja, Centar za kulturu i obrazovanje, Tešanj, 2022. (eseji) * Trojansko doba, Centar za kulturu i obrazovanje, Tešanj, 2023. (poezija) * Zmijin nauk, Centar za kulturu i obrazovanje, Tešanj, 2024. (poezija) * Nebeska odiseja i arhajska bit, Tešanj, 2025. * Ljudsko gubilište i etika priče. Andrić i Selimović - različite perspektive čitanja, Tešanj, 2025. * Društvena jeza i metafizička praznina. Pjesništvo Amira Brke u drugoj i trećoj deceniji 21. stoljeća. Centar za kulturu i obrazovanje, Tešanj, 2026. (eseji) * Bodlja u srcu planete, Centar za kulturu i obrazovanje, Tešanj, 2026. (poezija) == Literatura == * Spomenica 60. godišnjice Filozofskog fakulteta u Sarajevu (1950–2010), Filozofski fakultet, Sarajevo 2010, 172. * Enver Kazaz, Tekstovi u: Sarajevske sveske, [https://web.archive.org/web/20131119150748/http://www.sveske.ba/bs/autori/e/enver-kazaz] * Enver Kazaz, P.E.N Centar Bosne i Hercegovine, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120427174634/http://www.penbih.ba/kojeko/kazaz.htm] == Reference == {{Refspisak}} {{Wikicitat}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kazaz, Enver}} [[Kategorija:Odsjek za književnosti naroda Bosne i Hercegovine Filozofskog fakulteta u Sarajevu]] [[Kategorija:Bosanskohercegovački publicisti]] [[Kategorija:Bosanskohercegovački pisci]] [[Kategorija:Članovi P.E.N. Centra Bosne i Hercegovine]] [[Kategorija:Potpisnici Deklaracije o zajedničkom jeziku]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Ilijaš]] [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1962.]] [[Kategorija:Živi ljudi]] hdjgg66wb05j8dn4uv4emnnft56rs8k Suturlija 0 166252 3849265 3846408 2026-05-25T12:42:56Z Mhare 481 3849265 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugo_značenje|Suturlija (višeznačnica)}} {{Infokutija rijeka | ime = Suturlija | slika = Suturlija 233.jpg | opis = Suturlija | dužina = 17 | nadmorska visina izvora = | prosječni protok = | površina sliva = 70 | izvor = u selu [[Pervan]] | koordinate = {{coord|44|43|59.3|N|17|1|58.4|E|display=inline,title}} | ušće = u [[Vrbas]] u [[Banja Luka|Banjoj Luci]] | tip ušća = | pritoke = | države kroz koje protiče = [[Bosna i Hercegovina]] | gradovi kroz koje protiče = [[Banja Luka]] | sliv = [[Crnomorski sliv]] | ulijeva_se_u = [[Vrbas]] | plovna od - do = nije plovna | lokacija = [[Banja Luka]], [[Republika Srpska]] }} '''Suturlija''' je [[rijeka]] u zapadnom dijelu [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosne i Hercegovine]] i lijeva pritoka [[Vrbas]]a. Izvire u selu [[Pervan]] kod [[Banja Luka|Banje Luke]], protiče kroz jugozapadni dio banjalučkog područja i ulijeva se u Vrbas u gradskom području Banje Luke. Duga je približno 17&nbsp;km, a površina njenog sliva iznosi oko 70&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name="urbanisticki">{{cite book |title=Urbanistički plan Banjaluke 2008–2020 |page=41}}</ref> == Tok i sliv == Suturlija pripada slivu Vrbasa, odnosno [[Crnomorski sliv|crnomorskom slivu]]. Izvorište joj je u području sela Pervan, zapadno od Banje Luke, odakle tok nastavlja prema jugozapadnom i zapadnom obodu grada. U donjem toku ulazi u prostor naselja [[Srpske Toplice]], gdje se ulijeva u Vrbas.<ref name="zivotna">{{cite web |title=Životna sredina |url=https://starisajt.banjaluka.rs.ba/gradjani/zivotna-sredina/?sr_pismo=lat |website=Grad Banja Luka |access-date=25. 5. 2026}}</ref> Suturlija je kratka i neplovna rijeka, s porječjem koje obuhvata prigradski i šumski pojas zapadno i jugozapadno od Banje Luke.<ref name="urbanisticki" /> == Donji tok i kanjon == Donji tok Suturlije nalazi se neposredno uz urbano područje Banje Luke. Posebno se izdvaja kanjonski dio uzvodno od ušća u Vrbas, koji se koristi kao izletišni i rekreativni prostor. Gradska uprava Banje Luke navela je 2023. da je lokacija na kojoj je uklonjena avionska bomba iz [[Drugi svjetski rat|Drugog svjetskog rata]] bila iznad kupališta kanjona, oko 900 m uzvodno od ušća Suturlije u Vrbas.<ref name="bomba">{{cite web |title=Uspješno završena akcija: Uklonjena avionska bomba iz Suturlije |url=https://starisajt.banjaluka.rs.ba/uklonjena-avionska-bomba-iz-suturlije/?sr_pismo=lat |website=Grad Banja Luka |date=4. 1. 2023 |access-date=25. 5. 2026}}</ref><ref name="rp">{{cite web |title=Regulacioni planovi: MZ Srpske Toplice |url=https://starisajt.banjaluka.rs.ba/gradska-uprava/prostorno-uredjenje-i-gradjenje/regulacioni-planovi/gallery/%D0%BC%D0%B7-%D1%81%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5-%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5-2/?sr_pismo=lat |website=Grad Banja Luka |access-date=25. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Rekreacija i zaštita prostora == Kanjon Suturlije u lokalnim je inicijativama predlagan kao prostor za izletište i budući park prirode. U augustu 2019. najavljena je inicijativa da se lokalitet kanjona rijeke Suturlije u perspektivi proglasi parkom prirode, uz obrazloženje da se nalazi blizu centra Banje Luke i da ima potencijal za turističku, porodičnu i rekreativnu upotrebu.<ref name="inicijativa">{{cite web |title=Suturlija – uskoro park prirode sa bogatim sadržajem |url=https://www.novostiplus.org/bs/suturlija-uskoro-park-prirode-sa-bogatim-sadrzajem/ |website=Novosti Plus |date=14. 8. 2019 |access-date=25. 5. 2026}}</ref> Tokom 2020. na prostoru Suturlije postavljani su sadržaji za piknik i rekreaciju, u okviru planova za uređenje izletišta.<ref name="rekreacija">{{cite web |title=Park prirode Suturlija dobio nove sadržaje za piknik i rekreaciju |url=https://banjaluka.net/park-prirode-suturlija-dobila-nove-sadrzaje-za-piknik-i-rekreaciju/ |website=Banjaluka.net |date=14. 12. 2020 |access-date=25. 5. 2026}}</ref> Zbog blizine gradskog područja, Suturlija je izložena pritisku posjetilaca i urbanog širenja, pa se u lokalnim izvještajima uz njene prirodne vrijednosti spominju i problemi održavanja, otpada i oštećenog mobilijara.<ref name="moja">{{cite web |title=Suturlija: Skrivena oaza na rubu grada čeka da postane park prirode |url=https://mojabanjaluka.info/suturlija-skrivena-oaza-na-rubu-grada-ceka-da-postane-park-prirode-150359/ |website=Moja Banja Luka |date=20. 3. 2022 |access-date=25. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Reference == {{Refspisak}} {{Commonscat|Suturlija}} {{Hidrografija Bosne i Hercegovine}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Suturlija}} [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Bosni i Hercegovini]] [[Kategorija:Sliv Vrbasa]] [[Kategorija:Geografija Banje Luke]] sywn4njrlec4ndelitce7pnw39qwq68 3849269 3849265 2026-05-25T12:45:42Z Mhare 481 3849269 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugo_značenje|Suturlija (višeznačnica)}} {{Infokutija rijeka | ime = Suturlija | slika = Suturlija 233.jpg | opis = Suturlija | dužina = 17 | nadmorska visina izvora = | prosječni protok = | površina sliva = 70 | izvor = u selu [[Pervan]] | koordinate = {{coord|44|43|59.3|N|17|1|58.4|E|display=inline,title}} | ušće = u [[Vrbas]] u [[Banja Luka|Banjoj Luci]] | tip ušća = | pritoke = | države kroz koje protiče = [[Bosna i Hercegovina]] | gradovi kroz koje protiče = [[Banja Luka]] | sliv = [[Crnomorski sliv]] | ulijeva_se_u = [[Vrbas]] | plovna od - do = nije plovna | lokacija = [[Banja Luka]], [[Republika Srpska]] | mapframe = yes }} '''Suturlija''' je [[rijeka]] u zapadnom dijelu [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosne i Hercegovine]] i lijeva pritoka [[Vrbas]]a. Izvire u selu [[Pervan]] kod [[Banja Luka|Banje Luke]], protiče kroz jugozapadni dio banjalučkog područja i ulijeva se u Vrbas u gradskom području Banje Luke. Duga je približno 17&nbsp;km, a površina njenog sliva iznosi oko 70&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name="urbanisticki">{{cite book |title=Urbanistički plan Banjaluke 2008–2020 |page=41}}</ref> == Tok i sliv == Suturlija pripada slivu Vrbasa, odnosno [[Crnomorski sliv|crnomorskom slivu]]. Izvorište joj je u području sela Pervan, zapadno od Banje Luke, odakle tok nastavlja prema jugozapadnom i zapadnom obodu grada. U donjem toku ulazi u prostor naselja [[Srpske Toplice]], gdje se ulijeva u Vrbas.<ref name="zivotna">{{cite web |title=Životna sredina |url=https://starisajt.banjaluka.rs.ba/gradjani/zivotna-sredina/?sr_pismo=lat |website=Grad Banja Luka |access-date=25. 5. 2026}}</ref> Suturlija je kratka i neplovna rijeka, s porječjem koje obuhvata prigradski i šumski pojas zapadno i jugozapadno od Banje Luke.<ref name="urbanisticki" /> == Donji tok i kanjon == Donji tok Suturlije nalazi se neposredno uz urbano područje Banje Luke. Posebno se izdvaja kanjonski dio uzvodno od ušća u Vrbas, koji se koristi kao izletišni i rekreativni prostor. Gradska uprava Banje Luke navela je 2023. da je lokacija na kojoj je uklonjena avionska bomba iz [[Drugi svjetski rat|Drugog svjetskog rata]] bila iznad kupališta kanjona, oko 900 m uzvodno od ušća Suturlije u Vrbas.<ref name="bomba">{{cite web |title=Uspješno završena akcija: Uklonjena avionska bomba iz Suturlije |url=https://starisajt.banjaluka.rs.ba/uklonjena-avionska-bomba-iz-suturlije/?sr_pismo=lat |website=Grad Banja Luka |date=4. 1. 2023 |access-date=25. 5. 2026}}</ref><ref name="rp">{{cite web |title=Regulacioni planovi: MZ Srpske Toplice |url=https://starisajt.banjaluka.rs.ba/gradska-uprava/prostorno-uredjenje-i-gradjenje/regulacioni-planovi/gallery/%D0%BC%D0%B7-%D1%81%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5-%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5-2/?sr_pismo=lat |website=Grad Banja Luka |access-date=25. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Rekreacija i zaštita prostora == Kanjon Suturlije u lokalnim je inicijativama predlagan kao prostor za izletište i budući park prirode. U augustu 2019. najavljena je inicijativa da se lokalitet kanjona rijeke Suturlije u perspektivi proglasi parkom prirode, uz obrazloženje da se nalazi blizu centra Banje Luke i da ima potencijal za turističku, porodičnu i rekreativnu upotrebu.<ref name="inicijativa">{{cite web |title=Suturlija – uskoro park prirode sa bogatim sadržajem |url=https://www.novostiplus.org/bs/suturlija-uskoro-park-prirode-sa-bogatim-sadrzajem/ |website=Novosti Plus |date=14. 8. 2019 |access-date=25. 5. 2026}}</ref> Tokom 2020. na prostoru Suturlije postavljani su sadržaji za piknik i rekreaciju, u okviru planova za uređenje izletišta.<ref name="rekreacija">{{cite web |title=Park prirode Suturlija dobio nove sadržaje za piknik i rekreaciju |url=https://banjaluka.net/park-prirode-suturlija-dobila-nove-sadrzaje-za-piknik-i-rekreaciju/ |website=Banjaluka.net |date=14. 12. 2020 |access-date=25. 5. 2026}}</ref> Zbog blizine gradskog područja, Suturlija je izložena pritisku posjetilaca i urbanog širenja, pa se u lokalnim izvještajima uz njene prirodne vrijednosti spominju i problemi održavanja, otpada i oštećenog mobilijara.<ref name="moja">{{cite web |title=Suturlija: Skrivena oaza na rubu grada čeka da postane park prirode |url=https://mojabanjaluka.info/suturlija-skrivena-oaza-na-rubu-grada-ceka-da-postane-park-prirode-150359/ |website=Moja Banja Luka |date=20. 3. 2022 |access-date=25. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Reference == {{Refspisak}} {{Commonscat|Suturlija}} {{Hidrografija Bosne i Hercegovine}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Suturlija}} [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Bosni i Hercegovini]] [[Kategorija:Sliv Vrbasa]] [[Kategorija:Geografija Banje Luke]] bw60gx1yn4h253s4ohvh79u820eubmm Evropska zajednica za atomsku energiju 0 169454 3849384 3813476 2026-05-26T04:35:54Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849384 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Evropska zajednica za atomsku energiju''' ili skraćeno '''Euratom'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/European-Atomic-Energy-Community|title=European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) {{!}} Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|language=en|access-date=3. 5. 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.h2020.md/en/content/euratom|title=Euratom {{!}} horizon 2020|website=www.h2020.md|access-date=3. 5. 2024|archive-date=3. 5. 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503123429/https://www.h2020.md/en/content/euratom|url-status=dead}}</ref> ([[engleski]] ''European Atomic Energy Community'') je [[međunarodna organizacija]] sastavljena od država članica [[EU|Evropske unije]]. [[Datoteka:Euratom.svg|mini|desno|155x155px|Članice Euratom-a]] Osnovana je drugim [[Rimski ugovori (1957.)|Rimskim ugovorom]], potpisanim [[25. mart]]a [[1957]]. godine. Danas Euratom, zajedno sa [[Evropska zajednica|Evropskom zajednicom]] čini tzv. prvi stub Evropske unije. Euroatom je sve do 1967. imala vlastita tijela, kada su Ugovorom o spajanju tijela Euroatoma, Evropske ekonomske zajednice i danas više nepostojeće [[Evropska zajednica za ugalj i čelik|Evropske zajednice za ugalj i čelik]], spojena. Svrha Euroatoma bila je stvoriti posebno tržište za [[atomska energija|atomsku energiju]], distribuirati je kroz države članice, razvijati je i prodavati višak državama nečlanicama. Međutim, tokom godina njen opseg je značajno povećan kako bi pokrio širok spektar područja povezanih s [[Nuklearna energija|nuklearnom energijom]] i [[Ionizirajuće zračenje|jonizujućim zračenjem,]] kao što su zaštita [[Nuklearni materijali|nuklearnih materijala]], [[zaštita od zračenja]] i izgradnja međunarodnog fuzijskog reaktora [[ITER]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fusionforenergy.europa.eu/|title=Fusion For Energy - Bringing the power of the sun to earth|last=Energy|first=Fusion For|website=fusionforenergy.europa.eu}}</ref>[[Datoteka:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-45653-0001,_Rom,_Verträge_über_Zollpakt_und_Eurotom_unterzeichnet.jpg|lijevo|mini|1. aprila 1957. [[Konrad Adenauer]], [[Walter Hallstein]] i [[Antonio Segni]] potpisuju [[Carinska unija Evropske unije|Evropsku carinsku uniju]] i Euratom u Rimu, Italija|252x252piksel]]Pravno se razlikuje od [[Evropska unija|Evropske unije]] (EU) iako ima isto [[Države članice Evopske unije|članstvo]] i njome upravljaju mnoge [[Institucije Evropske unije|institucije EU]]; ali to je jedina preostala organizacija zajednice koja je nezavisna od EU i stoga izvan regulatorne kontrole Evropskog parlamenta. Od 2014. godine, [[Švicarska]] također učestvuje u programima Euratoma kao pridružena država.<ref name=":0">[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32014D0954 Document 32014D0954], Council of the European Union. Retrieved 26 October 2015.</ref> Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo [[Brexit|je prestalo da bude]] član organizacije 31. januara 2020.<ref>[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2017/9/pdfs/ukpgaen_20170009_en.pdf European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017 (c. 9) EXPLANATORY NOTES], p. 4: "The power that is provided by section 1(1) applies to withdrawal from the EU. This includes the European Atomic Energy Community (‘Euratom’), as the European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 sets out that the term “EU” includes (as the context permits or requires) Euratom (section 3(2))."</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hinson|first=Suzanna|date=8. 1. 2020|title=Commons Briefing papers CBP-8036|url=https://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/CBP-8036}}</ref> Međutim, prema odredbama [[Sporazum o trgovini i saradnji između EU i UK|Sporazuma o trgovini i saradnji između Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva i EU]], Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo učestvuje u Euratomu kao pridružena država nakon završetka [[Prijelazni period|prelaznog perioda]] 31. decembra 2020.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/draft_eu-uk_declarations.pdf|title=Draft EU-UK Declarations|last=|first=|date=|website=European Commission|page=21|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=live|access-date=26. 12. 2020}}</ref> Pokretačka snaga iza osnivanja Euratoma bila je želja Francuske da razvije nuklearnu energiju i nuklearno oružje bez potrebe da se oslanja na Sjedinjene Države i/ili Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Nieburg|first=H. L.|date=1963|title=EURATOM: A Study in Coalition Politics|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-politics/article/abs/euratom-a-study-in-coalition-politics/E09FC3FC15B9818639D499F3FE3914E5|journal=World Politics|language=en|volume=15|issue=4|pages=597–622|doi=10.2307/2009458|issn=1086-3338|jstor=2009458}}</ref> Troškovi nuklearnog razvoja također su bili veliki, što je motiviralo Francusku da podijeli troškove s ostalim članicama [[Evropska zajednica za ugalj i čelik|Evropske zajednice za ugalj i čelik]] (ECSC).<ref name=":2" /> <!-- Stupanjem na snagu novog [[Evropski ustav|Evropskog ustava]], Euroatom će i dalje dijelovati samostalno (zadržat će pravni identitet). --> == Također pogledajte == * [[Historija Evropske unije]] == Vanjski linkovi == *[http://www.euratom.org/ Službene stranice Euroatoma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614201041/http://www.euratom.org/ |date=14. 6. 2008 }} == Reference == {{Refspisak}}{{Normativna kontrola}} [[Kategorija:Evropska unija]] ce80mztrhvdi3muf15dy5tp63dewyl4 Daša Drndić 0 178034 3849282 3773632 2026-05-25T13:41:42Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 4 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849282 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija osoba | ime = Daša Drndić | slika = | opis = Dasa Drndić | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja|1946|08|10}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Zagreb]], [[NR Hrvatska]], [[FNRJ]] | datum_smrti = {{Datum smrti i godine|2018|06|05|1946|08|10}} | mjesto_smrti = [[Rijeka]], [[Hrvatska]] | zanimanje = Književnica }} '''Daša Drndić''' (10. august 1946 – 5. juni 2018) bila je [[hrvatska]] književnica, prevoditeljica i univerzitetska profesorica.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ffri.uniri.hr/hr/naslovnica/2-uncategorised/1732-in-memoriam-dasa-drndic.html|title=Filozofski fakultet - In memoriam Daša Drndić|date=11. 7. 2020|website=web.archive.org|access-date=1. 6. 2022|archive-date=11. 7. 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711104935/https://www.ffri.uniri.hr/hr/naslovnica/2-uncategorised/1732-in-memoriam-dasa-drndic.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Djela su joj prevedena na [[Engleski jezik|engleski]], [[Francuski jezik|francuski,]] [[Nizozemski jezik|nizozemsk]]<nowiki/>i, [[Mađarski jezik|mađarski]], [[Poljski jezik|poljski]], [[Slovački jezik|slovački]] i [[slovenski jezik]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fraktura.hr/sonnenschein.html|title=Sonnenschein|website=fraktura.hr|language=hr|access-date=1. 6. 2022}}</ref> == Biografija == Rođena je u [[Zagreb]]u, u porodici hrvatskog narodnog borca, [[novinar]]a i diplomate [[Ljubomir Drndić|Ljubomira Drndića]].<ref name="ipazin.net">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ipazin.net/pazin-kci-dasi-oca-ljubu-drndica-uruceno-odlikovanje-predsjednice/|title=Pazin: Kći Daši za oca Ljubu Drndića uručeno odlikovanje predsjednice|date=23. 8. 2016|website=iPazin|language=hr|access-date=1. 6. 2022}}</ref> Od 1953. živjela je u [[Beograd]]u. Studirala je [[engleski jezik]] i [[književnost]] na Filološkom fakultetu u [[Beograd]]u. Kao Fulbrightova stipendistica boravila je na Univerzitetu ''Southern Illinois'', gdje je pohađala postdiplomski studij [[Pozorište|pozorišta]] i komunikacija, a potom studirala na Univerzitetu ''Case Western Reserve''. Doktorirala je u Rijeci s temom o protofeminizmu i političkom angažmanu spisateljica kroz njihova djela. Radila je kao književni prevodilac, profesor engleskog jezika, dramaturg (treći program Radio Beograda) i urednik televizijskog dramskog programa. Autorka je serije radio drama. Na Univerzitetu u [[Rijeka (grad)|Rijeci]] predavala je modernu britansku književnost i kreativno pisanje na Odsjeku za anglistiku Univerziteta u Rijeci, te članica Udruženja književnih prevodilaca Srbije 1970-92, a od tada radi kao slobodni umjetnik. Objavljivala je [[Proza|prozu]], književnu kritiku, analitičke tekstove i prijevode u časopisima i književnim listovima ''[[Književnost]]'', ''[[Delo]]'', ''[[Savremenik]]'', ''[[Vidici]]'' i ''[[Književna reč]]''. Pisala je radiodrame koje su bile emitirane na [[Radio|Radiju]] [[Beograd]], Radiju [[Zagreb]], [[Radio Sarajevo|Radiju Sarajevo]] i Radiju [[Ljubljana]]. Također, obavljala je dužnost urednice dramskog programa Radio-televizije Beograd..<ref name="ipazin.net"/> Umrla je u Rijeci 5. juna 2018. godine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nacional.hr/umrla-knjizevnica-dasa-drndic/|title=Umrla književnica Daša Drndić|website=NACIONAL.HR|language=hr|access-date=1. 6. 2022}}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jun/06/dasa-drndic-unflinching-croatian-novelist-dies-aged-71|title=Daša Drndić, 'unflinching' Croatian novelist, dies aged 71|date=6. 6. 2018|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=1. 6. 2022}}</ref> ==Bibliografija == ===Knjige=== * Put do subote, ''Prosveta'', Beograd, 1982. * Kamen s neba, ''Prosveta'', Beograd, 1984. * [http://www.borut.com/library/texts/drndic/marija/trava.htm Marija Częstochowska još uvijek roni suze ili Umiranje u Torontu], ''Adamić'' – Rijeka i ''Arkzin'' Zagreb, 1997. * [http://www.elektronickeknjige.com/drndic_dasa/canzone_di_guerra/index.htm Canzone di guerra – Nove davorije], ''Meandar'', Zagreb, 1998. * Cannzone di guerra, roman, 2007. * Totenwande, Zidovi smrti, ''Meandar'', Zagreb, 2000. * Doppelgänger, ''Samizdat B92'', Beograd, 2002. * [http://hrcak.srce.hr/59262 Leica format], ''Meandar'', Zagreb, 2003. i ''Samizdat B92'', Beograd, 2003. * [http://www.mvinfo.hr/izdvojeno-kolumna-opsirnije.php?ppar=449 Doppelgänger], ''Faust Vrančić'', Zagreb, 2005. * [http://www.mvinfo.hr/najnovije-knjige-opsirnije.php?ppar=59 After Eight], književni ogledi, ''Meandar'', Zagreb, 2005. * Feministički rukopis ili politička parabola: drame Lillian Hellman; ''Ženska infoteka'', Zagreb, 2006. * [http://www.sveske.ba/bs/content/sonnenschein-dase-drndic Sonnenschein]{{Mrtav link}} - dokumentarni roman; ''Fraktura'', Zaprešić, 2007. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101014114804/http://max.tportal.hr/Dasa-Drndic-Video_5934_0__0.aspx April u Berlinu]; ''Fraktura'', Zagreb, 2009. * [http://www.mvinfo.hr/izdvojeno-kritike-opsirnije.php?ppar=6658 Belladonna]; ''Fraktura'', Zagreb, 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/dasa-drndic-za-jutarnji-o-novom-romanu-proslost-ne-ubija-ako-se-naucimo-s-njome-nositi-4129344|title=Jutarnji list - DAŠA DRNDIĆ ZA JUTARNJI O NOVOM ROMANU 'Prošlost ne ubija ako se naučimo s njome nositi'|date=4. 6. 2016|website=www.jutarnji.hr|language=hr-hr|access-date=1. 6. 2022}}</ref> === Pripovijetke === * Guida di Fiume, Novi Kamov, br. 2, sv. 7, god. III, 2003. * Sreća dolazi preko noći, Književna republika, časopis za književnost, god. I, maj/juni 2003. * Bella ciao, Večernji list, maj 2003. * Fiumanska fuga, Tvrđa, časopis za književnost, umjetnost, znanost, 1-2/2002. * Ljudi finog ludila, Novi Kamov, br. 1. sv. 6. god. II, 2002. * [http://www.b92.net/casopis_rec/61.7/sadrzaj.html Artur i Isabella] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608160227/http://www.b92.net/casopis_rec/61.7/sadrzaj.html |date=8. 6. 2011 }}, Reč, časopis za književnost i kulturu, i društvena pitanja, br.61.7, mart 2001. * Put u vječnost, Telegram, Zagreb, 17. aprila 1964. * Najveći rođendan, Telegram, Zagreb, 26. juna 1964. * Dani za jednu sahranu, Istarski mozaik, Časopis za društvena, književna i umjetnička pitanja Istre, Pula, Broj 2, Godina 1966. * Nona Žvana, Večernji list, Zagreb, 4. i 5. augusta 1973., str. 36. * Faun, Večernji list, Zagreb, 21. i 22. februar 1976., str. 31. * Bosa i spokojna, Književna reč, List književne omladine Srbije, Beograd, broj 58, 9. juni 1976., str. 12. * Marika, Večernji list, Zagreb, 11. i 12. juni 1977., str. 37. * Vadim i Hana, Istra, Časopis za kulturu, književnost, društvena pitanja, godina 15, broj 5, 1977., str. 46-52. * Sjeme, Život, Časopis za književnost i kulturu, Sarajevo, God. XXVII, Knj. LIV, Br. 9, 1978., str. 207-214. * Nitko ne lovi galebove, Književnost, Prosveta, Beograd, God. XXXVIII, Knj. LXXV, Sv. 8-9, august-septembar 1983., str. 1286-1292. * Zbog školjki i suhog grožđa, Politika, Beograd, 9. mart 1984., str. 13. * Sjeme, Izabrane priče, Deset godina Susreta Zija Dizdarević, Fojnica, 1987., str. 7-28. * Eeny meeny miney mo – out you go, The European, 18-21. mart, 1993, str. 20. * Nomadi, Nedjeljna Dalmacija, Split, 14. april 1993., str. 29. * Deset malih tuljana, Nova Istra, Časopis za književnost, kulturološke i društvene teme, Godina I., Svezak III, Broj 4, Pula 1996. , str. 69-71. * Kazna, Nova istra, godište XI:, sv. XXXIV, broj 3-4/2006. str. 46-54. * O, i giorni felici, Novi Kamov, br. 4, sv. 21, god. VI, Rijeka, 2006., str. 15-31. * Schöne Zeiten, Europski glasnik, Godište XI, br. 11, Zagreb, 2006., str. 571-593. === Radiodrame === * Muževi Lile Weiss, Hrvatski radio, Zagreb 2005.; Prix Europa, Berlin, 2005. * Pupi, Hrvatski radio, Zagreb, 2003.; Finski radio, Helsinki, 2005.; Mađarski radio, Budimpešta, 2005., Prix Europa, Berlin, 2003., Radio Beograd, 2003. * Artur i Isabella, Hrvatski Radio, Zagreb, 2002., Prix Europa, Berlin, 2002., Radio Beograd 2004. * Children of Our Age, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Kanada, 1997. * Lost in the Promised Land, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Kanada, 1996. * The Church in Croatia, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Kanada, 1996. * Izgubljeni i nađeni (nagrada Saveza slijepih Jugoslavije - Fedor, 1989. * Ćuprija na Drini, Radio Beograd, 1988. * Bića noći, Radio Beograd, 1987. * Mali dani, Radio Ljubljana, 1986. * Bolnica, Radio Beograd, 1986. * Mali dani, (druga nagrada na natječaju Radio Zagreba), 1985. * Subota, Radio Sarajevo, 1984. * U ime oca, (prva nagrada na natječaju Radio Beograda), 1983. * Zov jarebica, Radio Beograd, 1982. * I djeca umiru, Radio Beograd, 1982. * Begonije (druga nagrada na natječaju Radio Beograda), 1981. * Sa starih fotografija, Radio Beograd, 1981. * Zemljo moja, Radio Beograd (Prix Italia, 1980) * Istarska početnica, Radio Beograd, 1979. * Mate Balota, Radio Beograd, 1978.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://booksa.hr/knjige/autori/dasa-drndic|title=Daša Drndić|website=Booksa|access-date=1. 6. 2022}}</ref> ; Napisala je brojne oglede, kritike, analize te eseje i studije * Je li vrijeme nestanka intelektualaca, Tema, god II, 10-11, 2005., str. 37-42. * [http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/issuedetails.aspx?issueid=23bd5570-2119-4c61-a4d2-7fe78ea64587&articleId=d6eb398d-57ff-49cf-93ff-dc20ed00c3ef Feministički rukopis ili politička parabola: Lillian Hellman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121083952/https://www.ceeol.com/aspx/issuedetails.aspx?issueid=23bd5570-2119-4c61-a4d2-7fe78ea64587&articleId=d6eb398d-57ff-49cf-93ff-dc20ed00c3ef |date=21. 1. 2022 }}, Kruh i ruže, br. 27, 2005., str. 26-36. * [http://novine.novilist.hr/default.asp?WCI=Rubrike&WCU=285A285E2863285928592863285A28582858285D286328982897288F286328632859285E2860285E285D285D28632863286328582863O Vječna borba], Novi list (Pogled), Okrugli stol: Intelektualci i mediji, 26. 11. 2005. * Waine, John: Krug tajanstvene svetlosti, Savremenik, Beograd, 1970., god. XVI, knj. XXXI, 3, str. 201-203. * Senker, Izrael: Sol Belou i Sjedinjene Države, Savremenik, Beograd, 1970., god. XVI, knj. XXXI, 2, str. 191-192. * Borhes, Jorge Luis: Filozofija razara stvarnost, Savremenik, Beograd, 1970., god. XVI, knj. XXXI, 4, str. 377-383. * Sanguinetti, Edoardo: Novac u književnosti, Savremenik, Beograd, 1970., god. XVI, knj. XXXI, 6, str. 513-517. * Gombrovič, Vitold: Pisac i novac, Savremenik, 1970., god. XVI, knj. XXXI, str. 523-526 * Auden, Wystan H.: Jedan od elemenata poezije jeste elemenat zagonetke, Savremenik, Beograd, 1970., god. XVI, knj. XXXII, 7, str. 77-78. * Levi, Simon: Razgovori sa Šmuelom, Radio-Beograd, Dramska redakcija III programa. Emitirano 29. 2. 1972. * Stankijevič, Edvard: Lingvistika i izučavanje pesničkog jezika, Savremenik, Beograd, 1972., god. XVIII, knj. XXXV, 3, str. 203-213. == Autorski tekstovi u sarajevskim Sveskama == *[http://www.sveske.ba/bs/content/dzepni-amsterdam Džepni Amsterdam]{{Mrtav link}} *[http://www.sveske.ba/bs/content/iz-vile-na-wannseeu Iz vile na vannseeu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306042351/http://www.sveske.ba/bs/content/iz-vile-na-wannseeu |date=6. 3. 2016 }} *[http://www.sveske.ba/bs/content/les-poupees-gargantuesques Les poupées gargantuesques]{{Mrtav link}} *[http://www.sveske.ba/bs/content/literatura-talijana-u-hrvatskoj-i-sloveniji Literatura Talijana u Hrvatskoj i Sloveniji]{{Mrtav link}} *[http://www.sveske.ba/bs/content/pabirci-2004 Pabirci - 2004.]{{Mrtav link}} *[http://www.sveske.ba/bs/content/postaje-sjecanja Postaje sjećanja]{{Mrtav link}} *[http://www.sveske.ba/bs/content/prilagodavanje-rijeci-jezik-i-politika Prilagođavanje riječi: jezik i politika] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202123859/http://www.sveske.ba/bs/content/prilagodavanje-rijeci-jezik-i-politika |date=2. 2. 2012 }} *[http://www.sveske.ba/bs/content/sonnenschein-ili-kronika-sveopceg-bescasca Sonnenschein ili Kronika sveopćeg beščašća]{{Mrtav link}} *[http://www.sveske.ba/bs/content/stations-memory Stations of memory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102074511/http://www.sveske.ba/bs/content/stations-memory |date=2. 11. 2012 }} == Nagrade == *[http://www.premiosondas.com/ Premios Ondas, Barcelona, 1991.] kao producent radio-drame Aleksandra Hemona, Život i djelo Alfonsa Kaudersa * FEDOR – Nagrada Saveza slijepih Jugoslavije, na Festivalu dokumentarne radio-drame, Beograd, 1990. za dokumentarnu dramu, Izgubljeni i nađeni * Više nagrada Radio Beograda za godišnja ostvarenja. * [http://www.fraktura.hr/novosti.aspx?page=9 Nagrada Fran Galović 2007. za roman "Sonnenschein]{{Mrtav link|datum=Oktobar 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}" * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160306091828/http://arhiv.sanjamknjige.hr/sajam2007/index.php?dobitnici2007 Nagrada Kiklop 2007. za prozno djelo godine - roman "Sonnenschein]" == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == *http://www.jutarnji.hr/dasa-drndic--pisanjem-protiv-zaborava/1075699/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106093952/http://www.jutarnji.hr/dasa-drndic--pisanjem-protiv-zaborava/1075699/ |date=6. 1. 2013 }} *http://www.sveske.ba/bs/content/sonnenschein-dase-drndic{{Mrtav link}} *http://www.tportal.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/224878/I-muskarci-su-optereceni-i-bore-se-sa-staroscu.html#.URaXnR2ZTEE *https://web.archive.org/web/20131228040730/http://www.zarez.hr/repository/issue/pdf/214/214.pdf *http://sveske.ba/en/content/dnevnik-citanja {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305225438/http://sveske.ba/en/content/dnevnik-citanja |date=5. 3. 2016 }} *http://www.slobodnaevropa.org/content/dasa-drndic-dvadeseg-godina-me-je-beograd-bolio/24811110.html {{DEFAULTSORT:Drndić, Daša}} [[Kategorija:Srbijanski pisci]] [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1946.]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Zagreb]] [[Kategorija:Potpisnici Deklaracije o zajedničkom jeziku]] [[Kategorija:Umrli 2018.]] [[Kategorija:Bivši studenti Univerziteta u Beogradu]] 142kd7pbbxkq3y09z0ugenrk4ywdqs5 Bajaga i instruktori 0 195608 3849290 3807896 2026-05-25T14:14:09Z Panasko 146730 3849290 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija muzičar | ime = Bajaga i instruktori | pozadina = skupina | slika = Bajaga&instruktori.JPG | žanr = [[Rok-muzika|Rok]], [[Pop-muzika|pop]] | karijera = 1984 - 1994. <br /> 1996 - danas | trenutni_članovi = [[Momčilo Bajagić Bajaga]]<br />[[Žika Milenković]]<br />[[Saša Lokner]]<br />[[Miroslav Cvetković]]<br />[[Čeda Mačura]] | bivši_članovi = [[Dejan Cukić]]<br />[[Nenad Stamatović]]<br />[[Vladimir Golubović]]<br />[[Vlada Negovanović]]<br/>[[Ljubiša Opačić]] | izdavač = [[Produkcija gramofonskih ploča Radio-televizije Beograd|PGP RTB]], [[Diskoton]], [[Red Luna Records]], [[Produkcija Stig]], [[PGP RTS]], [[Komuna Belgrade]], [[Biveco]] | porijeklo = [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija]], [[Srbija]] | album1 = ''[[Pozitivna geografija]]'' | godina1 = 1984. | album2 = ''[[Sa druge strane jastuka]]'' | godina2 = 1985. | najnoviji_album = ''[[Jahači magle]]'' | godina3 = 1987. }} '''Bajaga i instruktori''' je [[Srbija|srbijanska]] i jugoslovenska [[Pop-muzika|pop]] i [[Rok-muzika|rock]] grupa. Osnovao ju je tekstopisac i gitarist [[Momčilo Bajagić Bajaga]] u [[Beograd]]u. Grupa postoji od 1984. (izuzev perioda 1994-96) U toku svog postojanja snimili su mnogo muzičkog materijala, a po uspješnosti i popularnosti svrstavali se u sam vrh muzičke scene tadašnje države. == Članovi grupe == '''Sadašnji članovi:''' * [[Momčilo Bajagić Bajaga|Momčilo Bajagić]] - (glavni pjevač, gitara) * Žika Milenković - (gitara) * Saša Lokner - (klavijature) * Miroslav Cvetković - (bas-gitara) * Čeda Mačura - (bubnji) '''Bivši članovi:''' * Dejan Cukić - (pjevač, gitara) * Nenad Stamatović - (gitara) * Vlajko Golubović - (bubnji) * Vlada Negovanović - (gitara) * Ljubiša Opačić == Diskografija == === Studijski albumi === * 1984 - ''[[Pozitivna geografija (Bajaga)|Pozitivna geografija]]'' (PGP RTB) * 1985 - ''[[Sa druge strane jastuka]]'' (PGP RTB) * 1987 - ''[[Jahači magle]]'' (PGP RTB) * 1988 - ''[[Prodavnica tajni]]'' (PGP RTB) * 1993 - ''[[Muzika na struju]]'' * 1997 - ''[[Od bižuterije do ćilibara]]'' (Komuna) * 2001 - ''[[Zmaj od noćaja]]'' (PGP RTS) * 2005 - ''[[Šou počinje u ponoć]]'' (PGP RTS) * 2012 - ''[[Daljina, dim i prašina]]'' (Long Play) * 2018 - ''[[U sali lom]] (PGP RTS)'' * 2020 - ''[[Ovaj svet se menja]] (Croatia Records/PGP RTS)'' === Albumi uživo=== * 1989 - ''[[Neka svemir čuje nemir]]'' * 1995 - ''[[Best of Live]]'' * 2019 - ''[[A Puli lom]]'' === Kompilacijski albumi === * 1993 - ''[[So Far the Best of Bajaga & Instruktori]]'' * 1997 - ''[[Neizbrisano]]'' * 2000 - ''[[Balade]]'' * 2000 - ''[[Hitovi]]'' * 2004 - ''[[Ruža vetrova Beograda]]'' * 2010 - ''[[Antologija (album)|Antologija]]'' === Singlovi === * 1986 - ''[["Jahači magle (Ukratko)"]]'' == Vanjski linkovi == * [http://www.bajaga.com Bajaga i Instruktori - Službena web stranica] {{Commonscat}} {{Bajaga i Instruktori}} [[Kategorija:Srbijanske rok-grupe]] [[Kategorija:Jugoslavenske rok-grupe]] [[Kategorija:Muzičke grupe iz Beograda]] [[Kategorija:Muzičke grupe osnovane 1984.]] [[Kategorija:Bajaga i instruktori]] dckxt3yfls1rtuai8llh1nmm6wlrpib Razgovor s korisnikom:Edinwiki/Tech news 3 257199 3849353 3847508 2026-05-25T21:50:20Z MediaWiki message delivery 64602 /* Tech News: 2026-22 */ novi odlomak 3849353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Korisnik:EdinBot/Arhivirati |min_tema_arhivirati = 3 |indeks = Razgovor sa korisnikom:Edinwiki/Tech news/Arhive |maks_veličina_arhive = 300K |min_tema_ostaviti = 3 |maks_starost_teme = staro(15d) |arhiva = Razgovor sa korisnikom:Edinwiki/Tech news/Arhiva %(godina)d }} == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2013/22|Tech news: 2013-22]] == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. ''Please inform other users about these changes.'' ;Recent software changes: ''(Not all changes will affect you.)'' * The [[m:mw:Extension:Translate|Translate extension]] and [[m:mw:Universal Language Selector|Universal Language Selector]] were enabled on Wikimedia Commons on May 20. Commons users can now easily change languages, and translate pages with a friendly interface. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/gitweb?p=operations/mediawiki-config.git;a=commit;h=3e901f819813f9c7f71d9030596d218ccb8b2d89] * The [[m:mw:Echo (Notifications)|Notifications]] feature, active on the English Wikipedia, now supports [[m:mw:Extension:Echo#Notification blacklist.2Fwhitelist|local blacklists and whitelists]]. It is possible to hide users (for example certain bots) from all notifications on the wiki. Also, e-mail notifications are now grouped. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/gitweb?p=mediawiki/extensions/Echo.git;a=commit;h=c0b0d78e50f07bef96a2866de1041b8d4a4ef798] [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Server_Admin_Log&diff=71429&oldid=71418] * The first stable release of [[m:mw:MediaWiki 1.21|MediaWiki 1.21]] for sites outside Wikimedia was published on May 25. [http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2013-May/069570.html] * The tool storing information about languages ([[m:mw:Extension:CLDR|CLDR]]) was updated to the [http://cldr.unicode.org/index/downloads/cldr-23-1 latest version] (23.1). [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/#/c/65351/] * Due to a [[bugzilla:48693|software issue]], users couldn't enable or disable [[m:mw:Gadgets|Gadgets]]. The issue is now fixed. ;Future software changes: * MediaWiki will stop supporting [[m:w:en:XHTML#XHTML_1.0|XHTML 1.0]] and [[m:w:en:HTML|HTML]] versions lower than version 5. [[m:w:en:HTML5|HTML5]] will now be the default language for pages created by the software. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/gitweb?p=mediawiki/core.git;a=commit;h=97caae596d5493ea2f3e4ba505204a7e278d0590] [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/gitweb?p=mediawiki/core.git;a=commit;h=b7bec085ce0af0807017c5292ba3114ccf11dfe5] * The software will check if all uploaded files are secure and match their [[m:w:en:Internet media type|type]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/gitweb?p=mediawiki/core.git;a=commitdiff;h=42333412833ab7f7515e193b83a909921c34887d;hp=7106407580616dc56bfe414e03839b1f50270a74] * The Wikimedia Commons [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.wikimedia.commons&hl=pl Android app] will come out of the [[m:w:en:Software release life cycle#Beta|beta phase]] on its next release. [http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/design/2013-May/000587.html] * Account creation by manual log-in will now be recorded in the [[Special:Log/newusers|account creation log]] ([[bugzilla:42434|bug 42434]]). [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/gitweb?p=mediawiki/extensions/CentralAuth.git;a=commitdiff;h=6298b4f365f60d2ccea2a463c458d5d385510028;hp=7372247ed95378825e9e979e7824715a7766ec4d] * Links to file description pages will again be accessible directly from within videos ([[bugzilla:43747|bug 43747]]). [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/gitweb?p=mediawiki/extensions/TimedMediaHandler.git;a=commit;h=687afa30f12b2825306dfe74569c5529d73d2e40] * The software behind recent changes patrolling was re-written; the change fixes issues related to patrolling new pages, among other things. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/#/c/41196/] * During a [[m:mw:Amsterdam Hackathon 2013|meeting]], developers [[m:mw:Architecture guidelines|agreed on rules]] about making big changes to the software. [http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2013-May/069569.html] * There is now a category to list pages with invalid [[m:mw:Extension:Score|music code]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/#/c/63268/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Tech/News/2013/22|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Unsubscribe]].'' <!-- EdwardsBot 0464 --> 20:45, 27 maj 2013‎ (CET) == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2013/23|Tech news: 2013-23]] == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. ''Please inform other users about these changes.'' ;Recent software changes: ''(Not all changes will affect you.)'' * The latest version of MediaWiki ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.22/wmf5|1.22/wmf5]]) was added to non-Wikipedia wikis on May 29. It [[mw:MediaWiki 1.22/Roadmap|will be enabled]] on the English Wikipedia on June 3, and on all other Wikipedias on June 5. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/gitweb?p=operations/mediawiki-config.git;a=commitdiff;h=f396a742b067386ca5a4aeeeb384214c3b362825;hp=55dddd70da414bace5f49ff0a10b2846fb26e869] * The Tamil Wikipedia shared a [[m:w:ta:Module:Main page|Lua module]] they created to automate their Main Page. [http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2013-May/000263.html] * There is now a [http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikitest-rtl/w/ test wiki] to test new features in right-to-left languages. [https://blog.wikimedia.org/2013/05/30/test-features-in-a-right-to-left-language-environment/] * The [[:mw:Extension:Thanks|Thanks]] feature was added to the English Wikipedia; users can now thank others for individual edits. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/gitweb?p=operations/mediawiki-config.git;a=commitdiff;h=53f45ed9d0ac6998ab28768559e5b15fe221b806;hp=35b1d8d6ac1692c7b3578621026fa97ef806a4ce] * The [[:mw:Account creation user experience|new interface]] for account creation and log-in is now the default on 30 wikis, including the English Wikipedia, Commons, Meta, and Wikidata. The feature will be added to all wikis [http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2013-May/126214.html after June 5]. Users can return to the old look by [//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UserLogin?useNew=0 adding ?useNew=0] to the web address. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/gitweb?p=operations/mediawiki-config.git;a=commitdiff;h=520a3b4eeee6dec0cce14677751b81f6dba21262;hp=004f02b44b45333964cfe0c0d233b6906c034f71] * Videos are now [http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2013-May/069628.html played in pop-up windows] if their size on the page is smaller than 200 pixels (800 pixels on the English Wikipedia). [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/gitweb?p=operations/mediawiki-config.git;a=commitdiff;h=b8c7c95b067319750531e19ab3388be6ac17e938;hp=3fc86406b2a73fe182105533d16ddd813800b85f] * Opening your talk page now marks notifications as read, for wikis using the [[:mw:Extension:Notifications|Notifications]] feature. ([[bugzilla:47912|bug 47912]]) [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/gitweb?p=mediawiki/extensions/Echo.git;a=commitdiff;h=71f250e0c60b78ac66e90ffe5471ae3ea0251331;hp=2398851f18ba95614b202112b06124887c563d6c]. * All autoconfirmed users can now reset [[w:en:transcoding|transcoding]] of video files; previously only administrators could do this. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/#/c/57286/] * The [[m:w:Special:Nearby|Nearby]] feature allows people who use mobile devices to see Wikipedia articles about objects and places around them. [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2013/05/29/wikipedia-nearby-beta/] ;Future software changes: * The [[:mw:Extension:PostEdit|PostEdit]] feature is now part of MediaWiki, and will work on all wikis. ([[bugzilla:48276|bug 48726]]) [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/#/c/66137/] * The [[mw:Extension:Narayam|Narayam]] and [[mw:Extension:WebFonts|WebFonts]] extensions will be [[mw:Universal Language Selector/Deployment/Planning|replaced]] by the [[mw:Universal Language Selector|Universal Language Selector]] extension. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/#/c/63113/] * MediaWiki will now be updated [[mw:Deployments/One week|every week]], starting on June 6. Thanks to this, bugs will be fixed and features will be added faster than they are now. [http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2013-May/069128.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2013/23|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div> <!-- EdwardsBot 0472 --> 21:10, 3 juni 2013‎ (CET) == Support request with team editing experiment project == Dear tech ambassadors, instead of spamming the Village Pump of each Wikipedia about my tiny project proposal for researching team editing (see here: [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:IdeaLab/Research_team_editing https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:IdeaLab/Research_team_editing]), I have decided to leave to your own discretion if the matter is relevant enough to inform a wider audience already. I would appreciate if you could appraise if the Wikipedia community you are more familiar with could have interest in testing group editing "on their own grounds" and with their own guidance. In a nutshell: it consists in editing pages as a group instead of as an individual. This social experiment might involve redefining some aspects of the workflow we are all used to, with the hope of creating a more friendly and collaborative environment since editing under a group umbrella creates less social exposure than traditional "individual editing". I send you this message also as a proof that the Inspire Campaign is already gearing up. As said I would appreciate of *you* just a comment on the talk page/endorsement of my [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:IdeaLab/Research_team_editing project] noting your general perception about the idea. Nothing else. Your contribution helps to shape the future! (which I hope it will be very bright, with colors, and Wikipedia everywhere) Regards from [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Micru User:Micru] on meta. <!-- Message sent by User:Micru@metawiki using the list at http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=12060169 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/51|Tech News: 2015-51]] == <section begin="technews-2015-W51"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/51|Translations]] are available. '''Changes this week''' *Meta will be able to use information from Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T117524] *<span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 15 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 16 December. It will be on all Wikipedias from 17 December. ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item"> [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=08&month=12&year=2015 15 December at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topic this week is talking about the agenda for the [[mw:Wikimedia Developer Summit 2016|Wikimedia Developer Summit]]. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=22&min=00&sec=0&day=02&month=12&year=2015 16 December at 22:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/E121] '''Future changes''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> A new [[mw:Extension:Gadgets|gadget]] manager will come next year. The new gadget system is called [[mw:Gadgets 2.0|Gadgets 2.0]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T31272] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/51|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2015-W51"/> 18:41, 14 decembar 2015 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15116736 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/52|Tech News: 2015-52]] == <section begin="technews-2015-W52"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/52|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]], the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 11 January 2016. * The writers of the technical newsletter are asking for your opinion. Did you get the information you wanted this year? Did we miss important technical news in 2015? What kind of information was too late? [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Please tell us]]! You can write in your language. Thank you! '''Recent changes''' * CompletionSuggester is a new suggestions algorithm for Search. It is available as a Beta feature since 17 December. ([[mw:Extension:CirrusSearch/CompletionSuggester|more information]]) * The Multimedia team is running an A/B test for the cross-wiki upload tool. They are testing four different interfaces. The test is running from 16-23 December. ([[mw:Multimedia/December 2015 cross-wiki upload A/B test|more information]]) '''Changes this week''' * There is no deployment of MediaWiki scheduled until 12 January 2016 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * Should administrators and other users with advanced tools need stronger passwords? You can discuss about it in a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requests for comment/Password policy for users with certain advanced permissions|Request for Comments]]. * No meeting with the VisualEditor team on 22 and 29 December, and 5 January. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/52|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2015-W52"/> 19:29, 21 decembar 2015 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15166344 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/02|Tech News: 2016-02]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W02"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikimedia no longer uses visitor statistics from [[w:en:ComScore|comScore]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/ComScore/Announcement] * You can make interactive graphs with the [[mw:Extension:Graph|Graph extension]]. There is now a [[mw:Extension:Graph/Interactive Graph Tutorial|tutorial for how to do this]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2015-December/084416.html] '''Problems''' * Some pages do not turn in up in categories where they should be. This is because link tables are sometimes not populated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T117332] '''Changes this week''' * The [[mw:Extension:Nuke|Nuke extension]] will work with [[mw:Flow|Flow]]. This will make it easier to handle spam in Flow. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T115695] * New file uploads will now be patrollable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T11501] * Internet Explorer 8 will no longer have [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] support. You will [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Basic|still be able to browse and edit Wikipedia]] if you use Internet Explorer 8, but will not be able to use some features. This can be solved by upgrading to a newer version or switching to a different browser. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118303][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2015-November/001286.html] '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item"> [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=20&min=00&sec=0&day=12&month=01&year=2016 12 January at 20:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> URLs in the recent changes IRC feed will no longer be rewritten to unencrypted HTTP. This could be a breaking change for bots dependent on the IRC feed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T122933] * The edit tabs for the wikitext editor and the visual editor will be combined to one single edit tab. You will be able to choose which one you prefer. If you are not logged in, your choice will be saved as a cookie in your browser. You [[m:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Newsletter/2015/December|can test the single edit tab]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T102398][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Newsletter/2015/December] * There is a beta feature that [[mw:Beta Features/Other projects sidebar|adds links to the subject on other Wikimedia projects]]. This works much like the links to for example Wikipedia articles in other languages. It will go out of beta testing and be enabled for everyone in January. Wikis that don't want this can decide to have it disabled. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2015-December/001305.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T103102] * The difference between "alerts" and "messages" notifications is unclear to some. The developers want feedback at [[phab:T123018|the Phabricator task]] or [[mw:Topic:Sw196pvf5vwt6pku|on MediaWiki.org]] so they can make this better. You can give feedback in your language if you can't write in English. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/02|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W02"/> 17:59, 11 januar 2016 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15213553 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/03|Tech News: 2016-03]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W03"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You will be able to find or mark bugs and suggestions in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] that are specific for your language or wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T91286] * Notifications have been upgraded with more detailed and easier-to-access information. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications|See the documentation]]. Cross-wiki notifications will be available soon on the two test wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T123570] '''Changes this week''' * The visual editor uses the [[mw:Extension:TemplateData|TemplateData extension]] to make editing templates easier. You will now get a warning when you edit a TemplateData form and leave it without saving. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T106382] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> MediaWiki will get a new authentication and authorization system called AuthManager. This is planned to happen in a month or two. Some bots will need to change how they log in. Two new and more stable authentication methods will be available now: Owner-only [[mw:Extension:OAuth|OAuth]] credentials and bot passwords. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-January/084501.html read more about the change]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T121113] *<span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 19 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 20 January. It will be on all Wikipedias from 21 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item"> [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=20&min=00&sec=0&day=19&month=01&year=2016 19 January at 20:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topic this week is governance model. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=22&min=00&sec=0&day=20&month=01&year=2016 20 January at 22:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/03|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W03"/> 18:55, 18 januar 2016 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15252579 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/04|Tech News: 2016-04]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W04"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/04|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now follow when pages are added or removed from a category on German Wikipedia. The plan is to add it to Wikimedia Commons and other Wikipedias this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T9148][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:CategoryMembershipChanges] * Administrators can hide individual entries of a page with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:RevisionDelete|RevisionDelete]]. There is now a button to choose "all", "none" or "inverse" in Special:Log. The article history will get the same buttons soon. Wikis that have done this locally with JavaScript will be able to remove that code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T92230] '''Changes this week''' *You will be able to see the references when you preview a section you are editing. This will happen even if there is no <nowiki><references /></nowiki> tag in that section. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T7984] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 27 January. It will be on all wikis from 28 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=20&min=00&sec=0&day=26&month=01&year=2016 26 January at 20:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * There is now an extension called [[mw:Extension:ArticlePlaceholder|ArticlePlaceholder]]. It can automatically generate content on Wikipedia with data from Wikidata if there is no Wikipedia article. It will have a tag to remind the reader it is not an article and ask the reader to create one. The developer is now looking for smaller Wikipedias that want to try the extension. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2016-January/008004.html] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/OTRS|OTRS]] system will be upgraded. The plan is to do this on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=08&min=00&sec=0&day=03&month=02&year=2016 3 February at 08:00 (UTC)]. It will probably take 6 to 8 hours. OTRS will be down during the upgrade. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T74109] * Users will soon be automatically congratulated when they reach some edit count milestones. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T124003] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/04|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W04"/> 17:39, 25 januar 2016 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15269963 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/05|Tech News: 2016-05]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W05"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/05|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Sites with a <code>wikimedia.org</code> address were by mistake redirected to the [[wmf:Home|Wikimedia Foundation wiki]] on 26 January. This included Meta and Wikimedia Commons. The mistake was fixed after an hour. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20160126-WikimediaDomainRedirection] * Some users had problems logging in and out around 22 January. Bots also had problems and edit previews did not work properly. This was because of problems related to the new component SessionManager. It was undone on 23 January. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20160123-SessionManagerRolloutFailure][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T123451] * Because of new problems with SessionManager the latest version of MediaWiki was removed from the Wikimedia wikis again on 31 January. The new version this week will be without SessionManager. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-February/084669.html] '''Changes this week''' * The page history will get a help link. This will go to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Page history|Help:Page history]] on Meta. Wikis can exchange it for a link to their local pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T124885] * Notifications will only show part of a page name if it is very long. You will also have another way to mark notifications as read. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T123657][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T121935] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector|Universal Language Selector]] input methods are now available with the visual editor. This means many who write in non-Latin scripts can now use the visual editor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T51569] * The visual editor will now give you more tools to edit tables. You can move rows and columns in a table and copy parts of tables to make new ones. You can also copy and paste more than one cell at the same time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T88694][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85791][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T123826] * The visual editor has a new warning message when you leave a page you are editing without saving. Non-English wikis might need to translate it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T121754][https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:MessageGroupStats&language=&group=ext-visualeditor-0-all] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 2 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 3 February. It will be on all wikis from 4 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=20&min=00&sec=0&day=02&month=02&year=2016 2 February at 20:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topic this week is [[phab:E138|expiring watch list entries]]. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=22&min=00&sec=0&day=03&month=02&year=2016 3 February at 22:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> The <code>rest.wikimedia.org</code> domain will be shut down. This is planned to happen in March. You should use <code>/api/rest_v1/</code> at each individual project domain instead. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-January/084566.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/05|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W05"/> 22:01, 1 februar 2016 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15298047 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/06|Tech News: 2016-06]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W06"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[w:en:Syntax highlighting|Syntax highlighting]] support is now available for 53 more computer languages. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-February/084695.html] * When you get a notification that an edit has been reverted, the notification now quotes part of the edit summary. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T121808] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> [[mw:RESTBase|RESTBase]] is now using <code>scrub_wikitext</code> instead of <code>scrubWikitext</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T114620] '''Changes this week''' * Wikidata will have a new data type called "math". It will be used for formulas. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T124931][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2016-February/008140.html] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 9 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 10 February. It will be on all wikis from 11 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=20&min=00&sec=0&day=09&month=02&year=2016 9 February at 20:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topic this week is [[phab:T114662|per-language URLs for pages of multilingual wikis]]. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=22&min=00&sec=0&day=10&month=02&year=2016 10 February at 22:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Other sites will be able to tell when visitors come from links on Wikipedia and other Wikimedia sites. They used to be able to do this until we started using [[m:Special:MyLanguage/HTTPS|forced HTTPS]] in June 2015. This is planned to happen on 15 February. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T87276][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Wikimedia_referrer_policy] * Wikidata will have a new data type called "external-id". It will be used for references to external resources. It will be enabled on February 16. Some properties will be changed to the new data type. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2016-February/008140.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T125633][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:Addshore/Identifiers] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/06|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W06"/> 19:58, 8 februar 2016 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15323422 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/07|Tech News: 2016-07]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W07"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now edit pages on the mobile site version without JavaScript. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T125174] * You can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Math|Math extension]] to write chemistry formulas. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T126272] '''Problems''' * A few editors might have been logged in as someone else because of a bug. For security reasons everyone was logged out on 9 February. If you have seen this bug, you [[mw:User talk:Tgr (WMF)/Session pollution|can report it]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2016-February/001345.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T126069] '''Changes this week''' * There is a beta feature that [[mw:Beta Features/Other projects sidebar|adds links to the subject on other Wikimedia projects]]. The plan was to have it leave beta testing and be enabled for everyone in January. It will happen on 16 February instead. Wikis that don't want this can decide to have it disabled. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2015-December/001305.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T103102] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications/Cross-wiki|Cross-wiki notifications]] will be available as a beta feature on Wikidata, MediaWiki, Commons, and all Hebrew and French wikis on 19 February. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T124234] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 February. It will be on all wikis from 18 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=20&min=00&sec=0&day=16&month=02&year=2016 16 February at 20:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The search function on Wikimedia wikis will get a [[mw:Extension:CirrusSearch/CompletionSuggester|completion suggester]] that tries to find the right pages as the user is typing. It will also recognize some typos. This will probably happen in March. It is currently in beta. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T126271] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/07|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W07"/> 18:16, 15 februar 2016 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15345667 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/08|Tech News: 2016-08]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W08"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] has been upgraded. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120013][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-February/084841.html] '''Problems''' * There was no new MediaWiki version last week. Changes that were planned to happen last week will happen this week instead. This is because of a bug that made saving pages take longer time. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-February/084816.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T126700] '''Changes this week''' * After February 23, you can use Wikidata for inter-language links on Wikiversity. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T109675] '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=20&min=00&sec=0&day=23&month=02&year=2016 23 February at 20:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topic this week is [[phab:T125865|Assign RFCs to ArchCom shepherds]]. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=22&min=00&sec=0&day=24&month=02&year=2016 24 February at 22:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/08|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W08"/> 19:22, 22 februar 2016 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15364297 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/09|Tech News: 2016-09]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W09"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Thanks to the [[mw:Extension:Graph|Graph extension]] and [[wikitech:Analytics/PageviewAPI|Pageview API]], we now have [[m:template:Graph:PageViews|<nowiki>{{Graph:PageViews}}</nowiki>]] templates that can show pageviews for any wiki page for any of the wikis. See [[m:Community Tech/Pageview stats tool#Graph extension|the examples]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Capiunto|Capiunto]] extension is installed on [https://test.wikipedia.org test wiki]. Capiunto provides flexible infobox functionality for [[mw:Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] and generates HTML for infobox features such as headers and rows. It is designed for clean and modern infoboxes that are driven by data from Wikidata, easily usable across different language versions, and easily extensible. * The visual editor now follows the TemplateData <code>format</code> setting announced in November. When you edit or add a use of a template, the wikitext will be laid out in one of the two ways. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T111674][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T104599] * The order of parameters and format defined in a template's TemplateData will be now respected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T104599][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T111674] '''Changes this week''' * On wikis where the visual editor is available in single edit tab mode, red links may open the visual editor instead of the wikitext editor, depending on user preferences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T55441] * Anonymous editor warning is now displayed as a warningbox for consistency in both the visual editor and the wikitext editor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T127403] * [[mw:Parsoid|Parsoid]] has been updated to fit some HTML 5 specifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108134] '''Meetings''' * Resigning executive director Lila Tretikov is taking questions at [[m:Knowledge_Engine/FAQ|Knowledge Engine FAQ]] regarding the much talked about project. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2016-February/082470.html] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=20&min=00&sec=0&day=01&month=03&year=2016 1 March at 20:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/09|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W09"/> 21:12, 29 februar 2016 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15391422 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/10|Tech News: 2016-10]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W10"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Files on Wikimedia Commons can now be 2 GB big. The old limit was 1 GB. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T76614] * Welcome notifications now have a different symbol. English Wikipedia already had this one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T49662] * The Wikimedia memory cache servers in the [[wikitech:Eqiad cluster|Eqiad cluster]] have now been upgraded to Debian 8 (Jessie). Some users might have had to log in again because of this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T123711] * It is now easier to categorize images uploaded to Wikimedia Commons in the Commons Android app. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T126848] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> Bare attributes in tags now parse according to the HTML5 specifications. <code><pages from= to= section=1></code> will parse as <code><pages from="to=" section="1"></code> instead of <code><pages from="" to="" section="1"></code> as it used to. Please use <code><pages from="" to="" section=1></code> or <code><pages section=1></code> instead. This is mostly likely to affect pages on Wikisource projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108134] '''Problems''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] has been a bit unstable lately. This should be fixed now. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2016-March/000098.html] * The PageView API shows wrong data between 23 February and 29 February for pages with special characters in their title. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T128295] * The parsing change mentioned above caused a large number of pages to break, especially on Wikisource. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108134] * You may see falsely formatted edit links on both mobile and desktop devices. Mobile devices can also show incorrect formatted table of contents. This should be fixed soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T124356] * Templates using TemplateData that were edited with the visual editor might have some problems in wikitext mode. This can be fixed by editing and saving the page by using the visual editor without making any changes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T128337] '''Changes this week''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications/Cross-wiki|Cross-wiki notifications]] will be enabled as a beta feature on all wikis on 10 March. You will be able to get notifications when something happens on another Wikimedia wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T124234] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 8 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 9 March. It will be on all wikis from 10 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Wikivoyages will get the [[mw:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer extension]]. Kartographer will allow <code><mapframe></code> and <code><maplink></code> tags in an article to insert an interactive map and overlay it with different markers. You can add ideas and suggestions to the [[mw:Talk:Maps|Maps talk page]]. If you find any bugs, you can report them in [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/1/?tags=kartographer,maps&subscribers=yurik,maxsem Phabricator]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T127136] '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=20&min=00&sec=0&day=08&month=03&year=2016 8 March at 20:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The buttons in interfaces will be simplified. Instead of white, red, green and blue buttons, in future there will only be white, red and blue ones. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110555] * The Wikimedia technical operations team plans to do some server work on 22 March. This could cause some problems, for example make it possible to read but not edit the Wikimedia wikis for a short period of time. The date for this might change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T124671] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/10|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W10"/> 21:24, 7 mart 2016 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15402334 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/11|Tech News: 2016-11]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W11"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/11|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *The mobile web interface no longer suggests [[Mw:HiDPI display support|HiDPI thumbnails]]. This is to take up less bandwidth on slow or expensive connections. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T119797] *The search engine on [http://www.wikipedia.org wikipedia.org] has been updated. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia.org_Portal_Improvements] '''Changes this week''' *Wikimedia has a new backup data center in Dallas. Because of planned work on this, '''you will be able to read but not edit the wikis''' for a short period of time on both 22 March and 24 March. This could be postponed to April 18. You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. Because of a test, there will also be a couple of minutes where you can't edit the wikis on 15 March starting 07:00 UTC. You can [[m:Tech/Server switch 2016|read more about the server work]]. There will be more notifications and updates about this. * Administrators and other users with advanced permissions will need to have an 8-byte long passwords. This change takes place on 15 March. Users with too short passwords will be asked to change password the next time they log in. This was decided in [[m:Requests for comment/Password policy for users with certain advanced permissions|a discussion on Meta]] and is because they can use tools that can hurt the wikis. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2016-March/001374.html] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 15 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 16 March. It will be on all wikis from 17 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The buttons in interfaces will be simplified. Instead of white, red, green and blue buttons, in future there will only be white, red and blue ones. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110555] '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=15&month=03&year=2016 15 March at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topics this week are [[phab:T78639|backlog]] and [[phab:T66214|thumb API]]. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=21&min=00&sec=0&day=16&month=03&year=2016 16 March at 21:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/11|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W11"/> 19:37, 14 mart 2016 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15438638 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/12|Tech News: 2016-12]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W12"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/12|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Wikimedia has a new backup data center in Dallas. The Wikimedia Technology department planned to test it this week. This will take place the week of April 18 instead. You can [[m:Tech/Server switch 2016|read more about the server work]]. There will be more notifications and updates about this. * In Firefox, the visual editor would sometimes just jump down to the bottom of the page when you double-clicked on a table cell. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T128282] '''Changes this week''' * It will now be easier to list IP addresses that don't have to solve [[:w:en:CAPTCHA|CAPTCHAs]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T103122] * You will now be able to mark Echo notifications as unread. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73564] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 21 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 22 March. It will be on all wikis from 23 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=22&month=03&year=2016 22 March at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> URLs in the recent changes IRC feed will no longer be rewritten to unencrypted HTTP. This could be a breaking change for bots dependent on the IRC feed. This will happen on May 2. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T122933] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/12|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W12"/> 17:04, 21 mart 2016 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15460858 --> :Hi, a minor correction: The MediaWiki deployment dates are March 22–24, not 21–23. My apologies. /[[Posebno:Doprinos/81.234.92.187|81.234.92.187]] 09:15, 22 mart 2016 (CET) == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/13|Tech News: 2016-13]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W13"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * MediaWiki [[mw:Manual:Semantic Web|now supports the semantic web standards of Microdata and RDFa 1.0]]. On Wikimedia projects, a configuration change must be requested in order to enable RDFa 1.0. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T130034] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T130040] '''Problems''' * Adding references with Citoid was broken for approximately 6 hours on 24 March. This was fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T130847] '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 29 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 30 March. It will be on all wikis from 31 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/Roadmap|calendar]]). * You will be able to remove the header and footer style from User language (babel) boxes. This will make it easier to use them with other userboxes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T33309] '''Meetings''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with part of the Architecture committee, which will discuss [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/E152#1558 a few topics]. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=21&min=00&sec=0&day=30&month=03&year=2016 30 March at 21:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> The Architecture committee has sent a [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-March/085100.html summary of new and ongoing RFC discussions]. '''Future changes''' * Commons will soon have improved access to Wikidata's data. It will then be possible to access data about any concept on any page on Commons. Assistance with testing this on the beta cluster is appreciated. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Village_pump#Wikidata_support:_getting_arbitrary_access_done] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> Wikibits.js will not be loaded by default anymore starting April 2016. Gadget and script authors should have already updated their code since the previous announcements, but there is another migration path available if needed. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-March/085113.html wikitech-l for details]. '''Corrections''' * Last week Tech News said the new MediaWiki version would come to wikis from 21 March to 23 March. The right dates were 22 March to 24 March. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/13|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W13"/> 21:43, 28 mart 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15480543 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/14|Tech News: 2016-14]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W14"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *You can filter [[m:Help:Special page#Logs|Special:Log]] in more detail. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T20954] *Wikimedia wikis have a new way of counting visitors. [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2016/03/30/unique-devices-dataset/] '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from April 5. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from April 6. It will be on all wikis from April 7 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/14|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W14"/> 00:13, 5 april 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15501448 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/15|Tech News: 2016-15]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W15"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The visual editor can generate wikicode with image options in your language. Examples of image options are "thumb" or "left". You can ask to change to options in your language in Phabricator. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T53852][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T116020] * Wiktionaries and Wikisources can now use the visual editor. It is an opt-in beta feature. It still needs development to work better with these projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T48580][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:VisualEditor/The_visual_editor_at_Wikisources_and_Wiktionaries] * [[m:Objective Revision Evaluation Service|ORES]] is using new models. Tools that use ORES' predictions can behave strangely. ORES also has a new [[w:en:Application programming interface|API]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-April/085258.html] * The visual editor now supports classical Greek characters. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T130535] '''Problems''' * There was a bug when you used keyboard arrows in templates in the visual editor. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T128861] '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 April. It will be on all wikis from 14 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The wikipedia.org portal will get many small bug fixes and improvements. Most will be for the search box and suggested results that were added in March. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T130755] '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=12&month=04&year=2016 12 April at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the [[mw:Architecture committee|Architecture committee]]. The topics this week are [[phab:T130567|improving transclusion of templates for Parsoid]] and [[phab:T114445|balanced templates]]. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=21&min=00&sec=0&day=13&month=04&year=2016 13 April at 21:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Wikimedia has a new backup data center in Dallas. Because of planned work on this, you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for a short period of time on both 19 April and 21 April. This will start at 14:00 UTC and last for 15 to 30 minutes. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch_2016] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/15|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W15"/> 22:44, 11 april 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15515435 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/16|Tech News: 2016-16]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W16"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/16|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can filter [[m:Help:Special page#Logs|Special:Log]] in more detail. You can filter different imports and new users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T109267][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T16334] * You can use [[w:en:Telnet|Telnet]] to read Wikimedia wikis. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Telnet_gateway] * MediaWiki wikis can handle bigger file uploads. The new limit is 4 GB. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T131895] '''Changes this week''' * Wikimedia has a new backup data center in Dallas. Because of planned work on this, you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for a short period of time on both 19 April and 21 April. This will start at 14:00 UTC and last for 15 to 30 minutes. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch_2016] * There is no new Mediawiki version this week. This is because of the data center test. '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=19&month=04&year=2016 April 19 at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topic this week is [[phab:T91162|shadow namespaces]]. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=21&min=30&sec=0&day=20&month=04&year=2016 20 April at 21:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/16|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W16"/> 22:40, 18 april 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15522880 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/17|Tech News: 2016-17]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W17"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/17|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' *Wikimedia tested a new data center last week. This meant that the wikis could be read but not edited for 45 minutes on April 19 and for 20 minutes on April 21. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2016-April/001391.html] *When the data center was tested, new edits were not shown in the recent changes log for 20 minutes. They are in the logs now. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2016-April/001393.html read more about how to find the edits]. *Unread notifications were sometimes counted incorrectly. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T129726] '''Changes this week''' * Wikimedia Commons will have better access to Wikidata. They can use data from any page on Wikidata on any page on Commons. This will happen on April 26. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commons:Village_pump&diff=prev&oldid=192993817] * It will be easier to choose if you want to watch files you have uploaded with the upload wizard. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T33313] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from April 26. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from April 27. It will be on all wikis from April 28 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=26&month=04&year=2016 April 26 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The "{{int:savearticle}}" button when you edit will be called "Publish" instead. This is to help new editors understand what it does. It already works like this on some wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T131132] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/17|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W17"/> 23:02, 25 april 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15555069 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/18|Tech News: 2016-18]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W18"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *The visual editor now works when you use Internet Explorer 9. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T133094] '''Problems''' *There was a security problem with the [[mw:Extension:MobileFrontend|MobileFrontend extension]]. It showed information that had been oversighted. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T133700] '''Changes this week''' * You can now see which notifications are available on a wiki on [[Special:DisplayNotificationsConfiguration]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132127] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from May 3. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from May 4. It will be on all wikis from May 5 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topic this week is "[[phab:T130528|PSR-6 Cache interface in Mediawiki core]]". The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=21&min=00&sec=0&day=04&month=05&year=2016 May 4 at 21:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Pages could be added to new users' watchlists by default when they edit them. New users could also by default get email notifications when pages they watch are edited. This is [[m:Requests for comment/Enable by default some default options for new users|discussed on Meta]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40796] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/18|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W18"/> 22:09, 2 maj 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15574414 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/19|Tech News: 2016-19]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W19"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikiversities now have better access to Wikidata. They can use data from any page on Wikidata on any page on Wikiversity. This happened on May 3. [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Wikidata:Development_plan&diff=326125500&oldid=318553405] * You can use [http://recommend.wmflabs.org/#Recommend Wikipedia GapFinder] to find missing articles between languages. [https://blog.wikimedia.org/2016/04/27/article-recommendation-system/] * Users are invited to try [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications/Cross-wiki|Cross-wiki Notifications]] on all wikis. This is the last test session before the release by default, scheduled for May 12th at 23:00 UTC. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T117669][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T130655] * You can use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Keyboard shortcuts|keyboard shortcuts]] to open the visual editor (''meta''+V) or the wikitext editor (''meta''+E) (on certain wikis, even if you have chosen a favorite editor). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T116406] * Uploading files bigger than 100 megabytes on Wikimedia Commons required to opt-in in your preferences. This is not necessary anymore. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T131496] * The [[mw:Extension:UploadsLink|UploadsLink]] extension is now available on Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T130018] * Deleting a translation unit page didn't remove the corresponding content from the translation page. This is now solved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T41415] * Translation suggestions based on Apertium are now available on Mediawiki.org. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T133008] '''Problems''' * MediaWiki 1.27.0-wmf.23 has been rolled back from Wikimedia wikis, due to a performance issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134553] '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from May 10. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from May 11. It will be on all wikis from May 12 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=10&month=05&year=2016 May 10 at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topics this week are [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T113034 Overhaul Interwiki map, unify with Sites and WikiMap]. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=21&min=00&sec=0&day=11&month=05&year=2016 May 11 at 21:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]]. * 2017 European hackathon will happen [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2017|on May 19 - 21, in Vienna]] (Austria). '''Future changes''' * Today, in categories, a page titled "11" comes before "2". We plan to reorder that: "2" will come before "11". Please [[m:Talk:Community Tech/Numerical sorting in categories|tell the developers]] if the change will cause problems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T8948] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/19|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W19"/> 01:22, 10 maj 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15583892 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/20|Tech News: 2016-20]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W20"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/20|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Some image thumbnails now load faster on mobile. They also take up less bandwidth. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T122242] '''Problems''' *Last week's MediaWiki version was late on some wikis. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-May/085585.html] '''Changes this week''' * [[Special:Notifications]] will have "mark as read" buttons for each day. The non-JavaScript version will get it this week. A JavaScript version will come later. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134204] *Wikis can now locally decide what wikitext they want the signature button to produce. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T26191] * A one-time welcome message for users will now be shown in the wikitext editor. This will include existing users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T133800] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from May 17. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from May 18. It will be on all wikis from May 19 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topics this week are "[[phab:E184|Requirements for change propagation]]". The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=21&min=00&sec=0&day=18&month=05&year=2016 May 18 at 21:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *Using self-closing tags like <code><nowiki><div/></nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki><span/></nowiki></code> to mean <code><nowiki><div></div></nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki><span></span></nowiki></code> will not work in the future. Templates and pages that use these tags should be fixed. When [[phab:T134423|Phabricator ticket T134423]] is fixed these tags will parse as <code><nowiki><div></nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki><span></nowiki></code> instead. This is normal in HTML5. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134423] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/20|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W20"/> 18:01, 16 maj 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15603218 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/21|Tech News: 2016-21]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W21"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You now see a [[MediaWiki:Restricted-displaytitle|warning message]] on pages that try to use <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[:mw:DISPLAYTITLE|DISPLAYTITLE]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki> but it doesn't work because it doesn't match the page's actual title. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28546] '''Problems''' *Commons had problems with server lag. This meant that it took longer time for files to turn up in categories. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T135809] '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 24 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 25 May. It will be on all wikis from 26 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=24&month=05&year=2016 May 24 at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> All HTTP access to Wikimedia sites and APIs will stop working. Some bots still use HTTP. They will need to use HTTPS instead. This will happen on June 12. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-May/085618.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/21|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W21"/> 20:40, 23 maj 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15644507 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/22|Tech News: 2016-22]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W22"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> There is now a standard way to get the target of a redirect page from a Lua module. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T68974] '''Problems''' *A new way to handle rollback was introduced. It broke some tools and scripts and was reverted. This will be re-planned after review. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T88044][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T136375] *[[m:Special:MyLanguage/CentralNotice|CentralNotice]] didn't work in some older browsers. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T136387] '''Changes this week''' * When you edit a file or category page with the visual editor the rest of the page will be shown in its normal place. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T58289] *The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Translate|Translate extension]] will get an edit summary field. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T48924] *A change to the <code><charinsert></code> feature could break some user scripts. Contact [[mw:User_talk:Bawolff|Bawolff]] if the "click to insert special characters" links in the edit window break on your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T11424][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2016-May/001417.html] * [[w:en:Elasticsearch|Elasticsearch]] will be upgraded on Wikimedia wikis this week. This should not affect you, but if you have problems with the search function this is probably the reason. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T133124] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 31 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 1 June. It will be on all wikis from 2 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=31&month=05&year=2016 31 May at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/22|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W22"/> 18:18, 30 maj 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15661119 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/23|Tech News: 2016-23]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W23"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[w:en:MathML|MathML]]/[[w:en:Scalable Vector Graphics|SVG]] is now the default <code><nowiki><math></nowiki></code> rendering mode on Wikimedia projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T131177][http://mathml-association.org/announcement/2016/05/31/wikipedia.html] '''Changes this week''' *The history page can tell you if a page on your watchlist was updated since you last visited it. This now works the same way in [[mw:Skin:Vector|Vector]] as in other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Skins|skins]]. The change broke local designs on some wikis. This will be fixed this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134515] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 June. It will be on all wikis from 9 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/23|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W23"/> 22:51, 6 juni 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15679814 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/24|Tech News: 2016-24]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W24"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikimedia wikis now use [[mw:Manual:SessionManager and AuthManager|AuthManager]]. If you have new problems related to logging in or being logged in, [[mw:User talk:Tgr (WMF)|report them]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2016-June/001426.html] * Visiting [[Special:Notifications]] doesn't automatically mark notifications as read anymore. You can go between read, unread or all notifications on [[Special:Notifications]]. Notifications on [[Special:Notifications]] are grouped by day. You can mark every daily group as read individually. Notifications are displayed by groups of 50 on [[Special:Notifications]] and you can find former notifications by using navigation arrows. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T97057][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T129176][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132738][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T129363] '''Changes this week''' *You can filter user contributions to hide minor edits. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T16086] *It will be easier to edit galleries with the visual editor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T45037] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 14 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 15 June. It will be on all wikis from 16 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/24|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W24"/> 20:41, 13 juni 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15693400 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/25|Tech News: 2016-25]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W25"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="bs" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/25|Translations]] are available. '''Nedavne promjene''' * Notifications were not always marked as read when you followed a link from an email notification. This will now happen. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T137488] '''Promjene ove sedmice''' *The list of other languages an article is available in will be shorter on small Wikipedias and non-Wikipedia projects. This is to make it easier to find the most relevant languages for each user. You will still be able to see the other languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T136677][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Universal_Language_Selector/Design/Interlanguage_links] *Alerts (the red badge) will not be automatically marked as read when you open the Notifications popup. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132525] *When you get several thanks you can see them as one notification. This is instead of one notification for each thanks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120152] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 21 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 22 June. It will be on all wikis from 23 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topic this week is [[phab:T137946|develop Markdown support strategy for MediaWiki]]. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=21&min=00&sec=0&day=22&month=06&year=2016 22 June at 21:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/25|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W25"/> 21:14, 20 juni 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15707329 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/26|Tech News: 2016-26]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W26"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Extension:ORES|ORES service]] has now moved to [https://ores.wikimedia.org a new location]. This should make it easier to use ORES. The [[mw:ORES review tool|ORES review service]] is now available as a beta feature on Wikidata and Persian Wikipedia. ORES is an artificial intelligence system for Wikimedia wikis to help editors. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wiki-research-l/2016-June/005220.html] * The order of wikis in collapsed cross-wiki notifications was different than when the list was expanded. This is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138115] *A new category for tracking pages with math errors was added: [[:{{ns:category}}:{{MediaWiki:math-tracking-category-error}}]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T49037] '''Problems''' *The [[m:Etherpad|Wikimedia Etherpad]] crashed on June 23. Some edits done that day have been lost. They can be found at [https://etherpad-restore.wikimedia.org etherpad-restore.wikimedia.org] for another few days. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138516][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20160623-etherpad] '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 28 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 29 June. It will be on all wikis from 30 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The way to mark notifications as read or unread will be changed to be more clear. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T126214] '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=28&month=06&year=2016 28 June at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The Collaboration team at the Wikimedia Foundation will look at developing better tools for edit review. This is because research suggests we scare away newcomers who want to help. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Edit_Review_Improvements] *An e-mail from the Editing Department explains the technical work that is planned and being researched for the future. Items include better wikitext and visual editing, prompts for edits, language improvements, annotations, and meta-data separation. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/VisualEditor/Roadmap/Update_2016-06-23] * The sorting of Notifications into the two fly-out menus is going to change on July 5 to 7. Bundled notifications should be easier to explore and mark as read individually. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T123018][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T114356][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120153] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> From 29 June git.wikimedia.org (running Gitblit) will redirect all requests to Phabricator. The vast majority of requests should be correctly redirected. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2016-June/000215.html] * Catalan and Polish Wikipedias will have Wikidata descriptions added to articles in the mobile view by default. This is currently a beta option for the mobile versions. This might come to other wikis later. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T135429] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/26|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W26"/> 17:42, 27 juni 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15725931 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/27|Tech News: 2016-27]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W27"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A daily email summary of notifications could be sent even when there were no notifications from the wiki. Now no email will be sent if there is no activity. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T137012] '''Changes this week''' * The "{{int:citoid-citefromidtool-title}}" button in the visual editor's toolbar will move into the "{{int:visualeditor-toolbar-insert}}" menu except for Wikipedias, Wikibookses and Wikiversities. This is to make it less prominent on wikis that don't use it as much. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/#/c/296573/] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 July. It will be on all wikis from 7 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' *You can take part in the next office hour for Wikidata on IRC on July 8 at 16:00 (UTC). See [[m:IRC office hours|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/27|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W27"/> 21:45, 4 juli 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_delivery&oldid=15742782 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/28|Tech News: 2016-28]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W28"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A new image scaler fixed a number of bugs for showing SVG files. Some new problems turned up. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-July/085984.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112421][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139543] * Notifications are grouped by types. They are now counted by number of notifications and not by unread groups. That change may increase the number of notifications displayed. The earlier way of counting was often incorrect. Unread notifications will also be displayed first. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T114356][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139323][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139521] * [[Special:Notifications]] now has a maximum width for the notifications list on desktop computers. This allows long titles and descriptions to be cut properly. Notifications are now also better parsed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T137425][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138433][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139602] '''Problems''' * On 5 July Wikimedia Commons had problems and could not be edited for 20 minutes. For a short while after that the recent changes log and some gadgets were not working properly. It affected administrative actions on other projects too. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20160705-commons-replication] * Users who have multiple unread notifications can mark them as read by visiting [[Special:Notifications]] page on their wiki. '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 July. It will be on all wikis from 14 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=12&month=07&year=2016 12 July at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/28|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W28"/> 17:14, 11 juli 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15754461 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/29|Tech News: 2016-29]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W29"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Due to the rollback, [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications/Notifications_types|new sorting]] of Notifications on the Fly-Out Menus has been deployed with a delay. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T123018] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> Due to the rollback, the daily [[wikitech:SWAT deploys|special patch deployment process]] has been changed. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2016-July/000232.html] * In notifications, "Messages" are now called "{{int:echo-notification-notice-text-only}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139682] '''Problems''' * On July 12 all wikis were rolled back to MediaWiki 1.28.0-wmf.8 due to a problem in the log-in system. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2016-July/000229.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T119736] '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 19 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 20 July. It will be on all wikis from 21 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[Special:Log]] now has a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Log|help link]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140013] * The [[mw:Extension:RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] can be tested [http://simple.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures on the beta cluster]. From 22 July, it will be available as a beta feature at: {{int:Project-localized-name-dewiki}}, {{int:Project-localized-name-arwiki}}, {{int:Project-localized-name-hewiki}}. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140232][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140551][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140545] '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=19&month=07&year=2016 19 July at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topic this week is "Devise plan for a cross-wiki watchlist back-end". The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=21&min=00&sec=0&day=20&month=07&year=2016 20 July at 21:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T126641] '''Future changes''' * User scripts and bots can no longer use http:// to edit wiki pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T105794][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-May/085618.html] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> [[:mw:Gerrit|Gerrit]] is going to be updated. Developers are invited to test it. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2016-July/000236.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/29|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W29"/> 22:18, 18 juli 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Quiddity_(WMF)/sandbox&oldid=15776464 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/30|Tech News: 2016-30]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W30"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Maps|Interactive maps]] have been enabled for Meta wiki and the Catalan, Hebrew, and Macedonian Wikipedias. Learn [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|how to add interactive maps]] to wiki pages. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> Last week's rollback is now documented. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20160712-EchoCentralAuth/Retrospective] '''Problems''' * Sometimes, the visual editor required saving twice. That problem is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140574] '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 27 July. It will be on all wikis from 28 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). * It is now possible to mark all Notifications as read on [[Special:Notifications]], by clicking on the cog icon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T115528] * Wikipedia search will now detect the language of your search if 2 or fewer results are found. It will then show results from the matching language Wikipedia, if any relevant article exists. It will start to roll out in 5 languages. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-July/086096.html] '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=26&month=07&year=2016 26 July at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topic this week is "an extension that implements an authenticated key-value store". The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=21&min=00&sec=0&day=27&month=07&year=2016 27 July at 21:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/E237] '''Future changes''' * The current icon for Notifications "{{int:Echo-notification-notice-text-only}}" (in English "Notices") will be changed from a bubble-speech icon to a tray icon for consistency. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140900] * [[Special:Notifications]] page code will be changed to be more Mobile friendly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140687] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/30|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W30"/> 21:54, 25 juli 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15785767 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/31|Tech News: 2016-31]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W31"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A prototype for [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Structured data|structured data]] on Commons is available now. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons_talk:Structured_data#It.27s_alive.21] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] beta feature can now be tested on mediawiki.org, German Wikipedia, Arabic Wikipedia and Hebrew Wikipedia. '''Problems''' * Renamed users on some wikis were not connected to their account on other wikis between 20 July and 21 July. This has been fixed. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20160721-LocalRenameUserJob] '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 2 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 3 August. It will be on all wikis from 4 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=02&month=08&year=2016 2 August at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * The next [[mw:CREDIT showcase|CREDIT showcase]] will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=18&min=00&sec=0&day=03&month=08&year=2016 3 August at 18:00 (UTC)]. This is to present and comment on new gadgets, small projects and works in progress. See [[mw:CREDIT showcase#Details|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topic this week is "[[phab:T128351|notifications in core]]". The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=21&min=00&sec=0&day=03&month=08&year=2016 3 August at 21:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/31|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W31"/> 23:48, 1 august 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15809313 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/32|Tech News: 2016-32]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W32"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/32|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In notifications, the icon for {{int:echo-notification-notice-text-only}} has been changed from a speech-bubble icon ([[File:Echo chat icon.svg|17px|link=]]) to a tray icon ([[File:OOjs UI icon tray.svg|18px|link=]]) for consistency. The {{int:echo-notification-alert-text-only}} icon has been redesigned too. The colors have been changed for accessibility. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140900] '''Problems''' *If you use the [[mw:Extension:WikEd|wikEd gadget]], changes you made were not kept when you switched from the wikitext editor to the visual editor while you were editing. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T135747] '''Changes this week''' * Wikimedia search will now ignore question marks at the end of the sentences or words you use when you search. Until now the question mark was just a [[w:Wildcard character|wildcard]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T133711] * On Commons, [[mw:Extension:UploadWizard|UploadWizard]] will now be available on mobile, rather than just the old upload form. This should reduce the workload for the community in reviewing images. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T97169] *When you edit with the visual editor a puzzle symbol tells you there is an invisible template in the article. It will now mention the name of the template. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T141861] *The button to read something in another language will move for mobile users. This will happen on 9 August. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T129505] *When someone mentions you and links to your user page you get a notification. You will now get a notification when you mention yourself this way. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138080] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 9 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 10 August. It will be on all wikis from 11 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). * A message on Notifications panel will invite users to try [[Special:Notifications]] page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T141414] '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=09&month=08&year=2016 August 9 at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/32|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W32"/> 17:41, 8 august 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15828694 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/33|Tech News: 2016-33]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W33"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/33|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' *Last week Tech News announced you will get a notification when you mention yourself the same way as if someone else had mentioned you. This caused some problems and will happen later instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138080] * Creating and editing links to sections on other pages on the wiki now works again in the visual editor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112898] * For some users, cross-wiki notifications haven't been working properly. The count has been wrong when only cross-wiki notifications were present. The cross-wiki bundle has been showing only the names of wikis and not the actual notifications. This will be fixed soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140836][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140327] '''Changes this week''' * The login session when you choose "Keep me logged in" will [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/"Keep me logged in" extended to one year|now last a year]]. Previously it was 30 days. This will happen on August 16. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T68699] * Some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] will have to be updated during the week. This is because a bug will be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29987] *In [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector/Compact Language Links|compact language links]], two new kinds of languages will be shown in the shorter language list: Languages that are used in the article's text, and languages where the article has a badge like "featured article" or "good article". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T70071][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T70077] *The visual editor will be available by default for logged-out editors on Wikipedias that use the Arabic script. It is already default for logged-in editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T142587] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from August 16. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from August 17. It will be on all wikis from August 18 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=16&month=08&year=2016 August 16 at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Starting the week of August 22 there will be three software deployment windows. They will be at 13:00, 18:00, and 23:00 UTC. This is to have more times when software of the wikis can be updated and make it easier for developers in different parts of the world. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2016-August/000266.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/33|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W33"/> 21:37, 15 august 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15842212 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/34|Tech News: 2016-34]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W34"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ORES review tool|ORES review tool]] is now available on Special:Contributions as a beta feature. It can make it easier to find contributions that are probably damaging the wikis. The ORES review tool is available on Wikidata and Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Dutch, Turkish and Russian Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132371] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> The <code>norm</code> and <code>ccnorm</code> functions have been updated to make it easier to write abuse filters. This also affects the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TitleBlacklist|TitleBlacklist]] extension. You don't have to transform "I" and "L" to "1", "O" to "0" and "S" to "5" anymore. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29987#2557227] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> The old pageview data in the "pagecounts-raw" and "pagecounts-all-sites" files is no longer being updated. You can find the [https://dumps.wikimedia.org/other/pageviews/ new pageview data here]. This happened on August 5. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/analytics/2016-August/005339.html] '''Problems''' *Some big image files could not be thumbnailed. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T111815] * When you moved a page over a redirect it would delete the redirect without saving it in the logs. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T106119] '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 23 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 24 August. It will be on all wikis from 25 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=23&month=08&year=2016 23 August at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Sometimes when you mention another user they don't get a notification. You will be able to get a notification when you successfully sent out a mention to someone or be told if they did not get a notification. This will be opt-in. You can test this on the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page test wiki]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139623][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T135717] * How you add text after an edit conflict might work in a different way in the future. You can test [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Edit_Conflicts#Prototype_ready_for_testing the prototype]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139601] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/34|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W34"/> 23:18, 22 august 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15853364 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/35|Tech News: 2016-35]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W35"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikimedia mobile sites now [[mw:Reading/Web/Projects/Performance/Lazy loading images|don't load images]] if the user doesn't see them. This is to save mobile data and make the pages load faster. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/mobile-l/2016-August/010335.html] * When you edit a table with the visual editor, pressing <code>Tab</code> in the last cell of a row will take you to the first cell in the next row. Pressing <code>Shift</code> and <code>Tab</code> in the first cell of a row will take you to the last cell in the previous row. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T119546] '''Changes this week''' * The name of the "<bdi>{{int:Savearticle}}</bdi>" button will change. The button will say [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translations&namespace=8&message=Publishpage "<bdi>{{int:Publishpage}}</bdi>"] when you create a new page. It will say [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translations&namespace=8&message=Publishchanges "<bdi>{{int:Publishchanges}}</bdi>"] when you change an existing page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T131132][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139033] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 30 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 31 August. It will be on all wikis from 1 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=30&month=08&year=2016 30 August at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topic this week is "[[phab:T589|RfC: image and oldimage tables]]". The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=21&min=00&sec=0&day=31&month=08&year=2016 31 August at 21:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/35|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W35"/> 17:59, 29 august 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15867259 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/36|Tech News: 2016-36]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W36"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/36|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *Word-level diffs now work in longer paragraphs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T128697] * Interactive maps now have a frame by default. This is to make them look like other multimedia objects. This affects all Wikivoyages, the Catalan, Hebrew, Macedonian Wikipedias and Meta. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T128913] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> When you preview the [[MediaWiki:Captcha-ip-whitelist]] page it will show a validation output of the listed [[:w:en:IP address|IP addresses]] instead of the list of addresses only. This can help you to identify if your whitelist rules will work or not. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T129757] '''Changes this week''' *You will be able to use <code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#<maplink>|<maplink>]]</code> on all Wikipedias. It creates a link to a full screen map. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-August/086391.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T144062] *Sometimes when you mention another user they don't get a notification. You will be able to get a notification when you successfully send out a mention to someone or be told if they did not get a notification. This will be opt-in. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T144181][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T143101] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 September. It will be on all wikis from 8 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=06&month=09&year=2016 6 September at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CheckUser|CheckUser extension]] could work differently in the future. There is a [[mw:Requests for comment/CheckUser requirements|Request for Comments]] to figure out how. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139810] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/36|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W36"/> 19:12, 5 septembar 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15881619 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/37|Tech News: 2016-37]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W37"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Wikimedia Commons app for Android can now show nearby places that need photos. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-September/086429.html] *<code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#<maplink>|<nowiki><maplink></nowiki>]]</code> and <code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#<mapframe> usage|<nowiki><mapframe></nowiki>]]</code> can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#GeoShapes external data|use geodata]] from [[:w:en:Open Street Map|Open Street Map]] if Open Street Map has defined a region and given it an ID in Wikidata. You can use this to draw on the map and add information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134086][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2016-September/001469.html] '''Changes this week''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] will be available as a beta feature on all wikis from 13 September. This will make it easier to navigate between diffs in the page history. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T143421] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> A new user right will allow most users to change the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|content model]] of pages. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2016-September/001468.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2016-September/001470.html] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 13 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 14 September. It will be on all wikis from 15 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=13&month=09&year=2016 13 September at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * When you search on the Wikimedia wikis in the future you could see results from sister projects in your language. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2016-September/001466.html read more and discuss how this could work]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/37|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W37"/> 20:04, 12 septembar 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15900005 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/38|Tech News: 2016-38]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W38"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/38|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' *Last week's MediaWiki update was rolled back because of bugs. Creating new accounts did not work between [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=12&min=50&sec=0&day=16&month=09&year=2016 15 September 19:10 UTC] and [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=12&min=50&sec=0&day=16&month=09&year=2016 16 September 12:50 UTC]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-September/086536.html][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20160915-MediaWiki] '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will hopefully be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 20 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 21 September. It will be on all wikis from 22 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). This is the version that was meant to go out last week. '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=20&month=09&year=2016 20 September at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topic this week is [[phab:T107595|multi-content revisions]]. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=21&min=00&sec=0&day=21&month=09&year=2016 21 September at 21:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Wikidata will start working on adding support for Wiktionary. The Wikidata development team is now taking one last look at [[wikidata:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wiktionary/Development/Proposals/2015-05|the development plan]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2016-September/009541.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/38|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W38"/> 00:08, 20 septembar 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15921906 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/39|Tech News: 2016-39]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W39"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * If your wiki wants [[m:Community Tech/Numerical sorting in categories|numerical sorting in categories]] you can request it after a community decision. See [[m:Community Tech/Numerical sorting in categories/How to request|how to request it]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2016-September/001477.html] * When you edit text and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications/Notifications types#Mentions|mention]] a new username they are notified if you add your signature. Before this only happened under certain conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138938] * Users are notified if they are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications/Notifications types#Mentions|mentioned]] in a section where you add your own signature even if you edit more than one section. Before, users were not notified if you edited more than one section in one edit. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T141863] '''Problems''' * The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.19|MediaWiki version]] that was supposed to come to the wikis two weeks ago was put on hold again because of new problems. The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.20|MediaWiki version]] after it is now on all wikis. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-September/086564.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-September/086576.html] '''Changes this week''' * There will be no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-September/086563.html] '''Meetings''' * You can join the next office hour with the Wikidata team. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=16&min=00&sec=0&day=27&month=09&year=2016 September 27 at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[d:Wikidata:Events#IRC office hours|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> Abandoned tools on [[wikitech:Portal:Tool Labs|Tool Labs]] could be taken over by other developers. There is a new [[m:Requests for comment/Abandoned Labs tools|discussion on Meta]] about this. It will be discussed until 12 October and then voted on. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T87730] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/39|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W39"/> 20:07, 26 septembar 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15934983 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/40|Tech News: 2016-40]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W40"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/40|Translations]] are available. '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 4 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 5 October. It will be on all wikis from 6 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=04&month=10&year=2016 4 October at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> [[w:en:HTML Tidy|Tidy]] will be replaced. Instead the HTML 5 parsing algorithm will be used to clean up bad HTML in wikitext. This [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|would cause problems]] on a number of wikis. They need to be fixed first. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T89331] * <code><nowiki><slippymap></nowiki></code> will not work on Wikivoyage after 24 October. You should use <code><nowiki><mapframe></nowiki></code> instead. If you need help to fix this before 24 October you should [[mw:Talk:Maps|ask for it]] as soon as possible. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T136768] * '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/40|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W40"/> 23:30, 3 oktobar 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15955794 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/41|Tech News: 2016-41]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W41"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can show [[Special:RecentChanges]] on a page by using <code><nowiki>{{Special:RecentChanges}}</nowiki></code>. You can now use tag filters by using <code><nowiki>{{Special:RecentChanges/tagfilter=tagname}}</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T142878] * The notification badge is coloured if you have notifications. When you check the notification the badge will now turn grey on all wikis instead of just the local one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134855] * Colours used in the Wikimedia wikis' main interface changed slightly. This is to make them [http://www.w3.org/TR/UNDERSTANDING-WCAG20/visual-audio-contrast-contrast.html easier to see] for readers and editors with reduced eyesight. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T109915] '''Changes this week''' * Hidden HTML comments will be more visible when you edit with the visual editor. <code><nowiki><!-- You write hidden HTML comments like this. --></nowiki></code> [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T147089] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 11 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 12 October. It will be on all wikis from 13 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=11&month=10&year=2016 11 October at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topics this week is [[phab:T139300|CREDITS files]]. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=21&min=00&sec=0&day=12&month=10&year=2016 12 October at 21:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Language converter syntax will soon no longer work inside external links. Wikitext like <code><nowiki>http://-{zh-cn:foo.com; zh-hk:bar.com; zh-tw:baz.com}-</nowiki></code> must be replaced. You will have to write <code><nowiki>-{zh-cn: http://foo.com ; zh-hk: http://bar.com ; zh-tw:http://baz.com }-</nowiki></code> instead. This only affects languages with Language Converter enabled. Examples of such languages are Chinese and Serbian. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commons_talk%3AWikiProject_Templates&type=revision&diff=208221135&oldid=168939481] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/41|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W41"/> 22:29, 10 oktobar 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15976026 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/42|Tech News: 2016-42]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W42"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Collaboration/Newsletter|new newsletter]] from the [[mw:Collaboration|Collaboration team]] at the Wikimedia Foundation. It will have more details about for example Flow and notifications. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Collaboration/Newsletter/Issues/October 2016|read the first issue]]. '''Problems''' * Some users got a warning about Wikipedia's [[w:en:Public key certificate#Certificates and website security|security certificate]] last week. This was because of a problem [[w:en:GlobalSign|GlobalSign]] had. This has now been fixed. Only a small number of users got the warning. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20161013-GlobalSign] * Editors couldn't edit semi-protected pages in the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android. This has now been fixed in the beta version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132834] '''Changes this week''' * There will be no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deployments&oldid=898289] '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Editing|Editing Department]] are working on a new wikitext editor. It will have tools that are in the visual editor but not in the wikitext editor today. You can [[mw:2017 wikitext editor|read more about this]]. This is an early plan and things can change. The old wikitext editor will still exist. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/42|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W42"/> 18:42, 17 oktobar 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=15986496 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/43|Tech News: 2016-43]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W43"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/43|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' *The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] had a problem and caught too many edits. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148673] '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from October 25. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from October 26. It will be on all wikis from October 27 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The "Search" text in the search box will show the name of the project. For example, on Wikipedia it will say "Search Wikipedia". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T144640] * About a dozen wikis now have [[m:Community Tech/Numerical sorting in categories|numerical sorting in categories]]. If your wiki wants numerical sorting in categories you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech/Numerical sorting in categories/How to request|ask for it]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146675] * Some wikis that want [[m:Community Tech/Numerical sorting in categories|numerical sorting in categories]] can also ask to use [[w:en:Unicode collation algorithm|UCA]] to sort categories. The biggest difference is that characters with [[w:en:Diacritic|diacritics]] will be sorted together. For example, for most languages Ä will be sorted with A instead of at the end of the alphabet. This is not true for languages that have Ä as a character in their alphabet. Wikis that already use UCA are [[m:Collation|listed on Meta]]. Languages that can use UCA [[mw:Manual:$wgCategoryCollation#Language-specific collations|are listed on MediaWiki.org]]. You [https://ssl.icu-project.org/icu-bin/collation.html can test it]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/43|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W43"/> 19:39, 24 oktobar 2016 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16009260 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/44|Tech News: 2016-44]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W44"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Now you can include Commons video films with [[c:Commons:Video#Subtitles and closed captioning|subtitles]] in your wiki language. Before you could see translated videos on file page at Commons only. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T122737] * Search now has [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-searchoptions|an updated preference tab]] to configure the search completion suggester. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148010] * The visual editor is now available on all wikis using only one language script. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T142589] '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from November 1<sup>st</sup>. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from November 2<sup>nd</sup>. It will be on all wikis from November 3<sup>rd</sup> ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Now you can use autocomplete for page names in "{{int:Templatesandbox-editform-legend}}" field when editing templates. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148324] * [[Special:NewPages|Special:NewPages]] can now be filtered by page size. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12817] '''Future changes''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> New MediaWiki deployments will be now based on MediaWiki 1.29. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-October/086859.html] '''Miscellaneous''' * The Wikimedia Foundation's [[mw:Technical Collaboration Guideline|Technical Collaboration Guideline]] is available for community review. [[mw:Talk:Technical Collaboration Guideline|Any feedback welcome]], in any language. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/44|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W44"/> 17:18, 31 oktobar 2016 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16023741 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/45|Tech News: 2016-45]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W45"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [https://blog.wikimedia.org/2016/11/02/victoria-coleman-chief-technology-officer/ Victoria Coleman] is the new [[w:en:Chief technology officer|Chief technology officer]] for the Wikimedia Foundation. [https://blog.wikimedia.org/2016/11/02/victoria-coleman-chief-technology-officer/] * First release candidate for MediaWiki 1.28 is now available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/diffusion/MW/browse/REL1_28/RELEASE-NOTES-1.28] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> <span dir="ltr"><code>.gitreview</code></span> for MediaWiki branches and extensions switched from targeting a specific branch to using <code>track=1</code>. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-October/086900.html] * Section numbers in Table of Contents boxes will use grey to improve readability. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T125317] '''Changes this week''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/2016 Community Wishlist Survey|2016 Community Wishlist Survey]] begins on 7 November. * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from November 8th. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from November 9th. It will be on all wikis from November 10th ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[Special:ActiveUsers|Special:ActiveUsers]] will allow users groups selection. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T116354] '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=20&min=00&sec=00&day=08&month=11&year=2016 8 November 2016 at 20:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topics this week are Image Thumbnail API and allow SVG files uploaded on MediaWiki to have XHTML namespaces. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=21&min=00&sec=0&day=09&month=11&year=2016 9 November at 21:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] will be enabled by default on all beta wikis, on testwiki, testwiki2, mediawikiwiki and de.wikipedia.org. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148646][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T149724][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T149725] * Upcoming holidays will impact deployments. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2016-November/000331.html The schedule has been published]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/45|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W45"/> 00:01, 8 novembar 2016 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16043353 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/46|Tech News: 2016-46]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W46"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *When you edit with the visual editor you can use <code>meta</code> + <code>shift</code> + <code>k</code> to add a reference. The meta key is often the control key or command key. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T99299] '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from November 15. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from November 16. It will be on all wikis from November 17 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]). *In [[Special:Preferences]] you can choose which language menus and buttons will be in. If there is no translation for that language, MediaWiki has a list of [[mw:Fallback languages|fallback languages]]. A fallback language is a language many will understand better than English. MediaWiki will now use English when there is no Ukrainian translation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T39314] '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=15&month=11&year=2016 15 November at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Help:Magic links|Magic links]] might not work in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2016-November/001500.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/46|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W46"/> 20:17, 14 novembar 2016 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16056918 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/47|Tech News: 2016-47]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W47"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/47|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Administrators, bureaucrats, oversighters and checkusers can now use [[w:en:Multi-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]]. This makes their Wikimedia accounts more secure. This can be turned on in [[Special:Preferences]]. There are discussions on how to best turn it on for everyone. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Two-factor_authentication] *You can now search for file properties. For example you can search for media type, how big a file is or what resolution it has. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:CirrusSearch#File_properties_search] *The latest [[m:Collaboration/Newsletter/Issues/2016/11|Collaboration team products newsletter]] has been published. It has more details about their work than Tech News has. '''Problems''' * A hacker group is hacking Wikimedia accounts. They can probably do this because users have the same passwords on Wikimedia wikis as on other sites. Please have a password you use only on the Wikimedia wikis and nowhere else. This is especially important for administrators, bureaucrats, oversighters and checkusers. These users can also turn on [[w:en:Multi-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-November/087008.html] '''Changes this week''' *There is no new MediaWiki version this week. *[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] will be a default feature on German, Arabic and Hebrew Wikipedia. This will happen on 22 November. It will come to other wikis later. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148646][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T149995][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150573] '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=22&month=11&year=2016 22 November at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *It will be possible to do cross-wiki search. The developers who work on this are looking for communities that want to test this. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2016-November/001502.html] *[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features/Hovercards|Hovercards]] will leave the [[w:en:Software release life cycle#Beta|beta stage]]. The Wikimedia Foundation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Team|Reading Web]] team wants communities to set Hovercards as a default option for readers who are not logged in. Communities that are interested can say so on the [[mw:Talk: Beta Features/Hovercards|Hovercards talk page]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-November/087041.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/47|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W47"/> 16:32, 21 novembar 2016 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16088076 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/48|Tech News: 2016-48]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W48"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/48|Translations]] are available. '''Changes this week''' *When someone tries to log in to a blocked account they will be blocked by a [[w:en:HTTP cookie|cookie]]. This means their [[w:en:Web browser|browser]] will be blocked even if they change their [[w:en:IP address|IP address]]. This makes it more difficult for returning vandals. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T5233] *When you use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content Translation]] to adapt a template to a new translation it will work differently. You can adapt big templates such as infoboxes. Translators will have control over the template parameters. A first version of this is released this week. It is possible it will not work correctly with all templates. There will be more updates for this soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139332] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 29 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 30 November. It will be on all wikis from 1 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]). * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> Gadgets will have a new option called "hidden". This means you can register gadgets that can't be turned on or off from the preferences page. Hiding gadgets was already possible by using <code>[rights=hidden]</code>. You should now use <code>[hidden]</code> instead. <code>[rights=hidden]</code> in old gadgets should be changed to <code>[hidden]</code>. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Gadgets#Options][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T33150] '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=29&month=11&year=2016 29 November at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> [[toollabs:|Tool Labs]] could get two new policies. One would be to be able to [[wikitech:Help:Tool Labs/Abandoned tool policy|adopt tools without an active developer]]. The other would be [[wikitech:Help:Tool Labs/Right to fork policy|a right to fork]]. There is a [[m:Requests for comment/Abandoned Labs tools|request for comment on Meta]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/48|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W48"/> 22:16, 28 novembar 2016 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16107197 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/49|Tech News: 2016-49]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W49"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/49|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *You can choose to see users from specific user groups in [[Special:ActiveUsers]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T116354] *Everyone can now see [[Special:UserRights]]. Previously only those who could change user rights could. Other users got an error message. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T27319] *[[m:Objective Revision Evaluation Service|ORES]] can now show how likely an edit is to be damaging to the wiki with different colours. This only works for languages that have [[m:Wiki labels|trained ORES]] to recognize damaging edits. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T144922] '''Changes this week''' *You will now see categories with 0 pages in [[Special:Categories]]. Previously you did not see empty categories there. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12915] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 December. It will be on all wikis from 8 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=20&min=00&sec=0&day=06&month=12&year=2016 6 December at 20:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[m:2016 Community Wishlist Survey|2016 Community Wishlist Survey]] will decide what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech]] team will work on next year. You vote for wishes on the [[m:2016 Community Wishlist Survey|survey page]] until 12 December. You can see what has happened to last year's wishes on the [[m:2015 Community Wishlist Survey/Results|2015 results page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/49|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W49"/> 19:06, 5 decembar 2016 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16129460 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/50|Tech News: 2016-50]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W50"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *Users who have Yahoo email addresses could not use [[Special:EmailUser|Special:EmailUser]] to send emails. This has now been fixed. Emails will now come from a @wikimedia.org address. Users who get an email from you will still reply to your email address and be able to see it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T66795] * You can now see how many categories and pages there are in the categories in [[Special:TrackingCategories|Special:TrackingCategories]]. This is to help you find pages that could need attention. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/#/c/321225/] * Markup colours for reviewed and pending revisions in [[m:Help:Page history|the page history]] and [[Special:SpecialPages|recent changes and logs]] now match [[phab:M82|Wikimedia standard colours]]. The "You have a new message on your talk page" notification will have a slightly different colour. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-December/087151.html] '''Problems''' *Because of work on [[m:Community Tech/Cross-wiki watchlist|cross-wiki watchlists]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global rename policy|global renaming]] is not working. The plan is to turn it on again on 16 December. Global renaming was turned off for a while in late November and early December as well. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148242] '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 13 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 14 December. It will be on all wikis from 15 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=20&min=00&sec=0&day=13&month=12&year=2016 December 13 at 20:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/50|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W50"/> 20:29, 12 decembar 2016 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16155075 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/51|Tech News: 2016-51]] == <section begin="technews-2016-W51"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 9 January 2017. * The writers of the technical newsletter are asking for your opinion. Did you get the information you wanted this year? Did we miss important technical news in 2016? What kind of information was too late? [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Please tell us]]! You can write in your language. Thank you! '''Recent changes''' * Administrators and translation administrators can now use [[m:Special:PageLanguage|Special:PageLanguage]] on wikis with the [[m:Translate extension|Translate extension]]. This means you can say what language a page is in. The Translate extension will use that language as the source language when you translate. Previously this was always the wiki's default language. This was usually English. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T153209] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> Wikis connected to Wikidata can now use the parser function <code><nowiki>{{#statements: }}</nowiki></code> to get formatted data. You can also use <code><nowiki>{{#property: }}</nowiki></code> to get raw data. You [https://de.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Statements can see the difference] between the two statements. There are also similar new functions in Lua. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T152780] '''Problems''' * Some abuse filters for uploaded files have not worked as they should. We don't know exactly which filters didn't work yet. This means some files that filters should have prevented from being uploaded were uploaded to the wikis. MediaWiki.org and Testwiki have been affected since 13 October. Commons and Meta have been affected since 17 October. Other wikis have been affected since 17 November. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T153217#2876258] '''Changes this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. There will be no new MediaWiki version next week either. '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The next meeting with the VisualEditor team will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=20&min=00&sec=0&day=03&month=01&year=2017 3 January at 20:00 (UTC)]. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/2016 Community Wishlist Survey|2016 Community Wishlist Survey]] is done. It decides what the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on during 2017. You can [[m:2016 Community Wishlist Survey/Results|see the results]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/51|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W51"/> 21:33, 19 decembar 2016 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16167800 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/02|Tech News: 2017-02]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W02"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tabular Data|datasets on Commons]]. You can [[w:en:Template:Graph:Weather monthly history|see an example]] that is using [[c:Data:Ncei.noaa.gov/weather/New York City.tab|this source]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-December/087313.html] * There is a new opt-in beta feature of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|wikitext mode for the visual editor]]. You can [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|try it out]]. * When you update a page with translations on wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Translate|Translate extension]] the existing translations will be marked as outdated instead of removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T60429] * The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki was released to all wikis last week ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[mw:MoodBar|MoodBar]] has been removed from the Wikimedia wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T131340] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]] The <code>live</code> option for the Tipsy notice tool has been removed. Gadgets and user scripts which use it need to be updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85048] '''Problems''' * Editors who use Firefox 50 might get logged out or fail to save their edits. This is because of a browser bug. Until this is fixed you can enter <code>about:config</code> in the address bar and set <code>network.cookie.maxPerHost</code> to 5000. Firefox 50 is the current version of the Firefox. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T151770] '''Changes this week''' * There is no new version of MediaWiki this week because of the [[mw:Wikimedia Developer Summit|Wikimedia Developer Summit]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/02|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W02"/> 20:12, 9 januar 2017 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16213513 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/03|Tech News: 2017-03]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W03"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now upload [[w:en:WebP|WebP files]] to Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T27397] '''Problems''' * [https://tools.wmflabs.org/video2commons/ video2commons] was down for two weeks. This was because of a problem with Commons video transcoders. It is now back up. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T153488] '''Changes this week''' *There is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words|magic word]] called <code><nowiki>{{PAGELANGUAGE}}</nowiki></code>. It returns the language of the page you are at. This can be used on wikis with more than one language to make it easier for translators. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T59603] *When an admin blocks a user or deletes or protects a page they give a reason why. They can now get suggestions when they write. The suggestions will be based on the messages in the dropdown menu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T34950] * You will be able to use <code><nowiki><chem></nowiki></code> to write chemical formulas. Before you could use <code><nowiki><ce></nowiki></code>. <code><nowiki><ce></nowiki></code> should be replaced by <code><nowiki><chem></nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T153606] * You now can add exceptions for categories which shouldn't be shown on [[Special:UncategorizedCategories]]. The list is at [[MediaWiki:Uncategorized-categories-exceptionlist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T126117] * The "Columns" and "Rows" settings will be removed from the Editing tab in Preferences. If you wish to keep what the "Rows" setting did you can add this code to [[Special:MyPage/common.css|your personal CSS]]: <code><nowiki>#wpTextbox1 { height: 50em; }</nowiki></code> You can change the number <code>50</code> to make it look like you want to. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T26430] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> Sometimes edits in MediaWiki by mistake are shown coming from private IP addresses such as [[w:en:localhost|127.0.0.1]]. Edits and other contributions logged to these IP addresses will be blocked and shown the reason from [[MediaWiki:Softblockrangesreason]]. This should not affect most users. Bots and other tools running on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Labs|Wikimedia Labs]], including [[wikitech:Portal:Tool Labs|Tool Labs]] will receive a "blocked" error if they try to edit without being logged in. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T154698] *When you edit with the visual editor categories will be on the top of the page options menu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T74399] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 17 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 18 January. It will be on all wikis from 19 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=20&min=00&sec=0&day=17&month=01&year=2017 January 17 at 20:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/03|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W03"/> 00:24, 17 januar 2017 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16230728 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/04|Tech News: 2017-04]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W04"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/04|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can see a list of the templates on a page you edit with the visual editor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T149009] '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 24 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 25 January. It will be on all wikis from 26 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/04|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W04"/> 21:14, 23 januar 2017 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16249712 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/05|Tech News: 2017-05]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W05"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/05|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:OAuth|OAuth]] management interfaces now look slightly different. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T96154] '''Changes this week''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ElectronPdfService|ElectronPdfService]] will be enabled by default on Meta and German Wikipedia. This is a new way to get articles as PDF files you can download. It will come to more wikis later. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150185] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from January 31. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from February 1. It will be on all wikis from February 2 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' *The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech team|Community Tech team]] will develop more tools to handle harassment of Wikimedia editors. The goal is to give the communities better tools to find, report and evaluate harassment. They will also work on more effective blocking tools. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_health_initiative][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2017-January/086013.html] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> The Wikimedia technical community is doing a [[mw:Developer Wishlist|Developer Wishlist survey]]. Developers can propose ideas before 31 January [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20170131T235959&p1=1440 23:59 UTC]. This is soon. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/05|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W05"/> 19:45, 30 januar 2017 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16270007 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/06|Tech News: 2017-06]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W06"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/06|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The block log sometimes showed blocks as being much longer than they were. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156453] '''Changes this week''' * Wikimedia pages will now be better at showing pictures when you share them on social media. The descriptions will be different too. You can see an example of [[phab:F5432146|before]] and [[phab:F5432049|after]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T157055] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> There are some changes to the [[mw:OOjs UI|OOjs UI]]. Some old functions will not work anymore or not work as they used to. This could be a breaking change. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2017-February/087547.html] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 February. It will be on all wikis from 9 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=20&min=00&sec=0&day=07&month=02&year=2017 7 February at 20:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> [[w:en:HTML Tidy|Tidy]] will be replaced later this year. Instead, the HTML 5 parsing algorithm will be used to clean up bad HTML in wikitext. This [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|will cause problems]] on a number of wikis. They need to be fixed first. You can see if your wiki still has something to fix [https://tools.wmflabs.org/wikitext-deprecation/ here] for one of the HTML problems. This list does not cover all problems. You can read about [[mw: Parsing/Replacing Tidy#Things to fix|more problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T89331][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134423] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/06|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W06"/> 20:45, 6 februar 2017 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16292356 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/07|Tech News: 2017-07]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W07"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> [[wikitech:EventStreams|EventStreams]] is a new way to show activity on Wikimedia wikis. For now it works with the recent changes feed. It will do more things later. It will replace [[wikitech:RCStream|RCStream]]. Tools that use RCStream should move to EventStreams before 7 July. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/analytics/2017-February/005711.html] '''Problems''' * The [[w:en:Add-on (Mozilla)|Firefox add-on]] [https://firefogg.org/ Firefogg] can cause problems with the Upload Wizard. This will not be fixed, because Firefox will not support Firefogg in the future. The Upload Wizard will no longer work with Firefogg. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T157201] * [[wikitech:Portal:Tool Labs|Tool Labs]] and [[wikitech:Portal:Wikimedia Labs|Wikimedia Labs]] databases will be under maintenance on 15 February. This will start at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=17&min=00&sec=0&day=15&month=02&year=2017 17:00 (UTC)] and last for about six hours. Some tools could have problems during or after this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T157358] '''Changes this week''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TwoColConflict|TwoColConflict]] extension is a new way to solve edit conflicts. It makes it easier to copy and paste the relevant text to the text field. It will come to Meta and German Wikipedia this week. It is already available on MediaWiki.org. It will come to more wikis later. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Edit_Conflicts] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 14 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 15 February. It will be on all wikis from 16 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=20&min=00&sec=0&day=14&month=02&year=2017 14 February at 20:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Beta Features/Hovercards|Page Previews]] will be turned on for logged-out users on the Catalan, Greek, Russian, and Italian Wikipedias in the middle of February. Page Previews shows readers a short part of a linked article when they rest their mouse pointer on the link. This is to help them understand what it is about without leaving the article they are reading. Page Previews used to be called Hovercards. It will come to more wikis later this spring. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Beta_Features/Hovercards#Rollout_Plan] *<span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:Developer Wishlist|Developer Wishlist]] is a list where developers prioritize tools they need. The voting closes at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=23&min=59&sec=0&day=14&month=02&year=2017 14 February 23:59 (UTC)]. This process is only for developers. '''Review''' * You can read the [[mw:Wikimedia Product/2016 Product Summary|2016 product summary]] from the Wikimedia Foundation [[mw:Wikimedia Product|Product group]] to see what they did with things they said they would work on in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2016-2017/Final|annual plan]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/07|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W07"/> 19:06, 13 februar 2017 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16298673 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/08|Tech News: 2017-08]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W08"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *The edit summary box is now a little bit bigger. This is to make it follow the [[phab:M101|Wikimedia design guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T152025] '''Changes this week''' * [[mw:Page Previews|Page Previews]] will be updated on 23 February. This fixes many bugs. Page Previews can be turned on as the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] called Hovercards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156290] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> There has been a problem where the [[w:en:Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] of [[w:en:Wikipedia:Gadget|gadgets]] has been loading twice. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets extension]] has two new options: <code>type</code> and <code>peers</code>. The <code>type</code> option solves this problem. You can use <code>peers</code> to create gadgets with more than one style module. Read more about [[mw:RL/MGU#Gadget type|type]] and [[mw:RL/MGU#Gadget peers|peers]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T42284] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:OAuth|OAuth]] will handle blocked users in a more consistent way. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156803] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 21 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 22 February. It will be on all wikis from 23 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=20&min=00&sec=0&day=14&month=02&year=2017 21 February at 20:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/08|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W08"/> 20:25, 20 februar 2017 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16341672 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/09|Tech News: 2017-09]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W09"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/09|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' *On 22 February the [https://www.wikipedia.org wikipedia.org] portal did not work for an hour. This was because of a problem with a JavaScript file. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20170222-www-portals] '''Changes this week''' *You will be able to use <code><nowiki><chem></nowiki></code> to write chemical formulas in the visual editor. Previously this only worked in the wikitext editor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T153365] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 28 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 1 March. It will be on all wikis from 2 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=20&min=00&sec=0&day=28&month=02&year=2017 28 February at 20:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *You can soon upload 3D files to Commons. The file formats are [[w:Additive Manufacturing File Format|AMF]] and [[w:STL (file format)|STL]]. The plan is for this to work later this week but it could be later. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132058] *The name "Wikipedia" will be more obvious at the top of the page when you read Wikipedia in the mobile view. This is because many readers don't realize they are on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148514][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Reading/Web/Projects/Improve_site_branding] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/09|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W09"/> 20:55, 27 februar 2017 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16361695 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/10|Tech News: 2017-10]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W10"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now search on English, French, Hebrew and Greek wikis and find words even if you forget the [[w:diacritics|diacritics]]. It also works if you use diacritics in your search but the wiki doesn't. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T155515] *When you use the mobile view and click on a link to an article in another language you will see that article in the mobile view. Previously it changed to the desktop view. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156578] '''Problems''' * Some watchlist gadgets didn't work for a period of time last week. This has now been fixed. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2017-March/date.html] * Admins who click on "mass delete" on a user's [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] will be taken directly to a list pages created by that user. It has worked like this before, but not lately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T158502] '''Changes this week''' *The way you switch between wikitext and the visual editors in the desktop view has changed. It is now a drop-down menu. This is the same as in the mobile view. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T116417] *The "flag the edit in the abuse log" checkbox will be removed from the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filter]] interface. This is because the edits are always flagged in the abuse log. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T154091] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 March. It will be on all wikis from 9 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=20&min=00&sec=0&day=07&month=03&year=2017 7 March at 20:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Clarification''' *The [[m:Tech/News/2017/09|2017/09 issue of Tech News]] mentioned 3D file formats you can soon upload to Commons. The [[w:Additive Manufacturing File Format|AMF]] format will be available later. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/10|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W10"/> 00:23, 7 mart 2017 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16379261 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/11|Tech News: 2017-11]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W11"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/11|Translations]] are available. '''Changes this week''' * You will be able to show references from <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code> tags in more than one column on your wiki. This is the list of footnotes for the sources in the article. How many columns you see will depend on how big your screen is. On some wikis, some templates already do this. Templates that use <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code> tags will need to be updated, and then later the change can happen for all reference lists. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Editing/Projects/Columns_for_references][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T33597#3082884] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 14 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 15 March. It will be on all wikis from 16 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=14&month=03&year=2017 14 March at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *Some old [[w:en:Web browser|web browsers]] will not be able to use [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] on Wikimedia wikis in the future. If you have an old web browser on your computer you can upgrade to a newer version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T128115] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> [[w:en:Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] in templates will be stored in a separate page in the future. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Topic:Tl7vrw6suzkxxoy9][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:TemplateStyles/Q%26A] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/11|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W11"/> 16:25, 13 mart 2017 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16416593 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/12|Tech News: 2017-12]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W12"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/12|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The <code>Save page</code> button now says <code>Publish page</code> or <code>Publish changes</code> on the Wikimedia wikis except for Wikipedias and Wikinewses. This change will come to Wikipedias later. The point is to make it more clear that the edit will change the page immediately. <code>Publish page</code> is when you save a new page and <code>Publish changes</code> when you edit an existing page. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Editing/Publish] * [[w:en:DMOZ|DMOZ]] no longer works. Templates that use DMOZ can be redirected to [[w:en:Wayback Machine|archive.org]] or another [[:w:en:Website#mirror site|mirror]]. DMOZ has been removed from the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RelatedSites|RelatedSites extension]] on Wikivoyage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T128326] * You can see monthly page views when you click on <code>Page information</code> in the sidebar. Developers can also get monthly page views through the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T125917] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Linter|Linter extension]] is now on [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=small.dblist smaller Wikimedia wikis]. It helps editors find some wikitext errors so they can be fixed. It will come to other Wikimedia wikis later. The extension will be able to find more errors later. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148609] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki-Vagrant|MediaWiki-Vagrant]] portable development environment has been updated to use [[:w:en:Debian version history#Debian 8 (Jessie)|Debian Jessie]]. This means local development and testing will be more like on the majority of Wikimedia production servers. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2017-March/087762.html] '''Problems''' * On 15 March some interwiki links to other languages were not correctly sorted. This has been fixed. If you still see pages where the interwiki links are not sorted as they should be, they should be fixed automatically with time or you can edit the page and save it without changing anything. If this doesn't work, please [[phab:T160465|report it]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T160465] '''Changes this week''' * When you edit with the visual editor, you will be able to switch the direction you write in from right-to-left to left-to-right as you are editing. This is especially important for editors who edit in languages that write from right to left. You can do this with a tool in the editing menu. You can also use the keyboard shortcut <code>Ctrl</code>+<code>Shift</code>+<code>X</code> on PCs or <code>Cmd</code>+<code>Shift</code>+<code>X</code> on Macs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T153356] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 21 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 22 March. It will be on all wikis from 23 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=21&month=03&year=2017 21 March at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/12|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W12"/> 23:03, 20 mart 2017 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16469530 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/13|Tech News: 2017-13]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W13"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When you edit with the visual editor, you can see a visual diff as well as a wikitext diff when you review your changes. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/VisualEditor/Diffs] '''Problems''' * Special:AllPages was disabled for two days due to some performance issues. It is back, but the filter for redirects is gone as the cause of the performance problem. It still needs to be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T160916][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T160983] '''Changes this week''' * [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_Review_Improvements/New_filters_for_edit_review|New filters for Recent changes]] will be released on Portuguese and Polish Wikipedias and MediaWikiwiki [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T158336 on March 28]. Other wikis will get it [[phab:T146972|progressively]]. The new filters include [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Filtering|filtering]], [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Highlighting function|highlighting]] and, on certain wikis, [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Quality and Intent Filters|user intent prediction]]. * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from March 28. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from March 29. It will be on all wikis from March 30 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/13|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W13"/> 16:46, 27 mart 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16496319 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/14|Tech News: 2017-14]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W14"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The <code>{{int:savearticle}}</code> button now says <code>{{int:Publishpage}}</code> or <code>{{int:Publishchanges}}</code> on most Wikipedias. The point is to make it more clear that the edit will change the page immediately. <code>{{int:Publishpage}}</code> is when you save a new page and <code>{{int:Publishchanges}}</code> when you edit an existing page. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Editing/Publish] * The tracking category [[:{{ns:14}}:{{MediaWiki:Template-loop-category}}]] is now added when a template loop is found. A template loop is for example when a template tries to use a second template that uses the first template. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T160743] *English Wikipedia now has cookie blocks. It will come to more wikis in the future. This is an extension to the autoblock system so when a user is blocked, the next time they visit the wiki a [[w:en: HTTP cookie|cookie]] will be set. This means that even if the user switches accounts and to a new [[w:en:IP address|IP address]] the cookie will block them again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T5233] '''Problems''' * Wikidata descriptions, aliases and labels that used some characters could not be saved. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T161263] '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 4 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 5 April. It will be on all wikis from 6 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=14&month=03&year=2017 4 April at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * You can join the next office hour with the Wikidata team. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=16&min=00&sec=0&day=05&month=04&year=2017 5 April at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[d:Wikidata:Events#IRC office hours|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_Review_Improvements/New_filters_for_edit_review|New filters for Recent changes]] will come to Wikidata and Persian, Dutch, Russian, Turkish, Czech and Hebrew Wikipedia on 11 April. The new filters include [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Filtering|filtering]], [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Highlighting function|highlighting]] and [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Quality and Intent Filters|user intent prediction]]. User intent prediction means the filter tries to help editors determine if the edit was made in good faith or not. Other wikis [[phab:T146972|will get it later]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T158332] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/14|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W14"/> 19:53, 3 april 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16526368 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/15|Tech News: 2017-15]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W15"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> [[w:en:HTML Tidy|Tidy]] is going to be replaced with an HTML5 parsing algorithm. Bad HTML in wikitext [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|would cause problems]] on a number of wikis. There is now a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration extension]] on all wikis that you can use to help clean this up. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsing/Replacing Tidy#What this means for editors|read more about how you can use it]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T141586] '''Changes this week''' * Some older [[w:en:Web browser|web browsers]] will not be able to use [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] on Wikimedia wikis from this week. If you have an old web browser on your computer you can upgrade to a newer version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T128115] * [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_Review_Improvements/New_filters_for_edit_review|New filters for Recent changes]] will come to Wikidata and Persian, Russian, Turkish and French Wikipedia on 11 April. The schedule has been changed to fix the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Quality and Intent Filters|user intent prediction filters]] for some wikis. User intent prediction means the filter tries to make it easier for editors to determine if the edit was made in good faith or not. Other wikis [[phab:T146972|will get it later]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T158332] * The list of special characters in the wikitext editor and the visual editor will now have a group of Canadian Aboriginal characters. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108626] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 11 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 12 April. It will be on all wikis from 13 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=11&month=04&year=2017 11 April at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Because of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for 20 to 30 minutes on 19 April and 3 May. This will start at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=14&min=00&sec=0&day=19&month=04&year=2017 14:00 (UTC)]. You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2017|You can read more about this]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] will change how you move between revisions. This will be available on [[testwiki:Main Page|the test wiki]] from 11 April. It will come to other wikis later if users like the change. You can test it and [[mw: Extension talk:RevisionSlider|give feedback]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/15|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W15"/> 20:34, 10 april 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16563313 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/16|Tech News: 2017-16]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W16"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/16|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can add <code>?safemode=1</code> to the end of the URL on Wikimedia wikis to disable your personal [[w:en:Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] and [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]]. Example: <code><nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature?safemode=1</nowiki></code>. This means you can test if a problem is because of your user scripts or gadgets without uninstalling them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T152169] * You can now see a list of all autoblocks on [[Special:AutoblockList]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146414] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> The Wikiversity and Wikinews logos are now shown directly from the configuration and not from <code><nowiki>[[File:Wiki.png]]</nowiki></code>. If you want to change logo or have an anniversary logo, see [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|how to request a configuration change]]. This is how it already works for other projects. They can request logo changes the same way. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T161980] '''Problems''' * Because of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for 20 to 30 minutes on 19 April. This will start at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=14&min=00&sec=0&day=19&month=04&year=2017 14:00 (UTC)]. You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2017|You can read more about this]]. This will also happen on 3 May. '''Changes this week''' * There is no new Mediawiki version this week. This is because of the data centre test. '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=18&month=04&year=2017 {{#time:j xg|2017-04-18|{{CURRENTCONTENTLANGUAGE}}}} at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [http://stats.wikimedia.org stats.wikimedia.org] will be replaced. You can [https://analytics-prototype.wmflabs.org/#/ see the new prototype]. You can [[mw:Talk:Wikistats 2.0 Design Project/RequestforFeedback/Round2|leave feedback on this change]]. * [[mw:Beta Features/Hovercards|Page Previews]] will be turned on for logged-out users on a large number of wikis in May. It could be postponed and happen later. Page Previews shows readers a short part of a linked article when they rest their mouse pointer on the link. This is to help them understand what it is about without leaving the article they are reading. Page Previews used to be called Hovercards. Users who have tested the feature [[mw:Talk:Beta Features/Hovercards|can give feedback]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/User:CKoerner_(WMF)/Enable_Hovercards/Phase_1] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> From next week, user scripts using very old [[w:en:Deprecation#Software deprecation|deprecated]] wikibits functions will show errors. These functions have not worked since 2013. You should fix or disable broken scripts. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Legacy JavaScript#wikibits.js|examples of how to upgrade scripts]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2017-April/087965.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T122755] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/16|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W16"/> 21:32, 17 april 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16608022 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/17|Tech News: 2017-17]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W17"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_Review_Improvements/New_filters_for_edit_review|New filters for recent changes]] are now available as a beta feature on most wikis. You can [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|turn it on in your preferences]]. Remaining wikis will have the new filters on 9 May. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T158335] *When [[m:Administrator|administrators]], [[m:bureaucrat|bureaucrats]] and [[m:stewards|stewards]] make a user a member of a user group they can now set an expiry date. A user group is for example "administrators" or "bots". This means that they can give someone user rights for a limited time. This is similar to how blocks and page protections can be limited in time. [[Special:UserRights|Special:UserRights]] will have new options for this. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:User rights and groups#Assigning and revoking user groups|read more about user groups.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T159416] '''Problems''' *Since the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2017|data centre test]] last week the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation tool]] has been disabled. This is because of a database problem. It will be back as soon as the problem has been solved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T163344] '''Changes this week''' *The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|GuidedTour extension]] will be enabled on all wikis. This is a tool to explain to new users how to edit. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T152827] *Wiktionary will handle interlanguage links in a new way. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Cognate|Cognate extension]] will automatically link pages with the same title between Wiktionaries. For this to work all old interlanguage links have to be removed. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)/Cognate announcement|read more about this]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:Lea_Lacroix_(WMDE)/Cognate_announcement] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 April. It will be on all wikis from 27 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=25&month=04&year=2017 25 April at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/17|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W17"/> 18:40, 24 april 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16627468 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/18|Tech News: 2017-18]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W18"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="bs" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Najnovije '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tehničke vijesti]]''' Wikimedijine tehničke zajednice. Recite drugima o ovim izmjenama. Neće sve izmjene utjecati na Vas. Dostupni su [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/18|prijevodi]]. '''Nedavne izmjene''' *[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Prijevod sadržaja]] ponovo radi. Bio je isključen zbog problema s bazom podataka. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T163344] * <span title="Napredna stavka">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> Skripte koje koriste [[w:en:Deprecation#Software deprecation|zastarjele]] wikibitsove funkcije prikazuju greške. Ove funkcije ne rade još od 2013. Trebali biste popraviti ili onemogućiti pokvarene skripte. Možete pogledati [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Legacy JavaScript#wikibits.js|primjere kako ih nadograditi]]. Ovo je ista stvar koja je spomenuta u ranijem izdanju tehničkih vijesti ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/16|2017/16]]). [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2017-April/087965.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T122755] '''Problemi''' * Zbog testiranja podatkovnog centra, moći ćete čitati, ali nećete moći uređivati wikije 3. maja u periodu od 20 do 30 minuta. Testiranje će započeti u [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=14&min=00&sec=0&day=03&month=05&year=2017 14:00 (UTC)]. Mogli biste izgubiti izmjene ako ih pokušate sačuvati tokom tog perioda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2017|Možete detaljnije pročitati o ovome]]. '''Izmjene ove sedmice''' * Ove sedmice nema izmjena u vezi s MediaWikijem zbog testiranja podatkovnog centra. '''Sastanci''' * <span title="Povratna stavka">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> Možete se pridružiti narednom sastanku s ekipom odgovornom za vizualni uređivač. Tokom sastanka, programerima možete dati do znanja koje su greške po Vama najvažnije. Sastanak će se održati [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=02&month=05&year=2017 {{#time:j xg|2017-05-02|{{CURRENTCONTENTLANGUAGE}}}} u 19:00 (UTC)]. Pogledajte [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|kako se pridružiti]]. '''Buduće izmjene''' *Svi Wikimedijini wikiji imat će blokiranje uz pomoć kolačića od 8. maja. Ovo je proširenje sistemu automatskog blokiranja koje funkcionira tako što postavlja [[w:en: HTTP cookie|kolačić]] kad neko posjeti wiki nakon što je blokiran. To znači da, čak i ako blokirani korisnik promijeni račun ili [[w:en:IP address|IP-adresu]], kolačić će ga ponovo blokirati. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T5233] *Dugmad <code>{{int:Publishchanges}}</code>, <code>{{int:Showpreview}}</code> i <code>{{int:Showdiff}}</code> izgledat će malo drukčije da se uklope s izgledom [[:mw:OOjs UI|OOUI]]-a. Korisnici mogu testirati rade li skripte, dodaci i dr. s novim interfejsom tako što će dodati <code>&ooui=1</code> na kraj URL-a. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T162849] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tehničke vijesti]]''' priredili su [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|pisci]], a objavio ih je [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Doprinesite]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/18|Prevedite]] • [[m:Tech|Potražite pomoć]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Dajte povratne informacije]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Pretplatite se ili otkažite pretplatu]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W18"/> 21:49, 1 maj 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16654620 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/19|Tech News: 2017-19]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W19"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/19|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Some users have a problem with the watchlist. Some changes in categories make the watchlist a blank page. The developers are working on this. Until this is fixed you can try some things that have helped other editors if you have this problem. You can turn on <code>{{int:tog-watchlisthidecategorization}}</code> in your watchlist preferences. You can turn off <code>{{int:tog-extendwatchlist}}</code> in your watchlist preferences. You can remove problematic categories from [[Special:EditWatchlist/raw|Special:EditWatchlist/raw]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T164059] * There was a problem with the visual editor for several days. You could not save edits that triggered a [[w:en:CAPTCHA|CAPTCHA]]. This would for example be when a new user added external links in references. This was fixed on 2 May. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T164157] '''Changes this week''' * When you edit you can switch between the visual editor and the wikitext editor. This works if the wiki you edit has the visual editor. The menu will now say <code>Visual editing</code> and <code>Source editing</code> instead of <code>Switch to visual editing</code> and <code>Switch to code editing</code>. This is because it was confusing when the menu said you could switch to the editor you were already using. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T162864] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 9 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 10 May. It will be on all wikis from 11 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=09&month=05&year=2017 9 May at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You will be able to get a notification when a page you created is connected to a Wikidata item. This will come to Wikivoyage on 9 May. If there are no problems it will come to most Wikipedias on 30 May. It will come to other projects and English, French and German Wikipedia later in the summer. It will be opt-in for existing users and opt-out for new users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T142102][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T142103#3223284] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> Markup that looks like code for language variants might need to be fixed. If <code>-{</code> is used in [[w:en:Transclusion|transclusions]] or [[w:en:URL|web addresses]] it has to be [[w:en:Escape character|escaped]] appropriately. You can use <code>-<nowiki><nowiki/></nowiki>{</code> for transclusions and <code>%2D{</code> in web addresses. A transclusion could for example be when you use <code>-{</code> in a template: <code><nowiki>{{1x| sad :-{ face }}</nowiki></code>. This is because of some code fixes to the [[w:en:Preprocessor|preprocessor]] and affects all wikis. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/#/c/333997/][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Parsoid/Language_conversion/Preprocessor_fixups] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/19|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W19"/> 04:24, 9 maj 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16713536 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/20|Tech News: 2017-20]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W20"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/20|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *You can now use [[w:en:International Standard Book Number|ISBNs]] to automatically generate citations in the visual editor. This works on wikis that have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|enabled Citoid]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145462] *The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two_Column_Edit_Conflict_View|Two Column Edit Conflict View]] is available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features|beta feature]] on all wikis. It is a new interface for the edit conflict resolution page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T162806] '''Problems''' *The <code>mediawiki.util</code> library does not load automatically any more. Your [[Special:MyPage/common.js]] may use it. If you have technical problems that started a couple of weeks ago you can try adding <syntaxhighlight lang="js" inline class=nowrap>mw.loader.using( 'mediawiki.util' ).done(function(){</syntaxhighlight> as the first line in the file and <syntaxhighlight lang="js" inline class=nowrap>});</syntaxhighlight> as a last one. Tech News wrote about this in the [[m:Tech/News/2017/18|2017/18]] issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T122755] '''Changes this week''' *The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider extension]] will be a default feature on all wikis. RevisionSlider is an easier way to move between changes in the page history. It has been a default feature on German, Arabic and Hebrew Wikipedia and a beta feature on all wikis. You will be able to turn it off in your preferences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T163685] *There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' *Administrators will soon be able to search through deleted pages. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:Smalyshev_(WMF)/Archive_search][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/2015_Community_Wishlist_Survey/Search#Provide_a_means_of_searching_for_deleted_pages] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> Markup that looks like code for language variants might need to be fixed. Tech News wrote about this last week. If <code>-{</code> is used in [[w:en:Transclusion|transclusions]] or [[w:en:URL|web addresses]] it has to be [[w:en:Escape character|escaped]] appropriately. You can use <code>-<nowiki><nowiki/></nowiki>{</code> for transclusions and <code>%2D{</code> in web addresses. This is because of some code fixes to the [[w:en:Preprocessor|preprocessor]] and affects all wikis. You can now see [[mw: Parsoid/Language conversion/Preprocessor fixups/20170501|the full list of wikis with this problem]] and help fix them to avoid that things break later this month. You might find [[w:en:False positives and false negatives|false positives]]. You can [[mw: Parsoid/Language conversion/Preprocessor fixups/Edit logbook#Edit Rules|read more about what to fix]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/#/c/333997/][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Parsoid/Language_conversion/Preprocessor_fixups] '''Older unreported changes''' *Your [[m:Special:MyPage|Meta user page]] is shown on all wikis where you don't have a local user page. You can now add the magic word <code><nowiki>__NOGLOBAL__</nowiki></code> to your Meta user page to stop this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T90849][https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Magic_words&diff=2462141&oldid=2425686] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/20|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W20"/> 23:48, 15 maj 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16757592 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/21|Tech News: 2017-21]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W21"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/21|Translations]] are available. '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 23 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 24 May. It will be on all wikis from 25 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/Roadmap|calendar]]). * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> There will be a <code><nowiki><div></nowiki></code> tag around HTML from the MediaWiki wikitext [[w:en:Parsing|parser]]. Gadgets with code that does not follow recommendations could have problems with this. You can [[phab:T163512|report new problems]] you think are related to this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T37247] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/21|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W21"/> 00:02, 23 maj 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16793800 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/22|Tech News: 2017-22]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W22"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/22|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' *Last week’s MediaWiki version was rolled back from some wikis because of a problem. This means planned changes did not happen. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T163512] '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=30&month=05&year=2017 30 May at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *You will be able to control who can notify you on the Wikimedia wikis. You will have a user blacklist. When you add a user to the blacklist you will not get a [[mw:Notifications|notification]] when they mention you. You can [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-echo test this on Beta Wikipedia]. You can [[m: Community health initiative/Notifications blacklist|read more and give feedback on Meta]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150419] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/22|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W22"/> 14:18, 30 maj 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16821223 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/23|Tech News: 2017-23]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W23"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can see new files on [[Special:NewFiles|Special:NewFiles]]. You can now pick which dates you want to see files from. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T13836] * When you read Wikipedia on a mobile device the first paragraph now comes before the infobox. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150325] * You can now remove navigation elements from your results when you search. This could for example be part of an infobox that is only there to help you find the previous or next article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T162905] * New users on Wikivoyages and Wikipedias (except French, English and German) now get a notification when a page they created is connected to Wikidata. Other wikis will get it 13 June. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T142102] '''Problems''' * The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/wmf.2|MediaWiki version]] from two weeks ago was rolled back. It was fixed late last week. Changes that were planned to go out last week did not happen. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T165957] '''Changes this week''' * Wikimedia wikis can show fewer links to articles in other languages. This is to make it easier to find the languages likely to be useful to the reader or editor. Everyone can still click to see the full list. Logged-in users who use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector/Compact Language Links|compact language links]] will see languages they have in their [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Babel|Babel box]] on their user page in the first, shorter list. You can turn the compact language list off or on in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T135371] * You can choose what dates to look at when you look at a user's contributions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120733] * When you click on your watchlist in the mobile view you get a list of all pages in the watchlist instead of the latest changes to them. Logged-in users with at least ten edits will now get the latest changes instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T88270] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 June. It will be on all wikis from 8 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/Roadmap|calendar]]). * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> String comparisons in Scribunto modules are now always done case-insensitively by byte order. Before they were sometimes in a case-sensitive US-English collation order. This could break some modules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107128] '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=06&month=06&year=2017 6 June at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Editor|2006 wikitext editor]] will be removed the week of 27 June. This is the old toolbar with small square blue buttons. You can see [[m:File:Edit toolbar - 2.png|a picture of it]]. 0.03% of active Wikimedia editors use this old tool. They will not see a toolbar at all. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Editing/Projects/Removal_of_the_2006_wikitext_editor][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T30856] * Wikimedia wikis use [[mw:Offline content generator|OCG]] to create PDFs. The OCG code has a lot of problems and will stop working. It has to be replaced. An alternative is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ElectronPdfService|Electron]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/PDF Functionality|tell the developers]] what you need the PDF service to be able to do. Electron already works on German Wikipedia. It will be on English Wikipedia later this week so you can test it there too. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T165956] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:Architecture committee|Architecture Committee]] will change and get a new name. You can read and comment on the [[mw:Architecture committee/Charter|draft]] that describes the new committee. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/23|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W23"/> 21:04, 5 juni 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16850955 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/24|Tech News: 2017-24]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W24"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *Some wikis have the larger and brighter [[mw:OOjs UI|OOjs UI]] edit page buttons. When you write an edit summary there you can now see how many bytes you have left before the summary is too long. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T165856] *When you search on Wikipedia you can now find pages on other Wikimedia projects that could be relevant. You see them next to the search results. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Cross-wiki_Search_Result_Improvements] '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 13 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 14 June. It will be on all wikis from 15 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=13&month=06&year=2017 13 June at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *You will soon be able to get a notification when someone tries to log in to your account. You can test this on the [[testwiki:Main Page|test wiki]]. This will only work if they fail to log in to your account. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Tech/LoginNotify] * Wikimedia wikis use [[mw:Offline content generator|OCG]] to create PDFs. The OCG code has a lot of problems and will stop working. It has to be replaced. An alternative is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ElectronPdfService|Electron]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/PDF Functionality|tell the developers]] what you need the PDF service to be able to do. Electron now works on all Wikimedia projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T165956] *Administrators can soon search for deleted page titles and find results that are similar to what they searched for. Today the search only finds pages that are exactly the same as what you search for. This is to make it easier to find pages when you don't know the exact title. Administrators on Arabic, Catalan, English, Persian, German, Italian, Polish, and Russian Wikipedia and on mediawiki.org can test this by adding <code>&fuzzy=1</code> to the end of the web address when looking at [[Special:Undelete|Special:Undelete]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:Smalyshev_(WMF)/Archive_search][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T109561] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/24|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W24"/> 17:29, 12 juni 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16872240 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/25|Tech News: 2017-25]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W25"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/25|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' *[[mw:ORES|ORES]] had some problems on 13 June between 16:00 and 19:40 [[w:en:Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]. It has now been fixed. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20170613-ORES] '''Changes this week''' *<code>[[wikitech:Irc.wikimedia.org|irc.wikimedia.org]]</code> has to be rebooted. This will probably happen on 21 June. It may be postponed. Some tools use this to get the recent changes feed. They will not work when it is down. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T167643] *<span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> <code>Special:PageData</code> will be an entry point for machine-readable page data. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T163923] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 20 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 21 June. It will be on all wikis from 22 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=20&month=06&year=2017 20 June at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *<span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> [[w:en:Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] in templates will be stored in a separate page in the future. You can now see how the [[mw:Extension:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles extension]] works on [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/TemplateStylesTest Beta Labs]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/25|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W25"/> 17:44, 19 juni 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16885571 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/26|Tech News: 2017-26]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W26"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The <[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InputBox|inputbox]]> has a new <code>searchfilter</code> parameter. You can add values like <code>searchfilter=insource:foo</code>. It will add that to the user's search query. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T147951] '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 27 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 28 June. It will be on all wikis from 29 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Users will be able to choose whether they want to see Wikidata changes in enhanced watchlist/recent changes. Previously, this was disabled for everyone. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T46874] '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=27&month=06&year=2017 27 June at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * You can join the next WMF Language team office hour, an open session to talk about Wikimedia Language projects. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=13&min=00&sec=0&day=27&month=06&year=2017 27 June at 13:00 UTC]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/mediawiki-i18n/2017-June/001126.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/26|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W26"/> 17:38, 26 juni 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16896487 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/27|Tech News: 2017-27]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W27"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *There was a problem with maps on Wikimedia wikis that used <[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|mapframe]]> when you clicked on the link to another map service. Open Street Map or Google Maps are examples of other map services. If you had marked a place on the map the marker would not be in the same place on the other map service. It was in the middle of the map. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T160782] '''Changes this week''' *Very old and inactive unpublished translations in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content Translation]] database will be removed. This is because of technical maintenance. If you have not worked on a translation after 1 January 2016 you will lose it after 6 July. If you want to keep the unfinished translation you need to open it before 6 July with the Content Translation tool. You can continue working on it later. Translations that were started or have been worked on after 1 January 2016 will not be affected. *There is no new Mediawiki version this week. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> [[wikitech:EventStreams|EventStreams]] is a new way to show activity on Wikimedia wikis. It works with the recent changes feed. It will do more things later. It will replace [[wikitech:RCStream|RCStream]]. Tools that use RCStream should move to EventStreams before 7 July. Tech News wrote about this in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/07|2017/07]] issue. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/analytics/2017-February/005711.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/27|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W27"/> 17:32, 3 juli 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16943555 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/28|Tech News: 2017-28]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W28"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There are sometimes links to pages about the same thing on other Wikimedia projects. A Wikipedia article about Berlin can link to the Wikivoyage guide or Wiktionary entry about Berlin. You can now see when that page has a badge. A badge could be the star that shows that an article is a featured article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73887] '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2017-07-11|{{CURRENTCONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2017-07-12|{{CURRENTCONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2017-07-13|{{CURRENTCONTENTLANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=11&month=07&year=2017 {{#time:j xg|2017-07-11|{{CURRENTCONTENTLANGUAGE}}}} at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *Mobile users will be able to edit Wikipedia without JavaScript. This will make it possible to edit the wikis from older mobile phones. This will probably happen on 18 July for most wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T125174] *We will [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy/FAQ|not use]] [[w:en:HTML Tidy|Tidy]] on Wikimedia wikis in the future. It will be replaced by June 2018. It could be earlier. Editors will need to fix pages that could break. You can read the [[mw:Parsing/Replacing_Tidy/FAQ#What will editors need to do.3F|simplified instructions for editors]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/28|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W28"/> 17:07, 10 juli 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=16977031 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/29|Tech News: 2017-29]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W29"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * "Wikimedia Labs" is now called "Cloud VPS". "Wikimedia Tool Labs" is now called "Wikimedia Toolforge". This is to help clarify the purpose of these services. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2017-July/088466.html] '''Problems''' * On some pages, the Table of Contents is not being shown. It will normally appear if you edit the page again. Investigation is currently ongoing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T168040] '''Changes this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 July. It will be on all wikis from 20 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=18&month=07&year=2017 18 July at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topic this week is: Migrate to HTML5 section ids. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T152540] The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=21&min=00&sec=0&day=19&month=07&year=2017 19 July at 21:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features/Hovercards|Page Previews]], currently a Beta Feature, will be enabled for logged-out users for all remaining Wikipedias (with the exception of English and German) the week of 24 July. An A/B test will be run on English Wikipedia to collect data before approaching the community for further discussion. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T70860] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/29|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W29"/> 00:59, 18 juli 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17007159 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Collaboration/Newsletter/Issues/2017/30|Tech News: 2017-30]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W30"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *<span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> [[w:en:Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] in templates will be stored in a separate page in the future. This will make it easier to make templates look good on mobile devices. This now works on [[mw:MediaWiki|mediawiki.org]] and [[wikitech:Main Page|Wikitech]]. It will come to more wikis later. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:TemplateStyles/Q%26A][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Topic:Tl7vrw6suzkxxoy9][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170863] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> <code dir=ltr>.mw-ui-constructive</code> modifier class is deprecated and has been removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T155203] '''Changes later this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2017-07-25|{{CURRENTCONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2017-07-26|{{CURRENTCONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2017-07-27|{{CURRENTCONTENTLANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/Roadmap|calendar]]). * It will be possible to restrict who can send you notifications on a wiki. This new feature will accessible in your preferences, [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-echo|in the Notifications tab]], on Wednesday, July 26. Please see [[mw:Help:Notifications#mute|the documentation]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150419] '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=25&month=07&year=2017 {{#time:j xg|2017-07-25|{{CURRENTCONTENTLANGUAGE}}}} at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title=" Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the Wikimedia Foundation July 2017 Metrics & Activities Meeting. The meeting is about how Wikipedia and the Wikimedia movement are perceived and understood by the world. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=27&month=07&year=2017 {{#time:j xg|2017-07-27|{{CURRENTCONTENTLANGUAGE}}}} at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2017-July/088080.html the agenda and how to join]. '''Future changes''' * New Filters for Edit Review, at the moment available as a Beta feature, [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Collaboration/Newsletter/Issues/2017/07|will be released by default]] for the Recent Changes in September. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/30|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W30"/> 17:57, 24 juli 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17017391 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/31|Tech News: 2017-31]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W31"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/31|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' *Some pages show the error <code>Lua error in mw.wikibase.entity.lua at line 34: The entity data must be a table obtained via mw.wikibase.getEntityObject</code>. This problem happens on pages with a [[:w:en: Lua (programming language)|Lua module]] that uses Wikidata. The developers are working on fixing the problem. You can fix a page by opening it for editing and then saving without changing anything. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170039] *Wikidata and German Wikipedia could not be edited for an hour on 28 July. You can read why and how we could avoid it in the future in the [[wikitech:Incident documentation/20170728-s5 (WikiData and dewiki) read-only|incident report]]. '''Changes later this week''' *Some wikis already have the larger and brighter [[mw:Contributors/Projects/Accessible_editing_buttons|OOjs UI edit page buttons]]. All remaining wikis except Commons will have these from 1 August. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T162849] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 1 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 2 August. It will be on all wikis from 3 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=01&month=08&year=2017 1 August at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The default font in the edit window will soon change for some users. Instead of using the browser default it will be monospace. Users can change this in their preferences. This should only change this for some users on Macs and iOS devices. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T171201] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/31|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W31"/> 23:45, 31 juli 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17058990 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/32|Tech News: 2017-32]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W32"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/32|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now see which Wikipedia language versions are read in a specific country. This tool is called [https://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/animations/pageviews/wivivi.html Wikipedia Views Visualized]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WiViVi] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> The Architecture Committee is now the [[mw:Wikimedia Technical Committee|Wikimedia Technical Committee]]. You can read the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Committee/Charter|charter]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2017-July/088534.html] '''Problems''' * You can get an email when a page on your watchlist was edited. You can choose not to get emails for minor edits. There is a bug that means that you then don't get an email when someone does a normal edit after a minor edit. The developers are working on fixing this. Until it has been fixed you can activate "{{int:tog-enotifminoredits}}" at the bottom of "{{int:prefs-personal}}" in your preferences if you want to. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29884] * The thanks button sometimes didn't work for mobile users. This was because of a new bug and has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170917] '''Changes later this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 8 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 9 August. It will be on all wikis from 10 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * Editors and readers who still use Internet Explorer 8 on Windows XP will not be able to use Wikipedia. Internet Explorer 8 on Windows XP can't connect securely to the wikis. When we allow them to do so it means that we get less security for everyone else. If you use Internet Explorer 8 on Windows XP you can install [https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/organizations/all/ Firefox 52 ESR] instead. Around 0.1% of the traffic to the Wikimedia wikis comes from Internet Explorer 8 on Windows XP. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T147199] * Links to sections on Wikipedia don't work well in languages that don't use the [[w:en:Latin script|Latin script]]. The [[w:en:URL|URL]] in the address bar in your browser shows Latin characters like <code dir=ltr>.D0.A1.D1.81.D1.8B.D0.BB.D0.BA.D0.B8</code> instead of the section heading in the wiki's language. Links to sections in non-Latin scripts will be in the script of that wiki in the future. This will happen in the next few months. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2017-August/088559.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T152540] * Wiki pages printed by the web browser "Print" function will have an updated style. This new style will be similar to the when you download a page as PDF. It will be better at showing tables, infoboxes and headings. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Reading/Web/Projects/Print_Styles#Desktop_Printing][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2017-August/088565.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/32|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W32"/> 23:45, 7 august 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17085059 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/33|Tech News: 2017-33]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W33"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *Bureaucrats can now set users as [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:Confirmed users|confirmed]]. Previously only stewards could do this on most wikis. Nothing will change for wikis that have previously decided to let administrators set users as confirmed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T101983] '''Problems''' *The symbols in the language list that show that an article is good or featured in that language doesn't work. Links to the Commons category in the sidebar doesn't work either. The developers are working on fixing it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T172592][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T172805] '''Changes later this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 15 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 16 August. It will be on all wikis from 17 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/33|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W33"/> 01:28, 15 august 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17112361 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/34|Tech News: 2017-34]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W34"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *You can now test the new [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Timeless?useskin=timeless Timeless skin] on [[testwiki:Main Page|the test wiki]] and [[mw:MediaWiki|mediawiki.org]]. You can turn it on in your preferences. You can report bugs [[phab:tag/timeless/|in Phabricator]]. It will come to more wikis soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T154371][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2017-August/088603.html] *Your watchlist can now have the option to unwatch pages. You have to turn this on in your preferences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T2424] *If a table has several columns you can often choose which column you want to use to sort the table. This has not worked for some columns for readers who have used Firefox or Safari. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T126886] *The [[mw:Extension:RelatedArticles|RelatedArticles extension]] has shown related pages on Wikivoyages. You will now see the related pages at the end of the article together with an image. Previously the links were in the sidebar. Wikis that want this extension can request it on [[phab:tag/wikimedia-site-requests/|Phabricator]]. '''Changes later this week''' *Videos will now be played in the [[w:en:WebM|WebM format]] in all browsers. Previously some browsers used [[w:en:Theora|Ogg Theora]] (.ogv). If you use Safari, Internet Explorer or Edge you may see slower playback speed at high resolutions. Instead we will get better quality and smaller file size. You can still upload video as Ogg files. They are automatically converted to WebM. This doesn't affect Ogg audio files. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T172445] *The default font in the edit window will change for some users this week. Instead of using the browser default, it will be monospace. Users can change this in their preferences. This should only change this for some users on Macs and iOS devices. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T171201] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 22 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 23 August. It will be on all wikis from 24 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=15&min=00&sec=0&day=23&month=08&year=2017 23 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=22&month=08&year=2017 22 August at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/34|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W34"/> 20:00, 21 august 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17130704 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/35|Tech News: 2017-35]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W35"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *[[w:en:Syntax highlighting|Syntax highlighting]] is now a beta feature on Wikimedia wikis with text written from left to right. It will come to right-to-left wikis later. This beta feature is based on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Tech/Wikitext_editor_syntax_highlighting][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T165543] *You will now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Login notifications|get a notification]] when someone tries to log in to your account and fails. If they try from a device or IP address that have logged in to your account before you will be notified after five failed attempts. You can turn this off or choose to get an email notification in your preferences. You can also turn on to get an email when someone logs in to your account from a new device or IP address. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2017-August/088368.html] '''Problems''' *Some pages show the error <code>Lua error in mw.wikibase.entity.lua at line 34: The entity data must be a table obtained via mw.wikibase.getEntityObject</code>. This problem happens on pages with a [[:w:en:Lua (programming language)|Lua module]] that use Wikidata. This has now been fixed and no new pages will get this problem. You still need to fix pages that were broken before and still show the error message. You can see how [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Mw.wikibase.entity.lua bug fix instructions|on this page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170039] '''Changes later this week''' *You can block users from sending you notifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150419] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 29 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 30 August. It will be on all wikis from 31 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=29&month=08&year=2017 29 August at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Technical Committee. The topic this week is [[phab:T152540|Migrate to HTML5 section ids]]. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=21&min=00&sec=0&day=30&month=08&year=2017 30 August at 21:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *In the future you will have [[m:Community Tech/Global preferences|global preferences]]. This means you could set something in your preferences to work in the same way on all wikis. You will not be forced to use global preferences. The developers are now asking if editors need exceptions. This is where you want to use global settings on almost all wikis, but have some wikis where you want it to work in a different way. If you want this you need to tell the developers now. You can do so on [[m:Talk:Community Tech/Global preferences|the talk page]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2017-August/088447.html] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|New filters for edit review]] is a beta feature to improve recent changes pages. It will work on watchlists from 5 September. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2017-August/001648.html] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> The jQuery library will be upgraded to version 3 in September 2017. Wikis can [[phab:T124742|ask on Phabricator]] to get it early, so they can help find and solve problems now. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/35|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W35"/> 00:09, 29 august 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17163557 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/36|Tech News: 2017-36]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W36"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/36|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' *We are asking Tech News readers five questions to make the newsletter better. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Reader feedback/2017|You can answer the questions here]]. We are grateful for every reply we get. '''Recent changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] user interface has changed. You can now select revisions by clicking on the bars. You can move the blue knob past the yellow one and the yellow one will move along, and the other way around. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T173566][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T172092] '''Problems''' * Some users have problems loading very large watchlists. It is working better than earlier but the problem has not been solved. The developers are working on fixing it. Until it has been fixed you can turn on "{{int:tog-extendwatchlist}}" in your preferences and see if it helps. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T171027] '''Changes later this week''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|New filters for edit review]] is a beta feature to improve recent changes pages. It will work on watchlists from 5 September. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2017-August/001648.html] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 September. It will be on all wikis from 7 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=05&month=09&year=2017 5 September at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can see a presentation about and discuss the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Committee|Technical Committee]] on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=17&min=30&sec=0&day=05&month=09&year=2017 5 September at 17:30 (UTC)]. There will be a presentation on [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RtH-EmGmOWs YouTube] and a discussion in <code>#wikimedia-office</code> on [https://freenode.net/kb/answer/chat Freenode]. You can use the [https://webchat.freenode.net/ web chat]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2017-August/088651.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/36|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W36"/> 00:14, 5 septembar 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17191730 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/37|Tech News: 2017-37]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W37"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can get a [[d:Special:Diff/552232398|notification]] when a page you created is connected to a Wikidata item. You can choose to get these notifications in your preferences. Some wikis already had this option. It is now available on all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T142102] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Newsletter|Newsletter extension]] is now on mediawiki.org. The newsletter extension is for newsletters where you can subscribe by getting a notification when a new issue has been published. It will come to more wikis later. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2017-September/088714.html] *The [[mw:Extension:Linter|Linter extension]] helps you find technical errors in articles. There is now a new high-priority category: <code>tidy-whitespace-bug</code>. This usually affects templates with horizontal lists. You can read more [[mw:Help:Extension:Linter|about using Linter]] and the [[mw: Help:Extension:Linter/tidy-whitespace-bug|Tidy whitespace bug]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T173096] '''Problems''' * Tech News [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/36|2017/36]] reported about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|new filters for edit review]] coming to watchlists. This was planned to happen last week. It will happen next week instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T171030] '''Changes later this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 September. It will be on all wikis from 14 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/Roadmap|calendar]]). * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> [[mw:OOjs UI|OOjs UI]] will be updated. This could affect some icons. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2017-September/088711.html read more about the changes]. '''Meetings''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=15&min=00&sec=0&day=13&month=09&year=2017 13 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=12&month=09&year=2017 12 September at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *You can't use [[mw:Offline content generator|OCG]] to create PDFs after 1 October. This is because of technical problems. You can use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ElectronPdfService|Electron]] instead. Most PDFs are already created with Electron. Electron will get missing features before 1 October. You can create books but they will not have all planned features until November or December. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/PDF Functionality|read more on mediawiki.org]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|New filters for edit review]] are available now on recent changes as a beta feature. [[mw:Topic:Txr92g0lwqv1rpao|Some of those filters and other features]] will be deployed as default features in the coming weeks. Users will be able to opt out in their preferences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T164489] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/37|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W37"/> 21:15, 11 septembar 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17211238 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/38|Tech News: 2017-38]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W38"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *You can now see contributions from an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Range blocks#Non-technical explanation|IP range]] at [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]]. Before you could only see contributions from single [[w:en:IP address|IP addresses]]. Some older contributions from IP ranges could be missing at first because it will take some time to add them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T175105][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T163562] * Flow has been re-scoped to become [[mw:Structured Discussions|Structured Discussions]] and the development [[mw:Structured_Discussions#Development_status|has restarted]]. Phabricator projects and repositories have been renamed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T167928] '''Changes later this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 19 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 20 September. It will be on all wikis from 21 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=11&month=04&year=2017 19 September at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=15&min=00&sec=0&day=20&month=09&year=2017 20 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * We are [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy/FAQ|replacing]] [[w:en:HTML Tidy|Tidy]] on Wikimedia wikis. Editors need to fix pages that could break. You can read the [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy/FAQ#What will editors need to do.3F|simplified instructions for editors]]. Some wikis have already switched. If your wiki would like to switch to the new format now, [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/1/?projects=Parsing-Team,Tidy,Wikimedia-Site-requests&title=Enable%20RemexHTML%20on%20XXwiki&priority=10&parent=175706 you can file a task]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/38|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W38"/> 17:31, 18 septembar 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17219411 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/39|Tech News: 2017-39]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W39"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikitext [[w:en:Syntax highlighting|syntax highlighting]] is a beta feature on Wikimedia wikis with text written from left to right. This beta feature is based on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]]. You can now search through the entire article with <code>CTRL</code>+<code>F</code> or <code>cmd</code>+<code>F</code> when you edit. Before it just searched through a part of the article. The developers are also fixing a couple of other bugs. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Tech/Wikitext_editor_syntax_highlighting#Status_Updates][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T95104] * Administrators on wikis that use [[mw:Structured Discussions/Request_Structured_Discussions_on_a_page/Beta_feature|Structured Discussions as a beta feature or by default]] can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Structured_Discussions/Activation#ActivationBySysops|create and move]] Structured Discussions boards. Structured Discussions was previously called Flow. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T175934] '''Changes later this week''' *You now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Login notifications|get a notification]] when someone tries to log in to your account and fails. If they try from a device or IP address that have logged in to your account before you will be notified after five failed attempts. For security reasons you will soon get an email by default when someone tries to log in to your account and when someone logs in to your account from a new device or IP address. This can be turned off in your preferences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T174263] * Users with extremely old browsers (for example Netscape 2–4, released from 1995–1997) which do not support Unicode will no longer be able to edit. They should try to install a new browser. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T67297] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 27 September. It will be on all wikis from 28 September. ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=15&min=00&sec=0&day=27&month=09&year=2017 27 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *The Wikimedia Foundation [[mw:Readers|Readers department]] has proposed changing the mobile website. You can [[mw:Reading/Web/Projects/NewMobileWebsite#Proposal|read more on mediawiki.org]]. This would be a big change. *You can't use [[mw:Offline content generator|OCG]] to create PDFs after 1 October. This is because of technical problems. You can still create PDFs. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/37|Tech News 2017/37]] said the function to create PDFs from books would still work. It is now clear it will not work for the next few months. The developers are working on fixing this. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/PDF Functionality|read more on mediawiki.org]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/39|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W39"/> 17:59, 25 septembar 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17259189 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/40|Tech News: 2017-40]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W40"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Creating pages with preloaded text|preload]] features in the visual editor. This means you can create links to create new pages and some text will already be in the edit window when someone clicks on it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T51622] '''Changes later this week''' * If you have turned on "{{int:betafeatures-auto-enroll}}" you will now get the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]]. Before this you had to turn it on manually even though it is a beta feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T176181] * [[Special:Block|Special:Block]] and [[Special:Unblock|Special:Unblock]] will get the [[mw:UX standardization|OOUI look]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107036] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> The jQuery library will be upgraded to version 3 on all Wiktionary wikis from 2 October. It will be on all non-Wikipedia wikis from 4 October. It will be on all wikis from 5 October. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T124742] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.30/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 3 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 4 October. It will be on all wikis from 5 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=03&month=10&year=2017 3 October at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=15&min=00&sec=0&day=04&month=10&year=2017 4 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * A new feature called Reading Lists are coming to the Wikipedia mobile apps. First it will be in the Android version. Reading Lists are a private user preference where you can see lists of articles on multiple devices. You can [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia Apps/Synced Reading Lists|give feedback on this feature]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Synced_Reading_Lists] * The search function has used [[mw:Manual:Language#Fallback languages|fallback languages]] for language analysis. This means a language could be analysed with the grammar of a completely unrelated language to find related words. This will be removed from most wikis the week starting with 9 October. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Discovery/Disabling Messaging Fallbacks for Language Analysis|read more and give feedback]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/40|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W40"/> 01:25, 3 oktobar 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17287248 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/41|Tech News: 2017-41]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W41"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The number of active users listed by <code><nowiki>{{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}}</nowiki></code> and on [[Special:Statistics|Special:Statistics]] will now only include Wikidata edits as activity on Wikidata and not on other wikis too. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/#/c/380887/] * Previously you could create wiki links starting with two colons. Now you need to use one colon. <nowiki>[[::File:X.jpg]]</nowiki> now has to be <nowiki>[[:File:X.jpg]]</nowiki>. There is now a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter/multi-colon-escape|Linter category]]. You can see a list on [[Special:Linterrors/multi-colon-escape|Special:Linterrors/multi-colon-escape]]. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Linter|Linter extension]] helps you find technical errors in articles. You can read more [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|about using Linter]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/#/c/361597/] '''Problems''' * You will not be able to edit or upload files to Commons for around 30 minutes on 11 October. This will start at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=06&min=00&sec=0&day=11&month=10&year=2017 06:00 UTC]. This is because of work to let Commons show 3D models. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Village_pump#Read-only_Commons_in_preparation_for_3D_file_support_-_11_October] '''Changes later this week''' * The font in the edit window is [[w:en:Monospaced font|monospace]] by default. Today you can change preferences to another font family or use "the browser default" instead of monospace. Switching to the browser default has only changed the font on Macs. The option to use browser default will be removed this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170223] * If you want to print a page or make a PDF of a page you can do so in the side menu. The way the pages look when you do this will change. You can [[mw:Reading/Web/Projects/Print Styles#Desktop Printing|read more on mediawiki.org]]. * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 October. It will be on all wikis from 12 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=10&month=10&year=2017 10 October at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=15&min=00&sec=0&day=11&month=10&year=2017 11 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/41|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W41"/> 16:21, 9 oktobar 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17309468 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/42|Tech News: 2017-42]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W42"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When you edit a template with the visual editor it follows the template's <code>format</code> configuration on how to save it. You can now change the format in [[mw:Help:TemplateData#Custom_formats|more powerful ways]] if your wiki wants it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138492][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T135667] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TwoColConflict|TwoColConflict]] extension is a new way to solve edit conflicts. It makes it easier to copy and paste the relevant text to the text field. It has been a beta feature for the last five months. You can now [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Edit Conflicts/Feedback Round Test Page|try out the new interface]] on a page where you will actually get simulated edit conflicts. You can [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Edit Conflicts/Feedback Round Test Page|give feedback]] to the developers. '''Problems''' * There is a problem with recent changes pages and your watchlist that show a large number of pages. Until it is fixed, Wikidata edits will not be shown on recent changes or in your watchlist on Commons or Russian Wikipedia. If necessary, Wikidata edits will be removed from all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T171027] * Notifications are not working for some actions. For example some users don't get a notification when they are mentioned. The developers are working on fixing this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T177825] * Users on some wikis could not change their preferences. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T177478] '''Changes later this week''' * Editors and readers who still use Internet Explorer 8 on Windows XP will not be able to use Wikipedia from 17 October. Internet Explorer 8 on Windows XP can't connect securely to the wikis. When we allow them to do so it means that we get less security for everyone else. If you use Internet Explorer 8 on Windows XP you can install [https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/organizations/all/ Firefox 52 ESR] instead. Around 0.1% of the traffic to the Wikimedia wikis comes from Internet Explorer 8 on Windows XP. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T147199] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 17 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 18 October. It will be on all wikis from 19 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=17&month=10&year=2017 17 October at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=15&min=00&sec=0&day=18&month=10&year=2017 18 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/42|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W42"/> 17:31, 16 oktobar 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17314765 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/43|Tech News: 2017-43]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W43"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can use <code>ccnorm_contains_any</code> when you create an abuse filter. This can be used to look for multiple words or phrases within a string. It will find words where some characters have been replaced. You can read more [[mw:Extension:AbuseFilter/Rules format|in the documentation]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T177711] '''Changes later this week''' * When you search in some languages the search function could use specific other languages if the first language didn't work. This is called a fallback language. This didn't work properly and created bad searches. The search index is being fixed to work better. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T177871] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 24 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 25 October. It will be on all wikis from 26 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=18&min=30&sec=0&day=24&month=10&year=2017 24 October at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=15&min=00&sec=0&day=25&month=10&year=2017 25 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *There is a [[c:Commons:Structured data/Get involved/Community focus group|Structured Commons community focus group]] for Commons and Wikidata contributors who want to give input on structured data on Wikimedia Commons. You can [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Structured Commons focus group|sign up]] to join it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T174142] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/43|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W43"/> 20:18, 23 oktobar 2017 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17344086 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/44|Tech News: 2017-44]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W44"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *You can now block users from emailing you through the Wikimedia wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T177319] '''Changes later this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 31 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 1 November. It will be on all wikis from 2 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=18&min=30&sec=0&year=2017&month=10&day=31 31 October at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=16&min=00&sec=0&day=01&month=11&year=2017 1 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/44|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W44"/> 01:20, 31 oktobar 2017 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17372700 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/45|Tech News: 2017-45]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W45"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *You will no longer see the patrol log on [[Special:Log|Special:Log]] unless you specifically select it. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/384197] '''Changes later this week''' *The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/2017 Community Wishlist Survey|2017 Community Wishlist Survey]] begins on 6 November. You can post proposals from [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=06&month=11&year=2017 19:00 UTC] and until November 19. * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 November. It will be on all wikis from 9 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=16&min=00&sec=0&day=08&month=11&year=2017 8 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *[[:w:en:URL|URLs]] that link to sections on Wikimedia wikis with non-Latin scripts have looked like this: <code>https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Википедия#.D0.98.D1.81.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.8F</code> instead of <code>https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Википедия#История</code>. This will soon be fixed. Old links will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T152540][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T75092] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/45|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W45"/> 19:45, 6 novembar 2017 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17381742 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/46|Tech News: 2017-46]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W46"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/46|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' *The diff you see when you compare two different versions of a page has changed on [[mw:MediaWiki|MediaWiki.org]] and [[testwiki:Main Page|the test wiki]]. This is to make it easier to find a text change in a moved paragraph. It will hopefully soon come to more wikis. You can [[phab:T146781|report bugs in Phabricator]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2017-November/089099.html] *A new user group on Commons will be able to upload [[w:en:MP3|MP3 files]]. The plan is to have this user group from 17 November. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T180002] * Wikis using Flagged Revisions will get the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|New filters for Edit Review]] by default on the recent changes pages. It will be possible to opt-out in user preferences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T178990] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 14 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 15 November. It will be on all wikis from 16 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=16&min=00&sec=0&day=15&month=11&year=2017 15 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *Support for uploading and viewing 3D models is coming soon to Wikimedia Commons. The feature will support the [[w:en:STL (file format)|.STL file format]]. You can see an example [[testwiki:File:Programmatically created crystal.stl|on the test wiki]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Extension:3d] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/46|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W46"/> 20:19, 13 novembar 2017 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17417996 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/47|Tech News: 2017-47]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W47"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/47|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * If you use the Chrome web browser on [[w:en:Android (operating system)|Android]] you can see a download icon on the mobile website. You can download a formatted PDF. It will work in other mobile browsers in the future. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile_PDFs] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> The abuse filter now has a function called <code>get_matches</code>. You can use it to store matches from regular expressions – one of each capturing group. You can read more [[phabricator:T179957|in Phabricator]]. '''Problems''' * Last week's MediaWiki version didn't come to all Wikipedias because of a database crash. It will be on all wikis on 20 November. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T180714][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T178635][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20171116-s5-dewiki-wikidata] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=30&sec=0&year=2017&month=11&day=21 21 November at 19:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=16&min=00&sec=0&day=22&month=11&year=2017 22 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Language converter syntax will no longer work inside external links. Wikitext like <code><nowiki>http://-{zh-cn:foo.com; zh-hk:bar.com; zh-tw:baz.com}-</nowiki></code> must be replaced. You will have to write <code><nowiki>-{zh-cn: http://foo.com ; zh-hk: http://bar.com ; zh-tw:http://baz.com }-</nowiki></code> instead. This only affects languages with Language Converter enabled. Examples of such languages are Chinese and Serbian. This will happen next week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T119158][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2017-November/001730.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/47|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W47"/> 20:18, 20 novembar 2017 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17447294 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/48|Tech News: 2017-48]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W48"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/48|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now test the new [[mw:Help:Extension:AdvancedSearch|advanced search function beta feature]] on mediawiki.org. It makes it easier to use some of the special search functions that most editors don't know exist. It will come to German and Arabic Wikipedia this week. It will come to more wikis later. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2017-November/089148.html] * You can now upload large files with the [https://tools.wmflabs.org/ia-upload/commons/init Internet Archive upload tool]. Previously you could not upload files larger than 100 MB. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikisource-l/2017-November/003365.html] * You can now use the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Skin:Timeless?useskin=timeless Timeless skin] on all wikis. You can choose skins in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|Special:Preferences#Appearance]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T154371] '''Changes later this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 28 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 29 November. It will be on all wikis from 30 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=18&min=30&sec=0&year=2017&month=11&day=28 28 November at 19:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=16&min=00&sec=0&day=29&month=11&year=2017 29 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/48|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W48"/> 21:30, 27 novembar 2017 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17468068 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/49|Tech News: 2017-49]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W49"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/49|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * It is now possible to upload [[w:en:MP3|MP3 files]] to Commons. Only users with [[c:Commons:MP3 uploaders|MP3 file upload rights]] can upload MP3 files. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120288] * You can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Live updates|live updates]] for recent changes if you use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|the new filters]]. This feature updates the filtered recent changes every three seconds when you activate it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T173614] * There is an experimental [[m:Grants:IdeaLab/A Tor Onion Service for Wikipedia|onion service]] for Wikimedia projects. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2017-November/089157.html] '''Changes later this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 December. It will be on all wikis from 7 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Very old versions of the [[w:en:Opera (web browser)|Opera Web browser]] are no longer supported. This means that technical development will not be tested to make sure it works with those Opera versions. Use Opera 15 or above or another browser if you have problems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T121517] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> Almost 170 wikis with no high-priority errors in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|Linter]] categories will switch to use the [[mw:RemexHtml|Remex parsing library]]. This is [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|to replace Tidy]]. A few larger wikis such as German and Italian Wikipedia will also make this switch. It will happen on 5 December. Other wikis will be recommended to switch soon when they have fixed the errors that must be fixed. Tidy will be removed in the middle of 2018. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Parsing/Replacing_Tidy/Linter/Stats/2017-11-20#Wikis_with_zero_high-priority_errors][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Parsing/Replacing_Tidy/FAQ#What_will_editors_need_to_do.3F] '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=18&min=30&sec=0&year=2017&month=12&day=05 5 December at 19:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=16&min=00&sec=0&day=06&month=12&year=2017 6 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *The [[m:2017 Community Wishlist Survey|2017 Community Wishlist Survey]] will decide what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech]] team will work on next year. You can vote for wishes on the [[m:2017 Community Wishlist Survey|survey page]] until 10 December. You can see what has happened to last year's wishes on the [[m:2016 Community Wishlist Survey/Results|2016 results page]]. *The Community Liaisons team at the Wikimedia Foundation is looking for [[m:Tech/Ambassadors/List|active tech ambassadors]]. This is to make sure the Wikimedia communities get all the information they need about new features and can be involved in the technical development. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T176476] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/49|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W49"/> 18:50, 4 decembar 2017 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17506639 --> == Invitation to Blocking tools consultation == Hello all, The Wikimedia Foundation's [[meta:Community health initiative/The Team|Anti-Harassment Tools team]] invites all Wikimedians to [[meta:Community health initiative/Blocking tools and improvements|discuss new blocking tools and improvements to existing blocking tools in December 2017]] for development work in early 2018. How can you help? #Share your ideas on the '''[[meta:Talk:Community health initiative/Blocking tools and improvements|discussion page]]''' or '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EmailUser/SPoore_(WMF) send an email to the Anti-Harassment Tools team]'''. #Spread the word that the consultation is happening; this is an important discussion for making decisions about improving the blocking tools. #Help with translation. #If you know of previous discussions about blocking tools that happened on your wiki, [[meta:Community health initiative/Blocking tools and improvements/Links|share the links.]] We are looking forward to learning your ideas. For the Anti-Harassment Tools team [[User:SPoore (WMF)|SPoore (WMF), Community Advocate, Community health initiative]] ([[User talk:SPoore (WMF)|talk]]) 00:23, 8 decembar 2017 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:SPoore (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SPoore_(WMF)/Tech_vp_massessage_list&oldid=17521361 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/50|Tech News: 2017-50]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W50"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[:w:en:URL|URLs]] that link to sections on Wikimedia wikis with non-Latin scripts have looked like this: <code>https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Википедия#.D0.98.D1.81.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.8F</code> instead of <code>https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Википедия#История</code>. This has now been fixed on all wikis. Old links will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T152540] * A new [[Special:Tags|tag]] marks edits where a redirect was created or removed. This still works when the editor writes something else in the edit summary. You can see the tags for example in the recent changes feed, article history, user contributions or on your watchlist. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73236] * If you use [[w:en:Google Chrome|Chrome]] on [[w:en:Android (operating system)|Android]], you can now use the print to PDF button to create a PDF of an article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T179914] * Filter by number of edits or filter by time range have been grouped on a same menu on the recent changes page if you use the new filters. The "{{int:rcfilters-show-new-changes}}" link is now more prominent. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T177926] * Some of the web fonts that were provided by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector|Universal Language Selector]] extension are being removed. This is to reduce the load time on pages. The [[mw:Universal Language Selector/WebFonts|web fonts were added many years ago]] to help users read text in scripts which did not have fonts or had broken fonts. This is not the case any more. You can [[mw:Universal Language Selector/WebFonts/WebFonts Status|check the status page]] for a list of all web fonts and whether they are currently being used and especially for special requirements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T180422] '''Changes later this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 December. It will be on all wikis from 14 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=18&min=30&sec=0&year=2017&month=12&day=12 12 December at 19:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=16&min=00&sec=0&day=13&month=12&year=2017 13 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You can discuss [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Blocking tools and improvements|new or improved blocking tools]] with the Wikimedia Foundation [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative#Anti-Harassment Tools|Anti-Harassment Tools team]]. They will work on building better blocking tools. Leave comments on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Community health initiative/Blocking tools and improvements|talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/50|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W50"/> 18:57, 11 decembar 2017 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17532179 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/51|Tech News: 2017-51]] == <section begin="technews-2017-W51"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 8 January 2018. '''Problems''' * When you import a page from another wiki the usernames of the users who edited the article on the wiki you imported it from are shown in the article history. This should link to the users on the original wiki. A script to fix this caused problems for Wikidata and German Wikipedia. It also created a large number of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL accounts]] on wikis where editors had never edited. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T181731] * Some bot owners got email about their bots logging in from a new computer. If this is from one or a couple of wikis, you can turn these messages off [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-echo|in your preferences]] on those wikis until the problem has been solved. If not, you can report more about the problem [[phab:T182867|in Phabricator]]. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. There will be no new MediaWiki version next week either. '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=30&sec=0&year=2017&month=12&day=19 {{#time:j xg|2017-12-19|{{CURRENTCONTENTLANGUAGE}}}} at 19:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Files on Commons will have [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Structured data|structured metadata]] in the future. The developers are now looking for examples of different kinds of metadata to make sure they are aware of them when they build prototypes for structured data on Commons. You can [[c:Commons:Structured data/Get involved/Feedback requests/Interesting Commons files|read more and help]] by giving examples of interesting media files. * The [[c:Commons:Structured data/Development/Team|Structured Commons team]] are making sure Commons work with structured data. If you regularly contribute to Commons and Wikidata you can [http://www.allourideas.org/commonswdtools answer a survey] that helps the team prioritise the tools that are important for the Commons and Wikidata communities. The survey ends on 22 December. You can [[c:Commons:Structured data/Get_involved/Tools|read more on Commons]]. You can also [[c:Commons:Structured data/Get involved/Feedback requests/Renaming 'captions' and 'descriptions'|help the team decide]] on better names for "captions" and "descriptions". This ends on 3 January 2018. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/2017 Community Wishlist Survey|2017 Community Wishlist Survey]] has now ended. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/2017 Community Wishlist Survey/Results|see the results]]. They decide what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on next year. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/51|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W51"/> 16:26, 18 decembar 2017 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17556688 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/02|Tech News: 2018-02]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W02"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On Wikidata, the "{{int:wikibase-save}}" button when you edit is now called "{{int:wikibase-publish}}". This means all Wikimedia wikis have now changed from "{{int:savearticle}}" to "{{int:publishchanges}}". This is to help new editors understand what it does. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T161367][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T131132] * Some edits will get an automatic [[Special:Tags|tag]] on all wikis. This will happen when making a page a redirect, blanking a page, removing almost all content, undoing an edit, or rolling back an edit. You can see the tags for example in the recent changes feed, article history, user contributions or on your watchlist. Some wikis had already marked edits like these in other ways. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T167656] * [[Special:UnusedFiles|Special:UnusedFiles]] shows files that have been uploaded but are not used. It will show a file that is not used on the wiki it has been uploaded to, even if the file is used on another wiki. The new [[c:Special:GloballyUnusedFiles|Special:GloballyUnusedFiles page on Commons]] only shows files that are not used on any wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T183673] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions|Structured discussions]] now uses the 2017 wikitext editor instead of its old custom one. This will work with your preference for wikitext or visual editor. The documentation [[mw:Help:Structured_Discussions/Quick_tour#basics|has been updated]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T155861][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T178719] '''Problems''' * Older versions of the Chrome web browser on mobile devices may see the PDF download button, but it does not work. The developers are looking into the problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T182059] * With the new filters in the recent changes, "{{int:rcfilters-exclude-button-off}}" in "{{int:namespaces}}" did not work for "{{int:rcfilters-quickfilters}}" between 13 December and 2 January. When you loaded the saved filter all other namespaces were excluded instead. This has now been fixed. If you made any changes to your saved filters between 13 December and 2 January, you need to save your filters with excluded namespaces again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T183910] * The latest version of [[w:en:Google Chrome|Google Chrome]] broke how section links are shown in the address bar. You now see <code>#R%C3%A9sum%C3%A9</code> instead of <code>#Résumé</code> even if MediaWiki did not encode it that way. This happened in early December. This problem has been solved. The fix will be in Chrome 64 (23 January) or Chrome 65 (6 March). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T152540#3830013] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> Some POST requests to the API took longer than usual in parts of December. This affected the Wikidata UI and some gadgets the most. It has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T182322] '''Changes later this week''' * Wikidata will be moved to its own database [[w:en:Server (computing)|servers]]. This is because it is growing and needs more resources. Because of this '''you will be able to read but not edit''' Wikidata and the German Wikipedia between 06:00 and 06:30 [[w:en:Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] on 9 January. You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. This includes editing the language links on other wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T181645] * The font size in the editing window will change slightly for some users. It will now look the same on all browsers and operating systems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T182320][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Editing/Projects/Font_size_in_the_editing_window] * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 9 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 10 January. It will be on all wikis from 11 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> WikiEditor's ResourceLoader modules have been simplified to one: <code>ext.wikiEditor</code>. All the other modules are now deprecated aliases and should be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T165112] '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=30&sec=0&year=2018&month=01&day=09 9 January at 19:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=16&min=00&sec=0&day=10&month=01&year=2018 10 January at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/02|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W02"/> 17:19, 8 januar 2018 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17612475 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/03|Tech News: 2018-3]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W03"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Bureaucrats on Wikimedia wikis where the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Translate|Translate extension]] is installed can now add and remove the translation administrator permission by default. Administrators of wikis where this extension is enabled can add and remove this permission to or from themselves. Wikis that used a different configuration before have not changed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184610] * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> There is a new [https://discourse-mediawiki.wmflabs.org/ Discourse test support channel] for Wikimedia developers. You can ask questions or answer others questions about MediaWiki and Wikimedia software development. [https://discourse-mediawiki.wmflabs.org/t/welcome-to-wikimedia-developer-support/8] '''Problems''' * Last week's MediaWiki update was rolled back. This was because of a bug that changed non-[[w:en:ASCII|ASCII]] characters when a page was edited. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184749][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-January/089399.html] '''Changes later this week''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 January. It will be on all wikis from 18 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=30&sec=0&year=2018&month=01&day=16 16 January at 19:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=16&min=00&sec=0&day=17&month=01&year=2018 17 January at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> A few hundred wikis with less than ten high-priority errors in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|Linter]] categories will switch to use the [[mw:RemexHtml|Remex parsing library]]. This is [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|to replace Tidy]]. It will happen on 31 January. Other wikis will be recommended to switch soon when they have fixed the errors that must be fixed. Tidy will be removed in the middle of 2018. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184656][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Parsing/Replacing_Tidy/FAQ#What_will_editors_need_to_do.3F] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/03|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W03"/> 19:45, 15 januar 2018 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17629330 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/04|Tech News: 2018-04]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W04"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/04|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Filters on [[Special:RecentChangesLinked|Special:RecentChangesLinked]] will get the new look similar to on the recent changes page. Special:RecentChangesLinked will also get some new features. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T172161][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Global_Collaboration/Newsletter/Issues/2018/01] '''Problems''' * With the new [[mw:UX standardization|OOUI look]] menus and popups can open upwards instead of downwards. This was meant to make long dropdown menus easier to use. Sometimes these menus have been overlapped by other things. This is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T183069] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=16&min=00&sec=0&day=24&month=01&year=2018 24 January at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *<code>[[wikitech:Irc.wikimedia.org|irc.wikimedia.org]]</code> will be rebooted on 22 February. Some bots use this to get the recent changes feed. They need to be able to reconnect automatically or they will not work until they have been fixed. Most bots can reconnect automatically. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-January/089426.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/04|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W04"/> 00:55, 23 januar 2018 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17666647 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/05|Tech News: 2018-05]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W05"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/05|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=16&min=00&sec=0&day=31&month=01&year=2018 31 January at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikimedia Foundation is working on how to get less unmaintained code on Wikimedia wikis. This could be by finding maintainers or removing unmaintained features. They are now [[mw:Code stewardship reviews/Feedback solicitation|looking for feedback]] on what do do with [[mw:Code stewardship reviews/Feedback solicitation/AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]], the [[mw:Talk:Code stewardship reviews/Feedback solicitation/IRCRecentChanges|IRC RecentChanges feed]], the [[mw:Talk:Code stewardship reviews/Feedback solicitation/RelatedSites|RelatedSites extension]] and [[mw:Talk:Code stewardship reviews/Feedback solicitation/TimedMediaHandler|TimedMediaHandler]]. You can leave feedback on the linked talk pages. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-January/089439.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/05|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W05"/> 18:06, 29 januar 2018 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17685596 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/06|Tech News: 2018-06]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W06"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Bureaucrats can now add and remove the accountcreator permission by default. This means the user can help create a large number of accounts, for example for an [[w:en:Edit-a-thon|editathon]]. Wikis can change this if they want to. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T185417] * The [https://tools.wmflabs.org/wdvd/index.php Wikidata vandalism dashboard] is a new tool to monitor vandalism on Wikidata labels and descriptions. It is filtered by language. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2018-January/011741.html] * Info pages for file pages now show the file's [[w:en:File verification|SHA1 hash value]] in the table of basic information. This is so users can see that the file is the same as the one they uploaded. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T181651] '''Problems''' * [[Special:Export|Special:Export]] has a higher error rate right now. This means that the export does not always work. You should check to make sure your page exports worked. The developers are working on fixing this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T186318] '''Changes later this week''' * When you review an edit made with the visual editor you can check a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Visual diffs|visual diff]] of your changes besides the wikitext diff. If you pick one diff type it will remember and show you that in future. The visual diff will now be the type first shown to new users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T178248] * When you use a gallery to show images you can define the size, like <code>gallery widths="150px"</code>. You could use <code>em</code> or <code>%</code> instead of <code>px</code> but it would make no difference. You can now only use <code>150px</code> or nothing (<code>150</code>). If you write something else, instead of treating it like <code>px</code>, it will not work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T129372] * The wording when you send a thanks message will change. Instead of <code>{{int:confirmable-yes}}</code> or <code>{{int:confirmable-no}}</code> it will say <code>Thank</code> and <code>Cancel</code>. It will also be easier to understand that all thanks are public. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T159302] * Redirects connected to Wikidata can create double Wikidata items. There will now be a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tracking categories|tracking category]] for this. Wikis that don't want it [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tracking categories|can disable it]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T185743] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 February. It will be on all wikis from 8 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=30&sec=0&year=2018&month=02&day=06 6 February at 19:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=16&min=00&sec=0&day=07&month=02&year=2018 7 February at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Education Program|Education Program extension]] will be removed on 30 June. It is replaced by the [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/ Programs and Events Dashboard]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/education/2018-February/001917.html][https://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/Education/News/January_2018/Education_Extension_scheduled_shutdown] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/06|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W06"/> 21:51, 5 februar 2018 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17707607 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/07|Tech News: 2018-07]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W07"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * TemplateStyles has been deployed to the Swedish Wikipedia. TemplateStyles is a feature to make it easy to add CSS to templates without administrator privileges. This allows for better adaptability to screen sizes, especially on mobile where are half our total page views. If your community would like to be the next to have the feature, please [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/1/?projects=TemplateStyles submit a task on Phabricator]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T176082][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:TemplateStyles][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/1/?projects=TemplateStyles] * Registration pages now collect keyboard/mouse usage information for [[m:Research:Spambot detection via registration page behavior|research on identifying spambots]]. '''Changes later this week''' * You can opt in to a new beta feature that lets you use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Diffs|visual diffs]] on history pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T185708] * The visual editor shows and lets you edit templates in one way, and reference lists in another. This meant that templates that only contain a fake reference list, like <code><nowiki>{{reflist}}</nowiki></code>, would not get updated as you edited. Now they will update as you edit, but you will no longer be able to visually edit them as templates. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T52769] * The abuse filter extension has a new feature <code>contains_all</code> that you may use to check if one or more strings are all contained in another given string. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Rules_format] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 13 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 14 February. It will be on all wikis from 15 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=18&min=30&sec=0&year=2018&month=02&day=13 13 February at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=16&min=00&sec=0&day=14&month=02&year=2018 14 February at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Reading/Web/Settings|settings page and beta options]] for the mobile website are being improved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T67079] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/07|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W07"/> 22:59, 12 februar 2018 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17726593 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/08|Tech News: 2018-08]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W08"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The explanation of the abbreviations on the recent changes page could overlap with the list of changes. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T182156][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184165] * You can now [https://stats.wikimedia.org/v2/#/all-projects see statistics] for pageviews per wiki per country. You can see this on maps or in a table. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-February/089518.html] '''Problems''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Linter|Linter]] is reporting estimated counts instead of actual counts for some wikis. This is because of performance problems. You might notice a false higher number in linter counts for some categories. This will be fixed as soon as the performance problem has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184280] * Last week the way that Visual Editor displays references lists was changed. As a result, the references generated by specific templates like <code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code> are not visible in the references list whilst editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187495][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T52769] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 20 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 21 February. It will be on all wikis from 22 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=30&sec=0&year=2018&month=02&day=20 20 February at 19:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=16&min=00&sec=0&day=21&month=02&year=2018 21 February at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The way edit summaries and log comments are stored in the database is being changed. In the future this will [[phab:T6714|make longer comments possible]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T185948] * Edit conflicts could be solved in a different way in the future. You can [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Edit Conflicts/Feedback Round Paragraph-Based Prototype|test a new prototype]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/08|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W08"/> 23:54, 19 februar 2018 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17748904 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/09|Tech News: 2018-09]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W09"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Checkusers and stewards can now view private data such as the IP address in the abuse log. This data is removed regularly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T160357] '''Problems''' * Last week's MediaWiki version was rolled back because of a bug. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-February/089550.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187942] * Since the deployment train last week until late evening on 20 February [[w:en:Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]], when you thanked someone for an edit, the thank went to the latest unthanked edit to that page. It didn't matter which edit you tried to give thanks for. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187757] * [[Special:Statistics|Special:Statistics]] did not take newly created pages into account since 13 February 2018. Because of this the statistics are recreated. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/411400/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187845][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Tech/News/2018/09] '''Changes later this week''' * Users with version 10 of the Internet Explorer browser will no longer get JavaScript on Wikimedia wikis. If you use this browser on your computer, you can try upgrading to a newer version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187869] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikinews wikis will switch to use the [[mw:RemexHtml|Remex parsing library]]. This is [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|to replace Tidy]]. It will happen on 27 February. Other wikis will be recommended to switch soon when they have fixed the errors that must be fixed. Tidy will be removed in the middle of 2018. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T188000][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Parsing/Replacing_Tidy/FAQ#What_will_editors_need_to_do.3F] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 27 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 28 February. It will be on all wikis from 1 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=30&sec=0&year=2018&month=02&day=27 27 February at 19:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=16&min=00&sec=0&day=28&month=02&year=2018 28 February at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/09|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W09"/> 20:52, 26 februar 2018 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17769917 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/10|Tech News: 2018-10]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W10"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now make longer edit summaries. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6715] '''Changes later this week''' * You can [[m:Community Tech/Ping users from the edit summary|notify users in edit summaries]]. They will get a ping just as if they had been mentioned on a wiki page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T32750] * On [[Special:AbuseLog|Special:AbuseLog]] you can now choose to list only actions that actually made an edit. Other actions are when the filter warned the editor or blocked the edit from being made. There are also more search options. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T159061][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187971] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Wikis can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|enable Citoid]] to provide automatic reference look-up in the visual editor and the 2017 wikitext editor, but it is complex. The tool will now warn in the JavaScript console if the configuration isn't correct. Soon Citoid will disable itself if the configuration isn't correct. Check that your wiki is configured correctly. You can [[mw:Talk:Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|ask for help]] if you need it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T186276] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 March. It will be on all wikis from 8 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=30&sec=0&year=2018&month=03&day=06 6 March at 19:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=16&min=00&sec=0&day=07&month=03&year=2018 7 March at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * In the future you will be able to use global preferences. This means you could change a preference for all wikis instead of having to change it every time for each wiki. You can now [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Special:GlobalPreferences test global preferences] and [[mw:Help talk:Extension:GlobalPreferences|give feedback]]. * You can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Map improvements 2018|read about planned works on maps]] during 2018. This will be done by June. You [[mw:Talk:Map improvements 2018|can give feedback]] on the planned maps work. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/10|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W10"/> 18:12, 5 mart 2018 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17798793 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/11|Tech News: 2018-11]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W11"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/11|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * 3D models can now be uploaded to Commons. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/commons-l/2018-February/007972.html] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|Page Previews]] has been updated to use [[w:en:HTML|HTML]] for previews. This has fixed many issues. An [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] was done on English and German Wikipedia to measure how it is used. Other changes were also made. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-March/089609.html] * Some edits have to be checked against too many conditions before they can trigger an [[w:en:Wikipedia:Edit filter|abuse filter]]. If that is the reason no filter is triggered the edit will be [{{fullurl:Special:RecentChanges|tagfilter=abusefilter-condition-limit}} tagged] for review. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T71492] * Auto-saving has been added to the visual editor and the 2017 wikitext editor. Right now it is meant to help if your browser crashes or if you accidentally close a tab. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T57370] '''Problems''' * The [[w:en:Wikipedia:Edit filter|abuse filter]] did not tag all edits that should have been tagged after last week's MediaWiki version had come to the wikis. It was fixed on 9 March (UTC). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T189299] '''Changes later this week''' * You can [[m:Community Tech/Ping users from the edit summary|notify users in edit summaries]]. They will get a ping just as if they had been mentioned on a wiki page. This was originally planned to happen last week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T32750] * It is now possible to specify the block parameters for each filter in [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. The parameters include block duration and if the user should be blocked from editing their own talk page. The block duration is separate for anonymous and registered users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T32024][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170014] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] A hundred Wikimedia wikis will switch to use the [[mw:RemexHtml|Remex parsing library]]. This is [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|to replace Tidy]]. It will happen on 13 and 14 March. Other wikis will be recommended to switch soon when they have fixed the errors that must be fixed. Tidy will be removed in the middle of 2018. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T188869][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T188010][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Parsing/Replacing_Tidy/FAQ#What_will_editors_need_to_do.3F] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 13 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 14 March. It will be on all wikis from 15 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=30&sec=0&year=2018&month=03&day=13 13 March at 19:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=16&min=00&sec=0&day=14&month=03&year=2018 14 March at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/11|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W11"/> 20:44, 12 mart 2018 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17827223 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/12|Tech News: 2018-12]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W12"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/12|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * On March 12 early morning UTC, the number of 503 error messages increased due to an issue on esams datacenter. It has been fixed. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20180312-Cache-text] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2018-03-20|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2018-03-21|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2018-03-22|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] There is no Editing team meeting this week. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=16&min=00&sec=0&day=21&month=03&year=2018 {{#time:j xg|2018-03-21|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * From April 4, the autopatrol status of edits will only be accessible in the Recent Changes database table, so only for 30 days. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-March/001812.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184485] * [[mw:In-context_help_and_onboarding|In-Context Help and Onboarding]] is a new project, aiming to improve retention of new wiki editors. The goal is to give them short tutorials and other training experiences based on their activity. [[mw:Collaboration|Collaboration team]] is expecting feedback and comments on [[mw:Talk:In-context_help_and_onboarding|the project talk page]], especially from people working with newcomers. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/12|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W12"/> 16:03, 19 mart 2018 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17845447 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/13|Tech News: 2018-13]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W13"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/13|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * Some of the interface icons and text sizes will change slightly, as part of the updates for improved accessibility and consistency. These icons are used in many features, including Notifications, Recent Changes, Beta Features, Visual Editor, 2017 Wikitext Editor, Code Editor, and others. While editor toolbars, dialogs, and menus will appear slightly bigger; elements on special pages will be slightly smaller. Functionality will not change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T177432] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T97631] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The deprecated #toc and #toctitle CSS ids have been removed. If your wiki was still using these for fake Tables of Content (ToC) then these might lose their styling. They can be replaced with .toc and .toctitle classes where appropriate. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187808] * [[mw:Extension:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] will be deployed to the Wikivoyages on 28 March 2018. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T189834] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 27 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 28 March. It will be on all wikis from 29 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=18&min=30&sec=0&year=2018&month=03&day=27 27 March at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be one hour earlier than usual on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=16&min=00&sec=0&day=28&month=03&year=2018 28 March at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * From 9 April, the sort order of categories will be distorted for a short time. We are upgrading versions of an internationalisation library (ICU) and using a maintenance script to update existing database entries. This will last anywhere from a few hours to a few days, depending on wiki size. Read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Operations/ICU announcement|more details]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T189295] * Changes are coming to search for Serbian projects. Cyrillic and Latin variants of a word and different grammatical forms of a word will be able to find each other. Read more on MediaWiki in [[mw:Wikimedia_Search_Platform/Serbian_Search_Update/sr|Serbian]] or [[mw:Wikimedia_Search_Platform/Serbian_Search_Update|English]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/13|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W13"/> 22:04, 26 mart 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17870513 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/14|Tech News: 2018-14]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W14"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[m:Community Tech/Template wizard|Template Wizard]] script available for testing. It will show up as a puzzle-piece icon in the 2010 WikiEditor. You can click on the icon to insert a template. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=| Advanced item]] The Wikimedia Communities and Contributors survey is to be sent to participants around the world this week. If you are volunteer developer, and have contributed code to any pieces of MediaWiki, gadgets, or tools, [https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_5ABs6WwrDHzAeLr?aud=DEV please take 20 to 40 minutes to complete the survey]. '''Problems''' * MediaWiki deployment train has been rolled back to version <span dir=ltr>1.31.0-wmf.26</span> on week 13, due to a multiplication of lost connections during MySQL queries. Some of the recent changes may have not been applied. They will be deployed next week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190960][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2018-March/000523.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2018-March/000524.html] * The Notifications badge icons were overlapping other links. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T183539] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 3 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 4 April. It will be on all wikis from 5 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] User subpages ending in <code dir=ltr>.json</code> will now be protected from other people editing them, like <code dir=ltr>.js</code> and <code dir=ltr>.css</code> pages already are. If you have a tool that stores static configuration, you can now use a subpage like <code>User:Example/mygadget.json</code> to do this without concerns. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T76554] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|Tidy will be replaced by RemexHtml]] on the next set of wikis. On April 4, we plan to turn off Tidy on all Wikiquotes (except frwikiquote) and Wikimedia chapters and user groups wikis. 23 wikis will have Tidy replaced this time. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-March/001821.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T188881][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190726] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] will transition to use [[mw:OOUI|OOUI]] starting April 4, and the rule editor will also be changed to a CodeEditor (ACE) similar to what is found on user JavaScript pages. The move to OOUI will continue over the next few weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132284] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T39192] * In Special:Preferences, the preference "{{int:tog-watchlistreloadautomatically}}" is now only visible for users who have opt-out the New Filters for the Watchlist. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T186277] * You can see names of individual abuse filters in [[Special:AbuseLog]]. Now if the name of an abuse filter contains some wikisyntax like links, it will not change to a link when displayed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T141670] * You can now search through filter patterns at [[Special:AbuseFilter]]. You may specify either a plain string or a [[:w:regular expression|regular expression]] and the matching filters will show a snippet of their pattern with the match highlighted. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T87455] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=18&min=30&sec=0&year=2018&month=04&day=03 3 April at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=15&min=00&sec=0&day=04&month=04&year=2018 4 April at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * If you're using, creating or improving Lua modules, you can [[d:Wikidata:New convenience functions for Lua|give your feedback]] to help harmonizing the modules across wikis and add more useful functions. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] On April 11th, we plan to turn off Tidy on all wikis with less than 50 entries in all high priority linter categories. About 60 wikis will have Tidy replaced. Currently about 600 wikis have had Tidy replaced and we have another 300 wikis to go. We plan to finish this transition from Tidy to RemexHtml by end of June 2018. Please follow [[phab:T175706|T175706]] to monitor progress of [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|Tidy replacement]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190731][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-March/001821.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/14|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W14"/> 21:28, 2 april 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17894791 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/15|Tech News: 2018-15]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W15"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *Some pages have templates that describe problems with that article. There is now more information for mobile readers and what is wrong with the article and how they could help fix it. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile_Page_Issues#Updates_to_the_page_issue_modal] *You can now thank users for many more actions than edits to a page. This was [[m:2017 Community Wishlist Survey/Miscellaneous/Allow %27thanks%27 notification for a log entry|one of the top ten requests in the Wishlist Survey]] last year. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T60485] * The sort order of categories will have errors for a short time starting Monday 9 April (UTC). We are upgrading versions of an internationalisation library (ICU) and using a script to update the database. This will take between a few hours and a few days depending on wiki size. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Operations/ICU announcement|read more details]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T189295] * Tag filter titles will now work better on wikis where the tag filter title is in a language that is written in another direction than the language of that wiki. This could for example be an English title (written from left to right) on a Hebrew or an Arabic wiki (written from right to left). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190718] '''Problems''' *The bookmark icon for saved filters on the recent changes page disappeared because of new icon changes. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191366] *For a week in March rollbacks got both the <code>rollback</code> and the <code>undo</code> tag on the recent changes page and other pages where you see tags. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190374] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.29|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 April. It will be on all wikis from 12 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Patrolled edits now have three states instead of two. Recent changes filters are updated to show unpatrolled, autopatrolled and manually patrolled edits. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190408] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=18&min=30&sec=0&year=2018&month=04&day=10 10 April at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=15&min=00&sec=0&day=11&month=04&year=2018 11 April at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The iOS and Android apps will get [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Synced Reading Lists|synced reading lists]] later in April. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/15|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W15"/> 20:08, 9 april 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17924500 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/16|Tech News: 2018-16]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W16"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/16|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * Profiling statistics for an [[mw:Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filter]] tell how often edits match the filter. The statistics for the abuse filters were reset after 10000 actions. Wikis can now decide to reset it more or less often. They can [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/1/?tags=AbuseFilter file a phabricator task] to do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132925] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:mw:Extension:AbuseFilter|Abuse filters]] will now treat integers and [[:en:Floating-point arithmetic|floats]] more precisely. For example, 5/2 was rounded down to 2 but will now be 2.5 and 2*4 will be the integer 8 and not the floating-point number 8.0. Division values are the only ones changed. For the rest only strict comparisons (<code>===</code> and <code>!==</code>) will be affected leaving the values unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191688][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:AbuseFilter/Rules_format#Arithmetic] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 17 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 18 April. It will be on all wikis from 19 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180417T1830 17 April at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180418T15 18 April at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[phab:T181084|new PDF renderer]] could not create PDFs from [[w:en:Wikipedia:Books|books]]. Books are in this case collections of pages on a Wikimedia wiki. [[w:en:PediaPress|PediaPress]] will take over development of the books-to-PDF function. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Reading/Web/PDF_Functionality] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] will no longer support Python 2.7.2 and 2.7.3. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191192] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Volunteer developers can fill out the [https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_5ABs6WwrDHzAeLr?aud=DEV Wikimedia Communities and Contributors survey]. The last day is April 22 (UTC). This is a third-party service survey. See [[wmf:Community Engagement Insights 2018 Survey Privacy Statement|the privacy statement]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/16|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W16"/> 17:20, 16 april 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17931273 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/17|Tech News: 2018-17]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W17"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * All Wikipedias now have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|Page Previews]]. * The iOS and Android apps now have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Synced Reading Lists|synced reading lists]]. This means you can save articles to a private list that can be seen on your other devices if you use the apps. * The icons in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikiEditor|2010 wikitext editor]] have changed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191031] * The visual editor and the 2017 wikitext ask you to write an edit summary after you press <code>Publish</code>. This button now also shows an [[w:en:ellipsis|ellipsis]]. This is to show that pressing <code>Publish</code> is not the last step. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T189803] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 24 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 25 April. It will be on all wikis from 26 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180424T1830 24 April at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180425T15 25 April at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|<nowiki><mapframe></nowiki>]] will come to most Wikipedias in May. This means that you can put interactive maps in the articles. Nine Wikipedias that use a strict version of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|flagged revisions]] will not get this feature in May. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/User:JMatazzoni_(WMF)/mapframe-to-all-wikipedias-notice] * The rollback function could change. This was a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Rollback|German community request]]. All editors with rollback rights can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Rollback/Feedback round|leave feedback]] on the proposed solution. The last day to leave feedback is 4 May (UTC). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/17|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W17"/> 20:16, 23 april 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17965874 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/18|Tech News: 2018-18]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W18"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The parameter for unpatrolled edits in recent changes filters changed name. You might need to update saved filters and links. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190408] '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|We are migrating wikis from Tidy to Remex]]. Because of a bug the 250 wikis which do not yet use Remex were switched on 23 April. This is two months early. This meant that pages with broken wikitext showed wrongly to readers. The bug was undone the next day. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsing/Replacing_Tidy/FAQ#What_will_editors_need_to_do.3F|help fix broken wikitext]] to avoid this problem when your wiki switches. Tidy will be removed on all wikis before July 2018. You can follow the process [[phab:T175706|on Phabricator]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T192855] '''Changes later this week''' * You will be able use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]] on all wikis. CodeMirror helps with [[w:en:Syntax highlighting|syntax highlighting]]. It has previously been a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features|beta feature]] and only available on wikis with scripts that are written from left to right. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191923] * When an administrator blocks someone they will have a calendar they can use to choose when the block ends. This is to make it easier to pick a specific date. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132220] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can soon turn on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:PerformanceInspector|Performance Inspector]] in the {{int:prefs-editing}} section in your preferences. It shows information about the [[w:en:Computer performance|performance]] of pages. This could be the size of modules in the page, how many CSS selectors are defined on the page and how many are used, or the size of the images on the page. This tool is intended to help editors fix pages that load slowly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T117411] *[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new [[:mw:Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filter]] function called <code>equals_to_any</code>. You can use it to check if its first argument is equal (<code>===</code>) to any of the following ones. For example you can use it to check if the page's namespace is amongst a given set of values in a more compact way than you could earlier. You can [[mw:Extension:AbuseFilter/Rules format#Functions|read more on mediawiki.org]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 1 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 2 May. It will be on all wikis from 3 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180501T1830 1 May at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180502T15 2 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Cloud Services team|Wikimedia Cloud Services team]] is working on a new project called [[m:Toolhub|Toolhub]]. The goal is to make it easier for Wikimedians to discover software tools they can use. You can leave feedback on [[m:Talk:Toolhub|the talk page]] or email jhare{{@}}wikimedia.org to leave private feedback. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] All wikis with fewer than 100 high-priority linter errors in all namespaces will switch to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RemexHtml|Remex parsing library]]. This is [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|to replace Tidy]]. It will happen on 2 May. Other wikis will be recommended to switch soon when they have fixed the errors that must be fixed. Wikibooks wikis with fewer than 100 high-priority linter errors in the main namespace will switch on 9 May. Tidy will be removed on all wikis before July 2018. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T192821][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T192299][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Parsing/Replacing_Tidy/FAQ#What_will_editors_need_to_do.3F] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/18|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W18"/> 18:18, 30 april 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=17980974 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/19|Tech News: 2018-19]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W19"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Mobile app|Wikimedia Commons mobile app]] has a new version. It is now easier to find nearby places that need pictures. It helps you with direct uploads and title and category suggestions. The app only works on Android phones. [https://cookiesandcodeblog.wordpress.com/2018/04/21/commons-app-version-2-7-beta-release/] '''Problems''' *[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] had a problem with blocks where you had changed how long they last. It used the default length everywhere. This was in late April. Abuse filter users should make sure the right block length is used and change them if needed. This is only for filters where how long blocks last had been changed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T193324] '''Changes later this week''' * The [[mw:Help:Extension:AdvancedSearch|advanced search function beta feature]] will be on all Wikimedia wikis. It makes it easier to use some of the special search functions that most editors don't know exist. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T193182] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 8 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 9 May. It will be on all wikis from 10 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.31/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180508T1830 8 May at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180509T15 9 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] All wikis with fewer than 100 high-priority linter errors in the main namespace will switch to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RemexHtml|Remex parsing library]]. This is [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|to replace Tidy]]. It will happen on 16 May. Other wikis will switch soon when they have fixed the errors that must be fixed. Tidy will be removed on all wikis before July 2018. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T193685][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Parsing/Replacing_Tidy/FAQ#What_will_editors_need_to_do.3F] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/19|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W19"/> 18:27, 7 maj 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18001263 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/20|Tech News: 2018-20]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W20"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/20|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Dynamic maps]] are now available on most Wikipedias. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Map_languages|Labels on maps]] can also be in different languages. * The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:AdvancedSearch|Advanced Search]] interface is now available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] on all wikis. This makes it easier to learn about and to use many of the powerful options in our search. Feedback is appreciated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-May/001851.html] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 15 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 16 May. It will be on all wikis from 17 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180516T15 16 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * In the mobile view, warnings for when something is wrong with a page are not as clear as they should be. The developers are working on this. You can [[mw:Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile Page Issues|give feedback and suggestions]]. * The developers are working on making the Wikipedia Android app available in more languages. You can give feedback, suggestions and help test it. [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Android/Multilingual Support|Read more on mediawiki.org]] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps#Android] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/20|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W20"/> 00:22, 15 maj 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18004437 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/21|Tech News: 2018-21]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W21"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/21|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 22 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 23 May. It will be on all wikis from 24 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180523T15 23 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * It could become easier to reference different pages of a book in an article. You can [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Book referencing/Call for feedback (May 2018)|give feedback]]. The last day for feedback is 27 May. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/21|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W21"/> 19:33, 21 maj 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18060878 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/22|Tech News: 2018-22]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W22"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:GlobalPreferences|global preferences]] on most wikis. This means you can set preferences for all wikis at the same time. Before this you had to change them on each individual wiki. Global preferences will come to the Wikipedias later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T16950][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T189806#4221561] * It is now easier for blocked mobile users to see why they were blocked. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T165535] * Wikidata now supports [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Lexicographical data|lexicographical data]]. This helps describe words. * There is now a checkbox on [[Special:ListUsers|Special:ListUsers]] to let you see only users in temporary user groups. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T174313] * Some rare invisible Unicode characters have recently been banned from page titles. This includes soft hyphens (U+00AD) and left-to-right (U+2066) and right-to-left (U+2067) isolate markers. Existing pages with these characters will soon be moved by a script. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T121979] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There's a new Wikimedia Foundation team to support the Wikimedia technical communities. It's called the Technical Engagement team. Most of the team members did similar work in other teams before this. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-May/090016.html] '''Problems''' * Some translatable pages are showing old translations instead of latest ones. The cause of this issue has been fixed. We will update all pages automatically to show the latest translations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195347] '''Changes later this week''' * There will be a new special page named [[Special:PasswordPolicies|PasswordPolicies]]. This page gives information about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:$wgPasswordPolicy|password rules]] for each user group on that wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T174812] * A new way to see moved paragraphs in diffs is coming to most wikis. This is to make it easier to find the moved paragraphs and the changes in them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195375] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 29 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 30 May. It will be on all wikis from 31 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Wikis can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|enable Citoid]] to provide automatic reference look-up in the visual editor and the 2017 wikitext editor. This is complex. The tool will now disable itself if the configuration isn't correct. It has warned about this in the JavaScript console since February. Check that your wiki is configured correctly. You can [[mw:Talk:Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|ask for help]] if you need it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T186276] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180529T1830 29 May at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180530T15 30 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content Translation]] drafts which have not been updated in over a year will be removed. This allows other users to translate those articles. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T189088] * A survey is collecting information on what users think about how Wikimedia wiki pages are loaded. This information could be used in future development. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187299] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some wikis will switch to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RemexHtml|Remex parsing library]]. This is [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|to replace Tidy]]. It will happen on 30 May and 13 June. Wikis with fewer than 100 linter issues in the main namespace in all high-priority linter categories will switch. This includes Wikidata. Tidy will probably be removed on all wikis in the first week of July. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Parsing/Replacing_Tidy/FAQ#What_will_editors_need_to_do.3F][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195263] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/22|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W22"/> 14:40, 29 maj 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18082338 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/23|Tech News: 2018-23]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W23"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|MonoBook skin]] has been optimised for mobile devices. It now looks different. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195625] * [[m:Planet Wikimedia|Planet Wikimedia]] collects blogs about Wikimedia. It will now use the [https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Rawdog Rawdog] [[w:en:News aggregator|feed aggregator]] to do this instead of [[w:en:Planet (software)|Planet]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T180498][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-May/090036.html] * Redirect links in [[Special:WhatLinksHere|Special:WhatLinksHere]] now link to the original page and not the target page. This was done earlier and changed the used messages on some pages. This was a problem for wikis that customized the message. A new change fixed this by using the old messages with one more parameter for customization. Wikis that already changed their customized messages will have to move the customization back again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T189860] '''Problems''' * You will not be able to edit some wikis between 06:00 and 06:30 UTC on 13 June. You can see if [[phab:T195487|your wiki is one of them]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]] did not work 24–28 May. This is also why last week's Tech News was late. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195500] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 June. It will be on all wikis from 7 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180605T1830 5 June at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180606T15 6 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|new filters for edit review]] tools and interface for watchlists will leave [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta|beta]]. This is planned to happen in June or early July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T181193][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195993] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/23|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W23"/> 23:54, 4 juni 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18103288 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/24|Tech News: 2018-24]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W24"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|the Wikipedia app]] for Android or iOS users can create [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Synced Reading Lists|reading lists]]. The reading lists can be seen on different devices if you are logged in to your account. There is now a browser extension so you can add pages to your reading list from a web browser. At the moment it works with Firefox and Chrome. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Reading_list_browser_extension] *[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new version of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]]. Pywikibot is a tool to automate tasks on MediaWiki wikis. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/pywikibot/2018-June/009842.html] '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|MonoBook skin]] was changed to make it work better for mobile users. This caused some problems. The change was rolled back to fix them. The new version is now back on the wikis. MonoBook users can opt out from the new responsive design. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195625] '''Changes later this week''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|new filters for edit review]] tools and interface for watchlists will leave [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta|beta]]. For most wikis this will happen on 18 June. For the rest it will happen on 25 June. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T181193][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195993] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 June. It will be on all wikis from 14 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * You can join the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Team|Readers Web team]] IRC office hour. There you can discuss tools to contribute on the mobile web for the existing MediaWiki skins. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180618T16 18 June at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC office hours|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180612T1830 12 June at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180613T15 13 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You will be able to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical Wishes/Move files to Commons|move local wiki files to Commons]] and keep their original data intact. This is [[phab:T190716|planned to come]] to the first wikis in June. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/24|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W24"/> 23:55, 11 juni 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18115892 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/25|Tech News: 2018-25]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W25"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[w:en:Syntax highlighting|Syntax highlighting]] has been a beta feature on Wikimedia wikis with text written from left to right. It is now a normal feature. It is based on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T185030] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180619T1830 19 June at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180620T15 20 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Some old web browsers will not be able to read the Wikimedia wikis. This is because they use an insecure way to connect to them. This means that we get less security for everyone else too. This affects about 0.08% of all traffic to the Wikimedia wikis. This affects for example those who read Wikipedia on a [[w:en:PlayStation 3|PlayStation 3]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T147202][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T196371] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|new filters for edit review]] tools and interface for watchlists will leave [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta|beta]]. Because there is no new MediaWiki version this week it will happen on 25 June for most wikis. For the rest it will happen in early July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T181193][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195993] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] All wikis that have not already done so will switch to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RemexHtml|Remex parsing library]] on 5 July. This is [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|to replace Tidy]]. You [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-June/001867.html can help] fix remaining errors. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Parsing/Replacing_Tidy/FAQ#What_will_editors_need_to_do.3F] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/25|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W25"/> 23:47, 18 juni 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18136222 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/26|Tech News: 2018-26]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W26"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [https://paws.wmflabs.org PAWS], our JupyterHub system, got [[mw:PAWS/News/2018-06-21|an upgrade and a logo]]. Several bugs should be fixed. '''Problems''' * When a link text was in ''italics'' or had other formatting you could sometimes not edit it in the visual editor. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T197213][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T196914] '''Changes later this week''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content translation]] users who translate between any two of Arabic, English, French, Japanese and Russian will be asked to be part of a research project. This is to create better tools for translating articles. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T194467] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 27 June. It will be on all wikis from 28 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180626T1830 26 June at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180627T15 27 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/26|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W26"/> 01:10, 26 juni 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18154936 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/27|Tech News: 2018-27]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W27"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The database for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Tags|tags]] will be changed. This will happen on 2 July on French Wikipedia and 9 July on all other wikis. Please [[phab:T185355|report]] if recent changes get slower or you can't save edits. This could especially affect editors who use the database on ToolForge. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata-tech/2018-June/001283.html] '''Problems''' * Last week's MediaWiki update was rolled back. This was because of a database problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T198350] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180703T1830 3 July at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180704T15 4 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/27|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W27"/> 02:46, 3 juli 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18169586 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/28|Tech News: 2018-28]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W28"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[w:en:WebM|WebM video files]] have smaller file size but still be of the same quality. Creating WebM files will take longer time. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VP9_transition] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|new filters for edit review]] tools and interface for watchlists will leave [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features|beta]]. This was supposed to already have happened but was delayed. For most wikis this will happen on 9 July. For the rest it will happen on 16 July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195993] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] All wikis now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RemexHtml|Remex parsing library]] instead of [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|Tidy]]. This could cause errors. You [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-June/001867.html can help] fix the errors. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Parsing/Replacing_Tidy/FAQ#What_will_editors_need_to_do.3F] '''Problems''' * When you rolled back an edit it could get both the <code>Rollback</code> and <code>Undo</code> tags. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190374] * Rollbacks from autopatrolled users were not marked as patrolled. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T198449] '''Changes later this week''' * When you edit a link in the visual editor there will be two separate buttons to change which page the link goes to (target) or its text (label). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T55973][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T124305] * On the mobile version you can find a link to an editor's contributions from their user page. Now this will work even if they haven't created a user page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T197581] * When you edit a discussion on the mobile version you sometimes get your signature automatically added. This will now not happen if you have already added a signature manually. This is to avoid double signatures. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T192725] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions|Structured discussions]] toolbars will have more style options. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T109123#4400917] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] When you look at Wikimedia code in [[w:en:Gerrit (software)|Gerrit]] there will be a new interface. It is on by default for new users. This is also true for developers. This is to make it easier to understand what is happening. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T196812] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 July. It will be on all wikis from 12 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180710T1830 10 July at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180711T15 11 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Today all administrators can edit [[w:en:CSS|CSS]] and [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] for the entire wiki. There will be a new user group for editing CSS and JavaScript. Administrators will no longer automatically be able to do this. This is because it is a security risk when all administrator accounts can edit JavaScript even if they never plan to or do not know how it works. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Creation of separate user group for editing sitewide CSS/JS|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190015] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|Page previews]] will be on by default for new accounts. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-July/090297.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/28|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W28"/> 01:09, 10 juli 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18194890 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/29|Tech News: 2018-29]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W29"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now use [[mw:Help:Extension:GlobalPreferences|global preferences]] on Wikimedia wikis. You can set them on the [[Special:GlobalPreferences|global preferences page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T16950] * You can now see a new log of pages being created at [[Special:Log/create|Special:Log/create]]. It includes pages which are later deleted. It is now available on all Wikimedia wikis except Commons and Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12331] * You can see how many pageviews a wiki had from specific countries. The [https://stats.wikimedia.org/v2/#/en.wikipedia.org/reading/page-views-by-country/normal{{!}}map{{!}}2-Year~2016060100~2018071100{{!}}~total Wikistats2 maps] have now been updated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-July/090327.html] '''Changes later this week''' * Your watchlist will show changes from the last seven days instead of three. If you have already set a length preference it will not change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T194414] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from July 17. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from July 18. It will be on all wikis from July 19 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180717T1830 July 17 at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180718T15 July 18 at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Some articles have messages to readers about problems with the article. For example that it does not cite sources or might not be neutral. Readers do not see these messages on the mobile version. The developers now want to show them. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile Page Issues|read more and leave feedback]]. * You can use <code><nowiki><inputbox></nowiki></code> to create search boxes for specific pages. For example to search the archives of a community discussion page. Instead of <code><nowiki>prefix:Page name</nowiki></code> you will see a text that explains which pages are being searched. You can [[phab:T198318|read more and leave feedback]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/29|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W29"/> 18:00, 16 juli 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18215334 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/30|Tech News: 2018-30]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W30"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When you log in to your account you can choose to keep being logged in. This checkbox now works better than before on the mobile version for users without JavaScript. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T196947] * Wikis that use [[mw:Citoid|Citoid]] can automatically generate citations for Swedish news sites. This only works in the visual editor. This now works for [[w:en:Sveriges radio|Swedish public service radio]]. More will come. Others could use this to add news sites in other languages in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187023] * Editors can do max 90 edits per minute. This is new since last month. This does not affect bots or administrators. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T56515] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2018-07-24|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2018-07-25|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2018-07-26|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180725T15 {{#time:j xg|2018-07-25|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/30|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W30"/> 11:44, 24 juli 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18233172 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/31|Tech News: 2018-31]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W31"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The design on [[Special:Log]] has changed. It will change again soon. Developers are working on fixing problems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T117737] '''Problems''' * Deployment of 1.32.0-wmf.13 has been partially delayed. All deployments have been resumed and successfully done after bug fixes. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2018-July/000577.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2018-July/000585.html] * Deployment of 1.32.0-wmf.14 has been partially delayed. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2018-July/000587.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2018-July/000589.html] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2018-07-31|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2018-08-01|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2018-08-02|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180731T1830 {{#time:j xg|2018-07-31|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180801T15 {{#time:j xg|2018-08-01|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)] as well as at [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180801T23 23:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * After [[:m:special:MyLanguage/Creation of separate user group for editing sitewide CSS/JS|a community discussion]], a new group for users will be created. "[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|Interface administrators]]" will be the only users allowed to edit interface pages like [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] or [[MediaWiki:Common.js]]. This is done to avoid technical issues and improve security. That change will be effective by the end of August 2018. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/31|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W31"/> 16:05, 30 juli 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18237696 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/32|Tech News: 2018-32]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W32"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/32|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[Special:NewPages|Special:NewPages]] now has the [[mw:UX standardization|OOUI look]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T117739] '''Problems''' * The MediaWiki version that was released two weeks ago was late to some Wikimedia wikis. This was because of bugs. It was on all wikis 30 July. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20180724-Train][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2018-July/000591.html] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 August. It will be on all wikis from 9 August. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180807T1830 7 August at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180808T15 8 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/32|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W32"/> 21:39, 6 august 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18277179 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/33|Tech News: 2018-33]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W33"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *<span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> [[w:en:Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] in templates can now be stored in a separate page on all wikis. This is called [[mw:Extension:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]]. This is to make it easier to edit how templates look. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-August/090481.html] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180814T1830 14 August at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180815T15 15 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The developers are planning more ways to block users. This could be blocking someone from just a page or a namespace. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Per-user page, namespace, and upload blocking|read more]]. You can leave feedback on the [[m:Talk:Community health initiative/Per-user page, namespace, and upload blocking|talk page]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2018-August/090842.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/33|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W33"/> 19:52, 13 august 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18292380 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/34|Tech News: 2018-34]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W34"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/34|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 21 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 22 August. It will be on all wikis from 23 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180822T15 22 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/2018 Community Wishlist Survey|2018 Community Wishlist Survey]] begins on 29 October. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can post proposals from 29 October to 11 November. You can vote on proposals from 16 November to 30 November. *[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Manual:$wgLegacyJavaScriptGlobals|Legacy JavaScript global variables]] have been deprecated for seven years. They will soon be removed from all wikis. Gadgets and scripts that use them will stop working. You can test your community's gadgets on "group0" wikis. For example [[testwiki:Main Page|Test Wikipedia]] or [[mw:MediaWiki|mediawiki.org]]. The legacy JavaScript global variables are already disabled there. You can [[mw:ResourceLoader/Migration guide (users)#Global wg variables|read the migration guide]] to fix old scripts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T72470] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/34|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W34"/> 18:46, 20 august 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18310555 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/35|Tech News: 2018-35]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W35"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now see moved paragraphs in diffs in the mobile view. It also works on all languages in the desktop view. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T199800] * Bureaucrats on all Wikimedia wikis can now remove the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface admin]] user right. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202298] '''Problems''' * Some diffs show lines in the wrong order. The developers are working on fixing it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T197157] '''Changes later this week''' * The message you see when you thank a user will change. This is to make it easier to understand. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T159302] * [[w:en:Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]] will stop adding <code>using AWB</code> in the edit summary. Instead it will add a [[Special:Tags|tag]] that says <code>AWB</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T111663] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filter]] variables have changed. They are now easier to understand for non-experts. The old variables will still work but filter editors are encouraged to replace them with the new ones. You can find the list of changed variables [[mw:Extension:AbuseFilter/Rules format#Variables|on mediawiki.org]]. They have a note which says <code>Deprecated. Use ... instead</code>. An example is <code>article_text</code> which is now <code>page_title</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T173889] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Abuse filters can now use how old a page is. The variable is <code>page_age</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T30844] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 28 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 29 August. It will be on all wikis from 30 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180828T1830 28 August at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180829T15 29 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Because of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for up to an hour on 12 September and 10 October. This will start at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=14&min=00&sec=0&day=12&month=09&year=2018 14:00 (UTC)]. You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. The time when you can't edit might be shorter than an hour. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018|You can read more about this]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/35|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W35"/> 18:15, 27 august 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18330273 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/36|Tech News: 2018-36]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W36"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/36|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new user right for users who can edit [[w:en:CSS|CSS]] and [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] for the entire wiki. Before this all admins could edit CSS and JavaScript. This was a security risk. This group is called [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface administrators]]. Administrators can delete user CSS and JavaScript pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190015][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200176] * There will be an [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on the Wikipedia mobile website. It starts this week. It tests how we show templates that show information about an article. The test will last two weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200792][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile_Page_Issues] * You can now use different CSS rules for different skins when you edit templates. This is because of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T197617] * <code>wp10</code> in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ORES|ORES]] is now called <code>articlequality</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T196240] * When you get a new message on your talk page you get a yellow message in the toolbar. The preference to show or not show this has been removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T58845] '''Problems''' * [[c:Commons:Upload Wizard|UploadWizard]] had problems with [[mw:Extension:UploadWizard/Campaigns|campaigns]]. Users could not upload files. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202760] * You can get a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications|notification]] when a link is made to a page you created. This has not worked since June. It was fixed last week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200119] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 4 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 5 September. It will be on all wikis from 6 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180905T15 5 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers|Readers department]] will work on advanced mobile editing. You can [[c:File:Wikimedia Foundation Readers Roadmap Review - 2018-08-27.pdf|read more]] about this and other things they plan to work on over the next year. You can also [[c:File:Wikimedia Foundation Readers Roadmap Review - 27 August 2018.webm|see the presentation]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Keegan (WMF)/RelatedSites2|The RelatedSites extension]] will be removed from Wikivoyage. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Unused projects on the [[wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Wikimedia Cloud virtual private server]] will [[wikitech:Cloud VPS 2018 Purge|be removed]]. This will happen in October. Projects can be marked if they are being used. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-August/090735.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/36|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W36"/> 18:47, 3 septembar 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18344596 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/37|Tech News: 2018-37]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W37"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When you added or edited a template with the visual editor the input boxes were very big. This has been fixed. The input boxes will now be smaller until you click on them. Then they will change size to fit the text. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200834] '''Problems''' * Some diffs showed lines in the wrong order. This was fixed last week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T197157] * Marking a cross-wiki notification as read didn't work every time. The other wiki was not updated. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T121930] * <code><nowiki><maplink></nowiki></code> did not work for a few days. This was because of a bug. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203427] * <code><nowiki>{{subst:REVISIONUSER}}</nowiki></code> is used by some templates. For a period edits saved with <code><nowiki>{{subst:REVISIONUSER}}</nowiki></code> would save the previous user's name and not your username. This is now fixed. Edits made before the bug was fixed will still be wrong and need to be corrected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203583] * When you move a page the title still shows the old page name. The developers are working on fixing this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203661] '''Changes later this week''' * Because of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for up to an hour on 12 September and 10 October. This will start at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=14&min=00&sec=0&day=12&month=09&year=2018 14:00 (UTC)]. You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. The time when you can't edit might be shorter than an hour. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018|You can read more about this]]. * Because of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018|the data centre test]] there will be no new version of MediaWiki this week. Changes for this week will come next week instead. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180911T1830 11 Septmber at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180912T15 12 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Team|The developers]] work on making the wikis work better on mobile phones. There is a list [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for mobile friendly articles|of common problems when making content easier to read in the mobile view]]. You can add things to the page and ask others to help. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/37|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W37"/> 00:35, 11 septembar 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18369657 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/38|Tech News: 2018-38]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W38"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Mobile app|Wikimedia Commons mobile app]] has a new version. Images uploaded using Nearby are now automatically added to the associated Wikidata item. You can browse other images on Commons. You can see your achievements and your upload statistics. It has also fixed some bugs. [https://cookiesandcodeblog.wordpress.com/2018/08/10/commons-app-version-2-8-beta/] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki web requests now have a time limit of 60 seconds for GET requests and 200 seconds for POST requests. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T97192] '''Problems''' * You could not see the menu on the notifications page on the mobile version. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T192475] '''Changes later this week''' *[[Special:AncientPages|Special:AncientPages]] can hide disambiguation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T76287] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 September. It will be on all wikis from 20 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180919T15 19 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Team|The developers]] are testing new mobile web navigation. You can [[mw:Reading/Web/Advanced_mobile contributions/Navigation prototype feedback|use it and give feedback]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/38|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W38"/> 23:58, 17 septembar 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18389264 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/39|Tech News: 2018-39]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W39"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/39|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * The [[Special:Preferences|preferences form]] will change to use the standard look. If you see any problems please [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/3/?projects=ui-standardization,mediawiki-special-pages report them on Phabricator]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T117781] *[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 September. It will be on all wikis from 27 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180926T15 26 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/39|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W39"/> 17:23, 24 septembar 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18408633 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/40|Tech News: 2018-40]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W40"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Ordinary pages can no longer be loaded as [[w:en:JavaScript|javascript]]. You could do this using <code dir=ltr>?action=raw&ctype=text/javascript</code> in the [[w:en:URL|URL]]. Only fully protected pages in the MediaWiki: namespace or user javascript subpages can be loaded as javascript now. This is for better security. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-September/001955.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-September/090882.html] '''Problems''' * New and updated translations from [[:en:w:translatewiki.net|translatewiki.net]] will not reach the wikis for a while. You can still translate messages on translatewiki.net. The Wikimedia wikis will be updated with the new translations later. This is because of work on the translation system. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-September/001951.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-September/090882.html] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 2 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 3 October. It will be on all wikis from 4 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181003T15 3 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. * You can join the meeting with the Wikimedia Foundation Search Platform team. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181003T15 3 October at 15:00 UTC]. See [[m:IRC office hours#Upcoming office hours|how to join]] if you want to know how the search function works or have questions. '''Future changes''' * Because of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for up to an hour on 10 October. This will start at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=14&min=00&sec=0&day=10&month=10&year=2018 14:00 (UTC)]. You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. The time when you can't edit might be shorter than an hour. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018 2|You can read more about this]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/40|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W40"/> 19:34, 1 oktobar 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18433392 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/41|Tech News: 2018-41]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W41"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Education Program|Education Program extension]] was removed from all Wikimedia projects. You can use the [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/ Programs and Events Dashboard] or the [https://tools.wmflabs.org/fountain/editathons/ Fountain] instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T125618] '''Problems''' * There was a problem when you copied and pasted from a table with the visual editor. It could add <code>href</code> where it shouldn't be. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108506] '''Changes later this week''' * Because of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for up to an hour on 10 October. This will start at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=14&min=00&sec=0&day=10&month=10&year=2018 14:00 (UTC)]. You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. The time when you can't edit might be shorter than an hour. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018|You can read more about this]]. * Because of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018|the data centre test]] there will be no new version of MediaWiki this week. Changes for this week will come next week instead. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181010T15 10 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/41|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W41"/> 01:38, 9 oktobar 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18453674 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/42|Tech News: 2018-42]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W42"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/42|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Some pages, edits and users disappeared for a short while after the [[m:Tech/Server switch 2018|server switch]]. Missing content and users was fixed within a day. Some preferences and other things might take a few more days to fix. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T206743] * Wikis are updated with new and updated translations from [[m:translatewiki.net|translatewiki.net]] again. This will happen once a week. The developers are working on fixing the problem so we can have translation updates more often again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/phame/post/view/121/translationwiki.net_security_incident/] '''Changes later this week''' * When you create an abuse filter that prevents edits you can now write a specific error message for it. Before this all abuse filters that prevented edits had the same error message. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T27086] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 October. It will be on all wikis from 18 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * There will be no more meetings with the Editing team. This is because not enough Wikimedians were interested. To tell developers which bugs you think are the most important you can use [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/ Phabricator] as normal. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Editing_team/Weekly_triage_meetings] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181017T15 17 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/42|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W42"/> 00:40, 16 oktobar 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18470532 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/43|Tech News: 2018-43]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W43"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/43|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 23 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 24 October. It will be on all wikis from 25 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181024T15 24 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2019|Community Wishlist Survey]] begins on 29 October. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can post proposals from 29 October to 11 November. You can vote on proposals from 16 November to 30 November. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/43|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W43"/> 01:11, 23 oktobar 2018 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18491932 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/44|Tech News: 2018-44]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W44"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can post proposals for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2019|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can post proposals until 11 November. You can vote on proposals from 16 November to 30 November. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The wikis now have a [[:w:en:Content Security Policy|content security policy report]]. This means that you might get a warning in your javascript console when you load external resources in your user scripts. For security reasons it is recommended that you don't do this. It might not be possible to load external resources in your scripts in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-October/001994.html] '''Problems''' * Your watchlist can show which changes you have already seen. This did not work for a few days. It has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T207472] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 30 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 31 October. It will be on all wikis from 1 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The 2006 wikitext editor is no longer available. It will be removed from [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|Special:Preferences]]. It has not been the standard editor for a long time. It was replaced by the [[mw:Extension:WikiEditor|2010 wikitext editor]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Contributors/Projects/Removal_of_the_2006_wikitext_editor][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T30856] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181031T15 31 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/44|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W44"/> 21:08, 29 oktobar 2018 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18519160 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/45|Tech News: 2018-45]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W45"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:TemplateWizard|TemplateWizard]] to edit templates. This works only with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikiEditor|2010 wikitext editor]] and not in the visual editor or the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]]. If you click on [[File:OOjs UI icon puzzle-ltr.svg|17px|link=|Puzzle icon]] you can enter the information in a pop-up. You can turn on TemplateWizard in your beta feature preferences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202545] '''Changes later this week''' * You can choose to see edit conflicts in a two-column view. This is a beta feature. You can find it in your preferences. The interface for the two-column edit conflict will change. You can [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Edit Conflicts#Solution: Solving edit conflicts line by line (new beta feature)|read more]]. * When you edit with the visual editor you can use the "Automatic" citation tab. This helps you generate citations. You will now be able to write plain text citations or the title of a journal article or a book in this tab. This will search the [[:w:en:Crossref|Crossref]] and [[:w:en:WorldCat|WorldCat]] databases and add the top result. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T198567] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 November. It will be on all wikis from 8 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181107T15 7 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/45|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W45"/> 18:29, 5 novembar 2018 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18540415 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/46|Tech News: 2018-46]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W46"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Some old mobile browsers can use the watchlist again. This has not worked for a while. These browsers are called [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Basic (Grade_C)|grade C browsers]]. This helps for example Windows Phone 8.1 with Internet Explorer and Lumia 535 with Windows 10. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T196893] '''Problems''' * You can choose to see edit conflicts in a two-column view. This is a beta feature. You can find it in your preferences. Users who use this view saw the edit conflict resolution page when they wanted to see a preview. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T208840][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209012][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209036] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 13 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 14 November. It will be on all wikis from 15 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181114T15 14 November at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation]] tool to translate articles. The developers are working on [[mw:Content translation/V2|a new version]]. One of the changes will be a maintenance category. Articles where users add a lot of text from machine translation without changing it will be in that category. This is so the community can review it. The users will also have been warned before they publish the article that it has a lot of unchanged text from machine translations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190798] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/46|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W46"/> 20:21, 12 novembar 2018 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18568837 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/47|Tech News: 2018-47]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W47"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/47|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can vote on proposals in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2019|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can vote until 30 November. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is an [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] for <code>sameAs</code> data. This is to make it easier to find the right information with a search engine. This changes the [[:w:en:Metadata|metadata]] for a wiki page. It doesn't change how the page looks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209306] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181121T15 21 November at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia wikis use templates to show readers there are problems with the content on some pages. For example if there are no sources or the page needs to be rewritten. The mobile website will soon show more information when you use these templates. Some templates may need to be updated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-November/091113.html] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Education Program|Education Program extension]] was removed from all Wikimedia projects. The [[:w:en:Table (database)|database tables]] used by the extension will be archived. This will happen in a month. If you want the information on your wiki you should move it to a normal wiki page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T174802] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/47|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W47"/> 00:28, 20 novembar 2018 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18611020 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/48|Tech News: 2018-48]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W48"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/48|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On wikis with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Translate|translatable pages]] you could create a mess when you moved a page that had translatable subpages. A subpage is when you use <code>/</code> to create a new page: <code>/wiki/Page/Subpage</code>. The subpages would be moved but not the translations. The subpages are no longer automatically be moved. This is to make it safer to move pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T114592] '''Changes later this week''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:AdvancedSearch|advanced search interface]] will be available by default on all Wikimedia wikis. It makes it easier to use some of the special search functions that most editors don't know exist. It's already active on German, Farsi, Arabic and Hungarian Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T193182] * [[Special:UnusedCategories|Special:UnusedCategories]] show empty categories with no files or other categories. You can soon choose to not show soft redirect categories or some maintenance categories there. You can do this with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words|magic word]] <code><nowiki>__EXPECTUNUSEDCATEGORY__</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T96041] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 27 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 28 November. It will be on all wikis from 29 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181128T16 28 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The <code>mw.util.jsMessage()</code> function was deprecated in 2012. It will be removed next week. [[:w:en:Wikipedia:Reporting JavaScript errors|Look for the warning]] <code>Use of "mw.util.jsMessage" is deprecated</code> in the JavaScript console to know if you use an affected script or gadget. If you are a gadget maintainer you should check if your JavaScript code contains <code>mw.util.jsMessage</code>. There is a [[mw:ResourceLoader/Migration guide (users)#mw.util.jsMessage|migration guide]]. It explains how to use <code>mw.notify</code> instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T193901] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/48|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W48"/> 23:21, 26 novembar 2018 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18638702 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/49|Tech News: 2018-49]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W49"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/49|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Admins will not be able to unblock themselves if they are blocked by someone other than themselves. This is because it can cause damage if someone else takes over an admin account and other admins can't block them. If this is a problem for your community you can [[phab:T150826|report it on Phabricator]]. You can also ask questions [[m:Tech|on Meta]]. There is a discussion [[phab:T150826|on Phabricator]] about how to solve this if two admins fight with each other on a small wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150826] * Small [[:w:en:Scalable Vector Graphics|SVG images]] are now bigger when you see them in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:MediaViewer|MediaViewer]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T71237] * You can go to a section from the edit summary by clicking on the section name. Before this you had to click on the arrow. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T165189] * When you jumped to a footnote that was referenced several times in an article it could be difficult to see where you were in the text. Now there are jump marks and highlights to help you find your way back. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Footnote_highlighting][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T194511] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181205T23 5 December at 16:00 (UTC)] and [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181205T23 at 23:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/49|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W49"/> 17:12, 3 decembar 2018 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18671340 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/50|Tech News: 2018-50]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W50"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/50|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 11 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 12 December. It will be on all wikis from 13 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181212T16 12 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * New accounts will need passwords that are at least 8 characters long. Admins, interface admins, bureaucrats, oversighters, CentralNotice admins, global renamers, check users, stewards and some other user groups will need passwords that are at least 10 characters long. This is because an attacker could cause damage to the wikis if they took over these accounts. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Security_Team/Password_strengthening_2019][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Password_policy] * When you hover over a footnote it will show you the reference as a pop-up. This is so you don't have to jump down to the bottom of the page to see a reference. This will happen in 2019. Some wikis already have gadgets that do this. You will be able to turn it off. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/50|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W50"/> 18:33, 10 decembar 2018 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18699559 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/51|Tech News: 2018-51]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W51"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 7 January 2019. '''Recent changes''' * Some templates that show notices about the content of the page will now be shown on the mobile website. In many cases they were hidden before. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile_Page_Issues][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T210553] * Admins can no longer unblock themselves, except for self-blocks. A blocked admin can block the user who blocked them but no one else. This is so no one can block all admins on a wiki without being stopped. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150826] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration extension]] has been removed. It compared the result of two versions of the MediaWiki wikitext parsing pipeline. It was used when we moved to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RemexHtml|Remex parsing library]] instead of [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|Tidy]]. '''Problems''' * <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code> tags can use parameters such as "name" or "group". For example <code><nowiki><ref name="adams" group="books"></nowiki></code>. If a <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code> tag has more than two parameters all parameters are ignored. You don't get a warning that they don't work. This will soon be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T211576] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 December. It will be on all wikis from 20 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181219T16 19 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Android app team]] are working on making it easier to edit on mobile phones. You can [[mw:Android editing features|read more]] about these plans. If you have an Android phone and speak at least two languages you can help testing in English. Tell [[:m:User:Dchen (WMF)|Dchen (WMF)]] you want to be part of the testing by writing on her talk page or email her. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] <code>tiles.wmflabs.org</code> and <code>wma.wmflabs.org</code> will stop working. They have no maintainers and run an old operating system. Tools which use it could stop working. This includes [[:w:en:Mapnik|the mapnik gadget]], hill shading, and hike and bike layers. New maintainers could help out and keep it going. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-December/091216.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/51|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W51"/> 21:34, 17 decembar 2018 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18718987 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/02|Tech News: 2019-02]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W02"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/02|Translations]] are available. ''Tech News writers, editors and translators wish you a pleasant 2019 year.'' '''Recent changes''' * RelatedSites extension has been undeployed. It was used to create interwiki links on Wikivoyage, now handled by Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T128326] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki logstash logging is moving to a new infrastructure. This is an ongoing deployment. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Logging_infrastructure_design_document.pdf] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [https://codesearch.wmflabs.org codesearch.wmflabs.org] has been updated, with new and updated repositories and a new search options for code. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2019-January/002045.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] On several wikis, an account named "{{int:abusefilter-blocker}}" has been created on December 17 to perform some technical maintenance on AbuseFilter. This account has sysop rights but it's a system user and no human can use it. The account already existed on wikis where AbuseFilter can perform blocks, which are issued using this account. See [[:phabricator:T212268|T212268]] for more information and future plans. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]], the "{{int:abusefilter-action-throttle}}" action takes three parameters: count, period and groups. They must now strictly respect the requirements listed [[:mw:Extension:AbuseFilter/Actions#Throttling|on mediawiki.org]]. A list of broken filters is [[:phabricator:P7956|on Phabricator]]. If you're familiar with AbuseFilter, please take a look and fix them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209565] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from January 8. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from January 9. It will be on all wikis from January 10 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * Search Platform Office Hours is rescheduled to January 9. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-January/091280.html Check the details] for time and date. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/02|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W02"/> 19:29, 7 januar 2019 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18759682 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/03|Tech News: 2019-03]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W03"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now use [[:w:en:Google Translate|Google Translate]] in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation tool]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T90208][https://wikimediafoundation.org/2019/01/09/you-can-now-use-google-translate-to-translate-articles-on-wikipedia/] * You can now add [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:File captions|captions]] to files on Commons. Captions are short descriptions of the file. They can be translated to all languages we use. They can't use wikitext markup. * Earlier a [[:w:en:Attribute (computing)|quoted HTML attribute]] had to be followed by a space. Now it doesn't. This means that some pages could look different when you save them even if you didn't edit that part of the text. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Topic:Uqhg1it7nojfnjfg][https://github.com/wikimedia/mediawiki/commit/59bb8864a23f3df120789c7619ef07acefa27b9c] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Templates with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|<nowiki><templatestyles></nowiki>]] could not show the difference between the live template and the [[w:en:Sandbox (software development)|sandbox]] version when they were tested. This has now been fixed. <nowiki><templatestyles></nowiki> has a new <code>wrapper</code> parameter now. You can use it for selectors like <code dir="ltr">.mw-parser-output <nowiki><wrapper parameter value> <selector from CSS page></nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200441] '''Problems''' * When you see an edit in the recent changes feed or in the history of a page some of them have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tags|tags]]. Some tags are added automatically. You can also add tags manually. Tags for edits that have been added manually can be edited. This didn't work for a little while. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T212703] '''Changes later this week''' *You can move files from your wiki to Wikimedia Commons and keep the file history with the new [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Move files to Commons|FileExporter]]. It will be a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features|beta feature]] on all wikis from 16 January. If you want to test it you [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|activate it]] and check [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Move files to Commons/Configuration file documentation|your wiki's configuration file]]. * Users who could cause more damage to the wikis if someone took over their account have to have more secure passwords. This includes administrators and other user groups. They can't use passwords that are in a list of common passwords. Accounts with common passwords are easy to take over. The list of common passwords was made longer a few weeks ago and has a different error message. Some user groups have been added to those who can't use common passwords. This is to protect all accounts with user rights that could cause damage. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/#/c/operations/mediawiki-config/+/481115/] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] variable <code>minor_edit</code> has been removed. It was deprecated in 2016. Now you can't use it. You can fix the filters using it. You can find them if you use the search bar on [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from January 15 <section end="technews-2019-W03"/> 18:54, 14 januar 2019 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18781471 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/04|Tech News: 2019-04]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W04"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/04|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Some people did not get last week's issue of Tech News. This was because of a problem with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]]. If you did not get last week's issue, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/03|read it on Meta]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213942] '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation tool]] can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/V2|version 2]] as the default version for users who turned on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features|beta feature]]. For example it adds the tracking category <code>{{int:cx-unreviewed-translation-category}}</code> to translations that might have used machine translations without fixing the problems. This is so others can find them. You can find this category in <code>Special:TrackingCategories</code> on Wikipedias. * [https://mediawiki2latex-large.wmflabs.org https://mediawiki2latex-large.wmflabs.org] can now convert collects of up to 800 pages to [[:w:en:PDF|PDF]], [[:w:en:EPUB|EPUB]] or [[:w:en:OpenDocument|ODT]]. Previously this was 200 pages. '''Problems''' * When a template was edited with the visual editor, it would sometimes put all information on one line. This makes it difficult to read for editors who use the wikitext editor. It also makes it more difficult to see what happened in a diff. This problem affected edits made between 8 and 17 January and is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213922] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]] is used to post a message to many pages. It has not been working reliably. Some messages have not been posted to everyone. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213942][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139380] * Because of a database problem that had to be fixed immediately you could not edit most wikis for a couple of minutes on 17 January (UTC). This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213858] '''Changes later this week''' * You will be able to use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|template styles]] in the <code>Module</code> namespace. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200914] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 22 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 23 January. It will be on all wikis from 24 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190123T16 23 January at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/04|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W04"/> 21:33, 21 januar 2019 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_targets/1&oldid=18802322 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/05|Tech News: 2019-05]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W05"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/05|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Wikimedia servers use [[:w:en:HHVM|HHVM]] to run the [[:w:en:PHP|PHP]] code. They are [[mw:Wikimedia Technology/Annual Plans/FY2019/TEC4: PHP7 Migration/Goals|going to use PHP7]] and stop using HHVM. You can test PHP7 with a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features/PHP7|new beta feature]]. That way you can [[mw:Talk:Beta Features/PHP7|help find and report]] problems. '''Problems''' * When someone moves a page to a name that already exists that page that had the name the article is moved to is deleted. For a couple of months this didn't always work. Some users saw an error message instead. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T210739] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190130T16 30 January at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/05|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W05"/> 19:14, 28 januar 2019 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18821217 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/06|Tech News: 2019-06]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W06"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/06|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * It was easy to untick a box by accident in [[Special:Preferences|Special:Preferences]]. This will now be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213517] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 February. It will be on all wikis from 7 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190206T16 6 February at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/06|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W06"/> 18:11, 4 februar 2019 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18846213 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/07|Tech News: 2019-07]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W07"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can use the <code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for mobile friendly articles on Wikimedia wikis#Making page issues (ambox templates) mobile friendly|ambox]]</code> [[:w:en:Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] class to show page issues to mobile readers. When you use <code>ambox</code> there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for mobile friendly articles on Wikimedia wikis#Making page issues (ambox templates) mobile friendly|classes]] you can use. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 February. It will be on all wikis from 14 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190213T16 13 February at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/07|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W07"/> 19:45, 11 februar 2019 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18862544 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/08|Tech News: 2019-08]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W08"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When you [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thank]] someone on the mobile web you will now have two seconds to cancel the thank. This is in case you clicked on the thank button by accident. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T63737] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 19 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 20 February. It will be on all wikis from 21 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190220T16 20 February at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * There is a proposal to add a red link to mobile search results if there is no page with that name. This is how it works on desktop. You can [[mw:Talk:Readers/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|leave feedback]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T211006] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/08|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W08"/> 00:13, 19 februar 2019 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18883065 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/09|Tech News: 2019-09]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W09"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a [https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewSoftware?id=324715238&mt=8 new version] of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS FAQ|iOS Wikipedia app]]. It has for example [[:w:en:Syntax highlighting|syntax highlighting]] and new toolbars to make it easier to write wikitext. It also has night mode, a find-on-page function and other things. You can [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia Apps|give feedback and suggestions]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Editing_program] '''Changes later this week''' * When you look at your watchlist or the recent changes page you can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|new filters for edit review]]. There you can choose tags to filter different edits. Empty tags will no longer be shown. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T182219] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 27 February. It will be on all wikis from 28 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190227T16 27 February at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android will invite users to add Wikidata descriptions to Wikidata objects that have Wikipedia articles but no Wikidata descriptions. It will only invite users who have added a number of Wikidata descriptions in the app without being reverted. This is to avoid spam and bad edits. You can [[mw: Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks|read more]] and [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks|leave feedback]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/09|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W09"/> 22:16, 25 februar 2019 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18898106 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/10|Tech News: 2019-10]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W10"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/10|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 March. It will be on all wikis from 7 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190306T16 6 March at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You can [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019/Participant group sign-up|give feedback]] on the future of talk pages. * The mobile website will use the standard [[:w:en:Font|fonts]] on your computer or phone instead of a generic font. This will make it easier to read text in many scripts. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Design/Projects/Improve_mobile_reading_experience][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T175877] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/10|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W10"/> 17:37, 4 mart 2019 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18912959 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/11|Tech News: 2019-11]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W11"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/11|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Pages can use [[:wikidata:Property:P625|geocoordinates]] from Wikidata with the <code>mw.wikibase.entity:formatStatements</code> [[w:Lua (programming language)|Lua]] function or the <code>#statements</code> [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parser functions|parser function]]. If they do, they will now be shown using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#<maplink>|a Kartographer <code><maplink></code>]] if the wiki can use Kartographer. You can report bugs or ask questions [[phab:T210926|on Phabricator]]. * There is now an [[:wikitech:EventStreams|EventStream]] to see when [https://stream.wikimedia.org/?doc#!/Streams/get_v2_stream_page_links_change links are added or removed] on Wikimedia wikis. You can read the [[phab:T115119|discussions and plans]]. '''Problems''' * Some wikis will not be able to edit for a short period of time on 19 March ([[:w:en:Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]). This will start at [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190319T15 15:00 UTC]. It will last up to 15 minutes but probably shorter. You can [[phab:T217441|see the list of affected wikis]]. This is because of network maintenance. You can still read the wikis. * Editors who use Firefox to edit with the visual editor had a problem with copying text. When they tried to select text that included footnotes, templates or block images in the middle they would often only get part of the text. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214976] * Some maps didn't work for a while on 8 March. This has been fixed. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20190308-wdqs][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217898] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 March. It will be on all wikis from 14 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190313T16 13 March at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/11|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W11"/> 20:28, 11 mart 2019 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18925338 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/12|Tech News: 2019-12]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W12"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/12|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * When you use [[:m:Help:Reverting#Advanced features|rollback]] you will be able to get a confirmation prompt on most wikis. It asks you if you wanted to do the rollback. This is to avoid misclicks. You will have to [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|opt in]] to get it. On German Wikipedia it will be an opt-out feature from 28 March. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T199534][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Rollback] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 19 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 20 March. It will be on all wikis from 21 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190320T16 20 March at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Admins will be able to block someone from editing a page or a namespace. This already works on a few Wikimedia wikis. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Partial blocks|read more]]. If your wiki wants to be an early tester of this, you can [[m:Talk:Community health initiative/Partial blocks|tell the developers]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2018-August/090842.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:wikitech:Help:Toolforge|Toolforge]] will [[:wikitech:News/Toolforge Trusty deprecation|shut down the Ubuntu Trusty job grid]]. This will happen the week of 25 March. Tools that use this grid needs to be moved to the new Debian Stretch job grid. If they haven't, they will be taken offline. Maintainers can restart the tools later. Users may not be able to use them in the meanwhile. You can see a [[:toolforge:trusty-tools/|list of affected tools]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/12|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W12"/> 20:43, 18 mart 2019 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18939566 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/13|Tech News: 2019-13]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W13"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/V2|new version of the content translation tool]] will be used for all new translations. The older version will still be used for translations that were started with it. Most users won’t see any change. More than 80% of the published translations are already using the new version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T212646] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with editing with [[:w:en:Safari (web browser)|Safari]] on [[:w:en:IOS|iOS]]. When you wrote an edit summary you couldn't save the edit. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218352] * The editing toolbar sometimes disappears when you scroll on [[:w:en:IOS|iOS]] devices. This will be fixed soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218414] * Wikis can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System message|over-ride interface messages]] on-wiki. A problem meant that sometimes an old versions of any changed messages were shown instead. This included the sitenotice and other important parts of the interface. This was fixed at around 2019-03-22 16:00 (UTC). Logged-out users may still get the wrong message. Purging the page should fix it for them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218918] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 27 March. It will be on all wikis from 28 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190327T16 27 March at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/13|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W13"/> 19:04, 25 mart 2019 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18947493 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/14|Tech News: 2019-14]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W14"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/14|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications|Notifications]] tell you about things that happen on the wiki. You can turn on notifications about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications/Notifications_types#echo-category-title-article-linked|new links to pages you created]]. For performance reasons you can no longer get e-mails about this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219444] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 2 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 3 April. It will be on all wikis from 4 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190403T16 3 April at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/14|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W14"/> 18:28, 1 april 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18980992 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/15|Tech News: 2019-15]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W15"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * More wikis are now testing visual editor section editing for mobile users. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor on mobile/Section editing|read more]]. * Admins on French and Polish Wikipedia can [[m:Community health initiative/Partial blocks|block someone from editing a page or a namespace]]. If your wiki wants to get these blocks before they are available to all wikis, you can [[m:Talk:Community health initiative/Partial blocks|tell the developers]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219327][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219218] '''Problems''' * You will be able read but not edit most wikis for 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190411T05 11 April at 05:00 (UTC)]. This is because of a hardware problem. You can [[phab:T220080|see a list of the affected wikis]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-April/091900.html] * A map update caused some problems on 29 March and 30 March. It was rolled back. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217087] * Pages on some Wikivoyages had problems with the top headline. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T97891#5079408] '''Changes later this week''' * When you add an edit summary the VisualEditor will search your recent edit summaries in case you want to re-use one. This works in both the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide|visual]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|wikitext]] modes on desktop. It also works [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile|on the mobile site]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T50274] * The Wikimedia wikis will get a [[:w:en:URL shortening|URL shortener]]. This will work from 11 April. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|read more]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-April/012893.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The <code><nowiki>{{REVISIONID}}</nowiki></code> magic word will no longer work. This is for performance reasons. When you preview a page it will return <code>""</code> (empty string). When you read a page it will return <code>"-"</code> (dash). For now this will only affect content namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T137900] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 9 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 10 April. It will be on all wikis from 11 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190410T15 10 April at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You will be able to preview references. This means that when you hover over the link you will get a popup that shows you a preview of the reference. It will work much like [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|page previews]]. This is so you don't have to go to the bottom of the page to see a reference. This will now be available as a beta feature on German and Arabic Wikipedia. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T67114] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikidata [[:w:en:JSON|JSON]] output will change. Empty containers will be serialised as empty objects. This is a breaking change that will affect tools that use JSON outputs and APIs. It will happen on 30 April. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-April/012891.html read more and see how to test your code]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/15|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W15"/> 20:23, 8 april 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18988936 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/16|Tech News: 2019-16]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W16"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/16|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *All wikis now have the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:TemplateWizard|TemplateWizard]] for the wikitext editor. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 April. It will be on all wikis from 18 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190417T15 17 April at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Wikidata will get a new [[:wikidata:Help:Property constraints portal#Constraint statements on properties|constraint status]] called <code> suggestion</code>. This [[mailarchive:wikidata/2019-April/012911.html|will change]] how the <code>WikibaseQualityConstraints</code> constraint checking API works. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-April/012910.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T204439] * You can test the [[c:Commons:Structured data/Get involved/Feedback requests/Depicts testing|<code>depicts</code> property]] for structured data on Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/16|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W16"/> 00:59, 16 april 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19011282 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/17|Tech News: 2019-17]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W17"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/AdvancedSearch|advanced search]] function [[:w:en:URL|URL]] now shows which namespaces you search in. The namespace field is collapsed by default on the search page. You can also [[gerrit:plugins/gitiles/mediawiki/extensions/AdvancedSearch/+/refs/heads/master/docs/adding_fields.md|add new fields]] to the search interface through a [[:w:en:Hooking|hook]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217445][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217443][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217446] * The wikis now look slightly different in the mobile web version. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-April/091978.html] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190423T15 23 April at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Wikipedia articles will have the <code>[https://schema.org/sameAs sameAs]</code> [https://schema.org/Property meta property]. It adds structured data. This makes it easier for search engines to find Wikipedia articles. It also makes it easier to reuse content. There will an [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Reading/Seach_Engine_Optimization/sameAs_test][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209306] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/17|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W17"/> 21:07, 23 april 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19030007 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/18|Tech News: 2019-18]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W18"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android now invites users to add Wikidata descriptions to Wikidata objects that have Wikipedia articles but no Wikidata descriptions. It will only invite users who have added a number of Wikidata descriptions in the app without being reverted. This is to avoid spam and bad edits. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T205125] '''Problems''' * Tech News was late last week because of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:MassMessage|MassMessage]] bug. Other newsletters had the same problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T221570] '''Changes later this week''' * You will see when you last refreshed the recent changes page. This is so you can see how recent the changes are. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200353] * When you write a comment in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions|Structured Discussions]] but have not posted it yet your [[:w:en:Web browser|web browser]] will save it in <code>[[:w:en:Web storage#Local and session storage|local storage]]</code> instead of <code>[[:w:en:Web storage#Local and session storage|session storage]]</code>. This means you do not lose them even if you close your web browser. Structured Discussions used to be called Flow. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T93612] * You will be able to turn off [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications/Notifications types#Milestone|milestone notifications]]. Milestone notifications congratulate you when you have made certain numbers of edits. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T169924] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 30 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 1 May. It will be on all wikis from 2 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190501T15 1 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikidata <code>wb_terms</code> table will be dropped. This will affect some Wikidata tools. They need to be updated. The table has become too big which is causing problems. This will happen on 29 May. You can [[mailarchive:wikidata/2019-April/012987.html|read more]]. You can ask for help if you need it. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Wikimedia wikis will soon use a token when you log out. This changes how the API works. Some tools might need to be updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T25227] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/18|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W18"/> 00:27, 30 april 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19046269 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/19|Tech News: 2019-19]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W19"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/19|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * [[Special:Watchlist|Special:Watchlist]] can show the wrong information. It does not always show which edits are read and which are unread. The developers are working on solving the problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218511] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 May. It will be on all wikis from 9 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190507T15 8 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/19|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W19"/> 18:27, 6 maj 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19073915 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/20|Tech News: 2019-20]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W20"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/20|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 14 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 15 May. It will be on all wikis from 16 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190514T15 15 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/20|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W20"/> 02:48, 14 maj 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19091659 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/21|Tech News: 2019-21]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W21"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The report for phase 1 of the talk pages consultation 2019 [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Talk pages consultation_2019/Phase 1 report|has been published]]. Communities are invited to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages consultation 2019/Participant group sign-up#Phase2|start phase 2 of the consultation]] on their wikis. '''Problems''' * File descriptions for files from Commons were not shown properly on other Wikimedia wikis for a few days. For example the image descriptions and license information were missing. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222935][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222954] * Some diffs show an error message when you try to see them. The developers are working on fixing it. It could be because of some edit comments. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222857][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222628] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2019-05-21|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2019-05-22|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2019-05-23|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190521T15 {{#time:j xg|2019-05-22|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Content translation/V2|content translation tool]] on Wikipedia can use machine translations. There is a system to stop translations where the editors do not fix machine translation mistakes. This warns or stops them if they seem to just copy what the machine translation gives them. If this system is too strict or not strict enough you can [[mw:Talk:Content translation|tell the language team]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Content_translation/Translating/Translation_quality] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikidata <code>wbeditentity</code> [[:w:en:Application programming interface|API]] endpoint will remove all aliases if the request includes an empty alias. This is how it supposed to work. It has not been working this way because of a bug. This will start on 12 June. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-May/013051.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/21|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W21"/> 15:03, 20 maj 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19108030 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/22|Tech News: 2019-22]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W22"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/22|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Big changes to the [[w:en:Replication (computing)|replica database]] will happen on 3 June. Some tools on [[:wikitech:Help:Cloud Services Introduction|Cloud Services]] will stop working if the maintainers do not update them to use the new schema. This probably affects tools that query for revisions or log entries made by a user. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223406][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/cloud-announce/2019-May/000172.html] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 28 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 29 May. It will be on all wikis from 30 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190529T15 29 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/22|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W22"/> 17:33, 27 maj 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19120221 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/23|Tech News: 2019-23]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W23"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now write all special letters in all African Wikipedia languages. This works in the desktop version. [https://aharoni.wordpress.com/2019/05/25/happy-africa-day-keyboards-for-all-african-wikipedia-languages/] * There is now a field called <code>[[:c:Commons:Depicts|depicts]]</code> on Commons. This is a way to show what is in a picture with the help of Wikidata. It is still in development. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Village_pump#Adding_qualifiers_to_Depicts] * Some tools on Toolforge may break on or after 3 June because of database changes. Maintainers should update their tools to use the new schema. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223406][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/cloud-announce/2019-May/000172.html] '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190619T05 19 June at 05:00 (UTC)]. This is to fix a hardware problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224516] '''Changes later this week''' * Some wikis have one tab for the visual editor and one tab for a wikitext editor. Others wikis just have one tab. If your wiki has two tabs, clicking a link to create a new page has always opened a wikitext editor. It will now open the editor you used the last time you edited. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223793] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 4 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 5 May. It will be on all wikis from 6 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190605T15 5 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/23|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W23"/> 17:24, 3 juni 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19133752 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/24|Tech News: 2019-24]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W24"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When you create a PDF from a page on the wiki this is now done by [[mw:Proton|Proton]]. Before this we used [[mw:Electron|Electron]]. It should look the same but work better. Both use Chromium. This is a different system from when you collect several articles into a book and make a PDF from them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T210651][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T186748] * The Flagged Revisions extension now uses the standard OOUI icons. There will be additional minor fixes for positioning in the next deployment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T155878] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Bots and other scripts that do not set an identifiable [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User-Agent policy|User-Agent]] may find their requests strictly rate-limited until they identify themselves properly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224891] '''Problems''' * Please check if the Flagged Revisions configuration on your wiki is as you expect (or as it was a few weeks ago). If not, please [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/1/?projects=Wikimedia-Site-Requests%2CMediaWiki-extensions-FlaggedRevs report it]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225144] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190612T15 12 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/24|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W24"/> 19:06, 10 juni 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19143311 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/25|Tech News: 2019-25]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W25"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/25|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190619T05 19 June at 05:00 (UTC)]. This is to fix a hardware problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224516] '''Changes later this week''' * [[:w:en:MIDI|MIDI]] files can soon be played without the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Score extension]]. You can then add them with <code><nowiki>[[File:Filename.midi]]</nowiki></code>. Later <code>override_midi</code> and <code>override_audio</code> will stop working. Instead you will need to add the MIDI file below the music score. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T135597] * A new video player will soon replace the old one. You will be able to enable it as a beta feature in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|your preferences]]. It will later be enabled for everyone if there are no big problems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148103] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 June. It will be on all wikis from 20 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190619T15 19 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some gadgets and user scripts still use the old <code>wgEnableAPI</code> and <code>wgEnableWriteAPI</code> values. These values are always true. They will soon be removed. This might break the gadgets and scripts. You should fix your gadgets to not use these values. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/core/+/504076] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/25|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W25"/> 22:37, 17 juni 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19152213 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/26|Tech News: 2019-26]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W26"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/26|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki for last week was not fully released due to issues. It was removed from most wikis on Tuesday and from test wikis on Thursday. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-June/092212.html] * Most wikis were slow and then briefly read-only last week due to one of the database servers having a problem. It is now replaced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225981] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 June. It will be on all wikis from 27 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * You can watch or join the next [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-June/092210.html Wikimedia Language showcase]. It will be about the usage of Machine Translation in Wikimedia projects. The showcase will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190626T13 26 June at 13:00 (UTC)]. A recording will be kept for later viewing * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190626T15 26 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/26|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W26"/> 19:29, 24 juni 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19168431 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/27|Tech News: 2019-27]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W27"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The development of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Bridge|Wikidata Bridge]] has started. The goal is to allow Wikidata edits from Wikipedia. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-June/013216.html] '''Problems''' * Sometimes pages load slowly for users routed to the Amsterdam data center. Investigation is in progress. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226048] * Wikidata query service was overloaded between 11:50 UTC until 13:15 UTC on June 24. It has been fixed. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20190624-wdqs] '''Changes later this week''' * You will be able to read but not to edit all wikis for a short amount of time, on 3 July at 06:00 (UTC). This is to move a database. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226358] * There is no deployment of a new version of MediaWiki on the wikis this week ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190703T15 3 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/27|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W27"/> 23:22, 1 juli 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19175317 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/28|Tech News: 2019-28]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W28"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * For event organizers, if you [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mass_account_creation#Requesting_temporary_lift_of_IP_cap|request a temporary lift of the IP cap]] for mass account creation, this will now also raise the edit rate limit for those new accounts at the event, which will prevent another bottleneck. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T204583] * Administrators at all Wiktionary, Wikivoyage, and Wikisource wikis are now able to use the new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_health_initiative/Partial_blocks|partial blocks]] feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218626] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 9 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 10 July. It will be on all wikis from 11 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The design of MediaWiki's software windows will change for desktop users. Layout will be simpler, buttons will be bolder and clearer, and close buttons will be just icons. This is like the mobile design. This will affect ContentTranslation, VisualEditor, TemplateWizard, and other tools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226045] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190710T15 10 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Wikidata will be in read-only mode on 30 July from 05:00 to 05:30 UTC because of a server switch. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T227063] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There will be a change in the name format of new Wikidata RDF dumps starting on 15 July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226153] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/28|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W28"/> 22:12, 8 juli 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19192465 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/29|Tech News: 2019-29]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W29"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The mobile web will get more advanced editing tools. Seven more Wikipedias can use them now. This works for Arabic, Indonesian, Italian, Persian, Japanese, Spanish and Thai Wikipedia. You can try the tools on the mobile web and give feedback. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:CKoerner_(WMF)/Advanced_mobile_contribution_options_second_update] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The abuse filter system user will soon do maintenance edits on broken abuse filters. This user is called <code>{{int:abusefilter-blocker}}</code> and has administrator rights. This is meant to fix technical problems. It will not do any other changes. You [[phab:T209565|can read more]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 July. It will be on all wikis from 18 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190717T15 17 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android will invite users to add image captions to images on Commons. It will only invite users who have added a number of edits in the app without being reverted. This is to avoid spam and bad edits. You can [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks|read more]] and [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks|leave feedback]]. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Village_pump/Archive/2019/03#Edit_action_feed_(Android_Wikipedia_app)] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/29|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W29"/> 17:29, 15 juli 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19199404 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/30|Tech News: 2019-30]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W30"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Communities interested by easing newcomers' first steps can now benefit from the Growth team experiments on their wikis. Check [[mw:Growth/Communities/How to get the Growth experiments on your wiki|the conditions and the request process]]. * The [[m:Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award 2019]] is looking for nominations. You can recommend tools by July 29. The awarded tools will be presented at Wikimania. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-July/092301.html] '''Problems''' * The release of the last version of MediaWiki (1.34.0-wmf.14) has been blocked for groups 1 and 2. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2019-July/002184.html] '''Changes later this week''' * Phabricator database will be moved to a different server. Writes will be blocked on Thursday 25 July, between 05:30 and 06:00 AM UTC. Reads will remain unaffected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T228243] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 23 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 24 July. It will be on all wikis from 25 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190723T15 24 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Edit cards|Some items in the visual editor]] will change later this week. This will make it easier to edit links, citations, and templates on both desktop and mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225834][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T221247] * With [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:AdvancedSearch|advanced search]] turned on you will be able to choose the sorting order of the search results when you do a search. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225479][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T197525] * Users who edit from IP addresses whitelisted on a [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Mass_account_creation#Requesting temporary lift of_IP cap|request for temporary lift of the IP cap for mass account creation]] will bypass CAPTCHAs. This will happen in August. If you think this should not happen for some reason, please [[:phab:T227487|let us know]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The variable <code>user_wpzero</code> will be removed from AbuseFilter. [[phab:T227843#5344413|A list of filters needing a fix is provided]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/30|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W30"/> 15:07, 22 juli 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19224936 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/31|Tech News: 2019-31]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W31"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/31|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Wikidata will be in read-only mode on 30 July from 05:00 to 05:30 UTC because of a server switch. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T227063] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 30 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 31 July. It will be on all wikis from 1 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190731T15 31 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/31|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W31"/> 23:42, 29 juli 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19235136 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/32|Tech News: 2019-32]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W32"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/32|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 August. It will be on all wikis from 8 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Problems''' *A change in [[mw:Extension:RelatedArticles|RelatedArticles extension]] accidentally enabled it for everyone, not just for mobile users. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T181242][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T229644] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190807T15 7 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Today everyone can see [[:w:en:IP addresses|IP addresses]] if someone edits without an account. In the future this could be more hidden. This is to protect unregistered editors so fewer can see their IP address. This would only happen after we make sure the tools for vandal fighting can still be effective. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP_Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|read more]] and [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|comment]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/32|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W32"/> 15:24, 5 august 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19263690 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/33|Tech News: 2019-33]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W33"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Editors using the mobile website on Wikipedia can opt-in to new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced_mobile_contributions|advanced features]] via your settings page. This will give access to more interface links, special pages, and tools. Feedback on the discussion page is appreciated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T228916] * Due to the absence of volunteer maintenance of Cologne Blue skin, the link to activate it will be hidden. The skin will still work, but editors using it are encouraged to switch to another skin. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223824] '''Changes later this week''' * Due to Wikimania, there is no deployment this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments#Week_of_August_12th] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190813T15 13 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The "Wikidata item" link will be moved from "Tools" to "In other projects" section on all Wikimedia projects, starting on August 21. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-August/013316.html Full announcement], [[phab:T66315|Phabricator task]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/33|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W33"/> 20:19, 12 august 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19280448 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/34|Tech News: 2019-34]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W34"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/34|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * There will be no Tech News issue next week. The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 2 September 2019. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some abuse filters stopped working because of a code change. Only variables for the current action will work. Variables defined inside a branch may not work outside of that branch. You can [[phab:T230256|read more]] to see how to fix the filters. * Only six accounts can be created from one [[:w:en:IP address|IP address]] per day. Between 12 August and August 15 this was two accounts per day. This was because of a security issue. It is now six accounts per day again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230521] '''Changes later this week''' * Only a limited number of accounts can be created from one [[:w:en:IP address|IP address]]. An IP address can be [[:w:en:Whitelisting |whitelisted]] so that it can create as many accounts as needed. This is useful at events where many new persons learn to edit. IP addresses that are whitelisted for this reason will also not show [[w:en:CAPTCHA|CAPTCHAs]] when you create accounts. This will happen on Wednesday. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T227487] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 20 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 21 August. It will be on all wikis from 22 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190821T15 21 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * There is an [[:w:en: Request for Comments|RFC]] about creating a new global user group with the right to edit [[:mw:Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]]. This will be used to fix broken filters and make sure all filters will still work when software changes happen. You can [[:m:Requests for comment/Creating abusefilter-manager global group|read more and comment]]. * <code>Special:Contributions/newbies</code> will no longer be working. This is because of performance reasons. It showed edits by new accounts. You can see this in the recent changes feed instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T220447] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/34|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W34"/> 17:20, 19 august 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19310286 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/36|Tech News: 2019-36]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W36"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/36|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can use the new [[wikidata:Wikidata:Development/Termbox|termbox]] interface if you edit Wikidata on a mobile device. This is to edit labels, descriptions and aliases easier on the mobile pages. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-August/013355.html] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki has been deployed during the last week. * The previously announced change of positions of the "Wikidata item" link on all wikis has been rollbacked due to unexpected cache issues. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T66315#5431632] * The limit for rollbacks has been increased from 10 to 100 rollbacks per minute. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T228708] * The advanced version of the edit review pages (Recent Changes, Watchlist, and Related Changes) now include two new filters. These filters are for "All contents" and "All discussions". They will filter the view to just those namespaces. However the "All discussions" filter does not include pseudo talk pages, like discussions that are in the ''Project:'' or ''Wikipedia:'' namespaces. But it will include changes happening on ''Project talk:'' or the ''Wikipedia talk:''. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T201520] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2019-09-03|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2019-09-04|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2019-09-05|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). * When you log in, the software checks your password to see if it follows the [[Special:MyLanguage/Password policy|Password policy]]. From this week, it will also complain if your password is one of the most common passwords in the world. If your password is not strong enough, please consider to [[Special:PasswordReset|change your password]] for a [[w:en:Password strength|stronger password]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T151425] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190904T15 {{#time:j xg|2019-09-04|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikidata for up to 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190910T05 September 10 at 05:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] * You will be able to read but not to edit some mid-sized wikis for up to 30 minutes [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190917T05 September 17 at 05:00 (UTC)]. You can [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wikimedia/operations-mediawiki-config/master/dblists/s2.dblist see which wikis]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] * You will be able to read but not to edit some mid-sized wikis for up to 30 minutes [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190924T05 September 24 at 05:00 (UTC)]. You can [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wikimedia/operations-mediawiki-config/master/dblists/s3.dblist see which wikis]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for up to 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190926T05 September 26 at 05:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/36|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W36"/> 11:07, 4 septembar 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19350205 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/37|Tech News: 2019-37]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W37"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/37|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikidata for up to 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190910T05 10 September at 05:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] * When you log in, the software checks your password to see if it follows the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Password policy|Password policy]]. From this week, it will also complain if you are a "privileged user" and your password is too short. If your password is not strong enough, please consider to [[Special:PasswordReset|change your password]] for a [[w:en:Password strength|stronger password]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/operations/mediawiki-config/+/534707] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 September. It will be on all wikis from 12 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190911T15 11 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Soon, the AbuseFilter will recognize new syntax errors. Specifically, it will recognize errors about empty operands. You can see a list of examples in [[phab:T156096]]. Any active filter with such an error will stop working; hence, please take a look at the [[phab:T156096#5464310|list of affected filters]], and fix the ones that you can fix. Note that there is also an ongoing [[:m:Requests_for_comment/Creating_abusefilter-manager_global_group|RFC on meta-wiki]] about the creation of a new abusefilter-manager global group. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/37|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W37"/> 19:42, 9 septembar 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19361962 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/37|Tech News: 2019-37]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W37"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/37|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikidata for up to 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190910T05 10 September at 05:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] * When you log in, the software checks your password to see if it follows the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Password policy|Password policy]]. From this week, it will also complain if you are a "privileged user" and your password is too short. If your password is not strong enough, please consider to [[Special:PasswordReset|change your password]] for a [[w:en:Password strength|stronger password]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/operations/mediawiki-config/+/534707] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 September. It will be on all wikis from 12 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190911T15 11 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Soon, the AbuseFilter will recognize new syntax errors. Specifically, it will recognize errors about empty operands. You can see a list of examples in [[phab:T156096]]. Any active filter with such an error will stop working; hence, please take a look at the [[phab:T156096#5464310|list of affected filters]], and fix the ones that you can fix. Note that there is also an ongoing [[:m:Requests_for_comment/Creating_abusefilter-manager_global_group|RFC on meta-wiki]] about the creation of a new abusefilter-manager global group. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/37|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W37"/> 19:43, 9 septembar 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19361962 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/37|Tech News: 2019-37]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W37"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/37|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikidata for up to 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190910T05 10 September at 05:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] * When you log in, the software checks your password to see if it follows the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Password policy|Password policy]]. From this week, it will also complain if you are a "privileged user" and your password is too short. If your password is not strong enough, please consider to [[Special:PasswordReset|change your password]] for a [[w:en:Password strength|stronger password]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/operations/mediawiki-config/+/534707] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 September. It will be on all wikis from 12 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190911T15 11 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Soon, the AbuseFilter will recognize new syntax errors. Specifically, it will recognize errors about empty operands. You can see a list of examples in [[phab:T156096]]. Any active filter with such an error will stop working; hence, please take a look at the [[phab:T156096#5464310|list of affected filters]], and fix the ones that you can fix. Note that there is also an ongoing [[:m:Requests_for_comment/Creating_abusefilter-manager_global_group|RFC on meta-wiki]] about the creation of a new abusefilter-manager global group. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/37|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W37"/> 19:49, 9 septembar 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19361962 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/38|Tech News: 2019-38]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W38"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/38|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week's Tech News had delivery problems. Some did not get the newsletter. Some got it more than one time. The developers are working on the problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T232379] * There was a problem with the new MediaWiki version last week. The new version was paused. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-September/092535.html] '''Changes later this week''' * You will be able to read but not to edit some mid-sized wikis for up to 30 minutes [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190917T05 on September 17 at 05:00 (UTC)]. You can [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wikimedia/operations-mediawiki-config/master/dblists/s2.dblist see which wikis]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 17 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 18 September. It will be on all wikis from 19 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190918T15 18 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android invites users to do small tasks. This is to get more readers to edit. If they get reverted too many times it will pause or block the tasks for that user. All normal editing will still work if the community doesn't block the user. The developers want to know if the plan looks OK. You can [[:mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Suggested Edits 3.0 - Improved Suggested Edits Homescreen and Feature Pausing|see what it could look like]] and [[:mw:Talk:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks|give feedback]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] When you look at an old version of a page you get a warning that this is not the newest version. This uses the [[:w:en:Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] class <code>.mw-revision</code>. It will use the CSS class <code>.warningbox</code> for styling instead. If your wiki uses templates to change how the warning looks they will have to be updated. This will happen later. If this would cause problems you should tell the developers in the next couple of weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T232415] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/38|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W38"/> 17:07, 16 septembar 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19379999 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/38|Tech News: 2019-38]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W38"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/38|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week's Tech News had delivery problems. Some did not get the newsletter. Some got it more than one time. The developers are working on the problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T232379] * There was a problem with the new MediaWiki version last week. The new version was paused. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-September/092535.html] '''Changes later this week''' * You will be able to read but not to edit some mid-sized wikis for up to 30 minutes [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190917T05 on September 17 at 05:00 (UTC)]. You can [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wikimedia/operations-mediawiki-config/master/dblists/s2.dblist see which wikis]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 17 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 18 September. It will be on all wikis from 19 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190918T15 18 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android invites users to do small tasks. This is to get more readers to edit. If they get reverted too many times it will pause or block the tasks for that user. All normal editing will still work if the community doesn't block the user. The developers want to know if the plan looks OK. You can [[:mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Suggested Edits 3.0 - Improved Suggested Edits Homescreen and Feature Pausing|see what it could look like]] and [[:mw:Talk:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks|give feedback]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] When you look at an old version of a page you get a warning that this is not the newest version. This uses the [[:w:en:Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] class <code>.mw-revision</code>. It will use the CSS class <code>.warningbox</code> for styling instead. If your wiki uses templates to change how the warning looks they will have to be updated. This will happen later. If this would cause problems you should tell the developers in the next couple of weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T232415] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/38|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W38"/> 17:08, 16 septembar 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19379999 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/38|Tech News: 2019-38]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W38"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/38|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week's Tech News had delivery problems. Some did not get the newsletter. Some got it more than one time. The developers are working on the problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T232379] * There was a problem with the new MediaWiki version last week. The new version was paused. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-September/092535.html] '''Changes later this week''' * You will be able to read but not to edit some mid-sized wikis for up to 30 minutes [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190917T05 on September 17 at 05:00 (UTC)]. You can [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wikimedia/operations-mediawiki-config/master/dblists/s2.dblist see which wikis]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 17 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 18 September. It will be on all wikis from 19 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190918T15 18 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android invites users to do small tasks. This is to get more readers to edit. If they get reverted too many times it will pause or block the tasks for that user. All normal editing will still work if the community doesn't block the user. The developers want to know if the plan looks OK. You can [[:mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Suggested Edits 3.0 - Improved Suggested Edits Homescreen and Feature Pausing|see what it could look like]] and [[:mw:Talk:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks|give feedback]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] When you look at an old version of a page you get a warning that this is not the newest version. This uses the [[:w:en:Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] class <code>.mw-revision</code>. It will use the CSS class <code>.warningbox</code> for styling instead. If your wiki uses templates to change how the warning looks they will have to be updated. This will happen later. If this would cause problems you should tell the developers in the next couple of weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T232415] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/38|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W38"/> 17:14, 16 septembar 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19379999 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/39|Tech News: 2019-39]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W39"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/39|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Some edits that used the visual editor were not working. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230272] * Last week's Tech News had delivery problems. Some did not get the newsletter. Some got it more than one time. The developers are working on the problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T232379] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 24 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 25 September. It will be on all wikis from 26 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). * You will be able to read but not to edit an important number of mid-sized wikis for up to 30 minutes [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190924T05 on 24 September at 05:00 (UTC)]. You can [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wikimedia/operations-mediawiki-config/master/dblists/s3.dblist see which wikis]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for up to 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190926T05 26 September at 05:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190925T15 25 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[w:en:Internet Explorer|Internet Explorer]] 6 and 7 might not [[:mw:Compatibility|be supported]] in the future. This means the browsers might start looking a bit weird. They would not get security support. This is because almost no one uses the browsers anymore. Supporting them makes the wikis less secure for everyone else. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T232563] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/39|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W39"/> 22:20, 23 septembar 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19401685 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/39|Tech News: 2019-39]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W39"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/39|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Some edits that used the visual editor were not working. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230272] * Last week's Tech News had delivery problems. Some did not get the newsletter. Some got it more than one time. The developers are working on the problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T232379] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 24 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 25 September. It will be on all wikis from 26 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). * You will be able to read but not to edit an important number of mid-sized wikis for up to 30 minutes [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190924T05 on 24 September at 05:00 (UTC)]. You can [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wikimedia/operations-mediawiki-config/master/dblists/s3.dblist see which wikis]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for up to 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190926T05 26 September at 05:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190925T15 25 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[w:en:Internet Explorer|Internet Explorer]] 6 and 7 might not [[:mw:Compatibility|be supported]] in the future. This means the browsers might start looking a bit weird. They would not get security support. This is because almost no one uses the browsers anymore. Supporting them makes the wikis less secure for everyone else. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T232563] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/39|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W39"/> 22:21, 23 septembar 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19401685 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/39|Tech News: 2019-39]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W39"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/39|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Some edits that used the visual editor were not working. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230272] * Last week's Tech News had delivery problems. Some did not get the newsletter. Some got it more than one time. The developers are working on the problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T232379] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 24 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 25 September. It will be on all wikis from 26 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). * You will be able to read but not to edit an important number of mid-sized wikis for up to 30 minutes [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190924T05 on 24 September at 05:00 (UTC)]. You can [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wikimedia/operations-mediawiki-config/master/dblists/s3.dblist see which wikis]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for up to 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190926T05 26 September at 05:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190925T15 25 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[w:en:Internet Explorer|Internet Explorer]] 6 and 7 might not [[:mw:Compatibility|be supported]] in the future. This means the browsers might start looking a bit weird. They would not get security support. This is because almost no one uses the browsers anymore. Supporting them makes the wikis less secure for everyone else. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T232563] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/39|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W39"/> 22:27, 23 septembar 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19401685 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/40|Tech News: 2019-40]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W40"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/40|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week's Tech News had delivery problems. Some did not get the newsletter. Some got it more than one time. The problem where some pages got it three times should now be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T232379] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-01|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-02|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-03|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191002T15 {{#time:j xg|2019-10-02|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] is working on a [[:m:Community Tech/Watchlist Expiry|watchlist expiry feature]]. This means you can put things on your watchlist for a period of time instead of forever. They are looking for [[:m:Community Tech/Watchlist Expiry#Open Questions|feedback on the questions they have]]. * [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] will get the standard [[mw:UX standardization|OOUI look]]. This makes it easier to use on mobile and makes it look like other <code>Special:</code> pages. There is a [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/User:Jdlrobson/compactspecialcontributions.css script] you can use to make the form smaller if you want to. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T117736] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/40|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W40"/> 18:49, 30 septembar 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19425400 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/41|Tech News: 2019-41]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W41"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filter function]] now has a faster [[w:en:Parsing|parser]]. This is to shorten the waiting time when you save an edit. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156095] '''Problems''' * There is a problem in the visual editor when you copy or delete text with footnotes. It will be fixed soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T234489] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 8 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 9 October. It will be on all wikis from 10 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191009T15 9 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2020|Community Wishlist Survey]] has a new format. It will focus on wikis that typically get less support. It will probably go back to the normal format next year. It is not decided exactly how it will work this year. You can [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2020|leave feedback]]. * The [[:w:en:URL|URL]] of the Wikimedia wiki main pages could be changed. This is because the current URLs cause several problems. For example <code>https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page</code> would be <code>https://www.wikidata.org/</code> instead. You can [[phab:T120085|tell the developers]] if this would cause problems for your wiki. * There is a new [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2019/October|technical community newsletter]]. You can read more about the work of Wikimedia's technical community. [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/Subscribe|Subscribe]] to get the information in the future. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[w:en:Outreachy|Outreachy]] is an internship program for groups who are underrepresented in free and open-source software. There are seven Wikimedia projects about coding, documentation and quality assurance in the next round. Persons who fit the criteria [https://www.outreachy.org/apply/project-selection/#wikimedia can apply]. The last day to apply is 5 November. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/41|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W41"/> 17:34, 7 oktobar 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19426372 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/42|Tech News: 2019-42]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W42"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now use [[:mw: Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions |more advanced editing tools]] on the mobile web. You can turn them on and off in your preferences in the mobile version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233612] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 15 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 16 October. It will be on all wikis from 17 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191016T15 16 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[w:en:Internet Explorer|Internet Explorer]] 6 and 7 are no longer [[:mw:Compatibility|supported]]. This means the browsers might start looking a bit weird. They will not get security support. You [[:wikitech:HTTPS/Browser Recommendations|can't read]] Wikimedia wikis in Internet Explorer on Windows XP or Windows versions that are older than Windows XP. This is because almost no one uses the browsers anymore. Supporting them made the wikis less secure for everyone else. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T232563] * In the future section headings might have a share link. This is to make it easier to link to the section. You can [[phab:T18691|read more and discuss]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/42|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W42"/> 01:04, 15 oktobar 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19457637 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/43|Tech News: 2019-43]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W43"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|'''''[[$technews|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[$ambassadors|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[$bot|bot]] • [[$contribute|Contribute]] • [[$translate|Translate]] • [[$tech|Get help]] • [[$talk|Give feedback]] • [[$list|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'']] The [[w:en:Application programming interface|API]] sandbox and help pages now show more clearly when API modules are marked as <code>internal</code>. API modules marked as internal were probably internal before. It was easier to miss. You should look for non-internal alternatives. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T185508] '''Problems''' * There is a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Translate|translation tool]] we use on wikis with more than one language. For a few days it did not create pages for new languages when someone translated a page. The languages did not show in the language bar. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235027] * The history and diffs can show wrong content. This is because of a cache problem. It will soon be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235188] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 22 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 23 October. It will be on all wikis from 24 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews|Reference Previews]] will be a beta feature on [[phab:T235083|all Wikipedias and some Wikivoyages]]. It shows you a preview of the footnote when you hover over or click on the number. It has been a beta feature on German and Arabic Wikipedia since April. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191023T15 23 October]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/43|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W43"/> 16:18, 21 oktobar 2019 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Trizek_(WMF)/sandbox/temp_MassMessage_list&oldid=19479478 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/44|Tech News: 2019-44]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W44"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can post proposals for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2020|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can post proposals until 11 November. You can vote on proposals from 20 November to 2 December. This year the wishlist will focus on Wikibooks, Wiktionary, Wikiquote, Wikisource, Wikiversity, Wikispecies, Wikivoyage and Wikinews. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2020#newformat|read more]] about the format for this year. * Mobile users now have a specific design for their Watchlist. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225127][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235414] * You can share feedback and ideas on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]] project. The goal is to make the interface easier to use for readers and editors without removing any functionality. The Foundation's Readers Web team will work on this over the next two years. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OOUI|OOUI]] now allows using <code>px</code> (pixels) instead of <code>em</code> ([[:w:en:Em (typography)|em]]) for some specific cases. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/design/2019-October/002646.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T220671] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-29|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-30|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-31|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191030T15 {{#time:j xg|2019-10-30|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * There will be no software changes from 19 December to 2 January. The first MediaWiki version next year will come the week of 6 January. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-October/092682.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets and user scripts can access variables about the current page in JavaScript. In 2015, this information was moved from global variables named <code dir=ltr>wg*</code> to <code style="white-space:nowrap;">mw.config</code>. The old global variables will be removed later this year. You can [[Phab:T72470|know more about it and tell the developers]] if you want to try this out on your wiki first. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/44|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W44"/> 17:09, 28 oktobar 2019 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19499434 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/45|Tech News: 2019-45]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W45"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * At [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] you could see up to 5000 edits at the same time if you edited the [[:w:en:URL|URL]]. This has been lowered to 500. This is to stop requests which break the sites. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T234450] '''Changes later this week''' * <code>MediaWiki:ipb-default-expiry</code> can set the default length to block a user for your wiki. You will be able to use <code>MediaWiki:ipb-default-expiry-ip</code> to set a different default block length for IP editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219126] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 November. It will be on all wikis from 7 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191106T15 6 November at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/45|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W45"/> 17:47, 4 novembar 2019 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19523120 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/46|Tech News: 2019-46]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W46"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [https://mediawiki2latex-large.wmflabs.org MediaWiki2LaTeX] can put different pages from a Wikimedia wiki into a [[:w:en:PDF|PDF]]. It can now make a PDF with around 5000 pages. Previously this was 800 pages. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191113T16 13 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Wikimedia will take part in [[:w:en:Google Code-in|Google Code-in]]. This is for young students who want to help with open source software. You can [[:mw:Google Code-in/2019|read more]]. Experienced technical Wikimedians can mentor students. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/46|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W46"/> 23:02, 11 novembar 2019 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19547303 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/47|Tech News: 2019-47]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W47"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/47|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit some wikis for up to 30 minutes [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191126T06 on 26 November at 06:00 (UTC)]. You can [[phab:T238046|see which wikis]]. It will probably last much shorter than 30 minutes. This will also affect the <code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CentralAuth|centralauth]]</code> database. This could for example affect changing passwords, logging in to new wikis, changing emails or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CentralAuth/Global rename|global renames]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T238046] '''Changes later this week''' * You can soon vote on proposals for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2020|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can vote on proposals from 20 November to 2 December. This year the wishlist will focus on Wikibooks, Wiktionary, Wikiquote, Wikisource, Wikiversity, Wikispecies, Wikivoyage and Wikinews. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2020#newformat|read more]] about the format for this year. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191120T16 20 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/47|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W47"/> 21:16, 18 novembar 2019 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19547866 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/48|Tech News: 2019-48]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W48"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/48|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * The mobile beta mode will be disabled to have less maintenance. The developers will focus on the [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|desktop improvements]] project. You can turn on [[mw:Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|advanced mobile contributions mode]] if you want to see the categories. You could also jump back to the top. This can instead be done with a [[w:en:User:Jdlrobson/scripts/backtotop.js|gadget or user script]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T237290] * [[:mw:Parsoid|Parsoid]] is software we use for the visual editor, content translation, Flow and the Android app. This has been rewritten. It will come to the wikis gradually over the next two weeks. It has been tested, but there could be some diffs or previews that don't look right. If you see any you can [[phab:T229015|report them]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T229015] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 November. It will be on the other wikis next week ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). This is because of holidays. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191127T16 27 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You will switch between the article and the talk page in a new way in the mobile view in the future. It will use tabs. This is more like in the desktop view. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230695] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/48|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W48"/> 17:51, 25 novembar 2019 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19547866 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/49|Tech News: 2019-49]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W49"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/49|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Mix'n'match|Mix'n'match]] is a tool to connect Wikidata items to information in other databases. It can be used to find subjects that are missing in a Wikipedia. It now has more than 3000 datasets. Before it was closer to 2000. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 3 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 4 December. It will be on all wikis from 5 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191204T16 4 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There will be a new schema for [https://dumps.wikimedia.org/ XML dumps]. Scripts and apps that use them will need to be updated. If they are not updated they will no longer work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T238972] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The <code><nowiki>{{REVISIONID}}</nowiki></code> magic word will no longer work in the content namespaces. This is for performance reasons. When you preview a page it returns <code>""</code> (empty string). When you read a page it returns <code>"-"</code> (dash). In the future this will also affect other namespaces. The next ones are file and category namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235957] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/49|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W49"/> 17:57, 2 decembar 2019 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19547866 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/50|Tech News: 2019-50]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W50"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikimedia projects use [https://translatewiki.net/ Translatewiki] to translate the wiki interface. You can now use [https://tools.wmflabs.org/watch-translations/ WatchTranslations] to watch projects there. You would get an email if there are missing translations to your language. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T238216] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new dataset you can use. It shows the number of editors per country per month for a number of countries. You can [[:wikitech:Analytics/Data Lake/Edits/Geoeditors/Public|read the documentation]] and [https://dumps.wikimedia.org/other/geoeditors/readme.html download the dataset]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 December. It will be on all wikis from 12 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191211T16 11 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You can test a new [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Book referencing|reference tool]]. It makes it possible to reference different parts of a source without repeating all information. You can test it on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Cluster|beta cluster]]. You can see [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Draft:Cut_the_Crap#cite_ref-3 an example article]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Topic:Vc9k7gf9kvqxkkva] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/50|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W50"/> 17:35, 9 decembar 2019 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19625279 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/51|Tech News: 2019-51]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W51"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/51|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Linter|Linter extension]] helps you find technical errors in articles. It did not show new changes last week. This was because of an [[:w:en:Application programming interface|API]] problem. It is now working again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T240057] * [[Special:Watchlist|Special:Watchlist]] can show the wrong information again. It does not always show which edits are read and which are unread. This is because of a database problem. The developers are working on solving the problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218511] '''Changes later this week''' * You can get email notifications. You can get them immediately, a summary every day or a summary once every week. If you choose a summary you can soon choose not to get notifications you have already marked as read on the wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T169386] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 17 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 18 December. It will be on all wikis from 19 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191218T16 18 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Partial blocks|partial blocks]] feature is now stable. It will come to most wikis on 6 January. Your wiki can ask to wait. Contact [[User talk:NKohli (WMF)|NKohli (WMF)]] if you don't want it now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218626] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/51|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W51"/> 01:15, 17 decembar 2019 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19625279 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/52|Tech News: 2019-52]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W52"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/52|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 6 January 2020. '''Recent changes''' * All mobile site users now have new features. Features include: tabs for page/discussion; an expanded user-menu; direct access to history pages. These features were initially part of the "[[mw:special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|advanced mode]]". '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. '''Future changes''' * You can use <code>setlang</code> in the [[:w:en:URL|URL]] to change the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:UniversalLanguageSelector|user interface language]]. This will no longer happen automatically. When you open the link you will be asked to confirm the language change. This will not happen if [[:w:en:Javascript|Javascript]] is not working in your browser. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T63115] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/52|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W52"/> 21:03, 23 decembar 2019 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19625279 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/02|Tech News: 2020-02]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W02"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/02|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * When trying to move a page, if the target title already exists then a warning message is shown. The warning message will now include a link to the target title. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184357] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 January. It will be on all wikis from 9 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/02|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W02"/> 22:18, 6 januar 2020 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19625279 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/03|Tech News: 2020-03]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W03"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can no longer read Wikimedia wikis if your browser use very old [[:w:en:Transport Layer Security|TLS]]. This is because it is a security problem for everyone. It can lead to [[:w:en:Downgrade attack|downgrade attacks]]. Since 9 December you just see a warning. Soon the browser will not connect to the wikis at all. Most are users on Android systems older than 4.4. You can read the [[:wikitech:HTTPS/Browser Recommendations|browser recommendations]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T238038] * [[Special:LinkSearch|Special:LinkSearch]] has been moved from the "{{int:specialpages-group-redirects}}" section on [[Special:SpecialPages|Special:SpecialPages]] to the "{{int:specialpages-group-pages}}" section. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T242146] '''Changes later this week''' *[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Wikis can protect pages so that only some users can edit them. The standard protection levels are {{int:protect-level-autoconfirmed}} and {{int:Protect-level-sysop}}. If your wiki use more protection levels the technical name might be renamed for standardisation. This doesn't affect what users see. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230103] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 14 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 15 January. It will be on all wikis from 16 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[:wikitech:Nova Resource:Catgraph/Deepcat|Deepcat]] and [[:wikitech:Nova Resource:Catgraph|Catgraph]] will stop working. This will happen at the end of January. This is because you can now use the normal search function instead. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-January/092936.html] * You can use <code><nowiki><ref follow="…"></nowiki></code> to merge footnotes that follow each other. It is meant to be used for digitised books on Wikisource. If the order of the footnotes is wrong no error was shown but the bad <nowiki><ref></nowiki> was shown outside the <nowiki><references /></nowiki> list. This will change and you will see an error message instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T240858] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/03|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W03"/> [[Korisnik:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:MediaWiki message delivery|razgovor]]) 19:39, 13 januar 2020 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19702767 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/04|Tech News: 2020-04]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W04"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/04|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 21 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 22 January. It will be on all wikis from 23 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * There is a [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|new suggestion]] for what to show when someone edits without registering an account. This is to give unregistered editors better privacy and make some anti-vandalism work go faster. You can [[:m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|give feedback]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] is a Python [[:w:en:Library (computing)|library]] to automate work on wikis. It will no longer support [[:w:en:Python (programming language)|Python 2]]. Use the <code>python2</code> tag if you need to continue running Python 2 scripts. The Pywikibot team strongly recommends to migrate to Python 3. You can [[:phab:T242120|get help]] to do so. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/pywikibot/2020-January/009976.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The weekly MediaWiki branch cut will soon become automated. The timing for this cut may change. You can discuss [[phab:T242446|in Phabricator]] if this affects you. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-January/092939.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Technical Community Newsletter/2020/January|read about]] coming technical events and mentoring interns. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/04|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W04"/> 20:40, 20 januar 2020 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19732089 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/05|Tech News: 2020-05]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W05"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/05|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Some mobile diffs have problems. A couple of buttons are not shown. Structured data diffs on Commons are confusing. The developers are working on fixing it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T242310][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243235] * Administrators on wikis that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions|Structured Discussions]] can't move discussion pages. This is a bug. The developers are working on fixing it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T231783] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * There is JavaScript code on Special:Undelete for administrators that makes it possible to automatically select multiple checkboxes by holding the "Shift" key and clicking. This code is also loaded by accident on other special pages and on articles. This makes pages slower to load. This will be fixed. If you know of other special pages where this is useful please tell the developers at [[phab:T232688]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/05|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W05"/> 19:52, 27 januar 2020 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19732089 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/06|Tech News: 2020-06]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W06"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/06|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 4 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 5 February. It will be on all wikis from 6 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/06|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W06"/> 21:04, 3 februar 2020 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19732089 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/07|Tech News: 2020-07]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W07"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new version of the [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Mobile app|Wikimedia Commons app]] for Android. It should fix the failed uploads problem. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-February/093042.html] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with the new MediaWiki version last week. It deleted some messages by accident. The new version was late because it was stopped to fix things. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233866] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Main page|MediaWiki action API]] is used by various tools like bots and gadgets. Some error codes will change. Some parameter values that do not follow the standard will no longer work. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-February/093048.html] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 11 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 12 February. It will be on all wikis from 13 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/07|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W07"/> 20:09, 10 februar 2020 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19795492 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/08|Tech News: 2020-08]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W08"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Pages on Wikidata and Commons now load faster. You can read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Performance Team/Page load performance|page load performance]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2020-February/013827.html][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/ResourceLoader/Developing_with_ResourceLoader] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 February. It will be on all wikis from 20 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/08|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W08"/> 17:16, 17 februar 2020 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19795492 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/09|Tech News: 2020-09]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W09"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/09|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 February. It will be on all wikis from 27 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * There will be a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying|reply button]] after each post on a talk page if you want one. This will soon be a beta feature on the Arabic, French, Dutch and Hungarian Wikipedias. You will have to turn it on if you want to use it. It will come to more wikis later. You can [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Talk:Cats test the reply button]. It was briefly shown earlier than planned by mistake on the four first wikis last week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/09|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W09"/> 21:59, 24 februar 2020 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19795492 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/10|Tech News: 2020-10]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W10"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/10|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Readers who were not logged in briefly saw the interface in a language decided by their browser. It should normally be in the language of the wiki. This happened for a short period of time last week. This was because of a bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T246071] '''Changes later this week''' * If you forget your password you can ask for a new one to be sent to your email address. You need to know your email address or your username. You will now be able to choose that you need to enter both your email address and your username. This will be a preference. This is to get fewer password reset emails someone else asked for. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Tech/Password_Reset_Update] * When you asked for a new password you could see if the username didn't exist on [[Special:PasswordReset|Special:PasswordReset]]. Now the page will show the username you entered and tell you an email has been sent if the username exists. This is for better security. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Tech/Password_Reset_Update] * On [[Special:WhatLinksHere|Special:WhatLinksHere]] you can see what other pages link to a page. You can see if the link is from a redirect. You can now see which section the redirect links to. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T103281] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 3 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 4 March. It will be on all wikis from 5 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The developers are working on a [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Edit Conflicts#Edit conflicts on talk pages|new interface]] to solve edit conflicts on talk pages. You can [[mw:Help talk:Two Column Edit Conflict View|give feedback]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230231] * There is a [[:m:Abuse filter manager/vote|vote]] on the creation of a new user group called [[:m:Abuse filter manager|abuse filter manager]]. The vote runs from March 1 to March 31 on Meta. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] <code>wgMFSpecialCaseMainPage</code> was used for the mobile site. It was deprecated in 2017. It will stop working in April. Wikis should see if they use it. If they do they should fix it. You can [[phab:T246401|read more and ask for help]]. This affects 183 wikis. There is a [[phab:T246401|list]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Mobile_Gateway/Mobile_homepage_formatting#MFSpecialCaseMainPage] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/10|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W10"/> 01:35, 3 mart 2020 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19795492 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/11|Tech News: 2020-11]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W11"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/11|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new search word called <code>articletopic</code>. You can use it to search for articles on a specific topic. It is available on the Arabic, Czech, English and Vietnamese Wikipedias. It will come to more Wikipedias soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T240559][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/ORES/Articletopic][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Search/articletopic] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 March. It will be on all wikis from 12 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * There is a plan for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/New requirements for user signatures|new requirements for user signatures]]. You can [[mw:Talk:New requirements for user signatures|give feedback]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia Android app]] will do [[:mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Push Notifications for editors|push notifications]] if users want them. This could help you see for example when someone wrote on your talk page or your edit was reverted. This will come later this year. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146032] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/11|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W11"/> 18:14, 9 mart 2020 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19795492 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/12|Tech News: 2020-12]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W12"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/12|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Main page|API]] module for changing the content model of existing pages. Use <code>action=changecontentmodel</code> to specify the new model. You can read the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:ChangeContentModel|documentation on mediawiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107174] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 17 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 18 March. It will be on all wikis from 19 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * If you edit a page at the same time as someone else you can get an edit conflict. There is [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Edit Conflicts#Solution: Two Column Edit Conflict View|a new two-column interface]] to make it easier to solve this. It will soon be active by default on the German, Arabic, and Farsi Wikipedias. It will be on by default on more wikis within the next months. You will be able to opt out of the new interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139601][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T244863] * You can see [[:mw:Talk pages project/Updates#12 March 2020|a proposed design]] for replying to comments in an easier way. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/12|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W12"/> 22:18, 16 mart 2020 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19795492 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/13|Tech News: 2020-13]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W13"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/13|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Some development will be slower than planned. This is because of the [[:w:2019–20 coronavirus pandemic|current pandemic]]. You can see [[:wikitech:Deployments/Covid-19|the new deployment guidelines]]. This is to avoid risks when some persons could be unavailable. * There was a problem when adding interwiki links. The tool you use to add interwiki links could suggest the wrong project to link to. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T247712][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T247562] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 24 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 25 March. It will be on all wikis from 26 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * There is [[mw:Growth|a project]] to make editing easier for newcomers. The developers are trying to understand what initiatives different Wikipedias have to welcome newcomers. They also want to know which templates are often used for maintenance activities. You can help this project by [[mw:Growth/March 2020 inventory|checking if your wiki's pages are listed on Wikidata]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/13|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W13"/> 18:05, 23 mart 2020 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19795492 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/14|Tech News: 2020-14]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W14"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The beta version of the [[:mw:Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android can now help users [[:mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Suggested Edits 4.0 - Tag Commons images to improve search|add tags]] on Commons. These tags are called [[c:Commons:Depicts|depicts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T239690] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 31 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 1 April. It will be on all wikis from 2 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The video player will change to be simpler and more modern. The current beta feature will become the video player for everyone. The old player will be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] * There is a project to make templates easier to use. The next few weeks the developers will present ideas on the [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|project page]]. You can watch that page if you are interested in giving feedback. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-March/093240.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/14|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W14"/> 19:24, 30 mart 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19939485 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/15|Tech News: 2020-15]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W15"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/15|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There was a problem with user pages not being shown properly on desktop. This was because of a bug. It will soon be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248141] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 April. It will be on all wikis from 9 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * MediaWiki will use a newer version of [[:w:en:Unicode|Unicode]]. Some characters that did not have an upper case equivalent before do now. Titles beginning with one of these characters will be moved. A list of these titles can be seen [[phab:P10817|on Phabricator]]. The titles will be renamed by the user <code>Maintenance script</code>. This will start on 13 April 2020. You can rename them before this if you wish and the new title can be different from the one the script would rename it to. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219279] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/15|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W15"/> 21:01, 6 april 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19961131 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/16|Tech News: 2020-16]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W16"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/16|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now use the <code>[[:mw:Help:CirrusSearch#Articletopic|articletopic]]</code> search word on all Wikipedias. It searches articles by topic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T240559] * You can see wiki tools in the new [https://tools.wmflabs.org/tools-gallery/ Tools Gallery]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Technical_Community_Newsletter/2020/April] * You can see edits from the [[:wikitech:Help:Cloud Services Introduction|Wikimedia Cloud Services]] in a new [https://wmcs-edits.wmflabs.org/#wmcs-edits dashboard]. * When you use filters on a history page you sometimes don't see any edits. There is a text explaining this now. Before it was just empty. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T227578] * There is a new [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Wikimedia Technical Blog]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_technical_blog_editorial_guidelines] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with the Wikidata database last week. Some wikis went down for twenty minutes. Wikidata and other projects showed error messages. Interwiki links were not shown, some tools did not work and other problems. Some of this was fixed quickly. The developers are working on fixing the rest. [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Wikidata:Project_chat&oldid=1153486952#Update_about_the_database_breakage][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20200407-Wikidata%27s_wb_items_per_site_table_dropped][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249565] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from April 14. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from April 15. It will be on all wikis from April 16 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * Some graphs have not worked on mobile. This will soon be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T133085] * The article tab on talk pages of redirects links to the target of the redirect. It could link to the redirect page itself instead. You can [[phab:T5324|leave feedback on this]]. * For pages using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlighting]], the use of the deprecated <code><nowiki><source></nowiki></code> tag, as well as the use of the deprecated <code>enclose</code> parameter, will add tracking categories. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/16|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W16"/> 17:30, 13 april 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19961131 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/17|Tech News: 2020-17]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W17"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/17|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 4 May 2020. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[m:Small wiki toolkits|small wiki toolkits]] is to help smaller wikis that need technical skills. They can learn and share technical skills. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-April/093296.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Over-qualified CSS selectors in Wikimedia skins have been removed. <code>div#content</code> is now <code>.mw-body</code>. <code>div.portal</code> is now <code>.portal</code>. <code>div#footer</code> is now <code>#footer</code>. This is so the skins can use [[:w:en:HTML5|HTML5]] elements. If your gadgets or user styles used them you will have to update them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248137] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * Some things on the wikis might look weird or not work in [[:w:en:Internet Explorer 8|Internet Explorer 8]] in the future. Internet Explorer 8 was replaced in 2011. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248061] * The font in the diffs will change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T250393] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 28 April next week. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 29 April next week. It will be on all wikis from 30 April next week ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/17|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W17"/> 20:44, 20 april 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=19961131 --> == Technical maintenance planned == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> (Sorry for using English. {{int:please-translate}}.) A maintenance operation will be performed on Thursday 30th April at 05:00 AM UTC. It impacts all wikis and is supposed to last a few minutes. During this time, new translations may fail, and Notifications may not be delivered. For more details about the operation and on all impacted services, please check [[phab:T250733|on Phabricator]]. A banner will be displayed 30 minutes before the operation. Please help making your community aware of this maintenance operation. </div> [[user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]], 20:01, 27 april 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Trizek_(WMF)/sandbox/temp_MassMessage_list&oldid=20019118 --> == Reminder: Technical maintenance planed == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Sorry to use English. {{int:please-translate}}. This is a reminder of the message sent on Monday 27th April. A maintenance operation will be performed on Thursday 30th April at 05:00 AM UTC. It impacts all wikis and is supposed to last a few minutes. During this time, new translations may fail, and Notifications may not be delivered. For more details about the operation and on all impacted services, please check [[phab:T250733|on Phabricator]]. A banner will be displayed 30 minutes before the operation. Please help making your community aware of this maintenance operation. </div> [[user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 17:13, 29 april 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Trizek_(WMF)/sandbox/temp_MassMessage_list&oldid=20024829 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/19|Tech News: 2020-19]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W19"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/19|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * [[phab:T251153|Some wikis]] will be on read-only for a few minutes on 5 May. This will happen around [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200505T05 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251153] * [[phab:T251157|Some wikis]] will be on read-only for a few minutes on 7 May. This will also affect [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CentralAuth|CentralAuth]]. This can for example affect global renames, password changes, changing or confirming your email address and logging in to new wikis. This will happen around [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200507T05 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251157] '''Changes later this week''' * You can get a notification when someone links to a page you created. You can soon turn these notifications off for individual pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T46787] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.31|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 May. It will be on all wikis from 7 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/19|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W19"/> 18:59, 4 maj 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=20041690 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/20|Tech News: 2020-20]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W20"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/20|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Everyone can now import photos from [[w:en:Flickr|Flickr]] to Commons with the [[c:Special:UploadWizard|UploadWizard]]. Before this only autopatrollers on Commons could import photos from Flickr. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T90004] '''Problems''' * [[phab:T251502|Commons]] will be on read-only for a few minutes on 12 May. This will happen around [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200512T05 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251502] * [[phab:T251984|Several wikis including Wikidata]] will be on read-only for a few minutes on 19 May. This will happen around [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200519T05 05:00 UTC]. English Wikipedia will be on read-only for a few minutes on 21 May [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200521T05 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251984][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251985] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.32|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 May. It will be on all wikis from 14 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] JavaScript scripts and gadgets can no longer check multiple keys at once via <code>mw.config.exists()</code> or <code>mw.user.tokens.exists()</code>. You can use <code>exists()</code> or <code>get()</code> to check one at a time instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251855] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/20|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W20"/> 22:40, 11 maj 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=20078386 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/21|Tech News: 2020-21]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W21"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * If you forget your password you can ask for a new one to be sent to your email address. You need to know your email address or your username. You can choose that you need to enter both your email address and your username. This is a preference. This is to get fewer password reset emails someone else asked for. This is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Tech/Password_Reset_Update#May_11,_2020][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2020-May/094804.html] '''Problems''' * There is a bug that creates problems for iPhone users with [[:w:en:IOS 13|iOS 13]] and [[w:en:Safari (web browser)|Safari]]. If you use an iPhone to read or edit Wikipedia and see bugs on the mobile site you can [[mw:Skin talk:Minerva Neue|report them]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T252223] * [[phab:T251984|Several wikis including Wikidata]] will be on read-only for a few minutes on 19 May. This will happen around [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200519T05 05:00 UTC]. English Wikipedia will be on read-only for a few minutes on 21 May [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200521T05 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251984][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251985] '''Changes later this week''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android can let users [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Suggested Edits 4.0 - Tag Commons images to improve search (to be released May 2020)|add]] [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Depicts|depicts]] on Commons. The beta version used [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Structured data/Computer-aided tagging|computer-aided tagging]]. This was removed to get more specific depicts. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Suggested_Edits_4.0_-_Tag_Commons_images_to_improve_search_(to_be_released_May_2020)] * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graphs]] will be [[:w:en:Rendering (computer graphics)|rendered]] in the reader's browser. This will use [[w:en:JavaScript|Javascript]]. Graphs will hopefully work better for everyone who uses Javascript. It will not work for users who don't use Javascript. This will not affect diagrams in image files. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T236892] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some CSS for the skins has been simplified. This affects <code>div#p-personal</code>, <code>div#p-navigation</code>, <code>div#p-interaction</code>, <code>div#p-tb</code>, <code>div#p-lang</code>, <code>div#p-namespaces</code>, <code>div#p-variants</code> and <code>div#footer</code>. They will have to remove <code>div</code>. You will have to update your gadgets, scripts or user styles. This is so we can use [[:w:en:HTML5|HTML5]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T252467] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some CSS for [[mw:Skin:Vector|the Vector skin]] has been changed. This affects <code>#p-variants</code>, <code>#p-namespaces</code>, <code>#p-personal</code>, <code>#p-views</code> and <code>#p-cactions</code>. They can no longer use <code>> ul</code>. You might need to update your gadgets, scripts or user styles. [[phab:T252447|See how]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/21|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W21"/> 19:18, 18 maj 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=20097719 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/22|Tech News: 2020-22]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W22"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/22|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * The visual editor will now work in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Modern|Modern skin]]. The changes that needed to happen for this to work could cause problems for some scripts or gadgets. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T177243] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.34|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from May 26. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from May 27. It will be on all wikis from May 28 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/22|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W22"/> 16:17, 25 maj 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=20097719 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/23|Tech News: 2020-23]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W23"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new beta version of the [[:c:Commons:Mobile app|Wikimedia Commons app]] for Android. It has a new zoom function when you look at images. It can also suggest places when you upload geotagged photos. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-May/093431.html] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with the Commons database on 27 May. Commons could not be edited for eight minutes. Because of this problem the database was moved. This caused another short read-only time on 29 May. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20200528-s4_(commonswiki)_on_read-only_for_8_minutes][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253808][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253825] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector skin]] had a problem where you couldn't add links to the article in other languages. You couldn't see the section if there were no links to other languages already. It also removed [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation]] links and links to language settings. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T252800] '''Changes later this week''' * You can get a notification when someone links to a page you created. You can turn these notifications off for individual pages. You can soon turn them off also in the notifications you get. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T46787] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.35|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 2 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 3 June. It will be on all wikis from 4 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/23|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W23"/> 00:30, 2 juni 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=20097719 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/24|Tech News: 2020-24]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W24"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Some articles have tables that can be sorted in different ways. For example a list of countries can be sorted alphabetically but you can click on the size column to sort them by size. If you clicked on the column a second time it would sort the countries from the bottom to the top instead. A third click will now take you back to the original sorting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226697] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Lint_errors/self-closed-tag|Self-closed tags]] now work as in the [[:w:en:HTML5|HTML5]] specifications. This means you should stop using some of them. <code><nowiki><b/></nowiki></code> is an example of a self-closed tag that won't work. <code>area, base, br, col, embed, hr, img, input, keygen, link, meta, param, source, track, wbr</code> can be self-closed. Pages with tags that should not be self-closed have been listed in [[:wikidata:Q25885956|a tracking category]] since 2016. They will be listed in [[Special:LintErrors/self-closed-tag]]. This doesn't affect <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki><ref /></nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134423] * There is a banner called <code>WikidataPageBanner</code>. It is for example used by the Wikivoyages, Wikimedia Russia and the Catalan, Basque, Galician and Turkish Wikipedias. It will now been seen by mobile visitors too. Before this it was only seen on desktop. The wikis should update instructions on <code>MediaWiki:Sitenotice</code> so that editors know to test and style for mobile too. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254534][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254295] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can now edit [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]] descriptions through the [[:w:en:Application programming interface|API]]. This is useful for tools and gadgets. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226929] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.36|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 9 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 10 June. It will be on all wikis from 11 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * A temporary fix helped wikis make their main pages more mobile friendly. This was in 2012. It has not been recommended since 2017. It will not work after 13 July. Wikis should use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] instead. 118 wikis need to fix this. You can [[phab:T254287|read more and see if your wiki is affected]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254287] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/24|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W24"/> 23:11, 8 juni 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=20156263 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/25|Tech News: 2020-25]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W25"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[m:Toolforge|Toolforge]] hosts several tools created by the Wikimedia community like edit counters or enhanced editors. It is changing the domain from '''tools.wmflabs.org''' to '''toolforge.org'''. The routing scheme is moving from '''tools.wmflabs.org/toolname''' to '''toolname.toolforge.org'''. You can [[:wikitech:News/Toolforge.org|read the details]]. Tools that use OAuth will have to be updated to keep working. You can [[:wikitech:Help:Cloud_ Services Introduction|ask for help]]. '''Problems''' * There is a Wikidata item link in the sidebar on many pages. This disappeared for a couple of days for users who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|Monobook]] skin. This was because of a bug. It has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254485] * Editing, logging in and logging out didn't work properly for a short period of time last week. It was soon fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T255179] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.37|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 June. It will be on all wikis from 18 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] is a Python [[:w:en:Library (computing)|library]] to automate work on wikis. It will not support [[:w:en:Python (programming language)|Python 2]] after the new version in July. Support for Python 3.4 and MediaWiki below 1.19 will also be dropped. You should migrate to Python 3. You can [[:phab:T242120|ask for help]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/pywikibot-announce/2020-June/000015.html] * The selectors <code>.menu</code> and <code>.vectorMenu</code> will no longer work in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector]] skin. This can affect gadgets and user scripts. <code>.menu</code> should be replaced by <code>ul</code>. <code>.vectorMenu</code> should be replaced by <code>.vector-menu</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254797] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/25|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W25"/> 23:36, 15 juni 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=20175854 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/26|Tech News: 2020-26]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W26"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/26|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There are some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|new tools]] to make it easier for newcomers to start editing. They are available on [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/growthexperiments.dblist some wikis]. These wikis had a problem with the visual editor for a short period of time last week. This was because of a bug in the new tools. It was soon fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T255607] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some user scripts and gadgets stopped working because of a change to [[:w:en:CSS|CSS]] selectors. <code>.vectorTabs</code> should be replaced with <code>.vector-menu-tabs</code> to fix this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T255718] '''Changes later this week''' * The developers are working on a [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Edit Conflicts#Edit conflicts on talk pages|new interface]] to solve edit conflicts on talk pages. This will be released on 24 June. You can [[mw:mw:Help talk:Paragraph-based Edit Conflict Interface|give feedback]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230231] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.38|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 23 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 24 June. It will be on all wikis from 25 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * A temporary fix helped wikis make their main pages more mobile friendly. This was in 2012. It has not been recommended since 2017. It will not work after 13 July. Wikis should use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] instead. 91 wikis still need to fix this. You can [[phab:T254287|read more and see if your wiki is affected]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254287] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/26|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W26"/> 20:48, 22 juni 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=20204321 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/27|Tech News: 2020-27]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W27"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/27|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Everyone was logged out. This was because a few users saw the wikis as if they were logged in to someone else's account. The problem should be fixed now. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-June/093543.html] * Some readers didn't see new edits to pages. If the page had been recently changed they saw an older version of the page instead. This only affected readers who were logged out. It lasted for ten days. It has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T256444] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.39|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 30 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 1 July. It will be on all wikis from 1 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Modern|Modern]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Monobook|Monobook]] skins use the ID <code>searchGoButton</code> for the go button. This is <code>searchButton</code> for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector]]. To have the same ID for all skins it will change to <code>searchButton</code> in Monobook and Modern too. This will affect gadgets and user scripts. It will happen on 23 July. They should be updated to use <code>searchButton</code>. You can [[phab:T255953|read more and see a list of affected scripts]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/27|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W27"/> 18:30, 29 juni 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=20228118 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/28|Tech News: 2020-28]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W28"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/28|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguageExtension:Score|Score]] extension has been disabled for now. This is because of a security issue. It will work again as soon as the security issue has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257066] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.40|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 July. It will be on all wikis from 9 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * Abstract Wikipedia is a new Wikimedia project. It will collect language-independent information that can be easily read in different languages. It builds on Wikidata. The name is preliminary. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|read more]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-July/093571.html] * The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|iOS Wikipedia app]] developers are thinking about new experimental tools. If you use an iPhone you can help them by [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/2020 survey|answering the survey]]. * Some [[mw:New requirements for user signatures#Outcome|rules for user signatures]] will soon be enforced. [[Special:LintErrors|Lint errors]] and invalid HTML will no longer be allowed in user signatures. Nested substitution will not be allowed. A link to your user page, user talk page or user contributions will be required. You can [https://signatures.toolforge.org/check check if your signature works with the new rules]. This is because the signatures can cause problems for tools or other text on the page. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/28|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W28"/> 22:17, 6 juli 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=20251754 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/29|Tech News: 2020-29]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W29"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Users can [[mw:Extension:Thanks|thank]] others for their edits. [[mw:Extension:CheckUser|Checkusers]] can now see user data related to that action. This can help identify [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Sock puppetry|sock puppets]] who harass others using thanks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T252226] '''Problems''' * Everyone was logged out a couple of weeks ago to fix a security problem. The problem was not entirely fixed. Because of this everyone was logged out once again last week. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-June/093543.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2020-July/002327.html] '''Changes later this week''' * Wikis that are not for one specific language can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Translate|translate]] pages. Sometimes parts of translations are outdated or missing. Outdated translations are marked with a <span style="background-color:#fdd">pink background</span>. Missing translations will also be marked in the future. This markup can sometimes break things. It can soon be disabled by using <code><translate nowrap></translate></code> on the source page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T256625] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.41|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 14 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 15 July. It will be on all wikis from 16 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Wikimedia code review plans to use [[:w:en:GitLab|GitLab]]. It would be hosted on Wikimedia servers. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-July/093577.html][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Technical_Community_Newsletter/2020/July][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Topic:Vpbt50rwxgb2r6qn][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-July/093607.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/29|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W29"/> 18:29, 13 juli 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=20278125 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/30|Tech News: 2020-30]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W30"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A temporary fix helped wikis make their main pages more mobile friendly. This was in 2012. It has not been recommended since 2017. The mobile main page special casing stopped working 14 July. 60 wikis now have main pages that don't work well on mobile. You can see which ones, how to fix it and how to get help [[phab:T254287|in Phabricator]]. This is the same problem that was reported in Tech News [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/24|2020/24]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/26|2020/26]]. '''Problems''' * There is a problem with the interlanguage links. The interlanguage links are the links that help you find a specific page in a different language. The sorting is broken. The developers are working on a solution. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257625] * Some users keep getting the notifications for the same event. Some of these are old events. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257714] * Some users have trouble logging in. This is probably a [[:w:en:HTTP cookie|browser cookie]] problem. The developers are working on understanding the problem. If you have trouble logging in you can see the details [[phab:T258121|on Phabricator]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258121] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 21 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 22 July. It will be on all wikis from 23 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * There is a <code>{{int:printableversion}}</code> link. This will disappear. That is because web browsers today can create a printable version or show how it will look in print anyway. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T167956] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/30|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W30"/> 21:13, 20 juli 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=20298484 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/31|Tech News: 2020-31]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W31"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[m:Small wiki toolkits/Starter kit|Starter kit]] is now available for wiki communities. This page lists technical resources, tools, and recommendations. These are essential to operate a wiki project. This is mostly useful for smaller wikis where the community has limited experience with this. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-July/093633.html] * The first features of the [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]] project are available for logged-in users on all wikis. In order to use them, uncheck ''{{int:prefs-vector-enable-vector-1-label}}'' in your [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|local]] or [[Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|global]] preferences in section ''{{int:prefs-skin-prefs}}''. More improvements are planned. [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Feedback is welcome]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] On multiple wikis, a UTCLiveClock gadget is available. For wikis that import the gadget [[:mw:MediaWiki:Gadget-UTCLiveClock.js|directly from mediawiki.org]], end users can now [[mw:MediaWiki_talk:Gadget-UTCLiveClock.js#Time_zones|choose a different timezone to show instead of UTC]]. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The deployment train for MediaWiki has been blocked this week. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-July/093640.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257969] * Translation Notification Bot was sending the same message multiple times to every translator. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T144780] * Some users were receiving the same notification multiple times. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257766] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from July 28. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from July 29. It will be on all wikis from JUly 30 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/31|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W31"/> 15:51, 27 juli 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=20298484 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/32|Tech News: 2020-32]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W32"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/32|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * All queries to the [[mw:Wikidata Query Service|Wikidata Query Service]] failed between 17:50 and 17:59 UTC on Thursday 23 July. Some queries failed during a longer period. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20200723-wdqs-outage] * Interlanguage links were ordered incorrectly for the past few weeks. This problem was also mentioned in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/30|Tech News two weeks ago]]. The problem is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257625] * There is a problem with the [[Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|global preferences]] for the "{{int:prefs-vector-enable-vector-1-label}}" option. Developers are working on fixing it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258493] * A bug in the Wikibase extension had disabled the "move" and "create" types of protection in the main (Gallery) namespace on Wikimedia Commons. New protections could not be added, and existing protections were not enforced, allowing some page moves and page creations that should not have been possible. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258323] '''Changes later this week''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS Player|video player]] will change to be simpler and more modern. This week, the current beta feature will become the video player for everyone on most non-Wikipedia wikis. The old player will be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] * Users' <code>global.js</code> and <code>global.css</code> pages will now also be loaded on the mobile site. You can read [[mw:Help:Extension:GlobalCssJs#Per-skin_customization|documentation]] for how to avoid applying styles to the mobile skin. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138727] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|MonoBook]] skin, the <code>searchGoButton</code> identifier is now <code>searchButton</code>. This may affect CSS and JS gadgets. Migration instructions can be found in [[phab:T255953|T255953]]. This was previously mentioned in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/27|issue 27]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Bot operators can use Pywikibot to regularly archive discussions. The behavior when the bot uses <code>counter</code> to prevent large archives was changed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T215247] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from August 4. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from August 5. It will be on all wikis from August 6 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/32|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W32"/> 17:42, 3 august 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=20298484 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/33|Tech News: 2020-33]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W33"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Move_files_to_Commons|FileImporter and FileExporter]] became standard features on all Wikis during the first week of August. They help you transfer files from local wikis to Wikimedia Commons with the original file information and history intact. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140462] '''Problems''' * The mobile skin displays a message at the bottom of the page about who edited last. This message showed raw wikitext. This has now been fixed. Some messages in [[mw:Structured Discussions|Structured Discussions]] and [[mw:Content translation|content translation]] may still appear as raw wikitext. Developers are working on it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259565] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from August 11. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from August 12. It will be on all wikis from August 13 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 1. This is planned between 13:30 and 15:30 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243314][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T244808] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/33|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W33"/> 18:06, 10 august 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_1&oldid=20353586 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/34|Tech News: 2020-34]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W34"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * If you revert an edit using the undo link your edit is marked with an <code>undo</code> tag. This will now only happen if you don't change anything in the edit window before publishing the undo. This is to keep users from marking edits as undos when they actually do something else. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259014] * The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OOUI|OOUI version]] will not work with [[:w:en:Internet Explorer 8|Internet Explorer 8]]. This means the wikis will look strange and not work well in Internet Explorer 8. This was reported in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/17|Tech/News/2020/17]]. This is because keeping the wikis working with very old browsers creates other problems. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-August/093718.html] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 August. It will be on all wikis from 20 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 1. This is planned between 13:30 and 15:30 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis next week. This is a reminder. You can help by [[m:Tech/Server switch 2020|translating the announcement message]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243314][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T244808] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/34|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W34"/> 22:40, 17 august 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20366028 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/35|Tech News: 2020-35]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W35"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/35|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 August. It will be on all wikis from 27 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/35|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W35"/> 19:58, 24 august 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20389773 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/36|Tech News: 2020-36]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W36"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/36|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * This is a reminder. All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 1. This is planned between 14:00 and 15:00 UTC. Please check on the details on [[m:Tech/Server switch 2020|the announcement message]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243314][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T244808] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/36|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W36"/> 22:07, 31 august 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20411995 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/37|Tech News: 2020-37]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W37"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/37|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * Normally pages can be moved to a title that has no existing page yet or to a page that has only one revision, which is a redirect to the page to be moved. A new user right allows editors to move pages over one-revision pages that redirect to anywhere. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T239277] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 8 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 9 September. It will be on all wikis from 10 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] All MediaWiki [[:w:en:API|API]] modules will now use <code>watchlist</code> instead of <code>watch</code>. This was inconsistent before. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T247915] '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia Android app]] team might work on patrolling tools in the future. You can let them know what tools would be useful for you or for less experienced patrollers. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Patrolling conversation|page on mediawiki.org]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/OTRS|OTRS]] will be updated to a new version. This will probably take around two days. OTRS agents will not have access to the system during these days. Emails that come in during the update will be delivered when the update is done. The plan is to start around 08:00 UTC on 14 September. This could change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187984] * The Wikipedia Android app will send [[:mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Push Notifications for editors|push notifications]] if users want them. This could help you see for example when someone wrote on your talk page or your edit was reverted. This will need [[:w:en:Google Play Services|Google Play Services]] to work. It will also be possible to get the app without Google Play Services but push notifications will not work. Google Play Services is also used to make the app work for [[:w:en:Android KitKat|Android 4.4]] users. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android#Updates][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146032] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Wikimedia code review could move to [[:w:en:GitLab|GitLab]]. It would be hosted on Wikimedia servers. You can take part in the [[mw:GitLab consultation|consultation]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Dropdown menus in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|the Vector skin]] use a <code>.menu</code> class. This will not work in the future. Scripts can use <code>nav ul</code> instead. <code>.vectorTabs</code> and <code>.vectorMenu</code> will also not work. Some scripts need to be updated. You can [[phab:T262092|read more in Phabricator]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/37|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W37"/> 17:59, 7 septembar 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20427670 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/38|Tech News: 2020-38]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W38"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/38|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia apps]] briefly showed pages without [[w:en:CSS|CSS]] last week. This meant they looked wrong. It was quickly fixed but cached pages without CSS were shown for a few hours. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20200909-mobileapps_config_change][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262437] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 15 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 16 September. It will be on all wikis from 17 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/38|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W38"/> 18:18, 14 septembar 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20446737 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/39|Tech News: 2020-39]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W39"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new tag for reverted edits. For example you can see it in the recent changes feed or in the article history. It is added to edits when they have been undone, rollbacked or manually reverted to an older version of the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254074][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T164307] '''Changes later this week''' * The number of times you can do something in a period of time on wiki is limited. This could be the number of edits per minute or the number of users you email in a day. Some users are not affected by all limits because of their user rights. They could soon see the limit even if it does not affect them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258888] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 22 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 23 September. It will be on all wikis from 24 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/39|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W39"/> 23:26, 21 septembar 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20461072 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/40|Tech News: 2020-40]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W40"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Admins can now see links to diffs of deleted revisions on [[Special:AbuseLog|Special:AbuseLog]]. This uses the interface of [[Special:Undelete|Special:Undelete]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T261630] * Editors are automatically added to some user groups. For example editors are added to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Autoconfirmed users|autoconfirmed users]] when they have edited enough times and long enough. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|Abuse filters]] can hinder users from automatically getting user rights for a period of time. They can also remove rights user have. Wikis can now ask to change how long this period of time is for their wiki [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/1/?projectPHIDs=Wikimedia-Site-requests in Phabricator]. It is currently five days. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T231756] '''Problems''' * [[m:Tech/News/2019/34|Last year]] some abuse filters stopped working because of a new change. If they tried to use variables that were unavailable for that action they would fail. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230256] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 29 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 30 September. It will be on all wikis from 1 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can't see the language links to other language versions from the talk page or history page. They are also not shown when you edit an article. This could change. It is not decided if for example the history page should link to another history page or to the article. You can take part in the [[phab:T262472|discussion in Phabricator]]. * The link colours could change. This is to make the difference between links and other text more clear. You can [[phab:T213778|read more in Phabricator]]. * In your preferences you can choose to get different notifications on the web or by email. You will see <code>Apps</code> as one of the alternatives later this week. This is because the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps|Android and iOS Wikipedia apps]] will use push notifications for those who want them. You can see the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-echo preferences] on the test wiki. The goal is to have push notifications on Android in October and on iOS in early 2021. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262936] * You can soon put pages on your watchlist for a limited time. This could be useful if you want to watch something for a shorter time but don't want it on your watchlist forever. It now works on [[mw:MediaWiki|mediawiki.org]] and will come to more wikis later. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech/Watchlist Expiry|read more]] and [[m:Community Tech/Watchlist Expiry/Release Schedule|see when it will come to other wikis]]. * You can see what Wikimedians think are the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|best new technical tools this year]]. You can also nominate them. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/40|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W40"/> 23:23, 28 septembar 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20483264 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/41|Tech News: 2020-41]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W41"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a [https://consultation-stats.toolforge.org/ new tool] where you can see which home wiki users have in discussions on Meta. This can help show which communities are not part of the discussion on wikis where we make decisions that affect many other wikis. * You can now thank users for file uploads or for changing the language of a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254992] '''Problems''' * There were many errors with the new MediaWiki version last week. The new version was rolled back. Updates that should have happened last week are late. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263177] * Everyone was logged out. This was because a user reported being logged in to someone else's account. The problem should be fixed now. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-October/093922.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Many pages have [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] errors. You can [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2020/09/28/diving-into-wikipedias-ocean-of-errors/ read more] and now [[:w:en:User:Jdlrobson/User scripts with client errors|see a list of user scripts with errors]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 October. It will be on all wikis from 8 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Letters immediately after a link are shown as part of the link. For example the entire word in <code><nowiki>[[Child]]ren</nowiki></code> is linked. On Arabic wikis this works at both the start and end of a word. Previously on Arabic wikis numbers and other non-letter Unicode characters were shown as part of the link at the start of a word but not at the end. Now only Latin and Arabic letters will extend links on Arabic wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263266] '''Future changes''' * You will be able to read but not to edit the wikis for up to an hour on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1603807200 27 October around 14:00 (UTC)]. It will probably be shorter than an hour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264364] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/41|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W41"/> 18:24, 5 oktobar 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20515061 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/42|Tech News: 2020-42]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W42"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/42|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Because of the problems with the MediaWiki version two weeks ago last week's updates are also late. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263177][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263178][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-October/093944.html] '''Changes later this week''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Live preview|Live previews]] didn't show the templates used in the preview if you just edited a section. This has now been fixed. You can also test [[w:en:CSS|CSS]] and [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] pages even if you have the live preview enabled. Previously this didn't work well. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T102286][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T186390] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 13 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 14 October. It will be on all wikis from 15 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] A new stable version of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] is coming soon. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/pywikibot/2020-October/010056.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/42|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W42"/> 17:24, 12 oktobar 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20528295 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/43|Tech News: 2020-43]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W43"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/43|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-10-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-10-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-10-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You will be able to read but not to edit the wikis for up to an hour on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1603807200 {{#time:j xg|2020-10-27|en}} around 14:00 (UTC)]. It will probably be shorter than an hour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264364] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] extension, the <code dir=ltr>rmspecials()</code> function will be updated soon so that it does not remove the "space" character. Wikis are advised to wrap all the uses of <code dir=ltr>rmspecials()</code> with <code dir=ltr>rmwhitespace()</code> wherever necessary to keep filters' behavior unchanged. You can use the search function on [[Special:AbuseFilter]] to locate its usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263024] * Some gadgets and user-scripts use the HTML div with the ID <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap;">#jump-to-nav</code>. This div will be removed soon. Maintainers should replace these uses with either <code dir=ltr>#siteSub</code> or <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap;">#mw-content-text</code>. A list of affected scripts is at the top of [[phab:T265373]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/43|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W43"/> 18:30, 19 oktobar 2020 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20550811 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/44|Tech News: 2020-44]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W44"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/44|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit the wikis for up to an hour on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1603807200 October 27 around 14:00 (UTC)]. It will probably be shorter than an hour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264364] * Last week, links to "diffs" from mobile watchlists and recentchanges were linking to page-revisions instead of diffs. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265654] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * Since the introduction of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface administrators]] user group in 2018, administrators couldn’t view the deleted history of CSS/JS pages. Now they can. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202989] * There was a problem with the [[Special:Tags|Change Tags]]. The software would apply the "{{int:Tag-mw-reverted}}" tag to any page actions such as page-protection changes if they came directly after a reverted edit. This has now been fixed for new edits. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265312] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying|Reply tool]] will be offered as an opt-in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Feature|Beta Feature]] on most Wikipedias in November. Another announcement will be made once the date is finalized. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266303] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/44|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W44"/> 18:38, 26 oktobar 2020 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20574890 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/45|Tech News: 2020-45]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W45"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can no longer read Wikimedia wikis if your browser uses very old [[:w:en:Transport Layer Security|TLS]]. This is because it is a security problem for everyone. It could lead to [[:w:en:Downgrade attack|downgrade attacks]]. Since October 29, 2020, users who use old TLS versions will not be able to connect to Wikimedia projects. A list of [[:wikitech:HTTPS/Browser Recommendations|browser recommendations]] is available. All modern operating systems and browsers are always able to reach Wikimedia projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258405] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new automatic [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tracking categories|tracking category]] available: [[:{{ns:14}}:{{MediaWiki:nonnumeric-formatnum}}|Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments]]. It collects pages which use the <code><nowiki>{{formatnum}}</nowiki></code> parser function with invalid (non-numeric) input, ''e.g.'' <code><nowiki>{{formatnum:TECHNEWS}}</nowiki></code>. Note that <code><nowiki>{{formatnum:123,456}}</nowiki></code> is also invalid input: as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#formatnum|documentation]], the argument should be <u>unformatted</u> so that it can be reliably and correctly localised. The tracking category will help identify problematic usage and double-formatting. The new tracking category's name can be [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translate&showMessage=nonnumeric-formatnum&group=core&optional=1&action=translate translated at translatewiki]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T237467] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from November 3. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from November 4. It will be on all wikis from November 5 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Administrators and stewards will be able to use a special page (Special:CreateLocalAccount) to force local account creation for a global account. This is useful when account creation is blocked for that user (by a block or a filter). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259721] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying|Reply tool]] will be offered as an opt-in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Feature|Beta Feature]] on most Wikipedias on November 4. This change excludes the English, Russian, and German-language Wikipedias, plus a few smaller Wikipedias with special circumstances. You can read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|the help page]] and [[mw:Help:DiscussionTools/Why can't I reply to this comment?|the troubleshooting guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266303] '''Future changes''' * A discussion has been restarted about using a Unicode minus sign (− U+2212) in the output of <code><nowiki>{{formatnum}}</nowiki></code> when it is given a negative argument. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T10327] * In the future [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|IP addresses of unregistered users will not be shown for everyone]]. They will get an alias instead. There will be a new user right or an opt-in function for more vandal fighters to see the IPs of unregistered users. There would be some criteria for who gets the user right or opt-in. There will also be other new tools to help handle vandalism. This is early in the process and the developers are still collecting information from the communities before they suggest solutions. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/45|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W45"/> 17:08, 2 novembar 2020 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20604769 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/46|Tech News: 2020-46]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W46"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/46|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * You can see [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews|reference previews]]. This shows a preview of the footnote when you hover over it. This has been a [[mw:Beta Features|beta feature]]. It will move out of beta and be enabled by default. There will be an option not to use it. The developers are looking for small or medium-sized wikis to be the first ones. You can [[m:User talk:Michael Schönitzer (WMDE)|let them know]] if your wiki is interested. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2020-November/002373.html] * From November 16 the categories will not be sorted in order for a short time. This is because the developers are upgrading to a new version of the [[:w:en:International Components for Unicode|internationalisation library]]. They will use a script to fix the existing categories. This can take a few hours or a few days depending on how big the wiki is. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Operations/ICU announcement|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264991][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267145] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/46|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W46"/> 16:49, 9 novembar 2020 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20634159 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/47|Tech News: 2020-47]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W47"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/47|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Listings on category pages are sorted on each wiki for that language using a [[:w:en:International Components for Unicode|library]]. For a brief period on 16 November, changes to categories will not be sorted correctly for most languages. This is because the developers are upgrading to a new version of the library. They will then use a script to fix the existing categories. This will take a few hours or a few days depending on how big the wiki is. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Operations/ICU announcement|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264991][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267145] '''Changes later this week''' * If you merged two pages in a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespaces|namespace]] where pages can't redirect this used to break the merge history. This will now be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T93469] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-11-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-11-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-11-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021|Community Wishlist Survey]] is now open for proposals. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can post proposals from 16 to 30 November. You can vote on proposals from 8 December to 21 December. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/47|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W47"/> 16:36, 16 novembar 2020 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20669023 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/48|Tech News: 2020-48]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W48"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/48|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Timestamps in [[Special:Log|Special:Log]] are now links. They go to Special:Log for only that entry. This is how timestamps work on for example the history page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T207562] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikimedia [[wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] hosts technical projects for the Wikimedia movement. Developers need to [[wikitech:News/Cloud VPS 2020 Purge|claim projects]] they use. This is because old and unused projects are removed once a year. Unclaimed projects can be shut down from 1 December. Unclaimed projects can be deleted from 1 January. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-November/094054.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/48|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W48"/> 18:18, 23 novembar 2020 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20698111 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/49|Tech News: 2020-49]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W49"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/49|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|iOS Wikipedia app]] will show readers more of the article history. They can see new updates and easier see how the article has changed over time. This is an experiment. It will first be shown only to some iOS app users as a [[:w:en:A/B testing|test]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T241253][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Breaking_Down_the_Wall] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[wikitech:Wiki replicas|Wiki Replicas]] can be used for [[:w:en:SQL|SQL]] queries. You can use [https://quarry.wmflabs.org/ Quarry], [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/PAWS PAWS] or other ways to do this. To make the Wiki Replicas stable there will be two changes. Cross-database <code>JOINS</code> will no longer work. You can also only query a database if you connect to it directly. This will happen in February 2021. If you think this affects you and you need help you can [[phab:T268498|post on Phabricator]] or on [[wikitech:Talk:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign|Wikitech]]. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Wiki_Replicas_2020_Redesign] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/49|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W49"/> 18:44, 30 novembar 2020 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20728523 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/50|Tech News: 2020-50]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W50"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now put pages on your watchlist for a limited period of time. Some wikis already had this function. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Tech/Watchlist_Expiry][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Watchlist_expiry] '''Changes later this week''' * Information from Wikidata that is used on a wiki page can be shown in recent changes and watchlists on a Wikimedia wiki. To see this you need to turn on showing Wikidata edits in your watchlist in the preferences. Changes to the Wikidata description in the language of a Wikimedia wiki will then be shown in recent changes and watchlists. This will not show edits to languages that are not relevant to your wiki. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2020-November/014402.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191831] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can vote on proposals in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021|Community Wishlist Survey]] between 8 December and 21 December. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/50|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W50"/> 17:14, 7 decembar 2020 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20754641 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/51|Tech News: 2020-51]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W51"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/51|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a [[mw:Wikipedia for KaiOS|Wikipedia app]] for [[:w:en:KaiOS|KaiOS]] phones. It was released in India in September. It can now be downloaded in other countries too. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2020/12/10/growing-wikipedias-reach-with-an-app-for-kaios-feature-phones/] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/51|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W51"/> 22:33, 14 decembar 2020 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20803489 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/52|Tech News: 2020-52]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W52"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/52|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 11 January 2021. '''Recent changes''' * The <code><nowiki>{{citation needed}}</nowiki></code> template shows when a statement in a Wikipedia article needs a source. If you click on it when you edit with the visual editor there is a popup that explains this. Now it can also show the reason and when it was added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270107] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. '''Future changes''' * You can [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Geoinformation/Ideas|propose and discuss]] what technical improvements should be done for geographic information. This could be coordinates, maps or other related things. * Some wikis use [[mw:Writing systems/LanguageConverter|LanguageConverter]] to switch between writing systems or variants of a language. This can only be done for the entire page. There will be a <code><nowiki><langconvert></nowiki></code> tag that can convert a piece of text on a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263082] * Oversighters and stewards can hide entries in [[Special:AbuseLog|Special:AbuseLog]]. They can soon hide multiple entries at once using checkboxes. This works like hiding normal edits. It will happen in early January. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T260904] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/52|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W52"/> 21:52, 21 decembar 2020 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20833836 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/02|Tech News: 2021-02]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W02"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can choose to be reminded when you have not added an edit summary. This can be done in your preferences. This could conflict with the [[:w:en:CAPTCHA|CAPTCHA]]. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12729] * You can link to specific log entries. You can get these links for example by clicking the timestamps in the log. Until now, such links to private log entries showed no entry even if you had permission to view private log entries. The links now show the entry. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T269761] * Admins can use the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filter tool]] to automatically prevent bad edits. Three changes happened last week: ** The filter editing interface now shows syntax errors while you type. This is similar to JavaScript pages. It also shows a warning for regular expressions that match the empty string. New warnings will be added later. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187686] ** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:Oversighters|Oversighters]] can now hide multiple filter log entries at once using checkboxes on [[Special:AbuseLog]]. This is how the usual revision deletion works. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T260904] ** When a filter matches too many actions after it has been changed it is "throttled". The most powerful actions are disabled. This is to avoid many editors getting blocked when an administrator made a mistake. The administrator will now get a notification about this "throttle". * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new tool to [https://skins.wmflabs.org/?#/add build new skins]. You can also [https://skins.wmflabs.org/?#/ see] existing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Skins|skins]]. You can [[mw:User talk:Jdlrobson|give feedback]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-December/094130.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Bots using the API no longer watch pages automatically based on account preferences. Setting the <code>watchlist</code> to <code>watch</code> will still work. This is to reduce the size of the watchlist data in the database. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258108] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto's]] [[:mw:Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#File metadata|file metadata]] now includes length. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209679] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:w:en:CSS|CSS]] and [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] code pages now have link anchors to [https://patchdemo.wmflabs.org/wikis/40e4795d4448b55a6d8c46ff414bcf78/w/index.php/MediaWiki:En.js#L-125 line numbers]. You can use wikilinks like [[:w:en:MediaWiki:Common.js#L-50]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29531] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] There was a [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki last week. You can read [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.25/Changelog|a detailed log]] of all 763 changes. Most of them are very small and will not affect you. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/02|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W02"/> 16:40, 11 januar 2021 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20950047 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/03|Tech News: 2021-03]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W03"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/03|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|Growth team]] plans to add features to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Newcomer tasks/Experiment analysis, November 2020|get more visitors to edit]] to more Wikipedias. You can help [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translate&group=ext-growthexperiments&language=&filter=&action=translate translating the interface]. * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210126T07 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}} at 07:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271791] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]] posts could be automatically timestamped in the future. This is because MassMessage senders can now send pages using MassMessage. Pages are more difficult to sign. If there are times when a MassMessage post should not be timestamped you can [[phab:T270435|let the developers know]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/03|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W03"/> 17:09, 18 januar 2021 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20974628 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Tech News: 2021-04]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W04"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210126T07 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}} at 07:00 (UTC)]. You will not be able to read or edit [[:wikitech:Main Page|Wikitech]] for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210128T09 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-28|en}} at 09:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271791][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272388] '''Changes later this week''' * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Bracket Matching|Bracket matching]] will be added to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] syntax highlighter on the first wikis. The first wikis are German and Catalan Wikipedia and maybe other Wikimedia wikis. This will happen on 27 January. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270238] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W04"/> 19:29, 25 januar 2021 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21007423 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/05|Tech News: 2021-05]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W05"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/05|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * [[:w:en:IPv6|IPv6 addresses]] were written in lowercase letters in diffs. This caused dead links since [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] only accepted uppercase letters for the IPs. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272225] '''Changes later this week''' * You can soon use Wikidata to link to pages on the multilingual Wikisource. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138332] * Often editors use a "non-breaking space" to make a gap between two items when reading but still show them together. This can be used to avoid a line break. You will now be able to add new ones via the special character tool in the 2010, 2017, and visual editors. The character will be shown in the visual editor as a space with a grey background. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T70429][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T96666] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=| Advanced item]] Wikis use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to stop bad edits being made. Filter maintainers can now use syntax like <code>1.2.3.4 - 1.2.3.55</code> as well as the <code>1.2.3.4/27</code> syntax for IP ranges. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218074] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.29|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva]] is the skin Wikimedia wikis use for mobile traffic. When a page is protected and you can't edit it you can normally read the source wikicode. This doesn't work on Minerva on mobile devices. This is being fixed. Some text might overlap. This is because your community needs to update [[MediaWiki:Protectedpagetext|MediaWiki:Protectedpagetext]] to work on mobile. You can [[phab:T208827|read more]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Recommendations_for_mobile_friendly_articles_on_Wikimedia_wikis#Inline_styles_should_not_use_properties_that_impact_sizing_and_positioning][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Recommendations_for_mobile_friendly_articles_on_Wikimedia_wikis#Avoid_tables_for_anything_except_data] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] and [[:wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] will change the IP address they use to contact the wikis. The new IP address will be <code>185.15.56.1</code>. This will happen on February 8. You can [[:wikitech:News/CloudVPS NAT wikis|read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/05|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W05"/> 23:37, 1 februar 2021 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21033195 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/06|Tech News: 2021-06]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W06"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android now has watchlists and talk pages in the app. [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.wikipedia] '''Changes later this week''' * You can see edits to chosen pages on [[Special:Watchlist|Special:Watchlist]]. You can add pages to your watchlist on every wiki you like. The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|GlobalWatchlist]] extension will come to Meta on 11 February. There you can see entries on watched pages on different wikis on the same page. The new watchlist will be found on [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Special:GlobalWatchlist]] on Meta. You can choose which wikis to watch and other preferences on [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlistSettings|Special:GlobalWatchlistSettings]] on Meta. You can watch up to five wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T260862] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * When admins [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protecting and unprotecting pages|protect]] pages the form will use the [[mw:UX standardization|OOUI look]]. [[Special:Import|Special:Import]] will also get the new look. This will make them easier to use on mobile phones. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235424][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108792] * Some services will not work for a short period of time from 07:00 UTC on 17 February. There might be problems with new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|short links]], new translations, new notifications, adding new items to your [[mw:Reading/Reading Lists|reading lists]] or recording [[:w:en:Email#Tracking of sent mail|email bounces]]. This is because of database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273758] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[m:Tech/News/2021/05|Last week]] Tech News reported that the IP address [[:wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] and [[:wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] use to contact the wikis will change on 8 February. This is delayed. It will happen later instead. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/CloudVPS_NAT_wikis] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/06|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W06"/> 18:40, 8 februar 2021 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21082948 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/07|Tech News: 2021-07]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W07"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/07|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There were problems with recent versions of MediaWiki. Because the updates caused problems the developers rolled back to an earlier version. Some updates and new functions will come later than planned. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2021-February/094255.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2021-February/094271.html] * Some services will not work for a short period of time from 07:00 UTC on 17 February. There might be problems with new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|short links]], new translations, new notifications, adding new items to your [[mw:Reading/Reading Lists|reading lists]] or recording [[:w:en:Email#Tracking of sent mail|email bounces]]. This is because of database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273758] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.31|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/07|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W07"/> 18:54, 15 februar 2021 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21105437 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/08|Tech News: 2021-08]] == <div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The visual editor will now use [[:c:Commons:Structured data/Media search|MediaSearch]] to find images. You can search for images on Commons in the visual editor when you are looking for illustrations. This is to help editors find better images. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259896] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlighter]] now works with more languages: [[:w:en:Futhark (programming language)|Futhark]], [[:w:en:Graphviz|Graphviz]]/[[:w:en:DOT (graph description language)|DOT]], CDDL and AMDGPU. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274741] '''Problems''' * Editing a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EasyTimeline|timeline]] might have removed all text from it. This was because of a bug and has been fixed. You might need to edit the timeline again for it to show properly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274822] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.32|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a [[:m:Wikimedia Rust developers user group|user group]] for developers and users interested in working on Wikimedia wikis with the [[:w:en:Rust (programming language)|Rust programming language]]. You can join or tell others who want to make your wiki better in the future. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div> ---- 01:16, 23 februar 2021 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21134058 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/09|Tech News: 2021-09]] == <div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth team tools]] can now show the name of a newcomer's mentor anywhere [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship/Integrating_mentorship|through a magic word]]. This can be used for welcome messages or userboxes. * A new version of the [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:VideoCutTool|VideoCutTool]] is now available. It enables cropping, trimming, audio disabling, and rotating video content. It is being created as part of the developer outreach programs. '''Problems''' * There was a problem with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Job queue|job queue]]. This meant some functions did not save changes and mass messages were delayed. This did not affect wiki edits. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275437] * Some editors may not be logged in to their accounts automatically in the latest versions of Firefox and Safari. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226797] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.33|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div> ---- 20:06, 1 mart 2021 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21161722 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/10|Tech News: 2021-10]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W10"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation|Section translation]] now works on Bengali Wikipedia. It helps mobile editors translate sections of articles. It will come to more wikis later. The first focus is active wikis with a smaller number of articles. You can [https://sx.wmflabs.org/index.php/Main_Page test it] and [[mw:Talk:Content translation/Section translation|leave feedback]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged revisions]] now give admins the review right. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275293] * When someone links to a Wikipedia article on Twitter this will now show a preview of the article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276185] '''Problems''' * Many graphs have [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] errors. Graph editors can check their graphs in their browser's developer console after editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275833] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.34|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Talk pages project/New discussion|New Discussion]] tool will soon be a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|discussion tools]] beta feature for on most Wikipedias. The goal is to make it easier to start new discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275257] '''Future changes''' * There will be a number of changes to make it easier to work with templates. Some will come to the first wikis in March. Other changes will come to the first wikis in June. This is both for those who use templates and those who create or maintain them. You can [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|read more]]. * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews|Reference Previews]] will become a default feature on some wikis on 17 March. They will share a setting with [[mw:Page Previews|Page Previews]]. If you prefer the Reference Tooltips or Navigation-Popups gadget you can keep using them. If so Reference Previews won't be shown. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271206][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews] * New JavaScript-based functions will not work in [[:w:en:Internet Explorer 11|Internet Explorer 11]]. This is because Internet Explorer is an old browser that doesn't work with how JavaScript is written today. Everything that works in Internet Explorer 11 today will continue working in Internet Explorer for now. You can [[mw:Compatibility/IE11|read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/10|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W10"/> 18:50, 8 mart 2021 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21175593 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/11|Tech News: 2021-11]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W11"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/11|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikis that are part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|desktop improvements]] project can now use a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Search|search function]]. The desktop improvements and the new search will come to more wikis later. You can also [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements#Deployment plan and timeline|test it early]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Editors who put up banners or change site-wide [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] code should use the [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/000000566/overview?viewPanel=16&orgId=1 client error graph] to see that their changes has not caused problems. You can [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2021/03/08/sailing-steady%e2%80%8a-%e2%80%8ahow-you-can-help-keep-wikimedia-sites-error-free read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276296] '''Problems''' * Due to [[phab:T276968|database issues]] the [https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org Wikimedia Beta Cluster] was read-only for over a day. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.34|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can add a [[:w:en:Newline|newline]] or [[:w:en:Carriage return|carriage return]] character to a custom signature if you use a template. There is a proposal to not allow them in the future. This is because they can cause formatting problems. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/New_requirements_for_user_signatures#Additional_proposal_(2021)][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272322] * You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T276899|12 wikis]] for a short period of time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210323T06 {{#time:j xg|2021-03-23|en}} at 06:00 (UTC)]. This could take 30 minutes but will probably be much faster. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can use [https://quarry.wmflabs.org/ Quarry] for [[:w:en:SQL|SQL]] queries to the [[wikitech:Wiki replicas|Wiki Replicas]]. Cross-database <code>JOINS</code> will no longer work from 23 March. There will be a new field to specify the database to connect to. If you think this affects you and you need help you can [[phab:T268498|post on Phabricator]] or on [[wikitech:Talk:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign|Wikitech]]. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/PAWS PAWS] and other ways to do [[:w:en:SQL|SQL]] queries to the Wiki Replicas will be affected later. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Wiki_Replicas_2020_Redesign] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/11|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W11"/> 00:20, 16 mart 2021 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21226057 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/12|Tech News: 2021-12]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W12"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/12|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a [[mw:Wikipedia for KaiOS|Wikipedia app]] for [[:w:en:KaiOS|KaiOS]] phones. They don't have a touch screen so readers navigate with the phone keys. There is now a [https://wikimedia.github.io/wikipedia-kaios/sim.html simulator] so you can see what it looks like. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|reply tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/New discussion|new discussion tool]] are now available as the "{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] in almost all wikis except German Wikipedia. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T276899|twelve wikis]] for a short period of time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210323T06 {{#time:j xg|2021-03-23|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 06:00 (UTC)]. This can also affect password changes, logging in to new wikis, global renames and changing or confirming emails. This could take 30 minutes but will probably be much faster. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.36|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[:w:en:Syntax highlighting|Syntax highlighting]] colours will change to be easier to read. This will soon come to the [[phab:T276346|first wikis]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Improved_Color_Scheme_of_Syntax_Highlighting] '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged revisions]] will no longer have multiple tags like "tone" or "depth". It will also only have one tier. This was changed because very few wikis used these features and they make the tool difficult to maintain. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T185664][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277883] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets and user scripts can access variables about the current page in JavaScript. In 2015 this was moved from <code dir=ltr>wg*</code> to <code dir=ltr>mw.config</code>. <code dir=ltr>wg*</code> will soon no longer work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T72470] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/12|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W12"/> 17:51, 22 mart 2021 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21244806 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Tech News: 2021-13]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Some very old [[:w:en:Web browser|web browsers]] [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility|don’t work]] well with the Wikimedia wikis. Some old code for browsers that used to be supported is being removed. This could cause issues in those browsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277803] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:m:IRC/Channels#Raw_feeds|IRC recent changes feeds]] have been moved to a new server. Make sure all tools automatically reconnect to <code>irc.wikimedia.org</code> and not to the name of any specific server. Users should also consider switching to the more modern [[:wikitech:Event Platform/EventStreams|EventStreams]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224579] '''Problems''' * When you move a page that many editors have on their watchlist the history can be split. It might also not be possible to move it again for a while. This is because of a [[:w:en:Job queue|job queue]] problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278350] * Some translatable pages on Meta could not be edited. This was because of a bug in the translation tool. The new MediaWiki version was delayed because of problems like this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278429][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274940] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.37|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 19:28, 29 mart 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21267131 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|Tech News: 2021-14]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Editors can collapse part of an article so you have to click on it to see it. When you click a link to a section inside collapsed content it will now expand to show the section. The browser will scroll down to the section. Previously such links didn't work unless you manually expanded the content first. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276741] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|citoid]] [[:w:en:API|API]] will use for example <code>2010-12-XX</code> instead of <code>2010-12</code> for dates with a month but no days. This is because <code>2010-12</code> could be confused with <code>2010-2012</code> instead of <code>December 2010</code>. This is called level 1 instead of level 0 in the [https://www.loc.gov/standards/datetime/ Extended Date/Time Format]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132308] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.38|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:wikitech:PAWS|PAWS]] can now connect to the new [[:wikitech:Wiki Replicas|Wiki Replicas]]. Cross-database <code>JOINS</code> will no longer work from 28 April. There is [[:wikitech:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign#How should I connect to databases in PAWS?|a new way to connect]] to the databases. Until 28 April both ways to connect to the databases will work. If you think this affects you and you need help you can post [[phab:T268498|on Phabricator]] or on [[wikitech:Talk:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign|Wikitech]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 21:38, 5 april 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21287348 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|Tech News: 2021-16]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Email to the Wikimedia wikis are handled by groups of Wikimedia editors. These volunteer response teams now use [https://github.com/znuny/Znuny Znuny] instead of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/OTRS|OTRS]]. The functions and interface remain the same. The volunteer administrators will give more details about the next steps soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T279303][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275294] * If you use [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighting]], you can see line numbers in the 2010 and 2017 wikitext editors when editing templates. This is to make it easier to see line breaks or talk about specific lines. Line numbers will soon come to all namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267911][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Line_Numbering][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Line_Numbering] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Because of a technical change there could be problems with gadgets and scripts that have an edit summary area that looks [https://phab.wmfusercontent.org/file/data/llvdqqnb5zpsfzylbqcg/PHID-FILE-25vs4qowibmtysl7cbml/Screen_Shot_2021-04-06_at_2.34.04_PM.png similar to this one]. If they look strange they should use <code>mw.loader.using('mediawiki.action.edit.styles')</code> to go back to how they looked before. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278898] * The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.1|latest version]] of MediaWiki came to the Wikimedia wikis last week. There was no Tech News issue last week. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * The user group <code>oversight</code> will be renamed <code>suppress</code>. This is for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. This is the technical name. It doesn't affect what you call the editors with this user right on your wiki. This is planned to happen in two weeks. You can comment [[phab:T112147|in Phabricator]] if you have objections. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 18:47, 19 april 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21356080 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/17|Tech News: 2021-17]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Templates have parameters that can have specific values. It is possible to suggest values for editors with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TemplateData|TemplateData]]. You can soon see them as a drop-down list in the visual editor. This is to help template users find the right values faster. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273857][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Suggested_values_for_template_parameters][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Suggested_values_for_template_parameters] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 23:22, 26 april 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21391118 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Tech News: 2021-18]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[w:en:Wikipedia:Twinkle|Twinkle]] is a gadget on English Wikipedia. It can help with maintenance and patrolling. It can [[m:Grants:Project/Rapid/SD0001/Twinkle localisation/Report|now be used on other wikis]]. You can get Twinkle on your wiki using the [https://github.com/wikimedia-gadgets/twinkle-starter twinkle-starter] GitHub repository. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation tool]] did not work for many articles for a little while. This was because of a bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281346] * Some things will not work for about a minute on 5 May. This will happen [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210505T0600 around 06:00 UTC]. This will affect the content translation tool and notifications among other things. This is because of an upgrade to avoid crashes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281212] '''Changes later this week''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] will become a default feature on a number of wikis on 5 May. This is later than planned because of some changes. You can use it without using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|Page Previews]] if you want to. The earlier plan was to have the preference to use both or none. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271206][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:w:en:CSS|CSS]] classes <code dir=ltr>.error</code>, <code dir=ltr>.warning</code> and <code dir=ltr>.success</code> do not work for mobile readers if they have not been specifically defined on your wiki. From June they will not work for desktop readers. This can affect gadgets and templates. The classes can be defined in [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] or template styles instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280766] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 17:42, 3 maj 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21418010 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Tech News: 2021-19]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can see what participants plan to work on at the online [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2021|Wikimedia hackathon]] 22–23 May. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 17:08, 10 maj 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21428676 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/20|Tech News: 2021-20]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/20|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new toolbar in [[mw:Talk pages project/Replying|the Reply tool]]. It works in the wikitext source mode. You can enable it in [[Special:Preferences#mw-htmlform-discussion|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276608] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Replying#13_May_2021] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion#13_May_2021] * Wikimedia [https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo mailing lists] are being moved to [[:w:en:GNU Mailman|Mailman 3]]. This is a newer version. For the [[:w:en:Character encoding|character encoding]] to work it will change from <code>[[:w:en:UTF-8|UTF-8]]</code> to <code>utf8mb3</code>. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IEYQ2HS3LZF2P3DAYMNZYQDGHWPVMTPY/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282621] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] An [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|earlier issue]] of Tech News said that the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|citoid]] [[:w:en:API|API]] would handle dates with a month but no days in a new way. This has been reverted for now. There needs to be more discussion of how it affects different wikis first. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132308] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] <code>MediaWiki:Pageimages-blacklist</code> will be renamed <code>MediaWiki:Pageimages-denylist</code>. The list can be copied to the new name. It will happen on 19 May for some wikis and 20 May for some wikis. Most wikis don't use it. It lists images that should never be used as thumbnails for articles. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282626] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 15:47, 17 maj 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21464279 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/21|Tech News: 2021-21]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Wikimedia movement has been using [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC|IRC]] on a network called [[:w:en:Freenode|Freenode]]. There have been changes around who is in control of the network. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC/Group_Contacts|Wikimedia IRC Group Contacts]] have [[m:Special:Diff/21476411|decided]] to move to the new [[:w:en:Libera Chat|Libera Chat]] network instead. This is not a formal decision for the movement to move all channels but most Wikimedia IRC channels will probably leave Freenode. There is a [[:m:IRC/Migrating_to_Libera_Chat|migration guide]] and ongoing Wikimedia [[m:Wikimedia Forum#Freenode (IRC)|discussions about this]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 19:04, 24 maj 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21477606 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/22|Tech News: 2021-22]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/22|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There was an issue on the Vector skin with the text size of categories and notices under the page title. It was fixed last Monday. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283206] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 19:04, 31 maj 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21516076 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Tech News: 2021-23]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia movement uses [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] for technical tasks. This is where we collect technical suggestions, bugs and what developers are working on. The company behind Phabricator will stop working on it. This will not change anything for the Wikimedia movement now. It could lead to changes in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/YAXOD46INJLAODYYIJUVQWOZFIV54VUI/][https://admin.phacility.com/phame/post/view/11/phacility_is_winding_down_operations/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283980] * Searching on Wikipedia will find more results in some languages. This is mainly true for when those who search do not use the correct [[:w:en:Diacritic|diacritics]] because they are not seen as necessary in that language. For example searching for <code>Bedusz</code> doesn't find <code>Będusz</code> on German Wikipedia. The character <code>ę</code> isn't used in German so many would write <code>e</code> instead. This will work better in the future in some languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219550] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:w:en:Cross-site request forgery|CSRF token parameters]] in the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Main page|action API]] were changed in 2014. The old parameters from before 2014 will stop working soon. This can affect bots, gadgets and user scripts that still use the old parameters. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IMP43BNCI32C524O5YCUWMQYP4WVBQ2B/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280806] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 22:01, 7 juni 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21551759 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/24|Tech News: 2021-24]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Logged-in users on the mobile web can choose to use the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|advanced mobile mode]]. They now see categories in a similar way as users on desktop do. This means that some gadgets that have just been for desktop users could work for users of the mobile site too. If your wiki has such gadgets you could decide to turn them on for the mobile site too. Some gadgets probably need to be fixed to look good on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284763] * Language links on Wikidata now works for [[:oldwikisource:Main Page|multilingual Wikisource]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275958] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * In the future we [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|can't show the IP]] of unregistered editors to everyone. This is because privacy regulations and norms have changed. There is now a rough draft of how [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#Updates|showing the IP to those who need to see it]] could work. * German Wikipedia, English Wikivoyage and 29 smaller wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on 22 June. This is planned between 5:00 and 5:30 UTC. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284530] * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes in the week of 28 June. More information will be published in Tech News later. It will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281515][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281209] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 22:25, 14 juni 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21587625 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/25|Tech News: 2021-25]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The <code>otrs-member</code> group name is now <code>vrt-permissions</code>. This could affect abuse filters. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280615] '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not edit German Wikipedia, English Wikivoyage and 29 smaller wikis for a few minutes on 22 June. This is planned between [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210623T0500 5:00 and 5:30 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284530] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 17:47, 21 juni 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21593987 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/26|Tech News: 2021-26]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|Growth features]] now can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure Growth features directly on their wiki]]. This uses the new special page <code>Special:EditGrowthConfig</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285423] * Wikisources have a new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech/OCR Improvements|OCR tool]]. If you don't want to see the "extract text" button on Wikisource you can add <code>.ext-wikisource-ExtractTextWidget { display: none; }</code> to your [[Special:MyPage/common.css|common.css page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285311] '''Problems''' *You will be able to read but not edit the Wikimedia wikis for a few minutes on 29 June. This is planned at [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210629T1400 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281515][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281209] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * <code>Threshold for stub link formatting</code>, <code>thumbnail size</code> and <code>auto-number headings</code> can be set in preferences. They are expensive to maintain and few editors use them. The developers are planning to remove them. Removing them will make pages load faster. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/User:SKim (WMF)/Performance Dependent User Preferences|read more and give feedback]]. * A toolbar will be added to the [[mw:Talk pages project/Replying|Reply tool]]'s wikitext source mode. This will make it easier to link to pages and to ping other users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276609][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Replying#Status_updates] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 18:30, 28 juni 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21653312 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/27|Tech News: 2021-27]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/27|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 19 July. '''Recent changes''' * [[:wikidata:Q4063270|AutoWikiBrowser]] is a tool to make repetitive tasks easier. It now uses [[:w:en:JSON|JSON]]. <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage</code> has moved to <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPageJSON</code> and <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/Config</code>. <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage/Version</code> has moved to <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage/VersionJSON</code>. The tool will eventually be configured on the wiki so that you don't have to wait until the new version to add templates or regular expression fixes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T241196] '''Problems''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] helps saving online sources on some wikis. It adds them to [[:w:en:Wayback Machine|Wayback Machine]] and links to them there. This is so they don't disappear if the page that was linked to is removed. It currently has a problem with linking to the wrong date when it moves pages from <code>archive.is</code> to <code>web.archive.org</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283432] '''Changes later this week''' * The tool to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Finding and inserting templates|find, add and remove templates]] will be updated. This is to make it easier to find and use the right templates. It will come to the first wikis on 7 July. It will come to more wikis later this year. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Removing_a_template_from_a_page_using_the_VisualEditor][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284553] * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * Some Wikimedia wikis use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]] or pending changes. It hides edits from new and unregistered accounts for readers until they have been patrolled. The auto review action in Flagged Revisions will no longer be logged. All old logs of auto-review will be removed. This is because it creates a lot of logs that are not very useful. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285608] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 19:31, 5 juli 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21694636 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/29|Tech News: 2021-29]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The tool to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Finding and inserting templates|find, add and remove templates]] was updated. This is to make it easier to find and use the right templates. It was supposed to come to the first wikis on 7 July. It was delayed to 12 July instead. It will come to more wikis later this year. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Removing_a_template_from_a_page_using_the_VisualEditor][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284553] * [[Special:UnconnectedPages|Special:UnconnectedPages]] lists pages that are not connected to Wikidata. This helps you find pages that can be connected to Wikidata items. Some pages should not be connected to Wikidata. You can use the magic word <code><nowiki>__EXPECTED_UNCONNECTED_PAGE__</nowiki></code> on pages that should not be listed on the special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T97577] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the [[:w:en:Parsing|parser's]] HTML output will soon change. This can affect bots, gadgets, user scripts and extensions. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/L2UQJRHTFK5YG3IOZEC7JSLH2ZQNZRVU/ read more]. You can test it on [[:testwiki:Main Page|Testwiki]] or [[:test2wiki:Main Page|Testwiki 2]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The parameters for how you obtain [[mw:API:Tokens|tokens]] in the MediaWiki API were changed in 2014. The old way will no longer work from 1 September. Scripts, bots and tools that use the parameters from before the 2014 change need to be updated. You can [[phab:T280806#7215377|read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 17:29, 19 juli 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21755027 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/30|Tech News: 2021-30]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki came to the Wikimedia wikis the week before last week. This was not in Tech News because there was no newsletter that week. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * If you use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|Monobook skin]] you can choose to switch off [[:w:en:Responsive web design|responsive design]] on mobile. This will now work for more skins. If <code>{{int:monobook-responsive-label}}</code> is unticked you need to also untick the new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|preference]] <code>{{int:prefs-skin-responsive}}</code>. Otherwise it will stop working. Interface admins can automate this process on your wiki. You can [[phab:T285991|read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 23:09, 26 juli 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21771634 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/31|Tech News: 2021-31]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] If your wiki uses markup like <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="mw-content-ltr"></nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="mw-content-rtl"></nowiki></code></bdi> without the required <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>dir</code></bdi> attribute, then these will no longer work in 2 weeks. There is a short-term fix that can be added to your local wiki's Common.css page, which is explained at [[phab:T287701|T287701]]. From now on, all usages should include the full attributes, for example: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" lang="en"></nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="mw-content-rtl" dir="rtl" lang="he"></nowiki></code></bdi>. This also applies to some other HTML tags, such as <code>span</code> or <code>code</code>. You can find existing examples on your wiki that need to be updated, using the instructions at [[phab:T287701|T287701]]. * Reminder: Wikimedia has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC/Migrating to Libera Chat|migrated to the Libera Chat IRC network]], from the old Freenode network. Local documentation should be updated. '''Problems''' * Last week, all wikis had slow access or no access for 30 minutes. There was a problem with generating dynamic lists of articles on the Russian Wikinews, due to the bulk import of 200,000+ new articles over 3 days, which led to database problems. The problematic feature has been disabled on that wiki and developers are discussing if it can be fixed properly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287380][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2021-07-26_ruwikinews_DynamicPageList] '''Changes later this week''' * When adding links to a page using [[mw:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]] or the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Disambiguator|disambiguation pages]] will now only appear at the bottom of search results. This is because users do not often want to link to disambiguation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285510] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|team of the Wikipedia app for Android]] is working on communication in the app. The developers are working on how to talk to other editors and get notifications. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication|read more]]. They are looking for users who want to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication/UsertestingJuly2021|test the plans]]. Any editor who has an Android phone and is willing to download the app can do this. * The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] for {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}} will be updated in the coming weeks. You will be able to [[mw:Talk pages project/Notifications|subscribe to individual sections]] on a talk page at more wikis. You can test this now by adding <code>?dtenable=1</code> to the end of the talk page's URL ([https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Meta_talk:Sandbox?dtenable=1 example]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 22:44, 2 august 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21818289 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/32|Tech News: 2021-32]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/32|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You can read but not edit 17 wikis for a few minutes on 10 August. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1628571650 05:00 UTC]. This is because of work on the database. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287449] '''Changes later this week''' * The [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2021:Hackathon|Wikimania Hackathon]] will take place remotely on 13 August, starting at 5:00 UTC, for 24 hours. You can participate in many ways. You can still propose projects and sessions. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The old CSS <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="visualClear"></div></nowiki></code></bdi> will not be supported after 12 August. Instead, templates and pages should use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div style="clear:both;"></div></nowiki></code></bdi>. Please help to replace any existing uses on your wiki. There are global-search links available at [[phab:T287962|T287962]]. '''Future changes''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] is a place for Wikipedia editors to get access to sources. There is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TheWikipediaLibrary|extension]] which has a new function to tell users when they can take part in it. It will use notifications. It will start pinging the first users in September. It will ping more users later. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288070] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[w:en:Vue.js|Vue.js]] will be the [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] framework for MediaWiki in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/SOZREBYR36PUNFZXMIUBVAIOQI4N7PDU/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 18:18, 9 august 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21856726 --> : U bswiki je ''visualClear'' samo tu u ''Tech News''. ✍️ [[Korisnik:Dušan Kreheľ|Dušan Kreheľ]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Dušan Kreheľ|razgovor]]) 15:49, 10 august 2021 (CEST) == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/33|Tech News: 2021-33]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can add language links in the sidebar in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|new Vector skin]] again. You do this by connecting the page to a Wikidata item. The new Vector skin has moved the language links but the new language selector cannot add language links yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287206] '''Problems''' * There was a problem on wikis which use the Translate extension. Translations were not updated or were replaced with the English text. The problems have been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288700][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288683][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288719] '''Changes later this week''' * A [[mw:Help:Tags|revision tag]] will soon be added to edits that add links to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Disambiguator|disambiguation pages]]. This is because these links are usually added by accident. The tag will allow editors to easily find the broken links and fix them. If your wiki does not like this feature, it can be [[mw:Help:Tags#Deleting a tag added by the software|hidden]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287549] *Would you like to help improve the information about tools? Would you like to attend or help organize a small virtual meetup for your community to discuss the list of tools? Please get in touch on the [[m:Toolhub/The Quality Signal Sessions|Toolhub Quality Signal Sessions]] talk page. We are also looking for feedback [[m:Talk:Toolhub/The Quality Signal Sessions#Discussion topic for "Quality Signal Sessions: The Tool Maintainers edition"|from tool maintainers]] on some specific questions. * In the past, edits to any page in your user talk space ignored your [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications#mute|mute list]], e.g. sub-pages. Starting this week, this is only true for edits to your talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288112] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 21:25, 16 august 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21889213 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/34|Tech News: 2021-34]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Score]] extension (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><score></nowiki></code></bdi> notation) has been re-enabled on public wikis and upgraded to a newer version. Some musical score functionality may no longer work because the extension is only enabled in "safe mode". The security issue has been fixed and an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score/2021 security advisory|advisory published]]. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T289130|some wikis]] for a few minutes on {{#time:j xg|2021-08-25|en}}. This will happen around [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1629871217 06:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. During this time, operations on the CentralAuth will also not be possible. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 23:56, 23 august 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21923254 --> == Read-only reminder == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="MassMessage"/> A maintenance operation will be performed on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1629871231 {{#time: l F d H:i e|2021-08-25T06:00|en}}]. It should only last for a few minutes. Also during this time, operations on the CentralAuth will not be possible (GlobalRenames, changing/confirming e-mail addresses, logging into new wikis, password changes). For more details about the operation and on all impacted services, please check [[phab:T289130|on Phabricator]]. A banner will be displayed 30 minutes before the operation. Please help your community to be aware of this maintenance operation. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}<section end="MassMessage"/> </div> 22:33, 24 august 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21927201 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/35|Tech News: 2021-35]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Some musical score syntax no longer works and may needed to be updated, you can check [[:Category:{{MediaWiki:score-error-category}}]] on your wiki for a list of pages with errors. '''Problems''' * Musical scores were unable to render lyrics in some languages because of missing fonts. This has been fixed now. If your language would prefer a different font, please file a request in Phabricator. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289554] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The parameters for how you obtain [[mw:API:Tokens|tokens]] in the MediaWiki API were changed in 2014. The old way will no longer work from 1 September. Scripts, bots and tools that use the parameters from before the 2014 change need to be updated. You can [[phab:T280806#7215377|read more]] about this. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T289660|Commons]] for a few minutes on {{#time:j xg|2021-09-06|en}}. This will happen around [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1630818058 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes in the week of 13 September. More information will be published in Tech News later. It will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287539] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 17:59, 30 august 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21954810 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/36|Tech News: 2021-36]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/36|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The wikis that have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] deployed have been part of A/B testing since deployment, in which some newcomers did not receive the new features. Now, all of the newcomers on 21 of the smallest of those wikis will be receiving the features. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289786] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In 2017, the provided jQuery library was upgraded from version 1 to 3, with a compatibility layer. The migration will soon finish, to make the site load faster for everyone. If you maintain a gadget or user script, check if you have any JQMIGRATE errors and fix them, or they will break. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280944][https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/6Z2BVLOBBEC2QP4VV4KOOVQVE52P3HOP/] * Last year, the Portuguese Wikipedia community embarked on an experiment to make log-in compulsory for editing.  The [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Impact report for Login Required Experiment on Portuguese Wikipedia|impact report of this trial]] is ready. Moving forward, the Anti-Harassment Tools team is looking for projects that are willing to experiment with restricting IP editing on their wiki for a short-term experiment. [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Login Required Experiment|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 17:18, 6 septembar 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21981010 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/37|Tech News: 2021-37]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * 45 new Wikipedias now have access to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289680] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment table|A majority of Wikipedias]] now have access to the Growth features. The Growth team [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ|has published an FAQ page]] about the features. This translatable FAQ covers the description of the features, how to use them, how to change the configuration, and more. '''Problems''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on 14 September. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1631628002 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287539] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting this week, Wikipedia in Italian will receive weekly software updates on Wednesdays. It used to receive the updates on Thursdays. Due to this change, bugs will be noticed and fixed sooner. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286664] * You can add language links in the sidebar in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|the new Vector skin]] again. You do this by connecting the page to a Wikidata item. The new Vector skin has moved the language links but the new language selector cannot add language links yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287206] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlight]] tool marks up code with different colours. It now can highlight 23 new code languages. Additionally, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>golang</code></bdi> can now be used as an alias for the [[d:Q37227|Go programming language]], and a special <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>output</code></bdi> mode has been added to show a program's output. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280117][https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/SyntaxHighlight_GeSHi/+/715277/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 17:31, 13 septembar 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22009517 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/38|Tech News: 2021-38]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Growth features are now deployed to almost all Wikipedias. [[phab:T290582|For the majority of small Wikipedias]], the features are only available for experienced users, to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ#enable|test the features]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ#config|configure them]]. Features will be available for newcomers starting on 20 September 2021. * MediaWiki had a feature that would highlight local links to short articles in a different style. Each user could pick the size at which "stubs" would be highlighted. This feature was very bad for performance, and following a consultation, has been removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284917] * A technical change was made to the MonoBook skin to allow for easier maintenance and upkeep. This has resulted in some minor changes to HTML that make MonoBook's HTML consistent with other skins. Efforts have been made to minimize the impact on editors, but please ping [[m:User:Jon (WMF)|Jon (WMF)]] on wiki or in [[phab:T290888|phabricator]] if any problems are reported. '''Problems''' * There was a problem with search last week. Many search requests did not work for 2 hours because of an accidental restart of the search servers. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2021-09-13_cirrussearch_restart] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[s:Special:ApiHelp/query+proofreadinfo|meta=proofreadpage API]] has changed. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>piprop</nowiki></code></bdi> parameter has been renamed to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>prpiprop</nowiki></code></bdi>. API users should update their code to avoid unrecognized parameter warnings. Pywikibot users should upgrade to 6.6.0. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290585] '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Replying|Reply tool]] will be deployed to the remaining wikis in the coming weeks. It is currently part of "{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}" in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta features]] at most wikis. You will be able to turn it off in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Editing Preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262331] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki_1.37/Deprecation_of_legacy_API_token_parameters|previously announced]] change to how you obtain tokens from the API has been delayed to September 21 because of an incompatibility with Pywikibot. Bot operators using Pywikibot can follow [[phab:T291202|T291202]] for progress on a fix, and should plan to upgrade to 6.6.1 when it is released. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 20:29, 20 septembar 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22043415 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/39|Tech News: 2021-39]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[w:en:IOS|iOS 15]] has a new function called [https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT212614 Private Relay] (Apple website). This can hide the user's IP when they use [[w:en:Safari (software)|Safari]] browser. This is like using a [[w:en:Virtual private network|VPN]] in that we see another IP address instead. It is opt-in and only for those who pay extra for [[w:en:ICloud|iCloud]]. It will come to Safari users on [[:w:en:OSX|OSX]] later. There is a [[phab:T289795|technical discussion]] about what this means for the Wikimedia wikis. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some gadgets and user-scripts add items to the [[m:Customization:Explaining_skins#Portlets|portlets]] (article tools) part of the skin. A recent change to the HTML may have made those links a different font-size. This can be fixed by adding the CSS class <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.vector-menu-dropdown-noicon</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291438] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Onboarding_new_Wikipedians#New_experience|GettingStarted extension]] was built in 2013, and provides an onboarding process for new account holders in a few versions of Wikipedia. However, the recently developed [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] provide a better onboarding experience. Since the vast majority of Wikipedias now have access to the Growth features, GettingStarted will be deactivated starting on 4 October. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235752] * A small number of users will not be able to connect to the Wikimedia wikis after 30 September. This is because an old [[:w:en:root certificate|root certificate]] will no longer work. They will also have problems with many other websites. Users who have updated their software in the last five years are unlikely to have problems. Users in Europe, Africa and Asia are less likely to have immediate problems even if their software is too old. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/HTTPS/2021 Let's Encrypt root expiry|read more]]. * You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications|receive notifications]] when someone leaves a comment on user talk page or mentions you in a talk page comment. Clicking the notification link will now bring you to the comment and highlight it. Previously, doing so brought you to the top of the section that contained the comment. You can find [[phab:T282029|more information in T282029.]] '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Replying|Reply tool]] will be deployed to the remaining wikis in the coming weeks. It is currently part of "{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}" in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta features]] at most wikis. You will be able to turn it off in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Editing Preferences]]. [[phab:T288485|See the list of wikis.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262331] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W39"/> </div> 00:20, 28 septembar 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22077885 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/40|Tech News: 2021-40]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A more efficient way of sending changes from Wikidata to Wikimedia wikis that show them has been enabled for the following 10 wikis: mediawiki.org, the Italian, Catalan, Hebrew and Vietnamese Wikipedias, French Wikisource, and English Wikivoygage, Wikibooks, Wiktionary and Wikinews. If you notice anything strange about how changes from Wikidata appear in recent changes or your watchlist on those wikis you can [[phab:T48643|let the developers know]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some gadgets and bots that use the API to read the AbuseFilter log might break. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>hidden</code></bdi> property will no longer say an entry is <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>implicit</code></bdi> for unsuppressed log entries about suppressed edits. If your bot needs to know this, do a separate revision query. Additionally, the property will have the value <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>false</code></bdi> for visible entries; previously, it wasn't included in the response. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291718] * A more efficient way of sending changes from Wikidata to Wikimedia wikis that show them will be enabled for ''all production wikis''. If you notice anything strange about how changes from Wikidata appear in recent changes or your watchlist you can [[phab:T48643|let the developers know]]. '''Future changes''' * You can soon get cross-wiki notifications in the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|iOS Wikipedia app]]. You can also get notifications as push notifications. More notification updates will follow in later versions. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Notifications#September_2021_update] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The JavaScript variables <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgExtraSignatureNamespaces</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgLegalTitleChars</code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgIllegalFileChars</code></bdi> will soon be removed from <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/JavaScript#mw.config|mw.config]]</code></bdi>. These are not part of the "stable" variables available for use in wiki JavaScript. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292011] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The JavaScript variables <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgCookiePrefix</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgCookieDomain</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgCookiePath</code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgCookieExpiration</code></bdi> will soon be removed from mw.config. Scripts should instead use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw.cookie</code></bdi> from the "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#mediawiki.cookie|mediawiki.cookie]]</bdi>" module. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291760] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 18:27, 4 oktobar 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22101208 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/41|Tech News: 2021-41]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/41|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Manual:Table_of_contents#Auto-numbering|"auto-number headings" preference]] is being removed. You can read [[phab:T284921]] for the reasons and discussion. This change was [[m:Tech/News/2021/26|previously]] announced. [[mw:Snippets/Auto-number_headings|A JavaScript snippet]] is available which can be used to create a Gadget on wikis that still want to support auto-numbering. '''Meetings''' * You can join a meeting about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]]. A demonstration version of the [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Sticky Header|newest feature]] will be shown. The event will take place on Tuesday, 12 October at 16:00 UTC. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web/12-10-2021|See how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W41"/> </div> 17:28, 11 oktobar 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22152137 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/42|Tech News: 2021-42]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *[[m:Toolhub|Toolhub]] is a catalogue to make it easier to find software tools that can be used for working on the Wikimedia projects. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LF4SSR4QRCKV6NPRFGUAQWUFQISVIPTS/ read more]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The developers of the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia Android app]] are working on [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication|communication in the app]]. You can now answer questions in [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication/UsertestingOctober2021|survey]] to help the development. * 3–5% of editors may be blocked in the next few months. This is because of a new service in Safari, which is similar to a [[w:en:Proxy server|proxy]] or a [[w:en:VPN|VPN]]. It is called iCloud Private Relay. There is a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|discussion about this]] on Meta. The goal is to learn what iCloud Private Relay could mean for the communities. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] is a new [[w:en:API|API]] for those who use a lot of information from the Wikimedia projects on other sites. It is a way to get big commercial users to pay for the data. There will soon be a copy of the Wikimedia Enterprise dataset. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-ambassadors@lists.wikimedia.org/message/B2AX6PWH5MBKB4L63NFZY3ADBQG7MSBA/ read more]. You can also ask the team questions [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/88994018553 on Zoom] on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=15&min=00&sec=0&day=22&month=10&year=2021 22 October 15:00 UTC]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W42"/> </div> 22:52, 18 oktobar 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22176877 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/43|Tech News: 2021-43]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award 2021]] is looking for nominations. You can recommend tools until 27 October. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' *[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Diff|Diff pages]] will have an improved copy and pasting experience. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Copy paste diffs|The changes]] will allow the text in the diff for before and after to be treated as separate columns and will remove any unwanted syntax. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T192526] * The version of the [[w:en:Liberation fonts|Liberation fonts]] used in SVG files will be upgraded. Only new thumbnails will be affected. Liberation Sans Narrow will not change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253600] '''Meetings''' * You can join a meeting about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]]. News about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Warn when linking to disambiguation pages|disambiguation]] and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|real-time preview]] wishes will be shown. The event will take place on Wednesday, 27 October at 14:30 UTC. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/Talk to Us|See how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W43"/> </div> 22:06, 25 oktobar 2021 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22232718 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/44|Tech News: 2021-44]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a limit on the amount of emails a user can send each day. This limit is now global instead of per-wiki. This change is to prevent abuse. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293866] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W44"/> </div> 21:26, 1 novembar 2021 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22269406 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/45|Tech News: 2021-45]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Mobile IP editors are now able to receive warning notices indicating they have a talk page message on the mobile website (similar to the orange banners available on desktop). These notices will be displayed on every page outside of the main namespace and every time the user attempts to edit. The notice on desktop now has a slightly different colour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284642][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278105] '''Changes later this week''' * [[phab:T294321|Wikidata will be read-only]] for a few minutes on 11 November. This will happen around [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1636610400 06:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T294321] * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * In the future, unregistered editors will be given an identity that is not their [[:w:en:IP address|IP address]]. This is for legal reasons. A new user right will let editors who need to know the IPs of unregistered accounts to fight vandalism, spam, and harassment, see the IP. You can read the [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|suggestions for how that identity could work]] and [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|discuss on the talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W45"/> </div> 21:34, 8 novembar 2021 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22311003 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/46|Tech News: 2021-46]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Most [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Maximum_file_size#MAXTHUMB|large file uploads]] errors that had messages like "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>stashfailed</code></bdi>" or "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>DBQueryError</code></bdi>" have now been fixed. An [[wikitech:Incident documentation/2021-11-04 large file upload timeouts|incident report]] is available. '''Problems''' * Sometimes, edits made on iOS using the visual editor save groups of numbers as telephone number links, because of a feature in the operating system. This problem is under investigation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T116525] * There was a problem with search last week. Many search requests did not work for 2 hours because of a configuration error. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2021-11-10_cirrussearch_commonsfile_outage] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W46"/> </div> 23:05, 15 novembar 2021 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22338097 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/47|Tech News: 2021-47]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/47|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. *The template dialog in VisualEditor and in the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|new wikitext mode]] Beta feature will be [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|heavily improved]] on [[phab:T286992|a few wikis]]. Your [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|feedback is welcome]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W47"/> </div> 21:00, 22 novembar 2021 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22366010 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/48|Tech News: 2021-48]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/48|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W48"/> </div> 22:13, 29 novembar 2021 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22375666 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/49|Tech News: 2021-49]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/49|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * MediaWiki 1.38-wmf.11 was scheduled to be deployed on some wikis last week. The deployment was delayed because of unexpected problems. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * At all Wikipedias, a Mentor Dashboard is now available at <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>Special:MentorDashboard</nowiki></code></bdi>. It allows registered mentors, who take care of newcomers' first steps, to monitor their assigned newcomers' activity. It is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]]. You can learn more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How_to_configure_the_mentors%27_list|activating the mentor list]] on your wiki and about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor dashboard|the mentor dashboard project]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The predecessor to the current [[mw:API|MediaWiki Action API]] (which was created in 2008), <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=ajax</nowiki></code></bdi>, will be removed this week. Any scripts or bots using it will need to switch to the corresponding API module. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T42786] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] An old ResourceLoader module, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>jquery.jStorage</nowiki></code></bdi>, which was deprecated in 2016, will be removed this week. Any scripts or bots using it will need to switch to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.storage</nowiki></code></bdi> instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T143034] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W49"/> </div> 22:57, 6 decembar 2021 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22413926 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/50|Tech News: 2021-50]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There are now default [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespace#Other_namespace_aliases|short aliases]] for the "Project:" namespace on most wikis. E.g. On Wikibooks wikis, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>[[WB:]]</nowiki></code></bdi> will go to the local language default for the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>[[Project:]]</nowiki></code></bdi> namespace. This change is intended to help the smaller communities have easy access to this feature. Additional local aliases can still be requested via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|the usual process]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293839] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W50"/> </div> 23:25, 13 decembar 2021 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22441074 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/51|Tech News: 2021-51]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 10 January 2022. '''Recent changes''' * Queries made by the DynamicPageList extension (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><DynamicPageList></nowiki></code></bdi>) are now only allowed to run for 10 seconds and error if they take longer. This is in response to multiple outages where long-running queries caused an outage on all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287380#7575719] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. '''Future changes''' * The developers of the Wikipedia iOS app are looking for testers who edit in multiple languages. You can [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/202112 testing|read more and let them know if you are interested]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikimedia [[wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] hosts technical projects for the Wikimedia movement. Developers need to [[wikitech:News/Cloud VPS 2021 Purge|claim projects]] they use. This is because old and unused projects are removed once a year. Unclaimed projects can be shut down from February. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/2B7KYL5VLQNHGQQHMYLW7KTUKXKAYY3T/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W51"/> </div> 23:04, 20 decembar 2021 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22465395 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Tech News: 2022-02]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W02"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] A <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>oauth_consumer</code></bdi> variable has been added to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] to enable identifying changes made by specific tools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298281] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Migration_guide_(users)#Package_Gadgets|now able to directly include JSON pages]]. This means some gadgets can now be configured by administrators without needing the interface administrator permission, such as with the Geonotice gadget. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T198758] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets [[mw:Extension:Gadgets#Options|can now specify page actions]] on which they are available. For example, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>|actions=edit,history</code></bdi> will load a gadget only while editing and on history pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T63007] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets can now be loaded on demand with the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>withgadget</code></bdi> URL parameter. This can be used to replace [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Snippets/Load JS and CSS by URL|an earlier snippet]] that typically looks like <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>withJS</code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>withCSS</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29766] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] At wikis where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list|the Mentorship system is configured]], you can now use the Action API to get a list of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor_dashboard|mentor's]] mentees. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291966] * The heading on the main page can now be configured using <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title-loggedin]]</span> for logged-in users and <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title]]</span> for logged-out users. Any CSS that was previously used to hide the heading should be removed. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Small_wiki_toolkits/Starter_kit/Main_page_customization#hide-heading] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298715] * Four special pages (and their API counterparts) now have a maximum database query execution time of 30 seconds. These special pages are: RecentChanges, Watchlist, Contributions, and Log. This change will help with site performance and stability. You can read [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IPJNO75HYAQWIGTHI5LJHTDVLVOC4LJP/ more details about this change] including some possible solutions if this affects your workflows. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T297708] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Sticky Header|sticky header]] has been deployed for 50% of logged-in users on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Frequently asked questions#pilot-wikis|more than 10 wikis]]. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Participate|how to take part in the project]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]] begins. All contributors to the Wikimedia projects can propose for tools and platform improvements. The proposal phase takes place from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-10|en}} 18:00 UTC to {{#time:j xg|2022-01-23|en}} 18:00 UTC. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/FAQ|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W02"/> </div> 02:22, 11 januar 2022 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22562156 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Tech News: 2022-03]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikiEditor|WikiEditor]] (also known as the 2010 wikitext editor), people will now see a warning if they link to disambiguation pages. If you click "{{int:Disambiguator-review-link}}" in the warning, it will ask you to correct the link to a more specific term. You can [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Warn when linking to disambiguation pages#Jan 12, 2021: Turning on the changes for all Wikis|read more information]] about this completed 2021 Community Wishlist item. * You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#subscribe|automatically subscribe to all of the talk page discussions]] that you start or comment in using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|DiscussionTools]]. You will receive [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications|notifications]] when another editor replies. This is available at most wikis. Go to your [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]] and turn on "{{int:discussiontools-preference-autotopicsub}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263819] * When asked to create a new page or talk page section, input fields can be [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Creating_pages_with_preloaded_text|"preloaded" with some text]]. This feature is now limited to wikitext pages. This is so users can't be tricked into making malicious edits. There is a discussion about [[phab:T297725|if this feature should be re-enabled]] for some content types. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]] continues. All contributors to the Wikimedia projects can propose for tools and platform improvements. The proposal phase takes place from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-10|en}} 18:00 UTC to {{#time:j xg|2022-01-23|en}} 18:00 UTC. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/FAQ|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W03"/> </div> 20:53, 17 januar 2022 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22620285 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Tech News: 2022-04]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The following languages can now be used with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlighting]]: BDD, Elpi, LilyPond, Maxima, Rita, Savi, Sed, Sophia, Spice, .SRCINFO. * You can now access your watchlist from outside of the user menu in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|new Vector skin]]. The watchlist link appears next to the notification icons if you are at the top of the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289619] '''Events''' * You can see the results of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Coolest Tool Award 2021]] and learn more about 14 tools which were selected this year. * You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/Help_us|translate, promote]], or comment on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Proposals|the proposals]] in the Community Wishlist Survey. Voting will begin on {{#time:j xg|2022-01-28|en}}. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W04"/> </div> 22:36, 24 januar 2022 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22644148 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Tech News: 2022-05]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] If a gadget should support the new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>?withgadget</code></bdi> URL parameter that was [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|announced]] 3 weeks ago, then it must now also specify <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>supportsUrlLoad</code></bdi> in the gadget definition ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#supportsUrlLoad|documentation]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29766] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * A change that was [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|announced]] last year was delayed. It is now ready to move ahead: ** The user group <code>oversight</code> will be renamed <code>suppress</code>. This is for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. This is the technical name. It doesn't affect what you call the editors with this user right on your wiki. This is planned to happen in three weeks. You can comment [[phab:T112147|in Phabricator]] if you have objections. As usual, these labels can be translated on translatewiki ([[phab:T112147|direct links are available]]) or by administrators on your wiki. '''Events''' * You can vote on proposals in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey]] between 28 January and 11 February. The survey decides what the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W05"/> </div> 18:40, 31 januar 2022 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22721804 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Tech News: 2022-06]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * English Wikipedia recently set up a gadget for dark mode. You can enable it there, or request help from an [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface administrator]] to set it up on your wiki ([[w:en:Wikipedia:Dark mode (gadget)|instructions and screenshot]]). * Category counts are sometimes wrong. They will now be completely recounted at the beginning of every month. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T299823] '''Problems''' * A code-change last week to fix a bug with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Live preview|Live Preview]] may have caused problems with some local gadgets and user-scripts. Any code with skin-specific behaviour for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>vector</code></bdi> should be updated to also check for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>vector-2022</code></bdi>. [[phab:T300987|A code-snippet, global search, and example are available]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W06"/> </div> 22:14, 7 februar 2022 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22765948 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Tech News: 2022-07]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Purge|Purging]] a category page with fewer than 5,000 members will now recount it completely. This will allow editors to fix incorrect counts when it is wrong. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85696] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] extension, the <code dir=ltr>rmspecials()</code> function has been updated so that it does not remove the "space" character. Wikis are advised to wrap all the uses of <code dir=ltr>rmspecials()</code> with <code dir=ltr>rmwhitespace()</code> wherever necessary to keep filters' behavior unchanged. You can use the search function on [[Special:AbuseFilter]] to locate its usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263024] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W07"/> </div> 20:17, 14 februar 2022 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22821788 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Tech News: 2022-08]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[Special:Nuke|Special:Nuke]] will now provide the standard deletion reasons (editable at <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Deletereason-dropdown]]</bdi>) to use when mass-deleting pages. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Admins and patrollers/Mass-delete to offer drop-down of standard reasons, or templated reasons.|a request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T25020] * At Wikipedias, all new accounts now get the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] by default when creating an account. Communities are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Account_creation|update their help resources]]. Previously, only 80% of new accounts would get the Growth features. A few Wikipedias remain unaffected by this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301820] * You can now prevent specific images that are used in a page from appearing in other locations, such as within PagePreviews or Search results. This is done with the markup <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>class=notpageimage</nowiki></code></bdi>. For example, <code><nowiki>[[File:Example.png|class=notpageimage]]</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301588] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There has been a change to the HTML of Special:Contributions, Special:MergeHistory, and History pages, to support the grouping of changes by date in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva_Neue|the mobile skin]]. While unlikely, this may affect gadgets and user scripts. A [[phab:T298638|list of all the HTML changes]] is on Phabricator. '''Events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Results|Community Wishlist Survey results]] have been published. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/2022 results#leaderboard|ranking of prioritized proposals]] is also available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The software to play videos and audio files on pages will change soon on all wikis. The old player will be removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Toolforge's underlying operating system is being updated. If you maintain any tools there, there are two options for migrating your tools into the new system. There are [[wikitech:News/Toolforge Stretch deprecation|details, deadlines, and instructions]] on Wikitech. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EPJFISC52T7OOEFH5YYMZNL57O4VGSPR/] * Administrators will soon have [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/(Un)delete associated talk page|the option to delete/undelete]] the associated "talk" page when they are deleting a given page. An API endpoint with this option will also be available. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Admins and patrollers/(Un)delete associated talk page|a request from the 2021 Wishlist Survey]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W08"/> </div> 20:10, 21 februar 2022 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22847768 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Tech News: 2022-09]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When searching for edits by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tags|change tags]], e.g. in page history or user contributions, there is now a dropdown list of possible tags. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Miscellaneous/Improve plain-text change tag selector|a request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T27909] * Mentors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor_dashboard|Growth Mentor dashboard]] will now see newcomers assigned to them who have made at least one edit, up to 200 edits. Previously, all newcomers assigned to the mentor were visible on the dashboard, even ones without any edit or ones who made hundred of edits. Mentors can still change these values using the filters on their dashboard. Also, the last choice of filters will now be saved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301268][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T294460] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The user group <code>oversight</code> was renamed <code>suppress</code>. This is for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. You may need to update any local references to the old name, e.g. gadgets, links to Special:Listusers, or uses of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words|NUMBERINGROUP]]. '''Problems''' * The recent change to the HTML of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tracking changes|tracking changes]] pages caused some problems for screenreaders. This is being fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298638] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * Working with templates will become easier. [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Templates|Several improvements]] are planned for March 9 on most wikis and on March 16 on English Wikipedia. The improvements include: Bracket matching, syntax highlighting colors, finding and inserting templates, and related visual editor features. * If you are a template developer or an interface administrator, and you are intentionally overriding or using the default CSS styles of user feedback boxes (the classes: <code dir=ltr>successbox, messagebox, errorbox, warningbox</code>), please note that these classes and associated CSS will soon be removed from MediaWiki core. This is to prevent problems when the same class-names are also used on a wiki. Please let us know by commenting at [[phab:T300314]] if you think you might be affected. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W09"/> </div> 23:58, 28 februar 2022 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22902593 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Tech News: 2022-10]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There was a problem with some interface labels last week. It will be fixed this week. This change was part of ongoing work to simplify the support for skins which do not have active maintainers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301203] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W10"/> </div> 22:14, 7 mart 2022 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22958074 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Tech News: 2022-11]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the Wikipedia Android app [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/Communication#Updates|it is now possible]] to change the toolbar at the bottom so the tools you use more often are easier to click on. The app now also has a focused reading mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T296753][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254771] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with the collection of some page-view data from June 2021 to January 2022 on all wikis. This means the statistics are incomplete. To help calculate which projects and regions were most affected, relevant datasets are being retained for 30 extra days. You can [[m:Talk:Data_retention_guidelines#Added_exception_for_page_views_investigation|read more on Meta-wiki]]. * There was a problem with the databases on March 10. All wikis were unreachable for logged-in users for 12 minutes. Logged-out users could read pages but could not edit or access uncached content then. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2022-03-10_MediaWiki_availability] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * When [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System_message#Finding_messages_and_documentation|using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>uselang=qqx</code></bdi> to find localisation messages]], it will now show all possible message keys for navigation tabs such as "{{int:vector-view-history}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300069] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Access to [[{{#special:RevisionDelete}}]] has been expanded to include users who have <code dir=ltr>deletelogentry</code> and <code dir=ltr>deletedhistory</code> rights through their group memberships. Before, only those with the <code dir=ltr>deleterevision</code> right could access this special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301928] * On the [[{{#special:Undelete}}]] pages for diffs and revisions, there will be a link back to the main Undelete page with the list of revisions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284114] '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has announced the IP Masking implementation strategy and next steps. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#feb25|announcement can be read here]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Android FAQ|Wikipedia Android app]] developers are working on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication|new functions]] for user talk pages and article talk pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T297617] '''Events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2022|Wikimedia Hackathon 2022]] will take place as a hybrid event on 20-22 May 2022. The Hackathon will be held online and there are grants available to support local in-person meetups around the world. Grants can be requested until 20 March. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W11"/> </div> 23:06, 14 mart 2022 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22993074 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Tech News: 2022-12]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Translations]] are available. '''New code release schedule for this week''' * There will be four MediaWiki releases this week, instead of just one. This is an experiment which should lead to fewer problems and to faster feature updates. The releases will be on all wikis, at different times, on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Release Engineering Team/Trainsperiment week|read more about this project]]. '''Recent changes''' * You can now set how many search results to show by default in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-searchoptions|your Preferences]]. This was the 12th most popular wish in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Results|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T215716] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Jupyter notebooks tool [[wikitech:PAWS|PAWS]] has been updated to a new interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295043] '''Future changes''' * Interactive maps via [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] will soon work on wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevisions]] extension. [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/Kartographer-Workflows-EN/ Please tell us] which improvements you want to see in Kartographer. You can take this survey in simple English. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W12"/> </div> 16:59, 21 mart 2022 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23034693 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Tech News: 2022-13]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a simple new Wikimedia Commons upload tool available for macOS users, [[c:Commons:Sunflower|Sunflower]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-31|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of regular database maintenance. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-03-29|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-03-31|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301850][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303798] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W13"/> </div> 21:53, 28 mart 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23073711 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Tech News: 2022-14]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * For a few days last week, edits that were suggested to newcomers were not tagged in the [[{{#special:recentchanges}}]] feed. This bug has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304747] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-07|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future changes''' * Starting next week, Tech News' title will be translatable. When the newsletter is distributed, its title may not be <code dir=ltr>Tech News: 2022-14</code> anymore. It may affect some filters that have been set up by some communities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302920] * Over the next few months, the "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" Growth feature [[phab:T304110|will become available to more Wikipedias]]. Each week, a few wikis will get the feature. You can test this tool at [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth#deploymentstable|a few wikis where "Link recommendation" is already available]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W14"/> </div> 22:59, 4 april 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23097604 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new public status page at <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikimediastatus.net/ www.wikimediastatus.net]</span>. This site shows five automated high-level metrics where you can see the overall health and performance of our wikis' technical environment. It also contains manually-written updates for widespread incidents, which are written as quickly as the engineers are able to do so while also fixing the actual problem. The site is separated from our production infrastructure and hosted by an external service, so that it can be accessed even if the wikis are briefly unavailable. You can [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/03/31/announcing-www-wikimediastatus-net/ read more about this project]. * On Wiktionary wikis, the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W15"/> </div> 21:42, 11 april 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23124108 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/16|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-19|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-21|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s8.dblist targeted wikis]). * Administrators will now have [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/(Un)delete associated talk page|the option to delete/undelete the associated "Talk" page]] when they are deleting a given page. An API endpoint with this option is also available. This concludes the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Admins and patrollers/(Un)delete associated talk page|11th wish of the 2021 Community Wishlist Survey]]. * On [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements#test-wikis|selected wikis]], 50% of logged-in users will see the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Table of contents|table of contents]]. When scrolling up and down the page, the table of contents will stay in the same place on the screen. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]] project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304169] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Message boxes produced by MediaWiki code will no longer have these CSS classes: <code dir=ltr>successbox</code>, <code dir=ltr>errorbox</code>, <code dir=ltr>warningbox</code>. The styles for those classes and <code dir=ltr>messagebox</code> will be removed from MediaWiki core. This only affects wikis that use these classes in wikitext, or change their appearance within site-wide CSS. Please review any local usage and definitions for these classes you may have. This was previously announced in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|28 February issue of Tech News]]. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] will become compatible with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevisions page stabilization]]. Kartographer maps will also work on pages with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Project_descriptions] The Kartographer documentation has been thoroughly updated. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer/Getting_started] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/Maps] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W16"/> </div> 01:10, 19 april 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23167004 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/dblists/group1.dblist many wikis] (group 1), the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-26|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]). * Some very old browsers and operating systems are no longer supported. Some things on the wikis might look weird or not work in very old browsers like Internet Explorer 9 or 10, Android 4, or Firefox 38 or older. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306486] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W17"/> </div> 00:53, 26 april 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23187115 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/dblists/group2.dblist all remaining wikis] (group 2), the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The developers are working on talk pages in the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|Wikipedia app for iOS]]. You can [https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_9GBcHczQGLbQWTY give feedback]. You can take the survey in English, German, Hebrew or Chinese. * [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/VisualEditor_template_dialog_improvements#Status_and_next_steps|Most wikis]] will receive an [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/VisualEditor_template_dialog_improvements|improved template dialog]] in VisualEditor and New Wikitext mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T296759] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306967] * If you use syntax highlighting while editing wikitext, you can soon activate a [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Improved_Color_Scheme_of_Syntax_Highlighting#Color-blind_mode|colorblind-friendly color scheme]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306867] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Several CSS IDs related to MediaWiki interface messages will be removed. Technical editors should please [[phab:T304363|review the list of IDs and links to their existing uses]]. These include <code dir=ltr>#mw-anon-edit-warning</code>, <code dir=ltr>#mw-undelete-revision</code> and 3 others. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W18"/> </div> 21:31, 2 maj 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23232924 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now see categories in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia app for Android]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73966] '''Problems''' * Last week, there was a problem with Wikidata's search autocomplete. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307586] * Last week, all wikis had slow access or no access for 20 minutes, for logged-in users and non-cached pages. This was caused by a problem with a database change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307647] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T305217#7894966] * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Geoinformation#Current issues|Incompatibility issues]] with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] and the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]] will be fixed: Deployment is planned for May 10 on all wikis. Kartographer will then be enabled on the [[phab:T307348|five wikis which have not yet enabled the extension]] on May 24. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector (2022)]] skin will be set as the default on several more wikis, including Arabic and Catalan Wikipedias. Logged-in users will be able to switch back to the old Vector (2010). See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2022-04 for the largest wikis|latest update]] about Vector (2022). '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place on 17 May. The following meetings are currently planned for: 7 June, 21 June, 5 July, 19 July. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W19"/> </div> 17:20, 9 maj 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23256717 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/20|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * Some wikis can soon use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|add a link]] feature. This will start on Wednesday. The wikis are {{int:project-localized-name-cawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-simplewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-svwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}. This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304542] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2022|Wikimedia Hackathon 2022]] will take place online on May 20–22. It will be in English. There are also local [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2022/Meetups|hackathon meetups]] in Germany, Ghana, Greece, India, Nigeria and the United States. Technically interested Wikimedians can work on software projects and learn new skills. You can also host a session or post a project you want to work on. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can soon edit translatable pages in the visual editor. Translatable pages exist on for examples Meta and Commons. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/05/12/mediawiki-1-38-brings-support-for-editing-translatable-pages-with-the-visual-editor/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W20"/> </div> 20:56, 16 maj 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23291515 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Administrators using the mobile web interface can now access Special:Block directly from user pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307341] * The <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wiktionary.org/ www.wiktionary.org]</span> portal page now uses an automated update system. Other [[m:Project_portals|project portals]] will be updated over the next few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304629] '''Problems''' * The Growth team maintains a mentorship program for newcomers. Previously, newcomers weren't able to opt out from the program. Starting May 19, 2022, newcomers are able to fully opt out from Growth mentorship, in case they do not wish to have any mentor at all. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287915] * Some editors cannot access the content translation tool if they load it by clicking from the contributions menu. This problem is being worked on. It should still work properly if accessed directly via Special:ContentTranslation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308802] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget and user scripts developers are invited to give feedback on a [[mw:User:Jdlrobson/Extension:Gadget/Policy|proposed technical policy]] aiming to improve support from MediaWiki developers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308686] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W21"/> </div> 02:19, 24 maj 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23317250 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] extension, an <code dir=ltr>ip_in_ranges()</code> function has been introduced to check if an IP is in any of the ranges. Wikis are advised to combine multiple <code dir=ltr>ip_in_range()</code> expressions joined by <code>|</code> into a single expression for better performance. You can use the search function on [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]] to locate its usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T305017] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature|IP Info feature]] which helps abuse fighters access information about IPs, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#May 24, 2022|has been deployed]] to all wikis as a beta feature. This comes after weeks of beta testing on test.wikipedia.org. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-05-31|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New topic tool|New Topic Tool]] will be deployed for all editors at most wikis soon. You will be able to opt out from within the tool and in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287804] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:mw:Special:ApiHelp/query+usercontribs|list=usercontribs API]] will support fetching contributions from an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Range blocks#Non-technical explanation|IP range]] soon. API users can set the <code>uciprange</code> parameter to get contributions from any IP range within [[:mw:Manual:$wgRangeContributionsCIDRLimit|the limit]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T177150] * A new parser function will be introduced: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{=}}</nowiki></code></bdi>. It will replace existing templates named "=". It will insert an [[w:en:Equals sign|equal sign]]. This can be used to escape the equal sign in the parameter values of templates. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T91154] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W22"/> </div> 22:27, 30 maj 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23340178 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-23</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/23|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>str_replace_regexp()</code></bdi> function can be used in [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to replace parts of text using a [[w:en:Regular expression|regular expression]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285468] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W23"/> </div> 04:44, 7 juni 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23366979 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-24</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * All wikis can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps. Kartographer maps now also work on pages with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Project_descriptions][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307348] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-14|en}} at 06:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300471] * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-abwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-acewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-adywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-afwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-akwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-alswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-amwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-anwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-angwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-arcwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-arzwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-astwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-atjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-avwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-aywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-azbwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304548] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New topic tool|New Topic Tool]] will be deployed for all editors at Commons, Wikidata, and some other wikis soon. You will be able to opt out from within the tool and in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287804] '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place today (13 June). The following meetings will take place on: 28 June, 12 July, 26 July. '''Future changes''' * By the end of July, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022]] skin should be ready to become the default across all wikis. Discussions on how to adjust it to the communities' needs will begin in the next weeks. It will always be possible to revert to the previous version on an individual basis. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2022-04 for the largest wikis|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W24"/> </div> 18:57, 13 juni 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23389956 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia App for Android]] now has an option for editing the whole page at once, located in the overflow menu (three-dots menu [[File:Ic more vert 36px.svg|15px|link=|alt=]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T103622] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Some recent database changes may affect queries using the [[m:Research:Quarry|Quarry tool]]. Queries for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>site_stats</code></bdi> at English Wikipedia, Commons, and Wikidata will need to be updated. [[phab:T306589|Read more]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>user_global_editcount</code></bdi> variable can be used in [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to avoid affecting globally active users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T130439] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Users of non-responsive skins (e.g. MonoBook or Vector) on mobile devices may notice a slight change in the default zoom level. This is intended to optimize zooming and ensure all interface elements are present on the page (for example the table of contents on Vector 2022). In the unlikely event this causes any problems with how you use the site, we'd love to understand better, please ping <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Jon (WMF)|Jon (WMF)]]</span> to any on-wiki conversations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306910] '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Parsoid's HTML output will soon stop annotating file links with different <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>typeof</code></bdi> attribute values, and instead use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:File</code></bdi> for all types. Tool authors should adjust any code that expects: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:Image</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:Audio</code></bdi>, or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:Video</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273505] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W25"/> </div> 22:16, 20 juni 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23425855 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-26</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] API service now has self-service accounts with free on-demand requests and monthly snapshots ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/ API documentation]). Community access [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/FAQ#community-access|via database dumps & Wikimedia Cloud Services]] continues. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wiktionary#lua|All Wikimedia wikis can now use Wikidata Lexemes in Lua]] after creating local modules and templates. Discussions are welcome [[d:Wikidata_talk:Lexicographical_data#You_can_now_reuse_Wikidata_Lexemes_on_all_wikis|on the project talk page]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-28|en}} at 06:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311033] * Some global and cross-wiki services will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-30|en}} at 06:00 UTC. This will impact ContentTranslation, Echo, StructuredDiscussions, Growth experiments and a few more services. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300472] * Users will be able to sort columns within sortable tables in the mobile skin. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233340] '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place tomorrow (28 June). The following meetings will take place on 12 July and 26 July. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W26"/> </div> 22:01, 27 juni 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23453785 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-27</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/27|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-05|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-07|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=| Advanced item]] This change only affects pages in the main namespace in Wikisource. The Javascript config variable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>proofreadpage_source_href</code></bdi> will be removed from <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/JavaScript#mw.config|mw.config]]</code></bdi> and be replaced with the variable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prpSourceIndexPage</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309490] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W27"/> </div> 21:30, 4 juli 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23466250 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-28</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022 skin]], the page title is now displayed above the tabs such as Discussion, Read, Edit, View history, or More. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates#Page title/tabs switch|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303549] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] It is now possible to easily view most of the configuration settings that apply to just one wiki, and to compare settings between two wikis if those settings are different. For example: [https://noc.wikimedia.org/wiki.php?wiki=jawiktionary Japanese Wiktionary settings], or [https://noc.wikimedia.org/wiki.php?wiki=eswiki&compare=eowiki settings that are different between the Spanish and Esperanto Wikipedias]. Local communities may want to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting_wiki_configuration_changes|discuss and propose changes]] to their local settings. Details about each of the named settings can be found by [[mw:Special:Search|searching MediaWiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308932] *The Anti-Harassment Tools team [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#May|recently deployed]] the IP Info Feature as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature at all wikis]]. This feature allows abuse fighters to access information about IP addresses. Please check our update on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#April|how to find and use the tool]]. Please share your feedback using a link you will be given within the tool itself. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-12|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W28"/> </div> 21:22, 11 juli 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23502519 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-29</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/29|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The feature on mobile web for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:NearbyPages|Nearby Pages]] was missing last week. It will be fixed this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312864] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Technical_decision_making/Forum|Technical Decision Forum]] is seeking [[mw:Technical_decision_making/Community_representation|community representatives]]. You can apply on wiki or by emailing <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">TDFSupport@wikimedia.org</span> before 12 August. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W29"/> </div> 00:58, 19 juli 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23517957 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-30</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikibooks.org/ www.wikibooks.org]</span> and <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikiquote.org/ www.wikiquote.org]</span> portal pages now use an automated update system. Other [[m:Project_portals|project portals]] will be updated over the next few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273179] '''Problems''' * Last week, some wikis were in read-only mode for a few minutes because of an emergency switch of their main database ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313383] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The external link icon will change slightly in the skins Vector legacy and Vector 2022. The new icon uses simpler shapes to be more recognizable on low-fidelity screens. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T261391] * Administrators will now see buttons on user pages for "{{int:changeblockip}}" and "{{int:unblockip}}" instead of just "{{int:blockip}}" if the user is already blocked. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308570] '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place tomorrow (26 July). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W30"/> </div> 21:25, 25 juli 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23545370 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-31</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Improved [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Displaying_a_formula#Phantom|LaTeX capabilities for math rendering]] are now available in the wikis thanks to supporting <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Phantom</code></bdi> tags. This completes part of [[m:Community_Wishlist_Survey_2022/Editing/Missing_LaTeX_capabilities_for_math_rendering|the #59 wish]] of the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] will be available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup0.dblist Group 0]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]]. '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout August. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. '''Future meetings''' * This week, three meetings about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector (2022)]] with live interpretation will take place. On Tuesday, interpretation in Russian will be provided. On Thursday, meetings for Arabic and Spanish speakers will take place. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|See how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W31"/> </div> 23:20, 1 august 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23615613 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-32</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/32|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:GUS2Wiki/Script|GUS2Wiki]] copies the information from [[{{#special:GadgetUsage}}]] to an on-wiki page so you can review its history. If your project isn't already listed on the [[d:Q113143828|Wikidata entry for Project:GUS2Wiki]] you can either run GUS2Wiki yourself or [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:GUS2Wiki/Script#Opting|make a request to receive updates]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T121049] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-09|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-11|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future meetings''' * The [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon|Wikimania Hackathon]] will take place online from August 12–14. Don't miss [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Schedule|the pre-hacking showcase]] to learn about projects and find collaborators. Anyone can [[phab:/project/board/6030/|propose a project]] or [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Schedule|host a session]]. [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Newcomers|Newcomers are welcome]]! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W32"/> </div> 21:48, 8 august 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23627807 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-33</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Persian (Farsi) Wikipedia community decided to block IP editing from October 2021 to April 2022. The Wikimedia Foundation's Product Analytics team tracked the impact of this change. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Editing Restriction Study/Farsi Wikipedia|An impact report]] is now available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-16|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s1.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-18|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s8.dblist targeted wikis]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] will be available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup1.dblist Group 1]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]]. '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout August. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Usability#4_August_2022][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Phase_1:_Topic_containers][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312672] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W33"/> </div> 23:06, 15 august 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23658001 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-34</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Two problems with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps have been fixed. Maps are no longer shown as empty when a geoline was created via VisualEditor. Geolines consisting of points with QIDs (e.g., subway lines) are no longer shown with pushpins. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292613][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308560] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-25|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). * The colours of links and visited links will change. This is to make the difference between links and other text more clear. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213778] '''Future changes''' * The new [{{int:discussiontools-topicsubscription-button-subscribe}}] button [[mw:Talk pages project/Notifications#12 August 2022|helps newcomers get answers]]. The Editing team is enabling this tool everywhere. You can turn it off in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284489] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W34"/> </div> 02:09, 23 august 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23675501 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-35</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] is available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup2.dblist Group 2]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]]. Please note that when this Beta feature is enabled, it may cause conflicts with some wiki-specific Gadgets. '''Problems''' * In recent months, there have been inaccurate numbers shown for various [[{{#special:statistics}}]] at Commons, Wikidata, and English Wikipedia. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T315693] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-30|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-09-01|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation wants to improve how Wikimedia communities report harmful incidents by building the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Private Incident Reporting System|Private Incident Reporting System (PIRS)]] to make it easy and safe for users to make reports. You can leave comments on the talk page, by answering the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Private Incident Reporting System#Phase 1|questions provided]]. If you have ever faced a harmful situation that you wanted to report/reported, join a PIRS interview to share your experience. To sign up [[m:Special:EmailUser/MAna_(WMF)|please email]] <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:MAna (WMF)|Madalina Ana]]</span>. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W35"/> </div> 01:02, 30 august 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23725814 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-36</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/36|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-09-06|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s1.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-09-08|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] On Special pages that only have one tab, the tab-bar's row will be hidden in the Vector-2022 skin to save space. The row will still show if Gadgets use it. Gadgets that currently append directly to the CSS id of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>#p-namespaces</code></bdi> should be updated to use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addPortletLink|mw.util.addPortletLink]]</code></bdi> function instead. Gadgets that style this id should consider also targeting <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>#p-associated-pages</code></bdi>, the new id for this row. [[phab:T316908|Examples are available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316908][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313409] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W36"/> </div> 01:19, 6 septembar 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23757743 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-37</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The search servers have been upgraded to a new major version. If you notice any issues with searching, please report them on [[phab:project/view/1849/|Phabricator]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/XPCTYYTN67FVFKN6XOHULJVGUO44J662] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|Syntax highlighting]] is now tracked as an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:$wgExpensiveParserFunctionLimit|expensive parser function]]. Only 500 expensive function calls can be used on a single page. Pages that exceed the limit are added to a [[:Category:{{MediaWiki:expensive-parserfunction-category}}|tracking category]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316858] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W37"/> </div> 03:47, 13 septembar 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23787318 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-38</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Two database fields in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>templatelinks</nowiki></code></bdi> table are now being dropped: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tl_namespace</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tl_title</nowiki></code></bdi>. Any queries that rely on these fields need to be changed to use the new normalization field called <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tl_target_id</nowiki></code></bdi>. See <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[phab:T299417|T299417]]</span> for more information. This is part of [[w:Database normalization|normalization]] of links tables. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/U2U6TXIBABU3KDCVUOITIGI5OJ4COBSW/][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:ASarabadani_(WMF)/Database_for_devs_toolkit/Concepts/Normalization] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * In [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps, you can use icons on markers for common points of interest. On Tuesday, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer/Icons|previous icon set]] will be updated to [https://de.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Hilfe:Extension:Kartographer/Icons version maki 7.2]. That means, around 100 new icons will be available. Additionally, all existing icons were updated for clarity and to make them work better in international contexts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302861][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Update_maki_icons] '''Future changes''' * In a [[m:Content_Partnerships_Hub/Software/Volunteer_developers_discussion_at_Wikimania_2022|group discussion at Wikimania]], more than 30 people talked about how to make content partnership software in the Wikimedia movement more sustainable. What kind of support is acceptable for volunteer developers? Read the summary and [[m:Talk:Content Partnerships Hub/Software/Volunteer developers discussion at Wikimania 2022|leave your feedback]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W38"/> </div> <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</span> 00:13, 20 septembar 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23826293 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-39</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Parsoid clients should be updated to allow for space-separated multi-values in the <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>rel</code></bdi> attribute of links. Further details are in <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[phab:T315209|T315209]]</bdi>. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Diffs|Visual diffs]] will become available to all users, except at the Wiktionaries and Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314588] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|Talk pages on the mobile site]] will change at the Arabic, Bangla, Chinese, French, Haitian Creole, Hebrew, Korean, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. They should be easier to use and provide more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318302] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Mobile] * In the [[mw:Lua/Scripting|{{ns:828}}]] namespace, pages ending with <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>.json</code></bdi> will be treated as JSON, just like they already are in the {{ns:2}} and {{ns:8}} namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T144475] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:27, 27 septembar 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23860085 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-40</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can now show geopoints from Wikidata, via QID or SPARQL query. Previously, this was only possible for geoshapes and geolines. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307695] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Geopoints_via_QID] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award 2022]] is looking for nominations. You can recommend tools until 12 October. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|Talk pages on the mobile site]] will change at the Arabic, Bangla, Chinese, French, Haitian Creole, Hebrew, Korean, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. They should be easier to use and provide more information. (Last week's release was delayed) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318302] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Mobile] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>scribunto-console</code></bdi> API module will require a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Tokens|CSRF token]]. This module is documented as internal and use of it is not supported. [[phab:T212071|[5]]] * The Vector 2022 skin will become the default across the smallest Wikimedia projects. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements#Deployment_plan_and_timeline|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:21, 4 oktobar 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23885489 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-41</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/41|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * On some wikis, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps in full size view will be able to display nearby articles. After a feedback period, more wikis will follow. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316782][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Nearby_articles] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W41"/> </div> 16:06, 10 oktobar 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23912412 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-42</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The recently implemented feature of [[phab:T306883|article thumbnails in Special:Search]] will be limited to Wikipedia projects only. Further details are in [[phab:T320510|T320510]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Data_Across_Wikimedia/Search_Improvements] * A bug that caused problems in loading article thumbnails in Special:Search has been fixed. Further details are in [[phab:T320406|T320406]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Lua module authors can use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua_reference_manual#mw.loadJsonData|mw.loadJsonData()]]</code></bdi> to load data from JSON pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217500] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Lua module authors can enable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua_reference_manual#Strict_library|require( "strict" )]]</code></bdi> to add errors for some possible code problems. This replaces "[[wikidata:Q16748603|Module:No globals]]" on most wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209310] '''Future changes''' * The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated at most wikis. The "{{int:discussiontools-replylink}}" button will look different after this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320683] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W42"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:44, 17 oktobar 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23943992 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-43</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There have been some minor visual fixes in Special:Search, regarding audio player alignment and image placeholder height. Further details are in [[phab:T319230|T319230]]. * On Wikipedias, a new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-searchoptions|preference]] has been added to hide article thumbnails in Special:Search. Full details are in [[phab:T320337|T320337]]. '''Problems''' * Last week, three wikis ({{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ruwiki/en}}) had read-only access for 25 minutes. This was caused by a hardware problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320990] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-10-25|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-10-27|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-aswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-banwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-barwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bat smgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bclwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-be x oldwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-biwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bjnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bpywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-brwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bugwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bxrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304549] * Starting on Wednesday October 26, 2022, the list of mentors will be upgraded [[d:Q14339834 | at wikis where Growth mentorship is available]]. The mentorship system will continue to work as it does now. The signup process [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list#add|will be replaced]], and a new management option will be provided. Also, this change simplifies [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list#create|the creation of mentorship systems at Wikipedias]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314858][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T310905][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Structured_mentor_list] * Pages with titles that start with a lower-case letter according to Unicode 11 will be renamed or deleted. There is a list of affected pages at <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:Unicode 11 case map migration]]</bdi>. More information can be found at [[phab:T292552|T292552]]. * The Vector 2022 skin will become the default across the smallest Wikipedias. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements#smallest-1|Learn more]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|Reply tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/New discussion|New Topic tool]] will soon get a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Special characters|special characters menu]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249072] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W43"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:20, 24 oktobar 2022 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23975411 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-44</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When using keyboard navigation on a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map, the focus will become more visible. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T315997] * In {{#special:RecentChanges}}, you can now hide the log entries for new user creations with the filter for "{{int:rcfilters-filter-newuserlogactions-label}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321155] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|maps dialog]] in VisualEditor now has some help texts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318818] * It is now possible to select the language of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map in VisualEditor via a dropdown menu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318817] * It is now possible to add a caption to a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map in VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318815] * It is now possible to hide the frame of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map in VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318813] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W44"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:13, 31 oktobar 2022 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23977539 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-45</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * An updated version of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/EventCenter/Registration|Event Registration]] tool is now available for testing at [[testwiki:|testwiki]] and [[test2wiki:| test2wiki]]. The tool provides features for event organizers and participants. Your feedback is welcome at our [[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|project talkpage]]. More information about [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|the project]] is available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318592] '''Problems''' * Twice last week, for about 45 minutes, some files and thumbnails failed to load and uploads failed, mostly for logged-in users. The cause is being investigated and an incident report will be available soon. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W45"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:29, 8 novembar 2022 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24001035 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-46</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * At Wikidata, an interwiki link can now point to a redirect page if certain conditions are met. This new feature is called [[wikidata:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Sitelinks_to_redirects|sitelinks to redirects]]. It is needed when one wiki uses one page to cover multiple concepts but another wiki uses more pages to cover the same concepts. Your [[wikidata:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata talk:Sitelinks to redirects|feedback on the talkpage]] of the new proposed guideline is welcome. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278962] * The <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikinews.org/ www.wikinews.org]</span>, <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikiversity.org/ www.wikiversity.org]</span>, and <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikivoyage.org/ www.wikivoyage.org]</span> portal pages now use an automated update system. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273179] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * There will be a new link to directly "Edit template data" on Template pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316759] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Wikis where mobile [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] are enabled ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Deployment Status|these ones]]) will soon use full CSS styling to display any templates that are placed at the top of talk pages. To adapt these “talk page boxes” for narrow mobile devices you can use media queries, such as in [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Message_box/tmbox.css&oldid=1097618699#L-69 this example]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312309] * Starting in January 2023, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech]] will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/2023 Changes Update|running the Community Wishlist Survey (CWS) every two years]]. This means that in 2024, there will be no new proposals or voting. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:52, 14 novembar 2022 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24071290 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-47</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/47|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The display of non-free media in the search bar and for article thumbnails in Special:Search has been deactivated. Further details are in [[phab:T320661|T320661]]. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-11-22|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-11-24|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W47"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:19, 22 novembar 2022 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24071290 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-48</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/48|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A new preference, “Enable limited width mode”, has been added to the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|Vector 2022 skin]]. The preference is also available as a toggle on every page if your monitor is 1600 pixels or wider. It allows for increasing the width of the page for logged-out and logged-in users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319449] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-11-29|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-12-01|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s1.dblist targeted wikis]). * Mathematical formulas shown in SVG image format will no longer have PNG fall-backs for browsers that don't support them. This is part of work to modernise the generation system. Showing only PNG versions was the default option until in February 2018. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/3BGOKWJIZGL4TC4HJ22ICRU2SEPWGCR4/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311620][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T186327] * On [[phab:P40224|some wikis]] that use flagged revisions, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs#Special:Contributions|a new checkbox will be added]] to Special:Contributions that enables you to see only the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]] by a user. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321445] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the parser's HTML output will change early next week at [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train#Wednesday group1 wikis] (but not Wikimedia Commons or Meta-Wiki). This change improves the accessibility of content, and makes it easier to write related CSS. You may need to update your site-CSS, or userscripts and gadgets. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Media_structure/FAQ|details on what code to check, how to update the code, and where to report any related problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314318] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W48"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:00, 28 novembar 2022 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24114342 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-49</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/49|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Wikisources use a tool called ProofreadPage. ProofreadPage uses OpenSeadragon which is an open source tool. The OpenSeadragon JavaScript API has been significantly re-written to support dynamically loading images. The functionality provided by the older version of the API should still work but it is no longer supported. User scripts and gadgets should migrate over to the newer version of the API. The functionality provided by the newer version of the API is [[mw:Extension:Proofread_Page/Page_viewer#JS_API|documented on MediaWiki]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308098][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Proofread_Page/Edit-in-Sequence] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W49"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:39, 6 decembar 2022 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24151590 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-50</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * An [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Mobile|A/B test has begun]] at 15 Wikipedias for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|DiscussionTools on mobile]]. Half of the editors on the [[mw:Reading/Web/Mobile|mobile web site]] will have access to the {{int:discussiontools-replybutton}} tool and other features. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321961] * The character <code>=</code> cannot be used in new usernames, to make usernames work better with templates. Existing usernames are not affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254045] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML markup used by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Phase_1:_Topic_containers|show discussion metadata below section headings]] will be inserted after these headings, not inside of them. This change improves the accessibility of discussion pages for screen reader software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314714] '''Events''' * The fourth edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award]] will happen online on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1671210002 Friday 16 December 2022 at 17:00 UTC]! The event will be live-streamed on YouTube in the [https://www.youtube.com/user/watchmediawiki MediaWiki channel] and added to Commons afterwards. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W50"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:32, 13 decembar 2022 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24216570 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-51</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 9 January 2023. '''Recent changes''' * On a user's contributions page, you can filter it for edits with a tag like 'reverted'. Now, you can also filter for all edits that are not tagged like that. This was part of a Community Wishlist 2022 request. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T119072] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new function has been used for gadget developers to add content underneath the title on article pages. This is considered a stable API that should work across all skins. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addSubtitle|Documentation is available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316830] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[test2wiki:|One of our test wikis]] is now being served from a new infrastructure powered by [[w:Kubernetes|Kubernetes]] ([[wikitech:MediaWiki On Kubernetes|read more]]). More Wikis will switch to this new infrastructure in early 2023. Please test and let us know of any issues. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290536] '''Problems''' * Last week, all wikis had no edit access for 9 minutes. This was caused by a database problem. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2022-12-13_sessionstore] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. * The word "{{int:discussiontools-replybutton}}" is very short in some languages, such as Arabic ("<bdi lang="ar">ردّ</bdi>"). This makes the {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}} button on talk pages difficult to use. An arrow icon will be added to those languages. This will only be visible to editors who have the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] turned on. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Status] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323537] '''Future changes''' * Edits can be automatically "tagged" by the system software or the {{int:Abusefilter}} system. Those tags link to a help page about the tags. Soon they will also link to Recent Changes to let you see other edits tagged this way. This was a Community Wishlist 2022 request. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301063] * The Trust & Safety tools team [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Private Incident Reporting System/Timeline and Updates|have shared new plans]] for building the Private Incident Reporting System. The system will make it easier for editors to ask for help if they are harassed or abused. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|Realtime Preview for Wikitext]] is coming out of beta as an enabled feature for every user of the 2010 Wikitext [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editor|editor]] in the week of January 9, 2023. It will be available to use via the toolbar in the 2010 Wikitext editor. The feature was the 4th most popular wish of the Community Wishlist Survey 2021. '''Events''' * You can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2023/Participate|register for the Wikimedia Hackathon 2023]], taking place on May 19–21 in Athens, Greece. You can also apply for a scholarship until January 14th. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W51"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:58, 20 decembar 2022 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24258101 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-02</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W02"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can use tags to filter edits in the recent changes feed or on your watchlist. You can now use tags to filter out edits you don't want to see. Previously you could only use tags to focus on the edits with those tags. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T174349] * [[Special:WhatLinksHere|Special:WhatLinksHere]] shows all pages that link to a specific page. There is now a [https://wlh.toolforge.org prototype] for how to sort those pages alphabetically. You can see the discussion in the [[phab:T4306|Phabricator ticket]]. * You can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thanks]] function on your watchlist and the user contribution page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T51541] * A wiki page can be moved to give it a new name. You can now get a dropdown menu with common reasons when you move a page. This is so you don't have to write the explanation every time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T325257] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Matrix.org|Matrix]] is a chat tool. You can now use <code>matrix:</code> to create Matrix links on wiki pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326021] * You can filter out translations when you look at the recent changes on multilingual wikis. This didn't hide translation pages. You can now also hide subpages which are translation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233493] '''Changes later this week''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|Realtime preview for wikitext]] is a tool which lets editors preview the page when they edit wikitext. It will be enabled for all users of the 2010 wikitext editor. You will find it in the editor toolbar. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2023-01-10|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2023-01-12|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/02|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W02"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:05, 10 januar 2023 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24342971 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-03</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/03|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The URLs in "{{int:last}}" links on page history now contain <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>diff=prev&oldid=[revision ID]</nowiki></code></bdi> in place of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>diff=[revision ID]&oldid=[revision ID]</nowiki></code></bdi>. This is to fix a problem with links pointing to incorrect diffs when history was filtered by a tag. Some user scripts may break as a result of this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243569] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|changes to the appearance of talk pages]] have only been available on <code>{{ns:1}}:</code> and <code>{{ns:3}}:</code> namespaces. These will be extended to other talk namespaces, such as <code>{{ns:5}}:</code>. They will continue to be unavailable in non-talk namespaces, including <code>{{ns:4}}:</code> pages (e.g., at the Village Pump). You can [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|change your preferences]] ([[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T325417] *On Wikisources, when an image is zoomed or panned in the Page: namespace, the same zoom and pan settings will be remembered for all Page: namespace pages that are linked to a particular Index: namespace page. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/ProofreadPage/+/868841] * The Vector 2022 skin will become the default for the English Wikipedia desktop users. The change will take place on January 18 at 15:00 UTC. [[:en:w:Wikipedia:Vector 2022|Learn more]]. '''Future changes''' * The 2023 edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey]], which invites contributors to make technical proposals and vote for tools and improvements, starts next week on 23 January 2023 at 18:00 UTC. You can start drafting your proposals in [[m:Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|the CWS sandbox]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W03"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:08, 17 januar 2023 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24381020 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-04</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, for ~15 minutes, all wikis were unreachable for logged-in users and non-cached pages. This was caused by a timing issue. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-01-17_MediaWiki] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * If you have the Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project|DiscussionTools]] enabled, the appearance of talk pages will add more information about discussion activity. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Status][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T317907] * The 2023 edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey]] (CWS), which invites contributors to make technical proposals and vote for tools and improvements, starts on Monday 23 January 2023 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1674496814 18:00 UTC]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W04"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:43, 24 januar 2023 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24418874 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-05</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/05|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, for ~15 minutes, some users were unable to log in or edit pages. This was caused by a problem with session storage. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-01-24_sessionstore_quorum_issues] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Wikis that use localized numbering schemes for references need to add new CSS. This will help to show citation numbers the same way in all reading and editing modes. If your wiki would prefer to do it yourselves, please see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|details and example CSS to copy from]], and also add your wiki to the list. Otherwise, the developers will directly help out starting the week of February 5. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:03, 31 januar 2023 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24455949 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-06</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022 skin]], logged-out users using the full-width toggle will be able to see the setting of their choice even after refreshing pages or opening new ones. This only applies to wikis where Vector 2022 is the default. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321498] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Previously, we announced when some wikis would be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. These switches will not be announced any more, as the read-only time has become non-significant. Switches will continue to happen at 7AM UTC on Tuesdays and Thursdays. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292543#8568433] * Across all the wikis, in the Vector 2022 skin, logged-in users will see the page-related links such as "What links here" in a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Features/Page_tools|new side menu]]. It will be displayed on the other side of the screen. This change had previously been made on Czech, English, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328692] *[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey 2023]] will stop receiving new proposals on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1675706431 Monday, 6 February 2023, at 18:00 UTC]. Proposers should complete any edits by then, to give time for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/Help_us|translations]] and review. Voting will begin on Friday, 10 February. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadgets and user scripts will be changing to load on desktop and mobile sites. Previously they would only load on the desktop site. It is recommended that wiki administrators audit the [[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition|gadget definitions]] prior to this change, and add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>skins=…</code></bdi> for any gadgets which should not load on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328610 More details are available]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W06"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 11:18, 6 februar 2023 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24491749 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-07</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/07|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * On wikis where patrolled edits are enabled, changes made to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list|mentor list]] by autopatrolled mentors are not correctly marked as patrolled. It will be fixed later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328444] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The Reply tool and other parts of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|DiscussionTools]] will be deployed for all editors using the mobile site. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Mobile#Status_Updates|read more about this decision]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298060] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328287][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327920][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W07"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:46, 14 februar 2023 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24540832 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-08</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/08|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, during planned maintenance of Cloud Services, unforeseen complications forced the team to turn off all tools for 2–3 hours to prevent data corruption. Work is ongoing to prevent similar problems in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329535] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). *The voting phase for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey 2023]] ends on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677261621 24 February at 18:00 UTC]. The results of the survey will be announced on 28 February. '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328287][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327920][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W08"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:55, 21 februar 2023 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24570514 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-09</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/09|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, in some areas of the world, there were problems with loading pages for 20 minutes and saving edits for 55 minutes. These issues were caused by a problem with our caching servers due to unforseen events during a routine maintenance task. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-02-22_wiki_outage][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-02-22_read_only] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W09"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:45, 28 februar 2023 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24634242 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-10</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Community Wishlist Survey 2023 edition has been concluded. Community Tech has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|published the results]] of the survey and will provide an update on what is next in April 2023. * On wikis which use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Writing_systems|LanguageConverter]] to handle multiple writing systems, articles which used custom conversion rules in the wikitext (primarily on Chinese Wikipedia) would have these rules applied inconsistently in the table of contents, especially in the Vector 2022 skin. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306862] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * A search system has been added to the [[Special:Preferences|Preferences screen]]. This will let you find different options more easily. Making it work on mobile devices will happen soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313804] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W10"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:47, 7 mart 2023 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24676916 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-11</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/11|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-cbk_zamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cdowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cebwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ckbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-csbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304542][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304550] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W11"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:17, 14 mart 2023 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24700189 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-12</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/12|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, some users experienced issues loading image thumbnails. This was due to incorrectly cached images. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331820] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] A link to the user's [[{{#special:CentralAuth}}]] page will appear on [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] — some user scripts which previously added this link may cause conflicts. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Admins and patrollers/Add link to CentralAuth on Special:Contributions|voted #17 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The [[{{#special:AbuseFilter}}]] edit window will be resizable and larger by default. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Anti-harassment/Make the AbuseFilter edit window resizable and larger by default|voted #80 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. * There will be a new option for Administrators when they are unblocking a user, to add the unblocked user’s user page to their watchlist. This will work both via [[{{#special:Unblock}}]] and via the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257662] '''Meetings''' * You can join the next meeting with the Wikipedia mobile apps teams. During the meeting, we will discuss the current features and future roadmap. The meeting will be on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1679677204 24 March at 17:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Office Hours|details and how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W12"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:24, 21 mart 2023 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24732558 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] condition limit was increased from 1000 to 2000. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309609] * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter#Locally disabled actions|Some Global AbuseFilter]] actions will no longer apply to local projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332521] * Desktop users are now able to subscribe to talk pages by clicking on the {{int:discussiontools-newtopicssubscription-button-subscribe-label}} link in the {{int:toolbox}} menu. If you subscribe to a talk page, you receive [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications|notifications]] when new topics are started on that talk page. This is separate from putting the page on your watchlist or subscribing to a single discussion. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263821] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You will be able to choose [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Diffs|visual diffs]] on all [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Page history|history pages]] at the Wiktionaries and Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314588] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The legacy [[mw:Mobile Content Service|Mobile Content Service]] is going away in July 2023. Developers are encouraged to switch to Parsoid or another API before then to ensure service continuity. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/4MVQQTONJT7FJAXNVOFV3WWVVMCHRINE/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:11, 28 mart 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24780854 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-14</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The system for automatically creating categories for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Babel|Babel]] extension has had several important changes and fixes. One of them allows you to insert templates for automatic category descriptions on creation, allowing you to categorize the new categories. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T211665][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T64714][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170654][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184941][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T33074] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some older [[w:en:Web browser|Web browsers]] will stop being able to use [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] on Wikimedia wikis from this week. This mainly affects users of Internet Explorer 11. If you have an old web browser on your computer you can try to upgrade to a newer version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T178356] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The deprecated <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.hoverIntent</code></bdi> module has been removed. This module could be used by gadgets and user scripts, to create an artificial delay in how JavaScript responds to a hover event. Gadgets and user scripts should now use jQuery <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>hover()</code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>on()</code></bdi> instead. Examples can be found in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Migration_guide_(users)#jquery.hoverIntent|migration guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311194] * Some of the links in [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] will be re-arranged. There will be a clearer separation between links that relate to all users, and links related to your own user account. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333242] * You will be able to hide the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|Reply button]] in archived discussion pages with a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__ARCHIVEDTALK__</nowiki></code></bdi> magic word. There will also be a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.mw-archivedtalk</code></bdi> CSS class for hiding the Reply button in individual sections on a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249293][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295553][https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/DiscussionTools/+/738221] '''Future changes''' * The Vega software that creates data visualizations in pages, such as graphs, will be upgraded to the newest version in the future. Graphs that still use the very old version 1.5 syntax may stop working properly. Most existing uses have been found and updated, but you can help to check, and to update any local documentation. [[phab:T260542|Examples of how to find and fix these graphs are available]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:37, 4 april 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24820268 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] In the visual editor, it is now possible to edit captions of images in galleries without opening the gallery dialog. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Editing/Editable gallery captions in Visual Editor|voted #61 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190224] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] You can now receive notifications when another user edits your user page. See the "{{int:Echo-category-title-edit-user-page}}" option in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-echo|your Preferences]]. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Anti-harassment/Notifications for user page edits|voted #3 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T3876] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with all types of CentralNotice banners still being shown to logged-in users even if they had [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-centralnotice-banners|turned off]] specific banner types. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331671] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-arywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dinwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-elwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-emlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-etwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-euwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-extwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tumwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ffwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiu_vrowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-furwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gcrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gotwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-guwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304551][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308133] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:03, 10 april 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24851886 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Show_nearby_articles|nearby articles on a Kartographer map]] with the button for the new feature "{{int:Kartographer-sidebar-nearbybutton}}". Six wikis have been testing this feature since October. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Nearby_articles#Implementation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334079] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Special:GlobalWatchlist]] page now has links for "{{int:globalwatchlist-markpageseen}}" for each entry. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Button to mark a single change as read in the global watch list|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334246] '''Problems''' * At Wikimedia Commons, some thumbnails have not been getting replaced correctly after a new version of the image is uploaded. This should be fixed later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331138][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333042] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] For the last few weeks, some external tools had inconsistent problems with logging-in with OAuth. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332650] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:52, 18 april 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24881071 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The date-selection menu on pages such as [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] will now show year-ranges that are in the current and past decade, instead of the current and future decade. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Change year range shown in date selection popup|voted #145 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334316] '''Problems''' * Due to security issues with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]], graphs have been disabled in all Wikimedia projects. Wikimedia Foundation teams are working to respond to these vulnerabilities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940] * For a few days, it was not possible to save some kinds of edits on the mobile version of a wiki. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334797][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334799][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334794] '''Changes later this week''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on April 26. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1682517653 14:00 UTC]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The Editing team plans an A/B test for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|a usability analysis of the Talk page project]]. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|planned measurements are available]]. Your wiki [[phab:T332946|may be invited to participate]]. Please suggest improvements to the measurement plan at [[mw:Talk:Talk pages project/Usability|the discussion page]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024|The Wikimedia Foundation annual plan 2023-2024 draft is open for comment and input]] until May 19. The final plan will be published in July 2023 on Meta-wiki. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:01, 25 april 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24933592 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the French and Italian Wikipedias. More languages will be added in the near future. This is part of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend "Who Wrote That?" tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243711][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270490][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891] * The [[:commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2commons]] tool has been updated. This fixed several bugs related to YouTube uploads. [https://github.com/toolforge/video2commons/pull/162/commits] * The [[{{#special:Preferences}}]] page has been redesigned on mobile web. The new design makes it easier to browse the different categories and settings at low screen widths. You can also now access the page via a link in the Settings menu in the mobile web sidebar. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Moderator_Tools/Content_moderation_on_mobile_web/Preferences] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:43, 2 maj 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24966974 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] When you close an image that is displayed via MediaViewer, it will now return to the wiki page instead of going back in your browser history. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Return to the article when closing the MediaViewer|voted #65 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T236591] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|SyntaxHighlight]] extension now supports <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>wikitext</code></bdi> as a selected language. Old alternatives that were used to highlight wikitext, such as <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>html5</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>moin</code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>html+handlebars</code></bdi>, can now be replaced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29828] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Creating pages with preloaded text|Preloading text to new pages/sections]] now supports preloading from localized MediaWiki interface messages. [https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Martin_Urbanec_(WMF)?action=edit&section=new&preload=MediaWiki:July Here is an example] at the {{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}} that uses <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>preload=MediaWiki:July</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330337] '''Problems''' * Graph Extension update: Foundation developers have completed upgrading the visualization software to Vega5. Existing community graphs based on Vega2 are no longer compatible. Communities need to update local graphs and templates, and shared lua modules like <bdi lang="de" dir="ltr">[[:de:Modul:Graph]]</bdi>. The [https://vega.github.io/vega/docs/porting-guide/ Vega Porting guide] provides the most comprehensive detail on migration from Vega2 and [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Graph:PageViews&action=history here is an example migration]. Vega5 has currently just been enabled on mediawiki.org to provide a test environment for communities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940#8813922] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Until now, all new OAuth apps went through manual review. Starting this week, apps using identification-only or basic authorizations will not require review. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T67750] '''Future changes''' * During the next year, MediaWiki will stop using IP addresses to identify logged-out users, and will start automatically assigning unique temporary usernames. Read more at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates|IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates]]. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#What should it look like?|join the discussion]] about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates#What will temporary usernames look like?|format of the temporary usernames]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332805] * There will be an [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on 10 Wikipedias where the Vector 2022 skin is the default skin. Half of logged-in desktop users will see an interface where the different parts of the page are more clearly separated. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2023-05 Zebra9 A/B test|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333180][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335972] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] <code>jquery.tipsy</code> will be removed from the MediaWiki core. This will affect some user scripts. Many lines with <code>.tipsy(</code> can be commented out. <code>OO.ui.PopupWidget</code> can be used to keep things working like they are now. You can [[phab:T336019|read more]] and [[:mw:Help:Locating broken scripts|read about how to find broken scripts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336019] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:34, 9 maj 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24998636 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Citations that are automatically generated based on [[d:Q33057|ISBN]] are currently broken. This affects citations made with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]], and the use of the citoid API in gadgets and user scripts. Work is ongoing to restore this feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-gorwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hakwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hifwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-htwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-igwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ilowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-inhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308134] '''Future changes''' * There is a recently formed team at the Wikimedia Foundation which will be focusing on experimenting with new tools. Currently they are building [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI|a prototype ChatGPT plugin that allows information generated by ChatGPT to be properly attributed]] to the Wikimedia projects. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget and userscript developers should replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki.cookie</code></bdi>. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> library will be removed in ~1 month, and staff developers will run a script to replace any remaining uses at that time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336018] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W20"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:42, 15 maj 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25011501 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The "recent edits" time period for page watchers is now 30 days. It used to be 180 days. This was a [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Change information about the number of watchers on a page|Community Wishlist Survey proposal]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336250] '''Changes later this week''' * An [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Impact|improved impact module]] will be available at Wikipedias. The impact module is a feature available to newcomers [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer homepage|at their personal homepage]]. It will show their number of edits, how many readers their edited pages have, how many thanks they have received and similar things. It is also accessible by accessing Special:Impact. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W21"/> </div> 18:52, 22 maj 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25028325 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Citations can once again be added automatically from ISBNs, thanks to Zotero's ISBN searches. The current data sources are the Library of Congress (United States), the Bibliothèque nationale de France (French National Library), and K10plus ISBN (German repository). Additional data source searches can be [[mw:Citoid/Creating Zotero translators|proposed to Zotero]]. The ISBN labels in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]] will reappear later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298#8859917] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The page [[{{#special:EditWatchlist}}]] now has "{{int:watchlistedit-normal-check-all}}" options to select all the pages within a namespace. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Watchlist edit - "check all" checkbox|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334252] '''Problems''' * For a few days earlier this month, the "Add interlanguage link" item in the Tools menu did not work properly. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337081] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/small.dblist small] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/medium.dblist medium] wikis this week. Large wikis will follow in the coming weeks. This is part of the effort to move Parsoid into MediaWiki core. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W22"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:59, 29 maj 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25079963 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-23</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe|RealMe]] extension allows you to mark URLs on your user page as verified for Mastodon and similar software. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] Citation and footnote editing can now be started from the reference list when using the visual editor. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Citations/Allow citations to be edited in the references section with VisualEditor|voted #2 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T54750] * Previously, clicking on someone else's link to Recent Changes with filters applied within the URL could unintentionally change your preference for "{{int:Rcfilters-group-results-by-page}}". This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202916#8874081] '''Problems''' * For a few days last week, some tools and bots returned outdated information due to database replication problems, and may have been down entirely while it was being fixed. These issues have now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337446] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Bots will no longer be prevented from making edits because of URLs that match the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SpamBlacklist|spam blacklist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313107] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W23"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:50, 6 juni 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25114640 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-24</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the Dutch, German, Hungarian, Indonesian, Japanese, Polish and Portuguese Wikipedias. This was the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend "Who Wrote That?" tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Search Improvements#Search Preview panel|Search Preview panel]] has been deployed on four Wikipedias (Catalan, Dutch, Hungarian and Norwegian). The panel will show an image related to the article (if existing), the top sections of the article, related images (coming from MediaSearch on Commons), and eventually the sister projects associated with the article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306341] * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe#Verifying_a_link_on_non-user_pages|RealMe]] extension now allows administrators to verify URLs for any page, for Mastodon and similar software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324937] * The default project license [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimediaannounce-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/7G6XPWZPQFLZ2JANN3ZX6RT4DVUI3HZQ/ has been officially upgraded] to CC BY-SA 4.0. The software interface messages have been updated. Communities should feel free to start updating any mentions of the old CC BY-SA 3.0 licensing within policies and related documentation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319064] '''Problems''' * For three days last month, some Wikipedia pages edited with VisualEditor or DiscussionTools had an unintended <code><nowiki>__TOC__</nowiki></code> (or its localized form) added during an edit. There is [[mw:Parsoid/Deployments/T336101_followup|a listing of affected pages sorted by wiki]], that may still need to be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336101] * Currently, the "{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}" feature in VisualEditor is broken. Existing <code><nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}</nowiki></code> keywords incorrectly appear as missing templates in VisualEditor. Developers are exploring how to fix this. In the meantime, those wishing to edit the default sortkey of a page are advised to switch to source editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Last week, an update to the delete form may have broken some gadgets or user scripts. If you need to manipulate (empty) the reason field, replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>#wpReason</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;"><code>#wpReason > input</code></bdi>. See [https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3AGadget-CleanDeleteReasons.js&diff=22859956&oldid=12794189 an example fix]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337809] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on English Wikipedia on Monday, and all other [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/large.dblist large] wikis on Thursday. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529] '''Future changes''' * From 5 June to 17 July, the Foundation's [[:mw:Wikimedia Security Team|Security team]] is holding a consultation with contributors regarding a draft policy to govern the use of third-party resources in volunteer-developed gadgets and scripts. Feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|Third-party resources policy]] on meta-wiki. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W24"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:48, 12 juni 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25133779 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Flame graphs are now available in WikimediaDebug. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/JXNQD3EHG5V5QW5UXFDPSHQG4MJ3FWJQ/][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2023/06/08/flame-graphs-arrive-in-wikimediadebug/] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * There is now a toolbar search popup in the visual editor. You can trigger it by typing <code>\</code> or pressing <code>ctrl + shift + p</code>. It can help you quickly access most tools in the editor. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Visual_editor_toolbar_search_feature.png][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T66905] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W25"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:06, 19 juni 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25159510 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-26</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Action API modules and Special:LinkSearch will now add a trailing <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>/</code></bdi> to all <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prop=extlinks</code></bdi> responses for bare domains. This is part of the work to remove duplication in the <code>externallinks</code> database table. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337994] '''Problems''' * Last week, search was broken on Commons and Wikidata for 23 hours. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339810][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-06-18_search_broken_on_wikidata_and_commons] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Minerva skin now applies more predefined styles to the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.mbox-text</code></bdi> CSS class. This enables support for mbox templates that use divs instead of tables. Please make sure that the new styles won't affect other templates in your wiki. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/skins/MinervaNeue/+/930901/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339040] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadgets will now load on both desktop and mobile by default. Previously, gadgets loaded only on desktop by default. Changing this default using the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>|targets=</code></bdi> parameter is also deprecated and should not be used. You should make gadgets work on mobile or disable them based on the skin (with the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>|skins=</code></bdi> parameter in <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition</bdi>) rather than whether the user uses the mobile or the desktop website. Popular gadgets that create errors on mobile will be disabled by developers on the Minerva skin as a temporary solution. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T127268] * All namespace tabs now have the same browser [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Keyboard_shortcuts|access key]] by default. Previously, custom and extension-defined namespaces would have to have their access keys set manually on-wiki, but that is no longer necessary. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T22126] * The review form of the Flagged Revisions extension now uses the standardized [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|user interface components]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the parser's HTML output will change in the coming weeks at [[:wikitech:Deployments/Train#Thursday|group2 wikis]]. This change improves the accessibility of content. You may need to update your site-CSS, or userscripts and gadgets. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Media_structure/FAQ|details on what code to check, how to update the code, and where to report any related problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314318] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W26"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:16, 26 juni 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25202311 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-27</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the rolling out of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposal, [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/small.dblist small wikis] will now be able to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline audio player mode|inline audio player]] that is implemented by the [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] extension. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] From this week all gadgets automatically load on mobile and desktop sites. If you see any problems with gadgets on your wikis, please adjust the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|gadget options]] in your gadget definitions file. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328610] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W27"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:49, 4 juli 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25231546 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-28</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Section-level Image Suggestions|Section-level Image Suggestions feature]] has been deployed on seven Wikipedias (Portuguese, Russian, Indonesian, Catalan, Hungarian, Finnish and Norwegian Bokmål). The feature recommends images for articles on contributors' watchlists that are a good match for individual sections of those articles. * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter|Global abuse filters]] have been enabled on all Wikimedia projects, except English and Japanese Wikipedias (who opted out). This change was made following a [[:m:Requests for comment/Make global abuse filters opt-out|global request for comments]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341159] * [[{{#special:BlockedExternalDomains}}]] is a new tool for administrators to help fight spam. It provides a clearer interface for blocking plain domains (and their subdomains), is more easily searchable, and is faster for the software to process for each edit on the wiki. It does not support regex (for complex cases), nor URL path-matching, nor the [[MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist|MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist]], but otherwise it replaces most of the functionalities of the existing [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist|MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]]. There is a Python script to help migrate all simple domains into this tool, and more feature details, within [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:BlockedExternalDomains|the tool's documentation]]. It is available at all wikis except for Meta-wiki, Commons, and Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337431] * The WikiEditor extension was updated. It includes some of the most frequently used features of wikitext editing. In the past, many of its messages could only be translated by administrators, but now all regular translators on translatewiki can translate them. Please check [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=ext-wikieditor&messages=&x=D#sortable:0=asc the state of WikiEditor localization into your language], and if the "Completion" for your language shows anything less than 100%, please complete the translation. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-ambassadors@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/D4YELU2DXMZ75PGELUOKXXMFF3FH45XA/ a more detailed explanation]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The default protocol of [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and API counterparts has changed from http to both http and https. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14810] * [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and its API counterparts will now search for all of the URL provided in the query. It used to be only the first 60 characters. This feature was requested fifteen years ago. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T17218] '''Future changes''' * There is an experiment with a [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin. This is to show users where the information is coming from when they read information from Wikipedia. It has been tested by Wikimedia Foundation staff and other Wikimedians. Soon all ChatGPT plugin users can use the Wikipedia plugin. This is the same plugin which was mentioned in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Tech News 2023/20]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI] * There is an ongoing discussion on a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|proposed Third-party resources policy]]. The proposal will impact the use of third-party resources in gadgets and userscripts. Based on the ideas received so far, policy includes some of the risks related to user scripts and gadgets loading third-party resources, some best practices and exemption requirements such as code transparency and inspectability. Your feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome until July 17, 2023 on [[m:Talk:Third-party resources policy|on the policy talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W28"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:51, 10 juli 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25278797 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-29</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] We are now serving 1% of all global user traffic from [[:en:Kubernetes|Kubernetes]] (you can [[wikitech:MediaWiki On Kubernetes|read more technical details]]). We are planning to increment this percentage regularly. You can [[phab:T290536|follow the progress of this work]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System_message|system messages]] will now look for available local fallbacks, instead of always using the default fallback defined by software. This means wikis no longer need to override each language on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback_languages|fallback chain]] separately. For example, English Wikipedia doesn't have to create <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>en-ca</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>en-gb</code></bdi> subpages with a transclusion of the base pages anymore. This makes it easier to maintain local overrides. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T229992] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>action=growthsetmentorstatus</code></bdi> API will be deprecated with the new MediaWiki version. Bots or scripts calling that API should use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>action=growthmanagementorlist</code></bdi> API now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321503] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W29"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:06, 18 juli 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25289122 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-30</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] On July 18, the Wikimedia Foundation launched a survey about the [[:mw:Technical_decision_making|technical decision making process]] for people who do technical work that relies on software that is maintained by the Foundation or affiliates. If this applies to you, [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/885471 please take part in the survey]. The survey will be open for three weeks, until August 7. You can find more information in [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/Q7DUCFA75DXG3G2KHTO7CEWMLCYTSDB2/|the announcement e-mail on wikitech-l]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W30"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 04:18, 25 juli 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25332248 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-31</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Synchronizer|Synchronizer]] tool is now available to keep Lua modules synced across Wikimedia wikis, along with [[mw:Multilingual Templates and Modules|updated documentation]] to develop global Lua modules and templates. * The tag filter on [[{{#special:NewPages}}]] and revision history pages can now be inverted. For example, you can hide edits that were made using an automated tool. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334337][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334338] * The Wikipedia [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin experiment can now be used by ChatGPT users who can use plugins. You can participate in a [[:m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future Audiences#Announcing monthly Future Audiences open "office hours"|video call]] if you want to talk about this experiment or similar work. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI] '''Problems''' * It was not possible to generate a PDF for pages with non-Latin characters in the title, for the last two weeks. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342442] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Tuesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-kawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kaawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-knwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kshwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kwwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308135] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W31"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:52, 1 august 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25362228 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-32</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Mobile Web editors can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced_mobile_contributions#August_1,_2023_-_Full-page_editing_added_on_mobile|edit a whole page at once]]. To use this feature, turn on "{{int:Mobile-frontend-mobile-option-amc}}" in your settings and use the "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}" button in the "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-overflow}}" menu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203151] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W32"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:18, 7 august 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25420038 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-33</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Content translation system is no longer using Youdao's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Content_translation/Translating/Initial_machine_translation|machine translation service]]. The service was in place for several years, but due to no usage, and availability of alternatives, it was deprecated to reduce maintenance overheads. Other services which cover the same languages are still available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329137] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-lawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ladwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lezwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lfnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-liwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lijwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lmowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ltgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-maiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-map_bmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mdfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kywiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308136] <!-- TODO replace wiki codes --> '''Future changes''' * A few gadgets/user scripts which add icons to the Minerva skin need to have their CSS updated. There are more details available including a [[phab:T344067|search for all existing instances and how to update them]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W33"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 07:57, 15 august 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25428668 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-34</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [https://gdrive-to-commons.toolforge.org/ GDrive to Commons Uploader] tool is now available. It enables [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GDrive to Commons Uploader|securely selecting and uploading files]] from your Google Drive directly to Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267868] * From now on, we will announce new Wikimedia wikis in Tech News, so you can update any tools or pages. ** Since the last edition, two new wikis have been created: *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q7121294|Pa'O]] ([[wikt:blk:|<code>wikt:blk:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343540] *** a Wikisource in [[d:Q34002|Sundanese]] ([[s:su:|<code>s:su:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343539] ** To catch up, the next most recent six wikis are: *** Wikifunctions ([[f:|<code>f:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275945] *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[wikt:btm:|<code>wikt:btm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335216] *** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q5555465|Ghanaian Pidgin]] ([[w:gpe:|<code>w:gpe:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335969] *** a Wikinews in [[d:Q3111668|Gungbe]] ([[n:guw:|<code>n:guw:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334394] *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q33522|Kabardian]] ([[wikt:kbd:|<code>wikt:kbd:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333266] *** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35570|Fante]] ([[w:fat:|<code>w:fat:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335016] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There is an existing [[mw:Stable interface policy|stable interface policy]] for MediaWiki backend code. There is a [[mw:User:Jdlrobson/Stable interface policy/frontend|proposed stable interface policy for frontend code]]. This is relevant for anyone who works on gadgets or Wikimedia frontend code. You can read it, discuss it, and let the proposer know if there are any problems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W34"/> </div> 17:23, 21 august 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25497111 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-35</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|better diff handling of paragraph splits]], improved detection of splits is being rolled out. Over the last two weeks, we deployed this support to [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Groups|group0]] and group1 wikis. This week it will be deployed to group2 wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341754] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] All [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] pages now show the user's local edit count and the account's creation date. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324166] * Wikisource users can now use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prpbengalicurrency</code></bdi> label to denote Bengali currency characters as page numbers inside the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><pagelist></nowiki></code></bdi> tag. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T268932] * Two preferences have been relocated. The preference "{{int:visualeditor-preference-visualeditor}}" is now shown on the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|"{{int:prefs-editing}}" tab]] at all wikis. Previously it was shown on the "{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}" tab at some wikis. The preference "{{int:visualeditor-preference-newwikitexteditor-enable}}" is now also shown on the "{{int:prefs-editing}}" tab at all wikis, instead of the "{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}" tab. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335056][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344158] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-31|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] New signups for a Wikimedia developer account will start being pushed towards <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://idm.wikimedia.org/ idm.wikimedia.org]</bdi>, rather than going via Wikitech. [[wikitech:IDM|Further information about the new system is available]]. * All right-to-left language wikis, plus Korean, Armenian, Ukrainian, Russian, and Bulgarian Wikipedias, will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. This feature will come to more wikis in future weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921] '''Future changes''' * The removal of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DoubleWiki|DoubleWiki extension]] is being discussed. This extension currently allows Wikisource users to view articles from multiple language versions side by side when the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><=></code></bdi> symbol next to a specific language edition is selected. Comments on this are welcomed at [[phab:T344544|the phabricator task]]. * A proposal has been made to merge the second hidden-categories list (which appears below the wikitext editing form) with the main list of categories (which is further down the page). [[phab:T340606|More information is available on Phabricator]]; feedback is welcome! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W35"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:58, 28 august 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25510866 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-36</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[m:Wikisource_EditInSequence|EditInSequence]], a feature that allows users to edit pages faster on Wikisource has been moved to a Beta Feature based on community feedback. To enable it, you can navigate to the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features tab in Preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308098] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Generate Audio for IPA|Generate Audio for IPA]] and [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|Audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposals, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline_audio_player_mode|inline audio player mode]] of [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] has been deployed to all projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763] * There is a new option for Administrators when they are changing the usergroups for a user, to add the user’s user page to their watchlist. This works both via [[{{#special:UserRights}}]] and via the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272294] * One new wiki has been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q34318|Talysh]] ([[w:tly:|<code>w:tly:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345166] '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:LoginNotify|LoginNotify extension]] was not sending notifications since January. It has now been fixed, so going forward, you may see notifications for failed login attempts, and successful login attempts from a new device. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344785] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-mhrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-miwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-minwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mtwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mwlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-myvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mznwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-napwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ndswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nds_nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-novwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nqowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nrmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nsowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ocwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-olowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-omwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-orwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-oswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pagwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-papwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pcdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pdcwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pflwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pihwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pnbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pntwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pswiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308137][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308138] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W36"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:31, 5 septembar 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25566983 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-37</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ORES|ORES]], the revision evaluation service, is now using a new open-source infrastructure on all wikis except for English Wikipedia and Wikidata. These two will follow this week. If you notice any unusual results from the Recent Changes filters that are related to ORES (for example, "{{int:ores-rcfilters-damaging-title}}" and "{{int:ores-rcfilters-goodfaith-title}}"), please [[mw:Talk:Machine Learning|report them]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342115] * When you are logged in on one Wikimedia wiki and visit a different Wikimedia wiki, the system tries to log you in there automatically. This has been unreliable for a long time. You can now visit the login page to make the system try extra hard. If you feel that made logging in better or worse than it used to be, your feedback is appreciated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326281] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Technical decision making|Technical Decision-Making Forum Retrospective]] team invites anyone involved in the technical field of Wikimedia projects to signup to and join [[mw:Technical decision making/Listening Sessions|one of their listening sessions]] on 13 September. Another date will be scheduled later. The goal is to improve the technical decision-making processes. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|Better diff handling of paragraph splits]] wishlist proposal, the inline switch widget in diff pages is being rolled out this week to all wikis. The inline switch will allow viewers to toggle between a unified inline or two-column diff wikitext format. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336716] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on 20 September. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263] * The Enterprise API is launching a new feature called "[http://breakingnews-beta.enterprise.wikimedia.com/ breaking news]". Currently in BETA, this attempts to identify likely "newsworthy" topics as they are currently being written about in any Wikipedia. Your help is requested to improve the accuracy of its detection model, especially on smaller language editions, by recommending templates or identifiable editing patterns. See more information at [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/Breaking news|the documentation page]] on MediaWiki or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/FAQ#What is Breaking News|the FAQ]] on Meta. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W37"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:06, 11 septembar 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25589064 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-38</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki now has a [[mw:Stable interface policy/frontend|stable interface policy for frontend code]] that more clearly defines how we deprecate MediaWiki code and wiki-based code (e.g. gadgets and user scripts). Thank you to everyone who contributed to the content and discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346467][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 20. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263] * All wikis will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The team investigating the Graph Extension posted [[mw:Extension:Graph/Plans#Proposal|a proposal for reenabling it]] and they need your input. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W38"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:18, 18 septembar 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25623533 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-39</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Vector 2022 skin will now remember the pinned/unpinned status for the Table of Contents for all logged-out users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316060] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.ui</nowiki></code></bdi> modules are now deprecated as part of the move to Vue.js and Codex. There is a [[mw:Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. More [[phab:T346468|details are available in the task]] and your questions are welcome there. * Gadget definitions will have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new "namespaces" option]]. The option takes a list of namespace IDs. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages in the given namespaces. '''Future changes''' * New variables will be added to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]]: <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">global_account_groups</bdi></code> and <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">global_account_editcount</bdi></code>. They are available only when an account is being created. You can use them to prevent blocking automatic creation of accounts when users with many edits elsewhere visit your wiki for the first time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345632][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Rules_format] '''Meetings''' * You can join the next meeting with the Wikipedia mobile apps teams. During the meeting, we will discuss the current features and future roadmap. The meeting will be on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1698426015 27 October at 17:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Office_Hours#October_2023|details and how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:50, 26 septembar 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25655264 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-40</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-advancedrendering|user preference]] for "{{int:tog-forcesafemode}}". This setting will make pages load without including any on-wiki JavaScript or on-wiki stylesheet pages. It can be useful for debugging broken JavaScript gadgets. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342347] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget definitions now have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new "<var>contentModels</var>" option]]. The option takes a list of page content models, like <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">wikitext</bdi></code> or <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">css</bdi></code>. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages with the given content models. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.29|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Vector 2022 skin will no longer use the custom styles and scripts of Vector legacy (2010). The change will be made later this year or in early 2024. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|how to adjust the CSS and JS pages on your wiki]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331679] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:25, 3 oktobar 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25686930 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-41</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33291|Fon]] ([[w:fon:|<code>w:fon:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347935] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-swwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-warwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xalwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xmfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zeawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zh_min_nanwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zuwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308139] * At some wikis, newcomers are suggested images from Commons to add to articles without any images. Starting on Tuesday, newcomers at these wikis will be able to add images to unillustrated article sections. The specific wikis are listed under "Images recommendations" [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment table|at the Growth team deployment table]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add an image|learn more about this feature.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345940] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In the mobile web skin (Minerva) the CSS ID <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#page-actions</nowiki></code></bdi> will be replaced with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#p-views</nowiki></code></bdi>. This change is to make it consistent with other skins and to improve support for gadgets and extensions in the mobile skin. A few gadgets may need to be updated; there are [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348267 details and search-links in the task]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W41"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:37, 9 oktobar 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25712895 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-42</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|Unified login]] system's edge login should now be fixed for some browsers (Chrome, Edge, Opera). This means that if you visit a new sister project wiki, you should be logged in automatically without the need to click "Log in" or reload the page. Feedback on whether it's working for you is welcome. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347889] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/Edit_notice|Edit notices]] are now available within the MobileFrontend/Minerva skin. This feature was inspired by [[w:en:Wikipedia:EditNoticesOnMobile|the gadget on English Wikipedia]]. See more details in [[phab:T316178|T316178]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * In 3 weeks, in the Vector 2022 skin, code related to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>addPortletLink</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#p-namespaces</nowiki></code></bdi> that was deprecated one year ago will be removed. If you notice tools that should appear next to the "Discussion" tab are then missing, please tell the gadget's maintainers to see [[phab:T347907|instructions in the Phabricator task]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W42"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:45, 17 oktobar 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25745824 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-43</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language engineering/Newsletter/2023/October|Language and internationalization newsletter]], written quarterly. It contains updates on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects, and related support work. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Source map support has been enabled on all wikis. When you open the debugger in your browser's developer tools, you should be able to see the unminified JavaScript source code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T47514] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W43"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:15, 24 oktobar 2023 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25782286 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-44</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Structured Content team, as part of its project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]], made some UX improvements to the upload step of choosing own vs not own work ([[phab:T347590|T347590]]), as well as to the licensing step for own work ([[phab:T347756|T347756]]). * The Design Systems team has released version 1.0.0 of [[wmdoc:codex/latest/|Codex]], the new design system for Wikimedia. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design_Systems_Team/Announcing_Codex_1.0|full announcement about the release of Codex 1.0.0]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Listings on category pages are sorted on each wiki for that language using a [[:w:en:International Components for Unicode|library]]. For a brief period on 2 November, changes to categories will not be sorted correctly for many languages. This is because the developers are upgrading to a new version of the library. They will then use a script to fix the existing categories. This will take a few hours or a few days depending on how big the wiki is. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Operations/ICU announcement|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345561][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267145] * Starting November 1, the impact module (Special:Impact) will be upgraded by the Growth team. The new impact module shows newcomers more data regarding their impact on the wiki. It was tested by a few wikis during the last few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203] '''Future changes''' * There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans#Roadmap|a proposed plan]] for re-enabling the Graph Extension. You can help by reviewing this proposal and [[mw:Extension_talk:Graph/Plans#c-PPelberg_(WMF)-20231020221600-Update:_20_October|sharing what you think about it]]. * The WMF is working on making it possible for administrators to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration_2.0|edit MediaWiki configuration directly]]. This is similar to previous work on Special:EditGrowthConfig. [[phab:T349757|A technical RfC is running until November 08, where you can provide feedback.]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W44"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:20, 31 oktobar 2023 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25801989 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-45</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the Vector 2022 skin, the default font-size of a number of navigational elements (tagline, tools menu, navigational links, and more) has been increased slightly to match the font size used in page content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346062] '''Problems''' * Last week, there was a problem displaying some recent edits on [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist a few wikis], for 1-6 hours. The edits were saved but not immediately shown. This was due to a database problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350443] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The Growth team will reassign newcomers from former mentors to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Structured mentor list|the currently active mentors]]. They have also changed the notification language to be more user-friendly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330071][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327493] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W45"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:04, 6 novembar 2023 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25838105 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-46</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Four new wikis have been created: ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q7598268|Moroccan Amazigh]] ([[w:zgh:|<code>w:zgh:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350216] ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35159|Dagaare]] ([[w:dga:|<code>w:dga:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350218] ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q33017|Toba Batak]] ([[w:bbc:|<code>w:bbc:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350320] ** a Wikiquote in [[d:Q33151|Banjar]] ([[q:bjn:|<code>q:bjn:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350217] '''Problems''' * Last week, users who previously visited Meta-Wiki or Wikimedia Commons and then became logged out on those wikis could not log in again. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350695] * Last week, some pop-up dialogs and menus were shown with the wrong font size. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350544] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * Reference Previews are coming to many wikis as a default feature. They are popups for references, similar to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|PagePreviews feature]]. [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Opt-out feature|You can opt out]] of seeing them. If you are [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|using the gadgets]] Reference Tooltips or Navigation Popups, you won’t see Reference Previews. [[phab:T282999|Deployment]] is planned for November 22, 2023. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Canary (also known as heartbeat) events will be produced into [https://stream.wikimedia.org/?doc#/streams Wikimedia event streams] from December 11. Streams users are advised to filter out these events, by discarding all events where <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>meta.domain == "canary"</nowiki></code></bdi>. Updates to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] or [https://github.com/ChlodAlejandro/wikimedia-streams wikimedia-streams] will discard these events by default. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266798] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:51, 14 novembar 2023 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25859263 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-47</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-quwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_rupwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_tarawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ruewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rwwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-satwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-shwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-siwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-skwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-slwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-smwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-suwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-szlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tcywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tetwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-towiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tpiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ttwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-twwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tyvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-udmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ugwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-uzwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vecwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vepwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vlswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vowiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308141][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308142][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308143] * The Vector 2022 skin will have some minor visual changes to drop-down menus, column widths, and more. These changes were added to four Wikipedias last week. If no issues are found, these changes will proceed to all wikis this week. These changes will make it possible to add new menus for readability and dark mode. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Updates#November_2023:_Visual_changes,_more_deployments,_and_shifting_focus|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347711] '''Future changes''' * There is [[mw:Extension talk:Graph/Plans#Update: 15 November|an update on re-enabling the Graph Extension]]. To speed up the process, Vega 2 will not be supported and only [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335325 some protocols] will be available at launch. You can help by sharing what you think about the plan. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W47"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:54, 21 novembar 2023 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25884616 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-48</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki's JavaScript system will now allow <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>async</code>/<code>await</code></bdi> syntax in gadgets and user scripts. Gadget authors should remember that users' browsers may not support it, so it should be used appropriately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343499] * The deployment of "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link|Add a link]]" announced [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|last week]] was postponed. It will resume this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W48"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:07, 28 novembar 2023 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25906379 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-49</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The spacing between paragraphs on Vector 2022 has been changed from 7px to 14px to match the size of the text. This will make it easier to distinguish paragraphs from sentences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T351754] * The "{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}" feature in VisualEditor is working again. You no longer need to switch to source editing to edit <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}</nowiki></code></bdi> keywords. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * On 6 December, people who have the enabled the preference for "{{int:Discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}" will notice the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|talk page usability improvements]] appear on pages that include the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__NEWSECTIONLINK__</nowiki></code></bdi> magic word. If you notice any issues, please [[phab:T352232|share them with the team on Phabricator]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge [[wikitech:News/Toolforge Grid Engine deprecation|Grid Engine shutdown process]] will start on December 14. Maintainers of [[toolforge:grid-deprecation|tools that still use this old system]] should plan to migrate to Kubernetes, or tell the team your plans on Phabricator in the task about your tool, before that date. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/VIWWQKMSQO2ED3TVUR7KPPWRTOBYBVOA/] * Communities using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions|Structured Discussions]] are being contacted regarding [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|the upcoming deprecation of Structured Discussions]]. You can read more about this project, and share your comments, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|on the project's page]]. '''Events''' * Registration & Scholarship applications are now open for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2024|Wikimedia Hackathon 2024]] that will take place from 3–5 May in Tallinn, Estonia. Scholarship applications are open until 5 January 2024. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W49"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:48, 5 decembar 2023 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25914435 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-50</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On Wikimedia Commons, there are some minor user-interface improvements for the "choosing own vs not own work" step in the UploadWizard. This is part of the Structured Content team's project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352707][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352709] '''Problems''' * There was a problem showing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Newcomer homepage|Newcomer homepage]] feature with the "impact module" and their page-view graphs, for a few days in early December. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352352][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352349] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]] The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/796964 2023 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 5 January 2024, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:December_2023_Developer_Satisfaction_Survey|privacy statement]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W50"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:11, 12 decembar 2023 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25945501 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-51</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 8 January 2024 because of [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|the holidays]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting December 18, it won't be possible to activate Structured Discussions on a user's own talk page using the Beta feature. The Beta feature option remains available for users who want to deactivate Structured Discussions. This is part of [[mw:Structured Discussions/Deprecation|Structured Discussions' deprecation work]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248309] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There will be full support for redirects in the Module namespace. The "Move Page" feature will leave an appropriate redirect behind, and such redirects will be appropriately recognized by the software (e.g. hidden from [[{{#special:UnconnectedPages}}]]). There will also be support for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Renaming or moving modules|manual redirects]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120794] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The MediaWiki JavaScript documentation is moving to a new format. During the move, you can read the old docs using [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/REL1_41/js/ version 1.41]. Feedback about [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/master/js/ the new site] is welcome on the [[mw:Talk:JSDoc_WMF_theme|project talk page]]. * The Wishathon is a new initiative that encourages collaboration across the Wikimedia community to develop solutions for wishes collected through the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The first community Wishathon will take place from 15–17 March. If you are interested in a project proposal as a user, developer, designer, or product lead, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WishathonMarch2024|register for the event and read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W51"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:16, 18 decembar 2023 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25959059 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-02</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W02"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [https://mediawiki2latex.wmflabs.org/ mediawiki2latex] is a tool that converts wiki content into the formats of LaTeX, PDF, ODT, and EPUB. The code now runs many times faster due to recent improvements. There is also an optional Docker container you can [[b:de:Benutzer:Dirk_Hünniger/wb2pdf/install#Using_Docker|install]] on your local machine. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The way that Random pages are selected has been updated. This will slowly reduce the problem of some pages having a lower chance of appearing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309477] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W02"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:18, 9 januar 2024 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26026251 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-03</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Pages that use the JSON [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:ContentHandler|contentmodel]] will now use tabs instead of spaces for auto-indentation. This will significantly reduce the page size. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326065] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] and personal user scripts may now use JavaScript syntax introduced in ES6 (also known as "ES2015") and ES7 ("ES2016"). MediaWiki validates the source code to protect other site functionality from syntax errors, and to ensure scripts are valid in all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Browsers|supported browsers]]. Previously, Gadgets could use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>requiresES6</nowiki></code></bdi> option. This option is no longer needed and will be removed in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T75714] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|Bot passwords]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|owner-only OAuth consumers]] can now be restricted to allow editing only specific pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T349957] * You can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thank]] edits made by bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341388] * An update on the status of the Community Wishlist Survey for 2024 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Future Of The Wishlist/January 4, 2024 Update|has been published]]. Please read and give your feedback. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting on January 17, it will not be possible to login to Wikimedia wikis from some specific old versions of the Chrome browser (versions 51–66, released between 2016 and 2018). Additionally, users of iOS 12, or Safari on Mac OS 10.14, may need to login to each wiki separately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344791] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> module was deprecated and replaced with the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki.cookie</code></bdi> module last year. A script has now been run to replace any remaining uses, and this week the temporary alias will be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354966] '''Future changes''' * Wikimedia Deutschland is working to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Reusing references|make reusing references easier]]. They are looking for people who are interested in participating in [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ individual video calls for user research in January and February]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W03"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:11, 16 januar 2024 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26074460 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-04</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * A bug in UploadWizard prevented linking to the userpage of the uploader when uploading. It has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354529] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W04"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:02, 23 januar 2024 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26096197 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-05</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Starting Monday January 29, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they are looking for, even if this comment was moved elsewhere. This will affect all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. You can read more about this change [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/ on Diff] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk_pages_permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]].<!-- The Diff post will be published on Monday morning UTC--> [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302011] * There are some improvements to the CAPTCHA to make it harder for spam bots and scripts to bypass it. If you have feedback on this change, please comment on [[phab:T141490|the task]]. Staff are monitoring metrics related to the CAPTCHA, as well as secondary metrics such as account creations and edit counts. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] On February 1, a link will be added to the "Tools" menu to download a [[w:en:QR code|QR code]] that links to the page you are viewing. There will also be a new [[{{#special:QrCode}}]] page to create QR codes for any Wikimedia URL. This addresses the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Mobile and apps/Add ability to share QR code for a page in any Wikimedia project|#19 most-voted wish]] from the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329973] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] which only work in some skins have sometimes used the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>targets</code></bdi> option to limit where you can use them. This will stop working this week. You should use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>skins</code></bdi> option instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328497] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:30, 29 januar 2024 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26137870 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-06</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *The mobile site history pages now use the same HTML as the desktop history pages. If you hear of any problems relating to mobile history usage please point them to [[phab:T353388|the phabricator task]]. *On most wikis, admins can now block users from making specific actions. These actions are: uploading files, creating new pages, moving (renaming) pages, and sending thanks. The goal of this feature is to allow admins to apply blocks that are adequate to the blocked users' activity. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Partial blocks#action-blocks|Learn more about "action blocks"]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T242541][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280531] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Talk pages permalinks that included diacritics and non-Latin script were malfunctioning. This issue is fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356199] '''Future changes''' * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#24WPs|24 Wikipedias]] with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference_Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] as a default gadget are encouraged to remove that default flag. This would make [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference_Previews|Reference Previews]] the new default for reference popups, leading to a more consistent experience across wikis. For [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#46WPs|46 Wikipedias]] with less than 4 interface admins, the change is already scheduled for mid-February, [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference Previews to become the default for previewing references on more wikis.|unless there are concerns]]. The older Reference Tooltips gadget will still remain usable and will override this feature, if it is available on your wiki and you have enabled it in your settings. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference_Previews_to_become_the_default_for_previewing_references_on_more_wikis][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355312] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W06"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:21, 5 februar 2024 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26180971 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-07</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split experiment]] is working and loaded onto 3 test servers. The team in charge is testing the split's impact and requires feedback from WDQS users through the UI or programmatically in different channels. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata_talk:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_graph_split][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356773][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:Sannita_(WMF)] Users' feedback will validate the impact of various use cases and workflows around the Wikidata Query service. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_backend_update/October_2023_scaling_update][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikidata_Query_Service/User_Manual#Federation] '''Problems''' *There was a bug that affected the appearance of visited links when using mobile device to access wiki sites. It made the links appear black; [[phab:T356928|this issue]] is fixed. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] As work continues on the grid engine deprecation,[https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation] tools on the grid engine will be stopped starting on February 14th, 2024. If you have tools actively migrating you can ask for an extension so they are not stopped. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W07"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 06:47, 13 februar 2024 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26223994 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-08</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * If you have the "{{int:Tog-enotifwatchlistpages}}" option enabled, edits by bot accounts no longer trigger notification emails. Previously, only minor edits would not trigger the notification emails. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356984] * There are changes to how user and site scripts load for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022| Vector 2022]] on specific wikis. The changes impacted the following Wikis: all projects with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector legacy]] as the default skin, Wikivoyage, and Wikibooks. Other wikis will be affected over the course of the next three months. Gadgets are not impacted. If you have been affected or want to minimize the impact on your project, see [[Phab:T357580| this ticket]]. Please coordinate and take action proactively. *Newly auto-created accounts (the accounts you get when you visit a new wiki) now have the same local notification preferences as users who freshly register on that wiki. It is effected in four notification types listed in the [[phab:T353225|task's description]]. *The maximum file size when using [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Upload_Wizard|Upload Wizard]] is now 5 GiB. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191804] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Selected tools on the grid engine have been [[wikitech:News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation|stopped]] as we prepare to shut down the grid on March 14th, 2024. The tool's code and data have not been deleted. If you are a maintainer and you want your tool re-enabled reach out to the [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support|team]]. Only tools that have asked for extension are still running on the grid. * The CSS <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/filter filter]</code></bdi> property can now be used in HTML <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>style</code></bdi> attributes in wikitext. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308160] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W08"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:35, 19 februar 2024 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26254282 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-09</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile|mobile visual editor]] is now the default editor for users who never edited before, at a small group of wikis. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile/VE_mobile_default#A/B_test_results| Research ]] shows that users using this editor are slightly more successful publishing the edits they started, and slightly less successful publishing non-reverted edits. Users who defined the wikitext editor as their default on desktop will get the wikitext editor on mobile for their first edit on mobile as well. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352127] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Core modules#mw.config|mw.config]] value <code>wgGlobalGroups</code> now only contains groups that are active in the wiki. Scripts no longer have to check whether the group is active on the wiki via an API request. A code example of the above is: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>if (/globalgroupname/.test(mw.config.get("wgGlobalGroups")))</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356008] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * The right to change [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Tags|edit tags]] (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>changetags</code></bdi>) will be removed from users in Wikimedia sites, keeping it by default for admins and bots only. Your community can ask to retain the old configuration on your wiki before this change happens. Please indicate in [[phab:T355639|this ticket]] to keep it for your community before the end of March 2024. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W09"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:22, 26 februar 2024 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26294125 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-10</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Special:Book</code></bdi> page (as well as the associated "Create a book" functionality) provided by the old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Collection|Collection extension]] has been removed from all Wikisource wikis, as it was broken. This does not affect the ability to download normal books, which is provided by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Wikisource|Wikisource extension]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358437] * [[m:Wikitech|Wikitech]] now uses the next-generation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] wikitext parser by default to generate all pages in the Talk namespace. Report any problems on the [[mw:Talk:Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Known_Issues|Known Issues discussion page]]. You can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration]] extension to control the use of Parsoid; see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration help documentation]] for more details. * Maintenance on [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org etherpad] is completed. If you encounter any issues, please indicate in [[phab:T316421|this ticket]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=| Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] allow interface admins to create custom features with CSS and JavaScript. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Gadget</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Gadget_definition</code></bdi> namespaces and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>gadgets-definition-edit</code></bdi> user right were reserved for an experiment in 2015, but were never used. These were visible on Special:Search and Special:ListGroupRights. The unused namespaces and user rights are now removed. No pages are moved, and no changes need to be made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T31272] * A usability improvement to the "Add a citation" in Wikipedia workflow has been made, the insert button was moved to the popup header. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354847] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233] * The HTML markup of headings and section edit links will be changed later this year to improve accessibility. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Heading_HTML_changes|Heading HTML changes]] for details. The new markup will be the same as in the new Parsoid wikitext parser. You can test your gadget or stylesheet with the new markup if you add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>?useparsoid=1</code></bdi> to your URL ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Selecting_a_parser_using_a_URL_query_string|more info]]) or turn on Parsoid read views in your user options ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Enabling_via_user_preference|more info]]). * '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W10"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:45, 4 mart 2024 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26329807 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-11</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * After consulting with various communities, the line height of the text on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] will be increased to its previous value of 1.65. Different options for typography can also be set using the options in the menu, as needed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358498] *The active link color in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva]] will be changed to provide more consistency with our other platforms and best practices. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358516] * [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Structured data|Structured data on Commons]] will no longer ask whether you want to leave the page without saving. This will prevent the “information you’ve entered may not be saved” popups from appearing when no information have been entered. It will also make file pages on Commons load faster in certain cases. However, the popups will be hidden even if information has indeed been entered. If you accidentally close the page before saving the structured data you entered, that data will be lost. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312315] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W11"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:03, 12 mart 2024 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26374013 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-12</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The notice "Language links are at the top of the page" that appears in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]] main menu has been removed now that users have learned the new location of the Language switcher. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T353619] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP_Editing:_Privacy_Enhancement_and_Abuse_Mitigation/IP_Info_feature|IP info feature]] displays data from Spur, an IP addresses database. Previously, the only data source for this feature was MaxMind. Now, IP info is more useful for patrollers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341395] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge Grid Engine services have been shut down after the final migration process from Grid Engine to Kubernetes. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Obsolete:Toolforge/Grid][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2022/03/14/toolforge-and-grid-engine/] * Communities can now customize the default reasons for undeleting a page by creating [[MediaWiki:Undelete-comment-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326746] '''Problems''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] is an interface to interactively browse a page's history. Users in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RevisionSlider/Developing_a_RTL-accessible_feature_in_MediaWiki_-_what_we%27ve_learned_while_creating_the_RevisionSlider|right-to-left]] languages reported RevisionSlider reacting wrong to mouse clicks. This should be fixed now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352169] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1710943200 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W12"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:38, 18 mart 2024 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26410165 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] An update was made on March 18th 2024 to how various projects load site, user JavaScript and CSS in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]]. A [[phab:T360384|checklist]] is provided for site admins to follow. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:54, 25 mart 2024 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26446209 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-14</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|reading accessibility]] beta feature will notice that the default line height for the standard and large text options has changed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359030] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has an annual plan. The annual plan decides what the Wikimedia Foundation will work on. You can now read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product & Technology OKRs#Draft Key Results|the draft key results]] for the Product and Technology department. They are suggestions for what results the Foundation wants from big technical changes from July 2024 to June 2025. You can [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product & Technology OKRs|comment on the talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 05:34, 2 april 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26462933 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Web browsers can use tools called [[:w:en:Browser extension|extensions]]. There is now a Chrome extension called [[m:Future Audiences/Experiment:Citation Needed|Citation Needed]] which you can use to see if an online statement is supported by a Wikipedia article. This is a small experiment to see if Wikipedia can be used this way. Because it is a small experiment, it can only be used in Chrome in English. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit Recovery|Edit Recovery]] feature has been added to all wikis, available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user preference]]. Once you enable it, your in-progress edits will be stored in your web browser, and if you accidentally close an editing window or your browser or computer crashes, you will be prompted to recover the unpublished text. Please leave any feedback on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Edit-recovery feature|project talk page]]. This was the #8 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey. * Initial results of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] experiments [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#4_April_2024|have been published]]. Edit Check is now deployed as a default feature at [[phab:T342930#9538364|the wikis that tested it]]. [[mw:Talk:Edit check|Let us know]] if you want your wiki to be part of the next deployment of Edit check. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342930][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361727] * Readers using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] on mobile will notice there has been an improvement in the line height across all typography settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359029] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * New accounts and logged-out users will get the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor|visual editor]] as their default editor on mobile. This deployment is made at all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361134] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:35, 9 april 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26564838 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Between 2 April and 8 April, on wikis using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged Revisions]], the "{{Int:tag-mw-reverted}}" tag was not applied to undone edits. In addition, page moves, protections and imports were not autoreviewed. This problem is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361918][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361940] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#DEFAULTSORT|Default category sort keys]] will now affect categories added by templates placed in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite|footnotes]]. Previously footnotes used the page title as the default sort key even if a different default sort key was specified (category-specific sort keys already worked). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40435] * A new variable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>page_last_edit_age</code></bdi> will be added to [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]]. It tells how many seconds ago the last edit to a page was made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T269769] '''Future changes''' * Volunteer developers are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Four database fields will be removed from database replicas (including [[quarry:|Quarry]]). This affects only the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>abuse_filter</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>abuse_filter_history</code></bdi> tables. Some queries might need to be updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361996] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:27, 16 april 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26564838 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Starting this week, newcomers editing Wikipedia [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Leveling up 3|will be encouraged]] to try structured tasks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer tasks|Structured tasks]] have been shown to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link/Experiment analysis, December 2021|improve newcomer activation and retention]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348086] * You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|nominate your favorite tools]] for the fifth edition of the Coolest Tool Award. Nominations will be open until May 10. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * This is the last warning that by the end of May 2024 the Vector 2022 skin will no longer share site and user scripts/styles with old Vector. For user-scripts that you want to keep using on Vector 2022, copy the contents of [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector.js]] to [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector-2022.js]]. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|more technical details]] available. Interface administrators who foresee this leading to lots of technical support questions may wish to send a mass message to your community, as was done on French Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362701] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:26, 22 april 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26647188 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' [[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages changed for the following wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}. These wikis participated to a test, where 50% of users got the new design, for one year. As this test [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|gave positive results]], the new design is deployed on these wikis as the default design. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). The deployment will happen at all wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341491] * Seven new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33014|Betawi]] ([[w:bew:|<code>w:bew:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357866] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35708|Kusaal]] ([[w:kus:|<code>w:kus:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359757] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35513|Igala]] ([[w:igl:|<code>w:igl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361644] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q33541|Karakalpak]] ([[wikt:kaa:|<code>wikt:kaa:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362135] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9228|Burmese]] ([[s:my:|<code>s:my:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361085] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[s:ms:|<code>s:ms:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363039] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q8108|Georgian]] ([[s:ka:|<code>s:ka:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363085] * You can now [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Support#Early_access:_Watch_Message_Groups_on_Translatewiki.net watch message groups/projects] on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/translatewiki.net|Translatewiki.net]]. Initially, this feature will notify you of added or deleted messages in these groups. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348501] * Dark mode is now available on all wikis, on mobile web for logged-in users who opt into the [[Special:MobileOptions|advanced mode]]. This is the early release of the feature. Technical editors are invited to [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ check for accessibility issues on wikis]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|more detailed guidelines]]. '''Problems''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can use an alternative visual style without labels, by using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mapstyle="osm"</nowiki></code></bdi>. This wasn't working in previews, creating the wrong impression that it wasn't supported. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362531] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 05:32, 30 april 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26689057 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' [[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages changed for all wikis, except for Commons, Wikidata and most Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|a few]] have already received this design change). You can read the detail of the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). The deployment will happen at remaining wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352087][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Interface admins now have greater control over the styling of article components on mobile with the introduction of the <code>SiteAdminHelper</code>. More information on how styles can be disabled can be found [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikimediaMessages#Site_admin_helper|at the extension's page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363932] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] has added article body sections in JSON format and a curated short description field to the existing parsed Infobox. This expansion to the API is also available via Wikimedia Cloud Services. [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/article-sections-and-description/] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * When you look at the Special:Log page, the first view is labelled "All public logs", but it only shows some logs. This label will now say "Main public logs". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T237729] '''Future changes''' * A new service will be built to replace [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Extension:Graph]]. Details can be found in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans|the latest update]] regarding this extension. * Starting May 21, English Wikipedia and German Wikipedia will get the possibility to activate "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]". This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to all Wikipedias]]. These communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|activate and configure the feature locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308144] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:42, 6 maj 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26729363 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On Wikisource there is a special page listing pages of works without corresponding scan images. Now you can use the new magic word <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>__EXPECTWITHOUTSCANS__</code></bdi> to exclude certain pages (list of editions or translations of works) from that list. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344214] * If you use the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user-preference]] "{{int:tog-uselivepreview}}", then the template-page feature "{{int:Templatesandbox-editform-legend}}" will now also work without reloading the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T136907] * [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can now specify an alternative text via the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>alt=</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute. This is identical in usage to the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>alt=</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Syntax|image and gallery syntax]]. An exception for this feature is wikis like Wikivoyage where the miniature maps are interactive. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328137] * The old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|Guided Tour]] for the "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|New Filters for Edit Review]]" feature has been removed. It was created in 2017 to show people with older accounts how the interface had changed, and has now been seen by most of the intended people. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217451] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[{{#special:search}}]] results page will now use CSS flex attributes, for better accessibility, instead of a table. If you have a gadget or script that adjusts search results, you should update your script to the new HTML structure. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320295] '''Future changes''' * In the Vector 2022 skin, main pages will be displayed at full width (like special pages). The goal is to keep the number of characters per line large enough. This is related to the coming changes to typography in Vector 2022. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357706] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Two columns of the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:pagelinks table|pagelinks]]</code></bdi> database table (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_namespace</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_title</code></bdi>) are being dropped soon. Users must use two columns of the new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:special:MyLanguage/Manual:linktarget table|linktarget]]</code></bdi> table instead (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_namespace</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_title</code></bdi>). In your existing SQL queries: *# Replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN pagelinks</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN linktarget</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_</code></bdi> in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>ON</code></bdi> statement *# Below that add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN pagelinks ON lt_id = pl_target_id</code></bdi> ** See <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[phab:T222224]]</bdi> for technical reasoning. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222224][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T299947] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W20"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:57, 14 maj 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26762074 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, will now correctly delete pages which were moved to another title. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T43351] * New changes have been made to the UploadWizard in Wikimedia Commons: the overall layout has been improved, by following new styling and spacing for the form and its fields; the headers and helper text for each of the fields was changed; the Caption field is now a required field, and there is an option for users to copy their caption into the media description. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:WMF_support_for_Commons/Upload_Wizard_Improvements#Changes_to_%22Describe%22_workflow][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361049] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading_HTML_changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It will change on 22 May in some skins (Timeless, Modern, CologneBlue, Nostalgia, and Monobook). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in all other skins. The developers are also considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W21"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:02, 21 maj 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26786311 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Several bugs related to the latest updates to the UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons have been fixed. For more information, see [[:phab:T365107|T365107]] and [[:phab:T365119|T365119]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In March 2024 a new [[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addPortlet|addPortlet]] API was added to allow gadgets to create new portlets (menus) in the skin. In certain skins this can be used to create dropdowns. Gadget developers are invited to try it and [[phab:T361661|give feedback]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Some CSS in the Minerva skin has been removed to enable easier community configuration. Interface editors should check the rendering on mobile devices for aspects related to the classes: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.collapsible</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.multicol</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.reflist</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.coordinates</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.topicon</code></bdi>. [[phab:T361659|Further details are available on replacement CSS]] if it is needed. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * When you visit a wiki where you don't yet have a local account, local rules such as edit filters can sometimes prevent your account from being created. Starting this week, MediaWiki takes your global rights into account when evaluating whether you can override such local rules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316303] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W22"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:13, 28 maj 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26832205 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-23</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * It is now possible for local administrators to add new links to the bottom of the site Tools menu without JavaScript. [[mw:Manual:Interface/Sidebar#Add or remove toolbox sections|Documentation is available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6086] * The message name for the definition of the tracking category of WikiHiero has changed from "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MediaWiki:Wikhiero-usage-tracking-category</code></bdi>" to "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MediaWiki:Wikihiero-usage-tracking-category</code></bdi>". [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/wikihiero/+/1035855] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q5317225|Kadazandusun]] ([[w:dtp:|<code>w:dtp:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365220] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * Next week, on wikis with the Vector 2022 skin as the default, logged-out desktop users will be able to choose between different font sizes. The default font size will also be increased for them. This is to make Wikimedia projects easier to read. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-06 deployments|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W23"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:33, 4 juni 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26844397 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-24</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The software used to render SVG files has been updated to a new version, fixing many longstanding bugs in SVG rendering. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265549] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading HTML changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It was changed last week in some skins (Vector legacy and Minerva). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in Vector-2022. The developers are still considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML markup used for citations by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] changed last week. In places where Parsoid previously added the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw-reference-text</code></bdi> class, Parsoid now also adds the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>reference-text</code></bdi> class for better compatibility with the legacy parser. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1036705] '''Problems''' * There was a bug with the Content Translation interface that caused the tools menus to appear in the wrong location. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366374] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The new version of MediaWiki includes another change to the HTML markup used for citations: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] will now generate a <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><span class="mw-cite-backlink"></nowiki></code></bdi> wrapper for both named and unnamed references for better compatibility with the legacy parser. Interface administrators should verify that gadgets that interact with citations are compatible with the new markup. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1035809] * On multilingual wikis that use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><translate></nowiki></code></bdi> system, there is a feature that shows potentially-outdated translations with a pink background until they are updated or confirmed. From this week, confirming translations will be logged, and there is a new user-right that can be required for confirming translations if the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requests it]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T49177] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W24"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:18, 10 juni 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26893898 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * People who attempt to add an external link in the visual editor will now receive immediate feedback if they attempt to link to a domain that a project has decided to block. Please see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#11_June_2024|Edit check]] for more details. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366751] * The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CommunityConfiguration|Community Configuration extension]] is available [[testwiki:Special:CommunityConfiguration|on Test Wikipedia]]. This extension allows communities to customize specific features to meet their local needs. Currently only Growth features are configurable, but the extension will support other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration#Use_cases|Community Configuration use cases]] in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323811][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360954] * The dark mode [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] is now available on category and help pages, as well as more special pages. There may be contrast issues. Please report bugs on the [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366370] '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Cloud Services tools were not available for 25 minutes last week. This was caused by a faulty hardware cable in the data center. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2024-06-11_WMCS_Ceph] * Last week, styling updates were made to the Vector 2022 skin. This caused unforeseen issues with templates, hatnotes, and images. Changes to templates and hatnotes were reverted. Most issues with images were fixed. If you still see any, [[phab:T367463|report them here]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367480] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting June 18, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Reference Edit Check]] will be deployed to [[phab:T361843|a new set of Wikipedias]]. This feature is intended to help newcomers and to assist edit-patrollers by inviting people who are adding new content to a Wikipedia article to add a citation when they do not do so themselves. During [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#Reference_Check_A/B_Test|a test at 11 wikis]], the number of citations added [https://diff.wikimedia.org/?p=127553 more than doubled] when Reference Check was shown to people. Reference Check is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration|community configurable]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361843]<!-- NOTE: THE DIFF BLOG WILL BE PUBLISHED ON MONDAY --> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mailing_lists|Mailing lists]] will be unavailable for roughly two hours on Tuesday 10:00–12:00 UTC. This is to enable migration to a new server and upgrade its software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367521] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W25"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:47, 18 juni 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26911987 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-26</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Editors will notice that there have been some changes to the background color of text in the diff view, and the color of the byte-change numbers, last week. These changes are intended to make text more readable in both light mode and dark mode, and are part of a larger effort to increase accessibility. You can share your comments or questions [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading|on the project talkpage]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361717] * The text colors that are used for visited-links, hovered-links, and active-links, were also slightly changed last week to improve their accessibility in both light mode and dark mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366515] '''Problems''' * You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|copy permanent links to talk page comments]] by clicking on a comment's timestamp. [[mw:Talk pages project/Permalinks|This feature]] did not always work when the topic title was very long and the link was used as a wikitext link. This has been fixed. Thanks to Lofhi for submitting the bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356196] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting 26 June, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link at English Wikipedia, making this feature available for you to use at all wikis. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they were linked to, even if this comment has since been moved elsewhere. You can read more about this feature [[DiffBlog:/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/|on Diff]] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365974] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W26"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:31, 25 juni 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26989424 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-27</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Over the next three weeks, dark mode will become available for all users, both logged-in and logged-out, starting with the mobile web version. This fulfils one of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2023/Reading/Dark_mode|top-requested community wishes]], and improves low-contrast reading and usage in low-light settings. As part of these changes, dark mode will also work on User-pages and Portals. There is more information in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Updates#June_2024:_Typography_and_dark_mode_deployments,_new_global_preferences|the latest Web team update]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366364] * Logged-in users can now set [[m:Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-skin-skin-prefs|global preferences for the text-size and dark-mode]], thanks to a combined effort across Foundation teams. This allows Wikimedians using multiple wikis to set up a consistent reading experience easily, for example by switching between light and dark mode only once for all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341278] * If you use a very old web browser some features might not work on the Wikimedia wikis. This affects Internet Explorer 11 and versions of Chrome, Firefox and Safari older than 2016. This change makes it possible to use new [[d:Q46441|CSS]] features and to send less code to all readers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288287][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:How_to_make_a_MediaWiki_skin#Using_CSS_variables_for_supporting_different_themes_e.g._dark_mode] * Wikipedia Admins can customize local wiki configuration options easily using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]]. Community Configuration was created to allow communities to customize how some features work, because each language wiki has unique needs. At the moment, admins can configure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] on their home wikis, in order to better recruit and retain new editors. More options will be provided in the coming months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366458] * Editors interested in language issues that are related to [[w:en:Unicode|Unicode standards]], can now discuss those topics at [[mw:Talk:WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|a new conversation space in MediaWiki.org]]. The Wikimedia Foundation is now a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|member of the Unicode Consortium]], and the coordination group can collaboratively review the issues discussed and, where appropriate, bring them to the attention of the Unicode Consortium. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[w:btm:|<code>w:btm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368038] '''Problems''' * Editors can once again click on links within the visual editor's citation-preview, thanks to a bug fix by the Editing Team. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368119] '''Future changes''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 2 weeks. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W27"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:57, 2 juli 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27038456 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-28</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * At the Wikimedia Foundation a new task force was formed to replace the disabled Graph with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project|more secure, easy to use, and extensible Chart]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Chart Project|subscribe to the newsletter]] to get notified about new project updates and other news about Chart. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension is now available on Meta-wiki, Igbo Wikipedia, and Swahili Wikipedia, and can be requested on your wiki. This extension helps in managing and making events more visible, giving Event organizers the ability to use tools like the Event registration tool. To learn more about the deployment status and how to request this extension for your wiki, visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status|CampaignEvents page on Meta-wiki]]. * Editors using the iOS Wikipedia app who have more than 50 edits can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits#Add an image|Add an Image]] feature. This feature presents opportunities for small but useful contributions to Wikipedia. * Thank you to [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth/Celebration|all of the authors]] who have contributed to MediaWiki Core. As a result of these contributions, the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth|percentage of authors contributing more than 5 patches has increased by 25% since last year]], which helps ensure the sustainability of the platform for the Wikimedia projects. '''Problems''' * A problem with the color of the talkpage tabs always showing as blue, even for non-existent pages which should have been red, affecting the Vector 2022 skin, [[phab:T367982|has been fixed]]. '''Future changes''' * The Trust and Safety Product team wants to introduce [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] with as little disruption to tools and workflows as possible. Volunteer developers, including gadget and user-script maintainers, are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle temporary accounts. The team has [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|created documentation]] explaining how to do the update. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]]. '''Tech News survey''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 1 more week. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W28"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:30, 8 juli 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27080357 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-29</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News survey''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 3 more days. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia developers can now officially continue to use both [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]], due to a June 24 decision by the Wikimedia Foundation to support software development on both platforms. Gerrit and GitLab are both code repositories used by developers to write, review, and deploy the software code that supports the MediaWiki software that the wiki projects are built on, as well as the tools used by editors to create and improve content. This decision will safeguard the productivity of our developers and prevent problems in code review from affecting our users. More details are available in the [[mw:GitLab/Migration status|Migration status]] page. * The Wikimedia Foundation seeks applicants for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). This group will bring technical contributors and Wikimedia Foundation together to co-define a more resilient, future-proof technological platform. Council members will evaluate and consult on the movement's product and technical activities, so that we develop multi-generational projects. We are looking for a range of technical contributors across the globe, from a variety of Wikimedia projects. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal#Joining the PTAC as a technical volunteer|Please apply here by August 10]]. * Editors with rollback user-rights who use the Wikipedia App for Android can use the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Anti Vandalism|Edit Patrol]] features. These features include a new feed of Recent Changes, related links such as Undo and Rollback, and the ability to create and save a personal library of user talk messages to use while patrolling. If your wiki wants to make these features available to users who do not have rollback rights but have reached a certain edit threshold, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android#Contact us|you can contact the team]]. You can [[diffblog:2024/07/10/ِaddressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/|read more about this project on Diff blog]]. * Editors who have access to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The_Wikipedia_Library|The Wikipedia Library]] can once again use non-open access content in SpringerLinks, after the Foundation [[phab:T368865|contacted]] them to restore access. You can read more about [[m:Tech/News/Recently_resolved_community_tasks|this and 21 other community-submitted tasks that were completed last week]]. '''Changes later this week''' * This week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-07 deployments|dark mode will be available on a number of Wikipedias]], both desktop and mobile, for logged-in and logged-out users. Interface admins and user script maintainers are encouraged to check gadgets and user scripts in the dark mode, to find any hard-coded colors and fix them. There are some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations for dark mode compatibility]] to help. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Next week, functionaries, volunteers maintaining tools, and software development teams are invited to test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on testwiki. Temporary accounts is a feature that will help improve privacy on the wikis. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348895] * Editors who upload files cross-wiki, or teach other people how to do so, may wish to join a Wikimedia Commons discussion. The Commons community is discussing limiting who can upload files through the cross-wiki upload/Upload dialog feature to users auto-confirmed on Wikimedia Commons. This is due to the large amount of copyright violations uploaded this way. There is a short summary at [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Cross-wiki upload|Commons:Cross-wiki upload]] and [[c:Commons:Village pump/Proposals#Deactivate cross-wiki uploads for new users|discussion at Commons:Village Pump]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]]. </div><section end="technews-2024-W29"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:29, 16 juli 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27124561 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-30</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translations]] are available. '''Feature News''' * Stewards can now [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_blocks|globally block]] accounts. Before [[phab:T17294|the change]] only IP addresses and IP ranges could be blocked globally. Global account blocks are useful when the blocked user should not be logged out. [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_locks|Global locks]] (a similar tool logging the user out of their account) are unaffected by this change. The new global account block feature is related to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project, which is a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors that are no longer made public. * Later this week, Wikimedia site users will notice that the Interface of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as "Pending Changes") is improved and consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Wikimedia's design system]]. The FlaggedRevs interface experience on mobile and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MinervaNeue|Minerva skin]] was inconsistent before it was fixed and ported to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]] by the WMF Growth team and some volunteers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] * Wikimedia site users can now submit account vanishing requests via [[m:Special:GlobalVanishRequest|GlobalVanishRequest]]. This feature is used when a contributor wishes to stop editing forever. It helps you hide your past association and edit to protect your privacy. Once processed, the account will be locked and renamed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367329] * Have you tried monitoring and addressing vandalism in Wikipedia using your phone? [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/10/%d9%90addressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/ A Diff blog post on Patrolling features in the Mobile App] highlights some of the new capabilities of the feature, including swiping through a feed of recent changes and a personal library of user talk messages for use when patrolling from your phone. * Wikimedia contributors and GLAM (galleries, libraries, archives, and museums) organisations can now learn and measure the impact Wikimedia Commons is having towards creating quality encyclopedic content using the [https://doc.wikimedia.org/generated-data-platform/aqs/analytics-api/reference/commons.html Commons Impact Metrics] analytics dashboard. The dashboard offers organizations analytics on things like monthly edits in a category, the most viewed files, and which Wikimedia articles are using Commons images. As a result of these new data dumps, GLAM organisation can more reliably measure their return on investment for programs bringing content into the digital Commons. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/] '''Project Updates''' * Come share your ideas for improving the wikis on the newly reopened [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]]. The Community Wishlist is Wikimedia’s forum for volunteers to share ideas (called wishes) to improve how the wikis work. The new version of the wishlist is always open, works with both wikitext and Visual Editor, and allows wishes in any language. '''Learn more''' * Have you ever wondered how Wikimedia software works across over 300 languages? This is 253 languages more than the Google Chrome interface, and it's no accident. The Language and Product Localization Team at the Wikimedia Foundation supports your work by adapting all the tools and interfaces in the MediaWiki software so that contributors in our movement who translate pages and strings can translate them and have the sites in all languages. Read more about the team and their upcoming work on [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/17/building-towards-a-robust-multilingual-knowledge-ecosystem-for-the-wikimedia-movement/ Diff]. * How can Wikimedia build innovative and experimental products while maintaining such heavily used websites? A recent [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/ blog post] by WMF staff Johan Jönsson highlights the work of the [[m:Future Audiences#Objectives and Key Results|WMF Future Audience initiative]], where the goal is not to build polished products but test out new ideas, such as a [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiments: conversational/generative AI|ChatGPT plugin]] and [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiment:Add a Fact|Add a Fact]], to help take Wikimedia into the future. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]]. </div><section end="technews-2024-W30"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:02, 23 juli 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27142915 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-31</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Editors using the Visual Editor in languages that use non-Latin characters for numbers, such as Hindi, Manipuri and Eastern Arabic, may notice some changes in the formatting of reference numbers. This is a side effect of preparing a new sub-referencing feature, and will also allow fixing some general numbering issues in Visual Editor. If you notice any related problems on your wiki, please share details at the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|project talkpage]]. '''Bugs status''' * Some logged-in editors were briefly unable to edit or load pages last week. [[phab:T370304|These errors]] were mainly due to the addition of new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|linter]] rules which led to caching problems. Fixes have been applied and investigations are continuing. * Editors can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|IP Information tool]] to get information about IP addresses. This tool is available as a Beta Feature in your preferences. The tool was not available for a few days last week, but is now working again. Thank you to Shizhao for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks#2024-07-25|28 other community-submitted tasks]] that were resolved last week. '''Project updates''' * There are new features and improvements to Phabricator from the Release Engineering and Collaboration Services teams, and some volunteers, including: the search systems, the new task creation system, the login systems, the translation setup which has resulted in support for more languages (thanks to Pppery), and fixes for many edge-case errors. You can [[phab:phame/post/view/316/iterative_improvements/|read details about these and other improvements in this summary]]. * There is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|update on the Charts project]]. The team has decided which visualization library to use, which chart types to start focusing on, and where to store chart definitions. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9056|Czech]] ([[voy:cs:|<code>voy:cs:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370905] '''Learn more''' * There is a [[diffblog:2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/|new Wikimedia Foundation data center]] in São Paulo, Brazil which helps to reduce load times. * There is new [[diffblog:2024/07/22/the-perplexing-process-of-uploading-images-to-wikipedia/|user research]] on problems with the process of uploading images. * Commons Impact Metrics are [[diffblog:2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/|now available]] via data dumps and API. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/July|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W31"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:09, 30 juli 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27164109 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-32</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Two new parser functions will be available this week: <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#dir|#dir]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#bcp47|#bcp47]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>. These will reduce the need for <code>Template:Dir</code> and <code>Template:BCP47</code> on Commons and allow us to [[phab:T343131|drop 100 million rows]] from the "what links here" database. Editors at any wiki that use these templates, can help by replacing the templates with these new functions. The templates at Commons will be updated during the Hackathon at Wikimania. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359761][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366623] * Communities can request the activation of the visual editor on entire namespaces where discussions sometimes happen (for instance ''Wikipedia:'' or ''Wikisource:'' namespaces) if they understand the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/FAQ#WPNS|known limitations]]. For discussions, users can already use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] in these namespaces. * The tracking category "Pages using Timeline" has been renamed to "Pages using the EasyTimeline extension" [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3ATimeline-tracking-category&namespace=8 in TranslateWiki]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match. '''Project updates''' * Editors who help to organize WikiProjects and similar on-wiki collaborations, are invited to share ideas and examples of successful collaborations with the Campaigns and Programs teams. You can fill out [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/WikiProjects|a brief survey]] or share your thoughts [[m:Talk:Campaigns/WikiProjects|on the talkpage]]. The teams are particularly looking for details about successful collaborations on non-English wikis. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The new parser is being rolled out on {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} wikis over the next few months. The {{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage}} and {{int:project-localized-name-hewikivoyage}} were [[phab:T365367|switched]] to Parsoid last week. For more information, see [[mw:Parsoid/Parser_Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]]. '''Learn more''' * There will be more than 200 sessions at Wikimania this week. Here is a summary of some of the [[diffblog:2024/08/05/interested-in-product-and-tech-here-are-some-wikimania-sessions-you-dont-want-to-miss/|key sessions related to the product and technology area]]. * The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/07-02|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/July|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: New design previews for Translatable pages; Updates about MinT for Wiki Readers; the release of Translation dumps; and more. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/31|Growth newsletter]] is available. * The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/July 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W32"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:41, 5 august 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27233905 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-32</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Two new parser functions will be available this week: <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#dir|#dir]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#bcp47|#bcp47]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>. These will reduce the need for <code>Template:Dir</code> and <code>Template:BCP47</code> on Commons and allow us to [[phab:T343131|drop 100 million rows]] from the "what links here" database. Editors at any wiki that use these templates, can help by replacing the templates with these new functions. The templates at Commons will be updated during the Hackathon at Wikimania. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359761][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366623] * Communities can request the activation of the visual editor on entire namespaces where discussions sometimes happen (for instance ''Wikipedia:'' or ''Wikisource:'' namespaces) if they understand the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/FAQ#WPNS|known limitations]]. For discussions, users can already use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] in these namespaces. * The tracking category "Pages using Timeline" has been renamed to "Pages using the EasyTimeline extension" [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3ATimeline-tracking-category&namespace=8 in TranslateWiki]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match. '''Project updates''' * Editors who help to organize WikiProjects and similar on-wiki collaborations, are invited to share ideas and examples of successful collaborations with the Campaigns and Programs teams. You can fill out [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/WikiProjects|a brief survey]] or share your thoughts [[m:Talk:Campaigns/WikiProjects|on the talkpage]]. The teams are particularly looking for details about successful collaborations on non-English wikis. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The new parser is being rolled out on {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} wikis over the next few months. The {{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage}} and {{int:project-localized-name-hewikivoyage}} were [[phab:T365367|switched]] to Parsoid last week. For more information, see [[mw:Parsoid/Parser_Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]]. '''Learn more''' * There will be more than 200 sessions at Wikimania this week. Here is a summary of some of the [[diffblog:2024/08/05/interested-in-product-and-tech-here-are-some-wikimania-sessions-you-dont-want-to-miss/|key sessions related to the product and technology area]]. * The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/07-02|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/July|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: New design previews for Translatable pages; Updates about MinT for Wiki Readers; the release of Translation dumps; and more. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/31|Growth newsletter]] is available. * The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/July 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W32"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:43, 5 august 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27233905 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-33</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] editors and maintainers can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Actions#Show a CAPTCHA|make a CAPTCHA show if a filter matches an edit]]. This allows communities to quickly respond to spamming by automated bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T20110] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards|Stewards]] can now specify if global blocks should prevent account creation. Before [[phab:T17273|this change]] by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product]] Team, all global blocks would prevent account creation. This will allow stewards to reduce the unintended side-effects of global blocks on IP addresses. '''Project updates''' * [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#August_2024_committee_nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new members to refresh the [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]]. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open until at least 2024-08-26. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2880037|West Coast Bajau]] ([[w:bdr:|<code>w:bdr:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371757] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W33"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:20, 13 august 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27253654 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-34</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Editors who want to re-use references but with different details such as page numbers, will be able to do so by the end of 2024, using a new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Sub-referencing in a nutshell|sub-referencing]] feature. You can read more [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|about the project]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|how to test the prototype]]. * Editors using tracking categories to identify which pages use specific extensions may notice that six of the categories have been renamed to make them more easily understood and consistent. These categories are automatically added to pages that use specialized MediaWiki extensions. The affected names are for: [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aintersection-category&namespace=8 DynamicPageList], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Akartographer-tracking-category&namespace=8 Kartographer], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aphonos-tracking-category&namespace=8 Phonos], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Arss-tracking-category&namespace=8 RSS], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Ascore-use-category&namespace=8 Score], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Awikihiero-usage-tracking-category&namespace=8 WikiHiero]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match. Thanks to Pppery for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347324] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Technical volunteers who edit modules and want to get a list of the categories used on a page, can now do so using the <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">categories</bdi></code> property of <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Title objects|mw.title objects]]</bdi></code>. This enables wikis to configure workflows such as category-specific edit notices. Thanks to SD001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T50175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85372] '''Bugs status''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Your help is needed to check if any pages need to be moved or deleted. A maintenance script was run to clean up unreachable pages (due to Unicode issues or introduction of new namespaces/namespace aliases). The script tried to find appropriate names for the pages (e.g. by following the Unicode changes or by moving pages whose titles on Wikipedia start with <code>Talk:WP:</code> so that their titles start with <code>Wikipedia talk:</code>), but it may have failed for some pages, and moved them to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[Special:PrefixIndex/T195546/]]</bdi> instead. Your community should check if any pages are listed there, and move them to the correct titles, or delete them if they are no longer needed. A full log (including pages for which appropriate names could be found) is available in [[phab:P67388]]. * Editors who volunteer as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|mentors]] to newcomers on their wiki are once again able to access lists of potential mentees who they can connect with to offer help and guidance. This functionality was restored thanks to [[phab:T372164|a bug fix]]. Thank you to Mbch331 for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and 18 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Project updates''' * The application deadline for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product & Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC) has been extended to September 16. Members will help by providing advice to Foundation Product and Technology leadership on short and long term plans, on complex strategic problems, and help to get feedback from more contributors and technical communities. Selected members should expect to spend roughly 5 hours per month for the Council, during the one year pilot. Please consider applying, and spread the word to volunteers you think would make a positive contribution to the committee. '''Learn more''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award#2024 Winners|2024 Coolest Tool Awards]] were awarded at Wikimania, in seven categories. For example, one award went to the ISA Tool, used for adding structured data to files on Commons, which was recently improved during the [[m:Event:Wiki Mentor Africa ISA Hackathon 2024|Wiki Mentor Africa Hackathon]]. You can see video demonstrations of each tool at the awards page. Congratulations to this year's recipients, and thank you to all tool creators and maintainers. * The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/08-01|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available, and includes some highlights from Wikimania, an upcoming Language community meeting, and other news from the movement. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W34"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:51, 20 august 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27307284 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-35</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Administrators can now test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on test2wiki. This was done to allow cross-wiki testing of temporary accounts, for when temporary accounts switch between projects. The feature was enabled on testwiki a few weeks ago. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Temporary Accounts is a project to create a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors which are no longer made public. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]]. * Later this week, editors at wikis that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as "Pending Changes") may notice that the indicators at the top of articles have changed. This change makes the system more consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] '''Bugs status''' * Editors who use the 2010 wikitext editor, and use the Character Insert buttons, will [[phab:T361465|no longer]] experience problems with the buttons adding content into the edit-summary instead of the edit-window. You can read more about that, and 26 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Project updates''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Please review and vote on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas|Focus Areas]], which are groups of wishes that share a problem. Focus Areas were created for the newly reopened Community Wishlist, which is now open year-round for submissions. The first batch of focus areas are specific to moderator workflows, around welcoming newcomers, minimizing repetitive tasks, and prioritizing tasks. Once volunteers have reviewed and voted on focus areas, the Foundation will then review and select focus areas for prioritization. * Do you have a project and are willing to provide a three (3) month mentorship for an intern? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Outreachy|Outreachy]] is a twice a year program for people to participate in a paid internship that will start in December 2024 and end in early March 2025, and they need mentors and projects to work on. Projects can be focused on coding or non-coding (design, documentation, translation, research). See the Outreachy page for more details, and a list of past projects since 2013. '''Learn more''' * If you're curious about the product and technology improvements made by the Wikimedia Foundation last year, read [[diffblog:2024/08/21/wikimedia-foundation-product-technology-improving-the-user-experience/|this recent highlights summary on Diff]]. * To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together.webm|Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together]] (55 mins) - about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] project. ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Belgrade - Day 1 - Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views.webm|Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views]] (30 mins) - an overview for both technical and non technical audiences, covering some of the challenges and open questions, related to the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights|platform evolution, stewardship and developer experiences]] research. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W35"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:30, 26 august 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27341211 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-36</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Editors and volunteer developers interested in data visualisation can now test the new software for charts. Its early version is available on beta Commons and beta Wikipedia. This is an important milestone before making charts available on regular wikis. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|read more about this project update]] and help to test the charts. '''Feature news''' * Editors who use the [[{{#special:Unusedtemplates}}]] page can now filter out pages which are expected to be there permanently, such as sandboxes, test-cases, and templates that are always substituted. Editors can add the new magic word [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE|<code dir="ltr"><nowiki>__EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE__</nowiki></code>]] to a template page to hide it from the listing. Thanks to Sophivorus and DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184633] * Editors who use the New Topic tool on discussion pages, will [[phab:T334163|now be reminded]] to add a section header, which should help reduce the quantity of newcomers who add sections without a header. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:28}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. * Last week, some Toolforge tools had occasional connection problems. The cause is still being investigated, but the problems have been resolved for now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373243] * Translation administrators at multilingual wikis, when editing multiple translation units, can now easily mark which changes require updates to the translation. This is possible with the [[phab:T298852#10087288|new dropdown menu]]. '''Project updates''' * A new draft text of a policy discussing the use of Wikimedia's APIs [[m:Special:MyLanguage/API Policy Update 2024|has been published on Meta-Wiki]]. The draft text does not reflect a change in policy around the APIs; instead, it is an attempt to codify existing API rules. Comments, questions, and suggestions are welcome on [[m:Talk:API Policy Update 2024|the proposed update’s talk page]] until September 13 or until those discussions have concluded. '''Learn more''' * To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization.webm|Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization]] (25 mins) – about the above-mentioned Charts project. ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 3 - State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia.webm|State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia]] (90 mins) – about some of the language tools that support Wikimedia sites, such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content]]/[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation|Section Translation]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MinT|MinT]], and LanguageConverter; also the current state and future of languages onboarding. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368772] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W36"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:04, 3 septembar 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27390268 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-37</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Starting this week, the standard [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will receive new colors that make them compatible in dark mode. This is the first of many changes to come as part of a major upgrade to syntax highlighting. You can learn more about what's to come on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365311][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Editors of wikis using Wikidata will now be notified of only relevant Wikidata changes in their watchlist. This is because the Lua functions <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>entity:getSitelink()</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw.wikibase.getSitelink(qid)</code></bdi> will have their logic unified for tracking different aspects of sitelinks to reduce junk notifications from [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Projects/Watchlist Wikidata Sitelinks Tracking|inconsistent sitelinks tracking]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295356] '''Project updates''' * Users of all Wikis will have access to Wikimedia sites as read-only for a few minutes on September 25, starting at 15:00 UTC. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962] * Contributors of [[phab:T363538#10123348|11 Wikipedias]], including English will have a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS</code></bdi> namespace added to their Wikipedias. This improvement ensures that links beginning with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS:</code></bdi> (usually shortcuts to the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]]) are not broken by [[w:en:Mooré|Mooré]] Wikipedia (language code <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mos</code></bdi>). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363538] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W37"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:50, 9 septembar 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27424457 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-38</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translations]] are available. '''Improvements and Maintenance''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Editors interested in templates can help by reading the latest Wishlist focus area, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template recall and discovery]], and share your feedback on the talkpage. This input helps the Community Tech team to decide the right technical approach to build. Everyone is also encouraged to continue adding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|new wishes]]. * The new automated [[{{#special:NamespaceInfo}}]] page helps editors understand which [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespaces|namespaces]] exist on each wiki, and some details about how they are configured. Thanks to DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263513] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|References Check]] is a feature that encourages editors to add a citation when they add a new paragraph to a Wikipedia article. For a short time, the corresponding tag "Edit Check (references) activated" was erroneously being applied to some edits outside of the main namespace. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373692] * It is now possible for a wiki community to change the order in which a page’s categories are displayed on their wiki. By default, categories are displayed in the order they appear in the wikitext. Now, wikis with a consensus to do so can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|request]] a configuration change to display them in alphabetical order. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373480] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool authors can now access ToolsDB's [[wikitech:Portal:Data Services#ToolsDB|public databases]] from both [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry|Quarry]] and [[wikitech:Superset|Superset]]. Those databases have always been accessible to every [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] user, but they are now more broadly accessible, as Quarry can be accessed by anyone with a Wikimedia account. In addition, Quarry's internal database can now be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry#Querying Quarry's own database|queried from Quarry itself]]. This database contains information about all queries that are being run and starred by users in Quarry. This information was already public through the web interface, but you can now query it using SQL. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:20}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. * Any pages or tools that still use the very old CSS classes <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw-message-box</code></bdi> need to be updated. These old classes will be removed next week or soon afterwards. Editors can use a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-message-box&regex=1&namespaces=&title= global-search] to determine what needs to be changed. It is possible to use the newer <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>cdx-message</code></bdi> group of classes as a replacement (see [https://doc.wikimedia.org/codex/latest/components/demos/message.html#css-only-version the relevant Codex documentation], and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tech/Header&diff=prev&oldid=27449042 an example update]), but using locally defined onwiki classes would be best. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374499] '''Technical project updates''' * Next week, all Wikimedia wikis will be read-only for a few minutes. This will start on September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This maintenance process also targets other services.]] The previous switchover took 3 minutes, and the Site Reliability Engineering teams use many tools to make sure that this essential maintenance work happens as quickly as possible. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962] '''Tech in depth''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/August 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes details about: research about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Hooks|hook]] handlers to help simplify development, research about performance improvements, work to improve the REST API for end-users, and more. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Auditorium Kyiv - Day 4 - Hackathon Showcase.webm|Hackathon Showcase]] (45 mins) - 19 short presentations by some of the Hackathon participants, describing some of the projects they worked on, such as automated testing of maintenance scripts, a video-cutting command line tool, and interface improvements for various tools. There are [[phab:T369234|more details and links available]] in the Phabricator task. ** [[c:File:Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem.webm|Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem]] (40 mins) - a roundtable discussion for tool-maintainers, users, and supporters of Toolforge about how to make the platform sustainable and how to evaluate the tools available there. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W38"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:00, 17 septembar 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27460876 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-39</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. Reading the wikis will not be interrupted, but editing will be paused. These twice-yearly processes allow WMF's site reliability engineering teams to remain prepared to keep the wikis functioning even in the event of a major interruption to one of our data centers. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Add alt text from a halfsheet, with the article behind.png|thumb|A screenshot of the interface for the Alt Text suggested-edit feature]] * Editors who use the iOS Wikipedia app in Spanish, Portuguese, French, or Chinese, may see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|Alt Text suggested-edit experiment]] after editing an article, or completing a suggested edit using "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project#Hypothesis 2 Add an Image Suggested Edit|Add an image]]". Alt-text helps people with visual impairments to read Wikipedia articles. The team aims to learn if adding alt-text to images is a task that editors can be successful with. Please share any feedback on [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|the discussion page]]. * The Codex color palette has been updated with new and revised colors for the MediaWiki user interfaces. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design System Team/Color/Design documentation#Updates|most noticeable changes]] for editors include updates for: dark mode colors for Links and for quiet Buttons (progressive and destructive), visited Link colors for both light and dark modes, and background colors for system-messages in both light and dark modes. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] It is now possible to include clickable wikilinks and external links inside code blocks. This includes links that are used within <code><nowiki><syntaxhighlight></nowiki></code> tags and on code pages (JavaScript, CSS, Scribunto and Sanitized CSS). Uses of template syntax <code><nowiki>{{…}}</nowiki></code> are also linked to the template page. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368166] * Two bugs were fixed in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Account vanishing|GlobalVanishRequest]] system by improving the logging and by removing an incorrect placeholder message. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370595][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T372223] * View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] From [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]]: ** The API now enables 5,000 on-demand API requests per month and twice-monthly HTML snapshots freely (gratis and libre). More information on the updates and also improvements to the software development kits (SDK) are explained on [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api/ the project's blog post]. While Wikimedia Enterprise APIs are designed for high-volume commercial reusers, this change enables many more community use-cases to be built on the service too. ** The Snapshot API (html dumps) have added beta Structured Contents endpoints ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/ blog post on that]) as well as released two beta datasets (English and French Wikipedia) from that endpoint to Hugging Face for public use and feedback ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/hugging-face-dataset/ blog post on that]). These pre-parsed data sets enable new options for researchers, developers, and data scientists to use and study the content. '''In depth''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) is used to get answers to questions using the Wikidata data set. As Wikidata grows, we had to make a major architectural change so that WDQS could remain performant. As part of the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split project]], we have new SPARQL endpoints available for serving the "[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org scholarly]" and "[https://query-main.wikidata.org main]" subgraphs of Wikidata. The [http://query.wikidata.org query.wikidata.org endpoint] will continue to serve the full Wikidata graph until March 2025. After this date, it will only serve the main graph. For more information, please see [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|the announcement on Wikidata]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:34, 24 septembar 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27493779 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-40</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Readers of [[phab:T375401|42 more wikis]] can now use Dark Mode. If the option is not yet available for logged-out users of your wiki, this is likely because many templates do not yet display well in Dark Mode. Please use the [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ night-mode-checker tool] if you are interested in helping to reduce the number of issues. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations page]] provides guidance on this. Dark Mode is enabled on additional wikis once per month. * Editors using the 2010 wikitext editor as their default can access features from the 2017 wikitext editor by adding <code dir=ltr>?veaction=editsource</code> to the URL. If you would like to enable the 2017 wikitext editor as your default, it can be set in [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpvisualeditor-newwikitext|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T239796] * For logged-out readers using the Vector 2022 skin, the "donate" link has been moved from a collapsible menu next to the content area into a more prominent top menu, next to "Create an account". This restores the link to the level of prominence it had in the Vector 2010 skin. [[mw:Readers/2024 Reader and Donor Experiences#Donor Experiences (Key Result WE 3.2 and the related hypotheses)|Learn more]] about the changes related to donor experiences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373585] * The CampaignEvents extension provides tools for organizers to more easily manage events, communicate with participants, and promote their events on the wikis. The extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|enabled]] on Arabic Wikipedia, Igbo Wikipedia, Swahili Wikipedia, and Meta-Wiki. [[w:zh:Wikipedia:互助客栈/其他#引進CampaignEvents擴充功能|Chinese Wikipedia has decided]] to enable the extension, and discussions on the extension are in progress [[w:es:Wikipedia:Votaciones/2024/Sobre la política de Organizadores de Eventos|on Spanish Wikipedia]] and [[d:Wikidata:Project chat#Enabling the CampaignEvents Extention on Wikidata|on Wikidata]]. To learn how to enable the extension on your wiki, you can visit [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|the CampaignEvents page on Meta-Wiki]]. * View all {{formatnum:22}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:22|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers with an account on Wikitech-wiki should [[wikitech:Wikitech/SUL-migration|check if any action is required]] for their accounts. The wiki is being changed to use the single-user-login (SUL) system, and other configuration changes. This change will help reduce the overall complexity for the weekly software updates across all our wikis. '''In depth''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|server switch]] was completed successfully last week with a read-only time of [[wikitech:Switch Datacenter#Past Switches|only 2 minutes 46 seconds]]. This periodic process makes sure that engineers can switch data centers and keep all of the wikis available for readers, even if there are major technical issues. It also gives engineers a chance to do maintenance and upgrades on systems that normally run 24 hours a day, and often helps to reveal weaknesses in the infrastructure. The process involves dozens of software services and hundreds of hardware servers, and requires multiple teams working together. Work over the past few years has reduced the time from 17 minutes down to 2–3 minutes. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/66ZW7B2MG63AESQVTXDIFQBDBS766JGW/] '''Meetings and events''' * October 4–6: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiIndaba conference 2024|WikiIndaba Conference's Hackathon]] in Johannesburg, South Africa * November 4–6: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] in Vienna, Austria '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:17, 1 oktobar 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27530062 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-41</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Communities can now request installation of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator|Automoderator]] on their wiki. Automoderator is an automated anti-vandalism tool that reverts bad edits based on scores from the new "Revert Risk" machine learning model. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AutoModerator/Deploying|read details about the necessary steps]] for installation and configuration. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336934] '''Updates for editors''' * Translators in wikis where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|the mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now customize their articles suggestion list from 41 filtering options when using the tool. This topic-based article suggestion feature makes it easy for translators to self-discover relevant articles based on their area of interest and translate them. You can [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&active-list=suggestions try it with your mobile device]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368422] * View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * It is now possible for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><syntaxhighlight></nowiki></code></bdi> code blocks to offer readers a "Copy" button if the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>copy=1</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight#copy|set on the tag]]. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40932] * Customized copyright footer messages on all wikis will be updated. The new versions will use wikitext markup instead of requiring editing raw HTML. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375789] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Later this month, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] will be rolled out on several pilot wikis. The final list of the wikis will be published in the second half of the month. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on [[phab:T376499|these 11 wikis]], and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Rate limiting has been enabled for the code review tools [[Wikitech:Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[Wikitech:GitLab|GitLab]] to address ongoing issues caused by malicious traffic and scraping. Clients that open too many concurrent connections will be restricted for a few minutes. This rate limiting is managed through [[Wikitech:nftables|nftables]] firewall rules. For more details, see Wikitech's pages on [[Wikitech:Firewall#Throttling with nftables|Firewall]], [[Wikitech:GitLab/Abuse and rate limiting|GitLab limits]] and [[Wikitech:Gerrit/Operations#Throttling IPs|Gerrit operations]]. * Five new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q49224|Komering]] ([[w:kge:|<code>w:kge:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374813] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q36096|Mooré]] ([[m:mos:|<code>m:mos:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374641] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q36213|Madurese]] ([[wikt:mad:|<code>wikt:mad:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374968] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} in [[d:Q2501174|Gorontalo]] ([[q:gor:|<code>q:gor:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375088] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikinews}} in [[d:Q56482|Shan]] ([[n:shn:|<code>n:shn:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375430] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W41"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:40, 8 oktobar 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27557422 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-42</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Structured Discussion extension (also known as Flow) is starting to be removed. This extension is unmaintained and causes issues. It will be replaced by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], which is used on any regular talk page. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|A first set of wikis]] are being contacted. These wikis are invited to stop using Flow, and to move all Flow boards to sub-pages, as archives. At these wikis, a script will move all Flow pages that aren't a sub-page to a sub-page automatically, starting on 22 October 2024. On 28 October 2024, all Flow boards at these wikis will be set in read-only mode. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370722] * WMF's Search Platform team is working on making it easier for readers to perform text searches in their language. A [[phab:T332342|change last week]] on over 30 languages makes it easier to find words with accents and other diacritics. This applies to both full-text search and to types of advanced search such as the <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">''hastemplate''</bdi> and <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">''incategory''</bdi> keywords. More technical details (including a few other minor search upgrades) are available. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:TJones_%28WMF%29/Notes/Language_Analyzer_Harmonization_Notes#ASCII-folding/ICU-folding_%28T332342%29] * View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|EditCheck]] was installed at Russian Wikipedia, and fixes were made for some missing user interface styles. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Editors who use the Toolforge tool [[toolforge:copyvios|Earwig's Copyright Violation Detector]] will now be required to log in with their Wikimedia account before running checks using the "search engine" option. This change is needed to help prevent external bots from misusing the system. Thanks to Chlod for these improvements. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:New_pages_patrol/Reviewers#Authentication_is_now_required_for_search_engine_checks_on_Earwig's_Copyvio_Tool] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] users can create tickets and add comments on existing tickets via Email again. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator/Help#Using email|Sending email to Phabricator]] has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356077] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Some HTML elements in the interface are now wrapped with a <code><nowiki><bdi></nowiki></code> element, to make our HTML output more aligned with Web standards. More changes like this will be coming in future weeks. This change might break some tools that rely on the previous HTML structure of the interface. Note that relying on the HTML structure of the interface is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Stable interface policy/Frontend#What is not stable?|not recommended]] and might break at any time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375975] '''In depth''' * The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/September 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes: updates on Wikimedia's authentication system, research to simplify feature development in the MediaWiki platform, updates on Parser Unification and MathML rollout, and more. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/October|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition include: research about improving topic suggestions related to countries, improvements to PHPUnit tests, and more. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W42"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:19, 14 oktobar 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27597254 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-43</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Mobile Apps team has released an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh#Phase 1: Creating a user Profile Menu (T373714)|update]] to the iOS app's navigation, and it is now available in the latest App store version. The team added a new Profile menu that allows for easy access to editor features like Notifications and Watchlist from the Article view, and brings the "Donate" button into a more accessible place for users who are reading an article. This is the first phase of a larger planned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh|navigation refresh]] to help the iOS app transition from a primarily reader-focused app, to an app that fully supports reading and editing. The Wikimedia Foundation has added more editing features and support for on-wiki communication based on volunteer requests in recent years. [[File:IOS App Navigation refresh first phase 05.png|thumb|iOS Wikipedia App's profile menu and contents]] '''Updates for editors''' * Wikipedia readers can now download a browser extension to experiment with some early ideas on potential features that recommend articles for further reading, automatically summarize articles, and improve search functionality. For more details and to stay updated, check out the Web team's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments|Content Discovery Experiments page]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Web team's projects|subscribe to their newsletter]]. * Later this month, logged-out editors of [[phab:T376499|these 12 wikis]] will start to have [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] created. The list may slightly change - some wikis may be removed but none will be added. Temporary account is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/User account types|type of user account]]. It enhances the logged-out editors' privacy and makes it easier for community members to communicate with them. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on these 12 wikis, and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]]. Read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|deployment plan across all wikis]]. * View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[w:nr:Main Page|South Ndebele]], [[w:rsk:Главни бок|Pannonian Rusyn]], [[w:ann:Uwu|Obolo]], [[w:iba:Lambar Keterubah|Iban]] and [[w:tdd:ᥞᥨᥝᥴ ᥘᥣᥲ ᥖᥥᥰ|Tai Nüa]] Wikipedia languages were created last week. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36785][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35660][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36614][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33424][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36556] * It is now possible to create functions on Wikifunctions using Wikidata lexemes, through the new [[f:Z6005|Wikidata lexeme type]] launched last week. When you go to one of these functions, the user interface provides a lexeme selector that helps you pick a lexeme from Wikidata that matches the word you type. After hitting run, your selected lexeme is retrieved from Wikidata, transformed into a Wikidata lexeme type, and passed into the selected function. Read more about this in [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-17#Function of the Week: select representation from lexeme|the latest Wikifunctions newsletter]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Users of the Wikimedia sites can now format dates more easily in different languages with the new <code dir="ltr">{{[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef|#timef]]:…}}</code> parser function. For example, <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{#timef:now|date|en}}</nowiki></code> will show as "<bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">{{#timef:now|date|en}}</bdi>". Previously, <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{#time:…}}</nowiki></code> could be used to format dates, but this required knowledge of the order of the time and date components and their intervening punctuation. <code dir="ltr">#timef</code> (or <code dir="ltr">#timefl</code> for local time) provides access to the standard date formats that MediaWiki uses in its user interface. This may help to simplify some templates on multi-lingual wikis like Commons and Meta. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223772][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Commons and Meta users can now efficiently [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Localization|retrieve the user's language]] using <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{USERLANGUAGE}}</nowiki></code> instead of using <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{int:lang}}</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T4085] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Tech Advisory Council]] (PTAC) now has its pilot members with representation across Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and South America. They will work to address the [[Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Initiatives/Technology Council|Movement Strategy's Technology Council]] initiative of having a co-defined and more resilient technological platform. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Movement_Strategy/Initiatives/Technology_Council] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/32|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: an upcoming Newcomer Homepage Community Updates module, new Community Configuration options, and details on new projects. * The Wikimedia Foundation is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Security Team#CNA Partnership|now an official partner of the CVE program]], which is an international effort to catalog publicly disclosed cybersecurity vulnerabilities. This partnership will allow the Security Team to instantly publish [[w:en:Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures|common vulnerabilities and exposures]] (CVE) records that are affecting MediaWiki core, extensions, and skins, along with any other code the Foundation is a steward of. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]] is now [[m:Community Wishlist/Updates#October 16, 2024: Conversations Made Easier: Machine-Translated Wishes Are Here!|testing machine translations]] for Wishlist content. Volunteers can now read machine-translated versions of wishes and dive into discussions even before translators arrive to translate content. '''Meetings and events''' * 24 October - Wiki Education Speaker Series Webinar - [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/N4XTB4G55BUY3M3PNGUAKQWJ7A4UOPAK/ Open Source Tech: Building the Wiki Education Dashboard], featuring Wikimedia interns and a Web developer in the panel. * 20–22 December 2024 - [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024|Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024]] in Odisha, India. A hackathon for community members, including developers, designers and content editors, to build technical solutions that improve contributors' experiences. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W43"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:50, 21 oktobar 2024 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27634672 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-44</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Later in November, the Charts extension will be deployed to the test wikis in order to help identify and fix any issue. A security review is underway to then enable deployment to pilot wikis for broader testing. You can read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#October 2024: Working towards production deployment|the October project update]] and see the [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Charts latest documentation and examples on Beta Wikipedia]. * View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[w:en:PediaPress|Pediapress.com]], an external service that creates books from Wikipedia, can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Maps|Wikimedia Maps]] to include existing pre-rendered infobox map images in their printed books on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375761] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Wikis can use [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|the Guided Tour extension]] to help newcomers understand how to edit. The Guided Tours extension now works with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Dark mode|dark mode]]. Guided Tour maintainers can check their tours to see that nothing looks odd. They can also set <code>emitTransitionOnStep</code> to <code>true</code> to fix an old bug. They can use the new flag <code>allowAutomaticBack</code> to avoid back-buttons they don't want. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73927#10241528] * Administrators in the Wikimedia projects who use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Nuke|Nuke Extension]] will notice that mass deletions done with this tool have the "Nuke" tag. This change will make reviewing and analyzing deletions performed with the tool easier. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366068] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W44"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:54, 28 oktobar 2024 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27668811 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-45</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Stewards can now make [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global blocks|global account blocks]] cause global [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|autoblocks]]. This will assist stewards in preventing abuse from users who have been globally blocked. This includes preventing globally blocked temporary accounts from exiting their session or switching browsers to make subsequent edits for 24 hours. Previously, temporary accounts could exit their current session or switch browsers to continue editing. This is an anti-abuse tool improvement for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project. You can read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|progress on key features for temporary accounts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368949] * Wikis that have the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|CampaignEvents extension enabled]] can now use the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Event list#October 29, 2024: Collaboration List launched|Collaboration List]] feature. This list provides a new, easy way for contributors to learn about WikiProjects on their wikis. Thanks to the Campaign team for this work that is part of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product %26 Technology OKRs#WE KRs|the 2024/25 annual plan]]. If you are interested in bringing the CampaignEvents extension to your wiki, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|follow these steps]] or you can reach out to User:Udehb-WMF for help. * The text color for red links will be slightly changed later this week to improve their contrast in light mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370446] * View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, on multilingual wikis, users [[phab:T216368|can now]] hide translations from the WhatLinksHere special page. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * XML [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Data dumps|data dumps]] have been temporarily paused whilst a bug is investigated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/xmldatadumps-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/BXWJDPO5QI2QMBCY7HO36ELDCRO6HRM4/] '''In depth''' * Temporary Accounts have been deployed to six wikis; thanks to the Trust and Safety Product team for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|this work]], you can read about [[phab:T340001|the deployment plans]]. Beginning next week, Temporary Accounts will also be enabled on [[phab:T378336|seven other projects]]. If you are active on these wikis and need help migrating your tools, please reach out to [[m:User:Udehb-WMF|User:Udehb-WMF]] for assistance. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/October|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: New languages supported in translatewiki or in MediaWiki; New keyboard input methods for some languages; details about recent and upcoming meetings, and more. '''Meetings and events''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] is happening in Vienna, Austria and online from 4 to 6 November 2024. The conference will feature discussions around the usage of MediaWiki software by and within companies in different industries and will inspire and onboard new users. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W45"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:48, 4 novembar 2024 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27693917 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-46</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * On wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Translate|Translate extension]] enabled, users will notice that the FuzzyBot will now automatically create translated versions of categories used on translated pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285463] * View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the submitted task to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SecurePoll|SecurePoll extension]] for English Wikipedia's special [[w:en:Wikipedia:Administrator elections|administrator election]] was resolved on time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371454] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] In <code dir="ltr">[[mw:MediaWiki_1.44/wmf.2|1.44.0-wmf-2]]</code>, the logic of Wikibase function <code>getAllStatements</code> changed to behave like <code>getBestStatements</code>. Invoking the function now returns a copy of values which are immutable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270851] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. The API will be rerouting some page content endpoints from RESTbase to the newer [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST API]] endpoints. The [[phab:T374683|impacted endpoints]] include getting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content. These changes will be available on testwiki later this week, with other projects to follow. This change should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints should verify behavior on testwiki, and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]]. '''In depth''' * Admins and users of the Wikimedia projects [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator_Tools/Automoderator#Usage|where Automoderator is enabled]] can now monitor and evaluate important metrics related to Automoderator's actions. [https://superset.wmcloud.org/superset/dashboard/unified-automoderator-activity-dashboard/ This Superset dashboard] calculates and aggregates metrics about Automoderator's behaviour on the projects in which it is deployed. Thanks to the Moderator Tools team for this Dashboard; you can visit [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator/Unified Activity Dashboard|the documentation page]] for more information about this work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369488] '''Meetings and events''' * 21 November 2024 ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] & [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]) - [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Community call]] with Wikimedia Commons volunteers and stakeholders to help prioritize support efforts for 2025-2026 Fiscal Year. The theme of this call is how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:05, 12 novembar 2024 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27732268 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-47</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Users of Wikimedia sites will now be warned when they create a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects|redirect]] to a page that doesn't exist. This will reduce the number of broken redirects to red links in our projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326057] * View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot/Overview|Pywikibot]], which automates work on MediaWiki sites, was upgraded to 9.5.0 on Toolforge. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * On wikis that use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]], pages created or moved by users with the appropriate permissions are marked as flagged automatically. This feature has not been working recently, and changes fixing it should be deployed this week. Thanks to Daniel and Wargo for working on this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379218][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368380] '''In depth''' * There is a new [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/11/05/say-hi-to-temporary-accounts-easier-collaboration-with-logged-out-editors-with-better-privacy-protection Diff post] about Temporary Accounts, available in more than 15 languages. Read it to learn about what Temporary Accounts are, their impact on different groups of users, and the plan to introduce the change on all wikis. '''Meetings and events''' * Technical volunteers can now register for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which will take place in Istanbul, Turkey. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/hackathon2025/ Application for travel and accommodation scholarships] is open from '''November 12 to December 10 2024'''. The registration for the event will close in mid-April 2025. The Wikimedia Hackathon is an annual gathering that unites the global technical community to collaborate on existing projects and explore new ideas. * Join the [[C:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF%20support%20for%20Commons/Commons%20community%20calls|Wikimedia Commons community calls]] this week to help prioritize support for Commons which will be planned for 2025–2026. The theme will be how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. This is an opportunity for volunteers who work on different things to come together and talk about what matters for the future of the project. The calls will take place '''November 21, 2024, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]'''. * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place '''November 29, 16:00 UTC''' to discuss updates and technical problem-solving. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W47"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:58, 19 novembar 2024 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27806858 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-48</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new version of the standard wikitext editor-mode [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will be available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] later this week. This brings many new features and bug fixes, including right-to-left support, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Template folding|template folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and an improved search panel. You can learn more on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]]. * The 2010 wikitext editor now supports common keyboard shortcuts such <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>B</code></bdi> for bold and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>I</code></bdi> for italics. A full [[mw:Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|list of all six shortcuts]] is available. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62928] * Starting November 28, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: <bdi>bswiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>elwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>euwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>fawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>fiwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikiquote</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikisource</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikiversity</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikivoyage</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>idwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>lvwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>plwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>ptwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>urwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>viwikisource</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>zhwikisource</bdi>. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a user creating a new AbuseFilter can now only set the filter to "protected" [[phab:T377765|if it includes a protected variable]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]], which can be used in JavaScript, CSS, JSON, and Lua pages, [[phab:T377663|now offers]] live autocompletion. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. The feature can be temporarily disabled on a page by pressing <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>,</code></bdi> and un-selecting "<bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Live Autocompletion</bdi>". * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool-maintainers who use the Graphite system for tracking metrics, need to migrate to the newer Prometheus system. They can check [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/K6DEOo5Ik/grafana-graphite-datasource-utilization?orgId=1 this dashboard] and the list in the Description of the [[phab:T350592|task T350592]] to see if their tools are listed, and they should claim metrics and dashboards connected to their tools. They can then disable or migrate all existing metrics by following the instructions in the task. The Graphite service will become read-only in April. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/KLUV4IOLRYXPQFWD6WKKJUHMWE77BMSZ/] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/NewPP parser report|New PreProcessor parser performance report]] has been fixed to give an accurate count for the number of Wikibase entities accessed. It had previously been resetting after 400 entities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T279069] '''Meetings and events''' * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place November 29 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000 16:00 UTC]. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Mooré Wikipedia, the language support track at [[m:Wiki Indaba|Wiki Indaba]], and a report from the Wayuunaiki community on their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community over the last 3 years. This meeting will be in English and will also have Spanish interpretation. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W48"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:40, 25 novembar 2024 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27847039 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-49</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Two new parser functions were added this week. The <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interwikilink|#interwikilink]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interwiki links|interwiki link]] and the <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interlanguagelink|#interlanguagelink]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interlanguage links|interlanguage link]]. These parser functions are useful on wikis where namespaces conflict with interwiki prefixes. For example, links beginning with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS:</code></bdi> on English Wikipedia [[phab:T363538|conflict with the <code>mos</code> language code prefix of Mooré Wikipedia]]. * Starting this week, Wikimedia wikis no longer support connections using old RSA-based HTTPS certificates, specifically rsa-2048. This change is to improve security for all users. Some older, unsupported browser or smartphone devices will be unable to connect; Instead, they will display a connectivity error. See the [[wikitech:HTTPS/Browser_Recommendations|HTTPS Browser Recommendations page]] for more-detailed information. All modern operating systems and browsers are always able to reach Wikimedia projects. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/CTYEHVNSXUD3NFAAMG3BLZVTVQWJXJAH/] * Starting December 16, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: <bdi>arwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>cawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>mediawikiwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>orwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wawiktionary</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wikidatawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>zhwiki</bdi>. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380910] * This month the Chart extension was deployed to production and is now available on Commons and Testwiki. With the security review complete, pilot wiki deployment is expected to start in the first week of December. You can see a working version [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details. * View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug with the "Download as PDF" system was fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376438] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * In late February, temporary accounts will be rolled out on at least 10 large wikis. This deployment will have a significant effect on the community-maintained code. This is about Toolforge tools, bots, gadgets, and user scripts that use IP address data or that are available for logged-out users. The Trust and Safety Product team wants to identify this code, monitor it, and assist in updating it ahead of the deployment to minimize disruption to workflows. The team asks technical editors and volunteer developers to help identify such tools by adding them to [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/Impacted tools|this list]]. In addition, review the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|updated documentation]] to learn how to adjust the tools. Join the discussions on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|project talk page]] or in the [[discord:channels/221049808784326656/1227616742340034722|dedicated thread]] on the [[w:Wikipedia:Discord|Wikimedia Community Discord server (in English)]] for support and to share feedback. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W49"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:21, 2 decembar 2024 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27873992 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-50</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Technical documentation contributors can find updated resources, and new ways to connect with each other and the Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team, at the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Documentation|Documentation hub]] on MediaWiki.org. This page links to: resources for writing and improving documentation, a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">#wikimedia-techdocs</bdi> IRC channel on libera.chat, a listing of past and upcoming documentation events, and ways to request a documentation consultation or review. If you have any feedback or ideas for improvements to the documentation ecosystem, please [[mw:Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team#Contact us|contact the Technical Documentation Team]]. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Edit Check on Desktop.png|thumb|Layout change for the Edit Check feature]] * Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit Check]] will be relocated to a sidebar on desktop. Edit check is the feature for new editors to help them follow policies and guidelines. This layout change creates space to present people with [[mw:Edit check#1 November 2024|new Checks]] that appear ''while'' they are typing. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#Reference Check A/B Test|initial results]] show newcomers encountering Edit Check are 2.2 times more likely to publish a new content edit that includes a reference and is not reverted. * The Chart extension, which enables editors to create data visualizations, was successfully made available on MediaWiki.org and three pilot wikis (Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedias). You can see a working examples [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details. * Translators in wikis where the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now discover articles in Wikiproject campaigns of their interest from the "[https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=specialcx&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=collections&active-list=suggestions&from=es&to=en All collection]" category in the articles suggestion feature. Wikiproject Campaign organizers can use this feature, to help translators to discover articles of interest, by adding the <code dir=ltr><nowiki><page-collection> </page-collection></nowiki></code> tag to their campaign article list page on Meta-wiki. This will make those articles discoverable in the Content Translation tool. For more detailed information on how to use the tool and tag, please refer to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based & Community-defined lists/How to use the features|the step-by-step guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378958] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, now has a [[phab:T376379#10310998|multiselect filter for namespace selection]]. This enables users to select multiple specific namespaces, instead of only one or all, when fetching pages for deletion. * The Nuke feature also now [[phab:T364225#10371365|provides links]] to the userpage of the user whose pages were deleted, and to the pages which were not selected for deletion, after page deletions are queued. This enables easier follow-up admin-actions. Thanks to Chlod and the Moderator Tools team for both of these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364225#10371365] * The Editing Team is working on making it easier to populate citations from archive.org using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|Citoid]] tool, the auto-filled citation generator. They are asking communities to add two parameters preemptively, <code dir=ltr>archiveUrl</code> and <code dir=ltr>archiveDate</code>, within the TemplateData for each citation template using Citoid. You can see an [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACite_web%2Fdoc&diff=1261320172&oldid=1260788022 example of a change in a template], and a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?namespaces=10&q=%5C%22citoid%5C%22%3A%20%5C%7B&regex=1&title= list of all relevant templates]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374831] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9240|Indonesian]] ([[voy:id:|<code>voy:id:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380726] * Last week, all wikis had problems serving pages to logged-in users and some logged-out users for 30–45 minutes. This was caused by a database problem, and investigation is ongoing. [https://www.wikimediastatus.net/incidents/3g2ckc7bp6l9] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add Link]] feature has been fixed. Previously, the list of sections which are excluded from Add Link was partially ignored in certain cases. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380455][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380329] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the design system for Wikimedia, now has an early-stage [[git:design/codex-php|implementation in PHP]]. It is available for general use in MediaWiki extensions and Toolforge apps through [https://packagist.org/packages/wikimedia/codex Composer], with use in MediaWiki core coming soon. More information is available in [[wmdoc:design-codex-php/main/index.html|the documentation]]. Thanks to Doğu for the inspiration and many contributions to the library. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379662] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. On December 4, the MediaWiki Interfaces team began rerouting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content endpoints on [[testwiki:|testwiki]] from RESTbase to comparable MediaWiki REST API endpoints. The team encourages active users of these endpoints to verify their tool's behavior on testwiki and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]] before the end of the year, as they intend to roll out the same change across all Wikimedia projects in early January. These changes are part of the work to replace the outdated [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|RESTBase]] system. * The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/986172 2024 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 3 January 2025, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:Developer Satisfaction Survey 2024 Privacy Statement|privacy statement]]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Meetings and events''' * The next meeting in the series of [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Wikimedia Foundation discussions with the Wikimedia Commons community]] will take place on [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12 December 2024 08:00 UTC|December 12 at 8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12_December 2024 16:00 UTC|at 16:00 UTC]]. The topic of this call is new media and new contributors. Contributors from all wikis are welcome to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W50"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:14, 9 decembar 2024 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27919424 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-51</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Interested in improving event management on your home wiki? The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] offers organizers features like event registration management, event/wikiproject promotion, finding potential participants, and more - all directly on-wiki. If you are an organizer or think your community would benefit from this extension, start a discussion to enable it on your wiki today. To learn more about how to enable this extension on your wiki, visit the [[m:CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|deployment status page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * Users of the iOS Wikipedia App in Italy and Mexico on the Italian, Spanish, and English Wikipedias, can see a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review|personalized Year in Review]] with insights based on their reading and editing history. * Users of the Android Wikipedia App in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia can see the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Rabbit Holes|Rabbit Holes]] feature. This feature shows a suggested search term in the Search bar based on the current article being viewed, and a suggested reading list generated from the user’s last two visited articles. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|global reminder bot]] is now active and running on nearly 800 wikis. This service reminds most users holding temporary rights when they are about to expire, so that they can renew should they want to. See [[m:Global reminder bot/Technical details|the technical details page]] for more information. * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 13 January 2025 because of the end of year holidays. Thank you to all of the translators, and people who submitted content or feedback, this year. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was [[phab:T374988|fixed]] in the Android Wikipedia App which had caused translatable SVG images to show the wrong language when they were tapped. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * There is no new MediaWiki version next week. The next deployments will start on 14 January. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar/2025] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W51"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:23, 16 decembar 2024 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27942374 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-03</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Single User Login system is being updated over the next few months. This is the system which allows users to fill out the login form on one Wikimedia site and get logged in on all others at the same time. It needs to be updated because of the ways that browsers are increasingly restricting cross-domain cookies. To accommodate these restrictions, login and account creation pages will move to a central domain, but it will still appear to the user as if they are on the originating wiki. The updated code will be enabled this week for users on test wikis. This change is planned to roll out to all users during February and March. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|the SUL3 project page]] for more details and a timeline. '''Updates for editors''' * On wikis with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:PageAssessments|PageAssessments]] installed, you can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:PageAssessments#Search|filter search results]] to pages in a given WikiProject by using the <code dir=ltr>inproject:</code> keyword. (These wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-huwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378868] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q34129|Tigre]] ([[w:tig:|<code>w:tig:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381377] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:35}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:35|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a bug with updating a user's edit-count after making a rollback edit, which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382592] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia REST API users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. Starting the week of January 13, we will begin rerouting [[phab:T374683|some page content endpoints]] from RESTbase to the newer MediaWiki REST API endpoints for all wiki projects. This change was previously available on testwiki and should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints may raise issues directly to the [[phab:project/view/6931/|MediaWiki Interfaces Team]] in Phabricator if they arise. * Toolforge tool maintainers can now share their feedback on Toolforge UI, an initiative to provide a web platform that allows creating and managing Toolforge tools through a graphic interface, in addition to existing command-line workflows. This project aims to streamline active maintainers’ tasks, as well as make registration and deployment processes more accessible for new tool creators. The initiative is still at a very early stage, and the Cloud Services team is in the process of collecting feedback from the Toolforge community to help shape the solution to their needs. [[wikitech:Wikimedia Cloud Services team/EnhancementProposals/Toolforge UI|Read more and share your thoughts about Toolforge UI]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] For tool and library developers who use the OAuth system: The identity endpoint used for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user|OAuth 1]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user 2|OAuth 2]] returned a JSON object with an integer in its <code>sub</code> field, which was incorrect (the field must always be a string). This has been fixed; the fix will be deployed to Wikimedia wikis on the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382139] * Many wikis currently use [[:mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|Cite CSS]] to render custom footnote markers in Parsoid output. Starting January 20 these rules will be disabled, but the developers ask you to ''not'' clean up your <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]</bdi> until February 20 to avoid issues during the migration. Your wikis might experience some small changes to footnote markers in Visual Editor and when using experimental Parsoid read mode, but if there are changes these are expected to bring the rendering in line with the legacy parser output. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370027] '''Meetings and events''' * The next meeting in the series of [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Wikimedia Foundation Community Conversations with the Wikimedia Commons community]] will take place on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 08:00 UTC|January 15 at 8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 16:00 UTC|at 16:00 UTC]]. The topic of this call is defining the priorities in tool investment for Commons. Contributors from all wikis, especially users who are maintaining tools for Commons, are welcome to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W03"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:40, 14 januar 2025 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28048614 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-04</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Administrators can mass-delete multiple pages created by a user or IP address using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Extension:Nuke]]. It previously only allowed deletion of pages created in the last 30 days. It can now delete pages from the last 90 days, provided it is targeting a specific user or IP address. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380846] * On [[phab:P72148|wikis that use]] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Patrolled edits|Patrolled edits]] feature, when the rollback feature is used to revert an unpatrolled page revision, that revision will now be marked as "manually patrolled" instead of "autopatrolled", which is more accurate. Some editors that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Filtering|filters]] on Recent Changes may need to update their filter settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302140] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Visual Editor's "Insert link" feature did not always suggest existing pages properly when an editor started typing, which has now been [[phab:T383497|fixed]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The Structured Discussion extension (also known as Flow) is being progressively removed from the wikis. This extension is unmaintained and causes issues. It will be replaced by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], which is used on any regular talk page. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|The last group of wikis]] ({{int:project-localized-name-cawikiquote/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwikimedia/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwikibooks/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewikimedia/en}}) will soon be contacted. If you have questions about this process, please ping [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] at your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380912] * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical_Community_Newsletter/2025/January|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: updates about services from the Data Platform Engineering teams, information about Codex from the Design System team, and more. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W04"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:35, 21 januar 2025 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28129769 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-05</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Patrollers and admins - what information or context about edits or users could help you to make patroller or admin decisions more quickly or easily? The Wikimedia Foundation wants to hear from you to help guide its upcoming annual plan. Please consider sharing your thoughts on this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|13 other questions]] to shape the technical direction for next year. '''Updates for editors''' * iOS Wikipedia App users worldwide can now access a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review/How your data is used|personalized Year in Review]] feature, which provides insights based on their reading and editing history on Wikipedia. This project is part of a broader effort to help welcome new readers as they discover and interact with encyclopedic content. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Edit patrollers now have a new feature available that can highlight potentially problematic new pages. When a page is created with the same title as a page which was previously deleted, a tag ('Recreated') will now be added, which users can filter for in [[{{#special:RecentChanges}}]] and [[{{#special:NewPages}}]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T56145] * Later this week, there will be a new warning for editors if they attempt to create a redirect that links to another redirect (a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects#Double redirects|double redirect]]). The feature will recommend that they link directly to the second redirect's target page. Thanks to the user SomeRandomDeveloper for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326056] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia wikis allow [[w:en:WebAuthn|WebAuthn]]-based second factor checks (such as hardware tokens) during login, but the feature is [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Fix security key (WebAuthn) support|fragile]] and has very few users. The MediaWiki Platform team is temporarily disabling adding new WebAuthn keys, to avoid interfering with the rollout of [[mw:MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|SUL3]] (single user login version 3). Existing keys are unaffected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378402] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * For developers that use the [[wikitech:Data Platform/Data Lake/Edits/MediaWiki history dumps|MediaWiki History dumps]]: The Data Platform Engineering team has added a couple of new fields to these dumps, to support the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] initiative. If you maintain software that reads those dumps, please review your code and the updated documentation, since the order of the fields in the row will change. There will also be one field rename: in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki_user_history</code></bdi> dump, the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>anonymous</code></bdi> field will be renamed to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>is_anonymous</code></bdi>. The changes will take effect with the next release of the dumps in February. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LKMFDS62TXGDN6L56F4ABXYLN7CSCQDI/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:13, 27 januar 2025 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28149374 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-06</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors who use the "Special characters" editing-toolbar menu can now see the 32 special characters you have used most recently, across editing sessions on that wiki. This change should help make it easier to find the characters you use most often. The feature is in both the 2010 wikitext editor and VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110722] * Editors using the 2010 wikitext editor can now create sublists with correct indentation by selecting the line(s) you want to indent and then clicking the toolbar buttons.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380438] You can now also insert <code><nowiki><code></nowiki></code> tags using a new toolbar button.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383010] Thanks to user stjn for these improvements. * Help is needed to ensure the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]] works properly on each wiki. ** (1) Administrators should update the local versions of the page <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json</code> to include entries for <code dir=ltr>preprint</code>, <code dir=ltr>standard</code>, and <code dir=ltr>dataset</code>; Here are example diffs to replicate [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&diff=1189164774&oldid=1165783565 for 'preprint'] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&diff=1270832208&oldid=1270828390 for 'standard' and 'dataset']. ** (2.1) If the citoid map in the citation template used for these types of references is missing, [[mediawikiwiki:Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki#Step 2.a: Create a 'citoid' maps value for each citation template|one will need to be added]]. (2.2) If the citoid map does exist, the TemplateData will need to be updated to include new field names. Here are example updates [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&diff=1270829051&oldid=1262470053 for 'preprint'] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&diff=1270831369&oldid=1270829480 for 'standard' and 'dataset']. The new fields that may need to be supported are <code dir=ltr>archiveID</code>, <code dir=ltr>identifier</code>, <code dir=ltr>repository</code>, <code dir=ltr>organization</code>, <code dir=ltr>repositoryLocation</code>, <code dir=ltr>committee</code>, and <code dir=ltr>versionNumber</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383666] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q15637215|Central Kanuri]] ([[w:knc:|<code>w:knc:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385181] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Wikisource/Wikimedia OCR|OCR (optical character recognition) tool]] used for Wikisource now supports a new language, Church Slavonic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384782] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W06"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:07, 4 februar 2025 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28203495 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-07</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Product and Technology Advisory Council (PTAC) has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|a draft of their recommendations]] for the Wikimedia Foundation's Product and Technology department. They have recommended focusing on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback/Mobile experiences|mobile experiences]], particularly contributions. They request community [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|feedback at the talk page]] by 21 February. '''Updates for editors''' * The "Special pages" portlet link will be moved from the "Toolbox" into the "Navigation" section of the main menu's sidebar by default. This change is because the Toolbox is intended for tools relating to the current page, not tools relating to the site, so the link will be more logically and consistently located. To modify this behavior and update CSS styling, administrators can follow the instructions at [[phab:T385346|T385346]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333211] * As part of this year's work around improving the ways readers discover content on the wikis, the Web team will be running an experiment with a small number of readers that displays some suggestions for related or interesting articles within the search bar. Please check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments#Experiment 1: Display article recommendations in more prominent locations, search|the project page]] for more information. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Template editors who use TemplateStyles can now customize output for users with specific accessibility needs by using accessibility related media queries (<code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-motion prefers-reduced-motion]</code>, <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-transparency prefers-reduced-transparency]</code>, <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-contrast prefers-contrast]</code>, and <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/forced-colors forced-colors]</code>). Thanks to user Bawolff for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384175] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:22}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:22|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the global blocks log will now be shown directly on the {{#special:CentralAuth}} page, similarly to global locks, to simplify the workflows for stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377024] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Wikidata [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Default values for labels and aliases|now supports a special language as a "default for all languages"]] for labels and aliases. This is to avoid excessive duplication of the same information across many languages. If your Wikidata queries use labels, you may need to update them as some existing labels are getting removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312511] * The function <code dir="ltr">getDescription</code> was invoked on every Wiki page read and accounts for ~2.5% of a page's total load time. The calculated value will now be cached, reducing load on Wikimedia servers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383660] * As part of the RESTBase deprecation [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|effort]], the <code dir="ltr">/page/related</code> endpoint has been blocked as of February 6, 2025, and will be removed soon. This timeline was chosen to align with the deprecation schedules for older Android and iOS versions. The stable alternative is the "<code dir="ltr">morelike</code>" action API in MediaWiki, and [[gerrit:c/mediawiki/services/mobileapps/+/982154/13/pagelib/src/transform/FooterReadMore.js|a migration example]] is available. The MediaWiki Interfaces team [[phab:T376297|can be contacted]] for any questions. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/GFC2IJO7L4BWO3YTM7C5HF4MCCBE2RJ2/] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: Updates about the "Contribute" menu; details on some of the newest language editions of Wikipedia; details on new languages supported by the MediaWiki interface; updates on the Community-defined lists feature; and more. * The latest [[mw:Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#January 2025: Better visibility into charts and tabular data usage|Chart Project newsletter]] is available. It includes updates on the progress towards bringing better visibility into global charts usage and support for categorizing pages in the Data namespace on Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W07"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:10, 11 februar 2025 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28231022 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-08</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Communities using growth tools can now showcase one event on the <code>{{#special:Homepage}}</code> for newcomers. This feature will help newcomers to be informed about editing activities they can participate in. Administrators can create a new event to showcase at <code>{{#special:CommunityConfiguration}}</code>. To learn more about this feature, please read [[diffblog:2025/02/12/community-updates-module-connecting-newcomers-to-your-initiatives/|the Diff post]], have a look [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Community updates module|at the documentation]], or contact [[mw:Talk:Growth|the Growth team]]. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Page Frame Features on desktop.png|thumb|Highlighted talk pages improvements]] * Starting next week, talk pages at these wikis – {{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}} – will get [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|a new design]]. This change was extensively tested as a Beta feature and is the last step of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|talk pages improvements]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379102] * You can now navigate to view a redirect page directly from its action pages, such as the history page. Previously, you were forced to first go to the redirect target. This change should help editors who work with redirects a lot. Thanks to user stjn for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T5324] * When a Cite reference is reused many times, wikis currently show either numbers like "1.23" or localized alphabetic markers like "a b c" in the reference list. Previously, if there were so many reuses that the alphabetic markers were all used, [[MediaWiki:Cite error references no backlink label|an error message]] was displayed. As part of the work to [[phab:T383036|modernize Cite customization]], these errors will no longer be shown and instead the backlinks will fall back to showing numeric markers like "1.23" once the alphabetic markers are all used. * The log entries for each change to an editor's user-groups are now clearer by specifying exactly what has changed, instead of the plain before and after listings. Translators can [[phab:T369466|help to update the localized versions]]. Thanks to user Msz2001 for these improvements. * A new filter has been added to the [[{{#special:Nuke}}]] tool, which allows administrators to mass delete pages, to enable users to filter for pages in a range of page sizes (in bytes). This allows, for example, deleting pages only of a certain size or below. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378488] * Non-administrators can now check which pages are able to be deleted using the [[{{#special:Nuke}}]] tool. Thanks to user MolecularPilot for this and the previous improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376378] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed in the configuration for the AV1 video file format, which enables these files to play again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382193] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Parsoid Read Views is going to be rolling out to most Wiktionaries over the next few weeks, following the successful transition of Wikivoyage to Parsoid Read Views last year. For more information, see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]] project page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385923][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371640] * Developers of tools that run on-wiki should note that <code dir=ltr>mw.Uri</code> is deprecated. Tools requiring <code dir=ltr>mw.Uri</code> must explicitly declare <code dir=ltr>mediawiki.Uri</code> as a ResourceLoader dependency, and should migrate to the browser native <code dir=ltr>URL</code> API soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384515] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W08"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:15, 17 februar 2025 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28275610 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-09</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Administrators can now customize how the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User language|Babel feature]] creates categories using [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Babel}}]]. They can rename language categories, choose whether they should be auto-created, and adjust other settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374348] * The <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikimedia.org/ wikimedia.org]</bdi> portal has been updated – and is receiving some ongoing improvements – to modernize and improve the accessibility of our portal pages. It now has better support for mobile layouts, updated wording and links, and better language support. Additionally, all of the Wikimedia project portals, such as <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://wikibooks.org wikibooks.org]</bdi>, now support dark mode when a reader is using that system setting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373204][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368221][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Project_portals] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q33965|Santali]] ([[wikt:sat:|<code>wikt:sat:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386619] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that prevented clicking on search results in the web-interface for some Firefox for Android phone configurations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381289] '''Meetings and events''' * The next Language Community Meeting is happening soon, February 28th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1740751200 14:00 UTC]. This week's meeting will cover: highlights and technical updates on keyboard and tools for the Sámi languages, Translatewiki.net contributions from the Bahasa Lampung community in Indonesia, and technical Q&A. If you'd like to join, simply [[mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#28 February 2025|sign up on the wiki page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W09"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:39, 25 februar 2025 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28296129 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-10</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * All logged-in editors using the mobile view can now edit a full page. The "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}" link is accessible from the "{{int:minerva-page-actions-overflow}}" menu in the toolbar. This was previously only available to editors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|Advanced mobile contributions]] setting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387180] * Interface administrators can now help to remove the deprecated Cite CSS code matching "<code dir="ltr">mw-ref</code>" from their local <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]</bdi>. The list of wikis in need of cleanup, and the code to remove, [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-ref%5B%5E-a-z%5D&regex=1&namespaces=8&title=.*css can be found with this global search] and in [https://ace.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Common.css&oldid=145662#L-139--L-144 this example], and you can learn more about how to help on the [[mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|CSS migration project page]]. The Cite footnote markers ("<code dir="ltr">[1]</code>") are now rendered by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]], and the deprecated CSS is no longer needed. The CSS for backlinks ("<code dir="ltr">mw:referencedBy</code>") should remain in place for now. This cleanup is expected to cause no visible changes for readers. Please help to remove this code before March 20, after which the development team will do it for you. * When editors embed a file (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[File:MediaWiki.png]]</nowiki></code>) on a page that is protected with cascading protection, the software will no longer restrict edits to the file description page, only to new file uploads.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24521] In contrast, transcluding a file description page (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{:File:MediaWiki.png}}</nowiki></code>) will now restrict edits to the page.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62109] * When editors revert a file to an earlier version it will now require the same permissions as ordinarily uploading a new version of the file. The software now checks for 'reupload' or 'reupload-own' rights,[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304474] and respects cascading protection.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140010] * When administrators are listing pages for deletion with the Nuke tool, they can now also list associated talk pages and redirects for deletion, alongside pages created by the target, rather than needing to manually delete these pages afterwards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T95797] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|previously noted]] update to Single User Login, which will accommodate browser restrictions on cross-domain cookies by moving login and account creation to a central domain, will now roll out to all users during March and April. The team plans to enable it for all new account creation on [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Tuesday|Group0]] wikis this week. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|the SUL3 project page]] for more details and an updated timeline. * Since last week there has been a bug that shows some interface icons as black squares until the page has fully loaded. It will be fixed this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387351] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q2044560|Sylheti]] ([[w:syl:|<code>w:syl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386441] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed with loading images in very old versions of the Firefox browser on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386400] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W10"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:29, 4 mart 2025 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28334563 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-11</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors who use password managers at multiple wikis may notice changes in the future. The way that our wikis provide information to password managers about reusing passwords across domains has recently been updated, so some password managers might now offer you login credentials that you saved for a different Wikimedia site. Some password managers already did this, and are now doing it for more Wikimedia domains. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|SUL3 project]] which aims to improve how our unified login works, and to keep it compatible with ongoing changes to the web-browsers we use. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385520][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384844] * The Wikipedia Apps Team is inviting interested users to help improve Wikipedia’s offline and limited internet use. After discussions in [[m:Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]] and the last [[m:Special:MyLanguage/ESEAP Hub/Meetings|ESEAP call]], key challenges like search, editing, and offline access are being explored, with upcoming focus groups to dive deeper into these topics. All languages are welcome, and interpretation will be available. Want to share your thoughts? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Improving Wikipedia Mobile Apps for Offline & Limited Internet Use|Join the discussion]] or email <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">aramadan@wikimedia.org</bdi>! * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 19. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/33|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: the launch of the Community Updates module, the most recent changes in Community Configuration, and the upcoming test of in-article suggestions for first-time editors. * An old API that was previously used in the Android Wikipedia app is being removed at the end of March. There are no current software uses, but users of the app with a version that is older than 6 months by the time of removal (2025-03-31), will no longer have access to the Suggested Edits feature, until they update their app. You can [[diffblog:2025/02/24/sunset-of-wikimedia-recommendation-api/|read more details about this change]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W11"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:07, 11 mart 2025 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28372257 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-12</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Twice a year, around the equinoxes, the Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team performs [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|a datacenter server switchover]], redirecting all traffic from one primary server to its backup. This provides reliability in case of a crisis, as we can always fall back on the other datacenter. [http://listen.hatnote.com/ Thanks to the Listen to Wikipedia] tool, you can hear the switchover take place: Before it begins, you'll hear the steady stream of edits; Then, as the system enters a brief read-only phase, the sound stops for a couple of minutes, before resuming after the switchover. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the background and details of this process on the Diff blog]]. If you want to keep an ear out for the next server switchover, listen to the wikis on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 March 19 at 14:00 UTC]. '''Updates for editors''' * The [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es improved Content Translation tool dashboard] is now available in [[phab:T387820|10 Wikipedias]] and will be available for all Wikipedias [[phab:T387821|soon]]. With [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|the unified dashboard]], desktop users can now: Translate new sections of an article; Discover and access topic-based [https://ig.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=ig&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits article suggestion filters] (initially available only for mobile device users); Discover and access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based & Community-defined lists|Community-defined lists]] filter, also known as "Collections", from wiki-projects and campaigns. * On Wikimedia Commons, a [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements#Improve category selection|new system to select the appropriate file categories]] has been introduced: if a category has one or more subcategories, users will be able to click on an arrow that will open the subcategories directly within the form, and choose the correct one. The parent category name will always be shown on top, and it will always be possible to come back to it. This should decrease the amount of work for volunteers in fixing/creating new categories. The change is also available on mobile. These changes are part of planned improvements to the UploadWizard. * The Community Tech team is seeking wikis to join a pilot for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblocks]] feature and a refreshed Special:Block page in late March. Multiblocks enables administrators to impose multiple different types of blocks on the same user at the same time. If you are an admin or steward and would like us to discuss joining the pilot with your community, please leave a message on the [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|project talk page]]. * Starting March 25, the Editing team will test a new feature for Edit Check at [[phab:T384372|12 Wikipedias]]: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Multi-check|Multi-Check]]. Half of the newcomers on these wikis will see all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Reference Checks]] during their edit session, while the other half will continue seeing only one. The goal of this test is to see if users are confused or discouraged when shown multiple Reference Checks (when relevant) within a single editing session. At these wikis, the tags used on edits that show References Check will be simplified, as multiple tags could be shown within a single edit. Changes to the tags are documented [[phab:T373949|on Phabricator]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379131] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], which is a service for notifying users that their temporary user-rights are about to expire, now supports using the localized name of the user-rights group in the message heading. Translators can see the [[m:Global reminder bot/Translation|listing of existing translations and documentation]] to check if their language needs updating or creation. * The [[Special:GlobalPreferences|GlobalPreferences]] gender setting, which is used for how the software should refer to you in interface messages, now works as expected by overriding the local defaults. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386584] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:26}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:26|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Wikipedia App for Android had a bug fixed for when a user is browsing and searching in multiple languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379777] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Later this week, the way that Codex styles are loaded will be changing. There is a small risk that this may result in unstyled interface message boxes on certain pages. User generated content (e.g. templates) is not impacted. Gadgets may be impacted. If you see any issues [[phab:T388847|please report them]]. See the linked task for details, screenshots, and documentation on how to fix any affected gadgets. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W12"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:45, 18 mart 2025 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28412594 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation is seeking your feedback on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|drafts of the objectives and key results that will shape the Foundation's Product and Technology priorities]] for the next fiscal year (starting in July). The objectives are broad high-level areas, and the key-results are measurable ways to track the success of their objectives. Please share your feedback on the talkpage, in any language, ideally before the end of April. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] will be released to multiple wikis (see [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|deployment plan]] for details) in April 2025, and the team has begun the process of engaging communities on the identified wikis. The extension provides tools to organize, manage, and promote collaborative activities (like events, edit-a-thons, and WikiProjects) on the wikis. The extension has three tools: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Invitation Lists]]. It is currently on 13 Wikipedias, including English Wikipedia, French Wikipedia, and Spanish Wikipedia, as well as Wikidata. Questions or requests can be directed to the [[mw:Help talk:Extension:CampaignEvents|extension talk page]] or in Phabricator (with <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;">#campaigns-product-team</bdi> tag). * Starting the week of March 31st, wikis will be able to set which user groups can view private registrants in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], as part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension. By default, event organizers and the local wiki admins will be able to see private registrants. This is a change from the current behavior, in which only event organizers can see private registrants. Wikis can change the default setup by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requesting a configuration change]] in Phabricator (and adding the <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;">#campaigns-product-team</bdi> tag). Participants of past events can cancel their registration at any time. * Administrators at wikis that have a customized <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Sidebar]]</bdi> should check that it contains an entry for the {{int:specialpages}} listing. If it does not, they should add it using <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">* specialpages-url|specialpages</code>. Wikis with a default sidebar will see the link moved from the page toolbox into the sidebar menu in April. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T388927] * The Minerva skin (mobile web) combines both Notice and Alert notifications within the bell icon ([[File:OOjs UI icon bell.svg|16px|link=|class=skin-invert]]). There was a long-standing bug where an indication for new notifications was only shown if you had unseen Alerts. This bug is now fixed. In the future, Minerva users will notice a counter atop the bell icon when you have 1 or more unseen Notices and/or Alerts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344029] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * VisualEditor has introduced a [[mw:VisualEditor/Hooks|new client-side hook]] for developers to use when integrating with the VisualEditor target lifecycle. This hook should replace the existing lifecycle-related hooks, and be more consistent between different platforms. In addition, the new hook will apply to uses of VisualEditor outside of just full article editing, allowing gadgets to interact with the editor in DiscussionTools as well. The Editing Team intends to deprecate and eventually remove the old lifecycle hooks, so any use cases that this new hook does not cover would be of interest to them and can be [[phab:T355555|shared in the task]]. * Developers who use the <code dir=ltr>mw.Api</code> JavaScript library, can now identify the tool using it with the <code dir=ltr>userAgent</code> parameter: <code dir=ltr>var api = new mw.Api( { userAgent: 'GadgetNameHere/1.0.1' } );</code>. If you maintain a gadget or user script, please set a user agent, because it helps with library and server maintenance and with differentiating between legitimate and illegitimate traffic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373874][https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Wikimedia_Foundation_User-Agent_Policy] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:38, 24 mart 2025 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28443127 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-14</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Editing team is working on a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Check|Edit check]]: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#26 March 2025|Peacock check]]. This check's goal is to identify non-neutral terms while a user is editing a wikipage, so that they can be informed that their edit should perhaps be changed before they publish it. This project is at the early stages, and the team is looking for communities' input: [[phab:T389445|in this Phabricator task]], they are gathering on-wiki policies, templates used to tag non-neutral articles, and the terms (jargon and keywords) used in edit summaries for the languages they are currently researching. You can participate by editing the table on Phabricator, commenting on the task, or directly messaging [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|Single User Login]] has now been updated on all wikis to move login and account creation to a central domain. This makes user login compatible with browser restrictions on cross-domain cookies, which have prevented users of some browsers from staying logged in. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:35}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:35|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting on March 31st, the MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin a limited release of generated OpenAPI specs and a SwaggerUI-based sandbox experience for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST APIs]]. They invite developers from a limited group of non-English Wikipedia communities (Arabic, German, French, Hebrew, Interlingua, Dutch, Chinese) to review the documentation and experiment with the sandbox in their preferred language. In addition to these specific Wikipedia projects, the sandbox and OpenAPI spec will be available on the [[testwiki:Special:RestSandbox|on the test wiki REST Sandbox special page]] for developers with English as their preferred language. During the preview period, the MediaWiki Interfaces Team also invites developers to [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|share feedback about your experience]]. The preview will last for approximately 2 weeks, after which the sandbox and OpenAPI specs will be made available across all wiki projects. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Sometimes a small, [[gerrit:c/operations/cookbooks/+/1129184|one line code change]] can have great significance: in this case, it means that for the first time in years we're able to run all of the stack serving <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[http://maps.wikimedia.org/ maps.wikimedia.org]</bdi> - a host dedicated to serving our wikis and their multi-lingual maps needs - from a single core datacenter, something we test every time we perform a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter switchover]]. This is important because it means that in case one of our datacenters is affected by a catastrophe, we'll still be able to serve the site. This change is the result of [[phab:T216826|extensive work]] by two developers on porting the last component of the maps stack over to [[w:en:Kubernetes|kubernetes]], where we can allocate resources more efficiently than before, thus we're able to withstand more traffic in a single datacenter. This work involved a lot of complicated steps because this software, and the software libraries it uses, required many long overdue upgrades. This type of work makes the Wikimedia infrastructure more sustainable. '''Meetings and events''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Workshop Spring 2025|MediaWiki Users and Developers Workshop Spring 2025]] is happening in Sandusky, USA, and online, from 14–16 May 2025. The workshop will feature discussions around the usage of MediaWiki software by and within companies in different industries and will inspire and onboard new users. Registration and presentation signup is now available at the workshop's website. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:02, 1 april 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28473566 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * From now on, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface admins]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Central notice administrators|centralnotice admins]] are technically required to enable [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] before they can use their privileges. In the future this might be expanded to more groups with advanced user-rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150898] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The Design System Team is preparing to release the next major version of Codex (v2.0.0) on April 29. Editors and developers who use CSS from Codex should see the [[mw:Codex/Release Timeline/2.0|2.0 overview documentation]], which includes guidance related to a few of the breaking changes such as <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">font-size</code>, <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">line-height</code>, and <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">size-icon</code>. * The results of the [[mw:Developer Satisfaction Survey/2025|Developer Satisfaction Survey (2025)]]  are now available. Thank you to all participants. These results help the Foundation decide what to work on next and to review what they recently worked on. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]] will take place in Istanbul, Turkey, between 2–4 May. Registration for attending the in-person event will close on 13 April. Before registering, please note the potential need for a [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkish-representations.en.mfa visa] or [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/visa-information-for-foreigners.en.mfa e-visa] to enter the country. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:49, 7 april 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28507470 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Later this week, the default thumbnail size will be increased from 220px to 250px. This changes how pages are shown in all wikis and has been requested by some communities for many years, but wasn't previously possible due to technical limitations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914] * File thumbnails are now stored in discrete sizes. If a page specifies a thumbnail size that's not among the standard sizes (20, 40, 60, 120, 250, 330, 500, 960), then MediaWiki will pick the closest larger thumbnail size but will tell the browser to downscale it to the requested size. In these cases, nothing will change visually but users might load slightly larger images. If it doesn't matter which thumbnail size is used in a page, please pick one of the standard sizes to avoid the extra in-browser down-scaling step. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Thumbnail_sizes][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914] '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikimedia Foundation are working on a system called [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]] which will enable [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B testing]], help protect against [[:w:en:Denial-of-service attack|Distributed denial-of-service attacks]] (DDoS attacks), and make it easier to understand how many visitors the Wikimedia sites have. This is so that they can more efficiently build tools which help readers, and make it easier for readers to find what they are looking for. * To improve security for users, a small percentage of logins will now require that the account owner input a one-time password [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:EmailAuth|emailed to their account]]. It is recommended that you [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|check]] that the email address on your account is set correctly, and that it has been confirmed, and that you have an email set for this purpose. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390662] * "Are you interested in taking a short survey to improve tools used for reviewing or reverting edits on your Wiki?" This question will be [[phab:T389401|asked at 7 wikis starting next week]], on Recent Changes and Watchlist pages. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools team]] wants to know more about activities that involve looking at new edits made to your Wikimedia project, and determining whether they adhere to your project's policies. * On April 15, the full Wikidata graph will no longer be supported on <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]</bdi>. After this date, scholarly articles will be available through <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;">[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/ query-scholarly.wikidata.org]</bdi>, while the rest of the data hosted on Wikidata will be available through the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]</bdi> endpoint. This is part of the scheduled split of the Wikidata Graph, which was [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|announced in September 2024]]. More information is [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|available on Wikidata]]. * The latest quarterly [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter/First quarter of 2025|Wikimedia Apps Newsletter]] is now available. It covers updates, experiments, and improvements made to the Wikipedia mobile apps. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2025/April|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: an invitation for tool maintainers to attend the Toolforge UI Community Feedback Session on April 15th; recent community metrics; and recent technical blog posts. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.25|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:21, 15 april 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28540654 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] is now integrated with [[w:dag:Solɔɣu|Dagbani Wikipedia]] since April 15. It is the first project that will be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them in articles. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, such as adding up two numbers, converting miles into metres, calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. Wikifunctions will allow users to do that through a simple call of [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|a stable and global function]], rather than via a local template. [https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status_updates/2025-04-16] * A new type of lint error has been created: [[Special:LintErrors/empty-heading|{{int:linter-category-empty-heading}}]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Lint errors/empty-heading|documentation]]). The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|Linter extension]]'s purpose is to identify wikitext patterns that must or can be fixed in pages and provide some guidance about what the problems are with those patterns and how to fix them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368722] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Following its publication on HuggingFace, the "Structured Contents" dataset, developed by Wikimedia Enterprise, is [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/kaggle-dataset/ now also available on Kaggle]. This Beta initiative is focused on making Wikimedia data more machine-readable for high-volume reusers. They are releasing this beta version in a location that open dataset communities already use, in order to seek feedback, to help improve the product for a future wider release. You can read more about the overall [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/#open-datasets Structured Contents project], and about the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-wikipedia-infobox/ first release that's freely usable]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings and events''' * The Editing and Machine Learning Teams invite interested volunteers to a video meeting to discuss [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]], which is the latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] that will detect "peacock" or "overly-promotional" or "non-neutral" language whilst an editor is typing. Editors who work with newcomers, or help to fix this kind of writing, or are interested in how we use artificial intelligence in our projects are encouraged to attend. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing team/Community Conversations#Next Conversation|meeting will be on April 28, 2025]] at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745863200 18:00–19:00 UTC] and hosted on Zoom. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:57, 21 april 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28578245 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Event organizers who host collaborative activities on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|multiple wikis]], including Bengali, Japanese, and Korean Wikipedias, will have access to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] this week. Also, admins in the Wikipedia where the extension is enabled will automatically be granted the event organizer right soon. They won't have to manually grant themselves the right before they can manage events as [[phab:T386861|requested by a community]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The release of the next major version of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the design system for Wikimedia, is scheduled for 29 April 2025. Technical editors will have access to the release by the week of 5 May 2025. This update will include a number of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Breaking_changes|breaking changes]] and minor [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Visual_changes|visual changes]]. Instructions on handling the breaking and visual changes are documented on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release Timeline/2.0#|this page]]. Pre-release testing is reported in [[phab:T386298|T386298]], with post-release issues tracked in [[phab:T392379|T392379]] and [[phab:T392390|T392390]]. * Users of [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Wiki_Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] will notice that the database views of <code dir="ltr">ipblocks</code>, <code dir="ltr">ipblocks_ipindex</code>, and <code dir="ltr">ipblocks_compat</code> are [[phab:T390767|now deprecated]]. Users can query the <code dir="ltr">[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_table|block]]</code> and <code dir="ltr">[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_target_table|block_target]]</code> new views that mirror the new tables in the production database instead. The deprecated views will be removed entirely from Wiki Replicas in June, 2025. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.27|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April|Language and Internationalization Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes an overview of the improved [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=es&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en#/ Content Translation Dashboard Tool], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Language Support for New and Existing Languages|support for new languages]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Wiki Loves Ramadan Articles Made In Content Translation Mobile Workflow|highlights from the Wiki Loves Ramadan campaign]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Languages Onboarding Experiment 2024 - Executive Summary|results from the Language Onboarding Experiment]], an analysis of topic diversity in articles, and information on upcoming community meetings and events. '''Meetings and events''' * The [[Special:MyLanguage/Grants:Knowledge_Sharing/Connect/Calendar|Let's Connect Learning Clinic]] will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745937000 April 29 at 14:30 UTC]. This edition will focus on "Understanding and Navigating Conflict in Wikimedia Projects". You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Learning Clinic %E2%80%93 Understanding and Navigating Conflict in Wikimedia Projects (Part_1)|register now]] to attend. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which brings the global technical community together to connect, brainstorm, and hack existing projects, will take place from May 2 to 4th, 2025, at Istanbul, Turkey. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:28, 28 april 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28585685 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has shared the latest draft update to their [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|annual plan]] for next year (July 2025–June 2026). This includes an [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|executive summary]] (also on [[diffblog:2025/04/25/sharing-the-wikimedia-foundations-2025-2026-draft-annual-plan/|Diff]]), details about the three main [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals|goals]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|Infrastructure]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Volunteer Support]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Effectiveness|Effectiveness]]), [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Global Trends|global trends]], and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Budget Overview|budget]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Financial Model|financial model]]. Feedback and questions are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|talk page]] until the end of May. '''Updates for editors''' * For wikis that have the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|CampaignEvents extension enabled]], two new feature improvements have been released: ** Admins can now choose which namespaces are permitted for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] via [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Permitted namespaces|documentation]]). The default setup is for event registration to be permitted in the Event namespace, but other namespaces (such as the project namespace or WikiProject namespace) can now be added. With this change, communities like WikiProjects can now more easily use Event Registration for their collaborative activities. ** Editors can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Transclusion|transclude]] the Collaboration List on a wiki page ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Collaboration list/Transclusion|documentation]]). The Collaboration List is an automated list of events and WikiProjects on the wikis, accessed via {{#special:AllEvents}} ([[w:en:Special:AllEvents|example]]). Now, the Collaboration List can be added to all sorts of wiki pages, such as: a wiki mainpage, a WikiProject page, an affiliate page, an event page, or even a user page. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers who use the <code dir=ltr>moment</code> library in gadgets and user scripts should revise their code to use alternatives like the <code dir=ltr>Intl</code> library or the new <code dir=ltr>mediawiki.DateFormatter</code> library. The <code dir=ltr>moment</code> library has been deprecated and will begin to log messages in the developer console. You can see a global search for current uses, and [[phab:T392532|ask related questions in this Phabricator task]]. * Developers who maintain a tool that queries the Wikidata term store tables (<code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">wbt_*</code>) need to update their code to connect to a separate database cluster. These tables are being split into a separate database cluster. Tools that query those tables via the wiki replicas must be adapted to connect to the new cluster instead. [[wikitech:News/2025 Wikidata term store database split|Documentation and related links are available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390954] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.28|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|Chart Project newsletter]] is available. It includes updates on preparing to expand the deployment to additional wikis as soon as this week (starting May 6) and scaling up over the following weeks, plus exploring filtering and transforming source data. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:11, 6 maj 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28665011 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|"Get shortened URL"]] link on the sidebar now includes a [[phab:T393309|QR code]]. Wikimedia site users can now use it by scanning or downloading it to quickly share and access shared content from Wikimedia sites, conveniently. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikimedia Foundation is working on a system called [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]], which will enable [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B testing]], help protect against [[w:en:Denial-of-service attack|distributed denial-of-service attacks]] (DDoS attacks), and make it easier to understand how many visitors the Wikimedia sites have. This is to help more efficiently build tools which help readers, and make it easier for readers to find what they are looking for. Tech News has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|previously written about this]]. The deployment will be gradual. Some might see the Edge Uniques cookie the week of 19 May. You can discuss this on the [[m:Talk:Edge Uniques|talk page]]. * Starting May 19, 2025, Event organisers in wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] enabled can use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] in the project namespace (e.g., Wikipedia namespace, Wikidata namespace). With this change, communities don't need admins to use the feature. However, wikis that don't want this change can remove and add the permitted namespaces at [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/CampaignEvents]]. * The Wikipedia project now has a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q36720|Nupe]] ([[w:nup:|<code>w:nup:</code>]]). This is a language primarily spoken in the North Central region of Nigeria. Speakers of this language are invited to contribute to [[w:nup:Tatacin feregi|new Wikipedia]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers can now access pre-parsed Dutch Wikipedia, amongst others (English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese) through the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/snapshot/#structured-contents-snapshot-bundle-info-beta Structured Contents snapshots (beta)]. The content includes parsed Wikipedia abstracts, descriptions, main images, infoboxes, article sections, and references. * The <code dir="ltr">/page/data-parsoid</code> REST API endpoint is no longer in use and will be deprecated. It is [[phab:T393557|scheduled to be turned off]] on June 7, 2025. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.1|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/2025_Cloud_VPS_VXLAN_IPv6_migration IPv6 support] is a newly introduced Cloud virtual network that significantly boosts Wikimedia platforms' scalability, security, and readiness for the future. If you are a technical contributor eager to learn more, check out [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/05/06/wikimedia-cloud-vps-ipv6-support/ this blog post] for an in-depth look at the journey to IPv6. '''Meetings and events''' * The 2nd edition of 2025 of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]], a virtual platform for African Wikimedians to connect, will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747328400 May 15 at 17:00 UTC]. This edition will focus on discussions regarding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|Wikimedia Annual planning and progress]]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MENA Connect Community Call|MENA Connect Community Call]], a virtual meeting for [[w:en:Middle East and North Africa|MENA]] Wikimedians to connect, will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747501200 May 17 at 17:00 UTC]. You can [[m:Event:MENA Connect (Wiki_Diwan) APP Call|register now]] to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W20"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:34, 13 maj 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28714188 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Peacock language model for the following languages: Arabic, Spanish, Portuguese, English, and Japanese. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check/model test|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on May 23, which will be the start date of the test. '''Updates for editors''' * From May 20, 2025, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Oversight policy|oversighters]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:CheckUsers|checkusers]] will need to have their accounts secured with two-factor authentication (2FA) to be able to use their advanced rights. All users who belong to these two groups and do not have 2FA enabled have been informed. In the future, this requirement may be extended to other users with advanced rights. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblocks]] will begin mass deployment by the end of the month: all non-Wikipedia projects plus Catalan Wikipedia will adopt Multiblocks in the week of May 26, while all other Wikipedias will adopt it in the week of June 2. Please [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|contact the team]] if you have concerns. Administrators can test the new user interface now on your own wiki by browsing to [{{fullurl:Special:Block|usecodex=1}} {{#special:Block}}?usecodex=1], and can test the full multiblocks functionality [[testwiki:Special:Block|on testwiki]]. Multiblocks is the feature that makes it possible for administrators to impose different types of blocks on the same user at the same time. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|help page]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121] * Later this week, the [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] listing of almost all special pages will be updated with a new design. This page has been [[phab:T219543|redesigned]] to improve the user experience in a few ways, including: The ability to search for names and aliases of the special pages, sorting, more visible marking of restricted special pages, and a more mobile-friendly look. The new version can be [https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages previewed] at Beta Cluster now, and feedback shared in the task. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219543] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is being enabled on more wikis. For a detailed list of when the extension will be enabled on your wiki, please read the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|deployment timeline]]. * [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] will be deployed on May 27 on five Wiktionaries: [[wikt:ha:|Hausa]], [[wikt:ig:|Igbo]], [[wikt:bn:|Bengali]], [[wikt:ml:|Malayalam]], and [[wikt:dv:|Dhivehi/Maldivian]]. This is the second batch of deployment planned for the project. After deployment, the projects will be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them in their pages. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, such as adding up two numbers, converting miles into metres, calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. Wikifunctions will allow users to do that through a simple call of [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|a stable and global function]], rather than via a local template. * Later this week, the Wikimedia Foundation will publish a hub for [[diffblog:2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/|experiments]]. This is to showcase and get user feedback on product experiments. The experiments help the Wikimedia movement [[diffblog:2023/07/13/exploring-paths-for-the-future-of-free-knowledge-new-wikipedia-chatgpt-plugin-leveraging-rich-media-social-apps-and-other-experiments/|understand new users]], how they interact with the internet and how it could affect the Wikimedia movement. Some examples are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Generated Video|generated video]], the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Roblox game|Wikipedia Roblox speedrun game]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Discord bot|the Discord bot]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a bug with creating an account using the API, which has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390751] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Gadgets and user scripts that interact with [[{{#special:Block}}]] may need to be updated to work with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|manage blocks interface]]. Please review the [[mw:Help:Manage blocks/Developers|developer guide]] for more information. If you need help or are unable to adapt your script to the new interface, please let the team know on the [[mw:Help talk:Manage blocks/Developers|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121] * The <code dir=ltr>mw.title</code> object allows you to get information about a specific wiki page in the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Lua|Lua]] programming language. Starting this week, a new property will be added to the object, named <code dir=ltr>isDisambiguationPage</code>. This property allows you to check if a page is a disambiguation page, without the need to write a custom function. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T71441] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] User script developers can use a [[toolforge:gitlab-content|new reverse proxy tool]] to load javascript and css from [[gitlab:|gitlab.wikimedia.org]] with <code dir=ltr>mw.loader.load</code>. The tool's author hopes this will enable collaborative development workflows for user scripts including linting, unit tests, code generation, and code review on <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">gitlab.wikimedia.org</bdi> without a separate copy-and-paste step to publish scripts to a Wikimedia wiki for integration and acceptance testing. See [[wikitech:Tool:Gitlab-content|Tool:Gitlab-content on Wikitech]] for more information. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The 12th edition of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Workshop 2025|Wiki Workshop 2025]], a forum that brings together researchers that explore all aspects of Wikimedia projects, will be held virtually on 21-22 May. Researchers can [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/wikiworkshop2025/ register now]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W21"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:09, 20 maj 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28724712 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * A community-wide discussion about a very delicate issue for the development of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]] is now open on Meta: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. The discussion is open until June 12 at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]], and every opinion is welcomed. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation. '''Updates for editors''' * Since last week, on all wikis except [[phab:T388604|the largest 20]], people using the mobile visual editor will have [[phab:T385851|additional tools in the menu bar]], accessed using the new <code>+</code> toolbar button. To start, the new menu will include options to add: citations, hieroglyphs, and code blocks. Deployment to the remaining wikis is [[phab:T388605|scheduled]] to happen in June. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##ifexist|#ifexist]]</code> parser function will no longer register a link to its target page. This will improve the usefulness of [[{{#special:WantedPages}}]], which will eventually only list pages that are the target of an actual red link. This change will happen gradually as the source pages are updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14019] * This week, the Moderator Tools team will launch [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], starting at Indonesian Wikipedia. This new filter highlights edits that are likely to be reverted. The goal is to help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic edits. Other wikis will benefit from this filter in the future. * Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. Readers of Catalan, Hebrew, and Italian Wikipedias and some sister projects will receive the change between May 21 and mid-June. Readers of other wikis will receive the change later. The goal is to encourage users to read the wikis more. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]]. * Some users of the Wikipedia Android app can use a new feature for readers, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|WikiGames]], a daily trivia game based on real historical events. The release has started as an A/B test, available to 50% of users in the following languages: English, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Turkish. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Newsletter|Newsletter extension]] that is available on MediaWiki.org allows the creation of [[mw:Special:Newsletters|various newsletters]] for global users. The extension can now publish new issues as section links on an existing page, instead of requiring a new page for each issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393844] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The previously deprecated <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Ipblocks table|ipblocks]]</code> views in [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] will be removed in the beginning of June. Users are encouraged to query the new <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block table|block]]</code> and <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block target table|block_target]]</code> views instead. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects|Wikidata and Sister Projects]] is a multi-day online event that will focus on how Wikidata is integrated to Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia projects. The event runs from May 29 – June 1. You can [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects#Sessions|read the Program schedule]] and [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1291|register]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W22"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:01, 26 maj 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28788673 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-23</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Editors can use this new extension to create interactive data visualizations like bar, line, area, and pie charts. Charts are designed to replace many of the uses of the legacy [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]]. '''Updates for editors''' * It is now easier to configure automatic citations for your wiki within the visual editor's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]]. Administrators can now set a default template by using the <code dir=ltr>_default</code> key in the local <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json]]</bdi> page ([[mw:Special:Diff/6969653/7646386|example diff]]). Setting this default will also help to future-proof your existing configurations when [[phab:T347823|new item types]] are added in the future. You can still set templates for individual item types as they will be preferred to the default template. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384709] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting the week of June 2, bots logging in using <code dir=ltr>action=login</code> or <code dir=ltr>action=clientlogin</code> will fail more often. This is because of stronger protections against suspicious logins. Bots using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|bot passwords]] or using a loginless authentication method such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|OAuth]] are not affected. If your bot is not using one of those, you should update it; using <code dir=ltr>action=login</code> without a bot password was deprecated [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/3EEMN7VQX5G7WMQI5K2GP5JC2336DPTD/|in 2016]]. For most bots, this only requires changing what password the bot uses. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395205] * From this week, Wikimedia wikis will allow ES2017 features in JavaScript code for official code, gadgets, and user scripts. The most visible feature of ES2017 is <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>async</code>/<code>await</code></bdi> syntax, allowing for easier-to-read code. Until this week, the platform only allowed up to ES2016, and a few months before that, up to ES2015. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381537] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * Scholarship applications to participate in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025|GLAM Wiki Conference 2025]] are now open. The conference will take place from 30 October to 1 November, in Lisbon, Portugal. GLAM contributors who lack the means to support their participation can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025/Scholarships|apply here]]. Scholarship applications close on June 7th. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W23"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:51, 3 juni 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28819186 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-24</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product team]] is finalizing work needed to roll out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] on large Wikipedias later this month. The team has worked with stewards and other users with extended rights to predict and address many use cases that may arise on larger wikis, so that community members can continue to effectively moderate and patrol temporary accounts. This will be the second of three phases of deployment – the last one will take place in September at the earliest. For more information about the recent developments on the project, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|see this update]]. If you have any comments or questions, write on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|talk page]], and [[m:Event:CEE Catch up Nr. 10 (June 2025)|join a CEE Catch Up]] this Tuesday. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist expiry|watchlist expiry]] feature allows editors to watch pages for a limited period of time. After that period, the page is automatically removed from your watchlist. Starting this week, you can set a preference for the default period of time to watch pages. The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-watchlist-pageswatchlist|preferences]] also allow you to set different default watch periods for editing existing pages, pages you create, and when using rollback. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265716] [[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages will change at almost all Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|some]] have already received this design change, [[phab:T379264|a few]] will get these changes later). You can read details about the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392121] * Users with specific extended rights (including administrators, bureaucrats, checkusers, oversighters, and stewards) can now have IP addresses of all temporary accounts [[phab:T358853|revealed automatically]] during time-limited periods where they need to combat high-speed account-hopping vandalism. This feature was requested by stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386492] * This week, the Moderator Tools and Machine Learning teams will continue the rollout of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], releasing it to several more Wikipedias. This filter utilizes the Revert Risk model, which was created by the Research team, to highlight edits that are likely to be reverted and help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic contributions. The feature will be rolled out to the following Wikipedias: {{int:project-localized-name-afwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-simplewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}. The rollout will continue in the coming weeks to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|the rest of the Wikipedias in this project]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * AbuseFilter editors active on Meta-Wiki and large Wikipedias are kindly asked to update AbuseFilter to make it compatible with temporary accounts. A link to the instructions and the private lists of filters needing verification are [[phab:T369611|available on Phabricator]]. * Lua modules now have access to the name of a page's associated thumbnail image, and on [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/g/operations/mediawiki-config/+/2e4ab14aa15bb95568f9c07dd777065901eb2126/wmf-config/InitialiseSettings.php#10849 some wikis] to the WikiProject assessment information. This is possible using two new properties on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#added-by-extensions|mw.title objects]], named <code dir=ltr>pageImage</code> and <code dir=ltr>pageAssessments</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T131911][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380122] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W24"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:13, 10 juni 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28846858 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/25|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * You can [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/359761?lang=en nominate your favorite tools] for the sixth edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Coolest Tool Award]]. Nominations are anonymous and will be open until June 25. You can re-use the survey to nominate multiple tools. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.6|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Foundation staff and technical volunteers use Wikimedia APIs to build the tools, applications, features, and integrations that enhance user experiences. Over the coming years, the MediaWiki Interfaces team will be investing in Wikimedia web (HTTP) APIs to better serve technical volunteer needs and protect Wikimedia infrastructure from potential abuse. You can [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/06/12/apis-as-a-product-investing-in-the-current-and-next-generation-of-technical-contributors/ read more about their plans to evolve the APIs in this Techblog post]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W25"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:35, 17 juni 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28870688 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-26</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/26|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * This week, the Moderator Tools and Machine Learning teams will continue the rollout of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], releasing it to the third and last batch of Wikipedias. This filter utilizes the Revert Risk model, which was created by the Research team, to highlight edits that are likely to be reverted and help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic contributions. The feature will be rolled out to the following Wikipedias: {{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-swwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tlwiki/en}}. The rollout will continue in the coming weeks to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|the rest of the Wikipedias in this project]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964] '''Updates for editors''' * Last week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] were rolled out on Czech, Korean, and Turkish Wikipedias. This and next week, deployments on larger Wikipedias will follow. [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Share your thoughts]] about the project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340001] * Later this week, the Editing team will release [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Multi check|Multi Check]] to all Wikipedias (except English Wikipedia). This feature shows multiple [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|Reference checks]] within the editing experience. This encourages users to add citations when they add multiple new paragraphs to a Wikipedia article. This feature was previously available as an A/B test. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/multi_check_ab_test_report_final.html#summary-of-results The test shows] that users who are shown multiple checks are 1.3 times more likely to add a reference to their edit, and their edit is less likely to be reverted (-34.7%). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395519] * A few pages need to be renamed due to software updates and to match more recent Unicode standards. All of these changes are related to title-casing changes. Approximately 71 pages and 3 files will be renamed, across 15 wikis; the complete list is in [[phab:T396903|the task]]. The developers will rename these pages next week, and they will fix redirects and embedded file links a few minutes later via a system settings update. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that had caused pages to scroll upwards when text near the top was selected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364023] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Editors can now use Lua modules to filter and transform tabular data for use with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Extension:Chart]]. This can be used for things like selecting a subset of rows or columns from the source data, converting between units, statistical processing, and many other useful transformations. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Transforms|Information on how to use transforms is available]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates] * The <code dir=ltr>all_links</code> variable in [[Special:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] is now renamed to <code dir=ltr>new_links</code> for consistency with other variables. Old usages will still continue to work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391811] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/34|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: the recent updates for the "Add a Link" Task, two new Newcomer Engagement Features, and updates to Community Configuration. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W26"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:17, 24 juni 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28870688 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-27</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/27|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled on all Wikipedias. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|Deployment information page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * AbuseFilter maintainers can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:IPReputation/AbuseFilter variables|match against IP reputation data]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilters]]. IP reputation data is information about the proxies and VPNs associated with the user's IP address. This data is not shown publicly and is not generated for actions performed by registered accounts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354599] * Hidden content that is within [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Collapsible elements|collapsible parts of wikipages]] will now be revealed when someone searches the page using the web browser's "Find in page" function (Ctrl+F or ⌘F) in supporting browsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327893][https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Reference/Global_attributes/hidden#browser_compatibility] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new feature, called [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery|Favourite Templates]], will be deployed later this week on all projects (except English Wikipedia, which will receive the feature next week), following a piloting phase on Polish and Arabic Wikipedia, and Italian and English Wikisource. The feature will provide a better way for new and experienced contributors to recall and discover templates via the template dialog, by allowing users to put templates on a special "favourite list". The feature works with both the visual editor and the wikitext editor. The feature is a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|community wishlist focus area]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that had caused some Notifications to be sent multiple times. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T397103] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.8|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W27"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:37, 1 juli 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28917415 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-28</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/28|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Temporary accounts|Temporary accounts]] have been rolled out on 18 large and medium-sized Wikipedias, including German, Japanese, French, and Chinese. Now, about 1/3 of all logged-out activity across wikis is coming from temporary accounts. Users involved in patrolling may be interested in two new documentation pages: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Access to IP|Access to IP]], explaining everything related to access to temporary account IP addresses, and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Repository|Repository]] with a list of new gadgets and user scripts. '''Updates for editors''' * Anyone can play an experimental new game, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/New Engagement Experiments/WikiRun|WikiRun]], that lets you race through Wikipedia by clicking from one article to another, aiming to reach a target page in as few steps and in as little time as possible. The project's goal is to explore new ways of engaging readers. [https://wikirun-game.toolforge.org/ Try playing the game] and let the team know what you think [[mw:Talk:New Engagement Experiments/WikiRun|on the talk page]]. * Users of the Wikipedia Android app in some languages can now play the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|trivia game]]. ''Which came first?'' is a simple history game where you guess which of two events happened earlier on today's date. It was previously available as an A/B test. It is now available to all users in English, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Arabic, Turkish, and Chinese. The goal of the feature is to help engage with new generations of readers. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22] * Users of the iOS Wikipedia App in some languages may see a new tabbed browsing feature that enables you to open multiple tabs while reading. This feature makes it easier to explore related topics and switch between articles. The A/B test is currently running in Arabic, English, and Japanese in selected regions. More details are available on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)|Tabbed Browsing project page]]. * Bureaucrats on Wikimedia wikis can now use [[{{#special:VerifyOATHForUser}}]] to check if users have enabled [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265726] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new feature related to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template Recall and Discovery]] will be deployed later this week to all Wikimedia projects: a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Template categories|template category browser]] will be introduced to assist users in finding templates to put in their “favourite” list. The browser will allow users to browse a list of templates which have been organised into a given category tree. The feature has been requested by the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Select templates by categories|through the Community Wishlist]]. * It is now possible to access watchlist preferences from the watchlist page. Also the redundant button to edit the watchlist has been removed. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Moderator_Tools/Watchlist] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of [[mw:MediaWiki_1.44|MediaWiki 1.44]] there is now a unified built-in Notifications system that makes it easier for developers to send, manage, and customize notifications. Check out the updated documentation at [[mw:Manual:Notifications|Manual:Notifications]], information about migration in [[phab:T388663|T388663]] and details on deprecated hooks in [[phab:T389624|T389624]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.9|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WikidataCon 2025|WikidataCon 2025]], the conference dedicated to Wikidata is now open for [https://pretalx.com/wikidatacon-2025/cfp session proposals] and for [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1340|registration]]. This year's event will be held online from October 31 – November 02 and will explore on the theme of "Connecting People through Linked Open Data". '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W28"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:01, 8 juli 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28930584 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-29</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Featured templates|Featured templates]], a new feature related to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template Recall and Discovery]] will be deployed this week to all Wikimedia projects: With this feature, editors will be able to quickly access a list of templates that are likely to be useful. These templates will be displayed in a list, under the "featured" tab of the template discovery interface. Administrators can define the list via the Community Configuration interface. The feature fulfills a request by the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Easy access Templates|through the Community Wishlist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367428][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392896] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the request to add Malayalam fonts in the [[oldWikisource:Special:MyLanguage/Wikisource:WS Export|Wikisource Book Export Tool]] was resolved and now, the rendering of Malayalam letters in exported Wikisource books are accurate. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374457] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.10|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Developers, designers, and all Wikimedians are invited to [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/7953/ submit a project idea] for the Wikimania Hackathon 2025. Read [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/06/30/call-for-projects-wikimania-hackathon-2025-is-coming-to-nairobi/ this Diff blog post] for more details. '''Meetings and events''' * [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2025|WikiIndaba 2025]] scholarship application and program submission is open until 23:59 GMT on July 20. WikiIndaba is a regional conference for African Wikimedians both on the continent and in the diaspora to unite and grow together. Submit [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdJTv68R1OPASXXDfpIl8EWiMLTM-TDwh6_5gNVvFuWccFZ2Q/viewform your scholarship application] and [https://ee.kobotoolbox.org/x/BI3omIfH program proposal] now! * [https://br.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiCon_Brasil_2025 WikiCon Brasil 2025] will take place on July 19-20 in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The Brazilian community members are encouraged to register and attend! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W29"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:05, 14 juli 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28980963 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-30</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/30|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Translation Suggestions feature in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content Translation tool]] now has another level of article filters added to the "[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=fi#/ ... More]" category. Translators who use the Suggestions feature can now select and receive article suggestions that are customized to geographical locations of their interest using the new "{{int:Cx-sx-suggestions-filters-tab-regions}}" filter. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T113257] * Administrators can now limit "Add a Link" to newcomers. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|"Add a Link"]] Structured Task [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Constructive activation experimentation#Enwiki A/B test & "Add a Link" Improvements (Wiki Experiences 1.2.11 & 1.2.16)|helps new account holders start editing]], but some communities have requested the ability to restrict it to its intended audience: newcomers. Administrators can configure this setting within the [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/GrowthSuggestedEdits|Community Configuration]] feature. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * For AbuseFilter editors on [[phab:T392144|some wikis]], it is now possible to filter edits based on the RevertRisk score of the edit being attempted. It is only populated if the action being evaluated is an edit. For more information, please see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ORES/AbuseFilter variables#What variables are available for use|ORES/AbuseFilter variables]] documentation. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Cluster|Beta Cluster]] wikis have [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/YDABPV75LADRQCXMJAFWUP256N4EQ25B/|been moved]] from <code dir=ltr>beta.wmflabs.org</code> to <code dir=ltr>beta.wmcloud.org</code>. Users may need to update URLs in any tools, or in their password managers. Any related issues can be [[phab:T289318|reported in the task]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiCite 2025|WikiCite 2025]] will take place from 29–31 August, both online and in-person in Bern, Switzerland. The event's goals are to reconnect communities, institutions, and individuals working with open citations, bibliographic data, and the Wikidata/Wikibase ecosystem. Registration is open and the call for proposals will be announced soon. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/message/KQZUG3ETKLBWPBYSB2YAWZIRPWHS24TG/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W30"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:38, 22 juli 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29005283 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-31</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/31|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Community Tech team will be focusing on wishes related to Watchlists and Recent Changes pages, over the next few months. They are looking for feedback. Please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#July 24, 2025: Watchlists and Recent Changes pages|read the latest update]], and if you have ideas, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|submit a wish]] on the topic. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikimedia Commons community has decided to block [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Upload dialog|cross-wiki uploads]] to Wikimedia Commons, for all users without autoconfirmed rights on that wiki, starting on August 16. This is because of [[:c:Commons:Cross-wiki media upload tool/History|widespread problems]] related to files that are uploaded by newcomers. Users who are affected by this will get an error message with a link to the less restrictive UploadWizard on Commons. Please help translating the [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki:Abusefilter-disallowed-cross-wiki-upload|message]] or give feedback on the message text. Please also update your local help pages to explain this restriction. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370598] * On wikis with temporary accounts enabled and Meta-Wiki, administrators may now set up a footer for the Special:Contributions pages of temporary accounts, similar to those which can be shown on IP and user-account pages. They may do it by creating the page named <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Sp-contributions-footer-temp</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398347] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Wikimania|Wikimania 2025]] will run from August 6–9. The [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule/ program is available] for you to plan which sessions you want to attend. Most sessions will be live-streamed, with exceptions for those that show the "no camera" icon. If you are joining online to watch live-streams and use the interactive features, please [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Registration|register]] for a free virtual ticket. For example, you may be interested in technical sessions such as: ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/KFEFVG/ Temporary Accounts: Enhancing privacy for our unregistered editors] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TVCVAB/ Building a Sustainable Future for Wikimedia Contributors] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/WTRQCJ/ A dozen visions for wikitext!] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/8YKKP9/ Coordinate Across Stakeholders with the Product and Technology Advisory Council] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2025|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Fall 2025]] will be held 28–30 October 2025 in Hanover, Germany. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W31"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:22, 29 juli 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29051727 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-32</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/32|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors can now enable the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info card]]. This feature adds an icon next to usernames on history pages and similar user-contribution log pages. When you tap or click on the icon, it displays data related to that user account such as the number of edits, reverted edits, blocks, and more. It's part of a broader project to make it easier for moderators to evaluate account trustworthiness. The feature can be enabled in [[testwiki:Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|your global preferences]], and later this week it will be available in local preferences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386439] * Everybody is invited to share comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Collaborative Contributions]], a project recently launched by the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team|Connection team]]. The project aims to create a new way to display the impact of collaborative editing activities (such as edit-a-thons, backlog drives, and WikiProjects) on the wikis. Post your comments on the [[m:Talk:CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378035] * Administrators can now define the default block duration for temporary accounts. To do that, they need to create a page named <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Ipb-default-expiry-temporary-account</code> and use a value defined in <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Ipboptions</code>. This allows administrators to easily block temporary accounts for 90 days, which is functionally equivalent to an indefinite block. The advantage of this solution is that it does not clutter Special:BlockList. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block and unblock#Default block duration options|More documentation]] is available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398626] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Gadgets can now include <code dir=ltr>.vue</code> files. This makes it easier to develop modern user interfaces using [[mw:Vue.js|Vue.js]], in particular using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the official design system of Wikimedia. [[wmdoc:codex/latest/icons/overview.html|Codex icons]] can be loaded through the gadget definition. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Pages|The documentation]] has examples. For user scripts that use Vue.js, an [[mw:API:CodexIcons|API module]] now exists to load Codex icons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340460][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311099] * Module developers can now use a [[mw:Help:Extension:Translate/Message Bundles/Lua reference|Lua interface]] to simplify the preparation of Lua modules for translation on Meta-Wiki. This improvement makes it easier for translators to find and edit module strings without dealing with raw Lua code. It helps prevent mistakes that could break the module during translation. Module developers and translators are invited to [[commons:File:Translatable modules video demo July 2025.webm|watch the demo video]], read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translatable modules|translatable modules]] to understand how it works, refer to Meta-Wiki's [[m:Module:User Wikimedia project|Module:User Wikimedia project]] for example usage, and [[mw:Talk:Translatable modules|share their feedback]] on how well it addresses the challenges in their workflow. The interface still has some performance issues, so it should not be used in widely used modules yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359918] * Developers of external tools that connect to Wikimedia pages must set a user-agent that complies with [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|the user-agent policy]]. This policy will start to be more strongly enforced in August because of external crawlers that are [[diffblog:2025/04/01/how-crawlers-impact-the-operations-of-the-wikimedia-projects/|overusing]] Wikimedia's resources. Tools that are hosted on Wikimedia's Toolforge or Cloud VPS will not be affected by this for now, but should still set a user-agent. [[phab:T400119|More technical details are available]], and related questions are welcome in that task. * Parsoid Read Views is going to be rolling out to some smaller Wikipedias over the next few weeks, following the successful transition of Wikivoyages and Wiktionaries to Parsoid Read Views. For more information, see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]] project page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/profile/7694/] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.13|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Wikimania|Wikimania 2025]] will run from August 6–9. The [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule/ program is available] for you to plan which sessions you want to attend. Most sessions will be live-streamed, with exceptions for those that show the "no camera" icon. If you are joining online to watch live-streams and use the interactive features, please [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Registration|register]] for a free virtual ticket. For example, you may be interested in technical sessions such as: ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/GEH9DH/ Wikimedia’s knowledge infrastructure in a changing internet: Establishing sustainable pathways for content reuse] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/7ELN9Q/ Wikifunctions is coming soon to a wiki near you!] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/ZMGVJV/ Shaping the Future of Wikipedia’s Reader Experience] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/KCKTFZ/ Making Wikipedia More Readable: What Comes Next] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W32"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 05:36, 5 august 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29083927 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-33</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/33|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The WikiEditor toolbar now includes [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|its keyboard shortcuts]] in the tooltips for its buttons. This will help to improve the discoverability of this feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400583] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] published a set of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/August 2025 draft PTAC proposals for feedback|proposed experiments]] the Wikimedia Foundation can try to improve communication with community. Feedback on the proposals are welcomed until August 22 on [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/August 2025 draft PTAC proposals for feedback|this talk page]]. * The search bar on the Minerva skin (mobile) has been updated to use the same type-ahead search component that is used on the Vector 2022 skin. There are no changes in search functionality but there are minor visual changes. Specifically, the close-search button has been changed from an "X" to a back arrow. This helps to distinguish it from the other "X" button that is used to clear any text. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393944] * Editors on some wikis will see a new toggle for "Group results by page" on watchlist, related changes, and recent changes pages. This is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment|an A/B experiment]] that is planned to start on August 11, and will run for 3–6 weeks on the Bengali, Chinese, Czech, French, Greek, Portuguese, and Urdu Wikipedias. The experiment will examine how making this feature more discoverable might affect editors' ability to find the edits they are looking for. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The multiwiki datasets of [[:wikt:en:Module:Unicode data|Unicode data]] have been moved to [[c:Category:Unicode Module Datasets|Category:Unicode Module Datasets]] on Wikimedia Commons, to follow the idea of "One common data source, multiple local wikis". Most wikis have been updated to use the Commons version. You can ask questions at [[c:Category talk:Unicode Module Datasets|the talkpage]]. [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Module_talk:Unicode_data#Data_from_commons] * Lua code can add warnings when something is wrong, by using the <code dir=ltr>mw.addWarning()</code> function. It is now possible to add more than one warning, instead of new warnings replacing old ones. If you maintain a Lua module that used warnings, you should check it still works as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398390] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W33"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:25, 12 august 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29106516 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-34</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/34|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Later this week, people who are logged-in and have the "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|Discussion tools]]" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] enabled will gain the ability to "Thank" individual comments directly from talk pages, rather than needing to navigate to page history. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Comment actions|Learn more about this feature]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400849] * An A/B test comparing two versions of the desktop donate link launched on testwiki on 12 August and on English Wikipedia 14 August for 0.1% of logged out users on the desktop site. The experiment will run for three weeks, ending on 12 September. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395716] * An A/A test to measure the baseline for reader retention was launched 12 August using [[wikitech:Experimentation Lab|Experimentation Lab]]. This measures the percentage of users who revisit a wiki after their initial visit over a 14-day period. No visual changes are expected. The experiment will run through 31 August. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399227] * Five new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource/en}} in [[d:Q34057|Tagalog]] ([[s:tl:|<code>s:tl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T388639] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource/en}} in [[d:Q36213|Madurese]] ([[s:mad:|<code>s:mad:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391747] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q3450749|Rakhine]] ([[w:rki:|<code>w:rki:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392490] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikibooks/en}} in [[d:Q13324|Minangkabau]] ([[b:min:|<code>b:min:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395452] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q7598268|Standard Moroccan Amazigh]] ([[wikt:zgh:|<code>wikt:zgh:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399684] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:46}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:46|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W34"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:33, 19 august 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29127690 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-35</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/35|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Template authors can now use additional CSS properties, since the CSS sanitizer used by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] was updated. For example: <code>width: fit-content</code>; <code>ruby-align</code>; relative units such as <code>lh</code>; and custom strings in <code>list-style-type</code>. These improvements are a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Allow use of modern CSS in templates by updating the TemplateStyles CSS sanitizer|Community Wishlist wish]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277755][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293633][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295088][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326906][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340057][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360725][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371809][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375344][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T394619] * On large wikis, the default time period to display edits from, within the Special:RecentChanges page, has been changed from 7 days to 1 day. This is part of a performance improvement project. This should have no user-facing impact due to the quantity of edits on these wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399455] * Administrators can now access the [[{{#special:BlockedExternalDomains}}]] page from the [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration}}]] list page. This makes it easier to find. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393240] * Wikimedia Commons videos were not shown in the Videos tab in Google Search. The problem was investigated and reported to Google who have now fixed the issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396168][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Wishlist/Wishes/Do_something_about_Google_%26_DuckDuckGo_search_not_indexing_media_files_and_categories_on_Commons] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q33014|Betawi]] ([[wikt:bew:|<code>wikt:bew:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402130] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:39}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:39|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Two fields of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Recentchanges table|recentchanges database table]] are being removed. <code>rc_new</code> and <code>rc_type</code> are being removed in favor of <code>rc_source</code>. Queries to these older fields will start to fail starting this week and developers should use <code>rc_source</code> instead. These older fields were deprecated over 10 years ago and should not be in use. This is part of work to improve the performance and stability of queries to the recentchanges table. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400696] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/July|Language and Internationalization Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: support for new languages in MediaWiki and translatewiki; the start of the Language Onboarding and Development project to help support the growth of new and small wikis; updates on research projects; and more. '''Meetings and events''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#29 August 2025|Language Community Meeting]] is happening soon, August 29th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1756479600 15:00 UTC]. This week's meeting will cover: the Avro keyboard developers from Wikimedia Bangladesh, who were recently awarded a national award for their contributions to this keyboard; and other topics. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W35"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:07, 26 august 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29175124 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-36</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing team wants to compile a list of templates, jargon terms, and policies used in edit summaries when a copyright violation is removed. This will help them identify the number of edits reverted due to copyright issues. We invite community members from the following Wikis to list these terms in [[Phab:T402601|T402601]], or to share their list with [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]]: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-plwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}. This project is open until September 9th 2025. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled for all Wikisources. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the Deployment information page. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#How_to_Request_the_CampaignEvents_Extension_for_your_wiki] * The lists in the footer of the editing interface, such as "Templates used on this page," will now be organized into columns when there is enough space. This enhancement minimizes scrolling when editing lengthy articles on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401066] * On September 3rd, 2025 we will increase the sampling percentages of our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment#Scope of the experiment|group by toggle experiment]] of the <code>Special:RecentChanges</code>, <code>Special:Watchlist</code>, and <code>Special:RelatedChanges</code> pages on the Chinese, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias to 100 percent, allowing more editors to be part of this experiment. This adjustment is intended to ensure we have sufficient data to make informed decisions when evaluating the experiment results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789] * Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading on English Wikipedia beginning the week of September 22. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. All non-English wikis received this change in June and July. The goal is to make it easier for users to find articles. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Wikifunctions now has a new capability called "lightweight enumeration types", an enumeration type is simply a fixed set of values that's in the type's definition. This capability makes it quick and easy to define such a type, and allows for the reuse of values that are already present in Wikidata. Here is [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-19|a newsletter]] to learn more. * The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Newsletter updates#August 2025: Newsletter #1|Readers Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: the formation of two new teams — Reader Growth and Reader Experience; insights into declining pageviews and account creations; highlights from the Wikimania Nairobi panel on improving the reading experience; upcoming experiments to engage new and existing readers; and more. '''Meetings and events''' * Spotlight on some Wikimania 2025 Sessions: ** Identifying AI-generated text by searching for ISBNs whose checksums fail: Mathias Schindler of WMDE [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dw9o8Lsl974&t=15910s shared tools to help communities search for these]. ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TCHZKH/ La durabilité du mouvement Wikimedia face aux défis actuels et futurs]: This session explored how Wikimedia can stay a trusted source of knowledge in the age of generative AI, information overload, and disinformation. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W36"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:45, 1 septembar 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29196010 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-37</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/37|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing team is working on a new check: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Paste check|Paste check]]. This check informs newcomers who paste text into Wikipedia that the content might not be accepted. This check is an effort to increase the likelihood that the new content people are adding to Wikipedia is aligned with the Movement's commitment to offering information under a free content license. This check will soon be tested at a few wikis. If your community is interested in this test, please [[phab:T403680|tell us in this task]], or [[mw:Talk:Edit check|contact the team]]. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Later this week, users of the "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will be able to use a [[w:en:Lint (software)|linting tool]] to see errors or other potential problems in wikitext in real time. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|help page for more information]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381577] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] When browsing a wiki (like <code dir=ltr>en.wikipedia.org</code>), the software responds in one of two ways: a desktop page, or a redirect to a mobile version on an "m" domain (like <code dir=ltr>en.m.wikipedia.org</code>). Over the next three weeks, MediaWiki will start displaying the mobile version to mobile devices directly on the standard domain, without this redirect. This change does not affect existing m-dot URLs, or the "Desktop view" opt-out. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998] * When an edit changes the categories of a page, the changes to the category membership counts are now happening asynchronously. This improves the speed of saving edits, especially when moving many pages to or from the same category, and reduces the risk of site outages, but it means that the counts can show outdated information for a few minutes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365303] * Edits on Wikidata to qualifiers (properties and values) and references (properties and values) in a Wikidata item statement will now not add entries to the RecentChanges or Watchlist pages on all other Wikis. This is a temporary change to improve performance while other solutions are created. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Reduce change propagation noise#Phase 1: Turn off (temporarily) Qualifiers and References Wikidata edits to the Recent Changes tables|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401286][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400698] * Japanese-language wikis have had a major upgrade to the way that search works. The new search should generally give more accurate and more relevant search results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318269] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W37"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:10, 9 septembar 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29238161 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-38</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/38|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * References lists that are made using the <code dir=ltr><nowiki><references/></nowiki></code> [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite#references-tag|tag]] will now automatically display with columns in Vector 2022 when readers are using its 'standard' settings for text-size and page-width. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334941] * Starting in the week of October 6, on [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|small wikis]] and [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|medium wikis]] that have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] enabled, all autoconfirmed users will be able to use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] as an organizer. No changes will be made for [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/large.dblist|large wikis]] unless requested in Phabricator. This change is being made to make it easier for more people to use Event Registration, especially on wikis that are less likely to have policies related to the Event Organizer right. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Proposal to grant autoconfirmed users on small and medium wikis the organizer access to the event registration tool|Learn more]]. * Users that search using regular expressions (regex) can now use additional features including: ** for the <code dir=ltr>intitle:</code> keyword: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Metacharacters|metacharacters]] for start-of-line (<code dir=ltr>^</code>) and end-of-line (<code dir=ltr>$</code>) anchors [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T317599] ** for both <code dir=ltr>intitle:</code> and <code dir=ltr>insource:</code> keywords: shorthand [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Character_Classes|character classes]] for digits (<code dir=ltr>\d</code>), whitespace (<code dir=ltr>\s</code>), and word characters (<code dir=ltr>\w</code>); and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Escape codes|escape codes]] for line feed (<code dir=ltr>\r</code>), newline (<code dir=ltr>\n</code>), tab (<code dir=ltr>\t</code>), and unicode (e.g. <code dir=ltr>\uHHHH</code>). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403212] * When you search for text that looks like an IP, the system will now show search results. It used to take you to the contributions for that IP instead of showing search results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306325] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on September 24. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests which happen twice a year. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the background and details of this process on the Diff blog]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that affected users who used the page-tabs to switch from wikitext editing of a section into the visualeditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401043] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is redesigning the Wikimedia REST API Sandbox with Codex. If you have feedback on improvements for the API documentation or what makes developer experiences smooth (or frustrating), you’re invited to [https://calendar.google.com/calendar/u/0/appointments/schedules/AcZssZ2aZzbXeQvjOF7gB1fJXiwAYemQjKf4sXNaRODPA7_obFyNBwkzNkoVCoTF-aeov89kIjXHbCQm join an upcoming discovery interview], or [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Developer Feedback/Wikimedia Web APIs|leave feedback onwiki]]. [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/C4FBAOA57PH6G5ORVMAUF5TGYBLZDU5Q/|Learn more]]. * Edits to Wikidata aliases (an alternative name for an item or a property) will now be shown in RecentChanges and Watchlist entries on other wikis less often, reducing unnecessary notifications. This will reduce the overall quantity of 'noisy' entries. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Reduce change propagation noise#Phase 1: More granular Alias tracking|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401288] * The new [https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode17.0.0/ Unicode 17.0] version has been released. The [[:c:Category:Unicode Module Datasets|datasets on Commons]] for the [[:d:Q39301585|Module:Unicode data]] have been updated. Wikipedias that do not use the Commons datasets should either update their own data or switch to the Commons datasets. * Users of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] Structured Contents endpoints can now access [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/parsed-wikipedia-tables/ Parsed Tables]. The new Parsed Tables feature extracts and represents Wikipedia tables in structured JSON. This improves machine accessibility as part of the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/api/structured-contents/ Structured Contents initiative]. Structured Contents output is freely available through the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/on-demand/#article-structured-contents-beta On-demand API], or through Wikimedia Cloud Services. * A [https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/wikimedia-foundation/english-wikipedia-people-dataset dataset of English Wikipedia biographical information] from [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] has been published on Kaggle, for evaluation and research. This provides structured data from more than 1.5 million biographies, including birth and death dates, education, affiliations, careers, awards, and more (from a June 2024 snapshot). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Scholarships|Scholarship applications]] for Wikimania 2026 in Paris, France, are open until October 31. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W38"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:02, 15 septembar 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29263921 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-39</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 On September 24th at 15:00 UTC], all Wikimedia sites users will experience a brief read-only period due to a scheduled [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter server switchover]]. The Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team will redirect all traffic from one primary server to its backup. You can listen to the switchover using the [http://listen.hatnote.com/ "Listen to Wikipedia"] tool, where you will hear edits stop for a few minutes during the read-only phase, then resume. This twice-yearly datacenter server switchover ensures reliability by testing the backup datacenter, so that our sites can stay online even if the primary datacenter fails. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the process on the Diff blog]]. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors of [[f:Special:Mylanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-12#Next round of Wiktionaries to receive embedded Wikifunctions calls|60 more Wiktionaries]] will soon be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them into their pages. A function takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, like adding numbers, converting miles to meters, calculating elapsed time, or declining a word into a case. They will join the other [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-29#Wikifunctions available on 65 Wiktionaries|65 Wiktionary language editions]], which already have access to embedded Wikifunctions calls. Later this year, plans are in place to expand to more Wiktionaries and the Incubator. * A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Technical metadata of another page|parser function]] has been added: <code><nowiki>{{#contentmodel}}</nowiki></code>. Template editors and admins can use it to get the localized or canonical name of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|content model]] of a specific page. The function makes it easier to create and edit system messages, such as ''MediaWiki:editinginterface'', even when you switch types of pages, like wiki, JavaScript, CSS or JSON page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328254] * Adding or editing a <code>DISPLAYTITLE</code> for an article using VisualEditor will no longer be broken. Editors who use VisualEditor mode to modify the <code><nowiki>{{DISPLAYTITLE}}</nowiki></code> would no longer have the literal text "DISPLAYTITLE" or its localized variant added to their articles. A list of pages that may have been affected and might need cleanup is documented in [[phab:P83438|this ticket]]. * Beta users of the Wikipedia Android app can now try the redesigned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Activity Tab Experiment|Activity tab]], which replaces the Edits tab. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Wikifunctions users can now import many essential facts involving [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6011|geo-coordinates]], [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6010|quantities]] and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6064|time]] values from Wikidata. This is made possible by the creation of Wikifunctions types for these values, which makes them available for use by functions in Wikifunctions. Learn more about how this works in [[c:File:ImportingWikidataDatatypesIntoWikifunctions.webm|this video]] and Wikifunctions' [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-01#News in Types I: Wikidata quantity|August 1 newsletter]] (for quantities) and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-22#News in Types: Wikidata geo-coordinate|August 22 newsletter]] (for geo-coordinates). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:51, 23 septembar 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29305556 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-40</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * A major software upgrade has been made to [[phab:|Phabricator]]. The update introduces performance improvements, a refreshed search interface, enhancements to Maniphest task search, updates to user profile pages and project workboards, new Herald automation features, as well as general text input, mobile experience improvements and more. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/phame/post/view/321/iterative_improvements_september_2025/] '''Updates for editors''' * The Community Tech team will release the new Community Wishlist extension on October 1, that will improve the way wishes will be submitted. The new extension will allow users to add tags to their wishes to better categorise them, and (in a future iteration) to filter them by status, tags and focus areas. It will also be possible to support individual wishes again, as requested by the community in many instances. The old system will be retired. There will be a brief period of downtime while the extension is deployed and wishes are migrated to the new system. You can read more about this [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|in the latest update]] or you can consult the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CommunityRequests|current documentation on MediaWiki]]. * As announced [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|on Diff blog]], the production trial of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|hCaptcha]] service for bot detection has begun. The trial is currently using hCaptcha to protect account creation on Chinese, Persian, Portuguese, Indonesian, Japanese, and Turkish Wikipedias, where it will replace our existing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ConfirmEdit#FancyCaptcha|CAPTCHA]] (FancyCaptcha). The goal with the trial is to better block bots while also improving usability and accessibility for users who encounter CAPTCHA challenges. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|deployed]] to Wikimedia Commons. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. On Commons, anyone who is a registered user can use it as an event participant. To use it as an organizer, someone needs to have the [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Event organizers|event organizer right]]. * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to German Wikipedia. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|test the feature]] on testwiki or [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on betawiki] as well. Please share your thoughts on [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Templates used in sub-references|using templates in sub-references]] or [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|volunteer to become a pilot wiki]]. * On wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|Mentorship]] system, communities can now opt experienced editors out of Mentorship through [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship}}]]. Within this setting, communities may define thresholds, based on edit count and account age, to decide when an editor is considered experienced enough to no longer receive Mentorship. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403563] * The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tone Check|Tone check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Tone language model for the following languages: Arabic, Czech, German, Hebrew, Indonesian, Dutch, Polish, Russian, Turkish, Chinese, Farsi, Italian, Norwegian, Romanian and Latvian. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/Tone_Check/Model_evaluation|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on October 3, which will be the start date of the test. * The rollout of [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|multiblocks]] had the side effect that non-active block logs may have been shown on {{#special:Contributions}} and on blocked users' user and user_talk pages. This issue will be fully resolved in a few days. As part of the fix, [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=sp-contributions-blocked-notice}} messages prefixed with <code>sp-contributions-blocked-notice</code>] will be removed and replaced with [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=blocked-notice-logextract}} those prefixed with <code>blocked-notice-logextract</code>] in a few weeks. Please help translate the new messages and update any local overrides if needed. * There was a bug with links added using visual editor if they included characters such as <code dir=ltr><nowiki>[ ] |</nowiki></code> after the fragment identifier (<code><nowiki>#</nowiki></code>). They were not encoded properly creating an incorrect link. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404823] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote/en}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[q:ms:|<code>q:ms:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404698] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info Card]] now displays currently active global lock/blocks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401128] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Later this week, editors using Lua modules will be able to use the <code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.title.newBatch|mw.title.newBatch]]</code> function to look up the existence of up to 25 pages at once, in a way that only increases the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parser functions#Expensive parser functions|expensive function]] count once. * A new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Unsupported Tools Working Group]] has been formed as part of ongoing efforts to collectively determine technical work priorities, similar to the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product & Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). The working group will help prioritize and review requests for support of unmaintained extensions, gadgets, bots, and tools. For the first cycle, the group will be prioritizing an unsupported Wikimedia Commons tool. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:47, 29 septembar 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29355230 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-41</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#paste|Paste Check]] is a new Edit Check feature to help avoid and fight copyright violations. When editors paste text into an article, Paste Check prompts them to confirm the origin and licensing of the content. Starting Wednesday, 8 October, [[phab:T403680|22 wikis will test Paste Check]]. Paste Check will help new volunteers understand and follow the policies and guidelines necessary to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia projects. '''Updates for editors''' * Mobile devices will receive mobile articles directly on the standard domain (like <code>en.wikipedia.org</code>), instead of via a redirect to an "m" domain (like <code>en.m.wikipedia.org</code>). This change improves performance. This week it will be enabled on Wikipedias. The existing mobile URLs and the "Desktop view" opt-out remain available. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998] * New [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#creationdate and lasteditdate|date filters]], <code dir=ltr>creationdate:</code> and <code dir=ltr>lasteditdate:</code>, are now available in the wiki search engine. This allows users to filter search results by a page's first or last revision date. The filters support comparison operators (e.g. <code dir=ltr>>2024</code>) and relative dates (e.g. <code dir=ltr>today-1d</code>), making it easier to find recently updated content or pages within specific age ranges. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403593] * [[f:|Wikifunctions]] now supports rich text in embedded calls across the 150 wikis where it's enabled. To showcase this, the team created a [[f:Z26333|Latin declination table]] that Wiktionary editors can use to automatically generate noun forms, producing clear, formatted results — see an [[f:Wikifunctions:Embedded function calls/Wiktionary tables demonstration|example output]]. If you need any help or have any feedback, please [[f:Wikifunctions:Project chat|contact the Wikifunctions Team]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T397402] * An edit link will now appear inside the categories box on article pages for logged in users, which will directly launch the VisualEditor category dialog. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291691] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a problem downloading pdf files last week and that has been resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405957] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The field <code dir=ltr>rev_sha1</code> in the revision database table is being removed in favor of <code dir=ltr>content_sha1</code> in the content database table. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/2D2M3SP4WHR6BXXKTZ2PBLZQYR3EGQVR/ the announcement] for more information. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web|Reader Experience team]] will roll out [[w:en:Light-on-dark color scheme|Dark Mode]] user interface on all Wikimedia sites on October 29, 2025. All anonymous users of Wikimedia sites will have the option to activate a color scheme that features light-colored text on a dark background. This is designed to provide a more comfortable reading experience, especially in low-light situations. Template authors and technical contributors are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|learn how to make pages ready for Dark mode]] and address any compatibility issues found in templates in their wiki before the enablement. Please contact the Web team for questions or any support on [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading#|this talk page]] before the enablement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628] * Starting on Monday, October 6, API endpoints under the <code>rest.php</code> path will be rerouted through a new internal API Gateway. Individual wikis will be updated based on the standard release groups, with total traffic increased over time. This change is expected to be non-breaking and non-disruptive. If any issues are observed, please file a Phabricator ticket to the [[phab:tag/serviceops/|Service Ops team board]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400130] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W41"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:19, 6 oktobar 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29400897 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-42</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Last week, improvements to account security and two-factor authentication (2FA) features were enabled across all wikis. These changes include user interface improvements for [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity], the support of multiple 2FA methods via authenticator apps and portable security keys (previously users could only enable one method), and a new Recovery Codes module which facilitates fewer account lockouts due to lost two-factor apps and devices. As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project, work is continuing through the rest of 2025 on further user experience improvements, and support for passkeys as an alternate second factor. '''Updates for editors''' * Another part of the Account security project is making 2FA generally available to all users. Along with editors with advanced privileges, such as administrators and bureaucrats, 40% of editors now have access to 2FA. You can check if you have access at [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity]. Instructions for activation are on the linked page. The plan is to continue increasing availability if it is determined that the user support capabilities are able to support global usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400579] * This week, users at wikis where talk page [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|Usability Improvements]] are already available by default (everywhere ''except'' the 12 wikis listed in [[phab:T379264|T379264]]) will gain the ability to Thank a comment directly from the talk page it appears on. Before this change, Thanking could only be done by visiting the revision history of the talk page. You can [[diffblog:2025/10/13/revolutionizing-gratitude-a-new-era-of-thanking-comments/|learn more about this change]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366095] * Users who have not [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|verified their email address]] will soon be receiving monthly Notification reminders to do so. This is because users who have verified their email can more easily recover their account. These reminders will not be sent if the user is inactive or removes the unverified email from their account. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email_confirmation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T58074] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a fix was made for an occasional error with saving translated paragraphs in the Content Translation tool, and the related error messages are now easier to see. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376531] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The Unsupported Tools Working Group has chosen [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] as the first tool for its pilot cycle. The group will explore ways to improve and sustain the tool over the coming months. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Learn more on Meta]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W42"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:55, 13 oktobar 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29434481 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-43</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * To optimize how user data is stored in our databases, the saved preferences of users who haven't logged in for over five years and have fewer than 100 edits will be cleared. When those users return, default settings will apply. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406724] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a broken link from the GlobalContributions interface message to the XTools GlobalContributions page which has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406415] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The work to reroute all traffic to API endpoints under the <code dir=ltr><nowiki>rest.php</nowiki></code> route through a common API gateway is now complete. If any issues are observed, please file a phabricator ticket to the [[phab:tag/serviceops/|Service Ops team board]]. * Edits to Wikidata references or qualifiers will now be shown in RecentChanges and Watchlist entries on other wikis less often, reducing unnecessary notifications. This will reduce the overall quantity of 'noisy' entries. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401290] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W43"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:31, 20 oktobar 2025 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29478670 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-44</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikipedia iOS app has launched an A/B/C test of improvements made to the tabbed browsing feature for select regions and languages. The test, named “More dynamic tabs”, explores new tab experiences and includes “Did you know” and “Because you read” article recommendations. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)/New Tab Experience and Recommendations Experiment|read more on the project page]]. * Autoconfirmed users on [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|small]] and [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|medium wikis]] with the CampaignEvents extension can now use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] without the Event Organizer right. This feature lets organizers enable registration, manage participants, and lets users register with one click instead of signing event pages. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue of flashing colors when holding or pressing the arrow keys under the dark mode settings in Vector 2022 has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402285] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The CampaignEvents extension will be deployed to all remaining wikis during the week of 17 November 2025. The extension currently includes three features: Event Registration, Collaboration List, and Invitation List. For this rollout, Invitation List will not be enabled on Wikifunctions and MediaWiki unless requested by those communities. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|Visit the deployment page to learn more]]. * The SwaggerUI-based REST sandbox experience is now live on all wiki projects. The sandbox can be accessed through the [[{{#special:RestSandbox}}]] page. Please report any issues to the MediaWiki Interfaces team board, or join the discussion on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|project launch]] page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/6931/] * Transform endpoints with a trailing slash path in the MediaWiki REST API are now marked as deprecated. They will remain functional during this time, but removal is expected by the end of January 2026. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=mw-extra&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox]. See the [[mw:API/Deprecation|MediaWiki REST API Deprecation]] page for more detailed information about the API deprecation policies and procedures. * A dedicated [[mw:API:REST API/Changelog|changelog now exists for the MediaWiki REST API]]. The changelog provides an overview of these changes, making it easier for developers to keep track of improvements and iterations. Announcements will also continue to flow through the standard communication channels, including Tech News and email distribution lists, but can now be more easily referenced from a central location. If you have feedback about the style, structure, or content of this changelog, please [[mw:API talk:REST API/Changelog|join the discussion]]. * Administrators can delete the tracking category which was previously added by the JsonConfig extension, as it is no longer used. See the categories linked from [[d:Q130635582#sitelinks-wikipedia|Q130635582]]. It is OK if there are still pages listed in the category as that is just a caching issue, and they will be automatically cleared out the next time each page is edited. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378352] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.25|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W44"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:27, 27 oktobar 2025 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29513638 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-45</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Administrators will now find that [[{{#special:MergeHistory}}]] is now significantly more flexible about what it can merge. It can now merge sections taken from the middle of the history of the source (rather than only the start) and insert revisions anywhere in the history of the destination page (rather than only the start). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382958] * For users with "{{int:discussiontools-preference-autotopicsub}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|enabled in their preferences]], starting a new topic or adding a reply to an existing topic will now subscribe them to replies to that topic. Previously, this would only happen if the DiscussionTools "{{int:Skin-action-addsection}}" or "{{int:Discussiontools-replybutton}}" widgets were used. When DiscussionTools was originally launched existing accounts were not opted in to automatic topic subscriptions, so this change should primarily affect newer accounts and users who have deliberately changed their preferences since that time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290778] * Scribunto modules can now be used to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#SVG library|generate SVG images]]. This can be used to build charts, graphics and other visualizations dynamically through Lua, reducing the need to compose them externally and upload them as files. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405861] * Wikimedia sites now provide all anonymous users with the option to enable a dark mode color scheme, featuring light-colored text on a dark background. This enhancement aims to deliver a more enjoyable reading experience, especially in dimly lit environments. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628] * Users with large watchlists have long faced timeouts when editing [[Special:EditWatchlist|Special:EditWatchlist]]. The page now loads entries in smaller sections instead of all at once due to a paging update, allowing everyone to edit their watchlists smoothly. As part of the database update, sorting by expiry has been removed because it was over 100× slower than sorting by title. A [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Wishlist/W454 community wish] has been created to explore alternative ways to restore sort-by-expiry. If this feature is important to you, please support the wish! [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T41510] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the fixing of the persisting highlighting when using VisualEditor find and replace during a query. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407318] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Since 2019 the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]] at https://w.wiki is available for all Wikimedia wikis to create short links to articles, permalinks, diffs, etc. It is available in the sidebar as "Get shortened URL". There are 30 wikis that also install an older "ShortUrl" extension. The old extension will soon be removed. This means <code>/s/</code> URLs will not be advertised under article titles via HTML <code dir=ltr>class="title-shortlink"</code>. The <code>/s/</code> URLs will keep working. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107188] * On Thursday, October 30, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team|MediaWiki Interfaces]] and [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Service Operations]] teams began rerouting Action API traffic through a common API gateway. Individual wikis will be updated based on the standard release groups, with total traffic increased over time. This change is expected to be non-breaking and non-disruptive. If any issues are observed, please file a Phabricator ticket to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/tag/serviceops/ Service Ops team] board. * MediaWiki Train deployments will pause for the final two weeks of 2025: 22 December and 29 December. Backport windows will also pause between Monday, 22 December 2025 and Thursday, 2 January 2026. A backport window is a scheduled time to add things like bug fixes and configuration changes. There are seven deployment trains remaining for 2025. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/SMWTEAES4SDLDUSK4HMWNBSKNCXZAWYN/] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * In 2025, the Wikimedia Foundation reported that AI systems and search engines increasingly use Wikipedia content without driving users to the site, contributing to an 8% drop in human pageviews compared to 2024. After detecting bots disguised as humans, Wikimedia updated its traffic data to reflect this shift. Read more about current user trends on Wikipedia in [[diffblog:2025/10/17/new-user-trends-on-wikipedia/|a Diff blog post]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W45"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:30, 3 novembar 2025 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29552512 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-46</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * Starting November 12, users will see a change in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Usability improvements|appearance of talk pages]] on [[Phab:T379264|some Wikipedias]]. Almost [[phab:T392121|all wikis]] have received this design change; [[phab:T409297|English Wikipedia]] will get these changes later. You can read more [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. Users can opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in their user preferences]] in "{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379264] * MediaWiki can now display a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protection indicators|page indicator]] automatically while a page is protected. This feature is disabled by default. It can be enabled by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|community request]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12347] * Using the "{{int:showpreview}}" or "{{int:showdiff}}" buttons in the wikitext editor will now carry over certain URL parameters like '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#useskin|useskin]]', '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#uselang|uselang]]' and '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Section#Editing sections|section]]'. This update also fixes an issue where, if the browser crashed while previewing an edit to a single section, saving this edit could overwrite the entire page with just that section’s content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62744][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24029][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T155097] * Wikivoyage wikis can use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Markers and counters|colored map markers in the article text]]. The text of these markers will now be shown in contrasting black or white color, instead of always being white. Local workarounds for the problem can be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369454] * The Activity tab in the Wikipedia Android app is now available for all users. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/Activity_Tab_Experiment] * The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment called "Image browsing" to test how to make it easier for readers to browse and discover images on Wikipedia articles. This experiment, a mobile-only A/B test, will go live on English Wikipedia in the week of November 17 and will run for four weeks, affecting 0.05% of users on English wiki. The test launched on November 3 on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese wikis, affecting up to 10% of users on those wikis. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Reader_Growth/WE3.1.3_Image_Browsing] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example the inability to lock accounts on mobile sites has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T256185] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#November 2025 committee nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]] members. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open through 2025-11-28. * The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT issuer field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]] has been changed to <code><nowiki>https://meta.wikimedia.org</nowiki></code>. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199] * The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT subject field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] will soon change from <code><user id></code> to <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap">mw:<identity type>:<user id></code>, where <code><identity type></code> is typically <code dir=ltr>CentralAuth:</code><!-- not a typo --> (for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]]) or <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap">local:<wiki id></code> (for other wikis). This is to avoid conflicts between different user ID types, and to make OAuth 2 access tokens and the <code>sessionJwt</code> cookie more similar. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199] * MediaWiki's block messages ([[MediaWiki:Blockedtext|blockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-partial|blockedtext-partial]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext|autoblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Systemblockedtext|systemblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-tempuser|blockedtext-tempuser]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext-tempuser|autoblockedtext-tempuser]]) now support additional parameters indicating whether the user is blocked from editing their own user talk page <code><nowiki>$9</nowiki></code> or emailing other users <code><nowiki>$</nowiki><nowiki>10</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285612] * A <code>REL1_45</code> branch for MediaWiki core and each of the extensions and skins in Wikimedia git has been created. This is the first step in the release process for MediaWiki 1.45.0, scheduled for late November 2025. If you are working on a critical bug fix or working on a new feature, you may need to take note of this change. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/ZUY7TY3Z6XPZWZVAZV63OPO5OW52Q6GE/] * The process for generating CirrusSearch dumps has been updated due to slowing performance. If you encounter any issues migrating to the replacement dumps, please contact the Search Platform Team for support. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366248][https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/3KQPOR6ACVN6OVLMLZPIBXQSWQKW4E3K/] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:35, 10 novembar 2025 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29606150 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-47</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is experimenting with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4_Reading lists|reading lists on mobile web]], allowing logged-in readers with no edits to save private lists of articles for later. The experiment is running on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias since the week of 10 November, and will begin on English Wikipedia the week of 17 November. * Users who can’t receive their email verification code during login can now get help by submitting a form on a new special page. This update is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] initiative. If your account has an email address, please make sure you still have access to it. When logging in from a new device or location without 2FA, you may be asked to enter a 6-digit code sent by email to finish logging in. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Why are you requiring me to enter a code from my email to log in? Can I opt out of this?|Learn more]]. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q13324|Minangkabau]] ([[s:min:|<code>s:min:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408317] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, the Content Transform Team rolled out Parsoid as the default parser to many low-traffic Wikipedias and is preparing the next step to high traffic ones. This message is an invitation for you to opt-in to Parsoid, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation, and identify any issues you might encounter with your own workflow using bots, gadgets, or user scripts. Please, let us know through the ''"Report Visual Bug"'' link in the Tools sidebar or create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]]. * Unsupported Tools: Several issues with [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] have been fixed, including filename-related upload failures, black-video imports, and retry handling. AV1 support has also been added. Ongoing work focuses on backend stability, ffmpeg errors, subtitle imports, metadata handling, and playlist uploads. To track specific tasks, check the [[phab:tag/video2commons/|Phabricator board]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * Save the date for the next Wikimedia Hackathon happening in Milan, Italy from May 1–3, 2026. Registration will open in January 2026. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/Hackathon-2026/ Scholarship applications are currently open], and will close on November 28, 2025. If you have any questions, please email <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">hackathon@wikimedia.org</bdi>. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W47"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:23, 17 novembar 2025 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29627455 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-48</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Last week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Wikimedia Search Team]] recreated the "DWIM" (Do What I Mean) gadget functionality server-side, for Russian and Hebrew Wikipedias. This feature adds cross-keyboard suggestions to the standard search-box suggestions. For example, searching for ''<span lang="und" dir="ltr">cxfcnmt</span>'' on Russian Wikipedia will now add suggestions for ''<span lang="ru" dir="ltr">счастье</span>'' ("happiness") that the user probably intended. They plan to enable this feature for other Russian and Hebrew wikis this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408734] * Later this week, users of the "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will have syntax highlighting available in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]]. This requires that the "{{int:discussiontools-preference-sourcemodetoolbar}}" preference be set. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407918] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|Campaign events extension]] – the set of tools for coordinating events and other on-wiki collaborations has now been deployed to all Wikimedia wikis. A new feature known as [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Collaborative contribution]] to help organizers and participants see the impact of activities has also been added. Join the upcoming [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Connection learning session 3|learning session]] to see the new feature in action and share your feedback. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug which stopped CodeReviewBot from working, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410417] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Users of Wikimedia API can join a usability study to help validate the new design of Wikimedia REST API sandboxes. Interested participants should fill the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/487662 recruitment survey]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IREJRRWTZTGCYWQHDMSNJFTQAEPOOAE3/] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is deprecating XSLT stylesheets within the Action API. Support for <code dir=ltr>format=xml'''&xlst={stylesheet}'''</code> will be removed from Wikimedia projects by the end of November, 2025. In addition, it will soon be disabled by default in MediaWiki release versions: v1.43 (LTS), v1.44, and v1.45. Support for XSLT stylesheets will be fully removed from MediaWiki v1.46 (expected to release between April and May 2026). [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/5AX7UWAVVUNUSBOIRHMNOKWOZ5EZI3JX/] * The WDQS legacy endpoint ([https://query-legacy-full.wikidata.org/ query-legacy-full.wikidata.org]) will be decommissioned at the end of December 2025, and finally closed down on 7th January 2026. After this date, users should expect requests to query.wikidata.org that require the full graph to fail or return invalid results if they are not rewritten to use SPARQL federation. The team encourages users to ensure that tools and workflows use the supported WDQS endpoints (<span dir=ltr><nowiki>https://query.wikidata.org/</nowiki></span> - Main graph or <span dir=ltr><nowiki>https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/</nowiki></span> - Scholarly graph). For support with migrating use cases, please review the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Data_access|Data Access]] and [[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query|Request a Query]] pages for details and assistance on alternative access methods. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W48"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:54, 24 novembar 2025 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29702226 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-49</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikipedia Year in Review 2025 will be available on December 2 for users of iOS and Android Wikipedia apps, featuring new personalized insights, updated reading highlights, and refreshed designs. Learn more on the review's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/Updates|project page]]. * The Growth team is working on improving the text and presentation of the Verification Email sent to new users to make them more welcoming, useful and informative. Some new text have been drafted for A/B testing and you can help by translating them. See [[phab:T396155|Phabricator]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]] will now be deployed at Japanese, Urdu and Chinese Wikipedias on December 2. Add a link is based on a prediction model that suggests links to be added to articles. While this feature has already been available on most Wikipedias, the prediction model could not support certain languages. A new model has now been developed to handle these languages, and it will be gradually rolled out to other Wikipedias over time. If you would like to know more, please contact [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where search boxes on some Commons pages showed no results due to switch from SpecialSearch to MediaSearch, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399476] * Two new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q36846|Toki Pona]] ([[w:tok:|<code>w:tok:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404457] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} in [[d:Q33655|Nigerian Pidgin]] ([[q:pcm:|<code>q:pcm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408318] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Wikimedia Foundation is in the early stages of exploring approaches to '''Article guidance'''. The initiative aims to identify interventions that could help new editors easily understand and apply existing Wikipedia practices and policies when creating an article. The project is in the exploration and early experimental design phase. All community members are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|learn more]] about the project, and share their thoughts on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Article guidance|the talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W49"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:55, 1 decembar 2025 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29732328 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-50</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Anybody who wishes to secure their user account can now use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). This is available to all registered users of all Wikimedia projects. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] initiative. Later, 2FA will be required for all users who can take security- or privacy-sensitive actions. '''Updates for editors''' * Following last week's deployments, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]] feature, which allows editors to add suggested links during editing, will be available to an additional [[Phab:T410469|33 Wikipedias]] starting on 9 December. This expansion is possible thanks to the new prediction model that now supports all languages, including those that were previously not covered. While the feature has been available on most Wikipedias for some time, this rollout brings us closer to using the improved model everywhere. If you have any questions or would like more details please contact [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * Last week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Search Platform team]] added [[w:en:Transliteration|transliterated]] as-you-type search suggestions to Georgian wikis. If there are only a few regular search suggestions, then queries in Latin or Cyrillic script [[phab:T127003|are now rewritten into Georgian script]] to look for more matches. For example, searching for either <bdi lang="ka-Latn" dir="ltr">''bedniereba''</bdi> or <bdi lang="ka-Cyrl" dir="ltr">''бедниереба''</bdi> will now suggest the existing article about <bdi lang="ka" dir="ltr">ბედნიერება</bdi> ("happiness"). You can recommend other languages where transliterated suggestions would be useful [[phab:T375215|on Phabricator]] for future development. * Later this week, a controlled experiment will begin for editors on the 100 largest Wikipedias who are editing a section in the mobile web visual editor. 50% of these editors will notice a new "Edit full page" button that will enable them to expand their editing session to the whole page. This feature is intended to make it easier for people on mobile web to edit any article section, regardless of which section-edit icon they tapped to begin. The experiment will last ~4 weeks. You can find [[phab:T409112|more details]] about the project. * Later this week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Reader Growth team]] will launch a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.1.14 Expanded Mobile Sections|mobile web experiment]] to expand all article sections by default (currently they are collapsed by default) and pin the section header the user is currently reading to the top of the page. The experiment will affect 10% of users on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409485] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/2025 Year in Review|Wikipedia Year in Review 2025]], a feature in the Wikipedia mobile apps (iOS and Android) that provides users with a personalised summary of their engagement with Wikipedia over the year, is now available on the iOS and Android apps. This edition includes expanded personalised insights, improved reading highlights, new donor messaging, and updated designs. Open the app to view your Year in Review and explore your reading journey from 2025. * A recent software bug caused edits made with VisualEditor to make unintended changes to wikitext, including removing whitespace and replacing spaces with underscores in wikilinks inside citations. This was partially fixed last week, and further fixes are in progress. Editors who used VisualEditor between November 28 and December 2 should review their edits for unexpected modifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411238] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the incorrect handling of URLs copied from the address bar of Microsoft Edge users, has been resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341281] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting this week, users of the "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] as the editor for Lua, JavaScript, CSS, JSON and Vue content models, instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]]. With this, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linters]] will be upgraded. This is part of a larger effort to eventually replace CodeEditor and provide a consistent code editing experience. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373711] * Developers are encouraged to take the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/552643 2025 Developer Satisfaction Survey], which remains open until 5 January 2026. If you build software for the Wikimedia ecosystem and would like to share your experiences or feedback, your participation is greatly appreciated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/W4WBKO6Q55UWWCCSFWQATKEXBEHP3QNR/] * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W50"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:42, 8 decembar 2025 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29738112 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-51</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, one of the fixes addressed an issue for temporary accounts adding an external URL, which triggered an hCaptcha request in more cases than intended, and did not display the required popup on the first attempt to publish the edit. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411927] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * To improve database and site performance, external links to Wikimedia projects will no longer be stored in the database. This means they will not be searchable in [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]], will not be checked by the Spam Blacklist or AbuseFilter as new links, and will not be in the <code dir=ltr>externallinks</code> table on database replicas. In the future this may be extended to other highly-linked trusted websites on a per-wiki basis, such as Creative Commons links on Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405005] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W51"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:00, 15 decembar 2025 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29796010 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-52</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W52"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * From January, edit filters [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Access flags|can be set]] to automatically suppress their details such as rules and list of attempted edits and actions. This will help oversighters use edit filters to prevent doxxing or other suppressible material. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290324] * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 12 January 2026 because of the end of year holidays. Thank you to all of the translators, and people who submitted content or feedback, this year. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:16}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:16|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the crash that occurred when tapping "First Steps" in the Wikipedia Android Year in Review has now been fixed, and the feature opens as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411546] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Interface elements such as diffs and categories generated by MediaWiki used to have the attribute <code dir=ltr>data-mw="interface"</code> to distinguish from wiki content. The attribute has been replaced with <code dir=ltr>data-mw-interface=""</code>, to avoid potential conflicts with other <code dir=ltr>data-mw</code> attributes, which are generated by Parsoid. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409187] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications just opened mid-December and will close in mid-January or earlier if capacity is reached. With space for approximately 100 participants, early application is encouraged. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W52"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:42, 22 decembar 2025 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29831856 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-03</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * As part of the current work of Community Tech team on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W372|Multiple watchlists]] project, the display of [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]] will be updated as a first step towards multiple watchlists. Additionally, the pagination on [[Special:Search|Search]] will be updated too, as a part of the work on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W186|Revamp pagination / page navigation]] wish. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411596] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] is a MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that lets you see your watchlists from different wikis on the same page. It was recently updated to look more like the regular [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]], such as preparing it for temporary accounts in IP masking (including rerouting user links to contributions pages), making page titles bold, and opening links in edit summaries and tags in new browser tabs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398361][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298919][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273526][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286309] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where global blocks did not have the option to disable sending emails, has now been fixed, and will be available for use in the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401293] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Citation tool|VisualEditor citation tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] now support "map" as a reference type. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411083] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]/[[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W03"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:31, 12 januar 2026 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29907192 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-04</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The tray shown on [[Special:Diff|Special:Diff]] in mobile view has been redesigned. It is now collapsed by default, and incorporates a link to undo the edit being viewed, making it easier for mobile editors and reviewers to take action while keeping the interface uncluttered. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402297] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now automatically determines the text direction (ensuring correct display of sites with unusual domain names) and shows detailed descriptions for log actions. Later this week, a new permanent link for page creations and CSS classes for each entry element will be added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412505][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287929][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262768][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414135] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the previously observed issue in Vector 2022, where anchor link targets were obscured by the sticky header, has now been addressed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406114] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As mentioned in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|October 2025 deprecation announcement]], MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin sunsetting all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the MediaWiki REST API the week of January 26. Changes are expected to roll out to all wikis on or before January 30th. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found, compared, and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox]. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in Phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * Interactive reference documentation for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia REST API|Wikimedia REST API]] has moved. Requests to API docs previously hosted through [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase|RESTBase]] (e.g.: <code dir=ltr>https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/</code>) are now redirected to the [[w:en:Special:RestSandbox|REST Sandbox]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|WMF Wikidata Platform team]] (WDP) has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|January 2026 newsletter]]. It includes updates on the legacy full-graph endpoint decommissioning, the User-Agent policy change, the monthly Blazegraph migration office hours, and efforts to reduce regressions caused by the legacy endpoint shutdown. As a reminder, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|subscribe to the WDP newsletter]]! * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications opened mid-December and will close soon or when capacity is reached. It's a two-day, technically oriented hackathon bringing together Wikimedians from the region. Hope to see you there! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W04"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:27, 19 januar 2026 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29943403 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-05</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia Foundation invites comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|proposed future]] of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] until 28 February. * All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). Passkeys are a simple way to log in without using a second device. They verify the user's identity using a fingerprint, face scan, or a PIN code. To set up a passkey, first set up a regular 2FA method. Currently, to log in with a passkey, users must also use a password. Later this quarter, passwordless login will allow users to log in with a single click and a passkey. Users with advanced rights will also be required to have 2FA enabled. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project. * Unregistered contributors on blocked IPs or blocked IP ranges can now interact on-wiki to appeal a block by creating a temporary account to appeal a block on the user talk page, unless the "prevent this user from editing their own talk page" is enabled. This solves the problem of logged-out users unable to use the default unblock process via user talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) methods description on the management page has been updated. It is now clearer and easier for users to understand and make use of. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new AbuseFilter variable, <code>account_type</code>, has been added to provide a reliable way to determine the account type being created in the <code>createaccount</code> and <code>autocreateaccount</code> actions. As part of this change, the variable <code>accountname</code> has been renamed to <code>account_name</code>, and <code>accountname</code> is now deprecated. Edit filter managers should update any filters that use hardcoded account type checks or the deprecated variable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049] * Image thumbnails that are requested in non-standard sizes, and using non-standard methods such as direct requests to <code dir=ltr><nowiki>upload.wikimedia.org/…</nowiki></code> will stop working in the near future. This change is to prevent ongoing external abuse by web-scrapers and bots. Some users with custom CSS/JS, Interface Admins who can fix gadgets and local skins, and Tool-authors, will need to update their code to use standard thumbnail sizes. [[phab:T414805|Details, search-links, and examples of how to fix them, are available in the task]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:15, 26 januar 2026 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29969530 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-06</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The "{{int:pageinfo-toolboxlink}}" feature, which gives validating information about a page ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=info}} example]), now automatically includes a table of contents. If there is a local [[{{ns:8}}:Pageinfo-header]] page created by individual users, it can now be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363726] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, VisualEditor previously added bold or italic formatting inside link descriptions, making the wikicode complex. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409669] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * There was no XML dump on 20 January. Additionally, from now on, dumps will be generated once per month only. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414389] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team removed support for all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/API:REST%20API MediaWiki REST API]. All API users currently calling those endpoints are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''Weekly highlight''' * Users are reminded that the Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W06"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:41, 2 februar 2026 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30000986 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-07</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Logged-in contributors who manage large or complex watchlists can now organise and filter watched pages in ways that improve their workflows with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Watchlist labels]] feature. By adding custom labels (for example: pages you created, pages being monitored for vandalism, or discussion pages) users can more quickly identify what needs attention, reduce cognitive load, and respond more efficiently. This improves watchlist usability, especially for highly active editors. * A new feature available on [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] shows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] that are likely operated by the same person, and so makes patrolling less time-consuming. Upon checking contributions of a temporary account, users with access to temporary account IP addresses can now see a view of contributions from the related temporary accounts. The feature looks up all the IPs associated with a given temporary account within the data retention period and shows all the contributions of all temporary accounts that have used these IPs. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts#February 2026: Improvements to the patroller tooling|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415674] * When editors preview a wikitext edit, the reminder box that they are only seeing a preview (which is shown at the top), now has a grey/neutral background instead of a yellow/warning background. This makes it easier to distinguish preview notes from actual warnings (for example, edit conflicts or problematic redirect targets), which will now be shown in separate warning or error boxes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414742] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now properly supports more than one Wikibase site, for example both [[d:|Wikidata]] and [[testwikidata:|testwikidata]]. In addition, issues regarding text direction have been fixed for users who prefer Wikidata or other Wikibase sites in right-to-left (RTL) languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415440][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415458] * The automatic "magic links" for ISBN, RFC, and PMID numbers have been [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic links|deprecated in wikitext since 2021]] due to inflexibility and difficulties with localization. Several wikis have successfully replaced RFC and PMID magic links with equivalent external links, but a template was often required to replace the functionality of the ISBN magic link. There is now a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#isbn|built-in parser function]] <code dir=ltr><nowiki>{{#isbn}}</nowiki></code> available to replace the basic functionality of the ISBN magic link. This makes it easier for wikis who wish to migrate off of the deprecated magic link functionality to do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145604] * Two new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35401|Jju]] ([[w:kaj:|<code>w:kaj:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413283] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q1186896|Nawat]] ([[w:ppl:|<code>w:ppl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413273] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new global user group has been created: [[{{int:grouppage-local-bot}}|{{int:group-local-bot}}]]. It will be used internally by the software to allow community bots to bypass rate limits that are applied to abusive [[w:en:Web scraping|web scrapers]]. Accounts that are approved as bots on at least one Wikimedia wiki will be automatically added to this group. It will not change what user permissions the bot has. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415588] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2026|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Spring 2026]] will be held March 25–27 in Salt Lake City, USA. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AZBWVI46SDEB65PGR5J6E4TYOQQEZXM7/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W07"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:28, 10 februar 2026 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30026671 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-08</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Team]] will be performing a cleanup of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Etherpad|Etherpad]] instance, the web-based editor for real-time collaborative document editing. All pads will be permanently deleted after 30 April, 2026 – if there are still migration projects in progress at that point the team can revisit the date on a case by case basis. Please create local backups of any content you wish to keep, as deleted data cannot be recovered. This cleanup helps reduce database size and minimize infrastructure footprint. Etherpad will continue to support real-time collaboration, but long-term storage should not be expected. Additional cleanups may occur in the future without prior notice. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415237] '''Updates for editors''' * The Information Retrieval team will be launching an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|Android mobile app experiment]] that tests hybrid search capabilities which can handle both semantic and keyword queries. The improvement of on-platform search will enable readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. The experiment will first be launched on Greek Wikipedia in late February, followed by English, French, and Portuguese in March. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/ Read more] on Diff blog. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Information_Retrieval] * The Reader Growth team will run [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.10.2 Mobile Table of Contents|an experiment]] for mobile web users, that adds a table of contents and automatically expands all article sections, to learn more about navigation issues they face. The test will be available on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. * Previously, site notices ([[{{ns:8}}:Sitenotice]] and [[{{ns:8}}:Anonnotice]]) would only render on the desktop site. Now, they will render on all platforms. Users on mobile web will now see these notices and be informed. Site administrators should be prepared to test and fix notices on mobile devices to avoid interference with articles. To opt out, interface admins can add <code dir="ltr">#siteNotice { display: none; }</code> to [[{{ns:8}}:Minerva.css]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138572][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416644] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue on [[Special:RecentChanges|Special:RecentChanges]] has been fixed. Previously, clicking hide in the active filters caused the "view new changes since…" button to disappear, though it should have remained visible. The button now behaves as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406339] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * New documentation is now available to help editors debug on-site search features. It supports troubleshooting when pages do not appear in results, when ranking seems unexpected, and when you need to inspect what content is being indexed, helping make search behavior easier to understand and analyze. [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/Debug|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411169] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W08"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:14, 16 februar 2026 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30086330 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-09</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|Reference Check]] has been deployed to English Wikipedia, completing its rollout across all Wikipedias. The feature prompts newcomers to add a citation before publishing new content, helping reduce common citation-related reverts and improve verifiability. In A/B testing, the impact was substantial: newcomers shown Reference Check were approximately 2.2 times more likely to include a reference on desktop and about 17.5 times more likely on mobile web. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/reference_check_ab_test_report_final_2025.html] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InterwikiSorting|InterwikiSorting extension]], which allowed for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interwiki sorting order|sorting of interwiki links]], has been undeployed from Wikipedia. As a result, editors who had enabled interwiki link sorting in non-compact mode (full list format) will now see links reordered. The links moving forward will be listed in the alphabetical order of language code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253764] * Later this week, people who are editing a page-section using the mobile visual editor, will notice a new "Edit full page" button. When tapped, you will be able to edit the entire article. This helps when the change you want to make is outside the section you initially opened. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409112] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|The Reader Experience team]] is inviting editors to assess whether dark mode should still be considered "beta" on their wiki, based on their experience of how well it functions on desktop and mobile. If the feature is deemed mature, editors can update the interface messages in <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:skin-theme-description</code> and <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Vector-night-mode-beta-tag</code> to indicate that dark mode is ready and no longer considered beta. * The improved [[mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Activity_Tab|Activity tab]] which displays user-insights is now available to all users of the Wikipedia iOS app (version 7.9.0 and later). Following earlier A/B testing that showed higher account creation among users with access to the feature, it has been rolled out to 100% of users along with some updates. The Activity tab now shows your edited articles in the timeline, offers editing impact insights like contribution counts and article view trends, and customization options to improve in-app experience for users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug that prevented [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] from working on mobile has now been fixed, restoring full functionality. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415303] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that makes this possible continues to improve. The latest upgrade is the inclusion of a [[mw:Extension:GlobalWatchlist#hook|new hook]], <code dir=ltr>ext.globalwatchlist.rebuild</code>, which fires after each watchlist rebuild. This allows you to run gadgets and user scripts for the Special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275159] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W09"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:01, 23 februar 2026 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30119102 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-10</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikipedia 25 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|Birthday mode]] is now live on Betawi, Breton, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, English, French, Gorontalo, Indonesian, Italian, Luxembourgish, Madurese, Sicilian, Spanish, Thai, and Vietnamese Wikipedias! This limited-time campaign feature celebrates 25 years of Wikipedia with a birthday mascot, Baby Globe. When turned on, Baby Globe is shown on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments/article configuration|~2,500 articles]], waiting to be discovered by readers. Communities can choose to turn Birthday mode on by getting consensus from their community and asking an admin to enable the feature and customize it via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#Community Configuration Demo|community configuration]] on the local wiki. '''Updates for editors''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to Swedish Wikipedia, Polish Wikipedia and [[:phab:T418209|a couple of other wikis]]. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|try the feature]] on these projects or on testwiki and [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Learnings from the first pilot wiki German Wikipedia have been [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|published in a report]]. Reach out to the Wikimedia Deutschland team if you are [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|interested in becoming a pilot wiki]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Paste check|Paste Check]] will become available at all Wikipedias this week. The feature prompts newcomers who are pasting text they are not likely to have written into VisualEditor to consider whether doing so risks a copyright violation. Paste Check [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|tags]] all edits where it is shown for potential review. Local administrators can configure various aspects of the feature via [[{{#special:EditChecks}}]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#A/B Experiment|Research]] across 22 wikis found that Paste Check resulted in an 18% decrease in relative reverted-edits compared to the control group. Translators can [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&filter=&optional=1&action=translate help to localize] this and related features. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] will be standardizing the user menu in the top right for all mobile users so that it is closer to the desktop experience. Currently this user menu is only visible to users with Advanced Mobile Controls (AMC) turned on. The only change is that a couple buttons previously in the left-side menu will move to the top right for users who do not have AMC turned on. This change is expected to go out March 9 and seeks to improve the user interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413912] * Starting in the week of March 2, the emails sent out when an email address was added, removed, or changed for an account will switch to a substantially nicer and clearer HTML email from the prior plaintext one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410807] * Notifications are currently limited to 2,000 historic entries per user, and extend back to 2013 when the feature was released. This is going to be changed to only store Notifications from the last 5 years, but up to 10,000 of them. This will help with long-term infrastructure health and help to prevent more recent notifications from disappearing too soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page continues to see improvements. The latest update improves label usage experience. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] now allows activating the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback languages|language fallback system]] for Wikidata items without labels in the viewed language, and showing those labels in the user’s preferred Wikidata language if no <code dir=ltr>uselang=</code> URL parameter is provided. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373686][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416111] * The Wikipedia Android team has started a beta test of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|hybrid search]] on Greek Wikipedia. Hybrid search capabilities can handle both semantic and keyword queries enabling readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. * For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Currently, 2FA is required to use the group, but not to be a member of it. Given that this model still has some vulnerabilities, the situation will [[phab:T418580|gradually change in March]]. Members of these groups will be unable to disable last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the second half of March, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. This applies to: CentralNotice administrators, checkusers, interface administrators, suppressors, Wikidata staff, Wikifunctions staff, WMF Office IT and WMF Trust & Safety. Nothing will change for other users. See the linked task for deployment schedule. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418580] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue preventing users from creating an instance in [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ Wikibase.cloud] has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416807] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], over the next month the Wikimedia Foundation will implement global API rate limits across our APIs. In early March, stricter limits will be applied to unidentified requests from outside Toolforge/WMCS and API requests that are made from web browsers. In April, higher limits will be applied to identified traffic. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The Wikidata Query Service Linked Data Fragment (LDF) endpoint will be decommissioned in February. This endpoint served limited traffic, which was successfully migrated to other data access methods that were better suited to support existing use cases. The hardware used to support the LDF endpoint will be reallocated to support the ongoing backend migration efforts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415696] * The new Parsoid parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], improving platform sustainability and making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. Parsoid is now the default parser on 488 WMF wikis (268 Wikipedias), now covering more than 10% of all Wikipedia page views. * The process and criteria for [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise#Access|requesting exceptional access]] to the high volume feed of the ''Wikimedia Enterprise'' APIs (at no cost for mission-aligned usecases), [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Enterprise#Exceptional access criteria|have now been published]]. This is to provide more thorough and clearer documentation for users. * [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Tech Blog], the blog dedicated to the Wikimedia technical community [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2026/02/24/a-tech-blog-diff/ will be migrating] to [[diffblog:|Diff]], the community news and event blog. The migration should be complete in April 2026, after which new posts will be accepted for publishing. Readers will be able to access posts – old and new – on the landing page at https://diff.wikimedia.org/techblog. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W10"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:49, 2 mart 2026 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30137798 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-11</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. * Last week, all wikis had 2 hours of read-only time, and extended unavailability for user-scripts and gadgets. This was due to a security incident which has since been resolved. Work is ongoing to prevent re-occurrences. For current information please see the [[m:Steward's noticeboard#Statement on Meta about today's user script security incident|post on the Stewards' noticeboard]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Product Safety and Integrity/March 2026 User Script Incident|translations]]). '''Updates for editors''' * Users facing multiple blocks on mobile will now see the reasons for each block separately, instead of a generic message. This helps them understand why they are blocked and what steps they can take to resolve the issue. For example, users affected for using common VPNs (such as [[Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|iCloud Private Relay]]) will receive clearer guidance on what they need to do to start editing again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357118] * Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] will become available as a beta feature within the visual editor at all Wikipedias. This feature proactively suggests various types of actions that people can consider taking to improve Wikipedia articles, and learn about related guidelines. The feature is locally configurable, and can also be locally expanded with custom Suggestions. Current settings can be seen at [[Special:EditChecks]] and there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators %E2%80%93 local customization|instructions for how administrators can customize]] the links to point to local guidelines. The feature is connected to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit check]] which suggests improvements while someone is writing new content. In the future, the Editing team plans to evaluate the feature's impact with newcomers through a controlled experiment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404600] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where the cursor became misaligned during the use of CodeMirror’s syntax highlighting, which makes wikitext and code easier to read, has now been fixed. This problem specifically affected users who defined a font rule in a custom stylesheet while creating a new topic with DiscussionTools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418793] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * API rate limiting update: To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], global API rate limits will be applied this week to requests without a compliant User-Agent that originate from outside Toolforge/WMCS and to unauthenticated requests made from web browsers. Higher limits will be applied to identified traffic in April. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The new GraphQL API has been released. The API was developed as a flexible alternative to select features of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), to improve developer experience and foster adaptability, and efficient data access. Try it out and [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL#Feedback and development|give feedback]]. You can also [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply sign up for usability tests]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|PTAC Unsupported Tools Working Group]] continued improvements to [[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons#|Video2Commons]] in February, with fixes addressing authentication errors, large-file handling, task queue visibility, and clearer upload behavior. Work is still ongoing in some areas, including changes related to deprecated server-side uploads. Read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group#February 2026|this update]] to learn more. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Article Guidance team invites experienced Wikipedia editors from selected [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators#Collaborators|pilot wikis]] and interested contributors from other Wikipedias to fill out this questionnaire which is available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmLeVWnxmsCbPoI_UF2jyRcn73WRGWCVPHzerXb4Cz97X_Ag/viewform English], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd6rzr4XXQw8r4024fE3geTPFe13M_6w7Mitj-YJi0sOlWTAw/viewform?usp=header Arabic], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdok3-RfB18lcugYTUMGkpwmqG_8p760Wv4dCXitOXOszjUDw/viewform?usp=header Bengali], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfjTfYp4jEo0akA4B1e-Nfg3QZPCudUjhJzHzzDi6AHyAaMGA/viewform?usp=header Japanese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScteVoI29Aue4xc72dekk-6RYtvmMgQxzMI900UOawrFrSTWg/viewform?usp=header Portuguese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSetdxnYwL3ub2vqA7awCg5hJZPMIYcDPaiTe12rY9h0GYnVlw/viewform?usp=header Persian], and [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScNvfJF-Ot-4pzA4qAN771_0QDJ4Li19YcUsaTgSKW8Nc7U_Q/viewform?usp=header Turkish]. Your answers will help the team customize guidance for less experienced editors and help them learn community policies and practices while creating an article. Learn more [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|on the project page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W11"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:50, 9 mart 2026 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30213008 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-12</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature, also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], has been used for wikitext syntax highlighting since November 2024. It will be promoted out of beta by May 2026 in order to bring improvements and new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Features|features]] to all editors who use the standard syntax highlighter. If you have any questions or concerns about promoting the feature out of beta, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|please share]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Some changes to local user groups are performed by stewards on Meta-Wiki and logged there only. Now, interwiki rights changes will be logged both on Meta-Wiki and the wiki of the target user to make it easier to access a full record of user's rights changes on a local wiki. Past log entries for such changes will be backfilled in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6055] * On wikis using [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]], the number of pending changes shown on [[{{#Special:PendingChanges}}]] previously counted pages which were no longer pending review, because they have been removed from the system without being reviewed, e.g. due to being deleted, moved to a different namespace, or due to wiki configuration changes. The count will be correct now. On some wikis the number shown will be much smaller than before. There should be no change to the list of pages itself. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413016] * Wikifunctions composition language has been rewritten, resulting in a new version of the language. This change aims to increase service stability by reducing the orchestrator's memory consumption. This rewrite also enables substantial latency reduction, code simplification, and better abstractions, which will open the door to later feature additions. Read more about [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|the changes]]. * Users can now sort search results alphabetically by page title. The update gives an additional option to finding pages more easily and quickly. Previously, results could be sorted by Edit date, Creation date, or Relevance. To use the new option, open 'Advanced Search' on the search results page and select 'Alphabetically' under 'Sorting Order'. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403775] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons from importing files from Flickr has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419263] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new special page, [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}]], has been created to list transcluded pages that are flagged as containing lint errors to help users discover them easily. The list is sorted by the number of transclusions with errors. For example: [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}/night-mode-unaware-background-color]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170874] * Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature have been using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages, for some time now. Along with promoting CodeMirror 6 out of beta, the plan is to replace CodeEditor as the standard editor for these content models by May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|Feedback or concerns are welcome]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] JavaScript modules will soon be upgraded to CodeMirror 6. Leading up to the upgrade, loading the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror</code> or <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.lib</code> modules from gadgets and user scripts was deprecated in July 2025. The use of the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.switch</code> hook was also deprecated in March 2025. Contributors can now make their scripts or gadgets compatible with CodeMirror 6. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror#Gadgets and user scripts|migration guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373720] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is expanding coverage of REST API module definitions to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API/Extensions|extension APIs]]. REST API modules are groups of related endpoints that can be independently managed and versioned. Modules now exist for [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414470 GrowthExperiments] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419053 Wikifunctions] APIs. As we migrate extension APIs to this structure, documentation will move out of the main MediaWiki OpenAPI spec and REST Sandbox view, and will instead be accessible via module-specific options in the dropdown on the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox] (i.e., [[{{#Special:RestSandbox}}]], available on all wiki projects). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] extension provides different pieces of information about the wiki where the module is being used via the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual|mw.site]] library. Starting last week, the library also provides a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.site.wikiId|way]] of accessing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Wiki ID|wiki ID]] that can be used to facilitate cross-wiki module maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146616] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|2026 Coolest Tool Award]] celebrating outstanding community tools, is now open for nominations! Nominate your favorite tool using the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/435684?lang=en nomination survey] form by 23 March 2026. For more information on privacy and data handling, please see the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Coolest_Tool_Award_2026_Survey_Privacy_Statement|survey privacy statement]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W12"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:33, 16 mart 2026 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30260505 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys. This is a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. With this change, all users who opt for passwordless login will find it easier, faster, and more secure to log in to their accounts using any device. The new passkey login option currently appears as an autofill suggestion in the username field. An additional [[phab:T417120|"Log in with passkey" button]] will soon be available for users who have already registered a passkey. This update will improve security and user experience. The [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|screen recording]] demonstrates the passwordless login process step by step. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia site users can now export their notifications older than 5 years using a [[toolforge:echo-chamber|new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain their important notifications and avoid them being lost based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, as previously announced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to Special:PersonalDashboard. This is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of an experience]] that introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647] * The [[Special:Block]] now has two minor interface changes. Administrators can now easily perform indefinite blocks through a dedicated radio button in the expiry section. Also, choosing an indefinite expiry provides a different set of common reasons to select from, which can be changed at: [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823] * Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] can now see an improved logged-out edit warning, thanks to the recent updates from the Growth team. These changes released last week are part of ongoing efforts and tests to enhance [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and then increase participation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented mobile web users from seeing the block information when affected by multiple blocks has been fixed. They can now see messages of all the blocks currently affecting them when they access Wikipedia. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Images built using Toolforge will soon get the upgraded buildpacks version, bringing support for newer language versions and other upstream improvements and fixes. If you use Toolforge Build Service, review the recent [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ cloud-announce email] and update your build configuration as necessary to ensure your tools are compatible. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127] * The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] documentation wiki will shut down in June 2026. API keys created on the API Portal will continue to work normally. api.wikimedia.org endpoints will be deprecated gradually starting in July 2026. Documentation on the API Portal is moving to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is considering improvements to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|automatically generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Please check out the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|proposed solutions]] and participate in the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|request for comment]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:49, 23 mart 2026 (CET) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30268305 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-14</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Beta version of [[abstract:|Abstract Wikipedia]] a new Wikimedia project which is language-independent, was launched last week. The project allows communities to build Wikipedia articles in their native language, which can be readily accessed by other users in their own languages. The wiki is powered by instructions from Wikifunctions and also based on structured content from Wikidata. [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|Read more]]. '''Updates for editors''' * The Growth team is running an A/B test to evaluate a clearer, more user-friendly message that promotes account creation on wikis. Currently when logged-out mobile users begin editing, they see a jarring warning message that can feel abrupt and discouraging. This also presents temporary account editing as the default rather than encouraging account creation. The test is running on ten Wikipedias, including Arabic, French, Spanish and German. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#2. Improve logged-out warning message (T415160)|Read more]]. * The Wikimedia Apps team is inviting feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|how editing should work on the Wikipedia mobile apps]]. The discussion focuses on improving how users access editing tools when they tap "Edit". This is part of a broader effort to convert readers who develop an interest in editing, to access a more user-friendly pathway to start contributing. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:45}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:45|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where citation fetching from the large newspaper archive [https://www.newspapers.com Newspapers.com] was no longer working, due to a block in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|Citoid]] requests, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419903] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:23, 30 mart 2026 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30329462 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] now includes a new group goal-setting feature, enabling organizers to set and track event goals such as the number of articles created and participating contributors in real time. Similarly, participants can work toward shared targets and see their collective impact as the event unfolds. The feature is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Learn more in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|the documentation]]. * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|watchlist labels]] feature (announced in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Tech News 2026-07]]) is now available via VisualEditor, the source editor, and the 'watchstar' (or watch link, for skins that don't have a star icon). Previously it was only possible to assign labels via [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. In all three places it is a new field following the expiry field. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where talk pages on mobile with Parsoid are unusable after empty section headers, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]], which lets editors add details to an existing reference without duplicating it, will be gradually rolled out to [[phab:T414094|more wikis]] later this year. Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] gadget are encouraged to update their version (typically at [[m:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] as shown [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 here]) to ensure compatibility. Other reference-related gadgets may also be affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304] * All Wikinews editions will be closed and switched to read-only mode on 4 May 2026. Content will remain accessible, but no new edits or articles can be added. This closure was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation following extended discussions. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Read more]]. * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Action API|Action API]] has had several formats for requested output. One of them, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>format=php</nowiki></code></bdi>, is being removed soon. Please ensure your scripts or bots use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Data formats#Output|JSON format]]. This removal should affect very few scripts and bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118538] * The [[Special:NamespaceInfo|Special:NamespaceInfo]] page now includes namespace aliases. For example "WP" for the "Project" ("Wikipedia") namespace on the German Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381455] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:17, 6 april 2026 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30362761 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Experienced editors are invited to [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Main_Page test] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature, designed to help less-experienced editors create well-structured, policy-compliant Wikipedia articles. Testing instructions are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide|available]]. Also, after reviewing [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance the outlines], please provide feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|project talk page]]. Based on your input, the feature will be refined and transferred to the pilot Wikipedias to translate and adapt. Check out [[c:File:Article Guidance workflow demo - April 2026.webm|the video]] explaining the feature. '''Updates for editors''' * On most wikis, all autoconfirmed users can now use [[Special:ChangeContentModel|Special:ChangeContentModel]] page to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|create new pages with custom content models]], such as mass message lists, making custom page formats more accessible. Check [[Special:ListGroupRights|Special:ListGroupRights]] for the status of your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248294] * The Growth team has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account_Creation_Experiments|account creation experiment]] to evaluate whether adding an account creation button to the mobile web header increases new account registrations and encourages more mobile users to contribute to the wikis. The experiment is currently live on Hindi, Indonesian, Bengali, Thai, and Hebrew Wikipedia, and targets 10% of logged-out mobile web users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where VisualEditor could get stuck loading on Windows devices with animations turned off, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382856] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting later this week, {{int:group-abusefilter}} who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature enabled will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] as the editor at [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. This is part of the broader effort to make the user experience more consistent across all editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399673][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * Tools and bots that access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications/API|Notifications API]] (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=query&meta=notifications</nowiki></code></bdi>) will need to update their OAuth or BotPassword grants to also include access to private notifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421991] * Due to a library upgrade, listings on category pages may be displayed out of order starting on Monday, 20th April. A migration script will be run to correct this, and will take hours to days depending on the size of the wiki (up to a week for English Wikipedia). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T422544] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:16, 13 april 2026 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30380527 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * After two years of development, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], is to be promoted out of beta on Tuesday, April 21. It brings better code and wikitext readability, reduction in typing errors, and other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|benefits]] to all users of the standard syntax highlighter. A huge thank you to volunteer [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/p/Bhsd/ Bhsd] who developed many of the new features, including [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Code folding|code folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linting]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * A major update to the Wikipedia app for iOS is now rolling out, redesigning the interface to align with Apple's latest "Liquid Glass" visual design. [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 Download the latest version] and explore the update. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading lists]] is a feature which allows readers to save articles to a list for reading later. This feature is now in beta on Arabic, French, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and by default for all new accounts on all Wikipedias. * An experiment which explores extending [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Page Previews to mobile web]] will be launched in the week of April 20 on Arabic, English, French, Italian, Polish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. Page Previews are pop-ups that display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and a link to open the full article of a blue link, thereby improving content discovery. The feature is already available on desktop and in the apps. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Template|Read more about this experiment and others]]. * On several wikis, logged-in editors who haven't [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|confirmed their email addresses]] can now see a banner encouraging them to do so. Having the email address confirmed allows a user to restore access to the account if they lose it. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421366] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:15}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:15|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where editing very large wiki pages in the 2017 wikitext editor caused slow loading, preview and scrolling lag, and performance issues when selecting, cutting, or pasting content, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184857] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of the promotion of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] from a beta feature, all users will use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The <code>mirrors.wikimedia.org</code> service for Debian and Ubuntu users will sunset and stop working on May 15. The resources for the service will be replaced with new and better options. Some users may need to switch to a different server which should take about a minute. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LJYRIS4WB66HIRCAO4GIDTXCMDVZRBMA/ You can read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416707] * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> table will be removed from [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wikireplicas]]. If your tools or queries access <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> directly, please update them to use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>file</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>filerevision</nowiki></code></bdi> table before 28 May. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28741] * Following the recent implementation of global API rate limits on unidentified traffic, the Wikimedia Foundation will continue efforts to ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]] by applying global limits to identified API traffic beginning the last week of April. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] is now available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. The API fetches information for crediting Wikimedia articles and media files wherever they are used. Reference documentation is available through the REST Sandbox special page available on all Wikimedia wikis (such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=attribution.v0-beta&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST sandbox on English Wikipedia]). Share your feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|project talk page]]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:58, 20 april 2026 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30432763 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * There is a change in how new users are autoconfirmed that will improve anti-vandalism protection. Currently, users who have had an account for a few days and made a few edits are automatically added to the [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]] group. This configuration tends to be exploited by some vandals, who create accounts and start to use them only after some time. To mitigate this, the configuration will be updated next week so that – for the purpose of becoming autoconfirmed – the account age will be counted from their first edit, instead of registration date. The numeric value of the age threshold will remain the same. This change will be deployed only to wikis which require at least one edit as part of the autoconfirmation conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484] * All Wikipedia users with new accounts and those who activated the "automatically enable most beta features" option in their preference can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|reading lists]] beta feature to save articles for later reading. This helps organize reading interests in one place for convenient access. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where infobox images have huge padding in Firefox, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As a reminder, the global API rate limits will be applied this week to identified API traffic. This is to help ensure [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]]. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, including the actual rate limits, see [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:04, 27 april 2026 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30458046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] team invites experienced editors of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators|pilot Wikipedias]]—Arabic, Bangla, Japanese, Portuguese, Persian, Turkish, Simple English, Spanish, and French—to help translate and adapt [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance sample outlines]. These outlines will guide editors in creating clear, well-structured, and policy-compliant articles when using [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Special:NewArticle the feature] once it is launched in May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|Simple instructions]] on how to translate and adapt the outlines are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has published [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|draft recommendations]] on a model that affiliates can follow when contributing to the technical space. Community members are invited to provide feedback on the recommendation until May 8th [[:m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|on the talk page]]. * The number of available thumbnail size preferences in MediaWiki is being reduced to three standardized options—Small (180px), Regular (250px), and Large (400px), as part of ongoing efforts to improve performance and reduce strain on thumbnail services. As a result, existing preferences will be mapped to the nearest new size (for example, smaller selections like 120px or 150px will render at 180px, while larger ones like 300px or 360px will render at 400px). The preferences interface will soon be updated to reflect these changes, and users who wish to opt out or provide feedback can do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424909] * From now on, even when a permission expires automatically, users will receive an Echo notification similar to the standard notification for permission changes. There is a difference between this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]] in that the latter reminds users a week ''before'' the rights are due to expire, so that they can renew the rights. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the problem where the ULS language selector in [[m:Special:Translate|Special:Translate]] would scroll vertically when it shouldn't, has been resolved. Previously, when users opened the "Translate to English" dropdown and typed certain inputs, the dialog would scroll vertically by a few pixels even when there was enough space to display all results. The dropdown no longer shifts unnecessarily when filtering languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358864] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]], which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page, continues to improve. For example, watchlists for Wikibase sites such as [[:d:|Wikidata]] now support [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EntitySchema|EntitySchema]] elements for better tracking. The Live Updates mode now refreshes the special page every 60 seconds to comply with the updated [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] for improved real-time responsiveness. Additionally, a directionality bug that displayed links as "changes 3" instead of "3 changes" in mixed-direction lists has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415450][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424422][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418091] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The second phase of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] has been rolled out to reduce the [[diffblog:2026/03/26/quo-vadis-crawlers-progress-and-whats-next-on-safeguarding-our-infrastructure/|impact of AI crawlers]] and ensure fair, sustainable access to Wikimedia resources, prioritising human and mission-aligned traffic. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits#Limits|Limits]] have been shifted from per-hour to per-minute, producing smoother traffic patterns and more predictable API load. Community users are not expected to be affected, and no action is required. Early indications show some User-Agent-based requestors are adjusting behaviour, and around 64% of automated API traffic has been identified. Monitoring continues, and Wikimedia Enterprise remains available for commercial support. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.27|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:41, 4 maj 2026 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30498077 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Community Tech has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/How to write a good wish|new guidance]] explaining how wishes on Community Wishlist are triaged and prioritized. The documentation is intended to help contributors write stronger proposals by clarifying the factors that influence prioritization decisions. Beyond vote counts, the guidance highlights considerations such as potential impact on the community when determining which wishes move forward. '''Updates for editors''' * The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment to test a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Share_Card|Share Card feature]] that allows readers to create visually engaging cards from Wikipedia articles or selected article sections and share them online, with each card linking back to the original article to help expand readership and article discovery. The mobile-only A/B test will be available to a portion of readers on Arabic, Chinese, French, Vietnamese, and English Wikipedia to better understand reading and sharing habits, and is scheduled to begin the week of May 18 and run for four weeks. * The Android and iOS Wikipedia apps recently released the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/25th_Birthday_Reading_Challenge|25-day reading challenge]] into Beta, as part of efforts to drive reader engagement by encouraging users to complete reading milestones. To track their reading streak during the challenge, App users can add a widget featuring Baby Globe to their home screen. The challenge officially begins May 11. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:17}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:17|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the global preference for enabling syntax highlighting in wikitext could unexpectedly disable itself after being turned on, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425286] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader module <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.ui.input</nowiki></code></bdi>, deprecated since [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|September 2023]], will be removed this week. There is a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420125] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W20"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:18, 11 maj 2026 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30524429 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Abstract Wikipedia team has identified five potential pilot wikis to assess their interest in adopting abstract articles on their wikis. The pilots are Malayalam, Bengali, Dagbani, Arabic, and Indonesian Wikipedia. The feedback period will be open until May 22. If your community is interested in becoming a pilot, [[m:Talk:Abstract Wikipedia|let us know on Meta]]. '''Updates for editors''' * An experiment to show [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] to logged-out readers on mobile web will launch on May 18 across German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu Wikipedias, and will run for one month. The effort supports broader goals of helping readers save and organize articles for later reading, while encouraging habits that could lead to future Wikipedia contributions. * To support a bookmark button in the Reading List beta feature, the "Tools > Action" menu has been updated to display icons, including the watch star indicator that helps editors identify temporarily watched articles. The icons now also match those used on mobile, improving consistency across platforms. The change is currently limited to the actions menu and mainly affects editors with privileged user rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T426008] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] was released as an [[w:en:A/B test|A/B test]] for newcomer editors on the mobile website at [[phab:T421189|~15 Wikipedias]]. The experiment will measure the impact that Suggestion Mode has on the proportion of newcomer mobile web edit sessions that result in constructive (un-reverted) article edits. The experiment will also evaluate the feature's impact on editor retention, and monitor changes in revert and block rates. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue in the Wikipedia Android app where images could sometimes fail to load after opening a recommended reading list notification, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418231] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|Wikidata Platform team]] has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/Backend Replacement|backend replacement recommendation]] and accompanying [[wikitech:Wikidata Query Service/WDQS Architecture re-design|technical architecture]] for the migration of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) away from Blazegraph. Feedback is invited until May 25th 2026, especially on potential gaps and impacts on advanced use cases. Wikidata community members and WDQS users are also encouraged to help identify high-impact tools and workflows that may need attention on [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/High-Impact Use Cases|this page]]. Feedback can be shared on the [[d:Wikidata talk:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update|Migration talk page]] or during the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Blazegraph Migration Office Hours|next office hour]]. See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|WDP team newsletter]] for more details. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * On English, French, Japanese, and a few other Wikipedias, there was a [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|trial of hCaptcha]], a third-party bot detection service. The trial showed that hCaptcha effectively detects and deters some bad-faith automated activity, on its own and by giving [[w:en:Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)/Archive 225#Introducing SuggestedInvestigations|checkusers and stewards]] signals to look into. Because the results were positive, hCaptcha will be rolled out across all wikis over the next few weeks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|See the hCaptcha project page]] for technical information about the implementation and privacy protections. [[diffblog:2026/05/04/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha-part-2/|Learn more]]. * The latest Community Tech update is now available, with progress across several Community Wishlist initiatives, including Reading Lists expansion from the mobile app to the website, new language support for "Who Wrote That" and the Personal Dashboard, improvements to 3D rendering and Charts, and upcoming work on talk page sorting, audio playback, and editing workflows. The update also shares current priorities, wishlist status trends, and opportunities for community feedback on future focus areas and the Wikimedia Foundation’s 2026–2027 Annual Plan. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 13, 2026: Latest updates from the Community Tech team|Read the full newsletter for details]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W21"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:19, 18 maj 2026 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30539262 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Following a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#LOWM|successful account creation experiment]], an improved logged-out edit warning message will be deployed to all Wikimedia wikis in the first week of June. The change will only affect logged-out users on mobile web who open an editing session. The updated experience is designed to encourage account creation more clearly, while still allowing users to edit with temporary accounts. Results from the experiment showed a significant increase in account creation, with a 27% relative lift among users shown the updated message. As expected, as more people funnel into account creation, temporary accounts decreased by a relative 16%. The experiment did not show any significant changes in constructive edit rates or other monitored contributor metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424595] '''Updates for editors''' * For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Members of these groups will be unable to disable the last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the next few weeks, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. Notably, this applies to bureaucrats. See the linked tasks for deployment schedules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423119][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423120] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] will run an [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on [[:phab:T415904|10 wikis]], testing [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/Reference Previews|potential improvements for Reference Previews]]. The experiment will run for ~2 weeks at the end of May / beginning of June and will affect 10% of desktop readers on the participating wikis. * After two successful experiments, the Reader Growth team is rolling out an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature for all Wikipedias on mobile on May 25. This means that anyone who has all beta features on by default will start to see this feature, and others can check the box to turn it on in their preferences. The beta feature will include a carousel of all an article's images at the top of the article, with controls for editors to [[mw:Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing#Phase_2.1_beta_feature|exclude images from the article's carousel or to exclude an article from the feature entirely]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, three dimensional STL files were being rendered incorrectly by the media viewer 3D extension which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416723] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The legacy CSS classes <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tright</nowiki></code></bdi> have been replaced with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> as the former do not work consistently across all MediaWiki platforms, notably mobile web and mobile apps. Projects relying on these classes are encouraged to review related usage and plan for migration. Please note that <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> may also be deprecated in future, although there are currently no plans to do so. [[phab:T426452|Read more]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W22"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:50, 25 maj 2026 (CEST) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30584502 --> 3xqmqsoe1hpop8swzoqnqeu1t749u81 Devanagari 0 257805 3849300 3836570 2026-05-25T15:16:27Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 2 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849300 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Devanagari'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/devanagari.htm|title=Devanagari alphabet|website=www.omniglot.com|access-date=2026-02-24|postscript=Devanagari abeceda, uključujući klasičnu/sjevernu varijantu oblika za अ (a) i srodna slova, झ (jh), ण (ṇ)}}</ref> ({{jezik|hin|देवनागरी}}) jeste abugida pismo koje se, zajedno sa drugim pismima, koristi za pisanje nekoliko indijskih jezika, između ostalog, [[sanskrit]]a, [[hindi]]ja, maratija, [[sindhi|sindija]], [[bihari]]ja, [[bili]]ja, [[marvari]]ja, [[konkani]]ja, [[bojpuri]]ja, ali i jezike koji se govore u Nepalu, kao što su [[nepalski]], [[taru]], [[basa]], a ponekad i [[kašmirski]] i [[romski]]. Piše se sa lijeva na desno. Pismo je slogovnog tipa, sa odgovarajućim znacima za svaki slog. Koristi se od VIII vijeka p. n. e. == Reference == {{Refspisak}}[[Datoteka:Rigveda MS2097.jpg|thumb|desno|Devanagari]] ==Vanjski linkovi== ===Mahatma Gandhijev pogled na Devanagari=== * [http://www.mkgandhi.org/indiadreams/chap50.htm] Gandijeve ideje za jednostavno Devanagari pismo za sve indijske jezike ===Informacije o Devanagariju=== * [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/devanagari.htm Omniglot.com]— Devanagari abeceda, uključujući klasičnu/sjevernu varijantu oblika za अ (a) i srodna slova, झ (jh), ण (ṇ) * [http://ancientscripts.com/devanagari.html AncientScripts.com]— uvod u Devanagari * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050406214025/http://www.avashy.com/hindiscripttutor.htm Tutorijal za Hindi/Devanagari pismo (en)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080528001453/http://tdil.mit.gov.in/isciiapril03.pdf IS13194:1991] standard za "ISCII" (en) * [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0900.pdf Unicode Tablica za Devanagari] * === Programska podrška === * [http://www.omkarananda-ashram.org/Sanskrit/Itranslt.html Omkarananda-ashram.org], ''Itranslator'' besplatan program za konverziju Itransa u Devanagari. Koristi 16-bitni Unicode kompatibilan font. Radi jedino na Windows 2000 / XP / Server 2003. * [http://www.dmjoshi.org/unicodewriter/ DMJoshi.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726001330/http://www.dmjoshi.org/unicodewriter/ |date=26. 7. 2011 }}, za pisanje devanagari ili gudžaratskog pisma koje je osmislio Dayashankar Joshi * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091016002645/http://www.merosoft.webs.com/merofontconvetor.htm Merosoft.webs.com], nepalski pretvarač/dekonverter fontova 0.3—Java baziran nepalski pretvarač/dekonvetor fontova. Podržava Preeti, Kantipur i Jaga fontove — FontConverter 0.3 je softver zasnovan na Java jeziku i koristi se za pretvaranje fontova koji nisu Unicode u Unicode. Ovaj softver je u osnovi fokusiran na Devanagari fontove koji nisu Unicode (samo za nepalski jezik). Dobro radi na Preeti, Kantipur i Jaga Himali fontovima. * [http://www.bhashaindia.com/Downloadsv2/ListCategories.aspx Bhashaindia.com] — IME-ovi (rasporedi tastature) za indijsko pismo i drugi softver za indijske jezike kompanije Microsoft Windows. * [http://devendraparakh.port5.com/ Devendraparakh.port5.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20051217201509/http://devendraparakh.port5.com/ |date=17. 12. 2005 }}, HindiWriter — Fonetski program za pisanje hindi jezika sa AutoWord pretragom i provjerom pravopisa za MS Word i OpenOffice.org za Windows. * [http://www.baraha.com/downloads.htm Baraha.com]—Devanagari unos pomoću engleske tastature * [http://www.lipikaar.com Lipikaar.com]—Alat za kucanje indijskim pismom s podrškom za Devanagari putem izvršne datoteke za Windows radnu površinu ili Firefox ekstenzije. * [http://andregarzia.on-rev.com/richmond/home.html Devawriter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811114947/http://andregarzia.on-rev.com/richmond/home.html |date=11. 8. 2011 }}—sveobuhvatan Devanagari unos za Windows i Macintosh. * [http://mpp.org.np/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=19&Itemid=40 upute za instaliranje nepalskog Devanagari fonta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618081310/http://mpp.org.np/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=19&Itemid=40 |date=18. 6. 2013 }} Upute za instaliranje "tradicionalnog" i "romaniziranog" nepalskog ==== Fontovi ==== * [http://tdil.mit.gov.in/download/openfonts.htm Unicode kompatibilni fontovi otvorenog tipa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722083010/http://tdil.mit.gov.in/download/openfonts.htm |date=22. 7. 2011 }}{{Mrtva veza|datum=septembar 2012}} uključujući ligaturne glifove (TDIL centar podataka) * [http://www.wazu.jp/gallery/Fonts_Devanagari.html Unicode Devanagari galerija fontova] * [http://www.marathimati.com/Help/Download-Free-Marathi-Fonts.asp Preuzimanje besplatnih marathi fontova] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721151216/http://www.marathimati.com/Help/Download-Free-Marathi-Fonts.asp |date=21. 7. 2011 }} * [http://www.nepali-fonts.tk Nepalski Devanagari] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615014943/http://nepali-fonts.tk/ |date=15. 6. 2013 }}{{Mrtva link|date=septembar 2012}} preuzimanje besplatnih fontova ==== Opći resursi ==== * [[:hi:विकिपीडिया:इंटरनेट पर हिन्दी क२धससा धस alata Tehnike za Hindi računarstvo]] * [http://www.srijangatha.com/CLCategory_Args_21 Tehničke informacije za hindske korisnike srijangatha.com Hindi portal] * [http://www.mpp.org.np/downloads.php Resursi za kucanje na nepalskom jeziku na devanagari] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011031618/http://mpp.org.np/downloads.php |date=11. 10. 2007 }} * [http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/devanagari.html Podrška za Unicode za web preglednike] * [http://www.ee.adfa.edu.au/staff/hrp/personal/Sanskrit-External/unicodenotes.html Kreiranje i pregledavanje dokumenata u Devanagari jeziku] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090921101307/http://www.ee.adfa.edu.au/staff/hrp/personal/Sanskrit-External/unicodenotes.html |date=21. 9. 2009 }} ==== Metode unosa ==== * [http://www.bhashaindia.com Microsoft BhashaIndia]—Indijski jezički računarski resursi * [http://www.cdacmumbai.in/xlit/editor Online alat za transliteraciju engleskog (latinično pismo) na hindski (devanagari pismo) od strane CDAC Mumbai] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723085148/http://www.cdacmumbai.in/xlit/editor/ |date=23. 7. 2011 }} * [http://www.unicodenepali.com Online alati za kucanje u Unicode Devanagari jeziku za nepalski jezik] * [http://www.oopslite.com/software/nepali_keyboard.html Romanizirana nepalska Unicode tastatura] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712221209/http://www.oopslite.com/software/nepali_keyboard.html |date=12. 7. 2011 }} koju je razvio OOPSLite Technologies * [http://www.cdacmumbai.in/projects/indix/ IndiX, podrška za indijski jezik za Linux] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526133128/http://www.cdacmumbai.in/projects/indix/ |date=26. 5. 2008 }}, stranica koju je razvio OOPSLite Technologies Indijski [[Nacionalni centar za softversku tehnologiju]] * [http://girish.co.in/projects/indian_languages.html Devanagari alati: Wiki Sandbox, Devanagari Mail, Yahoo/Google pretraga i Devanagari transliteracija] * [http://spokensanskrit.de/ttest.php Online alat za transliteraciju iz latinice u Devanagari] * [http://andregarzia.on-rev.com/richmond/home.html Devawriter i Devawriter Pro] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811114947/http://andregarzia.on-rev.com/richmond/home.html |date=11. 8. 2011 }} alati za digitalizaciju. ==== Devanagari tastatura ==== * [http://anektameekta.blogspot.com/2009/03/devnagri-hindi-typing-complete-solution.html TVS Devanagari hindi tastatura] sa detaljima o rasporedu tastature, uputama za instalaciju za Windows/Linux, prodavnicama i online kupovinom * [http://www.intextechnologies.com/webpages/productcomperi.aspx?pro_name=Swadeshi&category=Computer%20Peripherals&subcat=Keyboards&subcat1=K/B%20Multimedia Intex Technologies Swadeshi dvojezična hindi tastatura] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713051057/http://www.intextechnologies.com/webpages/productcomperi.aspx?pro_name=Swadeshi&category=Computer%20Peripherals&subcat=Keyboards&subcat1=K/B%20Multimedia |date=13. 7. 2011 }}, raspored tastature je Hindi pisaća mašina * {{Normativna kontrola}} [[Kategorija:Pismo]] [[Kategorija:Indija]] gyux1kf3hz6mzsxz5l4dpwrqvunwa9n Cagliari Calcio 0 262173 3849288 3809949 2026-05-25T14:02:25Z Makenzis 98619 3849288 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija fudbalski klub | Boja1 = #FFFFFF | Boja2 = #BB0000 | Ime kluba = Cagliari | Puno ime = Cagliari Calcio SpA | Grb = Cagliari Calcio 1920.svg.png | Nadimak = ''I Rossoblu'' | Osnovan = [[1920.]] | Raspušten = | Lokacija = [[Cagliari]]<br>[[Sardinija]]<br>[[Italija]] | Boje = {{colorbox|#000060}} {{colorbox|#BB0000}} | Federacija = [[Nogometni savez Italije|FIGC]] | Konfederacija = | Liga = [[Serie A]] | Stadion = [[Sardegna Arena]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.stadiumguide.com/stadioisarenas/ |title=Sardegna Arena |work=stadiumguide.com|access-date= 8. 9. 2018}}</ref> | Kapacitet = 16.233 | Vlasnik kluba = | Predsjednik kluba = | Menadžer = [[Claudio Ranieri]] | Uspjesi = | Evropski kupovi = | Adresa = | Plasman u prethodnoj sezoni = 14. mjesto, [[Serie A]] | Prethodna sezona = 2025/26. | Webstranica = [https://www.cagliaricalcio.com/ cagliaricalcio.com] | Trenutna sezona = | uzorak_lr1 = _cagliari1819h | uzorak_t1 = _cagliari1819h | uzorak_dr1 = _cagliari1819h | uzorak_š1 = _cagliari1718H | uzorak_č1 = _cagliari1718H | lijeva ruka1 = | tijelo1 = | desna ruka1 = | šorc1 = | čarape1 = | uzorak_lr2 = _cag1819a | uzorak_t2 = _cag1819a | uzorak_dr2 = _cag1819a | uzorak_š2 = _cag1819a | uzorak_č2 = _cag1819a | lijeva ruka2 = | tijelo2 = | desna ruka2 = | šorc2 = | čarape2 = | }} '''Cagliari Calcio SpA''' je profesionalni italijanski nogometni klub iz [[Cagliari]]ja na [[Sardinija|Sardiniji]]. Takmiči se u Serie A, najvišem rangu italijanskog nogometa. == Historija == Klub je osnovan 1920. godine. Proveo je 1950-e godine u ''Serie C'' i ''Serie B'', dok je slavno doba kluba uslijedilo krajem 1960-ih. Prvo su izborili promociju u ''Serie A'' 1964. godine s igračima kao što su bili ''Mario Martiradonn'', ''Pierluigi Cera'', ''Nene'' i ''Ricciotti Greatti'', a predvodnik je bio napadač [[Luigi Riva]]. U prvom dijelu sezone igrali su jako loše i osvojili samo 9 bodova. Nakon toga su proljetni dio prvenstva odigrali sjajno i završili na 7. mjestu s 34 boda. Tokom proljeća uspjeli su pobijediti ekipe kao [[Juventus]] ili [[AC Milan|Milan]]. Dvije sezone kasnije Riva je prvi put bio najbolji strijelac Serie A, a Cagliari je imao najmanje primljenih golova tokom sezone. U ljeto 1967. Cagliari je igrao utakmice u [[Sjeverna Amerika|Sjevernoj Americi]] kao dio lige koja se zvala ''United Soccer Association''. Ovo je bila liga koja se sastojala od [[Evropa|evropskih]] i [[Južna Amerika|južnoameričkih]] timova koji su igrali u američkim i kanadskim gradovima, a svaki tim je nosio ime nekog od gradova tog područja. Oni su igrali kao ''Chicago Mustangs'', i završili drugi u Zapadnoj diviziji s 13 bodova, iza kasnijeg šampiona ''Los Angeles Wolvesa''. Najbolji strijelac lige bio je ''Roberto Bonisegna'' iz Cagliarija, koji je postigao 10 golova u 9 utakmica. Prvi put su bili ozbiljni kandidati za osvajanje titule 1969. kad su se za nju borili s [[Fiorentina|Fiorentinom]] i Milanom. Ipak, Fiorentina je osvojila ligu te godine. Godinu kasnije Cagliari je osvojio trofej. U klub je došao [[Angelo Domenghini]], a ekipa je te sezone izgubila samo 2 utakmice i primila tek 11 golova (najmanje u bilo kojoj velikoj nogometnoj ligi u Evropi ikada), a Riva je još jednom bio najbolji strijelac lige. Igrači kao Cera, Domenghini i Riva igrali su za Italiju u finalu [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u nogometu 1970.|Svjetskog prvenstva 1970.]] Nakon toga je forma počela padati, iako su se 2 godine kasnije borili za titulu, ali je nisu osvojili. Konačni pad doživjeli su 1976. kad je tim izbačen u Serie B, a Riva završio karijeru. Godinu dana nakon izbacivanja izgubili su u razigravanju za Serie A, ali su se već 1979. vratili. Ipak, 1983. uslijedio je povratak u Serie B. 1980-e bile su teške za klub sa Sardinije s obzirom na to da su ispali i u Serie C1 1987. U Serie C1 proveli su 2 sezone. U prvoj su teško uspjeli osigurati ostanak u toj ligi. 1988. za trenera su doveli [[Claudio Ranieri|Claudija Ranierija]], koji je tim za 2 godine doveo do Serie A. Prve dvije sezone borili su se za opstanak, dok su se u trećoj godini za plasman u evropska takmičenja, u čemu su uspjeli pod vodstvom [[Carlo Mazzone|Carla Mazzonea]]. 1994. uspjeli su doći do polufinala [[Kup UEFA|Kupa UEFA]], što je najveći međunarodni uspjeh kluba. 1997. vratili su se u Serie B nakon poraza u razigravanju od Piacenze. Nakon toga su se selili iz Serie A u Serie B i obratno, dok na klupu nije stigao [[Gianfranco Zola]], koji je napravio solidan tim za sredinu tabele u Serie A. == Uspjesi == *'''[[Serie A]]:''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Winner.png]] (1):''' 1969/70. *'''[[Serie B]]:''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Winner.png]] (1):''' 2015/16. *'''[[Serie C]] / [[Serie C1]]:''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Winner.png]] (4):''' 1930/31, 1951/52, 1961/62, 1988/89. *'''[[Kup Italije]]:''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Finalist.png]] (1):''' 1968/69. == Igrači == ''Posljednja izmjena: 17. august 2018.'' {{Nogometna ekipa početak|sakrijnapomenu=1}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=1|nac=BRA|ime=[[Rafael (nogometaš)|Rafael]]|poz=G}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=2|nac=HRV|ime=[[Marko Pajač]]|poz=v}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=3|nac=ITA|ime=[[Marco Andreolli]]|poz=O}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=4|nac=ITA|ime=[[Daniele Dessena]]|poz=v}}([[Kapiten (nogomet)|C]]) {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=6|nac=HRV|ime=[[Filip Bradarić]]|poz=V}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=8|nac=ITA|ime=[[Luca Cigarini]]|poz=V}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=9|nac=ITA|ime=[[Alberto Cerri]]|poz=N}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=10|nac=BRA|ime=[[João Pedro]]|poz=V}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=12|nac=ITA|ime=[[Riccardo Daga]]|poz=G}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=15|nac=EST|ime=[[Ragnar Klavan]]|poz=O}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=16|nac=ITA|ime=[[Simone Aresti]]|poz=G}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=17|nac=BRA|ime=[[Diego Farias]]|poz=N}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=18|nac=ITA|ime=[[Nicolò Barella]]|poz=V}} {{Nogometna ekipa sredina}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=19|nac=ITA|ime=[[Fabio Pisacane]]|poz=O}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=20|nac=ITA|ime=[[Simone Padoin]]|poz=V}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=21|nac=MOL|ime=[[Artur Ioniță]]|poz=V}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=22|nac=GRČ|ime=[[Charalambos Lykogiannis]]|poz=O}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=23|nac=ITA|ime=[[Luca Ceppitelli]]|poz=O}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=24|nac=ITA|ime=[[Paolo Faragò]]|poz=V}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=25|nac=ITA|ime=[[Marco Sau]]|poz=N}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=28|nac=ITA|ime=[[Alessio Cragno]]|poz=G}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=29|nac=ARG|ime=[[Lucas Castro]]|poz=V}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=30|nac=ITA|ime=[[Leonardo Pavoletti]]|poz=N}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=33|nac=HRV|ime=[[Darijo Srna]]|poz=O}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=56|nac=ITA|ime=[[Filippo Romagna]]|poz=O}} {{Nogometna ekipa kraj}} ==Reference== {{refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{commonscat}} * {{službeni sajt|http://www.cagliaricalcio.com}} * [http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/teams/club=59013/profile/index.html Cagliari Calcio] na UEFA.com {{Serie A}} {{Nogometni prvaci Italije}} [[Kategorija:Cagliari Calcio|*]] [[Kategorija:Nogometni klubovi osnovani 1920.]] [[Kategorija:Nogometni klubovi u Italiji]] cugxlr3xa276tim3s4jakldznrqevs2 El-Ihlas 0 262948 3849364 3654423 2026-05-25T23:56:20Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija sura |Ime sure = ''El-Ihlas'' |Arapski naziv = سورة الإخلاص |zvuk = Chapter 112, Al-Ikhlas (Murattal) - Recitation of the Holy Qur'an.mp3 |Prikaz sure = Sura112.pdf |Tekst = Prikaz sure ''El-Ihlas'' |Klasifikacija = ''[[Mekanska sura|Mekanska]]'' |Značenje naziva = ''Iskrenost'' |Druga imena = ''Et-Tevhid'' |Broj sure = 112. |Džuz = 30. |Vrijeme objave = |Broj ajeta = 4 |Broj riječi = |Broj slova = |Harf-e-Mukatta'at = |Broj ajeta po oblastima = |Broj sedždi = }} '''''El-Ihlas''''' ([[arapski jezik|arap.]] سورة الإخلاص - ''Iskrenost''), poznata i kao '''''Et-Tevhid''''' (arap. سورة التوحيد - ''Jednoboštvo''), jeste 112. [[sura]] u [[Kur'an]]u. Ona je kratka deklaracija [[tevhid]]a (apsolutne [[Bog|Božije]] jednoće) i sastoji se od 4 [[ajet]]a. Postoje razilaženja oko toga da li je ova sura [[Mekanska sura|mekanska]] ili [[Medinska sura|medinska]] sura. Izgleda da je ovo prvo vjerovatnije, naročito zbog toga što se čini da je [[Bilan ibnul Haris|Bilal]] aludirao na nju govoreći "Ehad! Ehad!" (''"Jedan! Jedan!"'', misleći pod tim na [[Allah]]a) kad ga je njegov okrutni vlasnik mučio. Prenosi se od [[Ubejj ibn Ka'b|Ubejja ibn Ka'ba]] da je objavljena nakon što su mnogobošci zatražili: "O, [[Muhammed]]e! Reci nam rodoslov tvoga Gospodara!" == Tekst sure na arapskom i transliteracija == === Originalno arapski === <div style="font-size:170%;"> بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم # قُلْ هُوَ اللَّهُ أَحَدٌ # اللَّهُ الصَّمَدُ # لَمْ يَلِدْ وَلَمْ يُولَدْ # وَلَمْ يَكُن لَّهُ كُفُوًا أَحَدٌ </div> === Transkripcija === ''Bismillāhir-rahmānir-rahīm'' # ''Kul huvallāhu ehad'' # ''Allāhus-samed'' # ''Lem jelid ve lem jūled'' # ''Ve lem jekul-lehū kufuven ehad'' == Prijevodi == === Besim Korkut === ''U ime Allaha, Milostivog, Samilosnog'' # Reci: "On je Allah - Jedan! # Allah je Utočište svakom! # Nije rodio i rođen nije, # i niko Mu ravan nije!"<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gusic.tripod.com/kuran_bos/ |title=Korkutov prijevod |access-date=28. 7. 2013 |archive-date=19. 6. 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140619210152/http://gusic.tripod.com/kuran_bos/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Mustafa Mlivo === ''U ime Allaha, Milostivog, Milosrdnog!'' # Reci: "On, Allah, je Jedan! # Allah je Apsolutni! # Ne rađa i nije rođen, # I ravan Mu nije niko!"<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.islamcomplex.com/qurantext/qurantext.php?language=Bosnian&translator=Mustafa+Mlivo&surah=Al-Ikhlas&langid=5&transid=11&surahid=112 |title=Mlivin prijevod |access-date=28. 7. 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031005217/http://islamcomplex.com/qurantext/qurantext.php?language=Bosnian&translator=Mustafa+Mlivo&surah=Al-Ikhlas&langid=5&transid=11&surahid=112 |archive-date=31. 10. 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Muhammed Pandža i Džemaluddin Čaušević === ''U ime Boga, Sveopćeg Dobročinitelja Milostivog'' # Reci: »Onaj, koji sve stvara i kome se sve klanja, jest samo jedan Allah. # Sva veličina i moć je samo u Allaha. # On nije rodio, niti je rođen, # i Njemu nije niko jednak, niti to može biti.<ref>[http://www.medzlis-konjic.com/index.php/knjige-i-tekstovi/prevodi-kur-ana/prijevodi-kur-ana-causevic-pandza/1554-112-poglavlje-ihlas Prijevod Pandža-Čaušević]</ref> == Objašnjenje Bismille == Arapski: بِسْمِ اللّهِ الرَّحْمـَنِ الرَّحِيم <br> Transliteracija: ''[[Bismilla|Bismillāhir]]-[[Er-Rahman|raḥmānir]]-[[R-Ḥ-M|raḥīm]]''<br> Prijevod: ''U ime Allaha, Milostivog, Samilosnog'' Ova sura, kao i sve druge, osim sure [[Et-Tevba]], počinje ovim riječima, tj. ''Bismillom'', koja nije dio nijedne sure i ne računa se u broj ajeta, osim u slučaju [[El-Fatiha|El-Fatihe]]. Ipak, ona se piše na početku svake sure (osim Et-Tevbe) u svim štampanim primjercima Kur'ana ([[mushaf]]ima) budući da je u Kur'anu naređeno da se prije učenja Kur'ana spomene Allahovo ime. == Hadisi koji se odnose na ovu suru == Prema [[hadis]]ima, sura El-Ihlas ima posebnu vrijednost. * Imam [[Malik ibn Enes]] rekao je da je Ubejd ibn Hunejn čuo [[Ebu-Hurejre|Ebu-Hurejru]] da kaže: "Išao sam s Poslanikom [[Salallahu alejhi we sellem|s. a. w. s.]] i čuli smo čovjeka kako uči 'Reci: "On je Allah – Jedan!' Poslanik s. a. w. s. reče: 'Neizbježan je.' Upitao sam: 'Ko, Božiji poslaniče?' Odgovorio je: '[[Džennet]]'." * [[Said ibn Zejd]] rekao je da je čuo Poslanika s. a. w. s. da kaže [[ashabi]]ma: "Zar nije svaki od vas u stanju proučiti trećinu Kur'ana u jednoj noći?" Pošto im je to izgledalo teško, oni rekoše: "A ko je to od nas u stanju, o, Allahov Poslaniče?" A on im odgovori: "Kul huvallahu ehad, to je trećina Kur'ana". * [[Aiša bint Ebu-Bekr|Aiša r. a.]] pripovijeda da je Allahov Poslanik s. a. w. s. uputio izvidnicu i odredio im za zapovjednika čovjeka koji ih je predvodio u namazu. Kad je klanjao, poslije svake sure, na svakom rekatu, učio je suru El-Ihlas. Vrativši se u [[Medina|Medinu]], to su ashabi prenijeli Poslaniku s. a. w. s. i on im je rekao da ga upitaju zbog čega je to činio. Čovjek im je odgovorio: "Zbog toga što sura El-Ihlas govori o Allahu, pa je volim učiti." Poslanik s. a. w. s. reče: "Obavijestite ga da ga Allah voli." (hadis bilježe [[Buharija]] i [[Muslim]]) * U vjerodostojnom hadisu se kaže: "Proučite 'Kul huvallahu ehad' i 'El-Mu'avvizetejn' (sure [[El-Felek]] i [[En-Nas]]) tri puta ujutro i navečer i bit će vam dovoljne za zaštitu od svakog zla." (hadis bilježi [[Tirmizi]], a vjerodostojnim ga je ocijenio šejh Albani)<ref>[https://archive.today/20121129090743/abdurrahman.org/qurantafseer/TheVirtuesOfSomeSurahs_ShaikAlbanee.pdf ''Vrijednosti nekih sura''], šejh Albani {{simboli jezika|eng|engleski}}</ref> * Aiša r. a. pripovijeda: "Kad god bi se Poslanik s. a. w. s. razbolio, učio bi 'El-Mu'avvizetejn' i zatim puhnuo po svom tijelu. Kad je postao ozbiljno bolestan, običavala sam učiti ove 2 sure i trljati njegovim rukama po njegovom tijelu nadajući se bereketu." (Buharija, tom 6, knjiga 6, br. 535) * Aiša r. a. također pripovijeda: "Kad bi Poslanik s. a. w. s. pošao spavati, puhao bi u svoje ruke uz učenje sura 'Kul huvallahu ehad' i 'El-Mua'vvizetejn', zatim bi se potrao po licu i po čitavom tijelu dokle je mogao dohvatiti." == Poslušajte ovu suru == : [http://download.quran.islamway.com/quran3/122/112.mp3 Učač: Muhammed Ejub] : [http://download.quran.islamway.com/quran3/82/112.mp3 Učač: Abdurrahman Es-Sudejs] == Reference == {{reference}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commonscat|Al-Ikhlas}} {{Wikizvor|El-Ihlas}} * [http://www.ummet.at/html/multimedia/tefsir/112.pdf Tefsir sure El-Ihlas od Ibn Kesira] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929010115/http://www.ummet.at/html/multimedia/tefsir/112.pdf |date=29. 9. 2021 }} * [http://tanzil.net/#trans/bs.korkut/112:1 Sura El-Ihlas s prijevodom na bosanski jezik (Korkut)] na Tanzil.net * [http://www.thequranrecitation.com Sura El-Ihlas s audiozapisom] {{Sure|El-Leheb|El-Felek}} [[Kategorija:Kur'an]] [[Kategorija:Sure|I]] [[Kategorija:Mekanske sure|I]] dweb911l6yoqrpi13xurqyx8q5jjr8m Denis Fonvizin 0 263042 3849294 3814055 2026-05-25T14:37:26Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849294 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija osoba | ime = Denis Ivanovič Fonvizin | slika = Engraving Fonvizin.jpg | veličina_slike = | opis = D. Fonvizin (gravura iz 1893.) | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja|1745|4|3}} | mjesto_rođenja = Moskva, Rusko Carstvo | datum_smrti = {{Datum smrti i godine|1792|12|1|1745|4|3}} | mjesto_smrti = Sankt Peterburg, Rusko Carstvo | zanimanje = [[proza]]ik<br>[[drama]]turg<br>[[prevodilac]] | nacionalnost = Rus | era = [[klasicizam]] }} '''Denis Ivanovič Fonvizin'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ebsco.com/|title=Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin {{!}} History {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCO Research|website=EBSCO|language=en|access-date=2026-03-03}}</ref> (od njem. von Wiesen, rus. '''Дени́с Ива́нович Фонви́зин''' ili '''Фон-Визин, фон Ви́зен'''), [[Moskva]], [[Rusko Carstvo]], [[3. april]] ([[14. april]]) [[1745]]. - [[Sankt Peterburg]], [[1. decembar]] ([[12. decembar]]) [[1792]].; ruski književnik iz vremena vladavine [[Katarina II. Velika|Katarine Velike]], osnivač nacionalne ruske komedije<ref name="flaker">Ruska književnost, ur. A. Flaker, SNL, Zagreb, 1986.</ref>. == Reference == {{reference}} ==Vanjski linkovi== {{Commonscat}} * Ruska virtualna biblioteka: [http://www.rvb.ru/18vek/fonvizin/toc.htm D.I. Fonvizin. Sabrana djela u 2 toma] * Rodovid: [http://ru.rodovid.org/wk/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C:213490D.I. Fonvizin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250808194120/https://ru.rodovid.org/wk/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C:213490D.I. |date=8. 8. 2025 }} (rodoslovno stablo) * Rastjagajev, A.V., [http://zpu-journal.ru/e-zpu/2009/5/Rastiagaev/ Čistoserdečnyj Fonvizin], ''Znanije. Ponimanije. Umenije'', 2009., br. 5 * https://pakistan.mid.ru/en/news/280th_birth_anniversary_of_denis_fonvizin/ {{DEFAULTSORT:Fonvizin, Denis}} [[Kategorija:Prevodioci]] [[Kategorija:Ruski pisci]] [[Kategorija:Satira]] [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1745.]] [[Kategorija:Umrli 1792.]] n8mp0d5bang4q7i63s3hia5wvb9aanr Jasna Šamić 0 264199 3849396 3824219 2026-05-26T06:27:04Z Panasko 146730 3849396 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija osoba | ime = Jasna Šamić | slika = Knji%C5%BEevnica_Jasna_%C5%A0ami%C4%87.jpg | veličina_slike = | opis = | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja i godine|1949|4|1}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Sarajevo]], [[NR Bosna i Hercegovina]], [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija|FNRJ]] | datum_smrti = <!-- {{Datum smrti i godine|GGGG|MM|DD|GGGG|MM|DD}}--> | mjesto_smrti = <!-- [[Grad]], [[Država]] --> | nacionalnost = Bosanska, francuska | vjera = | obrazovanje = | zanimanje = Orijentalist, pisac, prevodilac | supružnik = | djeca = | roditelji = otac [[Midhat Šamić]] | potpis = | web-stranica = }} '''Jasna Šamić''' (rođena 1. aprila 1949) jest francusko-bosanski pisac, orijentalist, prevodilac, autor brojnih dokumentaraca i pozorišnih predstava koje je sama postavljala na scene [[Pariz]]a i [[Sarajevo|Sarajeva]]. U rodnom gradu [[Sarajevo|Sarajevu]] pohađala je gimnaziju i muzičku školu. Završila je studij [[Turski jezik|turskog jezika]] i [[Turska književnost|književnosti]] i [[Arapski jezik|arapskog jezika]] i [[Arapska književnost|književnosti]] sa [[Perzijski jezik|perzijskim jezikom]] kao trećim jezikom, na [[Filozofski fakultet u Sarajevu|Filozofskom fakultetu u Sarajevu]] 1972. Na istom fakultetu, 1977. odbranila je magistarski rad pod nazivom: ''Tendencije u savremenom turskom jeziku: jezička analiza dva savremena pisca – Rešada Nurija Guntekina i Nedžatija Džumalija''. Doktorsku disertaciju pod nazivom: ''La Dîvân de Kâ’imî (1630-1691/92)'', odbranila je na Univerzitetu u [[Pariz]]u (Pariz III – Sorbonne Nouvelle) 1984. Radila je na [[Odsjek za orijentalnu filologiju Filozofskog fakulteta u Sarajevu|Odsjeku za orijentalistiku Filozofskog fakulteta u Sarajevu]] u periodu 1973-1992. gdje je prvo predavala [[turski jezik]], a potom turske književnosti. Godine 1992. bila je vanredni profesor kada bez obrazloženja dobiva otkaz. U [[Pariz]]u je sarađivala sa poznatim radijskim stanicama, kao što su RFI i France Culture i bila direktor istraživanja pri Nacionalnom naučnom istraživačkom centru (Directeur de recherche associée au CNRS). Držala je predavanja i učestvovala u naučnim skupovima na univerzitetima u [[Evropa|Evropi]] i [[Amerika|Americi]] (Strazbur, [[Pariz]], Utreht, Grenobl, [[Bruxelles]], [[Venecija]], [[Istanbul]], Princeton, [[Beograd]], [[Jerusalem]], [[Tel Aviv]], [[Berlin]], Bamberg, itd). Jasna Šamić kroz svoj naučni rad bavi se naročito [[Tesavuf|sufizmom]] i sufijskom književnošću, derviškim redovima i uopšte osmanskom književnošću (npr. bosanskom književnošću pisanom na osmanskom-turskom jeziku), ali i modernom turskom književnošću. Objavila prevode književnih djela sa turskog, arapskog, perzijskog, francuskog, engleskog i talijanskog jezika. Naučno-istraživačke tekstove objavljivala je u raznim evropskim, američkim, i ex-jugoslovenskim listovima i časopisima (''Prilozi za orijentalnu filologiju, Odjek, Anali Gazi Husrev-begove biblioteke, Život, Izraz, Turcica, Journal Asiatique'', itd). Bila je urednica časopisa ''Književna riječ'' ([[Sarajevo]]). Romane, pripovijetke, poeziju, drame, eseje, književnu kritiku piše i objavljuje na bosanskom (srpskohrvatskom) i [[francuski jezik|francuskom jeziku]]. Najnovija knjiga Jasne Šamić, objavljena je na francuskom jeziku. U pitanju je zbirka poezije ''Dans le lit d'une rêve'', M.E.O.Bruxelles, 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bhinfo.fr/plonger-dans-la-sensualite-des,5388.html |title=Arhivirana kopija |access-date=6. 4. 2017 |archive-date=4. 5. 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504013416/http://www.bhinfo.fr/plonger-dans-la-sensualite-des,5388.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bila je član je redakcije časopisa [[Kulture istoka]] (Beograd), potpredsjednik Udruženja prevodilaca [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosne i Hercegovine]]; danas član ''Société asiatique'' i Drušva pisaca [[Francuska|Francuske]]. Jasna Šamić je dobitnik više međunarodnih književnih nagrada kao što je Stendhalova (Missions Stendhal), 2008, Gauchez- Pillippot 2014, Nagrada publike na Salonu balkanske knjige (''Salon du livre des Balkans''), [[Pariz]] 2018, [[Međunarodna nagrada za književnost Naji Naaman|nagrada ''Naji Naaman Honorary Prize'']] za cjelokupno djelo 2018; njena djela su više puta nagrađivana i od strane Fondacije za izdavaštvo BiH, između 2015 i 2020, specijalna nagrada Zlatna jabuka za bajke 2018, kineska nagrada za poeziju Wheng Nian Cup... . Član je Francuskog udruženja književnika, SGL, od 1994, zatim član PEN-a BiH i član PEN-a [[Francuska|Francuske]]; član Bosanskog udruženja pisaca. Živi u Parizu kao slobodan pisac. == Bibliografija == === Priređene antologije === * "Antologija savremene francuske književnosti", (ZID, [[Sarajevo]], 1997) * "Antologija bosanske književnosti" (izdavačka kuća iz [[Grčka|Grčke]]) === Djela pisana i objavljena na francuskom === * "Eclatement yougoslave", (s grupom autora), éd. de l’Aube, ([[Pariz]], 1994) * "Voyage balkanique", (s grupom autora), (Stock, Pariz, 1994) * "Bosnie" - Pont des deux mondes", istorija Bosne, (ISIS, [[Istanbul]], 1996) * "Pavillon bosniaque", roman,(ISIS, Istanbul, 1996) * "Histoire inachevée", novele-svjedočanstvo, éd. de l’Oeil sauvage, (Bayonne, 1996) * "Les extrémismes de l’Atlantique à l’Oural", (s grupom autora), éd. de l’Aube, (Pariz, 1996) * "La Méditerranée des femmes", pripovjetke, (s grupom autora), éd. l’Harmattan, (Pariz, 1998) * "Pariz Sarajevo 1900", Katalog za izložbu, (Centre de documentations de Dudelange, 2004) * "Pavillon bosniaque/Palais des illusions", roman, novo izdanje, (Dorval éditions, Pariz-Orléans, 2005) * "Amoureux des oiseaux", poezija i proza, francusko-bosansko izdanje,(Bf éditions, Strasbourg, 2006) * "Portrait de Balthazard", roman, (MEO, [[Bruxelles]], 2012) * "L’Empire des ombres", (Publibook, roman, Mon petit éditeur, Pariz, 2013) * "Le Givre et la Cendre", roman, (M.E.O, Bruxelles, 2015) * "Trois Histoire un Destin", Harmattan, (Pariz, 2016) * "Dans le lit d'une rêve", (M.E.O, Bruxelles, 2017) * "Les contrées des âmes errantes", (M.E.O, Bruxelles, 2019) * "Chambre avec vue sur l'océan", roman, MEO, Bruxelles, 2020. * "Ailleurs est le ciel", poezija, l'Harmattan, Pariz,2022 === Djela pisana i objavljena na bosanskom (srpskohrvatskom) === * zbirka poezije "Isječeni trenuci", (Svjetlost, Sarajevo, 1973) * zbirka poezije "U Hladu druge kože", ([[Veselin Masleša]], Sarajevo, 1980) * zbirka poezije i proze "Iz zabilježaka Babur Šaha", (Svjetlost, Sarajevo, 1986) * naučna studija "Mistički Eros – [[Junus Emre]]", kritičko izdanje uz prevod poezije turskog sufijskog pjesnika, (Glas, [[Banja Luka]], 1990) * zbirka političkih eseja "Parizki ratni dnevnik", (ENES, Istanbul, 1994) * dramski tekst "Sjećanje na život", (Vodnikova Domačija, [[Ljubljana]], 1995) * dramski tekst "Grad ljubav smrt", (Vodnikova Domačija, Ljubljana, 1995) * roman "Mraz i pepeo", (Bosanska Knjiga, Sarajevo, 1997) * zbirka pripovedaka "Valcer", (Media Press, Sarajevo, 1998) * roman "Bosanski paviljon", (Svjetlost, Sarajevo, 2000) * roman, "Soba s pogledom na okean", ([[Tešanj]], 2001) * monografija "Pariz Sarajevo 1900", (Media Press, Sarajevo, 2001) * roman "Portret Balthazara Casiglionea", (Rabic, Sarajevo, 2002) * "Drame", (Bosanska riječ, Wuppertal - [[Tuzla]], 2006) * roman "Carstvo sjenki", (Zoro, [[Sarajevo]] - [[Zagreb]], 2007) * priče-crtice "Na Seni barka", (Wuppertal - Tuzla, 2007) * zbirka filozofskih eseja "Mistika i mistika", (Plima, [[Cetinje]], 2010) * roman "Mozart", (Šahinpašić, Sarajevo, 2013) * zbirka filozofskih eseja "Mistika i mistika", ponovljeno dopunjeno izdanje, (Buybook, Sarajevo, 2015) * zbirka poezije "Na postelji od sna", (Dobra knjiga, Sarajevo, 2015, nagrada Fondacije za izdavaštvo BiH) * roman (prvi dio trilogije) "Predjeli lutajućih duša" (Planjax, 2017, nagrada Fondacije za izdavaštvo BiH) * roman "Carstvo sjenki", (Factum, Beograd, 2018) * zbirka poezije "Svjetlo mraka", (Dobra knjiga, Sarajevo, nagrada Fondacije za izdavaštvo BiH, 2018) * roman "Deveti val", (Cetinje:OKF; Beograd: Factum izdavaštvo; Sarajevo: Buybook, 2018) * knjiga "Medo prekinuo seosku idilu", priča za decu sa ilustracijama Maria Mikulića, (RABIC, Sarajevo, 2018). * zbirka poezije "Noć je opet na pravu postelje ti", Planjex, 2020 * roman "Razbijeni kaleidoskop", Art Rabic, Sarajevo,2021. * roman "Nesretan slučaj", Factum, Beograd, 2022. * roman "Atelje na broju 19",Art Rabic, Sarajevo, 2022. * bajke za djecu i odrasle "Vragolije male Tine", Planjax, 2022. * memoarska literatura "Sarajevo moje mladosti", knjiga prva,ShuraPublikacije, Opatija, 2023. * roman "Duhovi XV arondismana" , Art Rabic, Sarajevo, 2023. * memoarska literatura "U Ogledalu - Uspomena, Gradovi i Lica, Most Art & Factum, Beograd, 2024. * esej "Plamen u pijesku", Shutrapublications, Opatija, 2024. === Književni prevodi === ''Prevodi na bosanski (srpskohrvatski)'' * prevod s arapskog, izbor iz dela "1001 noć", (Svjetlost, Sarajevo, 1980, 1981, 1988, 1990) * prevod s turskog, roman "Djeca triju ulica", Zekerija Nedžati, (Svjetlost, Sarajevo, 1982) * prevod s francuskog, knjiga eseja "Izaći iz prokletstva : islam između civilizacije i barbarstva", Meddeb Abdelwahab, (Buybook, Sarajevo, 2011) * prevod s francuskog, "Svetkovina beznačajnog", Milan Kundera, (Buybook, Sarajevo, 2015) * prevod s francuskog "Dobar sin", Paskala Briknera, (Buybook, Sarajevo, 2018) * prevod s francuskog esej "I životinje imaju prava", (Akademska knjiga, [[Novi Sad]], 2018) * prevod s francuskog roman "Šala", Milana Kundere, Buybook, Sarajevo, 2021 * prevod s francuskog esej "Breviar poraženih", Cioran, Factum, Beograd, 2021. * prevod s francuskog knjige poezije "Bijele ptice", Monique Thomassettie, ShuraPublications, Opatija, 2022. * prevod s francuskog zbirke poezije "Svjetlo lutalica" Philippe Leuckx, Shurapublications,Opatija, 2022. * prevod s francuskog knjige poezije Daniel Simon "Kad budete", Shurapublications, Opatija, 2023 === Prevodi na francuski === * prevod na francuski (sa srpskohrvatskog), roman [[Ivo Andrić|Andrića]] "[[Prokleta avlija]]", (éd. L'Age d' Homme, Pariz, 1990) * prevod na francuski (s osmanskog turskog), zbirka poezija sufijskog pesnika Hasan Kaimi Baba, "Dîvân de Kâ’imî", (ADPF, Recherche sur les civilisations, Pariz, 1986) * prevod na francuski (sa srpskohrvatskog), roman Ive Andrića "Prokleta avlija", (éd. L'Age d' Homme, Pariz, 1990) * prevod na francuski (sa crnogorskog ) zajedno sa Gérardom Adamom , zbirka poezije Igora Lukšića, "Le livre de la peur", (M.E.O. , [[Bruxelles]], 2016) * prevod na francuski (sa bosanskog) zajedno sa Gérardom Adamom , roman Zlatka Topčića, "Le mot de la fin", (M.E.O, Bruxelles, 2016) === Dokumentarni i kratkometražni filmovi === * Les Nakshibendis de Visoko, međunarodni naučni skup posvećen derviškom redu nakšibendija, (Pariz, 1986) * Où sont les Bektachis de Bosnie?, međunarodni naučni skup posvećen derviškom redu bektašija, (Strasbourg, 1987) * Une ville l'amour la mort, (Festival de toutes les cultures, Pariz, 1996) * Bonjour mon amour j' ai seize ans, (IPI, Parimages, 2006) * L' artiste et son gâteau (IPI, Parimages, 2005) * 1900 Pariz - Sarajevo, (BiH TV , 2000) * Quo vadis 68 Pariz-Sarajevo , (Federalna TV, BH i Festival Sarajevska zima, 2008) * Coucher auprès du ciel – un souvenir mis en images (IPI, Parimages, ASJA , 2010) * Sarajevske priče iz Pariza, niz dokumentaraca za televiziju Sarajevo, (2013—2015) === Predstave u režiji Jasne Šamić === * Prije nego sto vijesnik smrti pojavi se, tekst i režija Jasna Šamić, Teatar Mladih, Sarajevo, 1987 * Souvenir d’une vie, tekst i režija Jasna Šamić , Théâtre du Procenium, Pariz, 1996 * Susret, tekst i režija J.Šamić, [[Sarajevski ratni teatar|SARTR]], Sarajevo, 1999 * Telefonski poziv tekst i režija Jasna Šamić, KAMERNI Teatar, Sarajevo, 2000 * L’Amoureux des oiseaux, Muzej knjževnosti, Internacionalni festival Festival [[Baščaršijske večeri]], Sarajevo, 2006, tekst i režija Jasna Šamić kao i Ecole Estienne, Pariz, 2007 * Minijatures, performans na francuskom i na bosanskom, tekst i režija Jasna Šamić, Bošnjački institut, Festival Sarajevska zima, Sarajevo, 2008 * D’un soleil à l’autre , poetski tekst Rouben Melik, režija Jasna Šamić, Théâtre Air Falguière, Pariz, 2009 ; Moulin, le Haï les roses, 2009 * Anniversaire, tekst i režija Jasna Šamić, Bar de l’Industrie, Montreil, Pariz, 2011 * Portrait de Balthazar, tekst i režija Jasna Samic, Maison des associations, Pariz, 2012; * Les souvenirs plus lourds que le roc, tekst i režija Jasna Šamić, Théâtre de Syldavie, Maisons d’Europe et d’Orient, Pariz, 2014 == Literatura == * Spomenica 60. godišnjice Filozofskog fakulteta u Sarajevu (1950–2010), Filozofski fakultet, Sarajevo 2010, 218. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130524193933/http://bhdani.com/arhiva/87/inter.htm Jasna Šamić, Intervju] * [http://www.sveske.ba/bs/autori/j/jasna-samic Jasna Šamić na sveske.ba] * [http://www.terapija.net/literatura.asp?ID=17362 Jasna Šamić na terapija.ba] * [http://plima.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=140:jasna-%C5%A1ami%C4%87&catid=36:autori&Itemid=55 Jasna Šamić na plima.org]{{Mrtav link|datum=Oktobar 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} * [http://www.bosnjackooko.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=137:knjievna-sehara-projekt-jasne-ami-koji-je-zaista-vrijedan-nae-panje&catid=32:prikaz-knjige&Itemid=47 Nadan Filipović, Književna sehara – projekt Jasne šamić koji je zaista vrijedan naše pažnje] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416212022/http://www.bosnjackooko.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=137:knjievna-sehara-projekt-jasne-ami-koji-je-zaista-vrijedan-nae-panje&catid=32:prikaz-knjige&Itemid=47 |date=16. 4. 2016 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120427174812/http://www.penbih.ba/kojeko/samic.htm Jasna Šamić, P.E.N. Centar BiH] {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Šamić, Jasna}} [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1949.]] [[Kategorija:Živi ljudi]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Sarajevo]] [[Kategorija:Bosanskohercegovački pisci]] [[Kategorija:Bosanskohercegovački prevodioci]] [[Kategorija:Odsjek za orijentalnu filologiju Filozofskog fakulteta u Sarajevu]] [[Kategorija:Bosanskohercegovački orijentalisti]] [[Kategorija:Članovi P.E.N. Centra Bosne i Hercegovine]] [[Kategorija:Potpisnici Deklaracije o zajedničkom jeziku]] [[Kategorija:Bivši studenti Univerziteta u Sarajevu]] 2vbu7fzgsiyjyixatt21jmcj1te4naz Uzeir Hadžibejli 0 320412 3849408 3836906 2026-05-26T09:03:38Z Panasko 146730 3849408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija kompozitor | ime = Uzeir Hadžibejli | slika = Üzeyir Hacıbəyov6.gif | opis_slike = | veličina_slike = | puno_ime = Uzeir Hadžibejli (1945) | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja|1885|9|18}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Agdžabedi]], [[Rusko Carstvo]] | datum_smrti = {{Datum smrti i godine|1948|11|23|1885|9|18}} | mjesto_smrti = [[Baku]], [[Azerbejdžanska Sovjetska Socijalistička Republika|Azerbejdžanska SSR]], [[Sovjetski Savez|SSSR]] | djela = ''Aršin Mal Alan'',{{-}}''Lejla i Medžnun'',{{-}}''[[Azərbaycan marşı]]'',{{-}}''[[Azərbaycan Sovet Sosialist Respublikası himni]]'' | period = [[Klasicizam]] | nagrade = [[Staljinova nagrada]] (1938),<br />[[Državna nagrada Azerbejdžanske SSR]] (1946),<br />[[Državna nagrada SSSR]] (1937. i 1941) }} '''Uzeir Hadžibejli''' ([[Azerbejdžanski jezik|azerbejdžanski]]: Üzeyir bəy Əbdülhüseyn oğlu Hacıbəyli) (18. septembar 1885 – 23. novembar 1948) bio je [[Azeri|azerski]] [[kompozitor]], [[dirigent]], [[pisac]], kolumnista, dramaturg, prevodilac i [[Pedagogija|pedagog]]. On je dobio titulu narodnog [[umjetnik]]a [[Sovjetski Savez|SSSR-a]]. Hadžibejli se smatra ocem azerske [[Klasična muzika|klasične muzike]] i [[Opera|opere]]. To je ujedno i prvi [[musliman]] koji je napisao operu. On je napisao [[Himna|himnu]] [[Azerbejdžanska Demokratska Republika|Azerbejdžanske Demokratske Republike]] koja je i [[Azərbaycan marşı|himna]] današnjeg [[Azerbejdžan]]a. Osim toga napisao je i himnu bivše [[Azerbejdžanska Sovjetska Socijalistička Republika|Azerbejdžanske SSR]]. <gallery> Datoteka:Bista Uzeira Hadžibejlija.jpg|Spomenik Hadžibejliju na Beogradskom keju u [[Novi Sad|Novom Sadu]] u [[Srbija|Srbiji]]. </gallery> == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commonscat|Uzeyir Hajibeyov}} * [http://www.hajibeyov.com/ Prezentacija posvećen Uzeiru Hadžibejliju] {{En simbol}} * [http://uzeyir.musigi-dunya.az/en/letopis.html Hronika života i kreativnosti Uzeira Hadžibejlija] {{En simbol}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hadžibejli, Uzeir}} [[Kategorija:Azerbejdžanski operski kompozitori]] [[Kategorija:Azerbejdžanski baletski kompozitori]] [[Kategorija:Azerbejdžanski dirigenti]] [[Kategorija:Azerbejdžanski dramaturzi]] [[Kategorija:Azerbejdžanski prevodioci]] [[Kategorija:Azerbejdžanski pedagozi]] [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1885.]] [[Kategorija:Umrli 1948.]] [[Kategorija:Dobitnici Staljinove nagrade]] [[Kategorija:Narodni umjetnici Sovjetskog Saveza]] 01p35pxn5e4d4rw6tgh46w3u7rczup1 3849409 3849408 2026-05-26T09:10:36Z Panasko 146730 3849409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija kompozitor | ime = Uzeir Hadžibejli | slika = Üzeyir Hacıbəyov6.gif | opis_slike = | veličina_slike = | puno_ime = Uzeir Hadžibejli (1945) | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja|1885|9|18}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Agdžabedi]], [[Rusko Carstvo]] | datum_smrti = {{Datum smrti i godine|1948|11|23|1885|9|18}} | mjesto_smrti = [[Baku]], [[Azerbejdžanska Sovjetska Socijalistička Republika|Azerbejdžanska SSR]], [[Sovjetski Savez|SSSR]] | djela = ''Aršin Mal Alan'',{{-}}''Lejla i Medžnun'',{{-}}''[[Azərbaycan marşı]]'',{{-}}''[[Azərbaycan Sovet Sosialist Respublikası himni]]'' | period = [[Klasicizam]] | nagrade = [[Staljinova nagrada]] (1938),<br />[[Državna nagrada Azerbejdžanske SSR]] (1946),<br />[[Državna nagrada SSSR]] (1937. i 1941) }} '''Uzeir Hadžibejli''' ([[Azerbejdžanski jezik|azerbejdžanski]]: Üzeyir bəy Əbdülhüseyn oğlu Hacıbəyli) (18. septembar 1885 – 23. novembar 1948) bio je [[Azeri|azerski]] [[kompozitor]], [[dirigent]], [[pisac]], kolumnista, dramaturg, prevodilac i [[Pedagogija|pedagog]]. Priznat je kao otac azerbejdžanske klasične muzike. Dobio je titulu narodnog [[umjetnik]]a [[Sovjetski Savez|SSSR-a]]. Hadžibejli se smatra ocem azerske [[Klasična muzika|klasične muzike]] i [[Opera|opere]]. To je ujedno i prvi [[musliman]] koji je napisao operu. On je napisao [[Himna|himnu]] [[Azerbejdžanska Demokratska Republika|Azerbejdžanske Demokratske Republike]] koja je i [[Azərbaycan marşı|himna]] današnjeg [[Azerbejdžan]]a. Osim toga napisao je i himnu bivše [[Azerbejdžanska Sovjetska Socijalistička Republika|Azerbejdžanske SSR]]. Bio je prvi kompozitor opere u [[Islamski svijet|islamskom svijetu]].<ref name="mob1">{{cite book|first=Matthew|last=O'Brien|title= Uzeyir Hajibeyov and His Role in the Development of Musical Life in Azerbaijan |quote=''Leyli and Majnun'' was not only the first opera by an Azeri composer, but also the Islamic world's first opera |publisher=Routledge |year = 2004 |page = 211 |isbn = 978-0-415-30219-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1 = William O. |last1=McCagg |first2=Brian D. |last2=Silver |title = Soviet Asian Ethnic Frontiers |publisher = Pergamon Press |year = 1979 |isbn = 978-0-08-024637-6}}{{page needed|date=July 2025}}</ref> Komponovao je prvu orijentalnu operu Leja i Medžnun 1908. i od tada je poštovan zbog adaptacije pisanog remek-djela u pozorište.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2021 |title=The First Oriental Opera by Azerbaijani Composer (1908) |url=https://ati.az/blog-2/the-first-orient-opera/ |access-date=18 July 2022 |website=ATI.AZ |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Datoteka:Bista Uzeira Hadžibejlija.jpg|mini|300px|Spomenik Hadžibejliju na Beogradskom keju u [[Novi Sad|Novom Sadu]] u [[Srbija|Srbiji]].|lijevo]] == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commonscat|Uzeyir Hajibeyov}} * [http://www.hajibeyov.com/ Prezentacija posvećen Uzeiru Hadžibejliju] {{En simbol}} * [http://uzeyir.musigi-dunya.az/en/letopis.html Hronika života i kreativnosti Uzeira Hadžibejlija] {{En simbol}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hadžibejli, Uzeir}} [[Kategorija:Azerbejdžanski operski kompozitori]] [[Kategorija:Azerbejdžanski baletski kompozitori]] [[Kategorija:Azerbejdžanski dirigenti]] [[Kategorija:Azerbejdžanski dramaturzi]] [[Kategorija:Azerbejdžanski prevodioci]] [[Kategorija:Azerbejdžanski pedagozi]] [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1885.]] [[Kategorija:Umrli 1948.]] [[Kategorija:Dobitnici Staljinove nagrade]] [[Kategorija:Narodni umjetnici Sovjetskog Saveza]] 4a084ivrqsbv6a6i8yi4mogigr9gdoh FIFA Kup konfederacija 2013. 0 356864 3849390 3821057 2026-05-26T06:02:25Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija međunarodno nogometno takmičenje | naziv_turnira = FIFA Kup konfederacija | godina = 2013. | ostali_naslovi = Copa das Confederações da FIFA Brasil 2013 | slika = FIFA Confederations Cup Brazil 2013 logo.svg | veličina = 250px | teskt = | država = Brazil | datumi = 15 - 30. juni | br_ekipa = 8 | konfederacije = 6 | stadioni = 6 | gradovi = 6 | šampion_drugo = {{NOG|BRA}} | broj = 4 | drugi_drugo = {{NOG|ŠPA}} | treći_drugo = {{NOG|ITA}} | četvrti_drugo = {{NOG|URU}} | utakmice = 16 | golovi = 68 | posjećenost = 804659 | najbolji_strijelac = {{ZD|ŠPA}} [[Fernando Torres]]<br /> {{ZD|BRA}} [[Frederico Chaves Guedes|Fred]] <br /> (5 golova) | najbolji igrač = {{ZD|BRA}} [[Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior|Neymar]] | prethodnasezona = [[FIFA Kup konfederacija 2009.|2009]] | sljedećasezona = [[FIFA Kup konfederacija 2017.|2017]] | ažurirano = }} '''FIFA Kup konfederacija 2013.''' je bilo deveti po redu [[FIFA Kup konfederacija]], koji je održan u [[Brazil]]u od 15. juna do 30 juna 2013. godine. Na turniru je učestvovalo osam ekipa: prvaci šest kontinentalnih prvenstava uz domaćina [[Nogometna reprezentacija Brazila|Brazil]] i vicešampiona sa posljednjeg [[Evropsko prvenstvo u nogometu 2012.|Evropskog prvenstva]] [[Nogomena reprezentacija Italije|Italiju]], koja je učestvovala jer je pobjednik [[Evropsko prvenstvo u nogometu 2012.|Evropskog prvenstva]] [[Nogometna reprezentacija Španije|Španija]] već obezbjedila učestvovanje prije četiri godine kao aktuelni šampion svijeta. [[Nogometna reprezentacija Brazila|Brazil]] je uspješno odbranio svoju titulu pobjedom 3:0 nad [[Nogometna reprezentacija Španije|Španijom]] u finalu. To je bio njihov četvrti naslov prvaka i treći u nizu, nakon što je prethodnoveć osvojili šampionske titule u [[FIFA Kup konfederacija 1997.|1997]], [[FIFA Kup konfederacija 2005.|2005]] i [[FIFA Kup konfederacija 2009.|2009]]. Prema mišljenju predsjednika [[FIFA]]-e predsjednik Sepp Blatter je FIFA Kup konfederacija 2013. ocijenio kao najbolju verziju odigranog turnira u historiji<ref name="Para Joseph Blatter, Brasil organizou a melhor Copa das Confederações, zerohora.clicrbs.com.br/rs">[http://zerohora.clicrbs.com.br/rs/esportes/copa-2014/noticia/2013/06/para-joseph-blatter-brasil-organizou-a-melhor-copa-das-confederacoes-4184396.html ''Para Joseph Blatter, Brasil organizou a melhor Copa das Confederações, zerohora.clicrbs.com.br/rs'']{{Mrtav link}}; pristupljeno: 26. 4. 2014.</ref>. Prvi put u historiji koristila se gol tehnologija koja će se koristiti i na [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u nogometu 2014.|Svjetskom prvenstvu]]<ref name="Goal-line technology set up ahead of FIFA World Cup, fifa.com">[http://quality.fifa.com/en/News/Goal-line-technology-set-up-ahead-of-FIFA-World-Cup ''Goal-line technology set up ahead of FIFA World Cup, fifa.com''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506052752/http://quality.fifa.com/en/News/Goal-line-technology-set-up-ahead-of-FIFA-World-Cup/ |date=6 Maj 2014 }}; pristupljeno: 26. 4. 2014.</ref>. == Reprezentacije učesnice == [[Datoteka:FIFA confederations cup 2013 Teams.png|thumb|desno|280px|Reprezentacije učesnice na FIFA Kupu konfederacija 2013]] {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Reprezentacija !Konfederacija !Način kvalificiranja !Datum kvalificiranja !Broj nastupa na <br />FIFA Kupu konfederacija |- |{{NOG|BRA}} |[[CONMEBOL]] |Domaćin [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u nogometu 2014.|SP 2014]] |align=center|30. oktobar 2007. |align=center|7 |- |{{NOG|ŠPA}} |[[UEFA]] |Pobjednik [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u nogometu 2010.|SP 2010]] |align=center|11. juli 2010. |align=center|2 |- |{{NOG|JAP}} |[[AFC]] |Pobjednik [[Azijsko prvenstvo u nogometu 2011.|AP 2011]] |align=center|29. januar 2011. |align=center|5 |- |{{NOG|MEX}} |[[CONCACAF]] |Pobjednik [[CONCACAF Gold Kup 2011.|GK 2011]] |align=center|25. juni 2011. |align=center|6 |- |{{NOG|URU}} |[[CONMEBOL]] |Pobjednik [[Copa América 2011.|CA 2011]] |align=center|24. juli 2011. |align=center|2 |- |{{NOG|TAH}} |[[OFC]] |Pobjednik [[Oceanijski kup nacija 2012.|OP 2012]] |align=center|10. juni 2012. |align=center|1 |- |{{NOG|ITA}} |[[UEFA]] |Viceprvak [[Evropsko prvenstvo u nogometu 2012.|EP 2012]] |align=center|28. juni 2012. |align=center|2 |- |{{NOG|NGA}} |[[CAF]] |Pobjednik [[Afrički kup nacija 2013.|AK 2013]] |align=center|10. februar 2013. |align=center|2 |} == Gradovi domaćini== <center> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ![[Belo Horizonte]], [[Minas Gerais|MG]] !rowspan=6|{{Lokacijska karta+|Brazil|float=right|width=450|places= {{Lokacijska karta~|Brazil |lat=-19.5157 |long=-43.5815|label=[[Belo&nbsp;Horizonte]]|position=right}} {{Lokacijska karta~|Brazil |lat=-16.00 |long=-47.60|label=[[Brasília]]|position=right}} {{Lokacijska karta~|Brazil |lat=-3.807267 |long=-38.522481|label=[[Fortaleza]]|position=left }} {{Lokacijska karta~|Brazil |lat=-8.03 |long=-35.00|label=[[Recife]]|position=left }} {{Lokacijska karta~|Brazil |lat=-22.548118 |long=-43.1348|label=[[Rio&nbsp;de&nbsp;Janeiro]]|position=right }} {{Lokacijska karta~|Brazil |lat=-12.919164 |long=-38.427078|label=[[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]]|position=right }} }} ![[Recife]] |- |[[Mineirão|Estádio Mineirão]]<br />Kapacitet: 62,547<ref name="Estadio Mineirao - Belo Horizonte, fifa.com">[http://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/destination/stadiums/stadium=771/index.html ''Estadio Mineirao - Belo Horizonte, fifa.com''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009113944/https://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/destination/stadiums/stadium=771/index.html |date=9. 10. 2019 }}; pristupljeno: 26. 4. 2014.</ref><br /> |[[Itaipava Arena Pernambuco|Arena Pernambuco]]<br />Kapacitet: 44,248<ref name="Arena Pernambuco - Recife, fifa.com">[http://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/destination/stadiums/stadium=5025134/index.html ''Arena Pernambuco - Recife, fifa.com''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009113941/https://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/destination/stadiums/stadium=5025134/index.html |date=9. 10. 2019 }}; pristupljeno: 26. 4. 2014.</ref><br />[[Datoteka:Itaipava Arena Pernambuco - Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil.jpg|200px]] |- ![[Brasília]] ![[Rio de Janeiro]] |- |[[Estádio Nacional Mané Garrincha]]<br />Kapacitet: 68,009<ref name="Estadio Nacional - Brasilia, fifa.com">[http://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/destination/stadiums/stadium=5002284/index.html ''Estadio Nacional - Brasilia, fifa.com''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009112357/https://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/destination/stadiums/stadium=5002284/index.html |date=9. 10. 2019 }}; pristupljeno: 26. 4. 2014.</ref><br />[[Datoteka:Estádio Nacional de Brasília.JPG|200px]] |[[Estádio do Maracanã]]<br />Kapacitet: 76,804<ref name="Estadio do Maracana - Rio De Janeiro, fifa.com">[http://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/destination/stadiums/stadium=214/index.html ''Estadio do Maracana - Rio De Janeiro, fifa.com''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009115402/https://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/destination/stadiums/stadium=214/index.html |date=9. 10. 2019 }}; pristupljeno: 26. 4. 2014.</ref><br />[[Datoteka:Maracana Stadium June 2013.jpg|200px]] |- ![[Fortaleza]] ![[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]] |- |[[Castelão (Ceará)|Estádio Castelão]]<br />Kapacitet: 64,846<ref name="Estadio Castelao - Fortaleza, fifa.com">[http://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/destination/stadiums/stadium=5025114/index.html ''Estadio Castelao - Fortaleza, fifa.com''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708214341/http://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/destination/stadiums/stadium=5025114/index.html |date=8. 7. 2014 }}; pristupljeno: 26. 4. 2014.</ref><br />[[Datoteka:Fortaleza Arena.jpg|200px]] |[[Itaipava Arena Fonte Nova|Arena Fonte Nova]]<br />Kapacitet: 52,048<ref name="Arena Fonte Nova - Salvador, fifa.com">[http://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/destination/stadiums/stadium=5002308/index.html ''Arena Fonte Nova - Salvador, fifa.com''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009112425/https://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/destination/stadiums/stadium=5002308/index.html |date=9. 10. 2019 }}; pristupljeno: 26. 4. 2014.</ref><br />[[Datoteka:Itaipava Arena - March 2013.jpg|200px]] |} </center> == Izvlačenje grupa == Izvlačenje za takmičenje je održano u [[São Paulo|São Paulu]] 1. decembra 2012. godine<ref name="Brazil drawn with Italy, Spain to meet Uruguay, fifa.com">[http://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/news/newsid=1960374/index.html ''Brazil drawn with Italy, Spain to meet Uruguay, fifa.com''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709011052/http://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/news/newsid=1960374/index.html |date=9. 7. 2014 }}; pristupljeno: 26. 4. 2014.</ref>. Ekipe iz iste konfederacije nisu mogle biti izvučene u istoj grupi, dakle jedan tim svakog od [[UEFA]]-e i iz [[CONMEBOL]]-a je izvučen u svakoj grupi. [[Nogometna reprezentacija Brazila|Brazil]] i [[Nogometna reprezentacija Španije|Španija]] su automatski postavljeni kao nosioci grupa A1 i B1, s toga [[Nogometna reprezentacija Italije|Italija]] i [[Nogometna reprezentacija Urugvaja|Urugvaj]] su bili postavljeni u grupu A odnosno grupu B<ref name="DRAW PROCEDURES: FIFA CONFEDERATIONS CUP BRAZIL 2013, fifa.com">[http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/96/02/16//121129_drawproceduresfcc2013_final(2).pdf ''DRAW PROCEDURES: FIFA CONFEDERATIONS CUP BRAZIL 2013, fifa.com''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709011100/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/96/02/16//121129_drawproceduresfcc2013_final(2).pdf |date=9. 7. 2014 }}; pristupljeno: 26. 4. 2014.</ref>. {|class="wikitable" style="float:left; font-size: 90%;" |- ! Šešir 1 |- ! width=150| Reprezentacija |- | {{NOG|BRA}} |- | {{NOG|ŠPA}} |- | {{NOG|URU}} |- | {{NOG|ITA}} |} {|class="wikitable" style="float:left; font-size: 90%;" |- ! Šešir 2 |- ! width=150| Reprezentacija |- | {{NOG|NGA}} |- | {{NOG|JAP}} |- | {{NOG|MEX}} |- | {{NOG|TAH}} |}{{raščistiti}} == Sudije == Deset glavnih sudija su određeni 10. maja 2013. godine za suđenje na FIFA Kupu konfederacija 2013.<ref name="Match officials appointed for FIFA Confederations Cup Brazil 2013, fifa.com">[http://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/organisation/media/newsid=2078321/index.html ''Match officials appointed for FIFA Confederations Cup Brazil 2013, fifa.com''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608115450/http://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/organisation/media/newsid=2078321/index.html |date=8. 6. 2013 }}; pristupljeno: 26. 4. 2014.</ref>. {| class="wikitable" |- !Konfederacija !Glavni sudija !Linijski suci |- |rowspan="2"|[[AFC]] |[[Yuichi Nishimura]] ([[Nogometni savez Japana|Japan]]) |Toru Sagara ([[Nogometni savez Japana|Japan]])<br />Toshiyuki Nagi ([[Nogometni savez Japana|Japan]]) |- |[[Ravshan Irmatov]] ([[Nogometni savez Uzbekistana|Uzbekistan]]) |Abdukhamidullo Rasulov ([[Nogometni savez Uzbekistana|Uzbekistan]])<br />Bahadyr Kochkarov ([[Nogometni savez Kirgistana|Kirgistan]]) |- |[[CAF]] |[[Djamel Haimoudi]] ([[Nogometni savez Alžira|Alžir]]) |Abdelhak Etchiali ([[Nogometni savez Alžira|Alžir]])<br />Redouane Achik ([[Nogometni savez Maroka|Maroko]]) |- |[[CONCACAF]] |[[Joel Aguilar]] ([[Nogometni savez El Salvadora|El Salvador]]) |William Torres ([[Nogometni savez El Salvadora|El Salvador]])<br />Juan Zumba ([[Nogometni savez El Salvadora|El Salvador]]) |- |rowspan="2"|[[CONMEBOL]] |[[Diego Abal]] ([[Nogometni savez Argentine|Argentina]]) |Hernán Maidana ([[Nogometni savez Argentine|Argentina]])<br />Juan Pablo Belatti ([[Nogometni savez Argentine|Argentina]]) |- |[[Enrique Osses]] ([[Nogometni savez Čilea|Čile]]) |Sergio Román ([[Nogometni savez Čilea|Čile]])<br />Carlos Astroza ([[Nogometni savez Čilea|Čile]]) |- |rowspan="4"|[[UEFA]] |[[Howard Webb]] ([[Nogometni savez Engleske|Engleska]]) |Mike Mullarkey ([[Nogometni savez Engleske|Engleska]])<br />Darren Cann ([[Nogometni savez Engleske|Engleska]]) |- |[[Felix Brych]]([[Nogometni savez Njemačke|Njemačka]]) |Stefan Lupp([[Nogometni savez Njemačke|Njemačka]])<br />Mark Borsch([[Nogometni savez Njemačke|Njemačka]]) |- |[[Björn Kuipers]] ([[Nogometni savez Holandije|Holandija]]) |Sander van Roekel ([[Nogometni savez Holandije|Holandija]])<br />Erwin Zeinstra ([[Nogometni savez Holandije|Holandija]]) |- |[[Pedro Proença]] ([[Nogometni savez Portugala|Portugal]]) |Bertino Miranda ([[Nogometni savez Portugala|Portugal]])<br />Tiago Trigo ([[Nogometni savez Portugala|Portugal]]) |} == Sastavi == Po pravilima FIFA-e svaka reprezentacija ima pravo pozvati 23 nogometaša za turnir gdje su od navedena 23 imena morala biti tri golmana. [[FIFA]] je 7. juna 2013 objavila konačan spisak nogometaša učesnika FIFA Kupa konfederacija 2013<ref name="Sastavi reprezentacija na FIFA Kupu konfederacija 2013., fifa.co">[http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/10/38/80/fcclop_neutral.pdf ''Sastavi reprezentacija na FIFA Kupu konfederacija 2013., fifa.com''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170729/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/10/38/80/fcclop_neutral.pdf |date=3. 3. 2016 }}; pristupljeno: 27. 4. 2014.</ref><ref name="Regulations: FIFA Confederations Cup - Brazil 2013, fifa.com">[http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/99/46/55/regulationsconfederationscup2013_e.pdf ''Regulations: FIFA Confederations Cup - Brazil 2013, fifa.com''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212052604/https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/99/46/55/regulationsconfederationscup2013_e.pdf |date=12. 12. 2018 }}; pristupljeno: 27. 4. 2014.</ref> {{Glavni|Igrači FIFA Kupa konfederacija 2013.}} == Pravila takmičenja == Turnir je sačinjavalo osam reprezentacija koje su bile podijeljene u dvije grupe. Pobjednici grupa i drugoplasirane ekipe su se plasirale u polufinale. Rangiranje ekipe u svakoj grupi su se određivale na sljedeći način: # najveći broj osvojeni bodova, # gol-razlika, # broj golova u svim utakmicama po grupama; # Ako dva ili više tima budu jednaka na osnovu gore navedenih kriterija njihov rang će se odrediti na sljedeći način: # broj osvojenih bodova između timova koji su u pitanju; # gol-razlika između timova koji su u pitanju; # broj postignutih golova između timova koji su u pitanju; # izvlačenje FIFA organizacionog odbora.<ref name="Regulations: FIFA Confederations Cup - Brazil 2013, fifa.com" /> == Rezultati == === Takmičenje po grupama === {{legend|#00FF7F|Kvalificirali se u polufinale|border=#000000}} ==== Grupa A ==== {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" |- |colspan=10 | '''[[FIFA Kup konfederacija 2013 - grupa A|Grupa A]]''' |- !width="25"|{{Tooltip| Poz. | Pozicija na tabeli grupe}} ! style="width:165px;"|Reprezentacija !width="25"|{{Tooltip| OU | Odigrano utakmica}} !width="25"|{{Tooltip| P | Pobjede}} !width="25"|{{Tooltip| N | Neriješeno}} !width="25"|{{Tooltip| I | Izgubljeno}} !width="25"|{{Tooltip| DG | Dati golovi}} !width="25"|{{Tooltip| PG | Primljeni golovi}} !width="25"|{{Tooltip| GR | Golovna razlika}} !width="25"|{{Tooltip| B | Bodovi}} |- |- bgcolor="#00FF7F" | 1 |align=left| {{ZD|BRA}} [[Nogometna reprezentacija Brazila|Brazil]] | 3 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 9 || 2 || +7 || '''9''' |- |- bgcolor="#00FF7F" | 2 |align=left| {{ZD|ITA}} [[Nogometna reprezentacija Italije|Italija]] | 3 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 8 || 8 || 0 || '''6''' |- | 3 |align=left| {{ZD|MEX}} [[Nogometna reprezentacija Meksika|Meksiko]] | 3 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 3 || 5 || -2 || '''3''' |- | 4 |align=left| {{ZD|JAP}} [[Nogometna reprezentacija Japana|Japan]] | 3 || 0 || 0 || 3 || 4 || 9 || -5 || '''0''' |} {| style="width:70%;" cellspacing="1" |- !width=25%| !width=10%| !width=25%| ! |- |<small>15. juni 2013.</small> |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{NOG-D|BRA}}'''||align=center|'''[[FIFA Kup konfederacija 2013 - grupa A#Brazil - Japan|3 – 0]]'''||'''{{NOG|JAP}}'''||<small>[[Estádio Nacional Mané Garrincha]], [[Brasília]]</small> |- |<small>16. juni 2013.</small> |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{NOG-D|MEX}}'''||align=center|'''[[FIFA Kup konfederacija 2013 - grupa A#Meksiko - Italija|1 – 2]]'''||'''{{NOG|ITA}}'''||<small>[[Stadion "Maracaná"|Maracaná]], [[Rio de Janeiro]]</small> |- |<small>19. juni 2013.</small> |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{NOG-D|BRA}}'''||align=center|'''[[FIFA Kup konfederacija 2013 - grupa A#Brazil - Meksiko|2 – 0]]'''||'''{{NOG|MEX}}'''||<small>[[Estádio Castelão|Castelão]], [[Fortaleza]]</small> |- |<small>19. juni 2013.</small> |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{NOG-D|ITA}}'''||align=center|'''[[FIFA Kup konfederacija 2013 - grupa A#Italija - Japan|4 – 3]]'''||'''{{NOG|JAP}}'''||<small>[[Itaipava Arena Pernambuco]], [[Recife]]</small> |- |<small>22. juni 2013.</small> |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{NOG-D|ITA}}'''||align=center|'''[[FIFA Kup konfederacija 2013 - grupa A#Italija - Brazil|2 – 4]]'''||'''{{NOG|BRA}}'''||<small>[[Itaipava Arena Fonte Nova|Arena Fonte Nova]], [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]]</small> |- |<small>22. juni 2013.</small> |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{NOG-D|JAP}}'''||align=center|'''[[FIFA Kup konfederacija 2013 - grupa A#Japan - Meksiko|1 – 2]]'''||'''{{NOG|MEX}}'''||<small>[[Estádio Mineirão|Mineirão]], [[Belo Horizonte]]</small> |} ==== Grupa B ==== {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" |- |colspan=10 | '''[[FIFA Kup konfederacija 2013 - grupa B|Grupa B]]''' |- !width="25"|{{Tooltip| Poz. | Pozicija na tabeli grupe}} ! style="width:165px;"|Reprezentacija !width="25"|{{Tooltip| OU | Odigrano utakmica}} !width="25"|{{Tooltip| P | Pobjede}} !width="25"|{{Tooltip| N | Neriješeno}} !width="25"|{{Tooltip| I | Izgubljeno}} !width="25"|{{Tooltip| DG | Dati golovi}} !width="25"|{{Tooltip| PG | Primljeni golovi}} !width="25"|{{Tooltip| GR | Golovna razlika}} !width="25"|{{Tooltip| B | Bodovi}} |- |- bgcolor="#00FF7F" | 1 |align=left| {{ZD|ŠPA}} [[Nogometna reprezentacija Španije|Španija]] | 3 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 15 || 1 || +14 || '''9''' |- |- bgcolor="#00FF7F" | 2 |align=left| {{ZD|URU}} [[Nogometna reprezentacija Urugvaja|Urugvaj]] | 3 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 11 || 3 || +8 || '''6''' |- | 3 |align=left| {{ZD|NGA}} [[Nogometna reprezentacija Nigerije|Nigerija]] | 3 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 7 || 6 || +1 || '''3''' |- | 4 |align=left| {{ZD|FRA POLI}} [[Nogometna reprezentacija Tahitija|Tahiti]] | 3 || 0 || 0 || 3 || 1 || 24 || -23 || '''0''' |} {| style="width:70%;" cellspacing="1" |- !width=25%| !width=10%| !width=25%| ! |- |<small>16. juni 2013.</small> |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{NOG-D|ŠPA}}'''||align=center|'''[[FIFA Kup konfederacija 2013 - grupa B#Španija - Urugvaj|2 – 1]]'''||'''{{NOG|URU}}'''||<small>[[Itaipava Arena Pernambuco|Arena Pernambuco]], [[Recife]]</small> |- |<small>17. juni 2013.</small> |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{NOG-D|TAH}}'''||align=center|'''[[FIFA Kup konfederacija 2013 - grupa B#Tahiti - Nigerija|1 – 6]]'''||'''{{NOG|NGA}}'''||<small>[[Estádio Mineirão|Mineirão]], [[Belo Horizonte]]</small> |- |<small>20. juni 2013.</small> |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{NOG-D|ŠPA}}'''||align=center|'''[[FIFA Kup konfederacija 2013 - grupa B#Španija - Tahiti|10 – 0]]'''||'''{{NOG|TAH}}'''||<small>[[Stadion "Maracaná"|Maracaná]], [[Rio de Janeiro]]</small> |- |<small>20. juni 2013.</small> |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{NOG-D|NGA}}'''||align=center|'''[[FIFA Kup konfederacija 2013 - grupa B#Nigerija - Urugvaj|1 – 2]]'''||'''{{NOG|URU}}'''||<small>[[Itaipava Arena Fonte Nova|Arena Fonte Nova]], [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]]</small> |- |<small>23. juni 2013.</small> |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{NOG-D|NGA}}'''||align=center|'''[[FIFA Kup konfederacija 2013 - grupa B#Nigerija - Španija|0 – 3]]'''||'''{{NOG|ŠPA}}'''||<small>[[Estádio Castelão|Castelão]], [[Fortaleza]]</small> |- |<small>23. juni 2013.</small> |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{NOG-D|URU}}'''||align=center|'''[[FIFA Kup konfederacija 2013 - grupa B#Urugvaj - Tahiti|8 – 0]]'''||'''{{NOG|TAH}}'''||<small>[[Itaipava Arena Pernambuco|Arena Pernambuco]], [[Recife]]</small> |} === Nokaut faza === {{Glavni|FIFA Kup konfederacija 2013 - Nokaut faza}} {{Polufinale sa trećim mjestom |26. juni 2013. - [[Belo Horizonte]]|{{NOG|BRA}}|2|{{NOG|URU}}|1 |27. juni 2013. - [[Fortaleza]]|{{NOG|ŠPA}}|0 (7)|{{NOG|ITA}}|0 (6) |30. juni 2013. - [[Rio de Janeiro]]|{{NOG|BRA}}|3|{{NOG|ŠPA}}|0 |30. juni 2013. - [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]]|{{NOG|URU}}|2 (2)|{{NOG|ITA}}|2 (3) }} ==== Polufinale ==== {| style="width:70%;" cellspacing="1" |- !width=25%| !width=10%| !width=25%| ! |- |<small>26. juni 2013.</small> |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{NOG-D|BRA}}'''||align=center|'''[[FIFA Kup konfederacija 2013 - Nokaut faza#Brazil - Urugvaj|2 – 1]]'''||'''{{NOG|URU}}'''||<small>[[Estádio Mineirão|Mineirão]], [[Belo Horizonte]]</small> |- |<small>27. juni 2013.</small> |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{NOG-D|ŠPA}}'''||align=center|'''[[FIFA Kup konfederacija 2013 - Nokaut faza#Španija - Italija|0 – 0 <br />(7 - 6 pen.)]]'''||'''{{NOG|ITA}}'''||<small>[[Estádio Castelão|Castelão]], [[Fortaleza]]</small> |} === Utakmica za treće mjesto === {| style="width:70%;" cellspacing="1" |- !width=25%| !width=10%| !width=25%| ! |- |<small>30. juni 2013.</small> |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{NOG-D|URU}}'''||align=center|'''[[FIFA Kup konfederacija 2013 - Nokaut faza#Urugvaj - Italija|2 – 2 <br />(2 - 3 pen.)]]'''||'''{{NOG|ITA}}'''||<small>[[Itaipava Arena Fonte Nova|Arena Fonte Nova]], [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]]</small> |} === Finale === {| style="width:70%;" cellspacing="1" |- !width=25%| !width=10%| !width=25%| ! |- |<small>30. juni 2013.</small> |- style=font-size:90% |align=right|'''{{NOG-D|BRA}}'''||align=center|'''[[FIFA Kup konfederacija 2013 - Nokaut faza#Brazil - Španija|3 - 0]]'''||'''{{NOG|ŠPA}}'''||<small>[[Stadion "Maracaná"|Maracaná]], [[Rio de Janeiro]]</small> |} == Lista strijelaca == [[Fernando Torres]] je dobitnik ''Zlatne kopačke''. [[Frederico Chaves Guedes|Fred]] i [[Fernando Torres|Torres]] su postigli po pet golova na turniru ali ''Zlatnu kopačku'' je dobio [[Fernando Torres]] zbog provedenih manje minuta na turniru<ref name="Fernando Torres wins another Golden Boot award, is understandably less than excited about it, sports.yahoo.com">[http://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/soccer-dirty-tackle/fernando-torres-wins-another-golden-boot-award-understandably-040203642.html ''Fernando Torres wins another Golden Boot award, is understandably less than excited about it, sports.yahoo.com''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705003714/http://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/soccer-dirty-tackle/fernando-torres-wins-another-golden-boot-award-understandably-040203642.html |date=5. 7. 2013 }}; pristupljeno: 26. 4. 2014.</ref>. ;5 glova *{{ZD|BRA}} [[Frederico Chaves Guedes|Fred]] *{{ZD|ŠPA}} [[Fernando Torres]] ;4 gola *{{ZD|BRA}} [[Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior|Neymar]] *{{ZD|URU}} [[Abel Hernández]] ;3 gola {{col-begin}} {{col-3}} *{{ZD|MEX}} [[Javier Hernández Balcázar|Javier Hernández]] *{{ZD|NGA}} [[Nnamdi Oduamadi]] {{col-3}} *{{ZD|ŠPA}} [[David Villa]] *{{ZD|URU}} [[Edinson Cavani]] {{col-3}} *{{ZD|URU}} [[Luis Suárez]] {{col-end}} ;2 gola {{col-begin}} {{col-3}} *{{ZD|BRA}} [[João Alves de Assis Silva|Jô]] *{{ZD|BRA}} [[José Paulo Bezerra Maciel Júnior|Paulinho]] {{col-3}} *{{ZD|ITA}} [[Mario Balotelli]] *{{ZD|JAP}} [[Shinji Okazaki]] {{col-3}} *{{ZD|ŠPA}} [[Jordi Alba]] *{{ZD|ŠPA}} [[David Silva]] {{col-end}} ;1 gol {{col-begin}} {{col-3}} *{{ZD|BRA}} [[Dante Bonfim Costa Santos|Dante]] *{{ZD|ITA}} [[Davide Astori]] *{{ZD|ITA}} [[Giorgio Chiellini]] *{{ZD|ITA}} [[Daniele De Rossi]] *{{ZD|ITA}} [[Alessandro Diamanti]] *{{ZD|ITA}} [[Emanuele Giaccherini]] *{{ZD|ITA}} [[Sebastian Giovinco]] {{col-3}} *{{ZD|ITA}} [[Andrea Pirlo]] *{{ZD|JAP}} [[Keisuke Honda]] *{{ZD|JAP}} [[Shinji Kagawa]] *{{ZD|NGA}} [[Uwa Elderson Echiéjilé]] *{{ZD|NGA}} [[Mikel John Obi]] *{{ZD|ŠPA}} [[Juan Mata]] *{{ZD|ŠPA}} [[Pedro Rodríguez Ledesma|Pedro]] {{col-3}} *{{ZD|ŠPA}} [[Roberto Soldado]] *{{ZD|FRA POLI}} [[Jonathan Tehau]] *{{ZD|URU}} [[Diego Forlán]] *{{ZD|URU}} [[Nicolás Lodeiro]] *{{ZD|URU}} [[Diego Lugano]] *{{ZD|URU}} [[Diego Pérez]] {{col-end}} ;Autogolovi {{col-begin}} {{col-3}} *{{ZD|JAP}} [[Atsuto Uchida]] (za [[Nogometna reprezentacija Italije|Italiju]]) {{col-3}} *{{ZD|FRA POLI}} [[Jonathan Tehau]] (za [[Nogometna reprezentacija Nigerije|Nigeriju]]) {{col-3}} *{{ZD|FRA POLI}} [[Nicolas Vallar]] (za [[Nogometna reprezentacija Nigerije|Nigeriju]]) {{col-end}} == Nagrade == [[Datoteka:Neymargoldenball.jpg|thumb|Osvajač zlatne lopte [[Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior|Neymar]]]] {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 0 auto" |- !FIFA Fair Play trofej !Osvajač zlatne lopte !Osvajač zlatne cipele !Osvajač zlatne rukavice |- |align=center|{{ZD|ŠPA}} [[Nogometna reprezentacja Španije|Španija]] |align=center|{{ZD|BRA}} [[Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior|Neymar]] |align=center|{{ZD|ŠPA}} [[Fernando Torres]] |align=center|{{ZD|BRA}} [[Júlio César Soares Espíndola|Júlio César]] |} {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 0 auto" |- !Osvajač srebrne lopte !Osvajač srebrne cipele |- |align=center|{{ZD|ŠPA}} [[Andrés Iniesta]] |align=center|{{ZD|BRA}} [[Frederico Chaves Guedes|Fred]] |- !Osvajač bronzane lopte !Osvajač bronzane cipele |- |align=center|{{ZD|BRA}} [[José Paulo Bezerra Maciel Júnior|Paulinho]] |align=center|{{ZD|BRA}} [[Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior|Neymar]] |} {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 0 auto" |- |+ [[FIFA|FIFA.com]] Dream Team<ref name="FIFA.com users have voted and elected the Dream Team for the FIFA Confederations Cup Brazil 2013, fifa.com">[http://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/dreamteam/index.html ''FIFA.com users have voted and elected the Dream Team for the FIFA Confederations Cup Brazil 2013, fifa.com''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719044317/http://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/dreamteam/index.html |date=19. 7. 2015 }}; pristupljeno: 26. 4. 2014.</ref> |- !Golman !Od. nogometaš !Vez. nogometaš !Napadač !Selektor |- |valign=top| {{ZD|BRA}} [[Júlio César Soares Espíndola|Júlio César]] |valign=top| {{ZD|BRA}} [[Daniel Alves]]<br /> {{ZD|ŠPA}} [[Sergio Ramos]]<br /> {{ZD|BRA}} [[Thiago Silva]]<br /> {{ZD|BRA}} [[David Luiz]] |valign=top| {{ZD|ŠPA}} [[Andrés Iniesta]]<br /> {{ZD|ITA}} [[Andrea Pirlo]]<br /> {{ZD|BRA}} [[José Paulo Bezerra Maciel Júnior|Paulinho]] |valign=top| {{ZD|BRA}} [[Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior|Neymar]]<br /> {{ZD|ŠPA}} [[Fernando Torres]]<br /> {{ZD|BRA}} [[Frederico Chaves Guedes|Fred]] |valign=top| {{ZD|BRA}} [[Luiz Felipe Scolari]] |} == Tabela == {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" |- |colspan=10 | '''FIFA Kup konfederacija 2013.'''<ref name="FIFA Kup konfederacija 2013, fifa.com">[http://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/statistics/teams/goals.html ''FIFA Kup konfederacija 2013, fifa.com''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109012826/http://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/statistics/teams/goals.html |date=9. 11. 2013 }}; pristupljeno: 26. 4. 2014.</ref> |- !width="25"|{{Tooltip| Poz. | Pozicija na FIFA Kupu konfederacija}} ! style="width:165px;"|Tim !width="25"|{{Tooltip| OU | Odigrano utakmica}} !width="25"|{{Tooltip| P | Pobjede}} !width="25"|{{Tooltip| N | Neriješeno}} !width="25"|{{Tooltip| I | Izgubljeno}} !width="25"|{{Tooltip| DG | Dati golovi}} !width="25"|{{Tooltip| PG | Primljeni golovi}} !width="25"|{{Tooltip| GR | Golovna razlika}} |- |- bgcolor="gold" | 1. |align=left|{{ZD|BRA}} [[Nogometna reprezentacija Brazila|Brazil]]||5||5||0||0||14||3||+11 |- |- bgcolor="silver" | 2. |align=left|{{ZD|ŠPA}} [[Nogometna reprezentacija Španije|Španija]]||5||3||1||1||15||4||+11 |- |- bgcolor="bronze" | {{color|#FFFFFF|3.}} |align=left|{{ZD|ITA}} [[Nogometna reprezentacija Italije|{{color|#FFFFFF|Italija}}]]||{{color|#FFFFFF|5}}||{{color|#FFFFFF|2}}||{{color|#FFFFFF|2}}||{{color|#FFFFFF|1}}||{{color|#FFFFFF|10}}||{{color|#FFFFFF|10}}||{{color|#FFFFFF|0}} |- | 4. |align=left|{{ZD|URU}} [[Nogometna reprezentacija Urugvaja|Urugvaj]]||5||2||1||2||14||7||+7 |- | 5. |align=left|{{ZD|NGA}} [[Nogometna reprezentacija Nigerije|Nigerija]]||3||1||0||2||7||6||+1 |- | 6. |align=left|{{ZD|MEX}} [[Nogometna reprezentacija Meksika|Meksiko]]||3||1||0||2||3||5||-2 |- | 7. |align=left|{{ZD|JAP}} [[Nogometna reprezentacija Japana|Japan]]||3||0||0||3||4||9||-5 |- | 8. |align=left|{{ZD|FRA POLI}} [[Nogometna reprezentacija Tahitija|Tahiti]]||3||0||0||3||1||24||-23 |} == Reference == {{Refspisak|2}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commonscat|Confederations Cup 2013}} * [http://www.fifa.com/confederationscup FIFA Kup konfederacija na FIFA.com] {{FIFA Kup konfederacija 2013. - Grupe}} {{FIFA Kup konfederacija}} [[Kategorija:FIFA Kup konfederacija|2013]] [[Kategorija:2013. u Brazilu]] [[Kategorija:2013. u nogometu]] [[Kategorija:Sportska takmičenja u Brazilu]] bt4kmhvew8a6yvx4ycg8y9at5b3gnms Rifat Hadžiselimović 0 357096 3849391 3760977 2026-05-26T06:03:31Z Panasko 146730 3849391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija naučnik | ime = Rifat Hadžiselimović | slika = Yo3orfma.png | opis_slike = Rifat 2022. | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja i godine|1944|1|7}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Šiprage]], [[Kotor-Varoš]] | državljanstvo = Bosna i Hercegovina | narodnost = [[Bosanac]] | alma_mater = Doktorat bioloških nauka na Prirodno–matematičkom fakultetu Univerziteta u Sarajevu, 1977. | period = | polje = Biologija, genetika }} '''Rifat Hadžiselimović''' jest [[Bosna i Hercegovina|bosanskohercegovački]] genetičar. Rođen je u [[Šiprage|Šipragama]], [[Kotor-Varoš]] 7. januara 1944. kao peto od sedmero djece Have (rođ. Skopljak) i Ismeta Hadžiselimovića. Od 2013, nakon više od 45 godina radnog staža, izabran je u zvanje emeritusa i djeluje kao naučni savjetnik u [[Institut za genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologiju u Sarajevu|Institutu za genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologiju]] u Sarajevu''.<ref>Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2003): Status of Agricultural Biotechnology and Biosafety in Selected Countries of the Balkans, the Caucasus and Moldova. FAO, Publishing Menagement Service, Information Division, Rome.</ref><ref name="ingeb">{{cite book|editor=Ingeb|year=2018|title=Prvih 30 godina Ingeba-The first 30 years of Ingeb|publisher=Institut za genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologiju-Institute for genetic ingeneering and biotechnology, Sarajevo|isbn=978-9958-9344-9-0}}</ref><ref>https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=hr&user=llK5d2YAAAAJ&view_op=list_works&gmla=AJsN-F7p9ZZuH0mzxCWrEIA5CHWzNKBxY_6BTs2rWuqHA4tZoS4eOCVIVsEmR27B7AGqxJ-CoDBRiRbK9ez8fLb1b42AXEMpMcHWiySECOV4drV1TjPsSvnW1NQBcOFyiwL14sJF64BL{{Mrtav link}}</ref><ref>http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rifat_Hadziselimovic</ref><ref>http://www.ingeb.unsa.ba/o_ingebu_uposlenici.html</ref> ==Edukacija i profesionalna karijera== [[Datoteka:Akademik Rifat Hadziselimovic.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Rifat Hadžiselimović na Trećem međunarornom kongresu zelene biotehnologije, 15. 10. 2021.]] Srednjoškolsko obrazovanje je završio u [[Banja Luka|Banjoj Luci]] 1962. kada upisuje [[Prirodno-matematički fakultet u Sarajevu]]. Diplomirao je 1966, stekavši zvanje profesora biologije. Magistraturu bioloških nauka (Antropologija), završio je 1971. na Prirodoslovno–matematičkom fakultetu [[Univerzitet u Zagrebu|Univerziteta u Zagrebu]], [[Hrvatska]], odbranom teze pod naslovom ''Istorijski aspekt kretanja relativne frekvencije dva alelogena u ljudskim populacijama''. Doktorat bioloških nauka završio je 1976. na Prirodno–matematičkom fakultetu [[Univerzitet u Sarajevu|Univerziteta u Sarajevu]], odbranom teze pod naslovom ''Genetika sekrecije ABH antigena u stanovništvu Bosne i Hercegovine''.<ref>B. Š. (1977): Petnaest novih doktora nauka, Oslobođenje, 11. marta, str. 6, Sarajevo.</ref> Od 1966. angažiran je na Prirodno–matematičkom fakultetu Univerziteta u Sarajevu,<ref>Purivatra A., Ur. (2000): Ko je ko u Bošnjaka. Vijeće Kongresa bošnjačkih intelektualaca, {{ISBN|9958-47-068-3}}, str. 168, Sarajevo.</ref> najprije kao asistent (1966-1977), zatim kao docent (1977), vanredni (1980) te redovni profesor (1984) na predmetima: ''Humana genetika'', ''Genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologija'', ''Evolucija'', ''Antropologija'' i ''Eksperimentalna biomedicina''. Od 1984-86. obavljao je i funkciju Šefa Odsjeka za biologiju. Od 1994. bio je angažovan u realizaciji ''Postdiplomskog studija bioloških nauka'' i to do 2003. kao voditelj studija, a nakon toga, do 2007. kao voditelj smjera ''Genetika''. U periodu od 1987-2001. obavljao je funkciju Direktora Instituta za genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologiju, a od 2001. je bio Koordinator DNK projekta koji je realiziran u saradnji sa [[Međunarodna komisija za nestale osobe|Međunarodnom komisijom za nestale osobe]] (International Commission on Missing Persons - ICMP) i kao naučni savjetnik u Institutu, gdje je od 2006. do 2012. djelovao i kao predsjednik ''Upravnog odbora''<ref>Hadžiselimović, R. et al, Ur. (2008). ''Jubilej INGEB 20'', Institut za genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologiju Univerziteta u Sarajevu (prvih 20 godina: 1988.–2008. INGEB, Sarajevo, Bosna i Hercegovina</ref>. Djelovao je kao aktivni član Antropološkog društva Jugoslavije <ref>Antropološko društvo Jugoslavije, Izd. (1979): Biografije i bibliografije članova Antropološkog duštva Jugoslavije – Posvećeno Dvadesetogodišnjici postojanja i rada Antropološkog društva Jugoslavije. ADJ, Posebna izdanja, Sveska 6, Beograd.</ref> a osnivač je i član [[Udruženje genetičara u Bosni i Hercegovini|Udruženja genetičara u Bosni i Hercegovini]]. Dopisni član [[Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine|Akademije nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine]] postao je 2018.<ref>[http://izdvojeno.ba/ovo-su-novi-bh-akademici-tajnim-glasanjem-izabrani-novi-clanovi-anubih/ Izdvojeno, OVO SU NOVI BH. AKADEMICI: Tajnim glasanjem izabrani novi članovi ANUBiH] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401111303/http://izdvojeno.ba/ovo-su-novi-bh-akademici-tajnim-glasanjem-izabrani-novi-clanovi-anubih/ |date=1. 4. 2019 }}, objavljeno 21. decembra 2018, pristupljeno 2. aprila 2019.</ref> U 2020, bio je osnivač i prvi direktor Centra za Demografsku genetiku ANUBiH. Iste (2020) reaktivirao je nekadašnju Komisiju za genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologiju ANUBiH i postao njen novi predsjednik. ==Nagrade i priznanja== * Nagrada Univerziteta u Sarajevu za studentski naučni rad (1966), * "Hasan Brkić" i Zlatna značka Univerziteta u Sarajevu za odličan uspjeh u studiju (1966), * ''Veselin Masleša'' (najviša [[Bosna i Hercegovina|bosanskohercegovačka]] nagrada za naučni rad (1977).<ref>A. B. (1977): Nagrade „Veselin Masleša“. Vjesnik, God. XXXVIII, br. 10654, str. 4, Zagreb.</ref><ref>Štrbo A. (1977): Uručene nagrade „Veselin Masleša“. Oslobođenje, God. XXXIV, br. 10374, str. 3, Sarajevo.</ref><ref>Demirović E. (1977): Dodijeljene nagrade „Veselin Masleša“. Borba, God. LVI, br. 107, str. 9, Beograd.</ref><ref>N. Č. (1997): Devet nagrada za stotine zasluga. Večernje novine, God. I, br. 12, str. 20, Sarajevo.</ref><ref>Gavrilović Ž. (1977): LJ. Berberović i R. Hadžiselimović: Rečnik genetike. Politika, God. 74, br. 22768, str. 10, Beograd.</ref><ref>Mučibabić S. (1976/77): Nauka ima svoj rječnik. Biološki list, Godina XXIV, br. 3-4, str. 51-52, Sarajevo.</ref><ref>M. Š. (1997): Dodijeljene nagrade „Veselin Masleša“. Većernje novosti (Beograd), God. XXV (19. April), str. 4, Beograd.</ref><ref>Nikočević F. (1997): Nagrade „Veselin Masleša“. Večernji list, God. XXI, br. 5444, str. 6, Zagreb.</ref><ref>Tomašević A. (1977): Dodijeljene nagrade „Veselin Masleša“. Politika, God. LXXIV. br. 22822, str. 11, Beograd.</ref><ref>Delo, Red. (1977): Nagrade „Veselin Masleša“. Delo, God. XIX, br-. 92, str. 7, Ljubljana.</ref>), * [[Šestoaprilska nagrada Grada Sarajeva]] (1990), * Zlatna plaketa i Nagrada Pokreta "Nauku mladima” (1977; 1981), * Medalja "Boris Kidrič” – Narodna tehnika Jugoslavije, za osobite zasluge u širenju tehničke kulture (1983), * Plaketa sa Diplomom Univerziteta (1986), *Božo Škerlj numismate antrropologiae pro anno MCMLXXXIX (ADJ) (1989), * ''Nagrada Univerziteta u Sarajevu za najreferentnijeg profesora PMF–a'' (2007), * ''Specijalno priznanje Utemeljitelju INGEB–a povodom jubileja 20–godišnjice'' (2008), * ''Plaketa Univerziteta u Sarajevu'' (2010) * ''Ingebov heliks 1988'', za 2018, za doprinos osnivanju i afirmaciji [[Institut za genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologiju u Sarajevu|Instituta za genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologiju]] Univerziteta u Sarajevu, * ''Nagrada za životno djelo'' Udruženja genetičara u Bosni i Hercegovini, 2019. * ''Federalna nagrada za životno djelo, "za sveukupni naučno-istraživački rad, širenje naučnih spoznaja i značajan doprinos razvoju bioantropologije i genetike, teuspostavu institucijskih i kadrovskih potencijala u oblasti molekularne biologije"'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fmon.gov.ba/Obavjest/Pregled/829/|title=FMON - Pregled|website=www.fmon.gov.ba|access-date=18. 12. 2022}}</ref> *Nagrada Univerziteta u Sarajevu za naučni rad u 2022 (2023). ==Djela== Do 2014. publicirao je 214 originalnih naučnih radova, 17 stručnih radova, 22 knjige<ref>Berberović Lj., Hadžiselimović R. (1976): Rječnik genetike. Svjetlost, Sarajevo; II. dopunjeno izdanje, 1986.</ref><ref>Berberović Lj., Hadžiselimović R. (1977): Rječnik nauke o evoluciji. Svjetlost, Sarajevo.</ref><ref>Hadžiselimović R. (1988): Uvod u teoriju antropogeneze. Univerzitetska knjiga Svjetlost, Sarajevo.</ref><ref>Sofradžija A., Hadžiselimović R., Maslić E. (1989): Genotoksičnost pesticida. Svjetlost, Sarajevo.</ref><ref>Hadžiselimović R., Maslić E. (1999): Osnovi etologije – Biologija ponašanja životinja i ljudi. Sarajevo Publishing, Sarajevo.</ref><ref>Hadžiselimović R. (2005): Bioantropologija – Biodiverzitet recentnog čovjeka. Univerzitetska knjiga, Institut za genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologiju, Sarajevo.</ref><ref>Hadžiselimović R., Pojskić N. (2005): Uvod u humanu imunogenetiku. Institut za genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologiju, Sarajevo.</ref><ref>Bajrović K., Jevrić–Čaušević A., Hadžiselimović R., Ed. (2005): Uvod u genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologiju. Institut za genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologiju, Sarajevo.</ref>[http://www.gettextbooks.ca/isbn/9788601022171] [http://knjiga-znanja-veda.hr/prodaja-knjiga/knjiga/rjenik-nauke-o-evoluciji][http://www.isbns.co.ke/search/?sa=4&isbn=Uvod+u+teoriju+antropogeneze+Rifat+Had%C5%BEiselimovi%C4%87]{{Mrtav link|datum=Oktobar 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}[http://books.google.ba/books/about/Rje%C4%8Dnik_genetike.html?id=zzoxAgAACAAJ&redir_esc=][https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257262920_Uvod_u_genetiko_inenjerstvo_i_biotehnologiju][http://serbianforum.org/threads/biologija-za-1-razred-gimnazije-sofradzija-soljan-i-hadziselimovic.97214/][http://books.google.ba/books/about/Biologija_2.html?id=km0tJwAACAAJ&redir_esc=y], 70 naučno-istraživačkih i stručnih projekata te 85 konferencijskih priopćenja. Do sada su radovi prof. dr. Rifata Hadžiselimovića citirani u najmanje 30 (dostupnih) različitih udžbenika i knjiga.<ref>Adžiablahović S., Agramović Lj. (1984): Osnovi molekularne biologije i genetike. Republički zavod za unapređivanje školstva, Titograd.</ref><ref>Berberović Lj. (1997): Bioantropologija – Odabrane uvodne teme. Svjetlost, Sarajevo.</ref><ref>Borojević K. (986): Geni i populacija. Forum, Novi Sad.</ref><ref>Diklić V., Kosanović M., Nikoliš J., Dukić S. (1997): Biologija sa humanom genetikom. Medicinska knjiga, Beograd.</ref><ref>Dumanović J., Marinković D.,Denić M. (1965): Genetički rečnik. Naučna knjiga, Beograd.</ref><ref>Hadžiselimović R. (2005): Bioantropologija – Biodiverzitet recentnog čovjeka. Univerzitetska knjiga, Institut za genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologiju, Sarajevo.</ref><ref>Hadžiselimović R., Pojskić N.(2005): Uvod u humanu imunogenetiku. Institut za genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologiju, Sarajevo.</ref><ref>Hasanbašić D. (2001): Osnovi biologije. Veterinarski fakultet Univerziteta u Sarajevu, Sarajevo.</ref><ref>Ivanović B. (1990): Morfološke osobine jugoslovenskih naroda. Odeljenje za etnologiju Filozofskog fakultata, Beograd.</ref><ref>Ibrulj S., Haverić S., Haverić A. (2008): Citogenetičke metode – Primjena i medicini. Institut za genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologiju, Sarajevo.</ref><ref>Ivanović B. (1996): Antropologija – I. Antropomorfologija. Unireks, Podgorica.</ref><ref>Jarebica Dž., Kurtović M. (1997): Oplemenjivanje voćaka i vinove loze – Opšti dio. Edis, Sarajevo.</ref><ref>Kajba D., Ballian D. (2007): Šumarska genetika. Udžbenici Sveučilišta u Zagrebu –Udžbenici Univerziteta u Sarajevu, Šumarski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu – Šumarski fakultet Univerziteta u Sarajevu, Zagreb – Sarajevo.</ref><ref>Kozarov Gj. (1989): Genetika (Odabrana poglavlja). Medicinski fakultet Univerziteta u Nišu, Niš.</ref><ref>Lelo S., Lukić–Bilela L., Ur. (2012): Priručnik iz evolucije – Repetitorijum i radna sveska. Univerzitetska knjiga, Prirodno–matematički fakultet, Sarajevo.</ref><ref>Marinković D., Tucić N., Kekić V. (1982): Genetika. Naučna knjiga, Beograd.</ref><ref>Marjanović D., Primorac D. (2009): Molekularna forenzična genetika. Institut za genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologiju, Sarajevo.</ref><ref>Međedović S. (2012): Genetika – Temelj molekularnog života.OFF-SET, Tuzla.</ref><ref>Mužić I. (2008): Vjera Crkve bosanske – Krstjani i pagani u srednjovjekovnoj Bosni. Muzej hrvatskih arheoloških spomenika, Split.</ref><ref>Primorac D. et al. (2008): Analiza DNA u sudskoj medicini i pravosuđu. Medicinska naklada, Zagreb.</ref><ref>Sofradžija A., Hadžiselimović R., Maslić E. (1989): Genotoksičnost pesticida. Svjetlost, Sarajevo.</ref><ref>Škrijelj R. (2002): Populacije riba neretvanskih jezera. Prirodno–matematički fakultet Univerziteta u Sarajevu, Sarajevo.</ref><ref>Švob T. (1995): Milenijski mitovi mržnje – Biološka kritika rasizma. Durieux, Zagreb.</ref><ref>Švob T. et al. (1990): Osnovi opće i humane genetike. Školska knjiga, Zagreb.</ref><ref>Vlahović P. (1996): Čovek u vremenu i prostoru – Antropologija. Vuk Karadžić, Beograd.</ref> == Reference == {{Refspisak|2}} == Vanjski linkovi == *‪Rifat Hadžiselimović, academician‬ - ‪Google Scholar‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬ *https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6590-8824 *https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rifat-Hadziselimovic-2/research *rifat hadziselimovic - Google Scholar {{Članovi ANU BiH}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hadžiselimović, Rifat}} [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1944.]] [[Kategorija:Živi ljudi]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Kotor-Varoš]] [[Kategorija:Bosanskohercegovački naučnici]] [[Kategorija:Dobitnici Šestoaprilske nagrade]] [[Kategorija:Članovi ANUBiH]] [[Kategorija:Prirodno-matematički fakultet u Sarajevu]] [[Kategorija:Bosanskohercegovački genetičari]] [[Kategorija:Bosanskohercegovački biolozi]] 7b6gs9bu422tag0iir7nkkn1p65exru 3849392 3849391 2026-05-26T06:06:43Z Panasko 146730 3849392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija naučnik | ime = Rifat Hadžiselimović | slika = Yo3orfma.png | opis_slike = Rifat 2022. | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja i godine|1944|1|7}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Šiprage]], [[Kotor-Varoš]] | državljanstvo = Bosna i Hercegovina | narodnost = [[Bosanac]] | alma_mater = Doktorat bioloških nauka na Prirodno–matematičkom fakultetu Univerziteta u Sarajevu, 1977. | period = | polje = Biologija, genetika }} '''Rifat Hadžiselimović''' jest [[Bosna i Hercegovina|bosanskohercegovački]] genetičar. Rođen je u [[Šiprage|Šipragama]], [[Kotor-Varoš]] 7. januara 1944. kao peto od sedmero djece Have (rođ. Skopljak) i Ismeta Hadžiselimovića. Od 2013, nakon više od 45 godina radnog staža, izabran je u zvanje emeritusa i djeluje kao naučni savjetnik u [[Institut za genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologiju u Sarajevu|Institutu za genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologiju]] u Sarajevu''.<ref>Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2003): Status of Agricultural Biotechnology and Biosafety in Selected Countries of the Balkans, the Caucasus and Moldova. FAO, Publishing Menagement Service, Information Division, Rome.</ref><ref name="ingeb">{{cite book|editor=Ingeb|year=2018|title=Prvih 30 godina Ingeba-The first 30 years of Ingeb|publisher=Institut za genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologiju-Institute for genetic ingeneering and biotechnology, Sarajevo|isbn=978-9958-9344-9-0}}</ref><ref>https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=hr&user=llK5d2YAAAAJ&view_op=list_works&gmla=AJsN-F7p9ZZuH0mzxCWrEIA5CHWzNKBxY_6BTs2rWuqHA4tZoS4eOCVIVsEmR27B7AGqxJ-CoDBRiRbK9ez8fLb1b42AXEMpMcHWiySECOV4drV1TjPsSvnW1NQBcOFyiwL14sJF64BL{{Mrtav link}}</ref><ref>http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rifat_Hadziselimovic</ref><ref>http://www.ingeb.unsa.ba/o_ingebu_uposlenici.html</ref> ==Edukacija i profesionalna karijera== [[Datoteka:Akademik Rifat Hadziselimovic.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Rifat Hadžiselimović na Trećem međunarornom kongresu zelene biotehnologije, 15. 10. 2021.]] Srednjoškolsko obrazovanje je završio u [[Banja Luka|Banjoj Luci]] 1962. kada upisuje [[Prirodno-matematički fakultet u Sarajevu]]. Diplomirao je 1966, stekavši zvanje profesora biologije. Magistraturu bioloških nauka (Antropologija), završio je 1971. na Prirodoslovno–matematičkom fakultetu [[Univerzitet u Zagrebu|Univerziteta u Zagrebu]], [[Hrvatska]], odbranom teze pod naslovom ''Istorijski aspekt kretanja relativne frekvencije dva alelogena u ljudskim populacijama''. Doktorat bioloških nauka završio je 1976. na Prirodno–matematičkom fakultetu [[Univerzitet u Sarajevu|Univerziteta u Sarajevu]], odbranom teze pod naslovom ''Genetika sekrecije ABH antigena u stanovništvu Bosne i Hercegovine''.<ref>B. Š. (1977): Petnaest novih doktora nauka, Oslobođenje, 11. marta, str. 6, Sarajevo.</ref> Od 1966. angažiran je na Prirodno–matematičkom fakultetu Univerziteta u Sarajevu,<ref>Purivatra A., Ur. (2000): Ko je ko u Bošnjaka. Vijeće Kongresa bošnjačkih intelektualaca, {{ISBN|9958-47-068-3}}, str. 168, Sarajevo.</ref> najprije kao asistent (1966-1977), zatim kao docent (1977), vanredni (1980) te redovni profesor (1984) na predmetima: ''Humana genetika'', ''Genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologija'', ''Evolucija'', ''Antropologija'' i ''Eksperimentalna biomedicina''. Od 1984-86. obavljao je i funkciju Šefa Odsjeka za biologiju. Od 1994. bio je angažovan u realizaciji ''Postdiplomskog studija bioloških nauka'' i to do 2003. kao voditelj studija, a nakon toga, do 2007. kao voditelj smjera ''Genetika''. U periodu od 1987-2001. obavljao je funkciju Direktora Instituta za genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologiju, a od 2001. je bio Koordinator DNK projekta koji je realiziran u saradnji sa [[Međunarodna komisija za nestale osobe|Međunarodnom komisijom za nestale osobe]] (International Commission on Missing Persons - ICMP) i kao naučni savjetnik u Institutu, gdje je od 2006. do 2012. djelovao i kao predsjednik ''Upravnog odbora''<ref>Hadžiselimović, R. et al, Ur. (2008). ''Jubilej INGEB 20'', Institut za genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologiju Univerziteta u Sarajevu (prvih 20 godina: 1988.–2008. INGEB, Sarajevo, Bosna i Hercegovina</ref>. Djelovao je kao aktivni član Antropološkog društva Jugoslavije <ref>Antropološko društvo Jugoslavije, Izd. (1979): Biografije i bibliografije članova Antropološkog duštva Jugoslavije – Posvećeno Dvadesetogodišnjici postojanja i rada Antropološkog društva Jugoslavije. ADJ, Posebna izdanja, Sveska 6, Beograd.</ref> a osnivač je i član [[Udruženje genetičara u Bosni i Hercegovini|Udruženja genetičara u Bosni i Hercegovini]]. Dopisni član [[Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine|Akademije nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine]] postao je 2018.<ref>[http://izdvojeno.ba/ovo-su-novi-bh-akademici-tajnim-glasanjem-izabrani-novi-clanovi-anubih/ Izdvojeno, OVO SU NOVI BH. AKADEMICI: Tajnim glasanjem izabrani novi članovi ANUBiH] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401111303/http://izdvojeno.ba/ovo-su-novi-bh-akademici-tajnim-glasanjem-izabrani-novi-clanovi-anubih/ |date=1. 4. 2019 }}, objavljeno 21. decembra 2018, pristupljeno 2. aprila 2019.</ref> U 2020, bio je osnivač i prvi direktor Centra za Demografsku genetiku ANUBiH. Iste (2020) reaktivirao je nekadašnju Komisiju za genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologiju ANUBiH i postao njen novi predsjednik. ==Nagrade i priznanja== * Nagrada Univerziteta u Sarajevu za studentski naučni rad (1966), * "Hasan Brkić" i Zlatna značka Univerziteta u Sarajevu za odličan uspjeh u studiju (1966), * ''Veselin Masleša'' (najviša [[Bosna i Hercegovina|bosanskohercegovačka]] nagrada za naučni rad (1977).<ref>A. B. (1977): Nagrade „Veselin Masleša“. Vjesnik, God. XXXVIII, br. 10654, str. 4, Zagreb.</ref><ref>Štrbo A. (1977): Uručene nagrade „Veselin Masleša“. Oslobođenje, God. XXXIV, br. 10374, str. 3, Sarajevo.</ref><ref>Demirović E. (1977): Dodijeljene nagrade „Veselin Masleša“. Borba, God. LVI, br. 107, str. 9, Beograd.</ref><ref>N. Č. (1997): Devet nagrada za stotine zasluga. Večernje novine, God. I, br. 12, str. 20, Sarajevo.</ref><ref>Gavrilović Ž. (1977): LJ. Berberović i R. Hadžiselimović: Rečnik genetike. Politika, God. 74, br. 22768, str. 10, Beograd.</ref><ref>Mučibabić S. (1976/77): Nauka ima svoj rječnik. Biološki list, Godina XXIV, br. 3-4, str. 51-52, Sarajevo.</ref><ref>M. Š. (1997): Dodijeljene nagrade „Veselin Masleša“. Većernje novosti (Beograd), God. XXV (19. April), str. 4, Beograd.</ref><ref>Nikočević F. (1997): Nagrade „Veselin Masleša“. Večernji list, God. XXI, br. 5444, str. 6, Zagreb.</ref><ref>Tomašević A. (1977): Dodijeljene nagrade „Veselin Masleša“. Politika, God. LXXIV. br. 22822, str. 11, Beograd.</ref><ref>Delo, Red. (1977): Nagrade „Veselin Masleša“. Delo, God. XIX, br-. 92, str. 7, Ljubljana.</ref>), * [[Šestoaprilska nagrada Grada Sarajeva]] (1990), * Zlatna plaketa i Nagrada Pokreta "Nauku mladima” (1977; 1981), * Medalja "Boris Kidrič” – Narodna tehnika Jugoslavije, za osobite zasluge u širenju tehničke kulture (1983), * Plaketa sa Diplomom Univerziteta (1986), *Božo Škerlj numismate antrropologiae pro anno MCMLXXXIX (ADJ) (1989), * ''Nagrada Univerziteta u Sarajevu za najreferentnijeg profesora PMF–a'' (2007), * ''Specijalno priznanje Utemeljitelju INGEB–a povodom jubileja 20–godišnjice'' (2008), * ''Plaketa Univerziteta u Sarajevu'' (2010) * ''Ingebov heliks 1988'', za 2018, za doprinos osnivanju i afirmaciji [[Institut za genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologiju u Sarajevu|Instituta za genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologiju]] Univerziteta u Sarajevu, * ''Nagrada za životno djelo'' Udruženja genetičara u Bosni i Hercegovini, 2019. * ''Federalna nagrada za životno djelo, "za sveukupni naučno-istraživački rad, širenje naučnih spoznaja i značajan doprinos razvoju bioantropologije i genetike, teuspostavu institucijskih i kadrovskih potencijala u oblasti molekularne biologije"'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fmon.gov.ba/Obavjest/Pregled/829/|title=FMON - Pregled|website=www.fmon.gov.ba|access-date=18. 12. 2022}}</ref> *Nagrada Univerziteta u Sarajevu za naučni rad u 2022 (2023). ==Djela== Do 2014. publicirao je 214 originalnih naučnih radova, 17 stručnih radova, 22 knjige<ref>Berberović Lj., Hadžiselimović R. (1976): Rječnik genetike. Svjetlost, Sarajevo; II. dopunjeno izdanje, 1986.</ref><ref>Berberović Lj., Hadžiselimović R. (1977): Rječnik nauke o evoluciji. Svjetlost, Sarajevo.</ref><ref>Hadžiselimović R. (1988): Uvod u teoriju antropogeneze. Univerzitetska knjiga Svjetlost, Sarajevo.</ref><ref>Sofradžija A., Hadžiselimović R., Maslić E. (1989): Genotoksičnost pesticida. Svjetlost, Sarajevo.</ref><ref>Hadžiselimović R., Maslić E. (1999): Osnovi etologije – Biologija ponašanja životinja i ljudi. Sarajevo Publishing, Sarajevo.</ref><ref>Hadžiselimović R. (2005): Bioantropologija – Biodiverzitet recentnog čovjeka. Univerzitetska knjiga, Institut za genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologiju, Sarajevo.</ref><ref>Hadžiselimović R., Pojskić N. (2005): Uvod u humanu imunogenetiku. Institut za genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologiju, Sarajevo.</ref><ref>Bajrović K., Jevrić–Čaušević A., Hadžiselimović R., Ed. (2005): Uvod u genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologiju. Institut za genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologiju, Sarajevo.</ref>[http://www.gettextbooks.ca/isbn/9788601022171] [http://knjiga-znanja-veda.hr/prodaja-knjiga/knjiga/rjenik-nauke-o-evoluciji][http://www.isbns.co.ke/search/?sa=4&isbn=Uvod+u+teoriju+antropogeneze+Rifat+Had%C5%BEiselimovi%C4%87]{{Mrtav link|datum=Oktobar 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}[http://books.google.ba/books/about/Rje%C4%8Dnik_genetike.html?id=zzoxAgAACAAJ&redir_esc=][https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257262920_Uvod_u_genetiko_inenjerstvo_i_biotehnologiju][http://serbianforum.org/threads/biologija-za-1-razred-gimnazije-sofradzija-soljan-i-hadziselimovic.97214/][http://books.google.ba/books/about/Biologija_2.html?id=km0tJwAACAAJ&redir_esc=y], 70 naučno-istraživačkih i stručnih projekata te 85 konferencijskih priopćenja. Do sada su radovi prof. dr. Rifata Hadžiselimovića citirani u najmanje 30 (dostupnih) različitih udžbenika i knjiga.<ref>Adžiablahović S., Agramović Lj. (1984): Osnovi molekularne biologije i genetike. Republički zavod za unapređivanje školstva, Titograd.</ref><ref>Berberović Lj. (1997): Bioantropologija – Odabrane uvodne teme. Svjetlost, Sarajevo.</ref><ref>Borojević K. (986): Geni i populacija. Forum, Novi Sad.</ref><ref>Diklić V., Kosanović M., Nikoliš J., Dukić S. (1997): Biologija sa humanom genetikom. Medicinska knjiga, Beograd.</ref><ref>Dumanović J., Marinković D.,Denić M. (1965): Genetički rečnik. Naučna knjiga, Beograd.</ref><ref>Hadžiselimović R. (2005): Bioantropologija – Biodiverzitet recentnog čovjeka. Univerzitetska knjiga, Institut za genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologiju, Sarajevo.</ref><ref>Hadžiselimović R., Pojskić N.(2005): Uvod u humanu imunogenetiku. Institut za genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologiju, Sarajevo.</ref><ref>Hasanbašić D. (2001): Osnovi biologije. Veterinarski fakultet Univerziteta u Sarajevu, Sarajevo.</ref><ref>Ivanović B. (1990): Morfološke osobine jugoslovenskih naroda. Odeljenje za etnologiju Filozofskog fakultata, Beograd.</ref><ref>Ibrulj S., Haverić S., Haverić A. (2008): Citogenetičke metode – Primjena i medicini. Institut za genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologiju, Sarajevo.</ref><ref>Ivanović B. (1996): Antropologija – I. Antropomorfologija. Unireks, Podgorica.</ref><ref>Jarebica Dž., Kurtović M. (1997): Oplemenjivanje voćaka i vinove loze – Opšti dio. Edis, Sarajevo.</ref><ref>Kajba D., Ballian D. (2007): Šumarska genetika. Udžbenici Sveučilišta u Zagrebu –Udžbenici Univerziteta u Sarajevu, Šumarski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu – Šumarski fakultet Univerziteta u Sarajevu, Zagreb – Sarajevo.</ref><ref>Kozarov Gj. (1989): Genetika (Odabrana poglavlja). Medicinski fakultet Univerziteta u Nišu, Niš.</ref><ref>Lelo S., Lukić–Bilela L., Ur. (2012): Priručnik iz evolucije – Repetitorijum i radna sveska. Univerzitetska knjiga, Prirodno–matematički fakultet, Sarajevo.</ref><ref>Marinković D., Tucić N., Kekić V. (1982): Genetika. Naučna knjiga, Beograd.</ref><ref>Marjanović D., Primorac D. (2009): Molekularna forenzična genetika. Institut za genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologiju, Sarajevo.</ref><ref>Međedović S. (2012): Genetika – Temelj molekularnog života.OFF-SET, Tuzla.</ref><ref>Mužić I. (2008): Vjera Crkve bosanske – Krstjani i pagani u srednjovjekovnoj Bosni. Muzej hrvatskih arheoloških spomenika, Split.</ref><ref>Primorac D. et al. (2008): Analiza DNA u sudskoj medicini i pravosuđu. Medicinska naklada, Zagreb.</ref><ref>Sofradžija A., Hadžiselimović R., Maslić E. (1989): Genotoksičnost pesticida. Svjetlost, Sarajevo.</ref><ref>Škrijelj R. (2002): Populacije riba neretvanskih jezera. Prirodno–matematički fakultet Univerziteta u Sarajevu, Sarajevo.</ref><ref>Švob T. (1995): Milenijski mitovi mržnje – Biološka kritika rasizma. Durieux, Zagreb.</ref><ref>Švob T. et al. (1990): Osnovi opće i humane genetike. Školska knjiga, Zagreb.</ref><ref>Vlahović P. (1996): Čovek u vremenu i prostoru – Antropologija. Vuk Karadžić, Beograd.</ref> == Reference == {{Refspisak|2}} == Vanjski linkovi == *‪ [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=_gvQ8jQAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=ao Rifat Hadžiselimović, akademik - ‪Google Scholar‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬] * [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6590-8824 Rifat Hadžiselimović na Orcid] * [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rifat-Hadziselimovic-2/research Rifat Hadžiselimović na ResearchGate] {{Članovi ANU BiH}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hadžiselimović, Rifat}} [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1944.]] [[Kategorija:Živi ljudi]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Kotor-Varoš]] [[Kategorija:Bosanskohercegovački naučnici]] [[Kategorija:Dobitnici Šestoaprilske nagrade]] [[Kategorija:Članovi ANUBiH]] [[Kategorija:Prirodno-matematički fakultet u Sarajevu]] [[Kategorija:Bosanskohercegovački genetičari]] [[Kategorija:Bosanskohercegovački biolozi]] 1nmsc03gd2fdulw6pnd6dj37277cztw ETF (fond) 0 358133 3849356 3836219 2026-05-25T22:24:09Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 0 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849356 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pasivni fond''' ([[Engleski jezik|eng.]]'' exchange-traded fund'') je vrsta fonda koji se prodaje preko [[berza|berze]].<ref>{{Harv|Kommer|str. 231}}</ref> Odlikuje se za razliku od aktivnih fondova, time što nema aktivnog menadžmenta. ETF imaju pretežno isti sastav kao poznati [[berzovni indeksi]] ([[DAX]], [[EuroStoxx]], [[MSCI World]]). == Osobine == Pasivni fondovi kao i aktivni su napravljeni da ulagači ne moraju voditi računa o cijeni pojedinih [[dionica]] ili poslovnom stanju neke od [[kompanija]]. Berzovni kurs fondova stvara se prosjekom odnosno proporcionalnim udjelom pojedinih dionica ili vrijednosnih papira. Rizik za [[Investicija|ulagače]] u slučaju stečaja neke od kompanija ili država (obveznice) time se znatno smanjuje.<ref name="UNI"/> === Razlika ETF-ova i indeksnih fondova === Indeksni fondovi, koji su također kreirani na bazi nekog berzovnog indeksa, se ne mogu kupovati i prodavati preko berze već isključivo preko društva koje ih je emitiralo dok ETF-ovi mogu. Proces kreiranja ETF-ova je nešto složeniji. ==== Kreiranje ETF-ova ==== Proces za stvaranje ETF-a naziva se ''creation'' a rastvaranje ''redemption''. Sljedeći faktori učestvuju u tome: kreator nekog berzovnog indeksa (MSCI, S&P, Stoxx itd.), društvo koje emituje ETF (Amundi, Blackrock, UBS, Vanguard, Xtrackers) i berzovni broker (specijalno kod ETF-ova naziva se Market Maker).<ref>{{Harv|Walz|str. 218}}</ref> Broker kupuje, po nalogu eminenta, korpu dionica nekog indeksa. Eminent daje istu protivvrijednost fonda brokeru. Ova protivvrijednost emituje se kao ETF. Time je obavljen proces stvaranja. Kod rastvaranja se dešava sljedeće broker vraća udio fonda eminentu, koje mu zauzvrat daje kupljene dionice.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kahlhammer |first1=Barbara |title=ETF versus Indexfonds – Fast gleich und doch verschieden |url=https://www.10x10.ch/etf-indexfonds-fast-gleich-und-doch-verschieden/ |website=10x10 |access-date=25. 4. 2020 |language=de |date=22. 6. 2016}}</ref> Zamjena udjela za korpu dionica zove se ''in-kind-transaction''. Moguće je da broker korpu dionica direktno mijenja za novac, u ovom slučaju radi se o ''cash-transaction''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.10x10.ch/wie-die-liquiditaet-bei-etf-entsteht-frank-mohr/|title=Wie die Liquidität bei ETF entsteht|last=Mohr|first=Frank|date=29. 9. 2019|website=10x10|language=de|access-date=25. 4. 2020}}</ref> == Vrste ETF == Ovisno o tome šta koje indekse sadrže ETF-ovi mogu biti<ref name="UNI">[http://www.finanzen.net/special/nachricht/02-ETF-Universum-2558202@inPage_1 ETF Univerzum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510181442/http://www.finanzen.net/special/nachricht/02-ETF-Universum-2558202@inPage_1 |date=10. 5. 2014 }} sa stranice ''finanzen.net'' učitano 12.5.2014 {{Simboli jezika|de|Njemački}}</ref><ref name="Otte"/>: * Dionički ETF (Eurostoxx 50, MSCI World) * [[Obveznica|Obveznički]] ETF (iboxx) * [[Deviza|Devizni]] ETF * ETC - posebna vrsta ETF koja se koristi berzama za sirovine, [[Metal (hemija)|metale]], [[Nafta|naftu]], namirnice itd. * Postoji i ETF koji se osniva na indeksu cijena [[kuća|nekretnina]] === Replikacija === Pored toga ETF mogu se dijeliti na: * fizički - sadrže dionice, obveznice itd. iz nekog indeksa. Radi se o "pravim" ETF-ovima jer u slučaju lošeg poslovanja investicijskog društva su vrijednosni papiri i dalje na rapolaganju.<ref name="Harv|Walz|str. 222">{{Harv|Walz|str. 222}}</ref> U [[Njemačka|Njemačkoj]], primjera radi, podležu u tom slučaju društvu za osiguravanje [[depozit]]a ([[Njemački jezik|njem.]] ''Einlagesicherung''). * parcijalno fizički - Kod nekih indeksa koji sadrže veliki broj dionica (npr. MSCI World sa oko 1.600) one s najnižom kapitalizacijom ne igraju značajnu ulogu. Prodavač ETF-ova uamnjuje broj dionica dajući onima prednost s najvećom kapitalizacijom. Postoje dvije metode<ref name="Harv|Walz|str. 222"/>:kod prve ([[Engleski jezik|en.]] representative-sample) kupuju se samo dionice koje su odgovorne za 80% kapitalizacije indeksa. Druga metoda ([[Engleski jezik|en.]] optimized sample) koristi proces koji se obično ne obavljuje u javnosti, uglavnom se traže one dionice čije kretanje otprilike odgovara indeksu. * sintetički (zamjenjeni) (eng. ''swap ETF'')- sadrže [[certifikat (ekonomija)|certifikate]], [[derivat (ekonomija)|derivate]] itd. U ovom slučaju eminent pravi ugovor s nekim partnerom (en. swap, bs: zamjena). Partner garantuje protivvrijednost indeksa bez kupovine dotičnih dionica. Upotreba te vrste vrijednosnih papira ima za cilj ostvarenje većeg profita, jer otpada pojedinačna kupovina dionica koja kod velikih indeksa može biti složena.<ref name="Harv|Walz|str. 222"/> U ovom slučaju depozitno osiguranje ne podliježe. == Obim uloženih sredstava == 2012 je pretežno na berzama [[SAD]] i [[Evropska zajednica za atomsku energiju|Evropske Zajednice]] bilo uloženo oko 1.6 [[bilion]]a [[dolar]]a u ETF.<ref name="foo">[http://www.foonds.de/article/28294/ ETF i dalje u prednosti]{{Mrtav link|datum=Oktobar 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} sa stranice ''foodns'' učitano 12.5.2014 {{Simboli jezika|de|Njemački}}</ref> == Mišljene analitičara, ekonoma i investitora == Njemački menadžer i [[profesor]] [[ekonomija|ekonomije]] [[Max Otte]] koji predaje na Univerzitetu [[Worms]] ne preporučuje ETF neiskusnim ulagačima. U nekim slučajevima ETF-ovi i ne sadrže dionice već derivate (sintetički ili swap ETF-ovi). U većini slučajeva ulagač nije u stanju da ocijeni šta se zapravo nalazi u nekom ETF-u<ref name="Otte">Max Otte, ''Die Krise hält sich nicht an die Regeln'', 2010 Ullstein Buchverlag Berlin {{ISBN|978-3-430-20112-4}} {{Simboli jezika|de|Njemački}}</ref> Popularnost ETF-ova, kao i rast ulaganja, poredi se s euforičnom kupovinom nekretnina u SAD-u [[Svjetska finansijska kriza od 2007.|prije izbijanja krize 2007]].<ref name="wiwo">Heike Schwertdfeger, 30. maj 2011 [http://www.wiwo.de/finanzen/vorsorge/geldanlage-das-risiko-der-indexfonds-seite-all/4644680-all.html Risik s indeksnim fondovima] sa stranice ''wirtschaftswoche.de'' učitano 12.5.2014 {{Simboli jezika|de|Njemački}}</ref> Ovu tezu će plasirati i američki investitor [[Michael Burry]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.finanzen.net/nachricht/etf/passives-investment-michael-burry-die-naechste-marktblase-steht-bevor-und-sie-wird-34-unangenehm-34-7961363|title=Michael Burry: Die nächste Marktblase steht bevor und sie wird "unangenehm"|last=|first=|date=6. 9. 2019|website=[[finanzen.net]]|publisher=finanzen.net GmbH|language=de|access-date=23. 4. 2020}}</ref> Ekonom i nobelovac [[Robert Shiller]] nazvat će, u intrevjuu za [[CNBC]], ETF-ove ''haotičnim sistemom i nekom vrstom [[Pseudonauka|pseudonauke]]'' dok se ulagači ''vozaju na tuđi račun''. Sam koncept [[Pasivno ulaganje|pasivnog ulaganja]] Shiller će uporediti ''s pješakom koji na zeleno prelazi ulicu a da ne gleda lijevo-desno.'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/11/14/robert-shiller-passive-investing-is-a-dangerous-chaotic-system.html|title=Passive investing is a ‘chaotic system’ that could be dangerous, warns Robert Shiller|last=Landsman|first=Stephanie|date=14. 11. 2017|website=[[CNBC]]|publisher=CNBC LLC|language=en|access-date=23. 4. 2020}}</ref> Pored svega toga ovi fondovi iznajmljuju dalje kupljene vrijednosne papire.<ref name="ms">[http://www.morningstar.de/de/news/70294/wertpapierleihe-in-physischen-etfs-trippelschritte-auf-dem-weg-zur-transparenz.aspx Iznajmljivanje vrijednosnih papira kod fizičkig ETF-ova] iz ''Morningstar'' učitano 13.5.2014 {{Simboli jezika|de|Njemački}}</ref> Ovaj argument osporava investitor Gerd Kommer jer i [[Fond (ekonomija)|fondovi]] s aktivnim menadžmentom čine isto.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kommer |first1=Gerd |title=Die absurde Dämonisierung von ETFs |url=https://www.gerd-kommer-invest.de/daemonisierung-von-etfs/ |website=Gerd Kommer Invest GmbH |access-date=30. 4. 2019 |language=de |date=5. 8. 2017 |quote=Wertpapierleihe darf jeder aktive Publikumsfonds betreiben, nicht nur ETFs.}}</ref> Komerove analize pokazuju da ETF-ovi imaju učešće ispod 1% u odnosu na ukupni obim investicijskih fondova te da se ne radi o euforičnoj kupovini ETF-ova.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gerd-kommer-invest.de/wp-content/uploads/2016-07-Wie-stark-ist-das-Passiv-Lager-wirklich.pdf|title=Wie stark ist das ‘Passiv-Lager’ wirklich|last=Kommer|first=Gerd|date=2016|website=Gerd Kommer Invest GmbH|publisher=|language=de|access-date=30. 4. 2019}}</ref> John Bogle (Džon Bugl) je, u intervjuu za Handelszeitung, kritično gledao na mogućnost da svi ulagači počnu kupovati ETF-ove odnosno da se isključivo pasivno ulaže. Prema Buglu tada ne bi bilo moguće uspostaviti ravnotežu potražnje i ponude na berzi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.handelszeitung.ch/invest/stocksDIGITAL/investment-legende-bogle-trump-ist-der-neue-keynes-1357254|title=Investment-Legende Bogle: «Trump ist der neue Keynes»|last=Hussmann|first=Nele|date=29. 1. 2019|website=Handelszeitung.ch|publisher=Ringier Axel Springer Schweiz AG|language=de|access-date=25. 4. 2020}}{{Mrtav link}}</ref> Sličnu tezu već je postavio i investitor Burry.<ref name=":0" /> Profesor Hartmut Walz sa Visoke škole Ludwigshafen smatra da se kritika ETF-ova plasira od strane aktivnog menadžmenta jer su troškovi ulaganja u ETF-ove niži a samim tim i zarada menadžmenta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://schliesslich-ist-es-ihr-geld.de/etfs-eine-zeitbombe-unberechtigte-panikmache-vor-etfs/|title=ETFs – EINE ZEITBOMBE? Unberechtigte Panikmache vor ETFs|last=Walz|first=Hartmut|date=14. 7. 2017|website=schliesslich-ist-es-ihr-geld.de/|publisher=|language=de|access-date=25. 4. 2020}}</ref> == Historija == Indeksne fondove, koji su baza ETF-ova, izmislio je 1970. američki menadžer John Bogle, koji je dugo radio (1951-1974) za investicijsko društvo ''Wellington''. Godine 1974. osnovao je svoje društvo ''Vanguard'' koje danas vodi brigu oko indeksnih fondova. Magazin za finansijsko tržište "[[Fortune]]" ubraja Bogla u "4 giganta 20. vijeka".<ref name="JB">[http://www.finanzen.net/nachricht/private-finanzen/Ueber-Dummheit-und-Gier-ETF-Erfinder-Bogle-34-Der-Grund-liegt-in-der-Dummheit-34-3548581 Razlog leži u gluposti i pohlepi - intervju s Džon Buglom] sa stranice ''finanzen.net'' učitano 12.5.2014 {{Simboli jezika|de|Njemački}}</ref> ETF-ovi će se pojaviti 1993. na tržištu SAD-a, a u zemljama Evrope će doći oko 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://de.extraetf.com/wissen/etf-schliessung|title=Was passiert, wenn ein ETF geschlossen wird?|website=extraETF|publisher=|language=de|access-date=25. 4. 2020}}</ref> == ETF protiv uzajamnih fondova == U mnogim aspektima, ETF-ovi su slični uzajamnim fondovima, osim što se ETF-ovi kupuju i prodaju od drugih vlasnika tokom dana na berzama, dok se uzajamni fondovi kupuju i prodaju od izdavaoca po ceni na kraju dana. ETF-ovi su takođe transparentniji, jer se njihova aktiva obično svakodnevno objavljuje na internetu, a u SAD-u su efikasniji sa stanovišta poreza nego uzajamni fondovi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ETFs vs. mutual funds|url=https://www.schwab.com/etfs/mutual-funds-vs-etfs|access-date=25. 1. 2025|website=www.schwab.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Benefits of ETFs|url=https://www.fidelity.com/learning-center/smart-money/benefits-of-etfs|access-date=25. 1. 2025|website=www.fidelity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Benefits and considerations of ETFs|url=https://www.schwab.com/etfs/benefits|access-date=25. 1. 2025|website=www.schwab.com}}</ref> Za razliku od uzajamnih fondova, ETF-ovi se trguju na berzi, mogu biti prodati na kratko, mogu biti kupljeni korišćenjem sredstava pozajmljenih od brokerske kuće (marginalna trgovina), kao i kupljeni i prodati korišćenjem limitiranih naloga, pri čemu kupac ili prodavac unapred zna cenu po akciji.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ETFs And Mutual Funds: What’s The Difference?|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/joeljohnson/2023/07/12/etfs-and-mutual-funds-whats-the-difference/|access-date=25. 1. 2025|website=www.forbes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Are Active ETFs a Threat to Mutual Funds?|url=https://www.thinkadvisor.com/2019/08/05/are-active-etfs-a-threat-to-mutual-funds/|access-date=25. 1. 2025|website=www.thinkadvisor.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Right Time to Change From Mutual Funds to ETFs|url=https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/020116/when-right-time-change-mutual-funds-etfs.asp|access-date=25. 1. 2025|website=www.investopedia.com}}</ref> ETF-ove se može kupiti i prodati po trenutnim tržišnim cenama u bilo koje vreme tokom trgovačkog dana, za razliku od uzajamnih fondova kojima se može trgovati samo na kraju trgovačkog dana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What Is an Exchange-Traded Fund (ETF)?|url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/etf.asp|access-date=25. 1. 2025|website=www.investopedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ETFs: Exchanged traded funds|url=https://www.syndicateroom.com/alternative-investments/etf|access-date=25. 1. 2025|website=www.syndicateroom.com}}</ref> Takođe, za razliku od uzajamnih fondova, investitori mogu obavljati iste tipove poslova kao i s akcijama, kao što su limitirani nalozi koji omogućavaju investitorima da navedu nivoe cena po kojima su spremni trgovati, stop-loss nalozi, marginalni kupovni nalozi, strategije hedžiranja, i bez minimalnih zahteva za investicije. ETF-ovi se često mogu prodati da bi se hedžirao rizik ili realizovale investicione strategije uzimajući u obzir tržišna kolebanja, dok mnogi uzajamni fondovi imaju ograničenja na čestu trgovinu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actively Managed Exchange-Traded Funds|url=https://www.sec.gov/rule-release/ic-25258|access-date=25. 1. 2025|website=www.sec.gov}}</ref> Opcije, uključujući put i call opcije, mogu se napisati ili kupiti na većinu ETF-ova, što nije moguće u slučaju uzajamnih fondova, što omogućava investitorima da realizuju strategije poput pokrivenih call opcija na ETF-ove. Postoji i nekoliko ETF-ova koji realizuju strategije pokrivenih call opcija unutar fondova.<ref>{{Cite web|title=It’s Looking Like a Fine Time to Consider Covered Call ETFs|url=https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/its-looking-like-a-fine-time-to-consider-covered-call-etfs-2021-07-23|access-date=25. 1. 2025|website=www.nasdaq.com}}</ref> ==Literatura== *{{cite book|last1=Kommer|first1=Gerd|authorlink1=Gerd Kommer|title=Kaufen oder Mieten?|date=2016|publisher=Campus Verlag|language=de|location=Frankfurt, New York|isbn=978-3-593-50157-4|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last1=Walz|first1=Hartmut|authorlink1=Hartmut Walz|title=Einfach genial entscheiden in Geld und Finanzfragen|date=2018|publisher=Haufe Verlag|language=de|location=Freiburg|isbn=978-3-648-11099-7|ref=harv}} == Reference == {{reference}} == Vanjski linkovi == [[Kategorija:Ekonomski pojmovi]] k7mv5ul3lq1ejjcmtjau2fu1c56jqmr Esad Kočan 0 358410 3849379 3582179 2026-05-26T02:46:56Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849379 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija osoba | ime = Esad Kočan | slika = | veličina_slike = | opis = | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja i godine|1956|1|1}} | mjesto_rođenja= [[Berane|Ivangrad]], [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija|Jugoslavija]] | datum_smrti       = <!-- {{Datum smrti i godine|GGGG|MM|DD|GGGG|MM|DD}}--> | mjesto_smrti = <!-- [[Grad]], [[Država]] --> | nacionalnost       = | druga_imena = | zanimanje = Novinar i publicista | godine_aktivnosti = | poznat_po = | značajna_djela = }} '''Esad Kočan''' (1. januar 1956. [[Godocelje]] kod Ivangrada (danas Berane), [[Crna Gora]]) jest [[Crna Gora|crnogorski]] [[novinar]] i [[publicist]]a. Glavni je urednik magazina "[[Monitor (novine)|Monitor]]". Radi i živi u [[Podgorica|Podgorici]].<ref>[http://www.dw.de/flashes/20jahre_yugo/bos_yugo/bos_20years_popup.htm Kratka biografija] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907225435/http://www.dw.de/flashes/20jahre_yugo/bos_yugo/bos_20years_popup.htm |date=7. 9. 2013 }} sa stranice [[Deutsche Welle]] učitano 16.5.2014 {{Simboli jezika|bs|bosanski}}</ref><ref name="gar">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gariwo.org/bs/stranice/esad-kocan-godocelj-montenegro|title=gariwo.org|website=www.gariwo.org|access-date=13. 3. 2024}}</ref> == Život i rad == Kočan je diplomirao na [[Filozofski fakultet u Skoplju|Filozofskom fakultetu u Skoplju]] 1980. Svoju karijeru je počeo pišući za list "[[Pobjeda (novine)|Pobjeda]]". Kasnije radi kao zamjenik glavnog urednika "[[TV Crna Gora]]". Zbog svojih političkih stavova bio je suspendovan. Godine 1992. šalje suprugu i kćerku u inostranstvo, da bi se nakon suspenzije, mogao posvetiti slobodnom novinarstvu i [[Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini|ratnom izvještavanju o BiH]].<ref name="gar" /> Prešavši u magazin "Monitor" izvještavao je o ratovima u [[Rat u Hrvatskoj|Hrvatskoj]], [[Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini|Bosni i Hercegovini]] i [[Kosovski rat|Kosovu]]. Pratio je negativne fenomene u društvu i politici Crne Gore. U toku od dvadeset tri godine rada kod "Monitora" posvetio se afirmaciju građanske hrabrosti i neposlušnosti. U tom periodu je bilo i terorističkih napada na redakciju Monitora kao i fizičkih napada na novinare. Pored rada na Monitoru predaje i na Institutu za medije Crne Gore. Godine 2021. napadnut je ispred zgrade u kojoj živi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.glasamerike.net/a/crna-gora-napadnut-urednik-monitora-esad-ko%C4%8Dan-napada%C4%8D-li%C5%A1en-slobode-/5831337.html|title=Crna Gora: Napadnut urednik Monitora Esad Kočan, napadač lišen slobode|date=28. 3. 2021|website=Glas Amerike|language=sr|access-date=13. 3. 2024}}</ref> == Nagrade == * [[Duško Kondor]] za građansku hrabrost == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [http://www.monitor.co.me/ Monitor magazin, zvanična stranica] {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kočan, Esad}} [[Kategorija:Biografije, Berane]] [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1956.]] [[Kategorija:Živi ljudi]] [[Kategorija:Crnogorski novinari]] a2xnh7slqk5q7t2e779zoypc079hifh El-'Asr 0 363896 3849362 3762748 2026-05-25T23:45:39Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija sura |Ime sure = ''El-Asr'' |Arapski naziv = سورة العصر |zvuk = Chapter 103, Al-Asr (Murattal) - Recitation of the Holy Qur'an.mp3 |Prikaz sure = Sura103.pdf |Tekst = Prikaz sure ''El-Asr'' |Klasifikacija = ''[[Mekanska sura|Mekanska]]'' |Značenje naziva = ''Vrijeme'' |Druga imena = |Broj sure = 103. |Džuz = 30. |Vrijeme objave = |Broj ajeta = 3 |Broj riječi = 14 |Broj slova = 70 |Harf-e-Mukatta'at =nema |Broj ajeta po oblastima = |Broj sedždi =nema }} '''''El-Asr''''' ({{ArJ|سورة العصر}}‎, [[Bosanski jezik|bos.]]: ''Vrijeme''), jeste 103. [[sura]] u [[Kur'an]]u. Sastoji se iz 3 [[ajet]]a. Vjeruje se da je ovo ranomekkanska sura (mada manji broj islamskih učenjaka smatra i da je medinska) te se službeno ubraja u [[Mekanska sura|mekanske sure]]. Sura El-Asr je druga najkraća sura, poslije sure [[El-Ihlas]]. U suri el-Asr govori se da su sva ljudska bića na gubitku, osim onih koji vjeruju ([[Imanski šarti|iman]]), rade dobra djela te drugim ljudima preporučuju istinu i podsjećaju ih na strpljenje. == Tekst sure na arapskom i transliteracija == <div style="font-size:170%;"> بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم # وَالعَصرِِ # إِنَّ الإِنسٰنَ لَفى خُسرٍ # إِلَّا الَّذينَ ءامَنوا وَعَمِلُوا الصَّالِحَاتِ وَتَواصَوا بِالحَقِّ وَتَواصَوا بِالصَّبرِ ِ </div> [[Transliteracija]]: <br>''Bismillāhir-rahmānir-rahīm'' <br>1. Vel-`asr <br>2. lnnel-insāne lefi husr <br>3. Ilellezine āmenu ve amilus-sālihāti, ve tevā sav-bil-hakki, ve tevā sav-bissabr == Prijevodi == === [[Besim Korkut|Korkutov]] === ''U ime Allaha, Milostivog, Samilosnog'' # Tako mi vremena - # čovjek, doista, gubi, # samo ne oni koji vjeruju i dobra djela čine, i koji jedni drugima istinu preporučuju i koji jedni drugima preporučuju strpljenje.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gusic.tripod.com/kuran_bos/ |title=Korkutov prijevod |access-date=20. 8. 2014 |archive-date=19. 6. 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140619210152/http://gusic.tripod.com/kuran_bos/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Mlivin === # Tako mi vremena, # Uistinu, čovjek je u gubitku, # Izuzev onih koji vjeruju i čine dobra djela, i preporučuju jedni drugima Istinu i preporučuju jedni drugima strpljenje.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.islamcomplex.com/qurantext/qurantext.php?language=Bosnian&translator=Mustafa+Mlivo&surah=Al-Asr&langid=5&transid=11&surahid=103 |title=Mlivin prijevod |access-date=20. 8. 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304132822/http://www.islamcomplex.com/qurantext/qurantext.php?language=Bosnian&translator=Mustafa+Mlivo&surah=Al-Asr&langid=5&transid=11&surahid=103 |archive-date=4. 3. 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Objašnjenje Bismille == Arapski: بِسْمِ اللّهِ الرَّحْمـَنِ الرَّحِيم <br> Transliteracija: ''[[Bismilla|Bismillāhir]]-[[Er-Rahman|raḥmānir]]-[[R-Ḥ-M|raḥīm]]''<br> Prijevod: ''U ime Allaha, Milostivog, Samilosnog'' Ova sura, kao i sve druge, osim sure [[Et-Tevba]], počinje ovim riječima, tj. ''Bismillom'', koja nije dio nijedne sure i ne računa se u broj ajeta, osim u slučaju [[El-Fatiha|El-Fatihe]]. Ipak, ona se piše na početku svake sure (osim Et-Tevbe) u svim štampanim primjercima Kur'ana ([[mushaf]]ima) budući da je u Kur'anu naređeno da se prije učenja Kur'ana spomene Allahovo ime. == Poslušajte ovu suru == : [http://download.quran.islamway.com/quran3/122/103.mp3 Učač: Muhammed Ejub] : [http://download.quran.islamway.com/quran3/82/103.mp3 Učač: Abdurrahman Es-Sudejs] == Reference == {{reference}} == Vanjski izvori == * [http://www.quranse.org/QueryEngine/index.php?Cmd=P&FromCmd=AS&b=Qur&c=103&v1=1&v2=3&DP=1&DG=1&QtID3=frchiadmi&QtID4=pickthall&BtID0=esv&BL=en Cijeli tekst na arapskom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223033348/https://quranse.org/QueryEngine/index.php?Cmd=P&FromCmd=AS&b=Qur&c=103&v1=1&v2=3&DP=1&DG=1&QtID3=frchiadmi&QtID4=pickthall&BtID0=esv&BL=en |date=23. 2. 2025 }}, uz prijevode na engleski i francuski ==Vanjski linkovi == {{Commonscat|Al-Asr}} {{Wikizvor|El-'Asr}} * [http://tanzil.net/#103:1 Sura El-'Asr] sa prijevodom na bosanski (od Korkuta), na tanzil.net * [http://www.thequranrecitation.com Sura El-'Asr s audiozapisom] {{Sure|Et-Tekasur|El-Humeze }} {{Commonscat|Surahs}} [[Kategorija:Kur'an]] [[Kategorija:Mekanske sure|A]] [[Kategorija:Sure|A]] eceyirdsf47ha7i2hwhd2v6zmai3nlx Strezojevo 0 374016 3849260 3808317 2026-05-25T12:15:41Z Panasko 146730 Odbijena posljednja izmjena teksta korisnika [[Posebno:Doprinosi/~2026-86328-4|~2026-86328-4]] i vraćeno na izmjenu 3458841 korisnika Εὐθυμένης 3849260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Geokutija naselje u Hrvatskoj <!-- *** Gornji dio *** --> |ime = Strezojevo |vrsta = naselje <!-- *** Ime **** --> |službeni naziv = |slogan = |nadimak = <!-- *** Slika *** --> |slika = |opis_slike = |dimenzija_slike = <!-- *** Simboli *** --> |zastava = |grb = <!-- *** Države, regije i.t.d *** --> |županija = [[Datoteka:Flag of Zagreb County.svg|20px|border]] [[Zagrebačka županija|Zagrebačka]] |općina = [[Pokupsko]] |općina1 = |općina2 = |općina3 = |općina4 = |općina5 = |općina6 = |općina7 = |općina8 = |općina9 = |općina10 = <!-- *** Položaj *** --> | širina_stepeni = 45| širina_minuta = 31| širina_sekundi = 39| širina_SJ = N | dužina_stepeni = 16| dužina_minuta = 02| dužina_sekundi = 16| dužina_IZ = E |najveća tačka = |najveća tačka metara = 165 <!-- *** Površina *** --> |površina grad = |površina općina = <!-- *** Stanovništvo *** --> |stanovništvo općina = |stanovništvo grad = 154 |stanovništvo ukupno = |stanovništvo godina = [[2011]] |stanovništvo općina godina = |gustoća = |gustoća općina = <!-- *** Historija i administracija *** --> |osnovano = |gradonačelnik = |gradonačelnik stranka = <!-- *** Kod *** --> |poštanski broj = 10414 Pokupsko |pozivni broj = (+385) 10 <!-- *** Karta *** --> | karta_lokacija = Hrvatska | opis_karte = <!-- *** Web stranice *** --> | web stranice = <!-- *** Bilješka *** --> |bilješka = }} '''Strezojevo''' je naseljeno mjesto u sastavu općine [[Pokupsko]], [[Zagrebačka županija]], [[Hrvatska|Republika Hrvatska]]. == Historija == Do teritorijalne reorganizacije u Hrvatskoj nalazilo se u sastavu stare [[zagreb]]ačke prigradske općine [[Velika Gorica]]. ==Stanovništvo== Na [[Popis stanovništva u Hrvatskoj 2011 (Pokupsko)|popisu stanovništva 2011]]. godine, Strezojevo je imalo 154 stanovnika. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 0.5em auto; text-align: center;" |- ! colspan="16" | Broj stanovnika po popisima<ref>[http://www.dzs.hr - Republika Hrvatska - Državni zavod za statistiku: Naselja i stanovništvo Republike Hrvatske 1857.-2001.]</ref> |- | [[1857]] || [[1869]] || [[1880]] || [[1890]] || [[1900]] || [[1910]] || [[1921]] || [[1931]] || [[1948]] || [[1953]] || [[1961]] || [[1971]] || [[1981]] || [[1991]] || [[2001]] || [[2011]] |- | 355 || 364 || 338 || 386 || 396 || 388 || 352 || 386 || 377 || 351 || 309 || 239 || 196 || 157 || 158 || 154 |- |} <small>'''Napomena''': ''Od 1910., a do 1991. iskazivano pod imenom '''Strezoj'''.''</small> ===Popis [[1991]].=== Na [[Popis stanovništva u Hrvatskoj 1991 (Velika Gorica)|popisu stanovništva 1991]]. godine, naseljeno mjesto Strezojevo je imalo 157 stanovnika, sljedećeg nacionalnog sastava: {{bar box |float=center |title=Popis 1991. |titlebar=#AAF |width=300px |bars= {{bar percent|[[Hrvati]]|#4169E1|157|100}} |caption='''ukupno''': 157 }} ===Popis [[1910]].=== {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 0.5em auto; text-align: center;" |- ! colspan="2" | Strezojevo |- | '''jezik''' || '''vjera''' |- | {{Tortni grafikon | thumb = center | caption=ukupno: 388 | label1 = [[Hrvatski jezik|Hrvatski]] 388 | value1 = 100 | color1 = #4169E1 }} | {{Tortni grafikon | thumb = center | caption=ukupno: 388 | label1 = [[Rimokatolička crkva|Rimokatolici]] 388 | value1 = 100 | color1 = #4169E1 }} |} == Literatura == * [http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/G1991/pdf/G19914018.pdf] Savezni zavod za statistiku i evidenciju FNRJ i SFRJ, popis stanovništva 1948, 1953, 1961, 1971, 1981. i 1991. godine. * Knjiga: "Narodnosni i vjerski sastav stanovništva Hrvatske, 1880-1991: po naseljima, autor: Jakov Gelo, izdavač: Državni zavod za statistiku Republike Hrvatske, 1998., {{ISBN|953-6667-07-X}}, {{ISBN|978-953-6667-07-9}}; == Reference == {{reflist}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{stub-naselje-Hrvatska}} {{Pokupsko}} [[Kategorija:Naselja u Hrvatskoj]] [[Kategorija:Naselja u Zagrebačkoj županiji]] fomvb79ob43nzixjt0tg9q5qve68h8j Karne (bend) 0 374525 3849413 3764446 2026-05-26T09:21:00Z Panasko 146730 3849413 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija muzičar | ime = Karne | pozadina = skupina | slika = | žanr = [[Pop-rok]] | karijera = 2010–danas | povezano_sa = | izdavač = [[Sarajevodisk]] | porijeklo = [[Sarajevo]], [[Bosna i Hercegovina]] | web_stranica = | trenutni_članovi = {{plainlist| * [[Almir Kurt]] * [[Feđa Isović]] * [[Goran Navojec]] * [[Ervin Buševac]] * [[Alen Pilav]] * [[Nermin Dedić|Nermin Dedić "Fićo"]] * [[Edin Hadžagić|Edin Hadžagić "Hadžaga"]] }} | bivši_članovi = [[Miraj Grbić]] }}'''Karne''' je [[Bosna i Hercegovina|bosanskohercegovačka]] [[pop-rok]] grupa, osnovana 2010. u [[Sarajevo|Sarajevu]]. Osnovali su je glumci i režiser serije [[Lud, zbunjen, normalan]], [[Miraj Grbić]], [[Goran Navojec]] i [[Feđa Isović]]. Grupa je do sada izdala jedan album sa 13 pjesama. Godine 2014. [[Almir Kurt]] postaje novi pjevač benda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vijesti.me/caffe/isovic-lud-zbunjen-normalan-i-karne-funkcionisace-i-bez-grbica-173615|work=vijesti.me|title=Isović: Lud zbunjen normalan i Karne funkcionisaće i bez Grbića|access-date=24. 1. 2014|archive-date=15. 2. 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215035356/http://www.vijesti.me/caffe/isovic-lud-zbunjen-normalan-i-karne-funkcionisace-i-bez-grbica-173615|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Članovi benda == * [[Almir Kurt]] – vokal (2014–) * [[Feđa Isović]] – vokal, gitara (2010–) * [[Goran Navojec]] – saksofon, vokal (2010–) * [[Ervin Buševac]] – gitara (2010–) * [[Alen Pilav]] – klavijatura (2010–) * [[Nermin Delić|Nermin Dedić]] – bas-gitara (2010–) * [[Edin Hadžagić]] "Hadžaga" – bubnjevi (2010–) == Bivši članovi == * [[Miraj Grbić]] – vokal (2010–2014) == Diskografija == ===Studijski albumi=== * ''[[Karne (album)|Diktatura amatera]]'' (2012) == Reference == {{Refspisak}} {{Normativna kontrola}} [[Kategorija:Bosanskohercegovačke rok-grupe]] [[Kategorija:Muzičke grupe iz Sarajeva]] hcw9v1m1nhr7550r810g8avfhtkmbwv El-Arbi Hillel Soudani 0 374761 3849363 3768360 2026-05-25T23:47:40Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849363 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nogometaš | imenogometaša = El Arbi Hillel Soudani | slika = Algérie - Arménie - 20140531 - Hilal Soudani.jpg | punoime = El Arbi Hillel Soudani | nadimak = | datumrođenja = [[25. novembar]] [[1987.]] godine | rodnigrad = [[Chlef]] | rodnadržava = [[Alžir]] | trenutniklub = [[Nottingham Forest FC|Nottingham Forest]] | datumsmrti = | gradsmrti = | državasmrti = | visina = 1.77 m | pozicija = Napadač | omladinskegodine = 1998-2006 | omladinskipogoni = ASO Chlef | godine = 2006–2011<br/>2011-2013<br/>2013–2018<br/>2018- | klubovi = [[ASO Chlef]]<br/>[[Vitória SC]]<br/>[[GNK Dinamo Zagreb|Dinamo Zagreb]]<br/>[[Nottingham Forest FC|Nottingham]] | nastupi(golovi) = 108 (48)<br/>37 (13)<br/>132 (97)<br/>5 (2) | reprezentacija = da | nacionalnegodine = 2011- | nacionalneekipe = [[Nogometna reprezentacija Alžira|Alžir]] | nacionalninastupi(golovi) = 49 (22) | zadnjiuređaj = 13. januar 2019. }} '''El Arbi Hillel Soudani''' ([[Chlef]], [[25. novembar]] [[1987.]]) je [[alžir]]ski nogometaš koji nastupa za [[Nottingham Forest FC|Nottingham Forest]] i [[Nogometna reprezentacija Alžira|Nogometnu reprezentaciju Alžira]]. == Karijera == Prve nogometne korake je napravio u ekipi ''ASO Chlef'', za čiju je omladinski tim nastupao od 1998. do 2006. godine.<ref>* http://fantasy.xjam.es/app/item/detail?pageid=2&id=83{{Mrtav link|datum=Oktobar 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> Prvi profesionalni ugovor potpisuje za [[ASO Chlef]] 2006. godine. Debitovao je u maju 2006. godine sa 19 godina u utakmici protiv [[USM Annaba]]. 2008. godine je izabran za najboljeg maldog igrača lige, nakon što je u sezoni 2007-08. u 24 utakmice postigao 11 golova.<ref>* http://www.dzfoot.com/2008/12/28/soudani-espoir-dzfoot-2008-36182.php {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106210050/http://www.dzfoot.com/2008/12/28/soudani-espoir-dzfoot-2008-36182.php |date=6. 1. 2015 }}</ref> 8. augusta 2011. godine potpisuje za [[portugal]]ski klub [[Vitória SC]]. Transfer je iznosio 800,000 eura. Za novi klub je debitovao 25. augusta 2011. godine protiv [[Atlético Madrid]]a u okviru [[UEFA Evropska liga|Evropske lige]]. Sa Vitóriom je osvojio nacionalni kup 2013. godine. U okviru Primiera Lige je odigrao 37 utakmica, te je postigao 13 golova. 2013. godine za 900,000 eura prelazi u [[GNK Dinamo Zagreb|Dinamo Zagreb]]. Za hrvatski klub je debitovao na utakmici Superkupa protiv [[HNK Hajduk Split|Hajduka]]. Prvi gol za Dinamo je postigao 12. jula 2013. godine protiv [[NK Osijek|Osijeka]]. Za [[Nogometna reprezentacija Alžira|seniorsku reprezentaciju Alžira]] je debitovao 4. juna 2011. godine na utakmici protiv [[Nogometna reprezentacija Maroka|Maroka]]. == Nastupi za reprezentaciju == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- !colspan=3|[[Nogometna reprezentacija Alžira]] |- !Godina!!Nastupi!!Golovi |- |2011||2||0 |- |2012||6||6 |- |2013||11||3 |- |2014||9||3 |- |2015||8||5 |- |2016||2||3 |- |2017||3||1 |- !Ukupno||41||31 |} == Uspjesi == ;ASO Chlef *{{flagicon|ALŽ}} '''[[Ligue 1 (Alžir)|Ligue 1]]''': 2010/11. ;Vitória SC *{{flagicon|POR}} '''[[Primeira Liga]]''': 2013. ;Dinamo Zagreb *{{flagicon|HRV}} '''[[Prva hrvatska nogometna liga|Prva HNL]]''': 2013/14, 2014/15, 2015/16, 2017/18. *{{flagicon|HRV}} '''[[Hrvatski nogometni kup|Nacionalni kup]]''': 2015, 2016, 2018. *{{flagicon|HRV}} '''[[Hrvatski nogometni superkup|Superkup]]''': 2013. == Reference == {{refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == * {{Soccerbase|61857}} {{Navkutije |ime = Sastavi Alžira |naslov = Sastavi Alžira |naslovstil = background-color:white; color:#006633; border: solid 1px #006633; |podaci1 = {{Sastav Alžira na Afričkom kupu nacija 2013}} {{Sastav Alžira na SP 2014. u nogometu}} {{Sastav Alžira na Afričkom kupu nacija 2015}} }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Soudani, El Arabi Hillel}} [[Kategorija:Alžirski nogometaši]] [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1987.]] [[Kategorija:Igrači na Afričkom kupu nacija 2013.]] [[Kategorija:Igrači na Afričkom kupu nacija 2015.]] [[Kategorija:Igrači na Svjetskom prvenstvu u nogometu 2014.]] [[Kategorija:Nogometaši ASO Chlefa]] [[Kategorija:Nogometaši SC Vitórije]] [[Kategorija:Nogometaši Dinamo Zagreba]] [[Kategorija:Živi ljudi]] [[Kategorija:Igrači na Afričkom kupu nacija 2017.]] [[Kategorija:Igrači na Afričkom kupu nacija 2019.]] rje24b831gc4wkx6d5yeof6rehuvsdt Majmuni Starog svijeta 0 376330 3849278 3801468 2026-05-25T13:15:35Z Panasko 146730 3849278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taksokvir | boja = pink | naziv = Repati majmuni Starog svijeta<br>''Cercopithecidae''<br>''Colobidae'' | status = Diferenciran | slika = Olive baboon Ngorongoro.jpg | slika_širina = 250px |slika_opis = Maslinasti babun<br>''Papio anubis'' | regnum = [[Životinje|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Hordati|Chordata]] | classis = [[Sisari|Mammalia]] | ordo = [[Primati|Primates]] | nesvrstani_familia =podred Anthropoidea - Catarrhini<br>Uskonosni majmuni | superfamilia = | familia = ''Cercopithecidae''<br>''Colobidae'' | genus = 22 roda | genus_autorstvo =[[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1821 | tip_species = Rod: ''Cercopithecus'' | tip_species_autorstvo =[[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1821 | razdioba_stupanj = [[Vrste]] | razdioba = ''Cercopithecinae'' - 12 rodova<br> ''Colobinae'' - 10 rodova }} [[Datoteka: Photo singe vert grand.jpg|thumb|Repati majmun Starog svijeta]] [[Datoteka:Mandrill at san francisco zoo.jpg|thumb|Mandril (''Mandrillus sphinx'') je najveći predstavnik ove grupe repatih majmuna.]] [[Datoteka:Papio hamadryas (aka).jpg|thumb|Glava plaštastog pavijana (''Papio anubis''). Uočava se izdužena „pasja njuška“.]] [[Datoteka:Berberaffen Gibraltar 06.jpg|thumb| Divlji makak (''Macaca sylvanus'') je jedina [[Evropa|evropska]] vrsta ne-ljudskih primata]]. [[Datoteka:Patas.monkey2.jpg|thumb|Neki majmuni Starog svijeta, kao patas, vode polu-prizemni život, tj. obitavaju i na terenu i na drveću.]] [[Datoteka:Long tail Macaque family of 5.jpg|thumb|[[Java (ostrvo)|Javanski]] majmuni(''Trachypithecus auratus''), kao i sve morske mačke, žive u grupama.]] [[Datoteka:Colubusmonkey.JPG|thumb|Plaštasti majmuni, kao i većina pripadnika porodice ''Colobidae'', hrane se lišćem]] [[Datoteka:Macaque India 2.jpg|thumb|Hanuman-langur sa mladuncem]] [[Datoteka:Macaque India 4.jpg|thumb|Rezus majmuni su naviknuli na ljude i često žive u gradovima.]] [[Datoteka:Lightmatter guenon.jpg|thumb|Brazza morska mačka]] [[Datoteka:Gelada Baboon male.jpg|thumb|Gelada (''Theropithecus gelada'')]] [[Datoteka:Piliocolobus temminckii 0002.jpg|thumb|Crveni kolobus]] [[Datoteka:Proboscis Monkey.jpg|thumb|Nosonje]] '''Majmuni Starog svijeta''', familija ''Cercopithecidae'', grupa su [[primat]]a iz natporodice ''Cercopithecoidea'' i grane ''[[Uskonosni majmuni|Catarrhini]]''. Autohtoni su u [[Afrika|Africi]] i [[Azija|Aziji]], gdje danas naseljavaju niz sastojina iz tropskih [[prašuma]] i [[savana]], šipražja, žbunja i planinskih terena, a [[Evropa|Evropi]] su poznati u [[Fosili|fosilnim]] tragovima. Međutim, iako je eventualno unesena, [[populacija]] jedne vrste makaka majmuna opstaje na [[Gibraltar]]skoj stijeni (Evropa) do današnjeg dana. Majmuni Starog svijeta uključuju mnoge od najpoznatiji [[Vrsta (biologija)|vrsta]] neljudskih [[primat]]a, kao što su [[Babun|pavijani]] i [[makaki]].<ref name="Natural History 1991">British Museum of Natural History, Ed. (1991): Man's place in evolution. Natural History Museum Publications, Cambridge University Press, London, {{ISBN|0 521 40864}} 4.</ref><ref name="Hadžiselimović R. 1986">Hadžiselimović R. (1986): Uvod u teoriju antropogeneze. Svjetlost, Sarajevo, {{ISBN|9958-9344-2-6}}.</ref> *:Napomena: Odgovarajuća terminologija i klasifikacija [[Slaveni|južnoslavenskih]] [[jezik]]a preuzeti su sa [[engleski jezik|engleskog]] jezičkog područja, u kojem se razlikuju pojmovi ''ape'' (bos. = majmun) i ''monkey'' (bos. = majmun) po tome što prvi označava velike ili bezrepe majmune (čije je porijeklo u Starom svijetu), a drugi repate u svim dijelovima svijeta. Među njima se nalaze i * majmuni Starog svijeta i * [[majmuni Novog svijeta]].<ref>Campbell B. G. (2009): Human evolution: An introduction to mans adaptations. British Museum of Natural History, London, {{ISBN|0-202-02041-X}}; {{ISBN|0-202-02042-8}}.</ref><ref>Cowligshaw G., Dunbar R. (2000): Primate conservation biology. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Chicago and London, {{ISBN|0-226-11636-0}}; {{ISBN|0-226-11637-9}}</ref><ref>Srivastava (2009): Morphology of the primates and human evolution. PHI Learning Private Learning Ltd, New Delhi, {{ISBN|978-81-203-3656-8}}.</ref> ==Opće osobenosti== Majmuni Starog svijeta su srednje do veliki, a kreću se, zavisno od prirodnog staništa. Ima ih koji obično žive na drveću (''Colobus'' [[majmun]]i), a i takvih koji u potpunosti obitavalu na tlu., kao što su [[babun]]i. Najmanji je talapoin, dužine 34–37&nbsp;cm i težine između 0,7 i 1,3&nbsp;kg, dok je najveći je mužjak [[mandril]]a (ženke te vrste su znatno manje), oko 70&nbsp;cm dužine i težine do 50&nbsp;kg.<ref name="Natural History 1991"/> <ref name="Hadžiselimović R. 1986"/> Po [[morfologija|morfološkom]] izgledu, su, za razliku od [[Hominidi|velikih majmuna]], većina imaju repove (latinski naziv ''Cercopithecinae'', uostalom i znači "repati majmun"), ali, za razliku od [[Majmuni Novog svijeta|majmuna Novog svijeta]] (''Platyrrhini''), repovi im nikada ne služe za hvatanje (grane, npr.). Glavne razlike između kategorija uskonosnih (''Catarhini'') i širokonosnih (''Platyrhyni'') majmuna, i njihov odnos sa velikim, mogu se formulirati kako slijedi. * [[Uskonosni majmuni|uskonosnih majmuna]] od [[Majmuni Novog svijeta|širokonosnih]] razlikuju se po strukturi nosa. *Kod širokonosnih majmuna, nozdrve su usmjerene postrance, dok su u uskonosnih okrenute prema dolje. * Razlike majmuna Novog svijeta i velikih majmuna su svojstvima [[zub]]a: broj zuba je isti, ali su različito oblikovani. *Druge razlike uključuju i cjevaste [[uho|ušne]] [[kost]]i razlike u zubnoj formuli. *[[Uskonosni majmuni]] imaju 8 pretkutnjaka (premolara): **gornji = 2.1.2.3 **donji = 2.1.2.3. *Širokonosni majmuni imaju zubnu formulu sa 12 pretkutnjaka (premolara): **gornji = 2.1.3.3 **donji = 2.1.3.3.<ref>Hadžiselimović R., Maslić E. (1999): Osnovi etologije – Biologija ponašanja životinja i ljudi. Sarajevo Publishing, Sarajevo, {{ISBN|9958-21-091-6}}.</ref><ref>Jobling M. A. et al. (2013). Human Evolutionary Genetics. Garland Science, New York, {{ISBN|978-0-8153-4148-2}}. OCLC 829099073.</ref><ref name="Wood B. 2005">Wood B. (2005): Human evolution – A very short introduction. Oxford University Press, Oxford, {{ISBN|0-19-280360-3}}.</ref><ref>Boaz N. T. (1999): Essentials of biological anthropology. Prentice Hall, New Jersey,{{ISBN|0-13-080793-1}}.</ref> Nekoliko majmuna Starog svijeta imaju anatomske neobičnosti. [[Kolobus]]i imaju kvataljker zna palčevima koji pomažu pri kretanju na drveću, nosonja ima svojstveno oblikovanu njušku, dok je majmun prćastog nosa, gotovo da ga i nema. [[Penis]] mužjaka mandrila je crvene boje, [[skrotum]]a je lila ( jorgovan) boje, a i lice također ima svijetle obojenost kao što su genitalije. To se javlja kao specijalno obilježje samo u dominantnog mužjaka u grupama za više mužjaka. Većina ovih majmuni su bar djelomično svaštojedi (omnivori), ali svi preferiraju [[biljke|biljnu]] hranu, kojia čini najveći dio ishrane. ''Colobinae'' su najviše vegetarijanaci, uzimajući prvenstveno [[list|lišče]], a jede i samo mali broj insekata, dok su ostale vrste vrlo oportunističke. Prvenstveno jedu voće, ali konzumiraju i gotovo svaku dostupnu hranu, kao što su cvijeće, lišće, lukovice i [[rizom]]i, [[insekti]], [[puževi]], pa čak i mali [[kičmenjaci]]. Hrana divljeg makaka sastoji se uglavnom od lišća i korijenja, iako također jedu i [[Insekti|insekte]], a [[cadar|cedrovinu]] koriste izvor vode.<ref name="cedar">Ciani, Andrea Camperio, Loredana Martinoli, Claudio Capiluppi, Mohamed Arahou, and Mohamed Mouna. "Effects of Water Availability and Habitat Quality on Bark-Stripping Behavior in Barbary Macaques." Conservation Biology 15.1 (n.d.): 259-65. JSTOR. Web. 14 Nov. 2012.</ref> [[Trudnoća]] kod majmuna Starog svijeta traje između pet i sedam mjeseci. Rađaju obično samo jednom, iako se, kao i kod ljudi, povremeno rađaju također i blizanci. Mladi se rađaju relativno dobro razvijeni i u stanju su da se, već od rođenja, prednjim udovima, drže za krzno svoje majke. U poređenju sa većinom drugih [[Sisari|sisara]], oni imaju relativno dug period do [[spol]]ne zrelosti, koja se javlja pri uzrastu od četiri do šest godina, što je tipično za većinu vrsta. [[Datoteka:Semnopithecus hypoleucos.JPG|thumb|right|Bjelonogi sivi langur (''Semnopithecus hypoleucos'')]] Kod većine vrsta, kćeri ostaju da žive sa svojim majkama, tako da je osnovna društvena grupa među majmunima Starog svijeta je matrijarhatna (majčinska) trupa. Mužjaci napuštaju grupu pri postizanju adolescencije i pronalaze nove trupa da im se pridruže. U mnogim vrstama, samo jedan odrasli (dominantni) mužjak živi u svakoj grupe, izbacujući sve rivale, ali drugi su tolerantniji. Uspostavljaju se hijerarhijski odnosi između dominantnih i podređenih mužjaka. Veličina grupa su vrlo varijabilne, čak i unutar vrsta, ovisno o raspoloživosti hrane i drugih resursa.<ref name="Natural History 1991"/><ref name="Wood B. 2005"/> == Evolucija i mogući preci == [[Image:Paracolobus chemeroni.JPG|thumb|right|[[Fosil]] ''Paracolobus chemeroni'']] Pronađeni su [[fosili]] tarzoidnih [[primat]]a, koji ispoljavaju uočljiv uspon prema cinomorfnoj i antropomorfnoj konstituciji. Pretpostavlja se da svi majmuni Starog svijeta (''Cercopithecidae'', ''Hylobatidae'', ''Pongidae'' i ''Hominidae'') potiču iz grupe [[anatomija|anatomski]] „uopćeno“ građenih pratazoida, kojima su, među ostalim, pripadali i oblici ''Teilhardina'' ([[oligocen]] [[Egipat|Egipta]]). Među njima se ''Apidium'', ''Moeripithecus'' i ''Oligopithecus'' ( a nerijetko i ''Parapithecus'') ubrajaju u neposredne fosilne pretke psetolikih majmuna, dok je ostalo otvoreno pitanje da li tu pripadaju i ''Amphipithecus'' i ''Pondaungia'' (gornji [[eocen]] [[Mjanmar|Burme]]) ili bi ih trebalo uvrstiti u prelaznu fazu [[evolucija|evolucije]] ka zajedničkim precima [[Čovjekoliki majmuni|antropomorfnih]] majmuna. U donjeoligocenskim slojevima [[Afrika|Afrike]], međutim, nađeni su fosilni ostaci [[primat]]a koji su nedvojbeno imali niz [[osobina]] današnjih viših [[uskonosni majmuni|uskonosnih majmuna]] iz porodica ''Hylobatidae'' ([[giboni]]9 i ''Pongidae'' ([[orangutani]]). Među takvim oblicima, redovno se pominju ''Parapithecus'' i ''Aegyptopithecus'', sa zubalom kao u suvremenih bezrepih – velikih majmuna ([[orangtani]], [[čimpanze]] i [[gorile]], iako se prvopomenuti oblik često ubraja i u predačku skupini psetolikih repatih majmuna, a drugi u fosilni rod ''Dryopithecus''. U direktne predačke forme [[čovjekoliki majmuni|čovjekolikih primata]] svrstava se i [[giboni|gibonoliki]] ''Propliopithecus'', od kojeg, vjerovatno preko oblika tipa ''Limnopithecus'' i ''Pliopithecus'' vode porijeklo današnji [[giboni]]. Međutim, prema nekim procjenama, propliopitek bi mogao biti i predak pomenutog egiptopiteka ili čak forma driopiteka, sa naglašenijim hominoidnim [[osobina]]ma. ==Klasifikacija== Porodica ''Ceccopithecidae'' ima dvije potfamilije: * '' Cercopithecinae'' (pretežno [[Afrika|afričke]], ali uključuje i rodove makaka ([[Azija]] i sjeverna [[Afrika]]) i *''Colobidae'', koje uključuju većinu [[Azija|azijskih]] rodova i [[Afrika|afričke]] [[kolobus]]e. *'''Superfamilija ''Cercopithecoidea''', Majmuni starog svijeta (repati) ** '''Familija ''Cercopithecidae''' *** Subfamilija ''Cercopithecinae'' **** Tribus ''Cercopithecini'' ***** Rod Allenovi močvarni majmuni, ''Allenopithecus'' ****** Allenov močvarni majmun, ''Allenopithecus nigroviridis'' ***** Rod ''Miopithecus'', talapoini ****** [[Angola|Angolski]] talapoin, ''Miopithecus talapoin'' ****** [[Gabon]]ski talapoin, ''Miopithecus ogouensis'' ***** Rod Poto majmuni, ''Erythrocebus'' ****** [[Poto]], ''Erythrocebus patas'' ***** Rod ''Chlorocebus'' ****** Zeleni majmun, ''Chlorocebus sabaeus'' ****** Grivet, ''Chlorocebus aethiops'' ****** Balasti planinski vervet, ''Chlorocebus djamdjamensis'' ****** Tantalus, ''Chlorocebus tantalus'' ****** Vervet, ''Chlorocebus pygerythrus'' ****** Malbrouck, ''Chlorocebus cynosuros'' ***** Genus ''Cercopithecus'', zamorci ****** Drijas ili salongo zamorac, ''Cercopithecus dryas'' ****** Diana zamorac, ''Cercopithecus diana'' ****** ''Roloway'' zamorac, ''Cercopithecus roloway'' ****** Veliki ravnonosni zamorac, ''Cercopithecus nictitans'' ****** Plavi zamorac, ''Cercopithecus mitis'' ****** Srebreni zamorac, ''Cercopithecus doggetti'' ****** Zlatni zamorac, ''Cercopithecus kandti'' ****** Sykesov zamorac, ''Cercopithecus albogularis'' ****** Mona zamorac, ''Cercopithecus mona'' ****** Campbellov zamorac, ''Cercopithecus campbelli'' ****** Loweov mona zamorac, ''Cercopithecus lowei'' ****** Krestasti mona majmun, ''Cercopithecus pogonias'' ****** Wolfov mona zamorac, ''Cercopithecus wolfi'' ******Dentov mona majmun, ''Cercopithecus denti'' ****** Mali ravnonosni zamorac, ''Cercopithecus petaurista'' ****** Bjelogrli zamorac, ''Cercopithecus erythrogaster'' ****** Sclaterov zamorac, ''Cercopithecus sclateri'' ****** Crvenouhi zamorac, ''Cercopithecus erythrotis'' ****** Brkati zamoracn, ''Cercopithecus cephus'' ****** Crvenorepi zamorac, ''Cercopithecus ascanius'' ****** L'Hoestov zamorac, ''Cercopithecus lhoesti'' ****** Preussov majmun, ''Cercopithecus preussi'' ****** Suncorepi zamorac, ''Cercopithecus solatus'' ****** Hamlynov zamorac, ''Cercopithecus hamlyni'' ****** Lesula, ''Cercopithecus lomamiensis'' ****** De Brazzaov majmun, ''Cercopithecus neglectus'' **** Tribus ''Papionini'' ***** Rod '' Makaka, ''Macaca'' ****** [[Berberi|Berberski]] (divlji) makak, ''Macaca sylvanus'' ****** Lavorepi makak, ''Macaca silenus'' ****** Južni svinjorepi makak ili beruk, ''Macaca nemestrina'' ****** Sjeverni svinjorepi makak, ''Macaca leonina'' ****** Pagai otočni makak ili bokoi, ''Macaca pagensis'' ****** Siberut makak, ''Macaca siberu'' ****** Mavarski makak, ''Macaca maura'' ****** Čizmasti makak, ''Macaca ochreata'' ****** Tonkeanski makak, ''Macaca tonkeana'' ****** Heckov makak, ''Macaca hecki'' ****** Gorontalo makak, ''Macaca nigrescens'' ****** [[Sulawesi|Celebeski]] krestasti makak ili crni majmun, ''Macaca nigra'' ****** Rakojedi makak ili dugorepi makak ili ''kera'', ''Macaca fascicularis'' ****** Patrljkorepi makak ili medvjedoliki makak, ''Macaca arctoides'' ****** Rezus makak, ''Macaca mulatta'' ****** [[Formoza]]nski kamenski makak, ''Macaca cyclopis'' ******[[Japan]]ski makak, ''Macaca fuscata'' ****** [[Cejlon]]ski majmun, toko, ''Macaca sinica'' ****** Haubasti makak, ''Macaca radiata'' ****** Assamski makak, ''Macaca assamensis'' ****** [[Tibet]]ski makak ili Milne-Edwardsov makak, ''Macaca thibetana'' ****** Arunača makak ili ''munzala'', ''Macaca munzala'' ***** Rod ''Lophocebus'', krestasti mangabi ******Sivoobrazni obalni mangabi, ''Lophocebus albigena'' ******Crnoobrazni mangabi, ''Lophocebus aterrimus'' ******Opdenboschov mangabi, ''Lophocebus opdenboschi'' ******[[Uganda|Ugandski]] mangabi, ''Lophocebus ugandae'' ******Johnstonov mangabi ''Lophocebus johnstoni'' ******Osman Hillov mangabi, ''Lophocebus osmani'' ***** Rod ''Rungwecebus'' ****** Kipunji, ''Rungwecebus kipunji'' ***** Rod ''Papio'', [[Babun|pavijani]] ****** Hamedrijas, ''Papio hamadryas'' ****** [[Gvineja|Gvinejski]] pavijan, ''Papio papio'' ****** [[Maslina]]sti pavijan, ''Papio anubis'' ****** Žuti pavijan, ''Papio cynocephalus'' ****** Hakma pavijan, ''Papio ursinus'' ***** Rod ''Theropithecus'' ****** Gelada pavijan, ''Theropithecus gelada'' ***** Rod ''Cercocebus'', bjelooki mangabeji ****** Garavi mangabej, ''Cercocebus atys'' ******Kragnasti mangabej, ''Cercocebus torquatus'' ****** Agila mangabej, ''Cercocebus agilis'' ******Zlatnotrbi mangabej, ''Cercocebus chrysogaster'' ******''Mangabej sa ''Tana Rivera'', ''Cercocebus galeritus'' ******Sanjeanski mangabej, ''Cercocebus sanjei'' ***** Rod ''Mandrillus'' ****** Mandril, ''Mandrillus sphinx'' ****** Dril, ''Mandrillus leucophaeus'' *** Subfamilija ''Colobinae'' **** [[Afrika|Afrička grupa]] ***** Rod ''Colobus'', crnobijeli [[kolobus]]i ****** Crni kolobus, ''Colobus satanas'' ****** [[Angola|Angolski]] kolobus, ''Colobus angolensis'' ****** [[Kralj]]evski kolobus, ''Colobus polykomos'' ****** [[Medvjed|Medvjeđi]] kolobus, ''Colobus vellerosus'' ****** Plaštasti guereza, ''Colobus guereza'' ***** Rod ''Piliocolobus'', crven kolobusi ******Zapadni crveni kolobus, ''Piliocolobus badius'' ******Pennantov kolobus, ''Piliocolobus pennantii'' ****** Preussov crveni kolobus, ''Piliocolobus preussi'' ******Thollonov crveni kolobus, ''Piliocolobus tholloni'' ****** [[Afrika|Centralnoafrički]] crveni kolobus, ''Piliocolobus foai'' ****** [[Uganda|Ugandski]] crveni kolobus, ''Piliocolobus tephrosceles'' ****** Uzungwanski crveni kolobus, ''Piliocolobus gordonorum'' ****** [[Zanzibar]]ski crveni kolobus, ''Piliocolobus kirkii'' ******Kolobus sa ''Tana Rivera'', ''Piliocolobus rufomitratus'' *****Rod ''Procolobus'' ******[[Maslina]]sti kolobus, ''Procolobus verus'' **** Grupa Languri (lišćarski majmuni) ***** Rod ''Semnopithecus'', sivi ili hanuman languri ****** [[Nepal]]ski sivi langur, ''Semnopithecus schistaceus'' ****** [[Kašmir]]ski sivi langur, ''Semnopithecus ajax'' ****** Tarai sivi langur, ''Semnopithecus hector'' ******Sjeverni nizijski sivi langur, ''Semnopithecus entellus'' ****** Bjelonogi sivi langur, ''Semnopithecus hypoleucos'' ******Južni nizijski sivi langur, ''Semnopithecus dussumieri'' ****** Ćubasti sivi langur, ''Semnopithecus priam'' ***** Rod ''Trachypithecus'' lutunzi ****** ''T. vetulus'' grupa ******* Rumenoobrazni langur, ''Trachypithecus vetulus'' ******* Nilgiri langur, ''Trachypithecus johnii'' ****** ''T. cristatus'' grupa ******* [[Java (ostrvo)|Javanski]] lutung, ''Trachypithecus auratus'' *******Srebreni lutung ili srebreni lišćarski majmun, ''Trachypithecus cristatus'' ******* [[Indokina|Indokineski]] lutung, ''Trachypithecus germaini'' ******* Tenasserim lutung, ''Trachypithecus barbei'' ****** ''T. obscurus'' grupa ******* Sumračni lišćarski ili spektralni lišćarski majmun, ''Trachypithecus obscurus'' ******* Phayreov lišćarski majmun, ''Trachypithecus phayrei'' ****** ''T. pileatus'' grupa *******Kapasti langur, ''Trachypithecus pileatus'' ******* Shortridgeov langur, ''Trachypithecus shortridgei'' *******Geeov zlatni langur, ''Trachypithecus geei'' ****** ''T. francoisi'' grupa ******* Fransoin langur, ''Trachypithecus francoisi'' ******* Hatinh langur, ''Trachypithecus hatinhensis'' *******Bjeloglavi langur, ''Trachypithecus poliocephalus'' ******* [[Laos]]ki langur, ''Trachypithecus laotum'' *******Delacourov langur, ''Trachypithecus delacouri'' *******[[Indokina|Indokineski]] crni langur]], ''Trachypithecus ebenus'' *****Rod ''Presbytis'' surili ****** [[Sumatra]]nski surili, ''Presbytis melalophos'' ****** Trakasti surili, ''Presbytis femoralis'' ****** Sarawakanski surili, ''Presbytis chrysomelas'' ******Bjelobutni surili, ''Presbytis siamensis'' ******Bjeloglavi surili, ''Presbytis frontata'' ****** Javanski surili, ''Presbytis comata'' ****** Thomasov langur, ''Presbytis thomasi'' ****** Hoseov langur, ''Presbytis hosei'' ******Kestenjasti lišćarski langur, ''Presbytis rubicunda'' ******Mentawai langur ili ''joja'', ''Presbytis potenziani'' ****** Natuna otočni surili]], ''Presbytis natunae'' **** Grupa neupareno nosastih majmuna ***** Rod ''Pygathrix'' douki ****** Crveni douk, ''Pygathrix nemaeus'' ****** Crni douk, ''Pygathrix nigripes'' ****** Sivi douk, ''Pygathrix cinerea'' ***** Rod ''Rhinopithecus'', prćastnosni majmuni ****** Zlatni prćatonosni majmun, ''Rhinopithecus roxellana'' ******Crni prćastonosni majmun, ''Rhinopithecus bieti'' ******Sivi prćastonosni majmun, ''Rhinopithecus brelichi'' ******Tonkingški prćastonosni langur, ''Rhinopithecus avunculus'' ***** Rod ''Nasalis'', nosonje ****** Surlasti majmun, ''Nasalis larvatus'' ***** Rod ''Simia'', simije ****** [[Svinja|Svinjorepi]] langur, ''Simias concolor'' == Također pogledajte == *[[Životinje]] *[[Sisari]] *[[Majmun|Majmuni]] *[[Antropoidi]] == Reference == {{Refspisak}} {{Commons|Cercopithecidae}} {{Wikivrste|Cercopithecoidea}} {{Wikivrste|Cercopithecidae}} [[Kategorija:Zoologija]] [[Kategorija:Životinje]] [[Kategorija:Sisari]] [[Kategorija:Majmuni]] o1a61dxa63jiupg3vluks6fe673ti2g Aleksandra Vasiljević 0 377468 3849339 3695044 2026-05-25T20:08:21Z Visem 62743 3849339 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija osoba | ime = Aleksandra Vasiljević | slika = | veličina_slike = | opis = | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja i godine|1986|8|10}} | mjesto_rođenja = Sarajevo, SFRJ | datum_smrti = | mjesto_smrti = | nacionalnost = biatlonka | druga_imena = | zanimanje = | godine_aktivnosti = | poznat_po = | značajna_djela = }} '''Aleksandra Vasiljević''' nekadašnja je [[BiH|bosanskohercegovačka]] [[biatlon]]ka i članica olimpijske reprezentacije [[Bosna i Hercegovina na Olimpijskim igrama|Bosne i Hercegovine]].<ref name="IBU">[http://services.biathlonresults.com/athletes.aspx?IbuId=BTBIH21008198601 Aleksandra Vasiljević na službenoj stranici IBU {{Simboli jezika|en|engleski}}]</ref> Članica je [[Skijaški klub Romanija|Skijaškog kluba Romanija]] sa [[Pale (Republika Srpska)|Pala]]. == Biografija == Biatlonom se počela baviti 1998. Prvi nastup u međunarodnom skijanju imala je na [[Svjetsko juniorsko prvenstvo u biatlonu 2002.|Svjetskom juniorskom prvenstvu 2002.]] u [[Val Ridanna|Val Ridanni]], u [[Italija|Italiji]], gdje je u sprintu na 6&nbsp;km osvojila 49. mjesto,<ref name="B2">[http://ibu.blob.core.windows.net/docs/0102/BT/JWRL/CH__/YWSP/BT_O77B_1.0.pdf Rezultati Svjetskog prvenstva za juniore 2002. {{Simboli jezika|en|engleski}}]</ref> a najbolji rezultat u [[Svjetski kup u biatlonu|Svjetskom kupu]] ostvarila je 16. marta 2006. u [[Finska|finskom]] [[Kontiolahti]]ju,<ref name="IBU"/> u [[Biatlon#sprint|sprintu]], gdje je osvojila 68. mjesto.<ref name="B1">[http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT0506SWRLCP08SWSP Rezultati sprinta u ženskoj konkurenciji na Svjetskom kup u biatlonu 2005/2006. godine {{Simboli jezika|en|engleski}}]</ref> Trener joj je bio [[Tomislav Lopatić]], nekadašnji [[Jugoslavija na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 1984.|jugoslavenski]] [[Olimpijske igre|olimpijski]] reprezentativac u biatlonu, učesnik [[Zimske olimpijske igre 1984.|Zimskih olimpijskih igara 1984.]] u [[Sarajevo|Sarajevu]]. Na otvaranju [[Zimske olimpijske igre 2006.|Zimskih olimpijskih igra 2006.]] u [[Torino|Torinu]] [[Spisak nosilaca zastave Bosne i Hercegovine na Olimpijskim igrama|nosila je]] zastavu [[Bosna i Hercegovina na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 2006.|Bosne i Hercegovine]]. == Rezultati == === Evropska prvenstva === === Svjetska prvenstva === === Svjetski kup === {|width=70% style="font-size: 95%; text-align: left" class="wikitable" |- ! Godina !! Mjesto !! Datum !! Disciplina !! Plasman !! Rezultat<br><small> Promašaji</small> |- | rowspan=3| [[Svjetski kup u biatlonu 2004/2005.]] || [[Oberhof]], {{ZID|Njemačka}} || 8. januar 2005.||align=center| [[Biatlon#sprint|7,5 km]] ||align=center| 78 <small>(88) </small> ||align=center| 27:20.5<br ><small>3</small><ref name="B5">[http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT0405SWRLCP04SWSP Rezultati sprinta u ženskoj konkurenciji na Svjetskom kup u biatlonu 2004/2005. godine {{Simboli jezika|en|engleski}}]</ref> |- | [[Antholz]], {{ZID|Italija}} || 20. januar 2005.||align=center| [[Biatlon#15 km|15 km]] ||align=center| 77 <small>(96) </small> ||align=center| 1:00:40.5<br ><small>2</small><ref name="B4">[http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT0405SWRLCP06SWIN Rezultati trke na 15 km u ženskoj konkurenciji na Svjetskom kup u biatlonu 2004/2005. godine {{Simboli jezika|en|engleski}}]</ref> |- | [[Pokljuka]], {{ZID|Slovenija}} || 17. februar 2005.||align=center|[[Biatlon#sprint|7,5 km]] ||align=center| 72 <small>(86) </small> ||align=center| 31:11.5<br ><small>2</small><ref name="B4-1">[http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT0405SWRLCP08SWSP Rezultati sprinta u ženskoj konkurenciji na Svjetskom kup u biatlonu 2004/2005. godine {{Simboli jezika|en|engleski}}]</ref> |- |[[Svjetski kup u biatlonu 2005/2006.]] || [[Kontiolahti]], {{ZID|Finska}} || 16. mart 2006.||align=center| [[Biatlon#sprint|7,5 km]] ||align=center| 68 <small>(74) </small> ||align=center| 26:42.8<br ><small>0</small><ref name="B1"/> |} === Olimpijade === {|width=70% style="font-size: 95%; text-align: left" class="wikitable" |- ! Olimpijada !! Mjesto !! Datum !! Disciplina !! Plasman !! Rezultat<br><small> Promašaji</small> |- |rowspan=2| [[Zimske olimpijske igre 2006.|XX zimske olimpijske igre]] ||rowspan=2| [[Torino]], {{ZID|Italija}} || 16. februar 2006.|| [[Biatlon na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 2006 – sprint (žene)|7,5 km]] ||align=center| 68 <small>(83) </small> ||align=center| 28:10.9<br ><small>1</small><ref name="B3">{{cite web |title = Torino 2006 Official Report - Biathlon |url = http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/2006/Results/Biathlon.pdf |work = Torino Organizing Committee |publisher = LA84 Foundation |date = mart 2009 |access-date = 10. 9. 2009 |archive-date = 12. 6. 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120612013218/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/2006/Results/Biathlon.pdf |url-status = dead }}</ref> |- || 13. februar 2006. || [[Biatlon na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 2006 – 15 km|15 km]] ||align=center| 74 <small>(82) </small> ||align=center| 61:11.8 <br ><small>1</small><ref name="IBU" /> |} == Takoder pogledajte == * [[Bosna i Hercegovina na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 2006.]] == Reference == {{reference}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [Http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/va/aleksandra-vasiljevic-1.html Rezultati Aleksandre Vasiljević] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201173237/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/va/aleksandra-vasiljevic-1.html |date=1. 2. 2010}} {{S-start}} {{Redoslijed |prije = [[Enis Bećirbegović]] |naslov = [[Spisak nosilaca zastave Bosne i Hercegovine na Olimpijskim igrama|Nositeljica]] [[Zastava Bosne i Hercegovine|zastave]] [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosne i Hercegovine]]<br/>na [[Zimske olimpijske igre|Zimskim olimpijskim igrama]]: <br/> [[Zimske olimpijske igre 2006.|Torino 2006.]] |poslije = [[Žana Novaković]] }} {{S-end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Vasiljević, Aleksandra}} [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1986.]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Sarajevo]] [[Kategorija:Živi ljudi]] [[Kategorija:Bosanskohercegovački biatlonci]] [[Kategorija:Bosanskohercegovački olimpijci u biatlonu]] [[Kategorija:Biatlonci na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 2006.]] 5tfkrenzvd2s1f6m9q333a5kaknfkhn Denali 0 385550 3849293 3504326 2026-05-25T14:34:47Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849293 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox mountain | name = Denali | other_name = Mount McKinley | photo = Denali Mt McKinley.jpg | photo_caption = Pogled na Denali sa [[sjever]]a s jezerom Wonder u prvom planu. | photo_alt = Snijegom prekrivena planina je u pozadini, s jezerom u prvom planu. | elevation = 6194 | elevation_ref = <ref name=ADN>{{cite news|last=Herz|first=Nathaniel|title=New survey cuts Mount McKinley elevation by 80 feet|url=http://www.adn.com/2013/09/11/3070795/new-survey-cuts-mount-mckinley.html|access-date=11. 9. 2013|newspaper=Anchorage Daily News|date=11. 9. 2013|archive-date=12. 9. 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912053654/http://www.adn.com/2013/09/11/3070795/new-survey-cuts-mount-mckinley.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mount McKinley 83 ft shorter than previously thought|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/24074367|access-date=13. 9. 2013|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=12. 9. 2013}}</ref> | prominence = 6118 <br> | prominence_ref =<ref name="pb">{{cite peakbagger |pid=271 |name=Mount McKinley, Alaska |access-date=1. 2. 2010}}</ref> <br> <small>[[Spisak vrhova po relativnoj visini|3. mjesto]]</small> | map = USA Alaska | map_caption = Položaj Denalija na karti [[Aljaska|Aljaske]] | label_position = left | listing = [[7 vrhova]] <br> [[Spisak najviših planinskih vrhova po državama|Najviši vrhovi po državama]] | location = [[Nacionalni park Denali]], [[Aljaska]] | range = [[Aljaški masiv]] | lat_d = 63.0695 | long_d = -151.0074 | coordinates_ref =<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis | id = 1414314 | name = Mount McKinley | access-date =20. 1. 2010}}</ref> | topo = | first_ascent = 7. juni 1913.<br />[[Hudson Stuck]],<br />[[Henry Peter Karstens|Harry Karstens]],<br />[[Walter Harper]]<br /> i [[Robert Tatum]] | easiest_route = Ruta zapadni Buttress <br>(uspon glečer/snijeg) }} [[Datoteka:Mt._McKinley,_Denali_National_Park.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Denali u julu]] '''Denali''' ili '''Mount McKinley''' najviši je [[planina|planinski]] vrh u [[Sjeverna Amerika|Sjevernoj Americi]] s [[nadmorska visina|visinom]] od 6194 m. Dio je [[Aljaški masiv|Aljaškog masiva]], a nalazi se u unutrašnjosti [[SAD|američke]] [[Političke podjele SAD-a|savezne države]] [[Aljaska|Aljaske]]. Centralni je dio [[Nacionalni park Denali|Nacionalnog parka Denali]]. Prvi [[Evropa|Evropljanin]] za koga je dokumentirano da je otkrio ovaj vrh bio je [[George Vancouver]] 1794, a 1903. zabilježen je prvi pokušaj uspona na ovu planinu od strane [[James Wickersham|Jamesa Wickershama]], koji se završio neuspješno. Prvi ovjereni uspon na ostvaren je 7. juna 1913, a izveli su ga [[Hudson Stuck]], [[Harry Karstens]], [[Walter Harper]] i [[Robert Tatum]]. == Historija == George Vancouver bio je prvi Evropljanin koji je vidio Denali. Tada je za njega rekao da je "ogromna daleka planina", dok je geodetski premjeravao Knik Arm 6. maja 1794.<ref>Beckey, 1993, str. 42.</ref> Ruski istraživač Lavrentij Zagoskin istraživao je rijeke Tanana i Kuskokwim 1843. i 1844. i bio je vjerovatno prvi Evropljanin koji je otkrio ovu planinu s njene druge strane.<ref>Beckey, 1993, str. 44.</ref> == Geologija i karakteristike == Denali je [[granit]]ni blok nastao tektonskim pritiskom [[Pacifička ploča|Pacifičke ploče]] ispod [[Sjevernoamerička ploča|Sjevernoameričke ploče]]. U isto vrijeme sedimentni materijali iznad i oko planine odneseni su [[Erozija|erozijom]].<ref>http://www.nps.gov/dena/upload/Brief%20Geology%20of%20Mt.pdf</ref> S vrhom od 6168 m Denali je najviši vrh u Sjevernoj Americi i najsjevernija planina na svijetu viša od 6000 m.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.adn.com/article/20130911/survey-cuts-denali-elevation-83-feet |title=Arhivirana kopija |access-date=8. 5. 2015 |archive-date=22. 7. 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722082501/http://www.adn.com/article/20130911/survey-cuts-denali-elevation-83-feet |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Reference == {{refspisak|2}} {{Commonscat}} {{7 vrhova}} [[Kategorija:Planine u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama]] [[Kategorija:Najviši vrhovi država]] bo0isafs88xj4x06sdmn9lbf2vu9fps Dabrica 0 398333 3849258 3836540 2026-05-25T12:10:16Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849258 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Geokutija naselje u BiH | ime = Dabrica | vrsta = (naselje) | službeni_naziv = | slogan = | nadimak = | slika = | opis_slike = | veličina_slike = | zastava = | grb = | entitet = [[Republika Srpska]] | kanton = | općina = [[Berkovići]] | nadmorska_visina = | širina_stepeni = 43.1592 | dužina_stepeni = 18.0147 | najveća tačka = | najveća tačka metara = | površina_naselja = 40.90 | stanovništvo grad = 118 | stanovništvo procjena = | stanovništvo godina = 2013 | stanovništvo procjena godina = | gustoća = | poštanski broj = | pozivni broj = (+387) 59 | matični broj = 200654<ref name="fzs_nas_mjesta">{{cite web | url = https://fzs.ba/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/nas_mjestaBiH.pdf | title = Sistematski spisak općina i naseljenih mjesta u Bosni i Hercegovini | author = Federalni zavod za statistiku | website = fzs.ba | access-date = 1. mart 2026 }}</ref> | matični broj općine = 20028 | karta_lokacija = [[Bosna i Hercegovina]] | opis_karte = Dabrica u Bosni i Hercegovini | web stranice = | bilješka = }} '''Dabrica''' je naseljeno mjesto u općini [[Berkovići]], [[Bosna i Hercegovina]]. Prema popisu stanovništva iz 2013., u naselju je živjelo 118 stanovnika. Do potpisivanja [[Dejtonski sporazum|Dejtonskog mirovnog sporazuma]] Dabrica je administrativno pripadala općini [[Stolac]], a nakon rata pripala je Republici Srpskoj i pripojena općini Berkovići. Ukupna površina naselja iznosi 40,90 km². == Geografske karakteristike == Dabrica se prostire sjeverozapadno od [[Dabarsko polje|Dabarskog polja]], između planine Snježnice (1262 m) na sjeveru i planine [[Hrgud (Stolac)|Hrgud]] (oko 1100 m) na jugu. Od Dabarskog polja područje Dabrice odvaja planina Kom, visoka približno 900 m. Karakteristika naselja je kraški reljef sa dubokim dolinama i izraženim prijelazima između polja i visoravni. Naselje je disperzivnog tipa i sastoji se od šest mahala: Bračići, Brijeg, Maričin gaj, Miljanovica, Dabrica i Šćepan Krst. Zaselak Dabrica smješten je u manjem kraškom polju na nadmorskoj visini od oko 500 m, dok istočnu granicu naselja čini duboko usječeni kanjon rijeke Radimlje.<ref name="hasandedic1990">{{cite book | last = Hasandedić | first = Hivzija | title = Muslimanska baština u istočnoj Hercegovini | publisher = Mešihat Islamske zajednice, El-Kalem | location = Sarajevo | year = 1990 | url = https://www.cidom.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Hivzija-Hasandedi%C4%87-Muslimanska-ba%C5%A1tina-Isto%C4%8Dne-Hercegovine.pdf | format = PDF | access-date = 1. mart 2026 | language = bs}}</ref> U naselju Dabrica nalazi se [[vještačko jezero]] formirano u nekadašnjem površinskom kopu rudnika boksita. Jezero se napaja iz [[Podzemna voda|podzemnih voda]] i [[padavina]], a predstavlja specifičan hidrografski objekt u ovom krševitom predjelu. Pored jezera, područje Dabrice obiluje i drugim vodenim resursima, uključujući više od 50 izvora pitke vode. == Saobraćaj i infrastruktura == Dabrica je povezana sa [[Mostar|Mostarom]], [[Stolac|Stocem]] i [[Berkovići|Berkovićima]] regionalnim i lokalnim putnim pravcima. Najkraći pravac od Mostara do Dabrice vodi preko [[Buna (rijeka)|Bune]], [[Hodbina|Hodbine]], [[Rotimlja|Rotimlje]], [[Hodovo (Stolac)|Hodova]] i [[Ljubljenica (Stolac)|Ljubljenice]], a udaljenost iznosi oko 45 km. Od Stoca put vodi preko Maslina, [[Hodovo (Stolac)|Hodova]] i [[Ljubljenica (Stolac)|Ljubljenice]] (približno 21 km), dok su Berkovići udaljeni oko 18 km. Nakon rata 1992–1995., proširen je makadamski put iz sela Potkoma prema Dabrici, a mještani su uz podršku nadležnih institucija asfaltirali glavnu dionicu puta kroz naselje (oko 2,5 km). == Historija == Od 1469. do 1851. Dabrica je administrativno pripadala Blagajskom kadiluku. Prema pisanim izvorima Sidžili blagajskog kadije, džematu Dabrica pripadale su mahale Bračići, Brijeg (Bajir-brijeg), Maričin gaj (Maričnjak) i Miljanovica.<ref name="hasandedic1990" /><ref name="glasstoca_dzamija">{{cite web | url = https://glasstoca.ba/kultura/dzamija-sefer-age-begovica-u-dabrici/ | title = Džamija Sefer-age Begovića u Dabrici | author = Glas Stoca | date = 18. april 2021 | website = glasstoca.ba | access-date = 2. mart 2026 | language = bs}}</ref> Na širem području naselja evidentirani su brojni toponimi koji svjedoče o historijskom kontinuitetu: Begov vrt, Bogomile, Čelareva dolina, Dućani, Hadžina dolina, Kula i Salihova dolina.<ref name="hasandedic1990" /> U Dabrici se nalazi česma Dobrović, sagrađena 1867/68., a po predanju podigla ju je Saliha Žugor, zvana Dobrović iz Dobrice <ref name="hasandedic1990" /> == Nacionalni spomenici == === Stari grad Koštun (Koštur) === Utvrđenje se uzdiže na stjenovitom brdu iznad kanjona Radimlje, u istočnom predjelu naselja. Zbog strmih litica sa tri strane, pristup je moguć isključivo sa zapadne strane iz pravca zaseoka Dabrica.<ref name="infobiro_popovic_dabrica">{{cite news | url = https://infobiro.ba/article/646008/dabrica-i-grad-kostun-marko-s-popovic | title = Dabrica i grad Koštun | author = Popović, Marko S. | newspaper = Oslobođenje | date = 1968 | location = Sarajevo | via = Infobiro.ba | access-date = 2. mart 2026 | language = bs}}</ref> Direktni historijski podaci o gradu ne postoje, ali arheolog [[Đuro Basler]] gradnju datira u VI stoljeće, oko 535., u vrijeme vladavine bizantskog cara [[Justinijan I|Justinijana I]]. Tokom ratova s [[Bosna i Hercegovina u Gotskom kraljevstvu|Istočnim Gotima]], ovaj dio provincije Dalmacije ponovo je ušao u okvir [[Rimsko Carstvo|Rimskog carstva]], te je grad bio dio strateške odbrambene linije (limesa) zajedno sa utvrđenjima u [[Blagaj (Mostar)|Blagaju]], [[Stolac|Stocu]] i [[Biograci|Biogracima]] kod [[Široki Brijeg|Širokog Brijega]].<ref name="leksikon_basler_kostur">{{cite book | last = Basler | first = Đuro | author-link = Đuro Basler | title = Arheološki leksikon Bosne i Hercegovine, Tom III | series = Regija 13-25 | publisher = Zemaljski muzej Bosne i Hercegovine | location = Sarajevo | year = 1988 | page = 184 | url = https://www.academia.edu/68094293/Arheolo%C5%A1ki_leksikon_Bosne_i_Hercegovine_Zemaljski_muzej_Sarajevo_1988 | access-date = 2. mart 2026 | language = bs}}</ref> Arheološkim pregledom unutar zidina utvrđeni su fragmenti metalodobne keramike iz bronzanog i željeznog doba, što potvrđuje postojanje ilirske gradine iz I i II milenija prije nove ere. U tom periodu ovaj prostor je predstavljao rubno područje naseljeno plemenom [[Daorsi|Daorsa]].<ref name="basler88">Basler, Đ. (1988). ''Prethistorijska gradina na Košturu''. Sarajevo.</ref> Na širem području Dabrice pronađen je rimski carski novac, uključujući novčić cara [[Marko Aurelije|Marka Aurelija]] iz II stoljeća. Stari grad Koštun je Rješenjem Zavoda za zaštitu spomenika kulture NR BiH (7. april 1966.) stavljen pod državnu zaštitu, a Prostornim planom Republike Bosne i Hercegovine od 2002. valoriziran kao spomenik II kategorije. Do danas nisu vršeni značajniji konzervatorsko-restauratorski radovi.<ref name="kons_kostun_odluka">{{cite web | url = http://aplikacija.kons.gov.ba/kons/public/uploads/odluke_hrv/Berkovici_Stari%20grad%20Kostun%20HR.pdf | title = Odluka o proglašenju povijesnog područja – Stari grad Koštun u Dabrici nacionalnim spomenikom Bosne i Hercegovine | author = Komisija za očuvanje nacionalnih spomenika BiH | date = 21. januar 2003 | website = kons.gov.ba | access-date = 1. mart 2026 }}{{Mrtav link}}</ref> === Džamija Sefer-age Begovića === [[File:Džamija Sefer-age Begovića u Dabrici.jpg|mini|desno|250px|Džamija Sefer-age Begovića u Dabrici]] Džamiju je sagradio Sefer-aga (Begović) 1610/1611., što je zabilježeno kamenom tarihu iznad ulaznih vrata.<ref name="anadolu_dabrica">{{cite web | url = https://www.aa.com.tr/ba/dnevni-naslovi/-d%C5%BEamija-u-dabrici-ohrabrenje-i-pokreta%C4%8D-stanovnika/1023179 | title = Džamija u Dabrici ohrabrenje i pokretač stanovnika | author = Anadolu Agency | date = 5. januar 2018 | website = aa.com.tr | access-date = 1. mart 2026 | language = bs}}</ref> Prema podacima iz pisanih izvora, najstariji nišan u [[Mezarje|mezarju]] uz džamiju u Dabrici podignut je Ali-begu Muftiću i potječe iz 1780..<ref name="mujezinovic1998">{{cite book | last = Mujezinović | first = Mehmed | title = Islamska epigrafika Bosne i Hercegovine, Knjiga 3 | publisher = Sarajevo-Publishing | location = Sarajevo | year = 1998 | edition = 3. | series = Biblioteka Kulturno naslijeđe | url = https://www.scribd.com/document/618571939/Islamska-epigrafika-Bosne-i-Hercegovine-3-Mehmed-Mujezinovi%C4%87 | access-date = 1. mart 2026 | language = bs}}</ref> Tokom [[Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini|rata u Bosni i Hercegovini]] (1992–1995), Džamija Sefer-age Begovića pretrpjela je totalnu devastaciju. Munara je u potpunosti porušena, a od objekta su sačuvane jedino zidne strukture, što je prouzrokovalo kasnije progresivno propadanje zidova, podova objekta, prozora i vrata i općenito enterijera. Ovakvo stanje dovelo je do progresivnog propadanja ostataka zidova, podova i cjelokupnog enterijera, zbog čega je džamija dugi niz godina bila van funkcije. Proces revitalizacije započeo je 2003., kada je Zavod za zaštitu kulturnog, historijskog i prirodnog naslijeđa BiH izradio Projekat rekonstrukcije. Iste godine, [[Komisija za očuvanje nacionalnih spomenika Bosne i Hercegovine|Komisija za očuvanje nacionalnih spomenika]] proglasila je džamiju Sefer-age Begovića [[Nacionalni spomenik Bosne i Hercegovine|nacionalnim spomenikom]].<ref name="kons_dzamija_pdf">{{cite web | url = http://aplikacija.kons.gov.ba/kons/public/uploads/odluke_bos/Berkovici_DabricaBH%20kompl.pdf | title = Odluka o proglašenju džamije u Dabrici (Džamija Sefer-age Begovića) nacionalnim spomenikom Bosne i Hercegovine | author = Komisija za očuvanje nacionalnih spomenika BiH | date = 11. oktobar 2003 | website = kons.gov.ba | format = PDF | access-date = 1. mart 2026 | language = bs | archive-date = 29. 5. 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230529155056/http://aplikacija.kons.gov.ba/kons/public/uploads/odluke_bos/Berkovici_DabricaBH%20kompl.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> Obnova je uspješno završena 2012., a svečano otvorenje upriličeno je 7. jula 2012.<ref name="miz_stolac_otvorenje">{{cite web | url = https://miz-stolac.ba/2012/07/09/svecano-otvorena-obnovljena-dzamija-sefer-age-begovica-u-dabrici/ | title = Svečano otvorena obnovljena džamija Sefer-age Begovića u Dabrici | author = Medžlis Islamske zajednice Stolac | date = 9. juli 2012 | website = miz-stolac.ba | access-date = 1. mart 2026 | language = bs}}</ref> == Ratni zločini i stradanja (1992–1995) == [[File:Spomen obilježje šehidima Dabrice.jpg|mini|desno|250px|Spomen-obilježje šehidima i civilnim žrtvama rata u Dabrici]] U junu 1992. naselje su napale srpske snage, pri čemu je ubijeno 26 civila (13 [[Bošnjaci|Bošnjaka]] i 13 [[Hrvati|Hrvata]]), uglavnom starijih osoba. Preostalo stanovništvo je izbjeglo, dok je njihova imovina, uključujući kuće i pomoćne objekte, sistematski uništavana paljenjem. U istom periodu potpuno je porušena Džamija Sefer-age Begovića.<ref name="aljazeera_zlocini">{{cite web | url = https://balkans.aljazeera.net/teme/2017/7/7/presuceni-zlocini-se-ponavljaju | title = Prešućeni zločini se ponavljaju | author = Al Jazeera Balkans | date = 7. juli 2017 | website = balkans.aljazeera.net | access-date = 2. mart 2026 | language = bs}}</ref> Stratište u Dabrici još uvijek nije precizno označeno na zvaničnim mapama zločina počinjenih tokom rata u Bosni i Hercegovini. Prema podacima do 2017. Većina posmrtnih ostataka žrtava još uvijek nije pronađena, osim dva skeleta koja su [[Ekshumacija|ekshumirana]]. Za ove zločine do danas nisu pokrenuti sudski postupci niti donesene presude.<ref name="aljazeera_zlocini" /><ref name="index_ekshumacija">{{cite web | url = https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/kod-stoca-ekshumirana-tijela-dviju-hrvatica-koje-su-ubili-srpski-vojnici/898660.aspx | title = Kod Stoca ekshumirana tijela dviju Hrvatica koje su ubili srpski vojnici | author = Index.hr | date = 3. juni 2016 | website = index.hr | access-date = 2. mart 2026 | language = hr}}</ref> U maju 2018. na lokalitetu groblja Barište u Dabrici izvršena je ekshumacija posmrtnih ostataka žrtava rata. Tom prilikom pronađeni su fragmenti više ljudskih kostiju, od kojih su pojedini bili nagorjeli i ugljenisani, te su upućeni na DNK analizu radi utvrđivanja identiteta.<ref name="tuzilastvo2018">{{cite web | url = https://tuzilastvobih.gov.ba/?id=3823&jezik=b | title = Provedena ekshumacija na području općine Berkovići; pronađeni fragmenti posmrtnih ostataka koji će biti poslani na DNK analizu | author = Tužilaštvo Bosne i Hercegovine | date = 10. maj 2018 | website = tuzilastvobih.gov.ba | access-date = 2. mart 2026 | language = bs}}</ref> ''Spomen-obilježje šehidima i civilnim žrtvama rata u Dabrici'' podignuto je u znak sjećanja na [[Bošnjaci|Bošnjake]] iz Dabrice i Ljubljenice stradale tokom [[Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini|rata u Bosni i Hercegovini]] 1992–1995. Na spomeniku su napisana imena poginulih boraca i civilnih žrtava, a svečano je otkriven 6. jula 2013.<ref name="anadolu_dabrica" /> == Stanovništvo == {{Stanovništvo BiH | naslov_tabele = Sastav stanovništva | ime_naseljenog_mjesta = Dabrica | vrsta_naseljenog_mjesta = naselje | maticni_broj = 200654 | admin_godina = 2013 | g2013_izvor = <ref name="popis_bih_2013">{{cite book | author = Agencija za statistiku Bosne i Hercegovine | title = Popis stanovništva, domaćinstava i stanova u Bosni i Hercegovini 2013 – Etnička/nacionalna pripadnost, vjeroispovijest, maternji jezik | publisher = Agencija za statistiku Bosne i Hercegovine | location = Sarajevo | year = 2016 | url = http://www.popis.gov.ba/popis2013/knjige.php?id=2 | access-date = 1. mart 2026 }}</ref> | g1991_izvor = <ref name="stat_bih_1991">{{cite book | last = Državni zavod za statistiku Republike Bosne i Hercegovine | title = Nacionalni sastav stanovništva - Rezultati za Republiku po opštinama i naseljenim mjestima 1991., Statistički bilten br. 234 | publisher = Državni zavod za statistiku Republike Bosne i Hercegovine | location = Sarajevo | year = 1991 | pages = 18 | url = http://fzs.ba/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/nacionalni-sastav-stanovnistva-po-naseljenim-mjestima-bilten-234.pdf | access-date = 1. mart 2026 }}</ref> | g1981_izvor = <ref name="stat_jugoslavija_1981">{{cite book | last = Savezni zavod za statistiku | title = Nacionalni sastav stanovništva SFR Jugoslavije, podaci po naseljima i opštinama, Knjiga I | publisher = Savezni zavod za statistiku | location = Beograd | year = 1981 | url = http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/G1981/pdf/G19814001.pdf | access-date = 1. mart 2026 }}</ref> | g1971_izvor = <ref name="stat_jugoslavija_1971">{{cite book | last = Savezni zavod za statistiku | title = Nacionalni sastav stanovništva SFR Jugoslavije, podaci po naseljima i opštinama, Knjiga II | publisher = Savezni zavod za statistiku | location = Beograd | year = 1971 | url = http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/G1971/pdf/G19714001.pdf | access-date = 1. mart 2026 }}</ref> | g2013_ukupno = 118 | g2013_bosnjaci = 34 | g2013_srbi = 84 | g1991_ukupno = 478 | g1991_muslimani = 269 | g1991_srbi = 127 | g1991_hrvati = 77 | g1991_jugosloveni = 3 | g1981_ukupno = 769 | g1981_muslimani = 281 | g1981_srbi = 157 | g1981_hrvati = 321 | g1981_jugosloveni = 5 | g1971_ukupno = 842 | g1971_muslimani = 313 | g1971_srbi = 181 | g1971_hrvati = 344 | g1971_crnogorci = 3 }} == Reference == {{refspisak|2}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Portal Bosna i Hercegovina}} * [http://www.opstinaberkovici.com/ Zvanični sajt općine Berkovići] {{Općina Berkovići}} [[Kategorija: Naselja u Bosni i Hercegovini]] qbfd5sns7wx9cmvx7vrjzeb52pbuo9t Forniks 0 407561 3849432 3493321 2026-05-26T10:30:40Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849432 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija anatomija | Ime = Moždani luk <br>(Fornix) | Latin = | GraySubject = 189 | GrayPage = 837 | Image = Gray747.png | Caption = Diagram of the fornix. Right=anterior | Image2 = | Caption2 = | IsPartOf = | Components = | Artery = | Vein = | BrainInfoType = hier | BrainInfoNumber = 250 | MeshName = Fornix+(Brain) | MeshNumber = A08.186.211.577.265 | NeuroLex = Fornix | NeuroLexID = birnlex_705 }} [[Datoteka:Fornix.gif|mini|300px|Forniks (animacija na klik)]] '''Moždani luk''' ([[latinski jezik|lat.]] ''fornix'' ) je C-oblikovani svežanj [[akson|nervnih vlakana]] u [[mozak|mozgu]] koji prenosi signale iz [[hipokampus]]a do [[sisasto tijelo|sisastog tijela]], a zatim u [[talamus|prednje jezgro talamusa]]. Dio je dio [[limbni sistem|limbnog sistema]].<ref>Pritchard T. E., Alloway D. (1999): Medical neuroscience. Hayes Barton Press, {{ISBN|978-1-59377-200-0}}:http://books.google.com/books/about/Medical_neuroscience.html?id=m7Y80PcFHtsC{{Mrtav link}}.</ref><ref>Butler A. B., Hodos W. (2005): Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: evolution and adaptation. Wiley-Blackwell, {{ISBN|978-0-471-21005-4}}. http://books.google.com/?id=3nO6ggvV1PUC&dq=%22Comparative+vertebrate+neuroanatomy:+evolution+and+adaptation%22.</ref><ref>Hall J. E., Guyton A. C. (2006): Textbook of medical physiology, 11th edition. Elsevier Saunders, St. Louis, Mo, {{ISBN|0-7216-0240-1}}.</ref><ref>Međedović S., Maslić E., Hadžiselimović R. (2000): Biologija 2. Svjetlost, Sarajevo, {{ISBN|9958-10-222-6}}.</ref> Dok tačna funkciju i značaj u fiziologiji mozga još uvijek nije u potpunosti jasan, kod ljudi je dokazano da hirurška transekcija – rezanje forniksa duž tijela – može izazvati gubitak pamćenja. Postoje neke rasprave o tome koji tip memorije je pogođen ovim ošgtećenjem, ali je utvrđeno da većina usko korelira s [[memorija|sjećanje]], a ne [[memorija|memorije nagrade]]. To znači da oštećenja luka može uzrokovati poteškoće u podsjećanju na dugoročne informacije, kao što su detalji prošlih događaja, ali ima mali uticaj na sposobnost prepoznavanja predmeta ili poznatih situacija. ==Struktura== Vlakna forniksa počinju u [[hipokampus]]u na svakoj strani mozga kao niti, posebno na lijevoj i desnoj strani, koji se se zove forniksne (množina) ''krura''). Snopove vlakana dolaze zajedno u srednjoj liniji mozga, formirajući ''tijelo'' luka. U donjem rubu pfregrade ''septum pellucidum'' (membrana koja razdvaja [[bočna komora|bočne komore]]) je pričvršćena na gornju površinu forniksnog tijela.<ref>Warrell D. A., Cox T. M., Firth J. D. (2010): [http://otm.oxfordmedicine.com/ The Oxford Textbook of Medicine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321002102/http://otm.oxfordmedicine.com/ |date=21 Mart 2012 }} (5th ed.). Oxford University Press</ref> <ref>Greenstein B., Greenstein A. (2002): Color atlas of neuroscience – Neuroanatomy and neurophysiology. Thieme, Stuttgart – New York, {{ISBN|9783131081711}}.</ref><ref>Naidich T. P., Duvernoy H. M., Dalman B. N., Sorensen A. G., Kollias S. S., Haacke E. M. (2009): Duvernoy's atlas of the human brain stem and cerebellum. Springer, WienNewYork, {{ISBN|978-3-211-73970-9}}.</ref><ref>England M. A., Wakely J. (2005): Color atlas of the brain and spinal cord, 2nd Ed. Mosby, ISBN 13:978-0323036672; ISBN 10:032-3036678.</ref> [[Datoteka:Gray732.png|mini|300px|[[Rinencefalon]]]] Tijelo forniksa se proteže spreda i ponovo dijeli blizu [[prednja komisura|prednje komisure]]. Lijevi i desni dijelovi se razdvajaju, postoji i prednje / stražnje razilaženje. * Zadnja vlakna (pod nazivom ''postkomisurni forniks'') svake strane nastavlja se kroz [[hipotalamus]] do [[sisasti tijelo|sisastog tijela]], a zatim u [[prednje jezgro talamusa]], koji se projicira na [[moždana kora|moždanu koru]] (korteks). * Prednja vlakna (''prekommisurni forniks'') idu do kraja na [[septum jegra]] i ''[[nucleus accumbens]]'' svake polovine mozga. ===Komisure=== Očni dijelovi tijela forniksa se pridružuju tankim trokutasti pločama, pod nazivom '''psalterij''' ('''lira'''). Ova lamina sadrži neka poprečna vlakna koja povezuju dva [[hippocampus]]a, preko srednje linije i predstavljaju '''forniksne komisure''' također zvane hipokampusne [[komisura|komisure]]. Vršna lamina stvara komisurnu ploču. Ova struktura omugućuje postojanje ''corpus callosum'', ''septum pellucidum'' i forniksa. Na prednjoj strani, forniks se dijeli u dvije kolone (prednje stubova), a zatim na dvije zadnje krure. Ove dvije krure se spajaju preko hipokampusne komisure. Početak cijepanja se zove ''psalterium'' ili Davidisova lira ( ''lyra Davidis''). Potonji naziv se koristi jer je struktura podseća na liru (ili trokutastu [[harfa|harfu]]): Dvije krure su "kućište" u lire, a komisurne veze su vlakna. ===Stubovi – kolumne=== Stubovi ili '''kolumne''' ('''prednji stub'''; '''forniksna kolona''') u forniksnom luku naniže ispred [[međukomorni otvor|međukomornog otvora]] – foramina i iza [[prednja komisura|prednje komisure]], a svaki se spušta kroz [[siva masa|sivu masu]] u bočni zid [[treća komora|treće komore]] u bazu mozga, gdje se završava u [[sisasto tijelo|sisastom tijelu]]. === Krure=== '''Krura''' ('''zadnjeg stuba''') forniksa su produžene unazad iz organizma forniksa. One su spljoštene trake, i, na njihovom početku, usko povezane ispod površine kaloznog tijela (''[[corpus callosum]]''). Međusobno se razilaze, svaka krivina krajem zadnjeg dijela [[talamus]]a, a prolaze naniže i proslijeđuju u [[sljepoočni rog bočne komore]]. Ovdje leže uz udubljenje od [[hipokampus]]a, na površini, pri čemu su neka od njihovih vlakana raspoređena u formiranje hipokampusne alveole, a ostatak se nastavlja kao uska bijela, u [[niti hipokampusa]], koja se produžuje u [[unkus]] [[parahipusna vijuga|parahipokampusne vijuge]]. ==Dodatne slike== <gallery> Datoteka:Fornix.gif|Forniks (animacija na klik) Datoteka:Gray565.png|''Velum interpositum'' Datoteka:Gray715.png|Medijalni aspekt presjeka mozga u sagitalnoj (leđno-trbušnoj) ravni Datoteka:Gray718.png|Koronski presjek mozga kroz intermedijarnu masu [[treća komora|treće komore]] Datoteka:Gray723.png|Koronski presjek bokova treće komore Datoteka:Gray737.png|Centralni dio prednjeg i zadnjeg roga bočnih komora, izloženih prema gore Datoteka:Gray750.png|''Tela chorioidea'' treće komore i horoidni pleksus lijeve bočne komore, izložena prema gore Datoteka:Gray768.png|Prikaz pozicija tri glavne subarahnoidne cisterne Datoteka:Slide2kk.JPG|Forniks Datoteka:Slide6oo.JPG|Forniks </gallery> ==Također pogledajte== *[[Mozak]] *[[Prednji mozak]] ==Reference== {{refspisak}} ==Vanjski linkovi== {{Commons|Fornix}} * https://web.archive.org/web/20060716191156/http://www2.umdnj.edu/~neuro/studyaid/Practical2000/Q26.htm Photo at umdnj.edu] * https://www.neuinfo.org/mynif/search.php?q=Fornix&t=data&s=cover&b=0&r=20{{Mrtav link}} NIF Search - Fornix] via the Neuroscience Information Framework *http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=268 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714125600/http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=268 |date=14. 7. 2010 }} BrainInfo] [[Kategorija:Mozak]] n2r54whqf5hphuom23lkntzfa2q2quh FMJAM 0 419457 3849401 3763424 2026-05-26T06:50:58Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{nedostaju izvori}} {{Infokutija muzičar | ime = FM JAM | pozadina = skupina | slika = | žanr = [[Hip-hop]], [[reggae]], urban | karijera = 1999–danas | povezano_sa = | izdavač = [[Fm Jam Records]], [[Menart]], [[Hayat Production|Hayat]] | porijeklo = [[Tuzla]], [[Bosna i Hercegovina]] | web_stranica = [https://www.fmjam.com www.fmjam.com] | album1 = | godina1 = | album2 = | godina2 = | najnoviji_album = | godina3 = | trenutni_članovi = [[Frenkie]], [[Kontra]], Hza, [[DJ Soul]], Baga Sound, [[Sassja]], [[Indigo (muzičar)|Indigo]], Defence, Merima Gazalli | bivši_članovi = [[Edo Maajka]] }} '''FM JAM''', ponekad stilizirano kao '''fmjam''', [[Bosna i Hercegovina|bosanskohercegovačka]] je [[izdavačka kuća]] i muzički pokret (kolektiv) iz [[Tuzla|Tuzle]]. Nastao je iz potrebe širenja [[Hip-hop|hip-hop kulture]] u Bosni i Hercegovini, prvobitno kao [[radio|radijska]] emisija koju su kreirali [[DJ Soul|Emir Alagić]] (DJ Soul) i Erol Tahirović. == Historija == === 1999–2000. === FM JAM je nastao 13. decembra 1999. kao [[radio|radijska]] emisija na [[tuzla]]nskom [[Radio Kameleon|Kameleon radiju]], čiji su voditelji bili [[DJ Soul|Emir Alagić]] (DJ Soul) i Erol Tahirović. Kroz emisiju je predstavljena [[hip-hop]] kultura i muzika i ostvareni su prvi kontakti sa lokalnim umjetnicima. Ekipi se ubrzo pridružuju AOG graffiti crew, rep grupa Dirty Angelz, breakdance ekipa Dirty Angelz, bend Defence i brojni drugi. Tokom 2000. nastaju prvi demo snimci [[Edo Maajka|Ede Maajke]], Dirty Angelza, Hamze, [[Frenkie|Frenkija]]. Iste godine Edo Maajka i DJ Soul pokreću inicijativu za formiranje zajedničke grupe [[Disciplinska Komisija]]. U tom periodu FM JAM organizuje i svoje prve koncerte i zabave. === 2000–2001. === Prve hip-hop zabave u organizaciji FM JAM-a održavaju se početkom 2000. u raznim tuzlanskim klubovima. Širenjem područja slušanosti Kameleon radija, ostvaruju se kontakti sa hip-hop izvođačima širom BiH; putem portala ''fmjam.com'' dolazi do dodatne popularizacije ove kulture u BiH, regiji, i kod [[Bosanskohercegovačka dijaspora|bh. populacije u inostranstvu]]. Erol Tahirović nastavlja školovanje u [[Mostar]]u, te u tom gradu pokreće ogranak radio emisije koji traje narednih par godina. Tokom ovog perioda desetine izvođača dobijaju priliku da svoj rad predstave širokom spektru publike putem radiostanica i web-portala. Ovo dovodi do prvih međusobnih saradnji brojnih izvođača, te nastanku po prvi put organizovane i ujedinjene [[Bosanskohercegovački hip-hop|hip-hop scene Bosne i Hercegovine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fmjam.com/crew/fm-jam/|title=FM JAM {{!}} Kratki opis|last=|first=|date=|website=FMJAM|publisher=|access-date=19. 10. 2016}}</ref> === 2001–2008. === Sljedećih godina FM JAM izvođači počinju izdavati svoje solo albume. Godine 2002, hrvatska izdavačka kuća [[Menart]] objavljuje prvi album Ede Maajke, te se saradnja nastavlja i u narednim godinama objavljivanjem albuma izvođača Frenkija i grupe Defence.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://bpm.menart.hr/?artist=edo-maajka|title=Edo Maajka - Menart|last=|first=|date=|work=|newspaper=Menart BPM|access-date=19. 10. 2016|via=|archive-date=7. 6. 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607093124/http://bpm.menart.hr/?artist=edo-maajka|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://bpm.menart.hr/?artist=frenkie|title=Frenkie - Menart|last=|first=|date=|work=|newspaper=Menart BPM|access-date=19. 10. 2016|via=|archive-date=7. 6. 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607093122/http://bpm.menart.hr/?artist=frenkie|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pored rada na albumima, u ovim godinama dolazi i do brojnih sporednih aktivnosti. FM JAM u Tuzli organizuje prvi domaći hip-hop festival Unity, koji iz godine u godinu okuplja izvođače iz BiH i regije.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mp3riznica.blogger.ba/arhiva/2008/07/11/1667976|title=Na Unity hip hopu Majka, Frenkie, Marchello...|last=|first=|date=|website=Mp3 Riznica|publisher=|access-date=19. 10. 2016|archive-date=6. 3. 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043517/http://mp3riznica.blogger.ba/arhiva/2008/07/11/1667976|url-status=dead}}</ref> Festival Unity prestaje se održavati 2010. FM JAM izvođači osvajaju muzičke nagrade i nominacije na manifestacijama Porin, Davorin, MTV Europe Music Awards, Zlatna Koogla, Crni Mačak.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edomaajka.com/biografija/|title=Nagrade|last=|first=|date=|website=Edo Maajka|publisher=|access-date=19. 10. 2016|archive-date=19. 2. 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219225734/http://www.edomaajka.com/biografija|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com.hr/vijesti/ema/frenkie-dobitnik-mtv-best-adria-act-nagrade|title=Frenkie dobitnik MTV Best Adria Act nagrade|last=|first=|date=|work=|newspaper=MTV Adria|language=|access-date=19. 10. 2016|via=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331093706/http://mtv.com.hr/vijesti/ema/frenkie-dobitnik-mtv-best-adria-act-nagrade|archive-date=31. 3. 2017}}</ref> Edo Maajka 2003. postaje glavni protagonista dokumentarnog filma ''[[Trajno nastanjeni stranac]]'', a 2007. dokumentarnog filma ''[[Sevdah o rodama]]''. Godine 2003. objavljuje naslovnu pjesmu i videospot za film ''[[Ljeto u zlatnoj dolini]]'' reditelja [[Srđan Vuletić|Srđana Vuletića]]. Iste godine FM JAM učestvuje u produkciji prve bh. rep opere ''[[Prosjačka Opera]]'' u režiji [[Branko Šimić|Branka Šimića]]. Za ovu priliku Edo Maajka je prilagodio tekstove [[Berthold Brecht|Bertholda Brechta]] domaćim prilikama, a DJ Soul je producirao veći dio muzike te radio na prilagodbi pozorišne izvedbe u hip-hop stilu. U predstavi su učestvovali i drugi muzički producenti iz BiH i Hrvatske, a glumačku postavu sačinjavali su studenti završnih godina Akademija dramskih umjetnosti iz [[Banja Luka|Banje Luke]] i Tuzle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infobiro.ba/article/375367|title=Rep opera oduševila Tuzlake|last=|first=|date=|website=Infobiro|publisher=|access-date=19. 10. 2016|archive-date=23. 5. 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523103244/http://www.infobiro.ba/article/375367|url-status=dead}}</ref> Godine 2006. Edo Maajka se pojavljuje i kao glas u animiranim filmovima i njihovim nastavcima ''[[Legenda o medvjedu]]'' (2003), ''[[Žuta minuta]]'' (2005), ''[[Ledeno doba 2: Zatopljenje]]'' (2006).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blitz-cinestar-bh.ba/reald-3d-2733/ledeno-doba-veliki-udar-sink/3634/20161018|title=Ledeno doba: Veliki udar (Ice age: Collision course)|last=|first=|date=|website=Blitz Cinestar|publisher=|access-date=19. 10. 2016}}</ref> Frenkie izdaje album ''Odličan CD'' (2005) sa kojim osvaja nagradu Davorin za najbolju muzičku suradnju na pjesmi "Hajmo ih rušit'&thinsp;" s Edom Maajkom, te nagradu Zlatna Koogla za najboljeg novog izvođača. Pjesma "Soundtrack" s ovog albuma pojavljuje se u holivudskom filmu ''[[Incredible Hulk|Nevjerovatni Hulk]]'', a FM JAM ekipa pozvana je na premijeru filma na [[Sarajevo Film Festival]].<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0800080/soundtrack|title=The Incredible Hulk|last=|first=|date=13. 6. 2008|website=Imdb|access-date=19. 10. 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.akta.ba/bs/Vijest/licnosti/adnan-hamidovic-frenkie-reper--najbolji-flow-na-balkanu/23809|title=Adnan Hamidović Frenkie, reper - Najbolji flow na Balkanu|last=|first=|date=|work=|newspaper=Akta.ba|access-date=19. 10. 2016|via=|archive-date=7. 6. 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607093122/http://www.akta.ba/bs/Vijest/licnosti/adnan-hamidovic-frenkie-reper--najbolji-flow-na-balkanu/23809|url-status=dead}}</ref> Godine 2006. Frenkie se aktivno uključuje u promociju aktivističkog pokreta DOSTA! te izdaje [[DOSTA! (album)|istoimeni album]], a svi prihodi donirani su pokretu. Bend Defence u kojem je Edo Maajka započeo karijeru 2006. godine za [[Menart]]/[[Hayat Production|Hayat]] objavljuje prvi domaći reggae album ''[[Baga Music]]''. Iste godine Moonjah i DJ Soul osnivaju Baga Sound, DJ duo koji se bavi produkcijom, organizacijom evenata i promocijom reggae kulture. === 2008–2014. === Radioemisija FM JAM prestaje se emitovati na Kameleon radiju, te prelazi na emitovanje na državni radio [[BHRT|BH Radio 1]]. Sa krajem 2012. DJ Soul u potpunosti prestaje sa kreiranjem radio emisije FM JAM, te se u potpunosti posvećuje promociji izvođača. Pored stalnih koncertnih aktivnosti Edo Maajka objavljuje i albume ''[[Balkansko a naše]]'' (2008), ''[[Spomen ploča (Edo Maajka)|Spomen ploča]]'' (2010), ''[[Štrajk mozga]]'' (2012).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/468856-Edo-Maajka|title=Edo Maajka|last=|first=|date=|website=Discogs|publisher=|access-date=19. 10. 2016}}</ref> Frenkie objavljuje ''[[Pokreni se]]'' (EP, 2008) ''[[Protuotrov (Frenkie)|Protuotrov]]'' (2009), ''[[Featuring mixtape]]'' (2010), ''[[Troyanac (Frenkie)|Troyanac]]'' (2012). Također predstavlja Bosnu i Hercegovinu na internacionalnom albumu ''[[Diversidad: The Experience]]'' (2011).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/497262-Frenkie|title=Frenkie|last=|first=|date=|website=Discogs|publisher=|access-date=19. 10. 2016}}</ref> Uz album Protuotrov objavljen je i dokumentarni film ''[[Who The Fuck Is Frenkie]]''. Početkom 2009. radi muziku za predstavu ''Mortal Kombajn'' u režiji [[Dino Mustafić|Dine Mustafića]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://bhstring.net/tuzlauslikama/tuzlarije/viewnewnews.php?id=26925|title=Frenkie angažiran u pozorištu Prepao sam se poziva Dine Mustafića|last=|first=|date=|work=|newspaper=Portal Tuzlarije|language=|access-date=19. 10. 2016|via=}}</ref> Godine 2013. proglašen je za ''Best [[MTV]] Adria Act'', nakon kampanje u koju su se uključile brojne javne ličnosti i publika iz cijele regije.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tuzlanski.ba/izdvojeno/i-oni-su-glasali-za-frenkozu-barbarez-ibievi-tanovi-imamovi/|title=I oni su glasali za Frenkozu: Barbarez, Ibišević, Tanović, Imamović...|last=|first=|date=21. 10. 2013|work=|newspaper=Tuzlanski|language=|access-date=19. 10. 2016|via=}}</ref> Dokumentarni film ''[[Pismo (dokumentarac)|Pismo]]'' (2013) rediteljice [[Ada Sokolović|Ade Sokolović]] inspirisan je Frenkijevom pjesmom "[[Pismo Milanu]]".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.frontslobode.ba/vijesti/muzika/17220/frenkie-pismo-bez-granica|title=Frenkie: Pismo bez Granica|last=|first=|date=|work=|newspaper=Front Slobode|access-date=19. 10. 2016|via=|archive-date=6. 3. 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306045608/http://www.frontslobode.ba/vijesti/muzika/17220/frenkie-pismo-bez-granica|url-status=dead}}</ref> Edo Maajka je 2013. za nagradu [[nagrada "Porin"|Porin]] nominovan za najbolji album klupske glazbe sa albumom ''Štrajk Mozga'', kao i za najbolju vokalnu saradnju u pjesmi "Šta će reć'&thinsp;", sa [[Arsen Dedić|Arsenom Dedićem]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.porin.org/content/dobitnici-nagrade-porin-2013|title=Dobitnici nagrade Porin 2013.|last=|first=|date=|website=Porin|publisher=|access-date=19. 10. 2016|archive-date=19. 10. 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019024317/http://www.porin.org/content/dobitnici-nagrade-porin-2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> === 2014– === Početkom 2014. FM JAM-u se priključuju DJ i producent [[Indigo (muzičar)|Indigo]] iz Tuzle, reper [[Kontra]] iz Sarajeva, te reperica [[Sassja]] iz Tuzle. Zlatan Hajlovac – Kontra za FM JAM izdaje solo album ''Igra riječi'' (2014), a Sassja sa izdavačkom kućom [[Menart]] potpisuje ugovor za snimanje prvog albuma ''[[Taktički praktično]]'' (2015).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.klix.ba/magazin/muzika/kontra-predstavio-album-igra-rijeci/140827097|title=Kontra predstavio album "Igra riječi"|last=|first=|date=|work=|newspaper=Klix|access-date=19. 10. 2016|via=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.menart.hr/glazba/hr/sassja-1/|title=Sassja - Menart|last=|first=|date=|work=|newspaper=Menart|access-date=19. 10. 2016|via=}}</ref> Frenkie objavljuje album ''[[DNA (Frenkie)|DNA]]'' (2014), koji je prvo izdanje u Bosni i Hercegovini koje je objavljeno isključivo na [[gramofon]]skoj [[gramofonska ploča|ploči]]. Muziku za album je radio domaći producent Billain, čija se produkcija pojavljuje i na mnogim ranijim FM JAM-ovim izdanjima. Album je ponuđen publici za besplatno skidanje na globalno popularnoj stranici ''[[Red Bull]]''. Sa ovim proizvođačem [[energetski napitak|energetskih napitaka]] Frenkie i DJ Soul sarađuju krajem 2014. kao domaćini velikog muzičkog događaja "Red Bull Soundclash" u [[Zenica|Zenici]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tuzlanski.ba/infoteka/red-bull-soundclash-dubioza-sars-frenkie-priredili-muzicki-spektakl-u-zenici-video/|title=Red Bull Soundclash: Dubioza, SARS i Frenkie priredili muzički spektakl u Zenici|last=|first=|date=21. 12. 2014|work=|newspaper=Tuzlanski|language=|access-date=19. 10. 2016|via=}}</ref> Godine 2015. objavljen je prvi Frenkijev album najvećih hitova ''[[Reexperience]]'', na kojem se nalaze dvije nove pjesme "Film" i "SCA". Tokom 2015. godine objavljena su dva dokumentarna filma: ''Stani na put'' i ''Soul Train''. Film ''Stani na put'' je dokumentarac muzičke televizije [[MTV Adria]] u režiji Nemanje Đerića. Kroz film se pored drugih balkanskih muzičara – Edo Maajka, Frenkie, DJ Soul i Kontra prisjećaju vremena nastanka regionalne hip-hop scene.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.redbull.com/ba/bs/music/stories/1331758907597/film-stani-na-put|title=Film - Stani na put|last=|first=|date=|work=|newspaper=Red Bull|access-date=19. 10. 2016|via=}}</ref> ''Soul Train'' je dokumentarac o FM JAM-u u režiji Nermina Hamzagića; prati putovanje vozom peterice bh. hip-hopera, DJ-eva i producenata kroz cijelu zemlju i njihove susrete sa muzičarima koji se bave potpuno drugačijim vrstama muzike.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.klix.ba/magazin/kultura/soul-train-stize-frenkie-i-fmjam-ekipa-na-sff-u/150820047|title=Soul Train stiže: Frenkie i FMJam ekipa na SFF-u|last=|first=|date=|work=|newspaper=Klix|access-date=19. 10. 2016|via=}}</ref> Godine 2016. Frenkie, Kontra i Indigo predstavljaju svoj prvi zajednički album ''[[Putanja (Frenkie, Kontra i Indigo|Putanja]]'' objavljen za [[Universal Music]]. Album je sniman u [[Berlin]]u, a njegovo snimanje je dokumentovao fotograf i videoreditelj Mario Ilić.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.redbull.com/ba/bs/adventure/stories/1331816811863/frenkie-kontra-i-indigo-objavili-putanju|title=Frenkie, Kontra i Indigo objavili Putanju!|last=|first=|date=|work=|newspaper=Red Bull|access-date=19. 10. 2016|via=}}</ref> Poslije dva projekta, pomenutog u Berlinu i drugog u [[Tokio|Tokiju]], Frenkie, Kontra i Indigo kao članovi ekipe FM JAM bili su nekoliko mjeseci na snimanju trećeg internacionalnog projekta; u pitanju je [[Los Angeles|losanđeleski]] album ''[[20/20 (Frenkie, Kontra i Indigo)|20/20]]'' rađen također u Red Bullovom studiju. == Izdanja == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Izvođači !! Albumi |- | [[Edo Maajka]] || [[Slušaj mater (Edo Maajka)|''Slušaj mater'']], [[No sikiriki (Edo Maajka)|''No sikiriki'']], [[Stig'o ćumur (Edo Maajka)|''Stigo ćumur'']], ''[[Balkansko a naše]], [[Spomen ploča (Edo Maajka)|Spomen ploča]], [[Štrajk mozga]] |- | [[Frenkie]] || [[Odličan CD (Frenkie)|''Odličan CD'']], [[DOSTA! (Frenkie i King Mire)|''Dosta'']], [[Povratak Cigana (Frenkie)|''Povratak Cigana'']], [[Protuotrov (Frenkie)|''Protuotrov'']], [[Troyanac (Frenkie)|''Troyanac'']], [[Reexperience (Frenkie)|''Reexperience'']], [[Putanja (Frenkie, Kontra i Indigo)|''Putanja'']], [[Egzil (Frenkie)|''Egzil'']], [[20/20 (Frenkie)|''20/20'']] |- | Hza || ''Opušten k'o Lexaurin'' |- | Defence || ''Baga Music'' |- | [[Kontra]] || ''Pogled u prazno'', ''Igra riječi'', ''Putanja'', ''Egzil, 20/20'' |- | [[Sassja]] || ''[[Taktički praktično]]'', ''[[No Problemo]]'' |} == Izvođači == ;Trenutni * [[Frenkie]] * [[Kontra]] * [[Sassja]] * Hza * [[DJ Soul]] * Defence * Baga Sound * [[Indigo (muzičar)|Indigo]] ;Bivši * [[Edo Maajka]] <small>(bio član kolektiva do sredine novembra 2019)</small> ==Reference== {{refspisak|2}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commonscat}} * {{Official website|https://www.fmjam.com}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategorija:Bosanskohercegovačke diskografske kuće]] [[Kategorija:Hip hop]] [[Kategorija:Muzika u Tuzli]] [[Kategorija:Kompanije iz Tuzle]] nauaaxc191yzexs4wwzwzjp0fmv6pz5 Domavia (Srebrenica) 0 429103 3849320 3684556 2026-05-25T17:37:33Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849320 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Domavia''' naziv je grada iz [[Bosna i Hercegovina u Rimskom carstvu|rimskog perioda]], koji se nalazio kod današnje [[Srebrenica|Srebrenice]], [[Bosna i Hercegovina]]. Zbog veličine i značaja rudnika, i prvenstveno srebra koje se eksploatisalo, Rimljani su ovom području dali ime ''Argentaria (Srebrenišće).'' <ref name="Imamović">{{Cite web |url=http://muzejibtuzla.podkonac.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2014/10/05-2002-Dr-Enver-Imamovi%C4%87-SREBRENICA-I-OKOLICA-U-RIMSKO-DOBA.pdf |title=Enver Imamović: Srebrenica i okolica u rimsko doba |work= |access-date=9. 2. 2016 |archive-date=19. 2. 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219161212/http://muzejibtuzla.podkonac.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2014/10/05-2002-Dr-Enver-Imamovi%C4%87-SREBRENICA-I-OKOLICA-U-RIMSKO-DOBA.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Lokacija == Nalazila se kod sastavaka Majdanskog potoka i Saske rijeke pod sjevernom padinom Grada, na kojem se, nalazila i manja tvrđava. == Historija == Za vrijeme [[Rimsko carstvo|Rimskog carstva]], u istočnoj Bosni, uz rijeku [[Drina|Drinu]], nikla su tri municipaliteta: [[Malvesiatium (Skelani)]], Domavia (Srebrenica) i Mun. M... (Komnine kod [[Pljevlja|Pljevalja]]). Područje su naseljavali [[Iliri|lirsko]] pleme [[Dindari]], u dobroj mjeri izmješani sa [[Kelti|keltskim]] plemenom [[Skordisci]]. Municipalna zajednica Domavije prvi put se spominje na natpisu iz 218. godine, u vrijeme cara Makrina, s oznakom ''res publica Domavianorum.'' Na natpisu iz 230. godine, iz vremena cara Aleksandra Severa, Domavija se spominje kao munipicij (''ordo municipium Domavianorum''), dok se na natpisu iz vremena cara Trebonijana Gala (251-253. godine) spominje kao kolonija (''ordo decurionum coloniae metalli Domaviani'').<ref>{{Cite book|last=Imamović|first=Prof. dr. Enver|title=Srebrenica i okolica u rimsko doba|location=Sarajevo|pages=27}}</ref> Rudari su u antičko doba iz srebreničkih rudokopa povadili oko 80 tona [[Srebro|srebra]] i oko 40.000 tona olova. Rudnici su prestali organizirano djelovati u drugoj polovini 4. st. == Istraživanja == [[Austro-Ugarska|Austro-ugarske]] vlasti su 1880. g., u [[Beč]]u osnovale rudarsko društvo „Bosnia", kojemu je bio zadatak utvrđivanje mogućnosti industrijske eksploatacije plemenitih metala u rudonosnom distriktu istočne Bosne — između Jadra i [[Drina|Drine]]. Otkrivajući rudne žila olova, srebra i [[cink]]a Pogačnik će već u martu 1883. g., kod sela Gradina zapaziti lijepo ornamentiran kamen, zatim i uzidano kamenje od očvrsle andezitne lave, zajedno s ulomcima oklesane [[mramor]]ne ploče i opeka crvene boje, kakve se ne proizvode nigdje. Zatim je naišao i na temelje porušenih zgrada, pa na gomile građevinskog kamena i na jedan fragmentarni natpis. Iskopine je uskoro obišao tada već afirmirani arheolog [[Vjenceslav Radimski]]. U daljnim istraživanjima, vidjelo se da je u ovom gradu bila uprava svih [[Panonija (rimska provincija)|panonskih]] i [[Dalmacija (rimska provincija)|dalmatinskih]] rudnika. Iz nekih natpisa, koji su bili kasnije pronađeni, saznalo se da se otkriveni grad zvao — Domavia, odnosno tačnije ''res publica ili municipium Domavianorum''.<ref name="Basler">{{Cite web |url= https://de.scribd.com/document/267288103/Kulturna-Istorija-Bosne-i-Hercegovine |title= Alojz Benac-Đuro Basler-Borivoj Ćović-Esad Pašalić-Nada Miletić-Pavao Anđelić - KULTURNA ISTORIJA BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE |work= Veselin Masleša, Sarajevo, 1966 |access-date= 9. 2. 2019}}</ref> == Opis == Historija Domavije i izgradnja komunalne infrastrukture najbolje se vidi iz natpisa carskih prokuratora (procuratores Augusti), zaduženih za rad rudnika i talionica. Urbanizam naselja nije se zasnivao na rimskoj šemi ortogonalnog rastera, jer za to u Gradini nije bilo prirodnih uvjeta. Grad se prilagodio ispresijecanom reljefu terena (konfiguraciji) u uzanim dolinama Saske rijeke i Majdanskog potoka, a svakako i Bjelovačke rijeke u njihovu nastavku. Kod sastavaka bila je podignuta gradska vijećnica (curia). Imala je oblik pravougla, 38x20 metara, sa trijemom na prednjoj i apsidom na stražnjoj strani. Na trgu pred kurijom, i u samoj kuriji, stajale su počasne baze u čast careva i bronzana statueta božice Venere. Istočno od vijećnice, a s oslonom na nju, stajala je upola manja zgrada tribunala s više prostorija, opremljena uredajem za centralno zagrijavanje ([[hipokaust]]).<ref name="Bojanovski">{{Cite web |url= https://de.scribd.com/doc/12834705/Ivo-Bojanovski-BIH-u-Anticko-Doba |title= Ivo Bojanovski: BOSNA I HERCEGOVINA U ANTIČKO DOBA |work=Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, 1988 |access-date= 9. 2. 2016}}</ref> Istočno od sudnice (tribunal), ali već na desnoj obali Saske rijeke, podignute su javne terme (balneum). Terme su bile najveće zdanje Domavije, sa 45 prostorija razne veličine, od kojih su se neke zagrijavale kroz hipokaust. Neke su podove krasili i [[Rimski mozaici na tlu Bosne i Hercegovine|mozaici]], a zidove [[Freska|freske]]. Zgrada je bila sagrađena od [[opeka]] i [[kamen]]a, i to od lokalnog [[vulkan]]skog andezita i [[kvarc]]ita. == Literatura == * Adnan Busuladžić, Sarajevo: 2008 -Umjetnost antičkih mozaika na tlu BiH. == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == [[Kategorija:Srebrenica]] [[Kategorija:Rimski arheološki lokaliteti u Bosni i Hercegovini]] [[Kategorija:Rimska naselja u Bosni i Hercegovini]] eyfama3nh6rsiqx0t5p2yyqxgfi3apb Termoelektrana Ugljevik 0 429471 3849462 3777005 2026-05-26T11:45:38Z Panasko 146730 3849462 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Datoteka:Termoelektrana Ugljevik.jpg|mini|230x230piksel|Termoelektrana u [[Ugljevik]]u (2025)]] '''Termoelektrana Ugljevik''' pripada općini [[Ugljevik]] u [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosni i Hercegovini]]. Započela je sa radom 1985. i kao osnovno gorivo se koristi mrki ugalj iz ležišta [[Bogutovo Selo]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.riteugljevik.com/|title=RiTE Ugljevik|website=www.riteugljevik.com|access-date=9. 10. 2025}}</ref> Zavisno preduzeće "Rudnik i termoelektrana Ugljevik" a. d. Ugljevik posluje u okviru Mješovitog holdinga "[[Elektroprivreda Republike Srpske]]" sa sjedištem u [[Trebinje|Trebinju]]. Pretežna djelatnost preduzeća je proizvodnja [[Električna energija|električne energije]] i eksploatacija i prodaja [[Ugalj|uglja]]. == Historija elektrane == Izgradnja TE-Ugljevik počela je u novembru 1977. Na bazi dokazanih rezervi uglja i generalnog plana lokaliteta bila je predviđena izgradnja energetskog kompleksa 4 x 300 MW. Izgradnja prvog bloka TE, instalisane snage 300 MW, završena je 1985. Izgradnja drugog bloka prekinuta je početkom [[rat u Bosni i Hercegovini|rata u Bosni i Hercegovini]] u periodu od 23. aprila 1992. do 24. novembra 1995. Rat je prekinuo i radove na izgradnji još jednog bloka TE snage 300 MW.<ref name=":0" /> Od početka proizvodnje, maj 1985. do 31. decembra 2006. blok je radio oko 104.500 h ili 52% projektovanog radnog vijeka. Rekonstrukcijom [[Kotao|kotla]] u toku remonta postrojenja 2010. (ugradnja novog, membranskog vodenog ekonomajzera; zamjena ventilatora hladnog gasa; rekonstrukcija kanala hladnog gasa; ugradnja novog sistema čišćenja, u radu bloka, ogrjevnih [[površina]] ložišnog prostora; ugradnja sistema za praćenje položaja plamena u kotlu) ostvareno je povećanje prosječne snage bloka, povećanje raspoložive snage na projektovanu (300 MW), kao i značajno smanjenje zaprljanja konvektivnih ogrjevnih površina pepelom, odnosno smanjenje broja zastoja zbog čišćenja konvektivnog dijela ložišta.[[Datoteka:Termolektrana Ugljevik.JPG|mini|Termoelektrana Ugljevik|lijevo]]U toku remonta postrojenja 2013, ostvarena je automatizacija rada bloka, uvođenjem sistema za upravljanje i monitoring rada bloka. U sklopu Termoelektrane Ugljevik I izgrađena je infrastruktura i dio pomoćnih objekata koji će služiti za potrebe Termoelektrane Ugljevik II. Isporučena je i oprema ukupne ugovorene vrijednosti od oko 15 miliona [[Američki dolar|USD]]. == Tehničke karakteristike == Instalisana snaga Termoelektrane "Ugljevik 1" je 300 MW sa projektovanom godišnjom proizvodnjom od 1.601 GW. TE "Ugljevik 1" je projektovana da radi 200.000 sati.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ers.ba/|title=ЕРС - Elektroprivreda Republike Srpske|language=|access-date=9. 10. 2025}}</ref> Dimnjak termoelektrane je visok 310 metara. Najviša je građevina u Bosni i Hercegovini. Bio je i treći objekat po visini u bivšoj Jugoslaviji (viši od njega su dimnjaci TE u Trbovlju ([[Slovenija]]) i Plominu ([[Hrvatska]]), kao i 8. dimnjak po visini u [[Evropa|Evropi]], odnosno 15. u svijetu. * Broj agregata: 4 * Nazivna snaga: 300 MW * Snaga na pragu: 279 MW * Min. na pragu: 155 MW * Vlastita potrošnja: 8,61% od ukupne proizvodnje. * Prosječna godišnja proizvodnja: 1.560 GWh * Gorivo: mrki ugalj * Specifična potrošnja toplote: 11.032 (kJ/kWh) * Specifična potrošnja goriva: 1,1 (kg/kWh) * Kalororična moć goriva: 10.470 (kJ/kg) * Napon mreže: 400 kV == Reference == {{Refspisak}} [[Kategorija:Termooelektrane u Bosni i Hercegovini|Ugljevik]] [[Kategorija:Ugljevik]] or2r7afmk0tvj7aq3hs3hempbmw7dgs 3849463 3849462 2026-05-26T11:45:52Z Panasko 146730 3849463 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Datoteka:Termoelektrana Ugljevik.jpg|mini|230x230piksel|Termoelektrana u [[Ugljevik]]u (2025)]] '''Termoelektrana Ugljevik''' pripada općini [[Ugljevik]] u [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosni i Hercegovini]]. Započela je sa radom 1985. i kao osnovno gorivo se koristi mrki ugalj iz ležišta [[Bogutovo Selo]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.riteugljevik.com/|title=RiTE Ugljevik|website=www.riteugljevik.com|access-date=9. 10. 2025}}</ref> Zavisno preduzeće "Rudnik i termoelektrana Ugljevik" a. d. Ugljevik posluje u okviru Mješovitog holdinga "[[Elektroprivreda Republike Srpske]]" sa sjedištem u [[Trebinje|Trebinju]]. Pretežna djelatnost preduzeća je proizvodnja [[Električna energija|električne energije]] i eksploatacija i prodaja [[Ugalj|uglja]]. == Historija elektrane == Izgradnja TE-Ugljevik počela je u novembru 1977. Na bazi dokazanih rezervi uglja i generalnog plana lokaliteta bila je predviđena izgradnja energetskog kompleksa 4 x 300 MW. Izgradnja prvog bloka TE, instalisane snage 300 MW, završena je 1985. Izgradnja drugog bloka prekinuta je početkom [[rat u Bosni i Hercegovini|rata u Bosni i Hercegovini]] u periodu od 23. aprila 1992. do 24. novembra 1995. Rat je prekinuo i radove na izgradnji još jednog bloka TE snage 300 MW.<ref name=":0" /> Od početka proizvodnje, maj 1985. do 31. decembra 2006. blok je radio oko 104.500 h ili 52% projektovanog radnog vijeka. Rekonstrukcijom [[Kotao|kotla]] u toku remonta postrojenja 2010. (ugradnja novog, membranskog vodenog ekonomajzera; zamjena ventilatora hladnog gasa; rekonstrukcija kanala hladnog gasa; ugradnja novog sistema čišćenja, u radu bloka, ogrjevnih [[površina]] ložišnog prostora; ugradnja sistema za praćenje položaja plamena u kotlu) ostvareno je povećanje prosječne snage bloka, povećanje raspoložive snage na projektovanu (300 MW), kao i značajno smanjenje zaprljanja konvektivnih ogrjevnih površina pepelom, odnosno smanjenje broja zastoja zbog čišćenja konvektivnog dijela ložišta.[[Datoteka:Termolektrana Ugljevik.JPG|mini|Termoelektrana Ugljevik|lijevo]]U toku remonta postrojenja 2013, ostvarena je automatizacija rada bloka, uvođenjem sistema za upravljanje i monitoring rada bloka. U sklopu Termoelektrane Ugljevik I izgrađena je infrastruktura i dio pomoćnih objekata koji će služiti za potrebe Termoelektrane Ugljevik II. Isporučena je i oprema ukupne ugovorene vrijednosti od oko 15 miliona [[Američki dolar|USD]]. == Tehničke karakteristike == Instalisana snaga Termoelektrane "Ugljevik 1" je 300 MW sa projektovanom godišnjom proizvodnjom od 1.601 GW. TE "Ugljevik 1" je projektovana da radi 200.000 sati.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ers.ba/|title=ЕРС - Elektroprivreda Republike Srpske|language=|access-date=9. 10. 2025}}</ref> Dimnjak termoelektrane je visok 310 metara. Najviša je građevina u Bosni i Hercegovini. Bio je i treći objekat po visini u bivšoj Jugoslaviji (viši od njega su dimnjaci TE u Trbovlju ([[Slovenija]]) i Plominu ([[Hrvatska]]), kao i 8. dimnjak po visini u [[Evropa|Evropi]], odnosno 15. u svijetu. * Broj agregata: 4 * Nazivna snaga: 300 MW * Snaga na pragu: 279 MW * Min. na pragu: 155 MW * Vlastita potrošnja: 8,61% od ukupne proizvodnje. * Prosječna godišnja proizvodnja: 1.560 GWh * Gorivo: mrki ugalj * Specifična potrošnja toplote: 11.032 (kJ/kWh) * Specifična potrošnja goriva: 1,1 (kg/kWh) * Kalororična moć goriva: 10.470 (kJ/kg) * Napon mreže: 400 kV == Reference == {{Refspisak}} [[Kategorija:Termooelektrane u Bosni i Hercegovini|Ugljevik]] [[Kategorija:Ugljevik]] 517h1alyaelofh272gmpkyf0f5i52p7 Dražen Katunarić 0 433850 3849328 3824218 2026-05-25T19:20:02Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849328 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Drazen Katunaric.jpg|thumb|Drazen Katunaric]] '''Dražen Katunarić''', rođen 25. decembra 1954. u [[Zagreb]]u, je hrvatski [[pjesnik]], esejist, prevodilac i urednik. == Biografija == Srednju školu završio je u [[Zagreb]]u. U [[Strasbourg]]u je upisao studij [[Filozofija|filozofije]] na kojem je i diplomirao 1977. Magistirao je sa temom ''Dostojevski i filozofija podzemlja''. Radio je u [[Narodna i univerzitetska biblioteka u Zagrebu|Narodnoj i univerzitetskoj biblioteci u Zagrebu]] i izdavačkoj kući Mladost. Od 1991. do 1993. urednik je hrvatskog izdanja časopisa ''Lettre internationale'', a od 1993. je glavni urednik časopisa [[Most (časopis)|''Most'' (''The Bridge'')]], koji objavljuje [[Hrvatska književnost|hrvatsku književnost]] na stranim jezicima. Godine 1995. pokreće dvojezičnu biblioteku ''Relations''. Godine 1996. zajedno s [[Alain Finkielkraut|Alainom Finkielkrautom]] pokreće u [[Zagreb]]u časopis ''[[Evropski glasnik]]'' (njegovo se francusko izdanje ''Le Messager européen'' u međuvremenu ugasilo). Od 1999. urednik je biblioteke [[Hrvatsko društvo pisaca|Hrvatskog društva pisaca]].<ref name="Biografija">Katunarić, Dražen; ''Načitano srce'', Ceres Zagreb, 1999.</ref> Od 1980. objavljuje pjesme, eseje, putopise, prozu, u hrvatskim i međunarodnim književnim časopisima. Objavljivao je zbirke pjesama, knjiga eseja , poeme i putopisnu prozu. Pjesme su mu prevođene na [[Francuski jezik|francuski]], [[Engleski jezik|engleski]], [[Njemački jezik|njemački]], [[Španski jezik|španski]], [[Mađarski jezik|mađarski]], [[Bugarski jezik|bugarski]], [[Rumunski jezik|rumunski]] i [[Slovenski jezik|slovenski]]. Uvršten je u sve relevantne antologije savremene hrvatske poezije. Učesnik je mnogih međunarodnih festivala poezije (Medellin, Trois Rivières, Lodève, [[Liezen (okrug)|Liège]], [[Bastille (Metro Pariz)|Bastia]], Vilenica, Namur).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.matica.hr/vijenac/216/za-moderno-drustvo-hrvatskih-knjizevnika-14236/|title=Dražen Katunarić, književnik|work=matica.hr|access-date=4. 10. 2017|archive-date=5. 11. 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105132706/https://www.matica.hr/vijenac/216/za-moderno-drustvo-hrvatskih-knjizevnika-14236/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Član je Upravnog odbora [[Hrvatsko društvo pisaca|Hrvatskog društva pisaca]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr/hr/clanstvo/|title=Članovi HDP|work=hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr|access-date=4. 10. 2017|archive-date=19. 10. 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019151315/http://www.hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr/hr/clanstvo|url-status=dead}}</ref> Od maja 2024. redovni je član [[Hrvatska akademija nauka i umjetnosti]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.info.hazu.hr/clanovi/katunaric-drazen/|title=Katunarić Dražen – HAZU|website=www.info.hazu.hr|access-date=14. 6. 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.info.hazu.hr/2024/05/izabrani-novi-clanovi-hazu-hrvatska-dobila-17-novih-akademika/|title=Izabrani novi članovi HAZU: Hrvatska dobila 17 novih akademika – HAZU|website=www.info.hazu.hr|access-date=14. 6. 2024}}</ref> == Nagrade == * 1984. [[Brankova nagrada]] za najbolju prvu zbirku pjesama u Jugoslaviji * 1994. [[Nagrada "Tin Ujević"|Nagrada ''Tin Ujević'']] za najbolju pjesničku knjigu * 1999. [[Nagrada Europski krug|Nagrada ''Evropski krug'']] za književni doprinos * 1999. [[Nagrada Matice hrvatske|Nagrada]] [[Matica hrvatska|Matice hrvatske]] za književnost * 1999. dodijeljen mu je red Viteza književnosti i umjetnosti [[Francuska|francuskog]] Ministarstva kulture * 2003. [[Međunarodna nagrada Menada]] za specifičnu vrijednost poezije u Makedoniji * 2004. [[Međunarodna nagrada za književnost Naji Naaman]] * 2009. Nagrada ''Steiermaerkische Sparkasse'' za roman ''Prosjakinja'' * 2015. Nagrada ''Balkanica'' Rumunskog društva pisaca za doprinos poeziji * 2022. Nagrada ''Maslinov vijenac'' za poeziju (Croatia rediviva, Selce) * 2023. Finalist francuske nagrade ''Mallarmé'' s knjigom ''Je reste plus longtemps dans la mer'' == Bibliografija == === Pjesme === * ''Mramorni Bakho'', 1983. * ''Pjeskolovka'', 1985. * ''Himba/Imposture'', 1987. * ''Pučina'', 1988. * ''Psalmi'', 1990. * ''Strmi glas'', 1991. * ''Nebo/Zemlja'', 1993. * ''Pjesan o Stjepanu'', 1995. * ''Lijepak za slavuja'', 1998. * ''Načitano srce'', 1999. * ''Parabola'', 2001. * ''Lira/Delirij'', 2006. * ''Kronos'', 2011. * ''Jednoga dana bila je noć: izabrane i nove pjesme 1983. — 2015'', 2015. * ''Znak u sjeni'', 2017. * ''Što mi je šaputao Zeus?'', Zagreb 2023. === Eseji i proza === * ''Kuća dekadencije'', 1992. * ''Crkva, ulica, zoološki vrt'', 1994. * ''Povratak Barbarogenija'', 1995. * ''Diocletian’s Palace'', 2006. * ''Priča o špilji'', 1998. * ''Kobne slike'', 2002. * ''Tigrova mast i druge priče'', 2005. * ''Prosjakinja'', 2009. * ''Infernet i drugi tekstovi'', 2010. * ''Smiješak Padra Pija'', 2017. * ''Zbogom, pustinjo'', 2021. === Izdanja na stranim jezicima === * ''Ecclesia invisibilis'', [[Bukurešt]], 2001. * ''Isolomania'', [[Ajaccio]], 2004. * ''Cherries'' New York, 2004. * ''Kthimi i Barbrogjenive'', [[Tetovo]], 2006. * ''Ciel/Terre'', 2008. * ''Le baume du tigre'', [[Bruxelles]], 2009. * ''Die Bettlerin'', [[Graz]], 2009. * ''La mendiante'', Bruxelles, 2012. * ''Cer/Pămînt'', Iaşi 2016. * ''Poem efemer'', Iaşi 2016. * ''La maison du déclin'', Bruxelles, 2017. * ''Cronos'', Buenos Aires, 2017. * ''Balsam de tigru'', Iași, 2022. * ''Je reste plus longtemps dans la mer'', Lyon, 2022. == Reference == {{Refspisak|2}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [http://www.mvinfo.hr/clanak/drazen-katunaric-glazba-je-jedna-od-najgorih-diktatura Intervju sa Draženom Katunarićem] * [http://www.sveske.ba/bs/content/drazen-katunaric-odabrana-poezija Poezija Dražena Katunarića] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190210090030/http://sveske.ba/bs/content/drazen-katunaric-odabrana-poezija |date=10. 2. 2019 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Katunarić, Dražen}} [[Kategorija:Hrvatski pisci]] [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1954.]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Zagreb]] [[Kategorija:Dobitnici Brankove nagrade]] [[Kategorija:Dobitnici Nagrade "Tin Ujević"]] [[Kategorija:Hrvatski pjesnici]] [[Kategorija:Hrvatski prevodioci]] [[Kategorija:Članovi HAZU]] [[Kategorija:Živi ljudi]] 5t0bffs82an8knkx3ahu82hm4vg2yd1 Fakultet za kriminalistiku, kriminologiju i sigurnosne studije 0 446327 3849404 3834340 2026-05-26T07:19:40Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 0 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849404 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija univerzitet |naziv = Fakultet za kriminalistiku, kriminologiju i sigurnosne studije |slika = |latinsko_ime = |moto = |motobos = |osnovan = 1993.<ref name="o fakultetu">{{cite web |title=Fakultet za kriminalistiku, kriminologiju i sigurnosne studije: O fakultetu |url=https://www.fkn.unsa.ba/o-fakultetu |website=/www.fkn.unsa.ba |access-date=31. 5. 2018 |archive-date=9. 11. 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109153147/http://www.fkn.unsa.ba/o-fakultetu |url-status=dead }}</ref> |vrsta = [[fakultet]] |krovna = [[Univerzitet u Sarajevu]] |vjerska_pripadnost = |akademska_pripadnost = |izdaci = |budžet = |rukovodilac = |chairman = |chairperson = |chancellor = |predsjednik = |potpredsjednik = |vice_chancellor = |rektor = |prorektor = |dekan = prof. dr. Nedžad Korajlić |direktor = |vođa_titula = |akademsko_osoblje = 27<ref>{{cite web|title=Nastavno osoblje|url=https://www.fkn.unsa.ba/nastavno-osoblje|website=www.fkn.unsa.ba|access-date=31. 5. 2018|archive-date=6. 7. 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706083921/http://www.fkn.unsa.ba/nastavno-osoblje|url-status=dead}}</ref> |admin_osoblje = |studenti = |dodipl = |dipl = |doktorat = |ostali = |lokacija = Zmaja od Bosne 8 |grad = [[Sarajevo]] |savezna_država = |provincija = [[Kanton Sarajevo]] |država = [[Bosna i Hercegovina]] |koor = |kampus = |prijašnja_imena = |slobodna_oznaka = |boje = |atletika = |sportovi = |nadimak = |maskota = |udruženja = |web-sajt = [https://www.fkn.unsa.ba www.fkn.unsa.ba] |logo = |pushin_map = |fusnote = }} '''Fakultet za kriminalistiku, kriminologiju i sigurnosne studije''' je [[Fakultet|visokoškolska ustanova]] sa sjedištem u [[Sarajevo|Sarajevu]] i članica [[Univerzitet u Sarajevu|Univerziteta u Sarajevu]]. Osnovan je 1993. godine, kao civilna ustanova.<ref name="o fakultetu"/> == Studij i studijski odsjeci == Studij na fakultetu usklađen je s Bolonjskim principom. Nastava se odvija na sva tri ciklusa studija. Prvi ciklus studija traje 4 akademske godine (240 ECTS bodova) i organiziran je u tri studijska smjera: * Kriminalistika, * Kriminologija i * Sigurnosne studije. Studij na II i III ciklusu odvija se kroz iste studijske smjerove čime je osigurana vertikalna prohodnost studija i traje 1 (60 ECTS bodova) odnosno 3 godine (180 ECTS bodova). == Katedre == Studij na fakultetu se organizuje kroz sljedeće katedre: * Katedra za kriminologiju * Katedra za kriminalistiku * Katedra za sigurnosne studije == Također pogledajte == * [[Univerzitet u Sarajevu]] == Reference == {{reference}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [https://www.fkn.unsa.ba Službeni sajt fakulteta]{{Mrtav link}} {{Univerzitet u Sarajevu}} [[Kategorija:Obrazovne institucije osnovane 1993.]] [[Kategorija:Fakulteti u Bosni i Hercegovini]] [[Kategorija:Obrazovanje u Sarajevu]] [[Kategorija:Fakulteti u Sarajevu]] l6p2h44mrkf89jahldan83c0s9q5rbn Sabiha Gökçen 0 448407 3849279 3793774 2026-05-25T13:18:24Z Panasko 146730 3849279 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija osoba | ime = Sabiha Gökçen | slika = Sabiha gokcen2.jpg | opis = Fotografija Sabihe Gökçen iz 1930-ih | datum_rođenja = | mjesto_rođenja = | datum_smrti = | mjesto_smrti = | nacionalnost = [[Turska]] | etnicitet = Bošnjakinja | alma_mater = [[Üsküdar American Academy|Američka Akademija]] u [[Üsküdar]] | zanimanje = | godine_aktivnosti = | poznat_po = Prva borbena pilotkinja na svijetu [[Fighter pilot|</table>]] | značajna_djela = | supružnik = | roditelji = | nagrade = | veb-sajt = | potpis = }}'''Sabiha Gökçen''' (22. marta 1913 – 22. marta 2001, rođena Ćorović)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ntv.com.tr/turkiye/sabiha-gokcen-google-ana-sayfasinda,84NXBXk620mwTL0rKrwfSA|title=Sabiha Gökçen Google ana sayfasında|date=22. 3. 2009|access-date=11. 1. 2018}}</ref> bila je [[Turci|turska]] pilotkinja [[Bošnjaci|bošnjačkog]] porijekla. Bila je prvi ženski borbeni pilot na svijetu.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Atatürk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey|url=https://archive.org/details/ataturk0000mang_b0t1|last=Mango|first=Andrew|publisher=Overlook Press|year=2000}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.goefoundation.com/eagles/biographies/g/216/G%C3%B6k%C3%A7en-Sabiha|title=Eagle Biography - Sabiha Gökçen|last=|first=|date=|website=GoE Foundation|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424183749/https://www.goefoundation.com/eagles/biographies/g/216/G%C3%B6k%C3%A7en-Sabiha|archive-date=24. 4. 2018|dead-url=|access-date=24. 4. 2018}}</ref> Postala je pilot sa samo 23 godine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/gokcen.html|title=Sabiha Gokcen (1913-2001), Pioneer Aviatrix|last=Naughton|first=Russell|year=2014|website=Hargrave Pioneers of Aviation|access-date=17. 11. 2014}}</ref> Iako su Marie Marvingt i Evgeniya Shakhovskaya prethodile njoj kao vojni piloti u drugim ulogama, nijedna od njih nije bila borbeni pilot i nisu pohađale vojnu akademiju kao Sabiha. Sabiha Gökçen je bila siroče i ona je jedno od 8 usvojene djece [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafe Kemala Ataturka]]. Priznata je kao prva žena borbeni pilot od strane [[Guinnessova knjiga rekorda|Ginisove knjige rekorda]] i izabrana je kao jedini ženski pilot za poster "''20 najvećih pilota u historiji''" kojeg su objavile [[Zračne snage Sjedinjenih Američkih Država|Zračne snage SAD-a]] 1996. == Rani život == [[Datoteka:ZehraRukiyeSabiha.jpg|desno|mini|200x200piksel|Kćeri Mustafe Kemala Ataturka; s lijeva na desno: Zehra Ajlin, Rukiye (Erkin) i Sabiha (Gökçen).]] Iako je postojala kontroverza oko toga je li Sabiha Gökçen [[Bošnjaci|bošnjačkog]] porijekla, službeni turski izvori govore da je rođena kao kćerka Mustafe Izet Bega i Hajrije Hanım, koji su oboje bošnjačkog porijekla. Tokom posjete Atatürka [[Bursa|Bursi]] 1925, Sabiha, koja je imala samo dvanaest godina, tražila je dozvolu da razgovara s Atatürkom i izrazila svoju želju da studira u internatu. Nakon što je shvatio u kakvim uslovima živi Ataturk je odlučio da usvoji Sabihu i pitao njenog brata za dopuštenje da je odvede u predsjedničku rezidenciju da živi sa njegovom ostalom posvojenom djecom. Pohađala je osnovnu školu Çankaya u [[Ankara|Ankari]] i američku akademiju u Uskudaru. Iako su se u februaru 2004. pojavile glasine o armenskom porijeklu Sabihe Gökçen u časopisu Agos, gdje je Hripsime Sebilciyan tvrdila da je Sabiha njena nećakinja, njena usvojena sestra Ülkü Adatepe je dala intervju u kojem je opovrgnula ove tvrdnje i ponovila da je Sabiha kćerka Mustafe Izet Bega i Hajrije Hanım, koji su oboje [[Bošnjaci|bošnjačkog]] porijekla.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.turquie-news.com/rubriques/histoire/sabiha-gokcen-et-la-controverse,3990.html|title=Sabiha Gökçen et la controverse sur ses origines|last=Bal|first=Ali|date=16. 4. 2010|agency=Turquie News|language=French|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006131026/http://www.turquie-news.com/rubriques/histoire/sabiha-gokcen-et-la-controverse,3990.html|archive-date=6. 10. 2014}}</ref> Poslije uvođenja Zakona o prezimenima, Ataturk je Sabihi dao prezime Gökçen 19. decembra 1934. 'Gök' na [[Turski jezik|turskom jeziku]] znači nebo, a Gökçen znači 'pripada ili se veže za nebo'. == Karijera == [[Datoteka:Sabiha_Gokcen_with_cap.jpg|desno|mini|Sabiha Gökçen sa oficirima.]] [[Datoteka:Sabiha_Gokcen_in_Athens.jpg|lijevo|mini|Sabiha Gökçen u [[Atina|Ateni]], tokom obilaska [[Balkan]]a 1938.]] [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Atatürk]] je smatrao avijaciju veoma važnom i za tu svrhu je nadgledao osnivanje Turske Aeronautičke Asocijacije 1925. godine. Poveo je Sabihu sa sobom na otvaranje ''Türkkuşu'' (''Turska ptica'') ''Letačke Škole'' na 5. maj 1935. Tokom letačkog performansa zračnih jedrilica i [[padobran]]aca pozvanih iz stranih zemalja, Sabiha je bila vrlo uzbuđena. Kad ju je Atatürk pitao da li bi ona također htjela postati jedriličar, klimnula je glavom i rekla "da, zaista, spremna sam odmah sada". Atatürk je rekao Fuatu Bulca, direktoru škole, da je upiše kao prvu ženu u školi letenja. Trebalo je da postane jedriličar, ali je ona bila mnogo više zainteresovana za letenje, pa je položila i za pilotsku dozvolu. S obzirom da žene tada nisu bile prihvaćene u Tursku Vojnu Akademiju, Sabiha Gökçen je dobila, na Atatürkovu zapovijed, posebnu uniformu, i prisustvovala je posebnom obrazovnom programu jedanaest mjeseci u avijacijskoj školi u Eskişehiru školske godine 1936-1937. Nakon što je dobila diplomu, trenirala je da postane borbeni pilot u Prvoj Avionskoj Pukovniji šest mjeseci. Tu je izbrusila svoje vještine leteći u bombarderima i borbenim avionima. 1937. je učestvovala u zaustavljanju Dersim pobune. 1938. je sprovela petodnevni let kroz zemlje [[Balkan]]a. Iste godine je imenovana za glavnog instruktora u Türkkuşu letačkoj školi, gdje je služila do 1954. kao instruktor leta. Podučavala je četiri pilotkinje: Edibe Subaşı, Yıldız Uçman, Sahavet Karapas i Nezihe Viranyalı. Sabiha Gökçen je letjela oko svijeta 28 godina do 1964. Njena knjiga, pod nazivom "''Život na Putu Atatürka''" objavljena je 1981. od Turske Aeronautičke Asocijacije u spomen na Atatürkov 100-ti rođendan. U svojoj karijeri u Turskim Zračnim Snagama, Sabiha je letjela u 22 različite vrste aviona, više od 8000 sati, od kojih su 32 sata bili aktivne borbe i misije bombardovanja.<ref name="trt">{{YouTube|title=TRT documentary on Sabiha Gökçen|id=m-hv6MfohTs#t=9m30s}}. See 9m30s in for 1996 USAF poster claim.</ref> == Ostavština i priznanje == [[Datoteka:Sabiha Gökçen's bust in İstanbul Aviation Museum.jpg|desno|mini|233x233piksel|Bista Sabihe Gökçen u Istanbulskom Muzeju Avijacije.]] [[Međunarodni aerodrom "Sabiha Gökçen"|Međunarodni Aerodrom Sabiha Gökçen]] u [[Istanbul]]u je dobio ime po njoj.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.tn/books?id=3kwRlzejIl4C&pg=PT46&dq=sabiha+gok%C3%A7en+international+airport+named+after+first+turkish+woman&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjL9oqukdLXAhXJuRQKHYamCyMQ6AEIJTAA#v=onepage&q=sabiha%20gok%C3%A7en%20international%20airport%20named%20after%20first%20turkish%20woman&f=false|title=War, Welfare & Democracy: Rethinking America's Quest for the End of History|last=Munson|first=Peter J.|date=2013|publisher=Potomac Books, Inc.|isbn=9781612345406|language=en}}</ref> Priznata je kao prva žena borbeni pilot u [[Guinnessova knjiga rekorda|Ginisovoj Knjizi Rekorda]]. Ona je izabrana kao jedina žena pilot za poster "''20 Najvećih Pilota u Historiji''"  kojeg su objavile [[Zračne snage Sjedinjenih Američkih Država|Zračne snage SAD-a]] 1996. godine. == Reference == {{Refspisak|30em}} [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1913.]] [[Kategorija:Umrli 2001.]] [[Kategorija:Turski državljani bošnjačkog porijekla]] [[Kategorija:Bošnjačka dijaspora]] 09qi73tzcuqgw4pg7uq8b4273elrajf Genoa CFC 0 448490 3849277 3809952 2026-05-25T13:10:53Z Makenzis 98619 3849277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija fudbalski klub | Boja1 = #FFFFFF | Boja2 = #00003e | Ime kluba = '''Genoa''' | Puno ime = Genoa CFC | Grb = Genoa CFC.png | Nadimak = ''I Rossoblu'' | Osnovan = [[1893.]] | Raspušten = | Lokacija = [[Genova]]<br>[[Ligurija]]<br>[[Italija]] | Boje = {{colorbox|#00003e}} {{colorbox|#DF0000}} | Federacija = [[Nogometni savez Italije|FIGC]] | Konfederacija = | Liga = [[Serie A]] | Stadion = [[Stadio Luigi Ferraris|Luigi Ferraris]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.stadiumguide.com/luigiferraris/ |title=Stadio Luigi Ferraris |work=stadiumguide.com|access-date= 9. 9. 2018}}</ref> | Kapacitet = 36.599 | Vlasnik kluba = | Predsjednik kluba = | Menadžer = | Uspjesi = | Evropski kupovi = | Adresa = | Plasman u prethodnoj sezoni = 16. mjesto | Prethodna sezona = 2025/26. | Webstranica = [http://www.genoacfc.it/ genoacfc.it] | Trenutna sezona = | uzorak_lr1 = | uzorak_t1 = _genoa1819h | uzorak_dr1 = | uzorak_š1 = _genoa1819h | uzorak_č1 = _genoa1819h | lijeva ruka1 = | tijelo1 = | desna ruka1 = | šorc1 = | čarape1 = | uzorak_lr2 = | uzorak_t2 = _genoa1819a | uzorak_dr2 = | uzorak_š2 = | uzorak_č2 = _genoa1819a | lijeva ruka2 = | tijelo2 = | desna ruka2 = | šorc2 = | čarape2 = }} '''Genoa Cricket and Football Club SpA''' je profesionalni [[italija]]nski [[nogomet]]ni klub iz [[Genova|Genove]], regija [[Ligurija]]. Takmiči se u [[Serie A]], prvom rangu italijanskog nogometa. == Historija == Klub je osnovan 7. septembra 1893. godine. U ranim godinama bio je atletski i kriket klub. 10. juna 1897. godine nogometna sekcija je uvedena kao primarnis sektor kluba. Genova je jedan od najstarijih nogometnih klubova u Italiji. Prvi meč klub je igrao protiv kombinovanih sastava klubova Internazionale Torino i FBC Torinese, te je poražena sa 1-0. Nedugo nakon toga dolazi do prve pobjede, nakon što je sa 2-0 bila bolja od ekipe ''UPS Alessandria''. 1897. godine postaje prvak Italije, te u narednim sezonama igra dominantnu ulagu u italijanskom nogometu. Genova je ukupno devet puta bila prvak države. U sezoni 1936/37. osvaja nacionalni kup. U sezoni 1991/92. je igrala polufnale [[UEFA Evropska liga|Kupa UEFA]] protiv [[AFC Ajax|Ajaxa]]. Holandski klub je bio bolji sa ukupnih 4-3. == Uspjesi == *'''Prvenstvo Italije:''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Winner.png]] (9):''' 1897/98, 1898/99, 1899/00, 1901/02, 1902/03, 1903/04, 1914/15, 1922/23, 1923/24. *'''[[Serie B]]:''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Winner.png]] (6):''' 1934/35, 1952/53, 1961/62, 1972/73, 1975/76, 1988/89. *'''[[Serie C]]:''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Winner.png]] (1):''' 1970/71. *'''[[Kup Italije]]:''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Winner.png]] (1):''' 1936/37. *'''[[Mitropa kup]]:''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Finalist.png]] (1):''' 1990. ==Bosanskohercegovački nogometaši== *[[Ervin Zukanović]] ''(2018-trenutno)'' == Reference == {{reference}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{commonscat|Genoa CFC}} * {{službeni sajt|http://www.genoacfc.it}} * [https://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/teams/club=52972/profile/index.html Genoa CFC] na UEFA.com * [http://www.legaseriea.it/it/serie-a/squadre/genoa Genoa CFC] na legaseriea.it {{Serie A}} {{Nogometni prvaci Italije}} {{Osvajači Italijanskog kupa}} {{Originalni klubovi u Seriji A}} [[Kategorija:Genoa CFC|*]] [[Kategorija:Nogometni klubovi u Italiji]] [[Kategorija:Nogometni klubovi osnovani 1893.]] [[Kategorija:Sport u Genovi]] os73gj641bnzrqkqm0kjgz6al7rc1pi US Sassuolo Calcio 0 448669 3849297 3809963 2026-05-25T14:57:18Z Makenzis 98619 3849297 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija fudbalski klub | Boja1 = #FFFFFF | Boja2 = #16603f | Ime kluba = Sassuolo | Puno ime = US Sassuolo Calcio Srl | Grb = US Sassuolo Calcio.png | Nadimak = ''I Neroverdi'' | Osnovan = [[1920.]] | Raspušten = | Lokacija = [[Sassuolo]]<br>[[Emilia-Romagna]]<br>[[Italija]] | Boje = {{colorbox|#16603f}} {{colorbox|#black}} | Federacija = [[Nogometni savez Italije|FIGC]] | Konfederacija = | Liga = [[Serie A]] | Stadion = [[Mapei Stadium – Città del Tricolore|Mapei]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.stadiumguide.com/citta-del-tricolore/ |title=Stadion Mapei |work=stadiumguide.com|access-date= 15. 9. 2018}}</ref> | Kapacitet = 23.717 | Vlasnik kluba = | Predsjednik kluba = | Menadžer = | Uspjesi = | Evropski kupovi = | Adresa = | Plasman u prethodnoj sezoni = 11. mjesto | Prethodna sezona = Serie A 2025/2026. | Webstranica = [http://www.sassuolocalcio.it/ sassuolocalcio.it] | Trenutna sezona = | uzorak_lr1 = _sassuolo1819h | uzorak_t1 = _sassuolo1718h | uzorak_dr1 = _sassuolo1819h | uzorak_š1 = | uzorak_č1 = _sassuolo1819h | lijeva ruka1 = 16603f | tijelo1 = 16603f | desna ruka1 = 16603f | šorc1 = 000000 | čarape1 = 16603f | uzorak_lr2 = _sassuolo1819a | uzorak_t2 = _sassuolo1819a | uzorak_dr2 = _sassuolo1819a | uzorak_š2 = _sassuolo1819a | uzorak_č2 = _sassuolo1819a | lijeva ruka2 = ffffff | tijelo2 = ffffff | desna ruka2 = ffffff | šorc2 = ffffff | čarape2 = ffffff | }} '''US Sassuolo Calcio Srl''' je profesionalni [[italija]]nski nogometni klub iz [[Sassuolo|Sassuola]]. Takmiči se u [[Serie A]], najvišem rangu italijanskog nogometa. ==Historija== Klub je osnovan 1920. godine. Do 1968. godine je igrao u amaterskoj ligi ''Emilian''. Te godine postaje član ''Serie D''. 1974. godine spaja se sa nekoliko lokalnih klubova. 1984. godine ostvaruje promociju u ''Serie C2'', najniži rang profesionalnog nogometa u Italiji. Međutim, ubrzo ispada u niži rang. U narednim godina je igrao u nižim rangovima. 2006. godine nakon osvajanja ''Serie C2'' prelazi u ''Serie C1''. U sezoni 2007/08. osvaja ''Serie C1'', te ostvaruje plasman u ''Serie B''. Debitanstsku sezonu u ovom rangu zaršava na sedmom mjestu. Već naredne sezone igra baraž za plasman u Serie A, ali je sa 3-2 poražen od Torina. I u narednim sezonama je bio blizu plsmana u viši rang, da bi konačno u sezoni 2012/13. osvojio Serie B i ostvario plasman u Serie A. == Uspjesi == *'''[[Serie B]]:''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Winner.png]] (1):''' 2012/13. *'''[[Serie C1]]:''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Winner.png]] (1):''' 2007/08. *'''[[Serie D]]:''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Winner.png]] (1):''' 1983/84. == Igrači == ''Posljednja izmjena: 31. august 2018.'' {{Nogometna ekipa početak|sakrijnapomenu=1}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=2|nac=BRA|ime=[[Marlon Santos]]|poz=O}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=4|nac=ITA|ime=[[Francesco Magnanelli]]|poz=V}}([[Kapiten (nogomet)|C]]) {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=5|nac=URU|ime=[[Mauricio Lemos]]|poz=O}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=6|nac=BRA|ime=[[Rogério Oliveira da Silva|Rogério]]|poz=O}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=9|nac=SRB|ime=[[Filip Đuričić]]|poz=V}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=10|nac=ITA|ime=[[Alessandro Matri]]|poz=N}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=12|nac=ITA|ime=[[Stefano Sensi]]|poz=V}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=13|nac=ITA|ime=[[Federico Peluso]]|poz=O}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=17|nac=ITA|ime=[[Leonardo Sernicola]]|poz=O}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=18|nac=ITA|ime=[[Giacomo Raspadori]]|poz=N}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=19|nac=DAN|ime=[[Jens Odgaard]]|poz=N}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=10|nac=OBS|ime=[[Jérémie Boga]]|poz=V}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=21|nac=ŠPA|ime=[[Pol Lirola]]|poz=O}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=23|nac=ITA|ime=[[Giangiacomo Magnani]]|poz=V}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=25|nac=ITA|ime=[[Domenico Berardi]]|poz=N}} {{Nogometna ekipa sredina}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=27|nac=GAN|ime=[[Kevin-Prince Boateng]]|poz=V}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=28|nac=ITA|ime=[[Giacomo Satalino]]|poz=G}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=29|nac=ITA|ime=[[Marcello Trotta]]|poz=N}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=30|nac=SEN|ime=[[Khouma Babacar]]|poz=N}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=31|nac=ITA|ime=[[Gian Marco Ferrari]]|poz=O}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=32|nac=GAN|ime=[[Alfred Duncan]]|poz=V}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=34|nac=ITA|ime=[[Federico Di Francesco]]|poz=N}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=39|nac=ITA|ime=[[Cristian Dell'Orco]]|poz=O}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=47|nac=ITA|ime=[[Andrea Consigli]]|poz=G}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=68|nac=MAR|ime=[[Mehdi Bourabia]]|poz=V}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=73|nac=ITA|ime=[[Manuel Locatelli]]|poz=V}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=79|nac=ITA|ime=[[Gianluca Pegolo]]|poz=G}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=98|nac=ITA|ime=[[Claud Adjapong]]|poz=O}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=99|nac=ITA|ime=[[Enrico Brignola]]|poz=N}} {{Nogometna ekipa kraj}} ==Reference== {{refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [http://www.sassuolocalcio.it/ Službena stranica] {{Serie A}} [[Kategorija:US Sassuolo Calcio]] [[Kategorija:Nogometni klubovi u Italiji]] [[Kategorija:Nogometni klubovi osnovani 1920.]] d9aa6n9xvudvfxzbaag2pwvef7ppbar 3849298 3849297 2026-05-25T14:59:24Z Makenzis 98619 /* Igrači */ Posljednja izmjena: 31. august 2018. 3849298 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija fudbalski klub | Boja1 = #FFFFFF | Boja2 = #16603f | Ime kluba = Sassuolo | Puno ime = US Sassuolo Calcio Srl | Grb = US Sassuolo Calcio.png | Nadimak = ''I Neroverdi'' | Osnovan = [[1920.]] | Raspušten = | Lokacija = [[Sassuolo]]<br>[[Emilia-Romagna]]<br>[[Italija]] | Boje = {{colorbox|#16603f}} {{colorbox|#black}} | Federacija = [[Nogometni savez Italije|FIGC]] | Konfederacija = | Liga = [[Serie A]] | Stadion = [[Mapei Stadium – Città del Tricolore|Mapei]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.stadiumguide.com/citta-del-tricolore/ |title=Stadion Mapei |work=stadiumguide.com|access-date= 15. 9. 2018}}</ref> | Kapacitet = 23.717 | Vlasnik kluba = | Predsjednik kluba = | Menadžer = | Uspjesi = | Evropski kupovi = | Adresa = | Plasman u prethodnoj sezoni = 11. mjesto | Prethodna sezona = Serie A 2025/2026. | Webstranica = [http://www.sassuolocalcio.it/ sassuolocalcio.it] | Trenutna sezona = | uzorak_lr1 = _sassuolo1819h | uzorak_t1 = _sassuolo1718h | uzorak_dr1 = _sassuolo1819h | uzorak_š1 = | uzorak_č1 = _sassuolo1819h | lijeva ruka1 = 16603f | tijelo1 = 16603f | desna ruka1 = 16603f | šorc1 = 000000 | čarape1 = 16603f | uzorak_lr2 = _sassuolo1819a | uzorak_t2 = _sassuolo1819a | uzorak_dr2 = _sassuolo1819a | uzorak_š2 = _sassuolo1819a | uzorak_č2 = _sassuolo1819a | lijeva ruka2 = ffffff | tijelo2 = ffffff | desna ruka2 = ffffff | šorc2 = ffffff | čarape2 = ffffff | }} '''US Sassuolo Calcio Srl''' je profesionalni [[italija]]nski nogometni klub iz [[Sassuolo|Sassuola]]. Takmiči se u [[Serie A]], najvišem rangu italijanskog nogometa. ==Historija== Klub je osnovan 1920. godine. Do 1968. godine je igrao u amaterskoj ligi ''Emilian''. Te godine postaje član ''Serie D''. 1974. godine spaja se sa nekoliko lokalnih klubova. 1984. godine ostvaruje promociju u ''Serie C2'', najniži rang profesionalnog nogometa u Italiji. Međutim, ubrzo ispada u niži rang. U narednim godina je igrao u nižim rangovima. 2006. godine nakon osvajanja ''Serie C2'' prelazi u ''Serie C1''. U sezoni 2007/08. osvaja ''Serie C1'', te ostvaruje plasman u ''Serie B''. Debitanstsku sezonu u ovom rangu zaršava na sedmom mjestu. Već naredne sezone igra baraž za plasman u Serie A, ali je sa 3-2 poražen od Torina. I u narednim sezonama je bio blizu plsmana u viši rang, da bi konačno u sezoni 2012/13. osvojio Serie B i ostvario plasman u Serie A. == Uspjesi == *'''[[Serie B]]:''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Winner.png]] (1):''' 2012/13. *'''[[Serie C1]]:''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Winner.png]] (1):''' 2007/08. *'''[[Serie D]]:''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Winner.png]] (1):''' 1983/84. ==Reference== {{refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [http://www.sassuolocalcio.it/ Službena stranica] {{Serie A}} [[Kategorija:US Sassuolo Calcio]] [[Kategorija:Nogometni klubovi u Italiji]] [[Kategorija:Nogometni klubovi osnovani 1920.]] lwvdygvhf602386okr4wzsfyet1yixn US Lecce 0 448912 3849262 3809958 2026-05-25T12:30:38Z Makenzis 98619 3849262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija fudbalski klub | Boja1 = #FFFFFF | Boja2 = #EB0000 | Ime kluba = '''Lecce''' | Puno ime = Unione Sportiva Lecce SpA | Grb = | Nadimak = ''Giallorossi'' | Osnovan = [[1908.]] | Raspušten = | Lokacija = [[Lecce]]<br>[[Apulija]]<br>[[Italija]] | Boje = {{colorbox|red}} {{colorbox|white}} | Federacija = [[Nogometni savez Italije|FIGC]] | Konfederacija = | Liga = [[Serie B]] | Stadion = [[Stadio Via del Mare|Via del Mare]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.stadiumguide.com/viadelmare/ |title=Stadio Via del Mare |work=stadiumguide.com|access-date= 29. 9. 2018}}</ref> | Kapacitet = 40.670 | Vlasnik kluba = | Predsjednik kluba = | Menadžer = | Uspjesi = | Evropski kupovi = | Adresa = | Plasman u prethodnoj sezoni = 17. mjesto | Prethodna sezona = 2025/26. | Webstranica = [http://www.uslecce.it/ uslecce.it] | Trenutna sezona = | uzorak_lr1 = _lecce1819h | uzorak_t1 = _lecce1819h | uzorak_dr1 = _lecce1819h | uzorak_š1 = _lecce1819h | uzorak_č1 = _lecce1819h | lijeva ruka1 = | tijelo1 = | desna ruka1 = | šorc1 = | čarape1 = | uzorak_lr2 = _lecce1819a | uzorak_t2 = _lecce1819a | uzorak_dr2 = _lecce1819a | uzorak_š2 = _lecce1819a | uzorak_č2 = _lecce1819a | lijeva ruka2 = | tijelo2 = | desna ruka2 = | šorc2 = | čarape2 = }} '''Unione Sportiva Lecce SpA''' je profesionalni [[italija]]nski [[nogomet]]ni klub iz [[Lecce]]a, regija [[Apulija]]. Takmiči se u [[Serie B]], drugom rangu italijanskog nogometa. == Historija == Klub je osnovan 15. marta 1908. godine kao ''Sporting Club Lecce''. Prvi predsjednik kluba je bio Francesco Marangi. Klub je prvobitno igrao u crno-bijeloj kombinacji. Lecce je uglavnom igrao u regionalnim ligama. Sadašnji naziv usvaja 16. septembra 1927. godine. Promociju u [[Serie A]] prvi put ostvaruje 1985. godine. Od 1966. godine domaće utakmice igra na stadionu [[Stadio Via del Mare|Via del Mare]]. == Uspjesi == *'''[[Serie B]]:''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Winner.png]] (1):''' 2009/10. *'''[[Serie C]]:''' **'''[[Datoteka:Cup Winner.png]] (4):''' 1945/46, 1975/76, 1995/96, 2017/18. == Reference == {{reference}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [http://www.uslecce.it/ Službena stranica] {{Serie A}} [[Kategorija:Nogometni klubovi u Italiji]] [[Kategorija:Nogometni klubovi osnovani 1908.]] 1iahxpwvf1jxc6n092dxvpw7o6gqxhq Dimalučara 0 453315 3849306 3762362 2026-05-25T15:56:40Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 0 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849306 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dimalučara''' je spratni tip stambene kuće građene u svim dijelovima [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosne i Hercegovine]] od početka XIX i zaključno sa početkom XX stoljeća. Ovaj tip kuće se pojavljuje u različitim razvojnim stepenima: od klasičnog do “dekadentnog”.<ref>[https://de.scribd.com/document/363555698/SPRATNA-DIMALUČARA-docx Spratna dimaličara]</ref> Gradili su ih imućniji predstavnici društva i na selu i u gradovima, često kao konak. Poteškoća u odvođenju dima i topline s ognjišta i iz peći bila je glavna zapreka za razvijanje koncepcije spratne seoske kuće. Zbog toga se nije mogla u cijelosti iskoristi izgrađena površinu kuće za razvijanje prostorija na prvom spratu. Morao se ostavljati slobodni prostor, po prilici toliko koliko je ognjište (oko 1,0x1,5 metara), koji su se protezao od prizemlja do pod krov i služio za skupljanje i odvod dima iz prizemlja, i iz soba na spratu, a ujedno služio i kao sušnica za meso, kožu itd. Taj prostor se naziva “dimaluk”, pa se po njemu i naziva ovaj tip kuće.<ref>Muhamed Kadić, 1967</ref> Dimalučara ima dispoziciju prizemlja kao i svaka klasična brvnara: “kuću” s ognjištem, “velikim” i “malim” vratima i dvije sobe iza. Za razliku od prizemne brvnare “kuća” je prekrivena stropom tako da su se na prvom spratu nalazile sobe iznad “kuće” i iznad soba u prizemlju. == Poznatije dimalučare == * [[Kuća Mare Popović u Gračanici]], centralnobosanska kuća čardaklija, spratnica.<ref>[https://nadinasarajlic.wordpress.com/2017/08/page/2/ Stara kuća Mare Popović]</ref> Ovaj tip kuće je najsličniji onim što ih je [[Jovan Cvijić]] nazvao tursko-istočnjačkim, konstatujući da one naročito preovladavaju u Bosni i Hercegovini. Proglašena je za [[nacionalni spomenik Bosne i Hercegovine]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://old.kons.gov.ba/main.php?id_struct=6&lang=1&action=view&id=1862 |title=Kuća Mare Popović u Gračanici |work=Komisija za nacionalne spomenike |access-date=13. 9. 2017 |archive-date=14. 2. 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214092436/http://old.kons.gov.ba/main.php?id_struct=6&lang=1&action=view&id=1862 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Kozića kuća u Jaseniku]], općina [[Konjic]], [[Bosna i Hercegovina]], pripada tzv. gornjehercegovačkom tipu seoskih spratnih stambenih objekata sa ognjištem smještenim uz vanjski zid.<ref name="Kuća u Jaseniku">{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.ba/books?id=-AmnCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA124&lpg=PA124&dq=Bugarski+astrida&source=bl&ots=RWtdxNwX9g&sig=vDx36rfYZmDL0ZZRGvXfHyiTh5U&hl=sr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjf1unox6_WAhVxSZoKHZRqAQIQ6AEIVzAL#v=onepage&q=Bugarski%20astrida&f=false |title=Astrida Bugarski: Tradicionalni oblici spratnih seoskih stambenih zgrada u Bosni i Hercegovini |work=Glasnik etnografskog muzeja u Beogradu, knjiga 54-55, strana 109-131, 1991. |access-date=19. 9. 2017}}</ref> Proglašena je za [[nacionalni spomenik Bosne i Hercegovine]].<ref name="Kozića kuća">{{Cite web |url=http://aplikacija.kons.gov.ba/kons/public/uploads/odluke_bos/Konjic_Kozica%20kuca%20u%20Jaseniku_kompl%20BOS.pdf |title=Kozića kuća |work=Komisija za očuvanje nacionalnih spomenika |access-date=19. 9. 2017 |archive-date=18. 5. 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518025415/http://aplikacija.kons.gov.ba/kons/public/uploads/odluke_bos/Konjic_Kozica%20kuca%20u%20Jaseniku_kompl%20BOS.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Korajlića kuća]] je jedan od najstarijih i najljepši objekata porodičnog graditeljskog naslijeđa na području općine [[Tešanj]]. Izgrađena je polovinom XIX stoljeća i u vlasništvu je porodice Korajlić. Kuća se sastoji od magaze, prizemnog dijela i sprata. Ova kuća pripada tipu novije katne dimalučare iako posjeduje neke od karakteristika tipa spratne kuće sa prepustom.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://coolbastina.ba/map-location/korajlica-kuca/?mpfy-pin=8048 |title=Korajlića kuća |access-date=30. 4. 2019 |archive-date=20. 3. 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320191910/http://coolbastina.ba/map-location/korajlica-kuca/?mpfy-pin=8048 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Bugilovića kuća u Gornjoj Tuzli]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bastina.ba/index.php/2016-04-12-11-50-38/nacionalni-spomenici-na-prostoru-tuzle/659-bugilovica-kuca-u-gornjoj-tuzli-historijska-gradevina |title=Muhamed Kadić, Starinska seoska kuća u Bosni i Hercegovini, Sarajevo 1967.) |access-date=30. 4. 2019 |archive-date=27. 4. 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427182704/https://www.bastina.ba/index.php/2016-04-12-11-50-38/nacionalni-spomenici-na-prostoru-tuzle/659-bugilovica-kuca-u-gornjoj-tuzli-historijska-gradevina |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Eminagića konak]] u Tešnju == Literatura == * [[Dušan Grabrijan]], The Macedonian House, or its Transition from Old Oriental to Modern European House, Misla, Skopje, 1986 * [[Aleksandar Deroko]], Folklorna arhitektura u Jugoslaviji, Naučna knjiga, Beograd, 1964 *{{cite book |last = Kadić |first = Muhamed |title = Starinska seoska kuća u Bosni i Hercegovina |url = https://www.katalog.kgz.hr/pagesResults/rezultati.aspx?&searchById=1&xm0=1&spid0=10&spv0=Kadi%C4%87%2C+Muhamed |publisher = Kulturno naslijeđe, Sarajevo |year = 1967 |isbn = }}{{Mrtav link}} * Krunić J., 1994., Kuća i varoši u oblasti Stare Raške, Republički zavod za zaštitu spomenika kulture, Beograd, 1994 == Reference == {{Refspisak|2}} [[Kategorija:Dimalučare]] 3eaa1r4qdtittsmuw7imq7w1x75bdf9 Hipervizor 0 453818 3849259 3830429 2026-05-25T12:14:57Z Panasko 146730 3849259 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hipervizor''' ({{Jez-en|hypervisor}}) ili '''monitor virtualne mašine''' ({{Jez-en|virtual machine monitor – VMM}}) računarski je [[softver]], [[firmver]] ili [[hardver]] koji stvara i pokreće [[Virtualna mašina|virtuelne mašine]]. Računar na kojem hipervizor pokreće jednu ili više virtuelnih mašina naziva se ''host mašina'', a svaka virtualna mašina se naziva ''gostujuća mašina''. Višestruke instance raznih operativnih sistema mogu dijeliti hardverske resurse jedne [[X86]] mašine. Na primjer [[Linux]], [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] i [[MacOS]] instance mogu se pokretati na jednoj fizičkoj X86 mašini. Ovo je u suprotnosti sa [[Virtualizacija na nivou operativnog sistema|virtualizacijom na nivou operativnog sistema]], gdje sve instance (obično se nazivaju ''kontejneri'') moraju da dijele isti [[kernel]] operativnog sistema. Termin ''hipervizor'' je varijanta termina ''supervizor'' što je nekada bio tradicionalni termin za [[kernel]] [[Operativni sistem|operativnog sistema]], tako da je hipervizor supervizor supervizora.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Virtualization For Dummies|last=Bernard Golden|year=2011|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2ppZkdmpSlgC&pg=PA54 54]}}</ref> Termin se pojavio 1970,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://programmers.stackexchange.com/questions/196405/how-did-the-term-hypervisor-come-into-use|title=How did the term "hypervisor" come into use?}}</ref> dok je u ranijem [[CP/CMS]] (1967) sistemu, korišten pojam ''Kontrolni Program'' ({{Jez-en|Control Program}}) == Vrste hipervizora == [[Datoteka:Hyperviseur.svg|desno|mini| Tip-1 i Tip-2 hipervizora]] ; Tip-1, izvorni ili ''bare-metal'' hipervizor : Ovakav hipervizor radi direktno na hardveru kako bi upravljao hardverom i gostujućim operativnim sistemima. Iz tog razloga, ponekad se nazivaju ''bare metal (goli stroj)'' hipervizori. Prvi hipervizori, koje je IBM razvio šezdesetih godina, bili su izvorni hipervizori.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redpapers/pdfs/redp4396.pdf|title=IBM Systems Virtualization: Servers, Storage, and Software|last=Meier|first=Shannon|year=2008|pages=2, 15, 20|access-date=22. 12. 2015}}</ref> Među njima su bili testni softver [[SIMMON]] i operativni sistem [[CP/CMS]] (prethodnik IBM-ovog [[z/VM]] ). Moderni ekvivalenti su AntsleOs<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://docs.antsle.com/arch/|title=antsleOS Architecture - antsle Docs|website=docs.antsle.com|language=en|access-date=28. 6. 2018|archive-date=7. 4. 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407220239/https://docs.antsle.com/arch/|url-status=dead}}</ref>, [[Xen]], [https://xcp-ng.org/ XCP-ng], [[Oracle VM Server za SPARC]], [[Oracle VM Server za x86]], Microsoft [[Hyper-V]], [[Xbox One sistemski softver]] i [[VMware ESXi|VMware ESX/ESXi]]. ; Tip-2 ili hostovani hipervizor : Ovi hipervizori rade na standardnom operativnom sistemu (OS) kao i drugi računarski programi. Virtuelni operativni sistem se vrti kao [[Computer process|proces]] na hostu. Primjeri su [[VMware Workstation]], [[VMware Player]], [[VirtualBox]], [[Parallels Desktop for Mac|Parallels Desktop za Mac]] i [[QEMU]]. Razlika između ove dvije vrste nije uvijek jasna. Na primjer, Linuxova virtualna mašina bazirana na kernelu (KVM) i [[FreeBSD|FreeBSD-]]<nowiki/>ov bhyve su [[Kernel module|kernel moduli]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://callfortesting.org/bhyve/|title=Hands-on bhyve|last=Dexter|first=Michael|website=CallForTesting.org|access-date=24. 9. 2013}}</ref> koji pretvaraju operativni sistem hosta u hipervizor tipa-1.<ref name="IowaState">{{Cite web|url=http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3243&context=etd|title=A performance analysis of Xen and KVM hypervisors for hosting the Xen Worlds Project|last=Graziano|first=Charles|date=2011|website=Graduate Theses and Dissertations|publisher=Iowa State University|access-date=29. 1. 2013}}</ref> == Porijeklo == Prvi hipervizori koji pružaju potpunu virtualizaciju bili su testni alat SIMMON i IBM-ov kratkotrajni CP-40 sistem, koji je počeo da se koristi u januaru 1967. godine i postao prva verzija IBM-ovog CP/CMS operativnog sistema. CP/CMS je bio IBM-ov pokušaj pravljenja robusnog sistema za [[Raspodjela vremena|dijeljenje vremena]] na svojim [[Mainframe computer|mainframe računarima]]. Pokretanjem više operativnih sistema istovremeno, hipervizor je povećao robusnost i stabilnost sistema. == Podrška u operativnim sistemima == Nekoliko faktora dovelo je do ponovnog oživljavanja virtualizacije 2005. To se posebno odnosi na [[UNIX|Unix]], [[Linux]] i drugim operativnim sistemima [[Operativni sistem sličan Unixu|sličnim Unixu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://searchdatacenter.techtarget.com/news/1153127/Xen-virtualization-quickly-becoming-open-source-killer-app|title=Xen virtualization quickly becoming open source 'killer app'|last=Loftus|first=Jack|date=19. 12. 2005|website=TechTarget|access-date=26. 10. 2015}}</ref> * Širenje hardverskih mogućnosti, omogućavajući pojedinačnim mašinama da rade više istovremenog rada * Nastojanja da se smanje troškovi pojednostavljenje upravljanja. * Potreba za upravljanjem velikog broja [[Multiprocessor|multiprocesorskih]] i [[Computer cluster|grupnih]] instalacija, na primjer kod velikih farmi servera * Poboljšana sigurnost, pouzdanost i nezavisnost uređaja * Mogućnost pokretanja složenih aplikacija koje zavise od OS-a u različitim hardverskim ili OS okruženjima Veliki Unix snabdjevači, uključujući [[Sun Microsystems]], [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]], [[IBM]] i [[Silicon Graphics|SGI]], su od 2000. godine prodavali virtualni hardver. Uglavnom su to bili veliki, skupi sistemi. Počevši od 2005. godine, proizvođači X86 [[Centralna procesorska jedinica|procesora]] su dodali posebne instrukcije koje će pomoći kod virtualizacije hardvera kao što su: [[Intel VT-x]] (pod kodnim imenom Vanderpool) i [[AMD-V]] (pod kodnim imenom Pacifica). == Reference == {{Refspisak|30em}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [https://www.usenix.org/system/files/login/articles/105498-Revelle.pdf Hipervizori i virtualne mašine: Uvid u implementaciju x86 arhitekture] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180219081010/http://www.cc.iitd.ernet.in/misc/cloud/hypervisor_performance.pdf Usporedba performansi različitih hipervizora], VMware [[Kategorija:Virtualizacijski softver]] [[Kategorija:Serveri]] 7f9fz4w4a6qq0y7l5444f0zuvqgukiw FaZe Clan 0 454562 3849402 3827908 2026-05-26T06:56:38Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849402 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox |name = FaZe Clan |tijelostil = |naslovstil = |iznadstil = |podzaglavljestil = |naslov = FaZe Clan |iznad = |podzaglavlje = |podzaglavlje2 = |slikastil = |tekststil = |slika = [[Slika:Faze Clan.svg|225px]] |tekst = |zaglavljestil = |oznakastil = |podacistil = |zaglavlje1 = | oznaka1 = | podaci1 = |zaglavlje2 = | oznaka2 = Nadimak | podaci2 = FaZe |zaglavlje3 = | oznaka3 = Igre | podaci3 = {{Unbulleted list|''Call of Duty''|''[[Counter-Strike|Counter-Strike: Global Offensive]]''|''FIFA''|''[[Fortnite]]''<br>''PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds''|''Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege''}} |zaglavlje4 = | oznaka4 = Osnovano | podaci4 = [[30. maj]] [[2010.]] |zaglavlje5 = | oznaka5 = Lokacija | podaci5 = {{ZID|Sjedinjene Američke Države}} |zaglavlje6 = | oznaka6 = Boje | podaci6 = [[Crvena]], [[Bijela]]<br>{{colorbox|#FF0000}} {{colorbox|#FFFFFF}} |zaglavlje7 = | oznaka7 = Vlasnici | podaci7 = {{Unbulleted list|Thomas Oliveira (FaZe Temperrr)|Yousef Abdelfattah (FaZe Apex)|Richard Bengtson (FaZe Banks)|Nordan Shat (FaZe Rain)}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ranker.com/list/best-faze-clan-members/ranker-games|title=List of FaZe Clan Members|website=[[Ranker]]|access-date=27. 5. 2019}}</ref> |zaglavlje8 = | oznaka8 = Direktor | podaci8 = Lee Trink<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nissannews.com/en-US/nissan/usa/releases/nissan-levels-up-into-the-world-of-esports-with-faze-clan-and-optic-gaming-partnership|title=Nissan levels up into the world of esports with FaZe Clan and OpTic Gaming partnership|website=Nissan Online Newsroom|access-date=22. 5. 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://esportsinsider.com/2019/04/faze-clan-htc-gaming-sponsorship/|title=FaZe Clan brings HTC Gaming sponsorship into reality|first=Adam|last=Fitch|date=6. 4. 2019|access-date=22. 5. 2019|archive-date=15. 4. 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415180443/https://esportsinsider.com/2019/04/faze-clan-htc-gaming-sponsorship/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |zaglavlje9 = | oznaka9 = Partneri | podaci9 = {{Unbulleted list|G Fuel|Scuf Gaming|SteelSeries|Nissan|HTC|Wix.com|Champion<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2019/04/faze-clan-champion-new-collection|title=FaZe Clan Releases New Collection With Champion|first=Trace William|last=Cowen|magazine=[[Complex (časopis)|Complex]]|date=17. 4. 2019|access-date=2. 6. 2019|archive-date=2. 6. 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602095503/https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2019/04/faze-clan-champion-new-collection|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} |zaglavlje10 = | oznaka10 = Vebsajt | podaci10 = {{URL|fazeclan.com}} }} '''''FaZe Clan''''' (bivši '''''FaZe Sniping''''') je američka [[esports]] organizacija koja se takmiči na raznim turnirima [[Videoigra|videoigri]]. Organizacija je osnovana kao gaming klan/grupa na [[YouTube|YouTube-u]] od strane igrača poznatih kao Housecat, ClipZ i Resistance u 2010. godini. == Historija == Tokom životnog ciklusa ''Call of Duty: Ghosts-a'', FaZe je uočio promjene koje su proizašle iz ličnih problema između Parasite-a i njegovih grupnih kolega. Parasite je kasnije bio postavljen na klupu, ali ubrzo nakon što je Dedo prešao u grupu Evil Geniuses u zamjenu za privremenu posudbu Karme, Parasite se vratio u aktivni spisak.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/mar/29/call-of-duty-championships-2015-optic-gaming-elimination|title=Call of Duty championships 2015: Optic Gaming drops out on day of upsets|last1=Stuart|first1=Keith|last2=Perkin|first2=Ben|date=29. 3. 2015|website=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=25. 9. 2015}}</ref> Kako je ''Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare'' nastavio da napreduje, postignut je dogovor između FaZe-a i Denial Esports-a. FaZe je navodno otkrio da su Huke i Slasher bili nezadovoljni u FaZe-u i tražili su druge timove. Kao rezultat toga, organizacija i ključni članovi, ZooMaa i Enable, razmjenili su Huke-a i Slasher-a za Denial CoD (Call of Duty) prvake Jamesa "Clayster" Eubanks-a i Dillona "Attach" Price-a.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailydot.com/esports/denial-clayster-attach-join-faze|title=Final two members of CoD Championship winners leave team, join FaZe|last=Lingle|first=Samuel|date=17. 6. 2015|website=[[The Daily Dot]]|access-date=25. 9. 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529143809/http://www.dailydot.com/esports/denial-clayster-attach-join-faze/|archive-date=29. 5. 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dogovor je uspostavio FaZe u top tri tima, a novi sastav je napravio dobre rezultate u Pro League-u, kao i više LAN pobjeda, od kojih je prvi bio događaj UMG Dallas 2015, gdje su pobijedili tim OpTic.<ref name="red bull gfininty3">{{cite web|url=http://www.redbull.com/us/en/esports/stories/1331738838768/faze-defeats-optic-in-gfinity-summer-championships|title=FaZe Defeats OpTic in Gfinity Summer Championships|last=Duwe|first=Scott|date=3. 8. 2015|website=[[Red Bull]] eSports|access-date=25. 9. 2015}}</ref> Ubrzo nakon toga ekipa je otputovala u Evropu kako bi pokušala osvojiti Gfinity Summer Championship 2015. FaZe je prolazio u turniru s lakoćom i opet su bili u finalu protiv Optic-a. OpTic je poveo sa 3-0; međutim, FaZe je napravio nevjerovatan povratak od 3-4 za pobjedu u LAN turniru.<ref name="red bull gfininty3"/> Sumnje su se ponovo pojavile u vezi sa FaZe timom nakon lošeg nastupa na UMG Washington DC 2015. Ovo nije trajalo dugo nakon što su osvojili doigravanja za MLG Pro League CoD AW Season 3.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dotesports.com/call-of-duty/news/mlg-proleague-s3-playoffs-faze-optic-epsilon-2372#list-1|title=FaZe wins third season of MLG Pro League, setting the stage for the World Finals|work=Dot Esports|language=en-US|access-date=25. 3. 2018|archive-date=25. 3. 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325171538/https://dotesports.com/call-of-duty/news/mlg-proleague-s3-playoffs-faze-optic-epsilon-2372#list-1|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Pravna pitanja == U maju 2019. godine, član FaZe-a [[Tfue|Turner 'Tfue' Tenney]] podnio je tužbu na FaZe, tvrdeći da mu je grupa uskratila poslovne prilike, nije mu platila svoj dio sponzorskog novca i da je uzela do 80 posto svoje zarade. Turner je također tvrdio da su ga neki članovi tjerali da se kocka i pije dok je maloljetan. FaZe je objavio izjavu u kojoj se odbijaju tvrdnje i navodi da nisu prikupili novac na osnovu dobitaka Turnerovih turnira ili prihoda od društvenih mreža.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/5/20/18632813/tfue-lawsuit-faze-clan-twitch-youtube-banks-fortnite-smosh-anthony-padilla-mcn|title=Faze Clan and Tfue's legal dispute could reshape e-sports and YouTube contracts forever|last=Alexander|first=Julia|date=20. 5. 2019|website=The Verge|access-date=22. 5. 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/tfue-sues-faze-clan-oppressive-contract-1212124|title=Esports Pro Sues Gaming Organization FaZe Clan Over "Oppressive" Contract|website=The Hollywood Reporter|access-date=22. 5. 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pcgamer.com/faze-clan-is-being-sued-by-one-of-its-top-fortnite-players-over-oppressive-and-predatory-contracts/|title=Faze Clan is being sued by one of its top Fortnite players over 'oppressive and predatory' contracts|last=Chalk|first=Andy|date=20. 5. 2019|access-date=22. 5. 2019}}</ref> Tfue je kasnije odbacio tvrdnju o maloljetnom kockanju i piću. Ova tabela prikazuje koliki postotak novca FaZe i Tfue dobijaju preko timskog ugovora potpisanog u aprilu 2018. godine: {| class="wikitable" ! ! Tfue ! FaZe |- | Sponzori dovedeni od strane FaZe-a || 20% || 80% |- | Roba (Merchandise) || 50% || 50% |- | Sponzori dovedeni od strane gamera || 50% || 50% |- | Takse za pojavljivanje || 50% || 50% |- | Novac$ (turniri) || 80% || 20% |} == Igrači == === ''Call of Duty'' === {| class="wikitable" |+ !ID !Ime !Uloga !Datum dolaska |- |{{flagicon|USA}} ZooMaa |Thomas Paparatto |SMG |2015-04-07 |- |{{flagicon|CAN}} Asim |Obey Asim |SMG |2019-04-20 |- |{{flagicon|USA}} Cellium |McArthur Jovel |Flex |2019-04-20 |- |{{flagicon|Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo}} Skrapz |Matthew Marshall |Flex |2019-04-20 |- |{{flagicon|Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo}} Zer0 |Trei Morris |AR |2019-04-20 |- |{{flagicon|USA}} GRVTY |Thomas Malin |Izmjena |2019-04-22 |- |{{flagicon|USA}} RJ |Richard Simoncelli |Trener |June 2018 |- |{{flagicon|USA}} EasyMac |Austin O"Niel |Analitičar |2019-07-04 |- |{{flagicon|USA}} |Ben Nissim |Menadžer | |} === ''Counter-Strike: Global Offensive'' === {| class="wikitable" |+ !ID !Ime !Uloga !Datum dolaska |- |{{flagicon|Norveška}} rain |Håvard Nygaard | |2016-01-20<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.g2esports.com/g2-csgo-team-acquired-by-faze/|title=G2's Counter-Strike team acquired by FaZe Clan|date=21. 1. 2016|website=G2 Esports|language=en-US|access-date=13. 7. 2019|archive-date=13. 5. 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513003925/https://www.g2esports.com/g2-csgo-team-acquired-by-faze/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |{{flagicon|BiH}} [[Nikola Kovač (gejmer)|NiKo]] |Nikola Kovač | |2017-02-19 |- |{{flagicon|Slovačka}} GuardiaN |Ladislav Kovács | |2017-08-03 |- |{{flagicon|SWE}} olofmeister |Olof Kajbjer | |2017-08-20 |- |{{flagicon|POL}} NEO |Filip Kubski |Lider | |- |{{flagicon|Srbija}} YNk |Janko Paunović |Trener | |} ==== Bivši igrači ==== {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ !ID !Ime !Uloga !Datum dolaska !Datum odlaska !Novi tim |- |{{flagicon|SWE}} Maikelele |Maikail Bill | |2016-01-20<ref name=":2" /> | |mixbanan |- |{{flagicon|Portugal}} Fox |Richard Pacheco | |2016-01-20<ref name=":2" /> | |Team Dignitas |- |{{flagicon|Danska}} aizy |Philip Aistrup | |2016-01-20 |North |- |{{flagicon|Norveška}} jkaem |Joakim Myrbostad | |2016-01-20<ref name=":2" /> |2017-03-20<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hltv.org/news/20024/dignitas-unveil-new-roster|title=dignitas unveil new roster|website=HLTV.org|language=en|access-date=13. 7. 2019}}</ref> |Team Dignitas |- |{{flagicon|FIN}} allu |Aleksi Jalli | | |2017-08-21 |Optic Gaming |- |{{flagicon|Francuska}} kioShiMa |Fabien Fiey | |2016-04-10<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hltv.org/news/17511/kioshima-joins-up-with-faze|title=kioShiMa joins up with FaZe|website=HLTV.org|language=en|access-date=13. 7. 2019}}</ref> |2018-02-03<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hltv.org/news/22693/official-kioshima-joins-envyus|title=Official: kioShiMa joins EnVyUs|website=HLTV.org|language=en|access-date=13. 7. 2019}}</ref> |Team Envy |- |{{flagicon|SWE}} Xizt |Richard Lanström |(Izmjena) |2018-04-01 |2018-05-25<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fnatic.com/articles/csgo-the-return-of-xizt|title=CSGO {{!}} The Return of Xizt - Fnatic|website=fnatic.com|access-date=13. 7. 2019|archive-date=13. 7. 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713072236/https://fnatic.com/articles/csgo-the-return-of-xizt|url-status=dead}}</ref> |Fnatic |- |{{flagicon|SWE}} RobbaN |Robert Dahlström | |2019-01-06 |Faze Clan (Menadžer) |- |{{flagicon|Danska}} karrigan |Finn Andersen | |2016-10-19<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hltv.org/news/18994/karrigan-joins-faze|title=karrigan joins FaZe|website=HLTV.org|language=en|access-date=13. 7. 2019}}</ref> |2019-03-14<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mousesports.com/stories/mouz-csgo-2019|title=Announcing the 2019 CS:GO roster|date=14. 3. 2019|website=mousesports|language=en-US|access-date=13. 7. 2019|archive-date=10. 7. 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710172918/http://mousesports.com/stories/mouz-csgo-2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> |Mousesports |- |{{flagicon|Kazahstan}} AdreN |Dauren Kystaubayev | |2019-01-06<ref name=":4" /> |2019-05-13<ref name=":3" /> |Avangar |} === ''FIFA'' === {| class="wikitable" |+ !ID !Ime !Platforma !Datum dolaska |- |{{flagicon|Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo}} Tass |Tassal Rushan |Xbox One |2018-01-25<ref>{{Citation|last=FaZe Clan|title=Introducing FaZe Tass (FIFA)|date=24. 1. 2018|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FIJSPIgEtDM|access-date=13. 7. 2019}}</ref> |} ==== Bivši igrači ==== {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ !ID !Ime !Platforma !Datum dolaska !Datum odlaska !Novi tim |- |{{flagicon|Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo}} Gorilla |Spencer Ealing |Xbox One |2018-05-26<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/FaZeClan/status/1000436537241161731|title=2017 FIFA World Cup World Champion 2017 UK Esports Player of the Year FaZe Clan FIFA Pro We are incredibly proud to announce that Spencer "@FaZe_Gorilla" Ealing has joined FaZe Clan to fight side by side with Tass in FIFA and Football! #FIFA18 #FaZeUppic.twitter.com/O5MNK8IkQj|last=Clan|first=FaZe|date=26. 5. 2018|website=@FaZeClan|language=en|access-date=13. 7. 2019}}</ref> |2018-09-15<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Huge_Gorilla/status/1041031540480909313|title=I want to announce that FaZe Clan and I have agreed to mutually part ways and I am a free agent. While we have mutual respect for one another our vision moving forward in the space wasn't fully aligned. Thanks to the community for your support and for everybody in FaZe Clan.|last=Spencer|date=15. 9. 2018|website=@Huge_Gorilla|language=en|access-date=13. 7. 2019}}</ref> | |- |{{flagicon|Holandija}} Lev |Lev Vinken |Xbox One |2018-12-07<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ajax.nl/streams/actueel/lev-vinken-maakt-transfer-naar-faze-clan.htm|title=Lev Vinken maakt transfer naar Faze Clan|website=Ajax|language=nl-NL|access-date=13. 7. 2019}}</ref> |2019-02-10<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/xLevVinken/status/1081981689914683392|title=I want to announce that i gonne play the club wc with @FaZeTass . However i am a free agent after that so clubs/orgs can email me on lev-lev@hotmail.com RT appreciated|last=Vinken|first=Lev|date=6. 1. 2019|website=@xLevVinken|language=en|access-date=13. 7. 2019}}</ref> |Mkers |} === ''Fortnite Battle Royale'' === {| class="wikitable" |+ !ID !Ime !Regija !Datum dolaska |- |{{flagicon|CAN}} Jaomock |Brendan O'Brien |NA |2018-03-03 |- |{{flagicon|Vijetnam}} SpaceLyon |Thang Phan |NA |2018-03-03 |- |{{flagicon|USA}} Tenp0 |Jason Wang |NA |2018-06-13 |- |{{flagicon|USA}} Nate Hill |Nate Hill |NA |2018-08-30 |- |{{flagicon|USA}} Funk |Trevor Siegler |NA |2018-12-10 |- |{{flagicon|USA}} Sway |Josue |NA |2019-03-12 |- |{{flagicon|Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo}} Jarvis |Jarvis Kaye |NA |2019-04-20 |- |{{flagicon|USA}} Bini |Spencer Cherubin |NA |2019-04-25 |- |{{flagicon|USA}} Diggy |Kolbe Cordon |NA |2019-04-25 |- |{{flagicon|USA}} Tilt |Jonathan De Rosa |NA |2019-04-25 |- |{{flagicon|USA}} Dubs |Daniel Walsh |NA |2019-05-04 |- |{{flagicon|USA}} Megga | |NA |2019-05-04 |- |{{flagicon|Holandija}} Martoz |Manuel Martinez |EU |2019-04-25 |- |{{flagicon|Španija}} Vorwen |Tom Baldrich |EU |2019-04-25 |- |{{flagicon|Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo}} Mongraal |Kyle Jackson |EU |2019-07-07 |} ==== Bivši igrači ==== {| class="wikitable" |+ !ID !Ime !Regija !Datum dolaska !Datum odlaska !Novi tim |- |{{flagicon|USA}} Tfue |Turner Tenney |NA |2018-04-30 |2019-05-20 |Nijedan |} === ''PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds'' === {| class="wikitable" |+ !ID !Ime !Uloga !Datum dolaska |- |{{flagicon|SWE}} Fuzzface |David Tillberg Persson |Lider |2017-11-10<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/notes/1681063035301086|title=FaZe Clan to Acquire "Gorilla Core" and Enter PUBG {{!}} Facebook|website=www.facebook.com|access-date=13. 7. 2019}}</ref> |- |{{flagicon|FIN}} mxey |Anssi Pekkonen | |2017-11-10<ref name=":0" /> |- |{{flagicon|RUS}} ubah |Ivan Kapustin | |2018-10-19<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://navi.gg/read/text/2439-ubah-perehodit-v-faze-clan|title=Natus Vincere - Ubah переходит в FaZe Clan|last=Vincere|first=© 2008-2019, Natus|website=navi.gg|language=ru|access-date=13. 7. 2019}}</ref> |- |{{flagicon|Norveška}} Aitzy |Ludvik Jahnsen | |2018-11-11<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/FaZeClan/status/1061727758852616192|title=4/4 once again. Welcome to FaZe PUBG, @FaZeAitzy! #FaZeUppic.twitter.com/wfDW7lnkg5|last=Clan|first=FaZe|date=11. 11. 2018|website=@FaZeClan|language=en|access-date=13. 7. 2019}}</ref> |- |{{flagicon|Danska}} Larsen |Mathias Winther Larsen |Analitičar |2019-06-20 |} ==== Bivši igrači ==== {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ !ID !Ime !Datum dolaska !Datum odlaska !Novi tim |- |{{flagicon|Austrija}} MeToR |Maximilian Lion |2017-11-10<ref name=":0" /> |2018-01-25<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thealliance.gg/news/490|title=Alliance|website=thealliance.gg|access-date=13. 7. 2019|archive-date=13. 7. 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713065510/https://thealliance.gg/news/490|url-status=dead}}</ref> |Alliance |- |{{flagicon|SWE}} Haxete |Adrian Blom |2017-11-10<ref name=":0" /> |2018-08-?? |[[Team Reciprocity]] |- |{{flagicon|FIN}} Jembty |Jere Kauppinen |2017-11-10<ref name=":0" /> |2018-10-17<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.teamliquid.com/news/2018/10/17/twice-as-nice-jembty-joins-the-squad|title=Twice As Nice: Jembty Joins the Squad|website=www.teamliquid.com|language=en|access-date=13. 7. 2019}}</ref> |[[Team Liquid]] |} === ''Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Siege'' === {| class="wikitable" |+ !ID !Ime !Uloga !Datum dolaska |- |{{flagicon|Brazil}} Astro |Leonardo Luis | |2018-01-18<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/FaZeClan/status/954127401130254342|title=We're pleased to announce the best Rainbow 6 lineup in Brazil is now part of the FaZe Clan family. Welcome! Galera, Gostariamos de dar boas vindas aos atuais campeoes brasileiros de Rainbow Six e novos integrantes da nossa familia. Sejam bem vindos Guerreiros! #FaZeUppic.twitter.com/UjHUYPDsOn|last=Clan|first=FaZe|date=18. 1. 2018|website=@FaZeClan|language=en|access-date=13. 7. 2019}}</ref> |- |{{flagicon|Brazil}} cameram4n |Gabriel Hespanhol | |2018-01-18<ref name=":1" /> |- |{{flagicon|Brazil}} mav |Rafael Frietas |Lider |2018-01-18<ref name=":1" /> |- |{{flagicon|Brazil}} YooNah |João Gabriel | |2019-01-24<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/FaZeUpdate/status/1088554621793157120|title=#FaZeR6 We would like to welcome officially @yooonatv as our 5th Rainbow6 player. He has been playing with us for some time but now we can finally say: Welcome to FaZe Clan Family. Seja bem-vindo à família FaZe Clan, Yoona!pic.twitter.com/SLYO0eYaGG|last=#FaZeUp|date=24. 1. 2019|website=@FaZeUpdate|language=en|access-date=13. 7. 2019}}</ref> |- |{{flagicon|Brazil}} ion |Ronaldo Osawa | |2019-03-10<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/FaZeUpdate/status/1104782444245536770|title=#FaZeR6 #RosterChange We are happy to announce the young talent of @ionosawa as our new R6 player. Welcome to the FaZe Clan family! #FaZeUp Estamos felizes em anunciar o jovem talento FaZe Ion como novo integrante do R6. Seja bem-vindo à família FaZe Clan! #FaZeUppic.twitter.com/Oi2Twr7OJs|last=#FaZeUp|date=10. 3. 2019|website=@FaZeUpdate|language=pt|access-date=13. 7. 2019}}</ref> |- |{{flagicon|Brazil}} Twister |Marlon Mello |Trener |2019-02-05<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Twister_R6/status/1092783581041250304|title=Fala guys, como algumas pessoas já estavam especulando, hoje eu to indo pra um bootcamp no canadá com a galera da Faze Clan, estou com expectativas bem altas pra esse campeonato sendo meu primeiro 6invi e pretendo dar meu máximo pra ajudar esses mlks a atingir o topo do game!|last=Marlon|first=Twister-|date=5. 2. 2019|website=@Twister_R6|language=pt|access-date=13. 7. 2019}}</ref> |} ==== Bivši igrači ==== {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ !ID !Ime !Datum dolaska !Datum odlaska !Novi tim |- |{{flagicon|Brazil}} gohaN |Guilherme Alf |2018-01-18<ref name=":1" /> |2018-11-13<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/FaZeClan/status/1062393202840227840|title=Thank you & farewell to GohaN, who helped us raise our first trophy in Rainbow 6! Best of luck moving forward. Nos despedimos e agradecemos ao Gohan, que nos ajudou a levantar nosso primeiro troféu no Rainbow 6! Te desejamos toda sorte no seu futuro. #FaZeUppic.twitter.com/ASb4904oD2|last=Clan|first=FaZe|date=13. 11. 2018|website=@FaZeClan|language=en|access-date=13. 7. 2019}}</ref> |[[Team Liquid]] |- |{{flagicon|Brazil}} Muringa |João Deam |2018-01-18<ref name=":1" /> |2019-03-05<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/HSnamuringa/status/1103007057626742784|title=Primeiramente qro agradecer os dois anos que tive jogando com o @mavfps , td q tinha q falar ja te falei e agr desejo boa sorte e q td de certo q tenho ctz q vai dar, vc consegue pegar o time e fazer coisas que muitos n imaginam, obg por td nesses dois anos.|last=muringa|first=Liquid|date=5. 3. 2019|website=@HSnamuringa|language=pt|access-date=13. 7. 2019}}</ref> |Black Dragons Esports |} == Također pogledajte == * [[Nikola Kovač (gejmer)]] * [[Fortnite]] == Reference == jcrl3ge05xlyvw0rtfd2r2xqdbzyswk Ensembl projekt genomskih podataka 0 472746 3849376 3380295 2026-05-26T01:41:55Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849376 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija organizacija | ime = Ensembl projekt genomskih podataka | slika = Ensembl release58 sgcb screenshot.png | veličina_slike = 250px | opis_slike = | karta = | veličina_karte = | opis_karte = | skraćenica = '''Ensembl''' | uzrečica = | nasljednik = | datum_osnivanja = 1999. | datum_gašenja = | vrsta = Baza genomskih podataka | status = Aktivna | cilj = | glavno_sjedište = Evropski institut za bioinformatiku | glavno_sjedište_koordinate = | područje_uticaja =Globalno | članstvo = | jezik = [[Engleski jezik|Engleski]] | generalni_sekretar = Yates, ''et al.'' (2020)<ref name=Yates2020>{{cite journal|author=Yates A. D.|title=Ensembl 2020|journal=Nucleic Acids Res.|date=januar 2020|volume=48|issue=D1|pages=D682–D688|pmid=31691826|url=https://academic.oup.com/nar/article/48/D1/D682/5613682|access-date=31. 7. 2020|doi=10.1093= /nar/gkz966|pmc=7145704|display-authors=etal}}</ref> | direktor = | lider_ime1 = | glavni_organ = | budžet = | broj_zaposlenih = | broj_volontera=Neograničen | web_stranica = {{URL|http://www.ensembl.org/}} }} ''' Ensembl projekt baze genomskih podataka''' je naučni projekt u [[Europski institut za bioinformatiku|Evropskom institutu za bioinformatiku]], koji je pokrenut 1999., kao odgovor na skori završetak [[Projekt ljudskog genoma]].<ref name=Flicek1>{{cite journal |vauthors=Flicek P, Amode MR, Barrell D |title=Ensembl 2011 |journal=Nucleic Acids Res |volume= 39|issue= Database issue|pages= D800–D806|date=novembar 2010 |pmid=21045057 |doi=10.1093/nar/gkq1064 |pmc=3013672|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Cilj Ensembla je osiguravanje centraliziranih resursa iz [[genetika|genetike]], [[molekularna biologija|molekulske biologije]] i drugihblasti istraživanja [[genom]]a [[vrsta]] i [[modelni organizam|modelnih organizama]].<ref name=Flicek2>{{cite journal |vauthors=Flicek P, Aken BL, Ballester B |title=Ensembl's 10th year |journal=Nucleic Acids Res. |volume=38 |issue=Database issue |pages=D557–62 |date=januar 2010 |pmid=19906699 |pmc=2808936 |doi=10.1093/nar/gkp972 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> Ensembl je jedan od nekoliko dobro poznatih [[pretraživač genoma|pretraživača genoma]] za pronalaženje [[genom]]skih informacija. Slična [[baza podataka]] i pretraživači mogu se naći u [[Nacionalni centar za informacije o biotehnologiji|NCBI]] i [[UCSC pretraživač genoma|Univerzitetu u Kaliforniji, Santa Cruz (UCSC)]]. == Pozadina == Ljudski [[genom]] sastoji se od tri milijarde [[bazni par|baznih parova]], što kodira približno 20.000–25.000 [[gen]]a. Međutim, sam genom je od male koristi, osim ako se ne mogu utvrditi lokacije i odnosi pojedinih gena. Jedna od mogućnosti je ručna [[anotacija]], pri čemu tim naučnika pokušava locirati gene koristeći eksperimentalne podatke iz naučnih časopisa i javnih baza podataka. Ipak, ovo je spor, mukotrpan zadatak. Alternativa, poznata kao automatizirana anotacija, je upotreba moći računara da izvrši kompleks obrazaca podudaranja [[protein]]a sa [[DNK]]. U projektu Ensembl, podaci o sekvenci unose se u sistem anotacija gena (zbirka softverskih "cjevovoda" napisanih u [[Perl]]u) koji stvara skup predviđenih lokacija gena i sprema ih u bazu podataka [[MySQL]] za naknadnu analizu i prikaz. Ensembl čini ove podatke slobodno dostupnim svjetskoj istraživačkoj zajednici. Svi podaci i kodovi proizvedeni u projektu Ensembl dostupni su za preuzimanje,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ruffier|first1=Magali|last2=Kähäri|first2=Andreas|last3=Komorowska|first3=Monika|last4=Keenan|first4=Stephen|last5=Laird|first5=Matthew|last6=Longden|first6=Ian|last7=Proctor|first7=Glenn|last8=Searle|first8=Steve|last9=Staines|first9=Daniel|last10=Taylor|first10=Kieron|last11=Vullo|first11=Alessandro|last12=Yates|first12=Andrew|last13=Zerbino|first13=Daniel|last14=Flicek|first14=Paul|title=Ensembl core software resources: storage and programmatic access for DNA sequence and genome annotation|journal=Database|date=januar 2017|volume=2017|issue=1|pages=bax020|doi=10.1093/database/bax020|pmid=28365736|pmc=5467575}}</ref> and there is also a publicly accessible database server allowing remote access. In addition, the Ensembl website provides computer-generated visual displays of much of the data. Vremenom se projekt proširio na dodatne vrste (uključujući ključne [[modelni organizam|modelne organizme]] kao što su [[kućni miš|miš]], ''[[Drosophila melanogaster]]'' i [[zebra-riba]]) kao i šire raspon genomskih podataka, uključujući [[genetičke varijacije]] i regulatorne karakteristike. Od aprila 2009. godine, sestrinski projekt, [[Ensembl Genomes]] proširio je djelokrug Ensembla na beskičmenjačke [[metazoa]], [[biljke]], [[gljive]], [[bakterije]] i [[protisti|protiste]], dok se originalni projekt i dalje fokusira na [[kičmenjaci|kičmenjake]]. == Prikazivanje genomskih podataka == [[Slika: Ensembl release58 sgcb screenshot.png|thumb|300px|[[Gen]] [[SGCB]] poravnat sa ljudskim genomom]] Ključno za koncept Ensembla je sposobnost automatskog generiranja grafičkih prikaza poravnanja gena i drugih genomskih podataka prema [[referentni genom|referentnom genomu]]. Oni su prikazani kao podaci, a pojedinačni tragovi se mogu okretati, omogućavajući korisniku da prilagodi prikaz u skladu sa svojim istraživačkim interesima. Interfejs takođe omogućava korisniku da zumira regiju ili se kreće duž genoma u bilo kom smjeru. Ostali prikazi daju podatke na različitim razinama razlučivosti, od cijelih [[kariotip]]ova pa sve do tekstovnih prikaza sekvenci [[DNK]] i [[aminokiselina]] ili predstavljaju druge tipove prikaza, kao što su [[stablo|stablima]] slični genski ([[Homologija (biologija)|homolozi]]) u nizu vrsta. Grafiku dopunjuju tabelarni prikazi, a u mnogim slučajevima podaci se mogu izvesti direktno sa stranice u raznim standardnim formatima [[datoteka]], kao što je [[format FASTA|FASTA]]. Vanjski proizvedeni podaci mogu se također dodati na prikaz, prenošenjem odgovarajuće datoteke u jedan od podržanih formata, kao što su [[BAM (datoteka)|BAM]], [[BAM (datoteka)|BED]] ili [[format PSL (datoteka)|PSL]]. Grafika se generira pomoću skupa prilagođenih Perlovih modula, zasnovanih na [[GD Grafička biblioteka|GD]], standardnoj Perl biblioteci grafičkih prikaza. == Alternativni načini pristupa == Pored svoje web stranice, Ensembl nudi REST [[API]] i Perl [[API]]<ref name=Perl>{{cite journal |vauthors=Stabenau A, McVicker G, Melsopp C, Proctor G, Clamp M, Birney E |title=The Ensembl Core Software Libraries |journal=Genome Research |volume=14 |issue= 5|pages=929–933 |date=februar 2004 |pmid=15123588 |pmc=479122 |doi=10.1101/gr.1857204 |url=http://genome.cshlp.org/content/14/5/929.full}}</ref> (Interfejs za programiranje aplikacija), koji modelira biološke objekte poput [[gen]]a i [[protein]]a, omogućavajući pisanje jednostavnih [[skripta (računanje)|skripta]] za dobijanje podataka od interesa. Isti API interno koristi web interfejs za prikaz podataka. Podijeljen je u odjeljke poput osnovnog API-ja, API-a compara (za uporedne genomske podatke), API-ja varijacije (za pristup SNP-ima, SNV-ima, CNV-ima ...) i funkcionalnom genomičkom API-ju (za pristup regulatornim podacima). Web stranica Ensembl pruža opsežne informacije na linku [http://www.ensembl.org/info/docs/api/index.html kako instalirati i koristiti API]. Ovaj softver može se koristiti za pristup javnoj bazi podataka [[MySQL]], izbjegavajući potrebu za preuzimanjem ogromnih skupova podataka. Korisnici čak mogu odabrati i preuzimanje podataka iz MySQL-a, pomoću direktnih SQL upita, ali to zahtijeva opsežno znanje o postojećoj shemi baze podataka. Veliki skupovi podataka mogu se preuzeti pomoću alata za rudarenje podataka [[BioMart]]. Pruža web interfejs za preuzimanje skupova podataka pomoću složenih upita. Na kraju, postoji [ftp://ftp.ensembl.org/ FTP] server koji se može koristiti za preuzimanje cijelih MySQL baza podataka, kao i nekih odabranih skupova podataka u drugim formatima. == Postojeće vrste == Anotirani genomi uključuju najpotpunije sekvencirane kičmenjake i odabrane modelne organizme. Svi su oni [[eukarioti]], nema [[prokariot]]a. Od 2008., uključuje: * [[Chordata]] ** [[Mammalia]] *** [[Euarchontoglires]] **** [[Primates]]: [[Sjeverni veliki galago]], ''[[Pan paniscus]]'', ''[[Homo sapiens]]'', [[rezus makak|makak]], [[sivi mišoliki lemur]], [[sumatranski orangutan]], [[filipinski tarzijus|tarzijus]]; **** [[Scandentia]]: [[Verirovka]] ; **** [[Glires]] (= [[Rodentia]] + [[Lagomorpha]]): ''[[Cavia porcellus]]'', ''[[Dipodomys ordii]]'', [[miš]] , [[smeđi pacov]], [[Trinaestoredna vjeverica]], [[američka pika]], [[E+evropski kunić]] ; *** [[Laurasiatheria]]: [[Krava]], [[bocoliki delfin]], [[alpaka]], [[svinja]], [[mačka]], [[pas]], [[konj]], [[leteća lisica]], [[mali smeđi šišmiš]], [[zapadnoevropski jež]], [[obična rovka]]; *** Afrotheria: [[Afrički grmasti slon]], [[hyrax]], [[tenrek]] *** [[Xenarthra]]: [[Devetovezni armadilo|armadilo]], [[ljenjivac]] ; *** [[Marsupialia]]: [[Sivi kratkorepi oposum]], [[Tamarski valabi]] ; *** [[Monotremata]]: ''[[Platypus]]''; ** [[Ptice]]: [[Pile]], [[zebrasta zeba]]; ** [[Lepidosauria]]: Anola gušter; ** [[Lissamphibia]]: ''Xenopus tropicalis''; ** [[Teleostei]] ([[ribe]]): ''Takifugu rubripes'' , ''[[Tetraodon nigroviridis]]'' , ''[[Danio rerio]]'', ''[[Oryzias latipes]]'' (medaka), ''[[Gasterosteus aculeatus]]'' ; ** [[Cyclostomata]]: ''[[Petromyzon marinus]]''; ** [[Tunicata]]: ''Ciona intestinalis'', ''Ciona savignyi''; * Nekičmenjaci ** [[Insecta]]: ''[[Drosophila melanogaster]]'' , ''[[Anopheles gambiae]]'', ''[[Aedes aegypti]]'' ** [[Nematoda]]: ''[[Caenorhabditis elegans]]'' * [[Kvasci]]: ''[[Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]'' ==Također pogledajte== * [[Genomika]] * [[DNK]] * [[Genom]] * [[Transkriptom]] ==Reference== {{reflist|30em}} ==Vanjski linkovi== {{Commons category|Ensembl}} *{{Official website|http://www.ensembl.org/}} *[http://vega.sanger.ac.uk Vega] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051210134415/http://vega.sanger.ac.uk/ |date=10. 12. 2005 }} *[http://pre.ensembl.org Pre-Ensembl] *[http://www.ensemblgenomes.org Ensembl genomes] *[http://genome.ucsc.edu UCSC Genome Browser] *[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ NCBI] *[http://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/course/ensembl-browsing-chordate-genomes Ensembl: Browsing chordate genomes on EBI Train OnLine] {{Bioinformatika}} [[Kategorija:Genetičko inženjerstvo]] [[Kategorija:Biotehnologija]] [[Kategorija:Genomske baze podataka]] [[Kategorija:Medicinske baze podataka]] [[Kategorija:Medicinska genetika]] [[Kategorija:Nauka i tehnologija]] [[Kategorija:Bioinformatika]] paaj0capb4274kv23gsssxxmyndkgf2 Disferlin 0 472840 3849308 3844520 2026-05-25T16:27:11Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849308 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija gen}} '''Disferlin''', poznat i kao '''distrofija-vezani fer-1-protein''' je [[protein]] koji je kod ljudi kodiran od' [[gen]] '''DYSF'''.<ref name="pmid8320700">{{cite journal | vauthors = Passos-Bueno MR, Richard I, Vainzof M, Fougerousse F, Weissenbach J, Broux O, Cohen D, Akiyama J, Marie SK, Carvalho AA | title = Evidence of genetic heterogeneity in the autosomal recessive adult forms of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy following linkage analysis with 15q probes in Brazilian families | journal =Journal of Medical Genetics| volume = 30 | issue = 5 | pages = 385–7 | date = maj 1993 | pmid = 8320700 | pmc = 1016373 | doi = 10.1136/jmg.30.5.385 }}</ref> Disferlin je povezan sa popravkom [[skeletni mišić|skeletnih mišića]].<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: DYSF dysferlin, limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2B (autosomal recessive)| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=8291}}</ref> Defekt u DYSF genu, koji se nalazi na hromosomu 2, pozocija p12-14, izaziva nekoliko tipova [[mišićna distrofija|mišićne distrofije]], uključujući [[Miyoshi miopatija|Miyoshi miopatiju]] (MM), [[mišićna distrofija udovi-pojas|distrofiju udova i pojasa]] tip 2B (LGMD2B) i distalnu miopatiju (DM). Smanjenje ili odsustvo disferlina, nazvano [[disferlinopatija]], obično postaje očigledno u trećoj ili četvrtoj deceniji života, a karakterizira ga slabost i gubljenje različitih hotimičnih pokreta [[skeletni mišić|skeletnih mišića]].<ref>[http://www.dmd.nl/dysf_home.html#disease Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Human and Clinical Genetics - Dysferlin] Retrieved 21 June 2007.</ref> == Struktura == {{Pfam box |Symbol = Dysferlin |Name = Ferlin family |align=left |Pfam = |InterPro = |SMART = |SCOP = |PDB = |OPM family = 452 |OPM protein=4cah |Superporodica membranoma = 205}} Ljudski protein disferlin je [[transmembranski protein]] od 237 [[dalton (jedinica)|kilodaltona]] tipa II.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kawahara|first1=Genri|last2=Serafini|first2=Peter R.|last3=Myers|first3=Jennifer A.|last4=Alexander|first4=Matthew S.|last5=Kunkel|first5=Louis M.|date=23. 9. 2011|title=Characterization of zebrafish dysferlin by morpholino knockdown|journal=Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications|volume=413|issue=2|pages=358–363|doi=10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.08.105|issn=1090-2104|pmc=4526276|pmid=21893049}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Fuson|first1=Kerry|last2=Rice|first2=Anne|last3=Mahling|first3=Ryan|last4=Snow|first4=Adam|last5=Nayak|first5=Kamakshi|last6=Shanbhogue|first6=Prajna|last7=Meyer|first7=Austin G.|last8=Redpath|first8=Gregory M. I.|last9=Hinderliter|first9=Anne|date=7. 1. 2014|title=Alternate splicing of dysferlin C2A confers Ca²⁺-dependent and Ca²⁺-independent binding for membrane repair|journal=Structure|volume=22|issue=1|pages=104–115|doi=10.1016/j.str.2013.10.001|issn=1878-4186|pmc=5993433|pmid=24239457}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Demonbreun|first1=Alexis R.|last2=Allen|first2=Madison V.|last3=Warner|first3=James L.|last4=Barefield|first4=David Y.|last5=Krishnan|first5=Swathi|last6=Swanson|first6=Kaitlin E.|last7=Earley|first7=Judy U.|last8=McNally|first8=Elizabeth M.|date=juni 2016|title=Enhanced Muscular Dystrophy from Loss of Dysferlin Is Accompanied by Impaired Annexin A6 Translocation after Sarcolemmal Disruption|journal=The American Journal of Pathology|volume=186|issue=6|pages=1610–1622|doi=10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.02.005|issn=1525-2191|pmc=4901136|pmid=27070822}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cacciottolo|first1=Mafalda|last2=Numitone|first2=Gelsomina|last3=Aurino|first3=Stefania|last4=Caserta|first4=Imma Rosaria|last5=Fanin|first5=Marina|last6=Politano|first6=Luisa|last7=Minetti|first7=Carlo|last8=Ricci|first8=Enzo|last9=Piluso|first9=Giulio|date=septembar 2011|title=Muscular dystrophy with marked Dysferlin deficiency is consistently caused by primary dysferlin gene mutations|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=19|issue=9|pages=974–980|doi=10.1038/ejhg.2011.70|issn=1476-5438|pmc=3179367|pmid=21522182}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Matsuda|first1=Chie|last2=Kiyosue|first2=Kazuyuki|last3=Nishino|first3=Ichizo|last4=Goto|first4=Yuichi|last5=Hayashi|first5=Yukiko K.|date=29. 10. 2015|title=Dysferlinopathy Fibroblasts Are Defective in Plasma Membrane Repair|journal=PLOS Currents|volume=7|doi=10.1371/currents.md.5865add2d766f39a0e0411d38a7ba09c|issn=2157-3999|pmc=4639325|pmid=26579332}}</ref> Sadrži velik unutarćelijski citoplazmatski domen [[N-kraj]]a, ekstremni [[C-kraj]]ev transmembranski domen i kratki C-krajev vanćelijski domen. [[Citosol]]ni domen disferlina sastoji se od sedam visoko konzerviranih [[C2-domen]]a (C2A-G), koji su konzervirani u nekoliko proteina unutar [[porodica ferlina|porodice ferlina]], uključujući homolog disferlina – [[mioferlin]].<ref name="pmid11234777">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vafiadaki E, Reis A, Keers S, Harrison R, Anderson LV, Raffelsberger T, Ivanova S, Hoger H, Bittner RE, Bushby K, Bashir R | title = Cloning of the mouse dysferlin gene and genomic characterization of the SJL-Dysf mutation | journal = NeuroReport | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | pages = 625–9 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11234777 | doi = 10.1097/00001756-200103050-00039}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Abdullah|first1=Nazish|last2=Padmanarayana|first2=Murugesh|last3=Marty|first3=Naomi J.|last4=Johnson|first4=Colin P.|date=21. 1. 2014|title=Quantitation of the calcium and membrane binding properties of the C2 domains of dysferlin|journal=Biophysical Journal|volume=106|issue=2|pages=382–389|doi=10.1016/j.bpj.2013.11.4492|issn=1542-0086|pmc=3907215|pmid=24461013|bibcode=2014BpJ...106..382A}}</ref> U stvari, C2 domen na bilo kojem datom položaju sličniji je C2 domenu na odgovarajućem položaju unutar ostalih članova porodice ferlina nego susjedni C2-domen unutar istog proteina. To sugerira da svaki pojedinačni C2-domen u stvari može imati određenu ulogu u funkciji disferlina. Riješena je kristalna struktura C2A-domena ljudskog disferlina i otkrila da C2A domen mijenja konformaciju u interakciji s kalcijskim ionima, što je u skladu sa sve većim brojem dokaza koji sugeriraju da C2A-domen ima ulogu u vezanju lipida ovisno o kalciju.<ref name="pmid19253956">{{cite journal | vauthors = Therrien C, Di Fulvio S, Pickles S, Sinnreich M | title = Characterization of lipid binding specificities of dysferlin C2 domains reveals novel interactions with phosphoinositides | journal = Biochemistry | volume = 48 | issue = 11 | pages = 2377–84 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19253956 | doi = 10.1021/bi802242r }}</ref> In addition to the C2 domains, dysferlin also contains "FerA" and "DysF" domains. Mutations in both FerA<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Harsini|first1=Faraz M.|last2=Chebrolu|first2=Sukanya|last3=Fuson|first3=Kerry L.|last4=White|first4=Mark A.|last5=Rice|first5=Anne M.|last6=Sutton|first6=R. Bryan|date=19. 7. 2018|title=FerA is a Membrane-Associating Four-Helix Bundle Domain in the Ferlin Family of Membrane-Fusion Proteins|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=8|issue=1|pages=10949|doi=10.1038/s41598-018-29184-1|issn=2045-2322|pmc=6053371|pmid=30026467|bibcode=2018NatSR...810949H}}</ref> and DysF<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Sula|first1=Altin|last2=Cole|first2=Ambrose R.|last3=Yeats|first3=Corin|last4=Orengo|first4=Christine|last5=Keep|first5=Nicholas H.|date=17. 1. 2014|title=Crystal structures of the human Dysferlin inner DysF domain|journal=BMC Structural Biology|volume=14|pages=3|doi=10.1186/1472-6807-14-3|issn=1472-6807|pmc=3898210|pmid=24438169}}</ref> Može izazvati mišićne distrofije. DysF domen ima zanimljivu strukturu, jer sadrži jedan DysF domen unutar drugog DysF domena, što je posljedica umnožavanja gena; međutim, funkcija ovog domena do sada nije poznata. FerA domen je očuvan među svim članovima porodice ferlinskih proteina. Postoje dvije mutacije u Ferfer domenu disferlina koje su povezane s mišićnom distrofijom. FerA domen je snop od četiri zavojnice i može komunicirati s membranom, obično ovisno o kalciju. == Funkcija == Uloga disferlina najintenzivnije se proučava u ćelijskom procesu koji se naziva popravak membrane. Popravak membrane je presudan mehanizam pomoću kojeg ćelije mogu začepiti dramatične rane na plazmatskoj membrani. Smatra se da je mišić posebno sklon ranama na membrani s obzirom na to da mišićne ćelije prenose veliku silu i prolaze kroz cikluse kontrakcije. Disferlin je visoko eksprimiran u mišićima i homologan je porodici ferlinskih proteina, za koje se smatra da reguliraju fuziju membrane u širokom spektru vrsta i ćelijskih tipova.<ref name="pmid9731527">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bashir R, Britton S, Strachan T, Keers S, Vafiadaki E, Lako M, Richard I, Marchand S, Bourg N, Argov Z, Sadeh M, Mahjneh I, Marconi G, Passos-Bueno MR, Moreira Ede S, Zatz M, Beckmann JS, Bushby K | title = A gene related to Caenorhabditis elegans spermatogenesis factor fer-1 is mutated in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B | journal = Nat. Genet. | volume = 20 | issue = 1 | pages = 37–42 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9731527 | doi = 10.1038/1689}}</ref> Nekoliko linija dokaza sugerira da bi disferlin mogao biti uključen u popravak membrane u mišićima. Prvo, mišićna vlakna sa nedostatkom disferlina pokazuju nakupljanje [[vezikula]] (koje su kritične za popravak membrane kod tipova mišićnih ćelija) u blizini membranskih [[lezija]], što ukazuje da bi disferlin mogao biti potreban za fuziju popravnih vezikula s plazmatskom membranom. Nadalje, mišićna vlakna s nedostatkom disferlina u većoj mjeri uzimaju vanćelijske boje od mišićnih vlakana divljeg tipa, nakon ranjavanja izazvanog [[laser]]om ''[[in vitro]]''.<ref name="pmid12736685">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bansal D, Miyake K, Vogel SS, Groh S, Chen CC, Williamson R, McNeil PL, Campbell KP | title = Defective membrane repair in dysferlin-deficient muscular dystrophy | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2003-05-08_423_6936/page/168 | journal = Nature | volume = 423 | issue = 6936 | pages = 168–72 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12736685 | doi = 10.1038/nature01573 | bibcode = 2003Natur.423..168B}}</ref> Disferlin je također na lezijama membrane značajno obogaćen sa nekoliko dodatnih proteina, za koje se smatra da su uključeni u ponovno zaptivanje membrane, uključujući [[aneksin]] i MG53.<ref name="pmid22421042">{{cite journal | vauthors = Roostalu U, Strähle U | title = In vivo imaging of molecular interactions at damaged sarcolemma | journal = Dev. Cell | volume = 22 | issue = 3 | pages = 515–29 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22421042 | doi = 10.1016/j.devcel.2011.12.008 | doi-access = free }}</ref> U stvari, kako disferlin doprinosi ponovnom zaptivanju membrane nije jasno, ali biohemijski dokazi ukazuju na to da može vezati lipide na način koji zavisi od kalcija, u skladu s ulogom disferlina u regulaciji fuzije popravnih vezikula sa sarkolemom, tokom popravljanja membrane.<ref name="pmid24461013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Abdullah N, Padmanarayana M, Marty NJ, Johnson CP | title = Quantitation of the calcium and membrane binding properties of the C2 domains of dysferlin | journal = Biophys. J. | volume = 106 | issue = 2 | pages = 382–9 | year = 2014 | pmid = 24461013 | doi = 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.11.4492 | pmc=3907215| bibcode = 2014BpJ...106..382A }}</ref> Pored toga, snimanje miotubula koje eksferiraju disferlin-eGFP na živim ćelijama ukazuje da se disferlin lokalizira u ćelijskom odjeljku koji reagira na ozljedu, stvaranjem velikih vezikula koje sadrže disferlin, a stvaranje tih vezikula može doprinijeti saniranju rane.<ref name="pmid24203699">{{cite journal | vauthors = McDade JR, Michele DE | title = Membrane damage-induced vesicle-vesicle fusion of dysferlin-containing vesicles in muscle cells requires microtubules and kinesin | journal = Hum. Mol. Genet. | volume = 23 | issue = 7 | pages = 1677–86 | year = 2014 | pmid = 24203699 | doi = 10.1093/hmg/ddt557 | pmc=3943514}}</ref> Dysferlin may also be involved in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chen JA, Wang Q, Davis-Turak J, Li Y, Karydas AM, Hsu SC, Sears RL, Chatzopoulou D, Huang AY, Wojta KJ, Klein E | display-authors = 3 | title = A multiancestral genome-wide exome array study of Alzheimer disease, frontotemporal dementia, and progressive supranuclear palsy | journal = JAMA Neurology | volume = 72 | issue = 4 | pages = 414–22 | date = april 2015 | pmid = 25706306 | doi=10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.4040 | pmc=4397175}}</ref> == Interakcije == Pokazano je da disferlin ima [[interakcija protein-protein|interakcije]] sa [[kaveolin 3|kaveolinom 3]] u skeletnim mišićima,<ref name="pmid11532985">{{cite journal | vauthors = Matsuda C, Hayashi YK, Ogawa M, Aoki M, Murayama K, Nishino I, Nonaka I, Arahata K, Brown RH | title = The sarcolemmal proteins dysferlin and caveolin-3 interact in skeletal muscle | journal = Hum. Mol. Genet. | volume = 10 | issue = 17 | pages = 1761–6 | date = august 2001 | pmid = 11532985 | doi = 10.1093/hmg/10.17.1761 | doi-access = free }}</ref> a smatra se da ova interakcija zadržava disferlin u plazmatskoj membrani.<ref name="pmid18096699">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hernández-Deviez DJ, Howes MT, Laval SH, Bushby K, Hancock JF, Parton RG | title = Caveolin regulates endocytosis of the muscle repair protein, dysferlin | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 283 | issue = 10 | pages = 6476–88 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18096699 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M708776200 | url = http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:165025/UQ165025_OA.pdf | access-date = 5. 3. 2021 | archive-date = 5. 3. 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210305205925/https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/data/UQ_165025/UQ165025_OA.pdf?Expires=1614978052&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJKNBJ4MJBJNC6NLQ&Signature=SEQ6hTtAz8u~lCSr4SM1LSRCH0QIkVrfgem6s0j8GIhaCd4ul0E4UZhh7ABVP553EFBiz2jGNdehi3ijNCDD3DbPgL7~X1-ynqGFE5VUYNZTFCkYu3b4eF9QvI6Z6uEEKFRLmSqYOjl~fGniWuD1CNyxwK41x0w7R7XQXOeQrXMqv0Z0UvMaHpGbJAiu-WlIbXonZHbA5CX6rZF-SxpB8SieZ5TaUHBxIEq4QeMsKIJJIupeQtGv4DaN~TRTxkKs3WQh0Cq1GX1VrK9G1n3AY5Snz3s2YcALCsGWRGomG82hX3izFshWwVac6ljU8FnNi9PEWLkPbhS36qgFkdp9gA__ | url-status = dead }}</ref> Dysferlin also interacts with MG53, and a functional interaction between dysferlin, caveolin-3 and MG53 is thought to be critical for membrane repair in skeletal muscle.<ref name="pmid19380584">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cai C, Weisleder N, Ko JK, Komazaki S, Sunada Y, Nishi M, Takeshima H, Ma J | title = Membrane repair defects in muscular dystrophy are linked to altered interaction between MG53, caveolin-3, and dysferlin | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-biological-chemistry_2009-06-05_284_23/page/15894 | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 284 | issue = 23 | pages = 15894–902 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19380584 | pmc = 2708885 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M109.009589 }}</ref> ==Također pogledajte== *[[Mišićna distrofija]] == Referenc == {{reflist|35em}} ==Dopunska literatura== {{refbegin|35em}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Bejaoui K, Hirabayashi K, Hentati F, Haines JL, Ben Hamida C, Belal S, Miller RG, McKenna-Yasek D, Weissenbach J, Rowland LP | title = Linkage of Miyoshi myopathy (distal autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy) locus to chromosome 2p12-14 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_neurology_1995-04_45_4/page/768 | journal = Neurology | volume = 45 | issue = 4 | pages = 768–72 | year = 1995 | pmid = 7723968 | doi = 10.1212/wnl.45.4.768}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Bashir R, Strachan T, Keers S, Stephenson A, Mahjneh I, Marconi G, Nashef L, Bushby KM | title = A gene for autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy maps to chromosome 2p | journal = Hum. Mol. Genet. | volume = 3 | issue = 3 | pages = 455–7 | year = 1994 | pmid = 8012357 | doi = 10.1093/hmg/3.3.455 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Liu J, Aoki M, Illa I, Wu C, Fardeau M, Angelini C, Serrano C, Urtizberea JA, Hentati F, Hamida MB, Bohlega S, Culper EJ, Amato AA, Bossie K, Oeltjen J, Bejaoui K, McKenna-Yasek D, Hosler BA, Schurr E, Arahata K, de Jong PJ, Brown RH | title = Dysferlin, a novel skeletal muscle gene, is mutated in Miyoshi myopathy and limb girdle muscular dystrophy | journal = Nat. Genet. | volume = 20 | issue = 1 | pages = 31–6 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9731526 | doi = 10.1038/1682}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Bashir R, Britton S, Strachan T, Keers S, Vafiadaki E, Lako M, Richard I, Marchand S, Bourg N, Argov Z, Sadeh M, Mahjneh I, Marconi G, Passos-Bueno MR, Moreira Ede S, Zatz M, Beckmann JS, Bushby K | title = A gene related to Caenorhabditis elegans spermatogenesis factor fer-1 is mutated in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B | journal = Nat. Genet. | volume = 20 | issue = 1 | pages = 37–42 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9731527 | doi = 10.1038/1689}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Anderson LV, Davison K, Moss JA, Young C, Cullen MJ, Walsh J, Johnson MA, Bashir R, Britton S, Keers S, Argov Z, Mahjneh I, Fougerousse F, Beckmann JS, Bushby KM | title = Dysferlin is a plasma membrane protein and is expressed early in human development | journal = Hum. Mol. Genet. | volume = 8 | issue = 5 | pages = 855–61 | year = 1999 | pmid = 10196375 | doi = 10.1093/hmg/8.5.855 | doi-access = free }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Weiler T, Bashir R, Anderson LV, Davison K, Moss JA, Britton S, Nylen E, Keers S, Vafiadaki E, Greenberg CR, Bushby CR, Wrogemann K | title = Identical mutation in patients with limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B or Miyoshi myopathy suggests a role for modifier gene(s) | journal = Hum. Mol. Genet. | volume = 8 | issue = 5 | pages = 871–7 | year = 1999 | pmid = 10196377 | doi = 10.1093/hmg/8.5.871 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Matsuda C, Aoki M, Hayashi YK, Ho MF, Arahata K, Brown RH | title = Dysferlin is a surface membrane-associated protein that is absent in Miyoshi myopathy | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_neurology_1999-09-22_53_5/page/1118 | journal = Neurology | volume = 53 | issue = 5 | pages = 1119–22 | year = 1999 | pmid = 10496277 | doi = 10.1212/wnl.53.5.1119}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Illa I, Serrano-Munuera C, Gallardo E, Lasa A, Rojas-García R, Palmer J, Gallano P, Baiget M, Matsuda C, Brown RH | title = Distal anterior compartment myopathy: a dysferlin mutation causing a new muscular dystrophy phenotype | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-neurology_2001-01_49_1/page/130 | journal = Ann. Neurol. | volume = 49 | issue = 1 | pages = 130–4 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11198284 | doi = 10.1002/1531-8249(200101)49:1<130::AID-ANA22>3.0.CO;2-0 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Aoki M, Liu J, Richard I, Bashir R, Britton S, Keers SM, Oeltjen J, Brown HE, Marchand S, Bourg N, Beley C, McKenna-Yasek D, Arahata K, Bohlega S, Cupler E, Illa I, Majneh I, Barohn RJ, Urtizberea JA, Fardeau M, Amato A, Angelini C, Bushby K, Beckmann JS, Brown RH | title = Genomic organization of the dysferlin gene and novel mutations in Miyoshi myopathy | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_neurology_2001-07-24_57_2/page/n157 | journal = Neurology | volume = 57 | issue = 2 | pages = 271–8 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11468312 | doi = 10.1212/wnl.57.2.271}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Matsuda C, Hayashi YK, Ogawa M, Aoki M, Murayama K, Nishino I, Nonaka I, Arahata K, Brown RH | title = The sarcolemmal proteins dysferlin and caveolin-3 interact in skeletal muscle | journal = Hum. Mol. Genet. | volume = 10 | issue = 17 | pages = 1761–6 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11532985 | doi = 10.1093/hmg/10.17.1761 | doi-access = free }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Ikezoe K, Furuya H, Ohyagi Y, Osoegawa M, Nishino I, Nonaka I, Kira J | title = Dysferlin expression in tubular aggregates: their possible relationship to endoplasmic reticulum stress | journal = Acta Neuropathol. | volume = 105 | issue = 6 | pages = 603–9 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12664320 | doi = 10.1007/s00401-003-0686-1}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = von Tell D, Bruder CE, Anderson LV, Anvret M, Ahlberg G | title = Refined mapping of the Welander distal myopathy region on chromosome 2p13 positions the new candidate region telomeric of the DYSF locus | journal = Neurogenetics | volume = 4 | issue = 4 | pages = 173–7 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12836053 | doi = 10.1007/s10048-003-0154-z}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Lennon NJ, Kho A, Bacskai BJ, Perlmutter SL, Hyman BT, Brown RH | title = Dysferlin interacts with annexins A1 and A2 and mediates sarcolemmal wound-healing | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 278 | issue = 50 | pages = 50466–73 | year = 2003 | pmid = 14506282 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M307247200 | doi-access = free }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Katz JS, Rando TA, Barohn RJ, Saperstein DS, Jackson CE, Wicklund M, Amato AA | title = Late-onset distal muscular dystrophy affecting the posterior calves | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_muscle-nerve_2003-10_28_4/page/443 | journal = Muscle Nerve | volume = 28 | issue = 4 | pages = 443–8 | year = 2003 | pmid = 14506716 | doi = 10.1002/mus.10458}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Confalonieri P, Oliva L, Andreetta F, Lorenzoni R, Dassi P, Mariani E, Morandi L, Mora M, Cornelio F, Mantegazza R | title = Muscle inflammation and MHC class I up-regulation in muscular dystrophy with lack of dysferlin: an immunopathological study | journal = J. Neuroimmunol. | volume = 142 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 130–6 | year = 2003 | pmid = 14512171 | doi = 10.1016/S0165-5728(03)00255-8}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Foxton RM, Laval SH, Bushby KM | title = Characterisation of the dysferlin skeletal muscle promoter | journal = Eur. J. Hum. Genet. | volume = 12 | issue = 2 | pages = 127–31 | year = 2004 | pmid = 14560310 | doi = 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201092 | doi-access = free }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Cagliani R, Fortunato F, Giorda R, Rodolico C, Bonaglia MC, Sironi M, D'Angelo MG, Prelle A, Locatelli F, Toscano A, Bresolin N, Comi GP | title = Molecular analysis of LGMD-2B and MM patients: identification of novel DYSF mutations and possible founder effect in the Italian population | journal = Neuromuscul. Disord. | volume = 13 | issue = 10 | pages = 788–95 | year = 2003 | pmid = 14678801 | doi = 10.1016/S0960-8966(03)00133-0}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Capanni C, Sabatelli P, Mattioli E, Ognibene A, Columbaro M, Lattanzi G, Merlini L, Minetti C, Maraldi NM, Squarzoni S | title = Dysferlin in a hyperCKaemic patient with caveolin 3 mutation and in C2C12 cells after p38 MAP kinase inhibition | journal = Exp. Mol. Med. | volume = 35 | issue = 6 | pages = 538–44 | year = 2003 | pmid = 14749532 | doi = 10.1038/emm.2003.70 | doi-access = free }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Brüss M, Homann J, Molderings GJ | title = [Dysferlinopathy as an extrahepatic cause for the elevation of serum transaminases] | journal = Med. Klin. (Munich) | volume = 99 | issue = 6 | pages = 326–9 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15221058 | doi = 10.1007/s00063-004-1046-1}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Huang Y, de Morrée A, van Remoortere A, Bushby K, Frants RR, den Dunnen JT, van der Maarel SM | title = Calpain 3 is a modulator of the dysferlin protein complex in skeletal muscle | journal = Hum. Mol. Genet. | volume = 17 | issue = 12 | pages = 1855–66 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18334579 | pmc = 2900895 | doi = 10.1093/hmg/ddn081 }} {{refend}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1303/ GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Dysferlinopathy including Miyoshi Distal Myopathy (Miyoshi Myopathy), Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy Type 2B (LGMD2B)] * LOVD mutation database: [http://www.dmd.nl/nmdb2/?select_db=DYSF DYSF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114024229/http://www.dmd.nl/nmdb2/?select_db=DYSF |date=14. 11. 2019 }} {{Mišićno tkivo}} {{Proteini ćelijske membrane}} [[Kategorija:Proteini]] [[Kategorija:Geni na hromosomu 2]] 9bsrf5yg4jmxo2a4jgx8kkf2x0ubw8x Donski kozaci 0 477905 3849324 3818057 2026-05-25T18:42:35Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija etnička grupa | grupa = Donski kozaci | slika = [[Datoteka:Flag of Don Cossacks.svg|200px|border]]<br>Zastava Donskih kozaka<br>[[Datoteka:Stanley Wood CossackCourage.jpg|150px]]<br>Crtež koji pokazuje nabijenog Donskog kozaka | ukupno = 0.2 – 2 Miliona | popmjesta = | regija1 = {{ZID|Rusija}}<br>([[Rostovska oblast]] i [[Volgogradska oblast]]) | pop1 = 1.500.000 (1918)<br>140,000 (2010) | ref1 = | regija2 = | pop2 = | ref2 = | regija3 = | pop3 = | ref3 = | jezici = [[Ruski jezik|ruski]]<br>Dijalekti: Don Balački, Don Gutar | vjera = [[Pravoslavna crkva|pravoslavci]], [[starovjerci]] | vezano = {{Br separated entries|[[Rusi]]<br>[[Kalmici]], [[Ukrajinci]]}} }} '''Donski kozaci''' ({{Jez-ru|Донские казаки}}) ili '''Donjani''' ({{Jez-ru|донцы}}) jesu [[Kozaci]] koji su se naselili duž srednjeg i donjeg [[Don (rijeka)|Dona]]. Historijski gledano, oni su se nalazili unutar onoga što je bilo Donski kozačko domaćinstvo ({{Jez-ru|Донско́е каза́чье во́йско}}), koja je bila nezavisna ili samostalna demokratska republika u današnjoj Južnoj Rusiji i regiji [[Donbas]] u [[Ukrajina|Ukrajini]], od kraja 16. vijeka do 1918. Od 1992. godine, predsjedničkim dekretom Ruske Federacije, kozaci mogu biti upisani u poseban registar. Određeni broj kozačkih zajednica obnovljen je kako bi unaprijedio kozačke kulturne tradicije, uključujući i tradiciju donskog kozačkog domaćina. Donski kozaci imali su bogatu vojnu tradiciju, igrajući važnu ulogu u historijskom razvoju [[Ruska Imperija|Ruske Imperije]] i učestvujući u većini njenih glavnih ratova. == Etimologija == Ime '''kozak''' ({{Jez-ru|казак}}; {{Jez-uk|козак}}) je bio široko korišten kako bi se karakterizirali kao "slobodni ljudi" (za poređenje, na [[Turkijski jezici|turskom]] riječ ''[[Kazasi|qazaq]]'' znači "slobodni ljudi") za razliku od ostalih koji imaju drugačiji položaj u feudalnom društvu (tj. seljaci, plemići, sveštenstvo). Primijenjen je i naziv "kozak" migrantima, slobodnjacima i [[Odmetnik|banditima]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kulichki.com/inkwell/text/special/history/kluch/kluch45.htm|title=В.О. Ключевский. Курс русской истории. Лекция 45|access-date=23. 4. 2015}}</ref> == Porijeklo == Tačno porijeklo kozaka ostaje nejasno. U modernom pogledu, donski kozaci potječu od slavenskih ljudi povezanih s ruskim zemljama poput Povolžje, [[Dnjeparsko gorje|Dnjepra]], [[Republika Novgorod|Novgorodske republike]] i [[Kneževina Rjazan|Kneževine Riazan]] . [[Ostrogoti|Goto]] - [[Alani]]<ref>See works of Evgueni Goloubinski and [[Vasily Vasilievsky]] about Relations of Gotho[[alans]] (Goths-Tetraxits) and Russian colonists in region of North-East part of [[Black Sea]] and [[Sea of Azov]]</ref> mogao je imati ulogu i u formiranju donske kozačke kulture koja je potekla iz zapadnog dijela [[Sjeverni Kavkaz|Sjevernog Kavkaza]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kleitman|first=Alexander|date=23. 12. 2018|title=Lower Volga Region in V. N. Tatishchev's biography and scientific heritage|url=https://vietmag.org/s020596060001811-4-1/|journal=Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki|language=en|volume=39|issue=4|pages=723–734|doi=10.31857/S020596060001811-4|access-date=21. 5. 2021|archive-date=22. 4. 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422031324/https://vietmag.org/s020596060001811-4-1/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Historija == {{Proširiti sekciju}} == Nacionalni simboli == === Zastava === [[Datoteka:Flag_of_Don_Cossacks.svg|mini|Zastava Donskih kozaka]] Zastava Donskih kozaka (proporcija 3:4) svečano je nastala tokom okupljanja donskih kozaka u Novočerkasku, [[Don Republic|Republika Don]], 4. maja 1918. pod vodstvom atamana Pjotra Krasnova. Zastava ima tri boje: plavu, žutu i crvenu. Zastava je slična zastavi [[Ukrajinska država|ukrajinske države]], koja je također bila uspostavljena 1918. godine i s kojom je Donska republika graničila na zapadu. === Grb === [[Datoteka:Cort_of_arms_of_Vsevelikoe_Voisko_Donskoe.png|mini|Grb Donskih kozaka]] Grb Donskih kozaka bio je poznat iz 17. vijeka. Usvojen je kao simbol [[Don Republic|Republike Don]] 15. septembra 1918. === Uniforma === Do 1914. godine prepoznatljiva boja donskog kozačkog domaćina bila je crvena: nosila se na kapicama i širokim prugama pantalona tamnoplave uniforme opuštenog kroja uobičajenog za stepske kozake. Povremeno su se nosili visoki šeširi od jagnjeće kože, sa crvenim platnenim vrhovima obrubljenim bijelom čipkom. Na pokrivaču su se nosili srebrni metalni svici koji su označavali istaknuto ponašanje u pojedinim pukovima. Policajci su imali srebrne pletenice na ovratnicima i epoletama plus srebrno-crne pojaseve.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Emmanuel|first=Vladimir A.|title=The Russian Imperial Cavalry in 1914|date=2. 4. 2013|isbn=978-0-9889532-1-5|page=90}}</ref> Naramenice drugih redova bile su iste tamnoplave boje kao kaftan (kaput).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kenny|first=Robert W.|title=Uniforms of Imperial & Soviet Russia in Color|year=2001|isbn=0-7643-1320-7|page=88}}</ref> Umjesto ostruga korišten je bič.<ref>page 591 of volume 27, The Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition</ref> Prije 1908. godine, pojedini kozaci svih domaćina morali su osigurati vlastite uniforme (zajedno s konjima i upregom).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Emmanuel|first=Vladimir A.|title=The Russian Imperial Cavalry in 1914|date=2. 4. 2013|isbn=978-0-9889532-1-5|page=89}}</ref> Međutim, veličina i relativno bogatstvo donskog kozačkog doma omogućili su osnivanje fabrika odjeće u komunalnom vlasništvu. Tunika u kaki polju usvojena je 1908. godine, zamjenjujući tamnoplave kapute ili bijele (ljetne) bluze koje su se ranije nosile za uobičajene dužnosti. Međutim, plave jahaće hlače sa širokim crvenim prugama, karakteristične za Don host, nastavile su se nositi čak i tokom aktivne službe tokom oba Svjetska rata.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kenny|first=Robert W.|title=Uniforms of Imperial & Soviet Russia in Color|year=2001|isbn=0-7643-1320-7|pages=186–187}}</ref> Don-kozačka uniforma Carske garde nosila je "carsku zelenu" (tamnu nijansu uobičajenu za vojsku) uniformu, s crnim i crvenim oznakama artiljerije kao grane.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Emmanuel|first=Vladimir A.|title=The Russian Imperial Cavalry in 1914|date=2. 4. 2013|isbn=978-0-9889532-1-5|page=29}}</ref> === Himna === "Tihi pravoslavni Don bio je uznemiren, uznemiren" ({{Jez-ru|Всколыхнулся, взволновался православный Тихий Дон, Vskolyhinulsâ, vzvolnovalsâ pravoslavni Tihij Don}}) napisao Fedor Anisimov 1853. na [[Ruski jezik|ruskom jeziku]].<ref>http://a-pesni.org/grvojna/bel/vskol1918.php Anthem of [[Don Republic|Don Cossacks]] in [[Russian Civil War]].</ref> == Religija == Većina Donskih kozaka su [[ruski pravoslavci]], koji sebe smatraju čuvarima vjere. Međutim, veliki procenat Donskih kozaka bili su [[starovjerci]].<ref>http://www.apocalypse.orthodoxy.ru/zenkovskij/37.htm Don Cossacks in defiance of Old Faith</ref> Čak i 1903. godine, najmanje 150.000 od ukupno 2.500.000 članova župe Don [[Eparhija|eparhije]] bili su starovjerci.<ref>Report of Anti[[raskol]] and anti[[heretic]] mission of Don Eparchy for 1903 (''Отчет о деятельности Противораскольнической и противоеретической миссии Донской епархии за 1903 г.''</ref> Ataman [[Matvei Platov]] je iz starovjerske porodice [[Popovtsy|Popovtski]].<ref>Woorgaft S.G., Ushakov I.A. Old Believing.</ref> Donski kozaci su bili tolerantni prema drugim religijama, osim [[Judaizam|Judaizma]], prihvatali su [[Budizam|budiste]], [[Islam|muslimane]], [[Starovjerci|starovjernike]], i pagane u svojim zajednicama.<ref name="One Europe">{{Cite book|last=Minahan, James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC&q=don+cossack+tolerance&pg=PA216|title=One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2000|isbn=9780313309847|pages=216|access-date=9. 12. 2013}}</ref> == Tradicija i kultura == [[Datoteka:Донской_козакъ_1821_года.jpeg|mini|312x312piksel|Kozak s područja Dona 1821. Ilustracija [[Fyodor Solntsev|Fjodora Solntseva]], 1869]] Kozaci su imali demokratsko društvo, gdje su najvažnije odluke donesene tokom '''Zajedničke skupštine''' (''Kazačij Krug''). Skupština bi izabrala privremene vlasti - [[ataman]]e. Donski kozaci su bili vješti konjanici i iskusni ratnici, zbog njihovog dugotrajnog sukoba s [[Krimski kanat|Krimskim kanatom]] i [[Osmanlijsko Carstvo|Osmanskim carstvom]] . Prodali su svoje vojne usluge različitim silama u istočnoj Evropi. Zajedno sa poljskim kraljem izvršili su prepad na Moskvu za [[Vrijeme smutnje|vrijeme]] smutnog vremena (''Smutnoe Vremâ'') i pod ruskom vlašću izvršili racije i ekspedicije protiv [[Osmanlijsko Carstvo|osmanske Turske]] i [[Kajar Perzija|Kajar Perzije]]. Izolirani između ruske i muslimanske teritorije, donski su kozaci razvili zasebnu kulturu i jezik koji su stopili ukrajinske, ruske, kalmičke i [[Tatari|tatarske]] elemente.<ref>Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: D-K, By James Minahan. page 540</ref> Donski kozaci imaju tradiciju [[Hor|horskog pjevanja]] i mnoge su njihove pjesme, poput ''Chyorny Voron'' (Crni ''gavran) i Lyubo, Bratsi, Lyubo'' (Dobro je, braćo, dobro), postale popularne u ostatku Rusije. Mnoge pjesme govore o smrti u ratu. === Brak === Do 18. vijeka brakovi i razvodi održavali su se u Zajedničkoj skupštini. Ako bi Kozak htio vjenčati se sa ženom, očekivalo se da je dovede u Zajedničku skupštinu na prezentaciju. Ako je Zajednica dala odobrenje, uslijedio je brak. Isti postupak se odvijao i ako je došlo do razvoda. [[Petar I, car Rusije|Petar I]] zabranio je ovu praksu u Zajedničkoj skupštini, zahtijevajući da se Kozaci vjenčaju samo u crkvi. Kozački brak je složen ritual, praćen pjesmama, plesovima i nastupima. Mladoženja stiže na konju i odvodi svoju mladu u crkvu, a zatim bračni voz. Nakon vjenčanja svi prisutni bi prešli u kuću mladoženje. Tamo bi roditelji blagoslovili par, slomili veknu hljeba iznad glave i posuli ih pšenicom, orasima, slatkišima i hmeljem. Kosa mladenke tada bi se rasplela prema tradicionalnim obredima. === Rođenje djeteta === [[Datoteka:Military_by_Lev_Kiel_06.jpg|mini|333x333px|General Donskih kozaka u ranim 1800-ima.]] Kada se sin rodio u kozačkoj porodici, rođaci su mu poklonili strijelu, luk, pušku, metke i pištolj. Svi ovi predmeti bili su obješeni na zid, preko dječakova kreveta. U dobi od tri godine dječak bi počeo jahati konja. U dobi od 7 do 8 godina naučio bi jahati na ulici, ići u ribolov i u lov s odraslima. === Zabava === Konjske trke bile su popularna zabava kod Donskih kozaka. Jahači su se natjecali da pogodio metu, pucajući oružjem s konja. Najspretniji su to mogli učiniti stojeći na leđima konja. Tradicionalna je praksa da su kozačke porodice mladom Kozaku pružale dva konja, uniformu i oružje. === Odlazak === Odlazak kozaka uvijek je bilo svečano. Svi su se odlazeći kozaci okupljali u crkvi, a zatim bi im oko vrata objesili malu torbu koja je sadržavala prstohvat njihovog rodnog tla, prije nego što su krenuli uz pjesmu. [[Stanitsa|Napustivši stanicu]], popili bi šolju votke i oprostili se od rodne zemlje. === Donski kozački hor === [[Don kozački zbor Serge Jaroff|Donski kozački hor Sergea Jaroffa]] bila je grupa bivših oficira [[Ruska carska vojska|ruske carske vojske]] koji su otkriveni kako pjevaju u ''Çilingiru'' (blizu [[Istanbul]]a), gdje su pobjegli nakon poraza svoje vojske na [[Krim]]u. Svoj formalni koncertni debi imali su u [[Beč]]u 1923. godine, predvođeni njihovim osnivačem, dirigentom i kompozitorom [[Serge Jaroff|Sergeom Jaroffom]]. Hor je postao popularan u [[Amerika|Americi]], [[Japan]]u i [[Evropa|Evropi]], obilazeći svijet 1930-ih, 40-ih i 50-ih godina, pa sve do danas. Muškarci, obučeni u kozake, pjevali [[A cappella|su klapu]] u repertoaru ruske svete i svjetovne muzike, vojske, narodnih i umjetničkih pjesama. Kozački ples na kraju je dodan u njihov program. === U popularnoj kulturi === Monumentalno djelo [[Mihail Šolohov|Mihaila Šolohova]]'', " [[I tiho teče Don]] "'', simpatično se bavi donskim kozacima i prikazuje uništavanje njihovog načina života kao rezultat [[Prvi svjetski rat|Prvog svjetskog rata]] i [[Ruski građanski rat|Ruskog građanskog rata]]. == Također pogledajte == * [[Rostovska oblast]] * [[Volgogradska oblast]] * [[Muzej kozaka u regiji Azovskog mora]] * [[Repatrijacija kozaka nakon Drugog svjetskog rata]] == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Literatura == * Peter Holquist, "Provoditi nemilosrdni masovni teror": Dekoakizacija na Donu, 1919, " ''Cahiers du Monde russe,'' vol. 38, br. 1/2 (Jan. -Jun 1997), str. 127–162. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20171035 U JSTOR-u] * Noël Bonneuil, Elena Fursa. 2020. " [https://academic.oup.com/oep/advance-article/doi/10.1093/oep/gpz077/5699249 Nužnost da se reguliše zajedničko dobro?] [https://academic.oup.com/oep/advance-article/doi/10.1093/oep/gpz077/5699249 Slučaj donskih kozaka (Južna Rusija), 1867–1916.] " Oxford Economic Papers == Vanjski linkovi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080224034627/http://www.doncossacks.ru/ Doncossacks.ru: Muzej Donski Kozaka] - ''u Novocherkassku''. * [http://novocherkassk.net/ Novocherkassk.net: Novocherkassk — glavni grad Donskih kozaka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416170501/http://novocherkassk.net/ |date=16. 4. 2019 }} * [https://archive.today/20131130223035/http://kuban.in.ua/index.php/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F/%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F-%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2.html Kuban.in.ua: Historija donskih kozaka] {{Slavenski narodi}} [[Kategorija:Donski kozaci|*]] [[Kategorija:Historija Donskih kozaka]] [[Kategorija:Etničke grupe Rusije]] [[Kategorija:Slavenski narodi]] kdklssswu40r0j25ftxg3h972ighytx Franco Nero 0 479699 3849446 3748919 2026-05-26T11:06:49Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija osoba | ime = Franco Nero | slika = Franco Nero, 36th Fajr International Film Festival (86250) (cropped).jpg }} '''Francesco Clemente Giuseppe Sparanero''' (rođen 23. novembra 1941), profesionalno poznat kao '''Franco Nero''', italijanski je glumac. Njegova je prodorna uloga bila naslovni lik u špageti western filmu Sergija Corbuccija ''Django'' (1966), ulozi koju je ponovio u ''filmu Django Strikes Again'' (1987) Nella Rossatija. 2012. godine Nero [[Kameo|se pojavio]] u ''cameo verziji u filmu Django Unchained'' [[Quentin Tarantino|Quentina Tarantina]] ''.'' Od tada je izveo preko 200 vodećih i sporednih uloga u širokom spektru filmova i televizijskih programa kako u Italiji tako i u inostranstvu, u žanrovima od ''poliziotteschi'', preko akcije, do giallo filma, [[Dramski film|drame]], ratne tematike i mjuzikla . Tu spadaju ''Biblija: na početku ...'' (1966), ''Camelot'' (1967), ''Dan sove'' (1968), ''Plaćenik'' (1968), ''[[Bitka na Neretvi (film)|Bitka na Neretvi]]'' (1969), ''Tristana'' (1970), ''Compañeros'' (1970) ), ''Peti kabel'' (1971), ''Ispovijesti policijskog kapetana'' (1971), ''Visoki zločin'' (1973), ''Ulični zakon'' (1974), ''Keoma'' (1976), ''Hitch-Hike'' (1977), ''Sila 10 iz Navarona'' (1978), ''Enter the Ninja'' (1981), ''[[Umri muški 2|Die Hard 2]]'' (1990), ''Megiddo: The Omega Code 2'' (2001), ''Letters to Juliet'' (2010) i ''John Wick: Poglavlje 2'' (2017). Također je glumio naratora u filmovima: ''Rasputin'' (2010), kojeeg je režirao Louis Nero, ''Cars 2'' (narator lika ujaka Topolina), 2011) u režiji Johna Lassetera i ko-režiji Brada Lewisa. Nero je poznat po vezama sa porodicom Redgrave, a imao je dugogodišnju vezu s Vanessom koja je započela tokom snimanja ''Camelota'' . Vjenčali su se 2006. godine. Francesco Clemente Giuseppe Sparanero <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/section/movies|title=Movies}}</ref> rođen je u [[Parma|San Prospero Parmenseu]] ( Parma, [[Emilia-Romagna]] ), kao sin oficira u karabinjerima.<ref name="ref1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20072275,00.html|title=He Lost His Guenevere, Vanessa Redgrave, but Franco Nero Found His Camelot Back in Italy|last=Ann Pearce|publisher=People|access-date=9. 7. 2021|archive-date=3. 3. 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200550/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20072275,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Njegovi su roditelji porijeklom iz San Severa ( Foggia, [[Apulija|Apulia]] ).<ref>{{Cite news|last=Redazione online|title=San Severo, cittadinanza a Franco Nero|url=http://corrieredelmezzogiorno.corriere.it/napoli/notizie/spettacoli/2011/5-dicembre-2011/san-severo-cittadinanza-franco-nero-1902419357562.shtml|access-date=17. 4. 2013|work=[[Corriere del Mezzogiorno]]|date=5. 12. 2011|archive-date=3. 12. 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203011947/http://corrieredelmezzogiorno.corriere.it/napoli/notizie/spettacoli/2011/5-dicembre-2011/san-severo-cittadinanza-franco-nero-1902419357562.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Fusco|first=Maria Pia|author-link=Maria Pia Fusco|date=22. 1. 2012|title=Franco Nero straniero in patria|url=https://parma.repubblica.it/cronaca/2012/01/22/news/franco_nero_straniero_in_patria-28562126/|work=[[la Repubblica]]|language=it|access-date=9. 5. 2018}}</ref> Odrastao je u Bedoniji i u [[Milano|Milanu]] . Kratko je studirao na ekonomskom i trgovinskom fakultetu lokalnog univerziteta, prije nego što je otišao na studije u Piccolo Teatro di Milano .<ref>{{Cite news|last=O'Neill|first=Phelim|date=26. 5. 2011|title=Franco Nero: No escaping Django|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/may/26/franco-nero-django|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=9. 5. 2018}}</ref> [[Datoteka:Franco_Nero_(Django).jpg|desno|mini|250x250piksel| Franco Nero kao glavni lik u ''Djangu'' (1966)]] Neronova prva filmska uloga bila je u malom dijelu filma ''Pelle viva'' (1962) <ref>{{Cite news|last=Paolo Russo|title="Io, Django e Fassbinder" Franco Nero, che grande attore|url=http://firenze.repubblica.it/cronaca/2014/11/16/news/io_e_la_mia_fortuna_fra_b-movie_e_bunuel_incontro_col_franco_nero_che_non_t_aspetti-100732603/|access-date=6. 7. 2016|work=La Repubblica|date=16. 11. 2014}}</ref> a prvu glavnu ulogu imao je u filmu ''Django'' Sergija Corbuccija (1966), špageti vesternu i jednom od njegovih najpoznatijih filmova.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lyman|first=Eric J.|author-link=Eric Lyman|date=1. 1. 2013|title=Original 'Django' Franco Nero on His Iconic Character and the Film's Legacy (Q&A)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/original-django-franco-nero-his-407388|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|access-date=9. 5. 2018}}</ref> 1966. od ''Djanga'' pojavio se u još osam filmova objavljenih te godine, uključujući ''Texas, Adios'' (1966) i ''Massacre Time''. U filmu [[Bitka na Neretvi]], igrao je kapetana Michele Riva. == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == * {{IMDb name|626259}} * {{Tcmdb name|id=140073}} {{Nagrada "David di Donatello" - najbolji glumac}} {{Normativna kontrola}} [[Kategorija:Živi ljudi]] [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1941.]] [[Kategorija:Bitka na Neretvi (film)]] iu0waqmvxx7kl926sk8gzzbik7ahgbw FAM193A 0 483778 3849387 3834713 2026-05-26T05:30:19Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849387 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija gen}} '''Član A porodice proteina sa sličnošću sekvence 193''' jest [[protein]] koji je kod [[ljudi]] [[kodon|kodiran]] [[gen]]om '''FAM193A''' sa [[hromosom 4|hromosoma 4, pozicija p16.3]].<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: Family with sequence similarity 193, member A | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&list_uids=8603 }}</ref><ref name=GeneNames>{{Gene|FAM193A}}</ref> FAM193A je također poznat kao '''C4orf8''', '''[[otvoreni okvir čitanja]] 8''' [[hromosom]]a 4, '''RES4-22''', '''protein IT143''' i '''hipotetski protein LOC86032'''.<ref name=GeneCard>{{GeneCard|FAM193A}}</ref> ==Aminokiselinska sekvenca== Dužina [[polipeptid]]nog lanca je 1.265 [[aminokiselina]], а [[molekularna masa|molekulska težina]] 139.988 [[dalton (jedinica)|Da]].<ref name="UniProt">{{cite web|url=http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P78312#sequences |title=UniProt, P78312 |language=en |access-date=26. 10. 2021}}</ref> {{legenda aminokiselina}} <table style="font-family:monospace;"> <tr style="text-align:right;"><th>10</th><th></th><th>20</th><th></th><th>30</th><th></th><th>40</th><th></th><th>50</th></tr> <tr style="background-color: #eee;"><td>MKVRLLRQLS</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>AAAKVKAPSG</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>LQGPPQAHQF</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>ISLLLEEYGA</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>LCQAARSIST</td></tr> <tr style="background-color: #eee;"><td>FLGTLENEHL</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>KKFQVTWELH</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>NKHLFENLVF</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>SEPLLQSNLP</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>ALVSQIRLGT</td></tr> <tr style="background-color: #eee;"><td>TTHDTCSEDT</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>YSTLLQRYQR</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>SEEELRRVAE</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>EWLECQKRID</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>AYVDEQMTMK</td></tr> <tr style="background-color: #eee;"><td>TKQRMLTEDW</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>ELFKQRRFIE</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>EQLTNKKAVT</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>GENNFTDTMR</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>HMLSSRLSMP</td></tr> <tr style="background-color: #eee;"><td>DCPNCNYRRR</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>CACDDCSLSH</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>ILTCGIMDPP</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>VTDDIHIHQL</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>PLQVDPAPDY</td></tr> <tr style="background-color: #eee;"><td>LAERSPPSVS</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>SASSGSGSSS</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>PITIQQHPRL</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>ILTDSGSAPT</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>FCSDDEDVAP</td></tr> <tr style="background-color: #eee;"><td>LSAKFADIYP</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>LSNYDDTEVV</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>ANMNGIHSEL</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>NGGGENMALK</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>DESPQISSTS</td></tr> <tr style="background-color: #eee;"><td>SSSSEADDEE</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>ADGESSGEPP</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>GAPKEDGVLG</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>SRSPRTEESK</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>ADSPPPSYPT</td></tr> <tr style="background-color: #eee;"><td>QQAEQAPNTC</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>ECHVCKQEAS</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>GLTPSAMTAG</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>ALPPGHQFLS</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>PEKPTHPALH</td></tr> <tr style="background-color: #eee;"><td>LYPHIHGHVP</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>LHTVPHLPRP</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>LIHPTLYATP</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>PFTHSKALPP</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>APVQNHTNKH</td></tr> <tr style="background-color: #eee;"><td>QVFNASLQDH</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>IYPSCFGNTP</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>EWNSSKFISL</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>WGSEVMNDKN</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>WNPGTFLPDT</td></tr> <tr style="background-color: #eee;"><td>ISGSEILGPT</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>LSETRPEALP</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>PPSSNETPAV</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>SDSKEKKNAA</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>KKKCLYNFQD</td></tr> <tr style="background-color: #eee;"><td>AFMEANKVVM</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>ATSSATSSVS</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>CTATTVQSSN</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>SQFRVSSKRP</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>PSVGDVFHGI</td></tr> <tr style="background-color: #eee;"><td>SKEDHRHSAP</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>AAPRNSPTGL</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>APLPALSPAA</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>LSPAALSPAS</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>TPHLANLAAP</td></tr> <tr style="background-color: #eee;"><td>SFPKTATTTP</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>GFVDTRKSFC</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>PAPLPPATDG</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>SISAPPSVCS</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>DPDCEGHRCE</td></tr> <tr style="background-color: #eee;"><td>NGVYDPQQDD</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>GDESADEDSC</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>SEHSSSTSTS</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>TNQKEGKYCD</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>CCYCEFFGHG</td></tr> <tr style="background-color: #eee;"><td>GPPAAPTSRN</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>YAEMREKLRL</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>RLTKRKEEQP</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>KKMDQISERE</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>SVVDHRRVED</td></tr> <tr style="background-color: #eee;"><td>LLQFINSSET</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>KPVSSTRAAK</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>RARHKQRKLE</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>EKARLEAEAR</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>AREHLHLQEE</td></tr> <tr style="background-color: #eee;"><td>QRRREEEEDE</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>EEEEDRFKEE</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>FQRLQELQKL</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>RAVKKKKKER</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>PSKDCPKLDM</td></tr> <tr style="background-color: #eee;"><td>LTRNFQAATE</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>SVPNSGNIHN</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>GSLEQTEEPE</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>TSSHSPSRHM</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>NHSEPRPGLG</td></tr> <tr style="background-color: #eee;"><td>ADGDAADPVD</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>TRDSKFLLPK</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>EVNGKQHEPL</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>SFFFDIMQHH</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>KEGNGKQKLR</td></tr> <tr style="background-color: #eee;"><td>QTSKASSEPA</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>RRPTEPPKAT</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>EGQSKPRAQT</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>ESKAKVVDLM</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>SITEQKREER</td></tr> <tr style="background-color: #eee;"><td>KVNSNNNNKK</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>QLNHIKDEKS</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>NPTPMEPTSP</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>GEHQQNSKLV</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>LAESPQPKGK</td></tr> <tr style="background-color: #eee;"><td>NKKNKKKKGD</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>RVNNSIDGVS</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>LLLPSLGYNG</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>AILAHCNLRL</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>PGSSDCAASA</td></tr> <tr style="background-color: #eee;"><td>SQVVGITDDV</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>FLPKDIDLDS</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>VDMDETEREV</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>EYFKRFCLDS</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>ARQTRQRLSI</td></tr> <tr style="background-color: #eee;"><td>NWSNFSLKKA</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></td><td>TFAAH</td></tr> </table> == Struktura == Koristeći [[NCBI]]-jev c[[BLAST]] pronađeno je pet struktura koje su donekle usklađene sa FAM193A. Od struktura su samo dvije ispitane za lanac A: [[RNK-polimeraza II]] iz ''[[kvasci|Schizosaccharomyces pombe]]'' i lanac A tropomiozina. Poređenje sa prethodnom strukturom enzima iz pupajućeg kvasca ''[[Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]'' otkriva razlike u regionima koji su uključeni u odabir početne lokacije i interakciju [[transkripcijski faktor|transkripcijskih faktora]]. Ovi aspekti mehanizma transkripcije razlikuju se između ''S. pombe'' i ''S. cerevisiae'', ali su konzervirani između ''S. pombe'' i [[ljudi]]. Promjene aminokiselina koje su očito odgovorne za strukturne razlike također su konzerviraneane između ''S. pombe'' i ljudi, što sugerira da struktura ''S. pombe'' može biti dobar surogat za strukturu ljudskog [[enzim]]a. Predviđena [[sekundarna struktura]] FAM193A ispitana preko predictprotein.org pokazala je da više od ¾ ostataka otkriva više od 16% svoje površine. Ovaj program takođe pokazuje da je FAM193A približno ½ [[alfa-heliks]]ni.<ref name="PProtein">{{Cite web |url=https://www.predictprotein.org//get_results.php?req_id=332213 |title=PredictProtein - Sequence Analysis, Structure and Function Prediction |access-date=26. 10. 2021 |archive-date=26. 10. 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026202850/https://predictprotein.org/get_results.php/?req_id=332213 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Gen== Upoređujući varijacije [[prerada RNK|prerade]] preko gena FAM193A pomoću [[Ensembl]]a, pronađeno je 11 [[varijante transkripta|varijanti transkripata]] od kojih su tri pogrešni ili skraćeni proteini, a dva su zadržani [[intron]]i iz ne-CDS transkripata.<ref name=Ensemble>[http://useast.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Splice?db=core;g=ENSG00000125386;r=4:2627159-2734292;t=ENST00000324666;v=COSM119713;vdb=variation;vf=55628949] Ensemble</ref> Svi predstavljeni transkripti otkrivaju potpuno istu početnu tačku u odnosu na [[egzon]] 1. Ovaj kontinuitet se vidi prko [[5' UTR]]-a u svim alternativno prerađenim [[iRNK]], sa izuzetkom u prerađenoj varijanti 4. Postoje tri područja unutar eksprimiranog proteina koja mogu imati motive; [[leucinski zatvarač]] unutar [[upredena zavojnica|upredene zavojnice]]. Ova tri motiva leže unutar egzona 5, 16 i 17. Područja su ili eksprimirana ili potpuno pogrešna, a drugi dijelovi su eksprimirani. == Tkivna distribucija == Gen „FAM193A“ je uočen kao najeksprimiraniji, ispitivanjem intenziteta obojenosti iz njegovog EST profila [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/UniGene/clust.cgi?ORG=Hs&CID=652364 Hs.652364], u tkivima [[embrion]]a, [[limfni čvor|limfnih čvorova]], [[živac]]a, [[maternica|maternice]], [[testis]]a, [[grkljan]]a i nešto u [[krv]]i.<ref name=Unigene>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/UniGene/ESTProfileViewer.cgi?uglist=Hs.652364] Unigene</ref> Gen se eksprimira u brojnim zdravstvenim stanjima, naprimjer, tumorima [[nadbubrežna žlijezda|nadbubrežnih žlijezda]], hondro[[sarkom]]a i [[maternica|maternice]], također je uključen u tumore mehkog/[[mišić]]nog [[tkiva]].<ref name=autogenerated1>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/UniGeneESTProfileViewer.cgi?uglist=Hs.652364] Unigene</ref> [[Mikročip]] s BRAINSPAN.org u okviru podataka prenatusnih LCM mikromreža pokazuje veliku količinu ekspresije FAM193A kod ljudi svuda u mozgu. Jedna od tri sonde pokazala je vrlo malu ekspresiju gena FAM193A (A_24_P126465). Najznačajnije strukture u smislu intenziteta signala iz mikromreže su; [[potiljačni režanj]], [[hipokampus]]na formacija, ''globus pallidus'', parahipokampusni girus, [[amigdala]], ali relativno mala ekspresija u insuli.<ref name="BrainSpan">[http://www.brainspan.org/lcm/search?type=gene&query=FAM193A Prenatal LMD Microarray :: BrainSpan: Atlas of the Developing Human Brain]</ref> == Regulacija == ''FAM193A'' ima nekoliko specifičnih hemijsko-genskih interakcija odabranih iz objavljene literature. Interakcije sa [[Aflatoksin|aflatoksinom B1]], mikotoksinom koji se pojavljuje u prirodi, ispitane su zbog kancerogenog potencijala procijenjenog primjenom biotestova hroničnosti na glodarima. Ovaj [[hemijski spoj|spoj]]povećava ekspresiju "FAM193A" [[iRNK]] i hijerarhijskim grupiranjem<ref name="Cluster">{{cite journal | vauthors = Reich M, Liefeld T, Gould J, Lerner J, Tamayo P, Mesirov JP | title = GenePattern 2.0 | journal = Nature Genetics | volume = 38 | issue = 5 | pages = 500–1 | date = maj 2006 | pmid = 16642009 | doi = 10.1038/ng0506-500 | s2cid = 5503897 }}</ref> implicira ovaj gen u procese koji se odnose na [[makromolekule]], ćelijsku organizaciju i regulaciju.<ref name="Aflatoxin">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mathijs K, Brauers KJ, Jennen DG, Boorsma A, van Herwijnen MH, Gottschalk RW, Kleinjans JC, van Delft JH | title = Discrimination for genotoxic and nongenotoxic carcinogens by gene expression profiling in primary mouse hepatocytes improves with exposure time | journal = Toxicological Sciences | volume = 112 | issue = 2 | pages = 374–84 | date = decembar 2009 | pmid = 19770486 | doi = 10.1093/toxsci/kfp229 | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[Dihidrotestosteron]] je [[androgen]] muškog [[spolni hormon|spolnog hormona]]. [[Androgeni]] imaju važnu ulogu u održavanju i [[ćelijski rast|rastu ćelija]] [[prostata|prostate]]. U studiji koja je koristila ćelijsku liniju [[rak prostate|raka prostate]] [[LNCaP]] tretiranu dihidrotestosteronom i [[bikalutamid]]om tokom šest, 24 i 48 sati, registrirano je 56 različitih transkripata koji su pokazali homologiju sa [[transkripcijski faktor|faktorima transkripcije]], regulatorima ćelijskog ciklusa, metaboličkim enzimima i hipotetskim proteinima. [[ekspresija gena|Ekspresija ovih gena]] pojačala je ispoljavanje ''FAM193A'' u prisustvu dihidrotestosterona tokom 48 sati.<ref name="Dihydrotestosterone">{{cite journal | vauthors = Coutinho-Camillo CM, Salaorni S, Sarkis AS, Nagai MA | title = Differentially expressed genes in the prostate cancer cell line LNCaP after exposure to androgen and anti-androgen | journal = Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics | volume = 166 | issue = 2 | pages = 130–8 | date = april 2006 | pmid = 16631469 | doi = 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2005.09.012 }}</ref> == Interaktivni proteini == Postoji novi gen, IRIZIO, koji kooperira sa PAX3-FOXO1, fuzijskim genom i može doprinijeti rabdomiosarkomagenezi kod djece. Pokazako se da je ovaj novi gen [[homolog]]an sa FAM193 A korištenjem [[baze podataka]] [[NCBI|Nacionalnog centra za informacije u biotehnologiji]]. Osnovni alat za pretraživanje lokalnog poravnanja otkrio je ukupnu homologiju od 53%. Nadalje, najveća sličnost je u posljednjih 76 aminokiselina (89% homologije) oba proteina.<ref name="Irizio">{{cite journal | vauthors = Picchione F, Pritchard C, Lagutina I, Janke L, Grosveld GC | title = IRIZIO: a novel gene cooperating with PAX3-FOXO1 in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) | journal = Carcinogenesis | volume = 32 | issue = 4 | pages = 452–61 | date = april 2011 | pmid = 21177767 | pmc = 3105580 | doi = 10.1093/carcin/bgq273 }}</ref> == Kvantitativna svojstva lokusa == [[kvantitativna genetika|Lokus kvantitativne osobine]]:<ref name="QTLs">{{Cite web |url=http://rgd.mcw.edu/rgdweb/search/qtls.html?term=FAM193A&#91;gene&#93;&speciesType=1 |title=FAM193A QTL (quantitative trait loci) Search Result - Rat Genome Database |access-date=28. 7. 2025 |archive-date=21. 1. 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121034028/https://rgd.mcw.edu/rgdweb/search/qtls.html?term=FAM193A%5Bgene%5D&speciesType=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! [[Svojstvo]] ! [[Hromosom]] ! Pozicija ! [[statistika|p-vrijednost]] |- |Osjetljivost na [[tumor prostate]] QTL 185 | 4 | 751.056 – 26,751.056 | 0,0053 |- | Osetljivost na [[infarkt miokarda]] QTL 19 | 4 | 1 – 13,115.992 | |- | Osjetljivost na tumor prostate QTL 351 | 4 | 751.056 – 26,751.056 |0,00012 |} == Srodni geni == === Ortolozi === [[Primati]]: [[čimpanze]] i [[giboni]], imaju najbliže grupe ortolognih proteina u odnosu na ljude (E-raspon = 0,0–0,0), koji su zajedno sa ostalima korišteni za [[poravnavanje višestrukih sekvenci|višestruko poravnanje sekvenci]] (MSA). Svi MSA najbližeg [[kladus]]a ljudima potpali su pod isti oblik [[duplikacija (genetika)|duplikacija]]. [[Ptice]] (zebrasta zeba, [[kokoš]]i, [[ćurka]]) i [[ribe]] ([[zebrica]], puferriba) su životinje koje su imale ovaj protein prije događaja duplikacije. Oni su pronađeni [[BLAST]]-ovim poređenjem ljudskog [[genom]]a. Transkripti [[RNK]] koji su tražili BLASTp protiv ljudskog genoma nisu dali nikakve rezultate od značaja. Slično, pronađene su životinje koje su daleki srodnici, pomoću [[BLAST]]-p-a, ali od podudarnih sekvenci proteina, samo mali dijelovi [[korelacija|koreliraju]] sa FAM193A. === [[Paralozi]] === Podrška za jedan paralog, FAM193B, pokazuje [[homolog]]iju sa krajem [[C-terminal]]a FAM193A. FAM193B je dug 2961 [[nukleotid]]a, dok je FAM193A 4710 i kada se poravna pomoću Biology Workbench-a dobio je nisku ocjenu od –4490. == Reference == {{reflist|32em}} [[Kategorija:Geni na hromosomu 4]] [[Kategorija:Ljudski proteini]] [[Kategorija:Proteomika]] 05m5naw923vf0djkzdojlqi7b4q6qlg Dzongkha jezik 0 484050 3849350 3645770 2026-05-25T20:58:26Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija jezik | ime = Dzongkha | ime jezika kako ga nazivaju njegovi govornici = རྫོང་ཁ་ | države = [[Butan (država)|Butan]] | regije = | govornici = Autohtono: 171.080 (2013), Ukupno: 640.000<ref name="How many people speak Dzongkha">{{cite web|url=http://www.languagecomparison.com/en/how-many-people-speak-dzongkha/model-136-7 |title=How many people speak Dzongkha?|publisher=languagecomparison.com|access-date=1. 11. 2021}}</ref> | rang = | jezička porodica = [[sinotibetanski jezici|sinotibetanski]]<br> :[[Tibetansko-kanauri jezici|tibetansko-kanauri]] ::[[Bodiš jezici|Bodiš]] :::[[Tibetanski jezici|tibetanski]] ::::Dzongkha–Lhokä :::::'''Dzongkha''' | država = [[Butan (država)|Butan]] | ustanova = [[Komisija za razvoj Dzongkhe]] | iso1 = dz | iso2 = dzo | sil = }} '''Dzongkha''' (također poznat kao''' butanski''') je [[Sinotibetski jezici|sinotibetski jezik]] kojim govori više od pola miliona ljudi u [[Butan (država)|Butanu]], te je jedini službeni i nacionalni jezik države.<ref name="CoBE">{{cite web|url=http://www.constitution.bt/TsaThrim%20Eng%20(A5).pdf|title=Ustav Kraljevine Butan. Članak 1, § 8|date=18. 7. 2008|publisher=Vlada Butana|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162637/http://www.constitution.bt/TsaThrim%20Eng%20%28A5%29.pdf|archive-date=6. 7. 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=1. 11. 2021}}</ref> Prema popisu stanovništva 2013, jezik je imao 171.080 autohtonih govornika, a ukupno 640.000 govornika.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.languagecomparison.com/en/how-many-people-speak-dzongkha/www.languagecomparison.com/en/how-many-people-speak-dzongkha/model-136-7|title=Dzongkha Speaking Population {{!}} Native Dzongkha Speakers|website=www.languagecomparison.com|access-date=1. 11. 2021}}</ref> Za pisanje Dzongkhe se koristi [[tibetansko pismo]]. Riječ ''dzongkha'' znači "jezik dvora"; ''dzong'' znači "dvor", a ''kha'' je jezik. == Upotreba == Dzongkha i njegovi dijalekti su maternji jezici osam zapadnih okruga Butana (npr. [[Wangdue Phodrang]], [[Punakha]], [[Thimphu]], [[Distrikt Gasa|Gasa]], [[Distrikt Paro|Paro]], [[Distrikt Haa|Ha]], [[Distrikt Dagana|Dagana]] i [[Chukha]]).<ref name="Dzongkha">{{cite book|last1=van Driem|first1=George|title=Dzongkha|last2=Tshering of Gaselô|first2=Karma|publisher=Research CNWS, School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies, [[Leiden University]]|year=1998|isbn=90-5789-002-X|series=Languages of the Greater Himalayan Region|volume=I|location=Leiden, The Netherlands|page=3|author1-link=George van Driem}}</ref> Postoje i neki autohtoni govornici u blizini indijskog grada [[Kalimpong]], koji je nekada bio dio Butana, a sada u [[Sjeverni Bengal|Sjevernom Bengalu]]. Dzongkha je proglašen službenim jezikom Butana 1971. godine.<ref name="Dzongkha"/> Učenje Dzongkhe je obavezno u svim školama, a jezik je ''[[lingua franca]]'' u distriktima na jugu i istoku gdje nije maternji jezik. == Sistem pisanja == Tibetansko pismo koje se koristi za pisanje Dzongkhe ima trideset osnovnih slova, ponekad poznatih kao "radikali", za suglasnike. Dzongkha se obično piše u butanskim oblicima [[Uchen pismo|pisma Uchen]], oblicima tibetskog pisma poznatim kao ''Jôyi'' i ''Jôtshum''. Štampani oblik je poznat kao ''Tshûm''.<ref name="Driem47">{{cite book|last1=Driem|first1=George van|title=Dzongkha = Rdoṅ-kha|date=1998|publisher=Research School, CNWS|isbn=90-5789-002-X|location=Leiden|page=47}}</ref> === Romanizacija === Postoje različiti sistemi romanizacije i transliteracije za Dzongkhu, ali nijedan ne predstavlja tačno njen fonetski zvuk.<ref>See for instance [http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom1_bo.pdf Report on the current status of the United Nations romanization systems for geographical names: Tibetan] [http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom2_dz.pdf Report on the current status of the United Nations romanization systems for geographical names: Dzongkha]</ref> Butanska vlada je usvojila sistem transkripcije poznat kao romanska Dzongkha, koji je osmislio lingvista [[George van Driem]] kao svoj standard 1991. godine. == Fonologija == === Tonovi === Dzongkha je tonski jezik i ima dva registarska tona: visoki i niski.{{Sfnp|van Driem|1992}} Ton sloga određuje alofon početka i tip fonacije jedarnog samoglasnika.{{sfnp|Downs|2011}} == Klasifikacija i srodni jezici == Dzongkha se smatra [[Tibetski jezici|južnotibetskim jezikom]]. Usko je povezan i djelimično razumljiv sa [[Sikimski jezik|sikimskim jezikom]] i nekim drugim butanskim jezicima kao što su [[Chochangachakha jezik|Chochangachakha]], [[Brokpa jezik|Brokpa]], [[Brokkat jezik|Brokkat]] i [[Lakha jezik|Lakha]]. Dzongkha ima blisku jezičku vezu sa J'umowa, koji se govori u [[Dolina Chumbi|dolini Chumbi]] u južnom [[Tibet]]u.<ref>{{Cite book|last=van Driem|first=George|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00mose|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages|publisher=Routledge|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7007-1197-0|editor-last=Moseley|editor-first=Christopher|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00mose/page/n312 294]|contribution=Endangered Languages of Bhutan and Sikkim: South Bodish Languages|author-link=George van Driem|url-access=limited}}</ref> Ima mnogo udaljeniju vezu sa [[Centralnotibetanski jezik|centralnotibetanskim jezikom]]. Iako su govorno Dzongkha i tibetanski uglavnom međusobno nerazumljivi, oba književna oblika su pod velikim uticajem [[Bogoslužje|liturgijskog]] (klerikalnog) [[Klasični tibetanskog jezik|klasičnog tibetanskog jezika]], poznatog u Butanu kao ''Chöke'', koji su stoljećima koristili budistički monasi. Chöke se koristio kao jezik obrazovanja u Butanu sve do ranih 1960-ih kada ga je u javnim školama zamijenio Dzongkha jezik.<ref name="vandriem1998dzongkha">{{cite book|last1=van Driem|first1=George|title=Dzongkha|last2=Tshering of Gaselô|first2=Karma|publisher=Research CNWS, School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies, [[Leiden University]]|year=1998|isbn=90-5789-002-X|series=Languages of the Greater Himalayan Region|volume=I|location=Leiden, The Netherlands|pages=7–8|author1-link=George van Driem}}</ref> Iako potječe od klasičnog tibetanskog, Dzongkha pokazuje mnogo nepravilnosti u promjenama zvuka koje čine službeni pravopis i standardni izgovor udaljenijim jedan od drugog nego što je to slučaj sa centralnotibetanskim. == Također pogledajte == * [[Jezici Butana]] == Reference == <references /> == Bibliografija == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite thesis|last=Downs|first=Cheryl Lynn|title=Issues in Dzongkha Phonology: An Optimality Theoretic Approach|date=2011|degree=Master's|publisher=San Diego State University|url=http://sdsu-dspace.calstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10211.10/1664/Downs_Cheryl.pdf|access-date=1. 11. 2021|archive-date=11. 7. 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711215148/http://sdsu-dspace.calstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10211.10/1664/Downs_Cheryl.pdf|url-status=dead}} * {{cite book|author=Komisija za razvoj Dzongkhe|url=http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/Lodap_Rigpai%20Lodap.pdf|title=Rigpai Lodap: An Intermediate Dzongkha-English Dictionary (<span lang="dz">འབྲིང་རིམ་རྫོང་ཁ་ཨིང་ལིཤ་ཚིག་མཛོད་རིག་པའི་ལོ་འདབ།</span>)|publisher=Komisija za razvoj Dzongkhe|year=2009|isbn=978-99936-765-3-9|location=Thimphu|author-link=Komisija za razvoj Dzongkhe}}{{Dead link|date=juni 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite book|author=Komisija za razvoj Dzongkhe|url=http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/Thesaurus.pdf|title=Kartshok Threngwa: A Book on Dzongkha Synonyms & Antonyms (<span lang="dz">རྫོང་ཁའི་མིང་ཚིག་རྣམ་གྲངས་དང་འགལ་མིང་སྐར་ཚོགས་ཕྲེང་བ།</span>)|publisher=Komisija za razvoj Dzongkhe|year=2009|location=Thimphu|id={{Listed Invalid ISBN|99936-663-13-6}}|author-link=Komisija za razvoj Dzongkhe|access-date=1. 11. 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117075318/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/Thesaurus.pdf|archive-date=17. 11. 2010|url-status=dead}} * {{cite book|author=Komisija za razvoj Dzongkhe|title=The New Dzongkha Grammar (rdzong kha'i brda gzhung gsar pa)|publisher=Komisija za razvoj Dzongkhe|year=1999|location=Thimphu|author-link=Komisija za razvoj Dzongkhe}} * {{cite book|author=Komisija za razvoj Dzongkhe|title=Dzongkha Rabsel Lamzang (rdzong kha rab gsal lam bzang)|publisher=Komisija za razvoj Dzongkhe|year=1990|location=Thimphu|author-link=Komisija za razvoj Dzongkhe}} * {{cite book|author=Razvojni organ za Dzongkhu|title=English-Dzongkha Dictionary (ཨིང་ལིཤ་རྫོང་ཁ་ཤན་སྦྱར་ཚིག་མཛོད།)|publisher=Razvojni organ za Dzongkhu, Ministarstvo obrazovanja|year=2005|location=Thimphu}} * {{cite book|last=Imaeda|first=Yoshiro|title=Manual of Spoken Dzongkha in Roman Transcription|publisher=Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers (JOCV), Bhutan Coordinator Office|year=1990|location=Thimphu|author-link=Yoshiro Imaeda}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Seunghun J.|last2=Kawahara|first2=Shigeto|author-link2=Shigeto Kawahara|date=|year=2018|title=The phonetic structure of Dzongkha: a preliminary study|journal=Journal of the Phonetic Society of Japan|volume=22|issue=1|pages=13–20|doi=10.24467/onseikenkyu.22.1_13|doi-access=free}} * Mazaudon, Martine. 1985. “Dzongkha Number Systems.” S. Ratanakul, D. Thomas & S. Premsirat (eds.). Southeast Asian Linguistic Studies presented to André-G. Haudricourt. Bangkok: Mahidol University. 124–57 * {{Citation|last1=Mazaudon|first1=Martine|first2=Boyd|last2=Michailovsky|year=1986|title=Syllabicity and suprasegmentals: the Dzongkha monosyllabic noun|url=}} * {{Cite book|last1=Michailovsky|first1=Boyd|title=Prosodic Analysis and Asian Linguistics: To Honour R.K. Sprigg|last2=Mazaudon|first2=Martine|date=1989|publisher=Pacific Linguistics|editor-last=Bradley|editor-first=David|location=Canberra|pages=115–136|chapter=Lost syllables and tone contour in Dzongkha (Bhutan)|hdl=1885/145648|editor-last2=Henderson|editor-first2=E. J. A.|editor-last3=Mazaudon|editor-first3=Martine|hdl-access=free}} * {{Cite book|last=Michailovsky|first=Boyd|title=Prosodic Analysis and Asian Linguistics: To Honour R.K. Sprigg|date=1989|publisher=Pacific Linguistics|editor-last=Bradley|editor-first=David|location=Canberra|pages=297–301|chapter=Notes on Dzongkha orthography|hdl=1885/145648|editor-last2=Henderson|editor-first2=E. J. A.|editor-last3=Mazaudon|editor-first3=Martine|hdl-access=free}} * {{Cite book|last=Tournadre|first=Nicolas|url=http://www.nicolas-tournadre.net/wp-content/uploads/multimedia/1996-mediatifs.pdf|title=L'énonciation médiatisée|date=1996|publisher=Peeters|editor-last=Guentchéva|editor-first=Z.|series=Bibliothèque de l’Information Grammaticale, 34|location=Louvain Paris|pages=195–214|language=fr|chapter=Comparaison des systèmes médiatifs de quatre dialectes tibétains (tibétain central, ladakhi, dzongkha et amdo)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019100631/http://www.nicolas-tournadre.net/wp-content/uploads/multimedia/1996-mediatifs.pdf|archive-date=19. 10. 2020}} * {{cite book|last=van Driem|first=George|url=http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/publication_pdf/1191-1.pdf|title=Guide to Official Dzongkha Romanization|publisher=Komisija za razvoj Dzongkhe (DDC)|year=1991|location=Thimphu, Bhutan|author-link=George van Driem|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923221236/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/publication_pdf/1191-1.pdf|archive-date=23. 9. 2015}} *{{cite book|last=van Driem|first=George|url=http://www.himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/1992Dzongkha.pdf|title=The Grammar of Dzongkha|publisher=RGoB, Komisija za razvoj Dzongkhe (DDC)|year=1992|location=Thimphu, Bhutan|author-link=George van Driem|access-date=1. 11. 2021|archive-date=29. 6. 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629003306/https://www.himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/1992Dzongkha.pdf|url-status=dead}} * {{cite conference|last=van Driem|first=George|author-link=George van Driem|title=Language policy in Bhutan|year=1993|location=SOAS, London|url=http://repository.forcedmigration.org/pdf/?pid=fmo:3003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911043324/http://repository.forcedmigration.org/pdf/?pid=fmo:3003|archive-date=11. 9. 2011}} * {{Cite journal|last=van Driem|first=George|author-link=George van Driem|date=|year=1994|title=The Phonologies of Dzongkha and the Bhutanese Liturgical Language|url=http://www.himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/1994DzongkhaPhonology.pdf|journal=Zentralasiatische Studien|issue=24|pages=36–44|access-date=1. 11. 2021|archive-date=27. 6. 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627234410/https://www.himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/1994DzongkhaPhonology.pdf|url-status=dead}} * {{cite book|last=van Driem|first=George|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00mose|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages|publisher=Routledge|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7007-1197-0|editor-last=Moseley|editor-first=Christopher|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00mose/page/n312 294]–295|contribution=Endangered Languages of Bhutan and Sikkim: South Bodish Languages|author-link=George van Driem|url-access=limited}} *{{cite book|last=van Driem|first=George|title=The First Linguistic Survey of Bhutan|publisher=Komisija za razvoj Dzongkhe (DDC)|year=n.d.|location=Thimphu, Bhutan|author-link=George van Driem}} * {{cite thesis|last=Watters|first=Stephen A.|year=1996|title=A preliminary study of prosody in Dzongkha|location=Arlington|publisher=UT at Arlington|degree=Masters}} * {{Cite thesis|last=Watters|first=Stephen A.|title=A grammar of Dzongkha (dzo): phonology, words, and simple clauses|date=2018|degree=Doctor of Philosophy|publisher=Rice University|url=https://scholarship.rice.edu/handle/1911/103233|hdl=1911/103233|hdl-access=free|access-date=1. 11. 2021|archive-date=28. 6. 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628072150/https://scholarship.rice.edu/handle/1911/103233|url-status=dead}} * {{cite book|last1=van Driem|first1=George|title=Dzongkha|author2=Karma Tshering of Gaselô (collab)|publisher=Research School CNWS, School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies|year=1998|isbn=90-5789-002-X|series=Languages of the Greater Himalayan Region|location=Leiden|author-link=George van Driem}} - A language textbook with three audio compact disks. * {{Cite book|last1=Karma Tshering|title=The Grammar of Dzongkha|last2=Van Driem|first2=George|date=2019|publisher=Himalayan Linguistics|isbn=978-0-578-50750-7|edition=3rd|location=Santa Barbara|doi=10.5070/H918144245|orig-year=1992|doi-access=free}} {{refend}} [[Kategorija:Jezici u Butanu]] [[Kategorija:Jezici napisani Tibetanskim pismom]] dc8y49j4qcog2ukx2xjn8r4mt6t7avn EF-šaka 0 485631 3849354 3752905 2026-05-25T22:05:27Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infokutija protein | Symbol = Efhand | Ime = EF-šaka | image = PDB_1osa_EBI.jpg | width = | caption = Struktura recombinantnog [[kalmodulin]]a ''[[Paramecium]] tetraurelia''.<ref name="pmid15299476">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ban C, Ramakrishnan B, Ling KY, Kung C, Sundaralingam M |title=Structure of the recombinant Paramecium tetraurelia calmodulin at 1.68 A resolution |journal=Acta Crystallogr. D |volume=50 |issue=Pt 1 |pages=50–63 |date=januar 1994 |pmid=15299476 |doi=10.1107/S0907444993007991 }}</ref> | Pfam= PF00036 | PROSITE=PDOC00018 | InterPro= IPR002048 | SMART= | SCOP = 1osa | TCDB = | OPM family= | OPM protein= | CDD = cd00051 }} '''EF-šaka''' je [[heliks–petlja–heliks]]ni [[strukturni domen]] ili ''motiv'' koji se nalazi u velikoj [[porodica proteina|porodici]] [[kalcij]]-vezujućih [[protein]]a. Motiv EF-šake sadrži topologiju heliks–petlja–heliks, slično kao rašireni palac i kažiprst ljudske [[šaka|šake]], u kojoj su ioni [[kalcij|Ca<sup>2+</sup>]] koordinirani [[ligand]]ima unutar petlje. [[Strukturni motiv|motif]] je dobio ime po tradicijskoj nomenklaturi koja se koristi za opisivanje proteina [[parvalbumin]]a, koji sadrži tri takva motiva i vjerovatno je uključen u opuštanje [[mišić]]a putem svoje kalcij-ovisne aktivnosti. EF-šaka sastoji se od dva [[alfa heliks]]a povezana kratkom regijom petlje (obično oko 12 [[aminokiselina]]) koja obično vezuje [[kalcij]]ewve ione. EF-šake se također pojavljuju u svakom [[strukturni domen|strukturnom domenu]] [[ćelijska signalizacija|proteina za ćelijsku signalizaciju]] [[kalmodulin]]a i u mišićnom proteinu [[troponin-C]]. == [[Mjesto vezanja]] iona kalcija == [[slika:EF hand.jpg|thumb|left|280px|EF-šakin Ca<sup>2+</sup> bvezujući motiv]] * Kalcijev ion koordiniran je u pentagonskoj bipiramidnoj konfiguraciji. Šest ostataka uključenih u vezivanje su na pozicijama 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 i 12; ovi ostaci su označeni sa X, Y, Z, –Y, –X i –Z. Invarijantni Glu ili Asp na poziciji 12 daju dva kisika za [[ligand]]iranje Ca (dvozubi ligand). * Kalcijev ion vezan je i za atome [[peptidne veze|proteinske kičme]] i za [[bočni lanac]] aminokiselina, posebno onih kiselih aminokiselinskih ostataka [[aspartat]]a i [[glutamat]]a. Ovi ostaci su negativno nabijeni i jmaju interakciju naboja s pozitivno nabijenim ionom kalcija. Motiv EF-šake bio je među prvim strukturalnim motivima čiji su zahtjevi sekvence detaljno analizirani. Pet ostataka petlje vezuju kalcij i stoga imaju jaku prednost za bočne lance koji sadrže [[kisik]], posebno aspartat i glutamat. Šesti ostatak u petlji je nužno [[glicin]], zbog konformacijskih zahtjeva kičme. Preostali ostaci su tipski [[hidrofob]]ni i formiraju [[hidrofobno jezgro]] koje vezuje i stabilizuje dvije spirale. * Nakon vezivanja za Ca<sup>2+</sup>, ovaj motiv može pretrpjeti konformacijske promjene koje omogućavaju Ca<sup>2+</sup>-regulirane funkcije kao što se vidi u efektorima [[kalcij|Ca<sup>2+</sup>]] kao što su [[kalmodulin]] (CaM) i [[troponin]] C (TnC) i Ca<sup>2+</sup> puferi kao što su kalretikulin i kalbindin D9k. Dok većina poznatih proteina koji vezuju kalcij EF-šake (CaBP) sadrži uparene motive EF-šake, CaBP s EF-šakama također su otkriveni i kod [[bakterija]] i kod [[eukariot]]a. Osim toga, u brojnim bakterijama pronađeni su "motivi nalik na EF-šake". Iako svojstva koordinacije ostaju slična s kanonskim motivom heliks–petlja–heliks EF-šake od 29 ostataka, motivi nalik EF-šakama razlikuju se od EF-šaka po tome što sadrže odstupanja u sekundarnoj strukturi bočnih sekvenci i/ili varijacija u dužini Ca<sup>2+</sup>-koordinacijske petlje. * EF-šake imaju vrlo visoku selektivnost za kalcij. Naprimjer, [[konstanta disocijacije]] alfa [[parvalbumin]]a za Ca<sup>2+</sup> je ~1000 puta niža od one za sličan ion [[magnezija|Mg<sup>2+</sup>]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schwaller |first1=B. |title=Cytosolic Ca2+ Buffers |journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology |date=13. 10. 2010 |volume=2 |issue=11 |pages=a004051 |doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a004051|pmc=2964180 |pmid=20943758}}</ref> Ova visoka selektivnost je zbog relativno krute geometrijske koordinacije, prisutnosti višestruko nabijenih bočnih lanaca aminokiselina na [[mjesto vezanja|mjestu vezivanja]], kao i svojstava rastvorljivosti iona.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gifford |first1=Jessica L. |last2=Walsh |first2=Michael P. |last3=Vogel |first3=Hans J. |title=Structures and metal-ion-binding properties of the Ca -binding helix–loop–helix EF-hand motifs |journal=Biochemical Journal |date=15. 7. 2007 |volume=405 |issue=2 |pages=199–221 |doi=10.1042/BJ20070255 |pmid=17590154}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dudev |first1=Todor |last2=Lim |first2=Carmay |title=Competition among Metal Ions for Protein Binding Sites: Determinants of Metal Ion Selectivity in Proteins |journal=Chemical Reviews |date=16. 9. 2013 |volume=114 |issue=1 |pages=538–556 |doi=10.1021/cr4004665 |pmid=24040963}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jing |first1=Zhifeng |last2=Liu |first2=Chengwen |last3=Qi |first3=Rui |last4=Ren |first4=Pengyu |title=Many-body effect determines the selectivity for Ca and Mg in proteins |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=23. 7. 2018 |pages=E7495–E7501 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1805049115|pmc=6094099 |pmid=30038003 |volume=115|issue=32 |doi-access=free }}</ref> == Predviđanje == [[slikA:EF-hand-prediction.jpg|thumb|200px| Sažetak potpisa motiva korištenih za predviđanje EF-šaka.]] * Pretraga uzorka (potpisa motiva) jedan je od najjednostavnijih načina za predviđanje kontinuiranih EF-šakinih Ca<sup>2+</sup>-[[mjesto vezanja|vezujućih mjesta]] u proteinima. Na osnovu rezultata poravnanja sekvenci kanonskih motiva EF-šaka, posebno konzerviranih bočnih lanaca direktno uključenih u Ca<sup>2+</sup> vezivanje, uzorak [https://prosite.expasy.org/cgi-bin/ prosite/nicedoc.pl?PS50222 PS50222] generisan je za predviđanje kanonskih EF-šaknih lokacija. Serveri za predviđanje mogu se naći u odjeljku vanjskih linkova. == Klasifikacija == * Od razgraničenja motiva EF-šake 1973. godine, porodica proteina EF-šaka se do sada proširila na najmanje 66 potporodica. Motivi EF-šaka podijeljeni su u dvije velike grupe:: ** '''Kanonske EF-šake''' , kao što je kod [[kalmodulin]]a (CaM) i prokariotski protein kaleritrin sličan CaM. Kanonska EF-ručna petlja sa 12 ostataka vezuje Ca<sup>2+</sup> uglavnom preko karboksilata ili karbonila bočnog lanca (pozicije sekvence petlje 1, 3, 5, 12). Ostatak na osi –X koordinira Ca<sup>2+</sup> jon kroz premošteni molekul vode. EF-ručna petlja ima bidentatni ligand (Glu ili Asp) na osi –Z. ** '''Pseudo EF-šake''' se nalaze isključivo u N-krajevima proteina sličnih S100 i S100. Pseudo EF-ručna petlja sa 14 ostataka helatira Ca<sup>2+</sup> prvenstveno preko karbonila u kičmi (pozicije 1, 4, 6, 9). Dodatne tačke: [[Slika:EFhandtree.jpg|thumb|left|350px|[[Filogenetsko stablo]] porodice proteina EF-šake]] * Proteini slični EF-u sa raznovrsnim bočnim strukturnim elementima oko Ca<sup>2+</sup>-vezujuće petlje su prijavljeni u [[bakterija]]ma i [[virus]]ima. Ovi [[prokariot]]ski proteini nalik na EF-šakama su široko uključeni u signalizaciju Ca<sup>2+</sup> i [[homeostaza|homeostazu]] u [[bakterija]]. Sadrže fleksibilne dužine Ca<sup>2+</sup>-vezujućih petlji koje se razlikuju od motiva EF-šaka. Međutim, njihova koordinacijska svojstva podsjećaju na klasične motive EF-šaka. ** Naprimjer, polukontinuirano [[mjesto vezivanja]] Ca<sup>2+</sup> u proteinu koji vezuje D-[[galaktoza|galaktozu]] (GBP) sadrži petlju od devet ostataka. Ion Ca<sup>2+</sup> koordinira sedam proteinskih atoma kisika, od kojih je pet iz petlje koja oponaša kanonsku EF-petlju, dok su druga dva iz karboksilatne grupe udaljenog Glu. ** Drugi primjer je novi domen pod nazivom Ekscalibur (venćelijski Ca<sup>2+</sup>-vezujući region) izoliran iz ''[[Bacillus subtilis]]''. Ovaj domen ima konzerviranu Ca<sup>2+</sup>-vezujuću petlju sa 10 ostataka, zapanjujuće sličnu kanonskoj EF-šakioj petlji od 12 ostataka. ** Raznolikost strukture bočne regije ilustrovana je otkrićem domena sličnih EF-u u bakterijskim proteinima. Naprimjer, heliks–petlja–lanac umjesto strukture heliks–petlja–heliks nalazi se u [[periplazma]]tskom proteinu koji vezuje galaktozu (''[[Salmonella typhimurium]]'', {{PDB|1gcg}}) ili proteinu koji veže alginat (''[[Sphingomonas]] sp''., {{PDB2|1kwh}}); ulazni heliks nedostaje u zaštitnom [[antigen]]u (''[[Bacillus anthracis]]'', {{PDB2|1acc}}) ili dokerinu (''[[Clostridium thermocellum]]'', {{PDB2|1daq}}) . *Među svim do sada prijavljenim strukturama, većina motiva EF-šaka je uparena ili između dva kanonska ili jednog pseudo i jednog kanonskog motiva. Za proteine sa neparnim brojem EF-šaka, kao što je penta-EF-šaka kalpain, motivi EF-šaka su povezani [[homodimer|homo–]] ili [[heterodimer]]izacijom. Nedavno identificirana EF-šaka koja sadrži ER Ca<sup>2+</sup> protein senzora, [[stroma (tkivo)|stromne]] interakcijske molekule 1 i 2 (STIM1, STIM2), pokazalo se da sadrži Ca<sup>2+</sup>-vezujući kanonski motiv EF-šake koji se uparuje s neposrednom, nizvodno atipskom "skrivenom" ne-Ca<sup>2+</sup>-vezujućom EF-šakom. Motivi pojedinačne EF-šake mogu poslužiti kao moduli za [[prerada RNK|prerade]] proteina: naprimjer, jedna EF-šaka u NKD1 i NKD2 proteinima veže neuređene (DVL1, DVL2, DVL3) proteine. * Funkcionalno, EF-šake se mogu podijeliti u dvije klase: :1) signalni proteini i :2) proteini za puferovanje/transport. :Prva grupa je najveća i uključuje najpoznatije članove porodice kao što su kalmodulin, troponin C i S100B. Ovi proteini obično prolaze kroz konformacijsku promjenu ovisna o kalciju koja otvara ciljno [[mjesto vezivanja]]. Drugu grupu predstavlja kalbindin D9k i ne prolaze kroz konformacijske promjene zavisne od kalcija. === Potporodice === * EPS15 domen homologije (EH) – {{InterPro|IPR000261}} == Primjeri == === Ekvorin === Ekvorin je protein koji vezuje kalcijum (CaBP) izolovan iz [[Coelenterata]] ''Aequorea victoria''. Ekvorin pripada porodici CaBP-ova EF-šaka, sa EF-šačnim petljama koje su blisko povezane sa CaBP-ima kod [[sisar]]a. Osim toga, ekvorin se godinama koristi kao indikator Ca2+ i pokazalo se da je siguran i ćelije ga dobro podnose. [[Ekvorin]] se sastoji od dvije komponente – komponente koja vezuje kalcij [[apoekvorin]] (AQ) i [[luminiscencija|hemiluminiscentne]] molekule koelenterazina. AQ dio ovog proteina sadrži EF-šačne domene za vezivanje kalcija.<ref name="pmid24244400">{{cite journal | vauthors = Detert JA, Adams EL, Lescher JD, Lyons JA, Moyer JR | title = Pretreatment with Apoaequorin Protects Hippocampal CA1 Neurons from Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 11 | pages = e79002 | year = 2013 | pmid = 24244400 | pmc = 3823939 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0079002 | doi-access = free }}</ref> === Ljudski proteini === Ljudski proteini koji sadrže ovaj [[proteinski domen|domen]] uključuju: * [[ACTN1]]; [[ACTN2]]; [[ACTN3]]; [[ACTN4]]; [[APBA2BP]]; [[AYTL1]]; [[AYTL2]] * [[C14orf143]]; [[CABP1]]; [[CABP2]]; [[CABP3]]; [[CABP4]]; [[CABP5]]; [[CABP7]]; [[CALB1]]; [[CALB2]]; [[CALM2]]; [[CALM3]]; [[CALML3]]; [[CALML4]]; [[CALML5]]; [[CALML6]]; [[CALN1]]; [[CALU]]; [[CAPN1]]; [[CAPN11]]; [[CAPN2]]; [[CAPN3]]; [[CAPN9]]; [[CAPNS1]]; [[CAPNS2]]; [[CAPS (gene)|CAPS]]; [[CAPS2]]; [[CAPSL]]; [[CBARA1]]; [[CETN1]]; [[CETN2]]; [[CETN3]]; [[CHP (gen)|CHP]]; [[CHP2]]; [[CIB1]]; [[CIB2]]; [[CIB3]]; [[CIB4]]; [[CRNN]] * [[DGKA]]; [[DGKB]]; [[DGKG]]; [[Dystonin|DST]]; [[DUOX1]]; [[DUOX2]] * [[EFCAB1]]; [[EFCAB2]]; [[EFCAB4A]]; [[EFCAB4B]]; [[EFCAB6]]; [[EFCBP1]]; [[EFCBP2]]; [[EFHA1]]; [[EFHA2]]; [[EFHB]]; [[EFHC1]]; [[EFHD1]]; [[EFHD2]]; [[EPS15]]; [[EPS15L1]] * [[FKBP10]]; [[FKBP14]]; [[FKBP7]]; [[FKBP9]]; [[FKBP9L]]; [[FREQ]]; [[FSTL1]]; [[FSTL5]] * [[GCA (gen)|GCA]]; [[GPD2]]; [[GUCA1A]]; [[GUCA1B]]; [[GUCA1C]] * [[hippocalcin]]; [[HPCAL1]]; [[HPCAL4]]; [[HZGJ]] * [[IFPS]]; [[ITSN1]]; [[ITSN2]]; [[KCNIP1]]; [[KCNIP2]]; [[KCNIP3]]; [[KCNIP4]]; [[KIAA1799]] * [[LCP1]] * [[MACF1]]; [[MRLC2]]; [[MRLC3]]; [[MST133]]; [[MYL1]]; [[MYL2]]; [[MYL5]]; [[MYL6B]]; [[MYL7]]; [[MYL9]]; [[MYLC2PL]]; [[MYLPF]] * [[NCALD]]; [[NIN (gene)|NIN]]; [[NKD1]]; [[NKD2]]; [[NINL|NLP]]; [[NOX5]]; [[NUCB1]]; [[NUCB2]] * [[OCM (gene)|OCM]] * [[PDCD6]]; [[PEF1]]; [[PKD2]]; [[PLCD1]]; [[PLCD4]]; [[PLCH1]]; [[PLCH2]]; [[PLS1]]; [[PLS3]]; [[PP1187]]; [[PPEF1]]; [[PPEF2]]; [[PPP3R1]]; [[PPP3R2]]; [[PRKCSH]]; [[PVALB]] * [[RAB11FIP3]]; [[RASEF]]; [[RASGRP]]; [[RASGRP1]]; [[RASGRP2]]; [[RASGRP3]]; [[RCN1]]; [[RCN2]]; [[RCN3]]; [[RCV1]]; [[RCVRN]]; [[REPS1]]; [[RHBDL3]]; [[RHOT1]]; [[RHOT2]]; [[RPTN]]; [[RYR2]]; [[RYR3]] * [[S100A1]]; [[S100A11]]; [[S100A12]]; [[S100A6]]; [[S100A8]]; [[S100A9]]; [[S100B]]; [[S100G]]; [[S100Z]]; [[SCAMC-2]]; [[SCGN]]; [[SCN5A]]; [[SDF4]]; [[SLC25A12]]; [[SLC25A13]]; [[SLC25A23]]; [[SLC25A24]]; [[SLC25A25]]; [[SPATA21]]; [[SPTA1]]; [[SPTAN1]]; [[SRI (gen)|SRI]] * [[TBC1D9]]; [[TBC1D9B]]; [[TCHH]]; [[TESC]]; [[TNNC1]]; [[TNNC2]] * [[USP32]] * [[VSNL1]] * [[ZZEF1]] == Reference == {{Reflist}} == Dopunska literatura == {{refbegin |33em}} * {{Cite book | vauthors = Branden C, Tooze J | title = Introduction to Protein Structure | url = https://archive.org/details/introductiontopr00bran_500 | date = 1999 | publisher = Garland Pub. | location = New York | isbn = 0-8153-2305-0 | chapter = Chapter 2: Motifs of protein structure | pages = [https://archive.org/details/introductiontopr00bran_500/page/n38 24]–25 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Nakayama S, Kretsinger RH | title = Evolution of the EF-hand family of proteins | journal = Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct | volume = 23 | pages = 473–507 | year = 1994 | pmid = 7919790 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.bb.23.060194.002353 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Zhou Y, Yang W, Kirberger M, Lee HW, Ayalasomayajula G, Yang JJ | title = Prediction of EF-hand calcium-binding proteins and analysis of bacterial EF-hand proteins | journal = Proteins | volume = 65 | issue = 3 | pages = 643–55 |date=novembar 2006 | pmid = 16981205 | doi = 10.1002/prot.21139 | s2cid = 8904181 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Zhou Y, Frey TK, Yang JJ | title = Viral calciomics: interplays between Ca2+ and virus | journal = Cell Calcium | volume = 46 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–17 |date=juli 2009 | pmid = 19535138 | doi = 10.1016/j.ceca.2009.05.005 | pmc=3449087}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Nakayama S, Moncrief ND, Kretsinger RH | title = Evolution of EF-hand calcium-modulated proteins. II. Domains of several subfamilies have diverse evolutionary histories | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-molecular-evolution_1992-05_34_5/page/416 | journal = J. Mol. Evol. | volume = 34 | issue = 5 | pages = 416–48 | date = maj 1992 | pmid = 1602495 | doi = 10.1007/BF00162998 | s2cid = 34614223 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Hogue CW, MacManus JP, Banville D, Szabo AG | title = Comparison of terbium (III) luminescence enhancement in mutants of EF hand calcium binding proteins | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 267 | issue = 19 | pages = 13340–7 |date=juli 1992 | doi = 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)42216-8 | pmid = 1618836 | doi-access = free }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Bairoch A, Cox JA | title = EF-hand motifs in inositol phospholipid-specific phospholipase C | journal = FEBS Lett. | volume = 269 | issue = 2 | pages = 454–6 | date = septembar 1990 | pmid = 2401372 | doi = 10.1016/0014-5793(90)81214-9 | url = https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:36357/ATTACHMENT01 | doi-access = free | access-date = 4. 12. 2021 | archive-date = 9. 10. 2025 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20251009191128/https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:36357/ATTACHMENT01 | url-status = dead }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Finn BE, Forsén S | title = The evolving model of calmodulin structure, function and activation | journal = Structure | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = 7–11 |date=januar 1995 | pmid = 7743133 | doi = 10.1016/S0969-2126(01)00130-7| doi-access = free }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Stathopulos PB, Zheng L, Li GY, Plevin MJ, Ikura M | title = Structural and mechanistic insights into STIM1-mediated initiation of store-operated calcium entry | journal = Cell | volume = 135 | issue = 1 | pages = 110–22 |date=oktobar 2008 | pmid = 18854159 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2008.08.006 | doi-access = free }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Nelson MR, Thulin E, Fagan PA, Forsén S, Chazin WJ | title = The EF-hand domain: a globally cooperative structural unit | journal = Protein Sci. | volume = 11 | issue = 2 | pages = 198–205 |date=februar 2002 | pmid = 11790829 | pmc = 2373453 | doi = 10.1110/ps.33302 }} {{refend}} ==Vanjski linkovi== * {{ELM|LIG_EH_1}} * {{ELM|LIG_IQ}} * {{ELM|DOC_PP2B_LxvP_1}} * {{ELM|LIG_IQ}} * {{cite web | vauthors = Nelson M, Chazin W | title = EF-Hand Calcium-Binding Proteins Data Library | url = http://structbio.vanderbilt.edu/cabp_database/ | publisher = Vanderbilt University | access-date = 29. 8. 2009 | archive-date = 25. 8. 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090825111040/http://structbio.vanderbilt.edu/cabp_database/ | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | author = Haiech J | title = EF-hand protein database (EF-handome) | url = http://www.ulb.ac.be/assoc/ecs/ | publisher = European Calcium Society and the Université Libre de Bruxelles | access-date = 29. 8. 2009 | quote = upon request to haiech@pharma.u-strasbg.fr | archive-date = 9. 8. 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090809020951/http://www.ulb.ac.be/assoc/ecs/ | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | author = Yang J | title = Calciomics | url = http://chemistry.gsu.edu/faculty/Yang/Calciomics.htm | publisher = Georgia State University | access-date = 29. 8. 2009 | quote = prediction server for EF-hand calcium binding proteins | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091012002812/http://chemistry.gsu.edu/faculty/Yang/Calciomics.htm | archive-date = 12. 10. 2009 }} {{Sekundarna struktura proteina}} [[Kategorija:EF-šake| ]] [[Kategorija:Proteini]] [[Kategorija:Proteinske natporodice]] 2ox91go99rkryzyvx8q22y1bae04pz3 Demofest 0 491392 3849292 3836562 2026-05-25T14:24:35Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849292 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Demofest''' jest muzički [[festival]] koji se svake godine održava na tvrđavi [[Kastel (Banja Luka)|Kastel]] u [[Banja Luka|Banjaluci]], drugom gradu po veličini u [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosni i Hercegovini]]. Osnovan je 2008. godine, sa idejom da se pruži prilika za razvoj neafirmisanih bendova i pomogne oživljivanje rok scene na prostoru [[Jugoslavija|bivše Jugoslavije]], a danas je najveći festival demo bendova u [[Jugoistočna Evropa|jugoistočnoj Evropi]] i jedan od najvećih festivala u toj regiji. Demofest sadrži takmičarski i revijalni segment. Učešće u takmičarskom programu je otvoreno za sve autorske demo bendove koji sviraju [[Rok-muzika|rok]], [[pank]], [[Pop-muzika|pop]], [[Heavy metal|metal]], [[Hip-hop muzika|hip hop]] ili [[rege]] žanrove, a potiču iz [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosne i Hercegovine]], [[Slovenija|Slovenije]], [[Hrvatska|Hrvatske]], [[Srbija|Srbije]], [[Crna Gora|Crne Gore]] ili [[Sjeverna Makedonija|Makedonije]]. U revijalnom programu festivala učestvuju regionalne i svjetske muzičke zvijezde, a neka od najpoznatijih imena koja su do sada nastupala su [[Mando Diao]], [[Guano Apes]], [[Kosheen]], [[Gentleman]], [[The Sisters of Mercy]], [[Stereo MC's]], [[Kelis]], [[Fun Lovin’ Criminals]], [[Triggerfinger]], [[Asian Dub Foundation]], [[Kiril Džajkovski]], [[Dubioza kolektiv]], [[Majke (grupa)|Majke]], [[Psihomodo pop]], [[Damir Urban]], [[S.A.R.S.]] i [[Partibrejkers]]. U periodu od 2008. do 2018. godine, za učešće na festivalu se prijavilo preko 4.000 demo bendova, a u revijalnom programu je nastupio 61 izvođač. Demofest je 2010. godine uvršten na [[UNESCO]] listu projekata od posebnog značaja za povezivanje i razvoj kultura u zemljama Evrope.<ref>[http://www.unesco.org/culture/dialogue/2010iyrc/projects/project.php?id=496 2010, Année Internationale du Rapprochement des Cultures - UNESCO]</ref> Festival je u nekoliko navrata dobijao podršku od međunarodnih institucija<ref>http://www.nezavisne.com/umjetnost-zabava/muzika/EU-podrzava-Jelen-Demofest/200363</ref>, a o njemu su izvještavali svi značajniji regionalni mediji i brojne svjetske medijske kuće kao što su [[The Guardian]]<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/may/11/the-insiders-cultural-guide-to-banja-luka-where-life-is-lived-in-cafes The insider's cultural guide to Banja Luka: Where life is lived in cafes | Cities | The Guardian]</ref>, [[Vice]]<ref>[http://www.vice.com/rs/read/vodic-kroz-banja-luku ​VICE vodič za Banja Luku - VICE]</ref> ili [[MTV]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mtv.rs/tv/summer-festival-report-2/summer-festival-report-jelen-demofest|title=Архивирана копија|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709031109/http://www.mtv.rs/tv/summer-festival-report-2/summer-festival-report-jelen-demofest|archive-date=9. 7. 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=7. 7. 2015}}</ref> Ovaj muzički događaj je bio zastupljen i u filmu „[[Zduhač znači avantura]]“, čija radnja prati nekoliko junaka na putu ka Demofestu. == Koncept == [[Datoteka:Jelen_Demofest_2011_(5983679993).jpg|desno|mini|250x250piksel|Demofest 2011.]] Prijave za učešće u takmičarskom programu festivala se otvaraju u proljeće svake godine. Uz prijavnu dokumentaciju se dostavljaju i audio snimci autorskih pjesama, a priliku za nastup dobije približno 30 takmičara. Bend koji na osnovu ocjene žirija osvoji prvo mjesto kao nagradu dobija snimanje i produkciju albuma te snimanje video spota za pjesmu po izboru, dok drugoplasirani i trećeplasirani sastavi dobijaju binsku opremu. Redovno se dodjeljuju i različite sporedne nagrade. Odabir takmičara, finalista i dobitnika glavnih nagrada vrši stručni žiri, čiji sastav se mijenja svake godine. U žiriju se, pored predstavnika Demofesta i sponzora festivala, nalaze poznati muzičari iz regije, rok kritičari, muzički novinari i producenti. Neki od članova dosadašnjih žirija bili su [[Rambo Amadeus]], [[Davor Gobac]], [[Laka|Elvir Laković Laka]], [[Nikola Kolja Pejaković]], [[Vlatko Stefanovski]], [[Marčelo|Marko Šelić Marčelo]], [[Vasil Hadžimanov]], [[Nikola Vranjković]], [[Milorad Milinković]], [[Petar Janjatović]] i [[Branimir Bane Lokner]]. Od 2011. godine, festival traje tri dana. Nakon takmičarskog programa nastupaju revijalni izvođači, dok svake godine bude organizovan i prateći dnevni program, koji je u prethodnim godinama sadržavao radionice grafita i strip crtanja, fotografske i slikarske izložbe, filmske projekcije, promocije knjiga, muzičkih albuma i spotova, te brojne radionice, edukacije i predavanja za muzičare. == Historija == === 2008. === Prvo izdanje festivala bilo je i najduže, te trajalo od 19. do 26. jula. Za festival su se prijavila 192 demo benda, a u takmičarskom programu su nastupila 32. Takmičari su jedino ove godine izvodili po dvije pjesme, a nastupi revijalnih izvođača su organizovani između takmičarski večeri. Prvu nagradu osvojio je bend KillingJazzHardcoreBaby ([[Travnik]], BiH), drugoplasirana je bila grupa Tripcycle ([[Novi Sad]], Srbija) a treće mjesto pripalo je sastavu Magma ([[Beograd]], Srbija). Dodijeljena je i nagrada publike, kao i nagrada novinara. U revijalnom programu nastupali su [[KUD Idijoti]], [[Marčelo]] & [[Filter Crew]], [[Damir Urban|Urban]] & 4, [[Darko Rundek]] & [[Kargo Orkestar]] i [[Vlatko Stefanovski|Vlatko Stefanovski Trio]]. U dnevnom programu su organizovane radionice grafita, fotografske izložbe, filmske projekcije, edukacije i panel diskusije. === 2009. === Drugo izdanje festivala trajalo je od 23. do 27. jula. Za festival su se prijavila 304 demo benda, a u takmičarskom programu su nastupila 33. Te godine su se u revijalnom programu prvi put našla svjetski poznata muzička imena, kao i osvajači prve tri nagrade prethodne godine, što je postala redovna praksa u narednim godinama. Prvu nagradu osvojio je bend Prophaganda ([[Zagreb]], Hrvatska), drugoplasirana je bila grupa Discopath ([[Split]], Hrvatska) a treće mjesto su podijelili sastavi ZAA ([[Kruševac]], Srbija) i Tanker ([[Banja Luka]], BiH). Dodijeljena je i nagrada publike, kao i nagrada novinara. U revijalnom programu nastupali su Kosheen, Asian Dub Foundation, Therapy?, Nouvelle Vague, KillingJazzHardcoreBaby, Tripcycle i Magma. U dnevnom programu su organizovane fotografske izložbe, filmske projekcije, edukacije i muzičke promocije. === 2010. === Treće izdanje festivala trajalo je od 21. do 24. jula. Za festival se prijavilo 370 demo bendova, a u takmičarskom programu su nastupila 34. Prvu nagradu osvojio je bend Threesome (Beograd, Srbija), drugoplasirana je bila grupa Kuriri ([[Pirot]], Srbija) a treće mjesto pripalo je sastavu Prežderani ([[Daruvar]], Hrvatska). Dodijeljena je i nagrada publike. U revijalnom programu nastupali su Stereo MC's, [[Кирил Џајковски|Kiril Džajkovski]], New Young Pony Club, Fun Lovin’ Criminals, Prophaganda, Discopath, ZAA i Tanker. U dnevnom programu su organizovane izložbe ilustracija, filmske projekcije, radionice i muzičke promocije. === 2011. === [[Datoteka:Jelen_Demofest_2011_(5984316014).jpg|desno|mini|250x250piksel|Demofest 2011.]] Četvrto izdanje festivala trajalo je od 27. do 29. jula. Za festival se prijavilo 438 demo bendova, a u takmičarskom programu su nastupila 24. Prvu nagradu osvojio je bend [[Plišani mališan]] ([[Gornji Milanovac]], Srbija), drugoplasirana je bila grupa Big Bug (Pirot, Srbija) a treće mjesto pripalo je sastavu Aesthetic Empathy ([[Sarajevo]], BiH). Nagrađeni su i četvrtoplasirani bendovi, dok je premijerno uvedena i nagrada za najperspektivniji banjalučki bend. U revijalnom programu nastupali su [[Kelis]], Skindred, Tricky, Threesome, Kuriri i Prežderani. U dnevnom programu su organizovane radionice stripova, edukacije te promocije knjiga, muzičkih albuma i spotova. === 2012. === Zbog odsustva finansijske podrške, organizatori su prvobitno odustali od petog izdanja festivala. Međutim, nekoliko mladih Banjalučana je početkom 2012. godine pokrenulo akciju za opstanak festivala, sa ciljem da [[Vlada Republike Srpske]] izdvoji finansijska sredstva za pomoć Demofestu. Akcija je veoma brzo postala masovna, stekla veliku podršku širom BiH i susjednih zemalja, a nakon što je predata peticija sa preko 3.500 potpisa prikupljenih za sedam dana, nadležni organi su odobrili neophodna novčana sredstva.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.6yka.com/novost/20173/Grad-Banjaluka-podrzava-Demofest|title=Grad Banjaluka podržava Demofest - BUKA Magazin|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709095912/http://www.6yka.com/novost/20173/Grad-Banjaluka-podrzava-Demofest|archive-date=9. 7. 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=7. 7. 2015|df=}}</ref> Festival je organizovan od 26. do 28. Jula, prijavilo se 395 demo bendova, a u takmičarskom programu je nastupilo 30. Prvu nagradu osvojio je bend Neuro (Banja Luka, BiH), drugoplasirana je bila grupa Kraj programa ([[Rijeka]], Hrvatska) a treće mjesto pripalo je sastavu Dede Putra ([[Bihać]], BiH). Dodijeljena i nagrada za najperspektivniji banjalučki bend, kao i specijalna nagrada organizatora te priznanje najboljem novinaru. Uvedena je i nagrada „Plavi bas“, bas gitara plave boje, u čast preminulog banjalučkog basiste Igora Kašikovića Kaleta. U revijalnom programu nastupali su [[Majke (grupa)|Majke]], [[Zemlja gruva]], [[Darkwood Dub]] & [[Bisera Veletanlić]], [[TBF]], [[Psihomodo pop]], [[Sopot]], [[Plišani mališan]], [[Big Bug]] i [[Aesthetic Empathy]]. U dnevnom programu su organizovane radionice stripova, izložbe fotografija, filmske projekcije i muzičke promocije. === 2013. === [[Datoteka:Demofest06_-_Thursday_(9315748500).jpg|desno|mini|250x250piksel|Demofest 2013]] Šesto izdanje festivala trajalo je od 18. do 20. jula. Za festival se prijavilo 428 demo bendova, a u takmičarskom programu je nastupilo 30. Otvaranje festivala je posjetilo više od 10.000 posjetilaca, što je tada predstavljalo rekordnu posjetu jedne festivalske večeri. Prvu nagradu osvojio je bend M.O.R.T. ([[Sinj]], Hrvatska), drugoplasirana je bila grupa Kontradikshn ([[Brežice]], Slovenija) a treće mjesto pripalo je sastavu SmokeShakers ([[Kavadarci]], Makedonija). Dodijeljene su i nagrade najperspektivnijem banjalučkom bendu, najboljem basisti, najboljem bubnjaru i najboljem novinaru. U revijalnom programu nastupali su [[Dubioza kolektiv]], [[S.A.R.S]], [[Partibrejkers]], [[Superhiks]], [[Kiril Džajkovski]], [[Plejboj]], [[Neuro]] i [[Dede Putra]]. U dnevnom programu su organizovane radionice stripova, market unikatnih proizvoda, edukacije za muzičare, muzičke promocije te izložba slika Davora Gopca. === 2014. === Sedmo izdanje festivala trajalo je od 17. do 19. jula. Za festival se prijavilo 458 demo bendova, a u takmičarskom programu je nastupilo 30. U revijalni program Demofesta su se nakon tri godine vratili strani izvođači. Prvu nagradu osvojio je bend Hulahoop ([[Kamnik]], Slovenija), drugoplasirana je bila grupa Punkart ([[Tuzla]], BiH) a treće mjesto pripalo je sastavu Low Peak Charlie ([[Primorska]]/[[Ljubljana]], Slovenija). Dodijeljen je rekordan broj nagrada, jer su uz najboljeg basistu, bubnjara i novinara te najperspektivniji banjalučki bend, nagrađeni i najbolji gitarista, najbolje plasirani banjalučki bend u takmičarskom programu te najbolji bend po izboru publike. U revijalnom programu nastupali su [[Guano Apes]], [[Max Romeo]], Brand New Heavies, [[Hladno pivo]], [[Eyesburn]], [[Damir Urban|Urban & 4]], M.O.R.T, Kontradikshn i SmokeShakers. U dnevnom programu su organizovane radionice stripova, izložbe fotografija, edukacije za muzičare i muzičke promocije. === 2015. === Osmo izdanje festivala održano je od 16. do 18. jula. Za festival se prijavio 461 demo bend, a u takmičarskom programu je nastupio 31. Prvi put je Demofest iseljen sa ljetne pozornice [[Kastel (Banja Luka)|Kastela]], zbog njenog renoviranja, te je održan u drugom, prostranijem dijelu tvrđave. Prvu nagradu osvojio je bend Nord (Rijeka, Hrvatska), drugoplasirana je bila grupa Rezerve ([[Tučepi]], Hrvatska) a treće mjesto pripalo je sastavu [[S.K.A.]] ([[Leskovac]], Srbija). Dodijeljena je i nagrada publike, kao i nagrade najboljem basisti, najboljem gitaristi i najboljem novinaru. U revijalnom programu nastupali su Gentleman, Triggerfinger, M.O.R.T, [[Who See]], [[TBF]], [[Irie FM]], Hulahoop, Punkart i Low Peak Charlie. Prvobitno je bilo najavljeno da će nastupiti i Eagles of Death Metal, ali je šest dana pred početak festivala bend otkazao posljednja tri nastupa na svojoj ljetnoj turneji (koncerte u [[Грчка|Grčkoj]], [[Мађарска|Mađarskoj]] i na Demofestu), navodeći kao osnovni razlog „finansijske okolnosti proistekle iz ekonomske situacije u Grčkoj“.<ref>[http://www.atvbl.com/eagles-death-metal-ne-dolaze-na-jelen-demofest/ Eagles of Death Metal ne dolaze na Jelen Demofest – ATV]</ref><ref>[http://eaglesofdeathmetal.com/?page=news_item&NewsID=3765647631532 News | Eagles of Death Metal Official]{{Mrtav link}}</ref>  U dnevnom programu su organizovane izložbe fotografija, market unikatnih proizvoda, „Živa biblioteka“, filmske projekcije te promocije knjiga, muzičkih albuma i spotova. === 2016. === Deveto izdanje festivala održano je od 21. do 23. jula. Za festival se prijavilo 467 demo bendova, a u takmičarskom programu su nastupila 33. Demofest 09 je zabilježio najveću posjetu od osnivanja festivala, sa više od 30.000 posjetilaca tokom tri dana. Prvu nagradu osvojio je bend Seine ([[Varaždin]]/[[Zagreb]], Hrvatska), drugoplasirana je bila grupa Degeneza ([[Beograd]], Srbija), a treće mjesto pripalo je sastavu Letarg ([[Koprivnica]], Hrvatska). Dodijeljene su i nagrade najboljem basisti, najboljem gitaristi i najboljem novinaru. U revijalnom programu nastupali su [[Mando Diao]], [[The Sisters of Mercy]], Dub Pistols, Hladno pivo, Kolja i Grobovlasnici, [[Bombaj štampa]], ZAA, Nord, Rezerve i [[S.K.A.|S.K.A]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mtv.com.hr/vijesti/najave/mando-diao-i-sisters-of-mercy-stizu-na-deveti-demofest1|title=Архивирана копија|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610172102/http://mtv.com.hr/vijesti/najave/mando-diao-i-sisters-of-mercy-stizu-na-deveti-demofest1#|archive-date=10. 6. 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=18. 5. 2016|df=}}</ref> U dnevnom pogramu su organizovane izložbe fotografija i muzičkih eksponata, radionice udaraljki, filmske projekcije, edukacije za muzičare i muzičke projekcije. === 2017. === Deseto izdanje festivala održano je od 20. do 23. jula. Za festival se prijavilo 471 demo bend, čime je postavljen novi rekord festivala, a u takmičarskom programu je nastupilo 49. Demofest 10 je bio i do sada najveći format festivala sa dvije bine. Prvu nagradu osvojio je bend Slonz ([[Šabac]], Srbija), drugoplasirana je bila grupa Tyger Lamb (Zagreb, Hrvatska), a treće mjesto pripalo je sastavu Wolfram (Novi Sad, Srbija). Dodijeljene su i nagrade najboljem basisti i najboljem gitaristi. U revijalnom programu nastupali su Rudimental (DJ Set), Marky Ramone, Freemasons, Ky-Mani Marley, Funkerman, [[Dubioza kolektiv]], [[Edo Maajka]], [[Lačni Franz|Lačni Franc]], [[Bad Copy]], Sopot, Seine, Degeneza i Letarg. U dnevnom programu su organizovane izložbe fotografija i ilustarcija, okrugli sto "Žene u umjetnosti", eko konkurs "Čista umjetnost" te promocija knjiga, muzičkih albuma i spotova. === 2018. === Jedanaesto izdanje festivala održano je od 19. do 22. jula. Za festival se prijavilo 458 demo bendova, a u takmičarskom programu je nastupilo 26. Prvu nagradu osvojio je bend Sergio Lounge (Beograd, Srbija), drugoplasirana je bila grupa Vin Triste (Beograd, Srbija), a treće mjesto je pripalo sastavu Fire in Cairo (Zagreb, Hrvatska). Dodijeljene su i nagrade najboljem basisti i najboljem gitaristi. U revijalnom programu nastupali su [[Magnifico]] i Srpski vojni orkestar, Dječaci, Marko Louis, [[Darko Rundek]] & Ekipa, [[Nele Karajlić]] i All Star bend, [[Goblini (grupa)|Goblini]], Slonz, Tyger Lamb i Wolfram. U dnevnom programu su organizovane izložbe fotografija, projekcije filmova, razne radionice na temu muzike, te promocije muzičkih albuma i spotova. == Nagrade i priznanja == {| class="wikitable" ! width="60" |Godina ! width="200" |Prvo mjesto ! width="150" |Drugo mjesto ! width="150" |Treće mjesto !Ostale nagrade |- |<center> [[2008]].</center> |{{ZD|BIH}} KillingJazzHardcoreBaby |{{ZD|SRB}} Tripcycle |{{ZD|SRB}} Magma |Nagrada publike: Grof Đuraz <br />Nagrada novinara: Catrin Noise |- |<center> [[2009]].</center> |{{ZD|HRV}} Prophaganda |{{ZD|HRV}} Discopath |{{ZD|SRB}} ZAA <br />{{ZD|BIH}} Tanker |Nagrada publike: Orion <br />Nagrada novinara: Prophaganda |- |<center> [[2010]].</center> |{{ZD|SRB}} Threesome |{{ZD|SRB}} Kuriri |{{ZD|HRV}} Prežderani |Nagrada publike: Kteri |- |<center> [[2011]].</center> |{{ZD|SRB}} Plišani mališan |{{ZD|SRB}} Big Bug |{{ZD|BIH}} Aesthetic Empathy |Četvrto mjesto: Nova, [[Bitipatibi]], [[The Schtrebers]], Indigo Pop <br />Najperspektivniji banjalučki bend: Tanker |- |<center> [[2012]].</center> |{{ZD|BIH}} Neuro |{{ZD|HRV}} Kraj programa |{{ZD|BIH}} Dede Putra |Nagrada organizatora: Vila Filozofina <br />Najperspektivniji banjalučki bend: Deer in the Headlights / Aurora <br />Plavi bas: Nemanja Ristović <br />Najbolji novinar: Branka Glavonjić |- |<center> [[2013]].</center> |{{ZD|HRV}} M.O.R.T. |{{ZD|SLO}} Kontradikshn |{{ZD|MAK}} SmokeShakers |Najperspektivniji banjalučki bend: Važno obavještenje <br />Plavi bas: Matija Jašarov <br />Najbolji bubnjar: Gregor Hodinj <br />Najbolji novinar: Savo Drakulić |- |<center> [[2014]].</center> |{{ZD|SLO}} Hulahoop |{{ZD|BIH}} Punkart |{{ZD|SLO}} Low Peak Charlie |Nagrada publike: Benefit <br />Najperspektivniji banjalučki bend: Brutal Protest <br />Najbolje plasirani banjalučki bend: Shanghai Street Fight <br />Plavi bas: Lovro Velušček <br />Najbolji bubnjar: Luka Žižić <br />Najbolji gitarista: Marko Bagarić <br />Najbolji novinar: Haris Suljović |- |<center> [[2015]].</center> |{{ZD|HRV}} Nord |{{ZD|HRV}} Rezerve |{{ZD|SRB}} [[S.K.A.]] |Nagrada publike: Cardinal Point <br />Plavi bas: Mihael Prosen <br />Najbolji gitarista: Ante Puharić <br />Najbolji novinar: Zoran Tučkar |- |<center> [[2016]].</center> |{{ZD|HRV}} Seine |{{ZD|SRB}} Degeneza |{{ZD|HRV}} Letarg |Plavi bas: Maja Kolarić <br />Najbolji gitarista: David Seferović <br />Najbolji novinar: Mirna Pijetlović |- |<center> [[2017]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Završen 10. Demofest... Pobednik — šabački bend Slonz|url=http://headliner.rs/2017/07/23/zavrsen-10-demofest-pobednik-sabacki-bend-slonz/|access-date=27. 9. 2018|website=headliner.rs|archive-date=27. 9. 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927050538/http://headliner.rs/2017/07/23/zavrsen-10-demofest-pobednik-sabacki-bend-slonz/|url-status=dead}}</ref></center> |{{ZD|SRB}} Slonz |{{ZD|HRV}} Tyger Lamb |{{ZD|SRB}} Wolfram |Plavi bas: Adrijan Jung <br />Najbolji gitarista: Nikola Mijailović |- |<center> [[2018]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Pobednici 11. Demofesta|url=http://www.seecult.org/vest/pobednici-11-demofesta|access-date=27. 9. 2018|website=seecult.org}}</ref></center> |{{ZD|SRB}} Sergio Lounge |{{ZD|SRB}} Vin Triste |{{ZD|HRV}} Fire in Cairo |Plavi bas: Jovan Đukić <br />Najbolji gitarista: Pavle Popov |} == Revijalni izvođači == {| class="wikitable" ! width="60" |Godina !Izvođači |- |<center> [[2008]].</center> |{{ZD|HRV}} [[KUD Idijoti]], {{ZD|SRB}} [[Marčelo]] & Filter Crew, {{ZD|HRV}} [[Damir Urban|Urban & 4]], {{ZD|HRV}} [[Darko Rundek]] & [[Kargo orkestar]], {{ZD|MAK}} [[Vlatko Stefanovski|Vlatko Stefanovski trio]] |- |<center> [[2009]].</center> |{{ZD|UK}} Kosheen, {{ZD|UK}} Asian Dub Foundation, {{ZD|FRA}} Nouvelle Vague, {{ZD|UK}} Therapy? ---- {{ZD|BIH}} KillingJazzHardcoreBaby, {{ZD|SRB}} Tripcycle, {{ZD|SRB}} Magma |- |<center> [[2010]].</center> |{{ZD|UK}} Stereo MC's, {{ZD|SAD}} Fun Lovin' Criminals, {{ZD|MAK}} [[Kiril Džajkovski]], {{ZD|UK}} New Young Pony Club ---- {{ZD|HRV}} Prophaganda, {{ZD|HRV}} Discopath, {{ZD|SRB}} ZAA, {{ZD|BIH}} Tanker |- |<center> [[2011]].</center> |{{ZD|SAD}} [[Kelis]], {{ZD|UK}} Skindred, {{ZD|UK}} Tricky ---- {{ZD|SRB}} Threesome, {{ZD|SRB}} Kuriri, {{ZD|HRV}} Prežderani |- |<center> [[2012]].</center> |{{ZD|HRV}} [[Majke (grupa)|Majke]], {{ZD|HRV}} [[Psihomodo pop]], {{ZD|SRB}} Zemlja gruva, {{ZD|SRB}} [[Darkwood Dub]] & [[Bisera Veletanlić]], {{ZD|BIH}} Sopot, {{ZD|HRV}} [[TBF]] ---- {{ZD|SRB}} [[Plišani mališan]], {{ZD|SRB}} Big Bug, {{ZD|BIH}} Aesthetic Empathy |- |<center> [[2013]].</center> |{{ZD|BIH}} [[Dubioza kolektiv]], {{ZD|MAK}} [[Kiril Džajkovski]], {{ZD|SRB}} [[S.A.R.S]], {{ZD|SRB}} [[Partibrejkers]], {{ZD|SRB}} [[Plejboj (grupa)|Plejboj]], {{ZD|MAK}} Superhiks ---- {{ZD|BIH}} Neuro, {{ZD|BIH}} Dede Putra |- |<center> [[2014]].</center> |{{ZD|NJE}} [[Guano Apes]], {{ZD|JAM}} [[Max Romeo]], {{ZD|UK}} Brand New Heavies, {{ZD|HRV}} [[Damir Urban|Urban & 4]], {{ZD|HRV}} [[Hladno pivo]], {{ZD|SRB}} Eyesburn ---- {{ZD|HRV}} M.O.R.T, {{ZD|SLO}} Kontradikshn, {{ZD|MAK}} SmokeShakers |- |<center> [[2015]].</center> |{{ZD|NJE}} [[Gentleman]], {{ZD|BEL}} Triggerfinger, {{ZD|HRV}} [[TBF]], {{ZD|CG}} [[Who See]], {{ZD|SRB}} [[Irie FM]], {{ZD|HRV}} M.O.R.T. ---- {{ZD|SLO}} Hulahoop, {{ZD|BIH}} Punkart, {{ZD|SLO}} Low Peak Charlie |- |<center> [[2016]].</center> |{{ZD|ŠVE}} [[Mando Diao]], {{ZD|UK}} [[The Sisters of Mercy]], {{ZD|UK}} Dub Pistols, {{ZD|HRV}} [[Hladno pivo]], {{ZD|SRB}} [[Nikola Pejaković|Kolja i Grobovlasnici]], {{ZD|BIH}} [[Bombaj štampa]], {{ZD|SRB}} ZAA ---- {{ZD|HRV}} Nord, {{ZD|HRV}} Rezerve, {{ZD|SRB}} [[S.K.A.]] |- |<center> [[2017]].<ref>{{cite news|title=10. Demofest|url=http://www.seecult.org/content/10-demofest-bl|access-date=28. 9. 2018|website=seecult.org}}</ref></center> |{{ZD|UK}} Rudimental (DJ set), {{ZD|SAD}} Marky Ramone, {{ZD|UK}} Freemasons, {{ZD|JAM}} Ky-Mani Marley, {{ZD|HOL}} Funkerman, {{ZD|BIH}} [[Dubioza kolektiv]], {{ZD|BIH}} [[Edo Maajka]], <br /> {{ZD|SLO}} [[Lačni Franc]], {{ZD|SRB}} [[Bad Copy]], {{ZD|BIH}} Sopot ---- {{ZD|HRV}} Seine, {{ZD|SRB}} Degeneza, {{ZD|HRV}} Letarg |- |<center> [[2018]].<ref>{{cite news|title=11. Demofest|url=http://www.seecult.org/content/11-demofest-bl|access-date=27. 9. 2018|website=seecult.org}}</ref></center> |{{ZD|SLO}} {{ZD|SRB}} [[Magnifico]] i Srpski vojni orkestar, {{ZD|HRV}} Dječaci, {{ZD|SRB}} Marko Louis, {{ZD|HRV}} [[Darko Rundek|Darko Rundek & Ekipa]], {{ZD|SRB}} [[Nele Karajlić|Dr. Nele Karajlić]], {{ZD|SRB}} [[Goblini (grupa)|Goblini]] ---- {{ZD|SRB}} Slonz, {{ZD|HRV}} Tyger Lamb, {{ZD|SRB}} Wolfram |} == Reference == {{reflist}} == Izvori == * [https://www.demofest.ba/ Zvanični veb-sajt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328090110/https://www.demofest.ba/ |date=28. 3. 2023 }} * [https://www.facebook.com/Demofest Zvanična stranica na Facebooku] == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commons category|Demofest}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150511020720/http://demofest.org/program/ Program Demofesta] [[Kategorija:Kultura u Banjoj Luci]] [[Kategorija:Bosanskohercegovački muzički festivali]] 29il8sv6nprzwhv36nkhkzu3cwjy1al Šablon:Najkorisniji igrač Final Foura Eurolige 10 492340 3849316 3710331 2026-05-25T17:16:21Z KWiki 9400 3849316 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navkutija | ime = Najkorisniji igrač Final Foura Eurolige | naslov = [[Najkorisniji igrač finalnog turnira Eurolige|<span style="color:white;">Najkorisniji igrač finalnog turnira</span>]] [[Euroliga|<span style="color:white;">Eurolige</span>]] | naslovstil = background:#FA5500; color:white; | podaciklasa = hlist | nowrapitems = yes |podaci1 = * 1988:&nbsp;[[Bob McAdoo|McAdoo]] * 1989:&nbsp;[[Dino Rađa|Rađa]] * 1990–1991:&nbsp;[[Toni Kukoč|Kukoč]] * 1992:&nbsp;[[Predrag Danilović|Danilović]] * 1993:&nbsp;[[Toni Kukoč|Kukoč]] * 1994:&nbsp;[[Žarko Paspalj|Paspalj]] * 1995:&nbsp;[[Arvydas Sabonis|Sabonis]] * 1996:&nbsp;[[Dominique Wilkins|Wilkins]] * 1997:&nbsp;[[David Rivers|Rivers]] * 1998:&nbsp;[[Zoran Savić|Savić]] * 1999:&nbsp;[[Tyus Edney|Edney]] * 2000:&nbsp;[[Željko Rebrača|Rebrača]] * 2001:&nbsp;[[Manu Ginóbili|Ginóbili]] ([[Finale Eurolige 2001.|Euroliga]]) i [[Ariel McDonald|McDonald]] ([[Final Four Suprolige 2001.|Suproliga]]) * 2002–2003:&nbsp;[[Dejan Bodiroga|Bodiroga]] * 2004:&nbsp;[[Anthony Parker|Parker]] * 2005:&nbsp;[[Šarūnas Jasikevičius|Jasikevičius]] * 2006:&nbsp;[[Theo Papaloukas|Papaloukas]] * 2007:&nbsp;[[Dimitris Diamantidis|Diamantidis]] * 2008:&nbsp;[[Trajan Langdon|Langdon]] * 2009:&nbsp;[[Vassilis Spanoulis|Spanoulis]] * 2010:&nbsp;[[Juan Carlos Navarro (košarkaš)|Navarro]] * 2011:&nbsp;[[Dimitris Diamantidis|Diamantidis]] * 2012–2013:&nbsp;[[Vassilis Spanoulis|Spanoulis]] * 2014:&nbsp;[[Tyrese Rice|Rice]] * 2015:&nbsp;[[Andrés Nocioni|Nocioni]] * 2016:&nbsp;[[Nando de Colo|De Colo]] * 2017:&nbsp;[[Ekpe Udoh|Udoh]] * 2018:&nbsp;[[Luka Dončić|Dončić]] * 2019:&nbsp;[[Will Clyburn|Clyburn]] * 2020:&nbsp;''Nije dodijeljeno'' * {{nowrap|2021–2022:&nbsp;[[Vasilije Micić|Micić]]}} * 2023:&nbsp;[[Walter Tavares|Tavares]] * 2024:&nbsp;[[Kostas Sloukas|Sloukas]] * 2025:&nbsp;[[Nigel Hayes-Davis|Hayes-Davis]] * 2026:&nbsp;[[Evan Fournier|Fournier]] }}<noinclude> [[Kategorija:Šabloni za Euroligu]] </noinclude> s7981cx542j76jmxnk9hdcye796d745 Šablon:Najbolji strijelci finala Eurolige 10 493432 3849317 3710332 2026-05-25T17:17:06Z KWiki 9400 3849317 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navkutija | ime = Najbolji strijelci finala Eurolige | naslov = [[Najbolji strijelac finala Eurolige|<span style="color:white;">Najbolji strijelci finala</span>]] [[Euroliga|<span style="color:white;">Eurolige</span>]] | osnovastil = background:#FA5500; color:white; | tijeloklasa = hlist | grupa1 = Finale<br/>{{nobold|(1958–1987)}} | podaci1 = * 1958–1960:&nbsp;[[Jānis Krūmiņš|Krūmiņš]] * 1961:&nbsp;[[Viktor Zubkov (košarkaš)|Zubkov]] * 1962:&nbsp;[[Wayne Hightower|Hightower]] * 1963–1964:&nbsp;[[Emiliano Rodríguez|Rodríguez]] * 1965:&nbsp;[[Clifford Luyk|Luyk]] * 1966:&nbsp;[[Jiří Zídek Sr.|Zídek Sr.]] * 1967:&nbsp;[[Steve Chubin|Chubin]] * 1968:&nbsp;[[Miles Aiken|Aiken]] * 1969:&nbsp;[[Vladimir Andrejev (košarkaš)|Andrejev]] * {{nowrap|1970–1971:&nbsp;[[Sergej Bjelov|Bjelov]]}} * 1972:&nbsp;[[Petar Skansi|Skansi]] * 1973:&nbsp;[[Sergej Bjelov|Bjelov]] * 1974:&nbsp;[[Dino Meneghin|Meneghin]] * 1975–1976:&nbsp;[[Bob Morse|Morse]] * 1977:&nbsp;[[Jim Boatwright|Boatwright]] * 1978:&nbsp;[[Walter Szczerbiak|Szczerbiak]] * 1979:&nbsp;[[Žarko Varajić|Varajić]] * 1980:&nbsp;[[Earl Williams (košarkaš)|Williams]] * 1981:&nbsp;[[Marco Bonamico|Bonamico]] * 1982:&nbsp;[[Bruce Flowers|Flowers]] * 1983:&nbsp;[[Antonello Riva|Riva]] * 1984:&nbsp;[[Juan Antonio San Epifanio|San Epifanio]] * 1985:&nbsp;[[Dražen Petrović|Petrović]] * 1986:&nbsp;[[Arvydas Sabonis|Sabonis]] * 1987:&nbsp;[[Lee Johnson (košarkaš)|Johnson]] | grupa2 = [[Finalni turnir Eurolige|{{color|white|Finalni turnir}}]]<br/>{{nobold|(1988–trenutno)}} | podaci2 = * 1988:&nbsp;[[Bob McAdoo|McAdoo]] * 1989:&nbsp;[[Doron Jamchi|Jamchi]] * 1990:&nbsp;[[Toni Kukoč|Kukoč]] * 1991:&nbsp;[[Zoran Savić|Savić]] * 1992:&nbsp;[[Predrag Danilović|Danilović]] * 1993:&nbsp;[[Terry Teagle|Teagle]] * 1994:&nbsp;[[Ferran Martínez|Martínez]] * 1995:&nbsp;[[Arvydas Sabonis|Sabonis]] * 1996:&nbsp;[[Artūras Karnišovas|Karnišovas]] * 1997:&nbsp;[[David Rivers|Rivers]] * {{nowrap|1998–1999:&nbsp;[[Antoine Rigaudeau|Rigaudeau]]}} * 2000:&nbsp;[[Nate Huffman|Huffman]] * 2001:&nbsp;[[Emanuel Ginóbili|Ginóbili]], [[Elmer Bennett|Bennett]] i [[Victor Alexander|Alexander]] ([[Finale Eurolige 2001.|Euroliga]]) / [[Dejan Bodiroga|Bodiroga]] ([[Finalni turnir FIBA Suprolige 2001.|Suproliga]]) * 2002:&nbsp;[[Emanuel Ginóbili|Ginóbili]] * 2003:&nbsp;[[Dejan Bodiroga|Bodiroga]] * 2004:&nbsp;[[Anthony Parker|Parker]] i [[Miloš Vujanić|Vujanić]] * 2005:&nbsp;[[Šarūnas Jasikevičius|Jasikevičius]] * 2006:&nbsp;[[Will Solomon|Solomon]] * 2007:&nbsp;[[Theodoros Papaloukas|Papaloukas]] * 2008:&nbsp;[[Will Bynum|Bynum]] * 2009:&nbsp;[[Jon Robert Holden|Holden]] * 2010:&nbsp;[[Juan Carlos Navarro (košarkaš)|Navarro]] * 2011:&nbsp;[[Michael Batiste|Batiste]] * 2012:&nbsp;[[Kostas Papanikolaou|Papanikolaou]] * 2013:&nbsp;[[Vassilis Spanoulis|Spanoulis]] * 2014:&nbsp;[[Tyrese Rice|Rice]] * 2015:&nbsp;[[Matt Lojeski|Lojeski]] * 2016:&nbsp;[[Nando de Colo|De Colo]] * 2017:&nbsp;[[Bogdan Bogdanović (košarkaš)|Bogdanović]] i [[Nikola Kalinić (košarkaš)|Kalinić]] * 2018:&nbsp;[[Nicolò Melli|Melli]] * 2019:&nbsp;[[Shane Larkin|Larkin]] * 2020:&nbsp;''Nije dodijeljeno'' * 2021–2022:&nbsp;[[Vasilije Micić|Micić]] * 2023:&nbsp;[[Aleksandar Vezenkov|Vezenkov]] * 2024:&nbsp;[[Kostas Sloukas|Sloukas]] * 2025:&nbsp;[[Nigel Hayes-Davis|Hayes-Davis]] * 2026:&nbsp;[[Trey Lyles|Lyles]] }}<noinclude> [[Kategorija:Šabloni za Euroligu]] </noinclude> qi3lfo6676mc3weba89pannx99zoiib Eblarnska igra krampusa 0 496620 3849358 3521427 2026-05-25T22:30:31Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849358 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Datoteka:Trautenfels - Krampus.jpg|180px|mini|desno|Figura [[krampus]]a (u prvom planu) i ''Habergeiß'' (u pozadini) iz Muzeja dvorca Trautenfels u Štajerskoj, 1950.]] '''Eblarnska igra krampusa''' ({{jez-de|Öblarner Krampusspiel}}) je tradicionalna [[Štajerska (pokrajina)|štajerska]] narodna dramska igra, koja je u 18. vijeku prvenstveno služila za duhovnu i katoličko-vjersku pouku. Tekstovi ''Igre krampusa'' zabilježeni su u pisanom obliku tek 1989, a do tada su se prenosili samo usmeno. Dok se glavna predstava održava svake godine na gradskom trgu u općini [[Öblarn]] u [[Gornja Štajerska|Gornjoj Štajerskoj]], postoje manje predstave u kojima amaterske grupe idu od vrata do vrata i, uz dopuštenje, nastupaju u dvorištima seljaka.<ref name="UNE" >{{cite web | url =https://www.unesco.at/kultur/immaterielles-kulturerbe/oesterreichisches-verzeichnis/detail/article/oeblarner-krampusspiel | title =Öblarner Krampusspiel | authorlink = | last = | first = | date =2014 | website =unesco.at | publisher =UNESCO | access-date =5. 2. 2023 | language =de }}</ref> Od 24. septembra 2014. ''Eblarnska igra krampusa'' uvrštena je na popis [[Nematerijalna kulturna baština u Austriji|austrijske nematerijalne kulturne baštine]], što dokumentira Komisija [[UNESCO]]-a.<ref name="ÖB" >{{cite web | url =https://www.xn--blarn-iua.at/de/krampusgruppe-oeblarn.html | title =Krampusgruppe Öblarn | authorlink = | last = | first = | date =2014 | website =öblarn.at | publisher =Marktgemeinde Öblarn | access-date =5. 2. 2023 | language =de | archive-date =5. 2. 2023 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20230205162929/https://www.xn--blarn-iua.at/de/krampusgruppe-oeblarn.html | url-status =dead }}</ref> == Predstava == Tokom predstave ''Igra krampusa'', glumci se kreću od jedne seoskog gazdinstva do drugog u svojim dodijeljenim ulogama (''Schabbock''{{efn|Schabbock ili kraće Schabb, je lik iz bajki iz Zapadne Štajerske, koji se razlikuje po opisima, a po Isabelli Wippel "...Sprijeda Schabbock ima užareni špic ili užarenu glavu, iza sebe užarenu brezovu metlu iz koje zijeva" (što vjerojatno znači prskanje iskri...)2}}, lovac, vrag [[Lucifer]] i njegovi sljedbenici, kovač, ''Habergeiß'', ''Smrt'' i [[Sveti Nikola]]).<ref name="UNE"/> Dok ''Schabbockovi'', umotani u slamu, pucketaju bičevima, lovac prvi ulazi u seosku kuću i traži dopuštenje domaćina za igru.<ref name="ÖB" /> Nakon što vrag Lucifer i njegovi drugovi naprave nestašluke, igra poprima pozitivan tok pojavom svetog Nikole, koji na kraju nagrađuje djecu u kući domaćina. Iako je uobičajeno da u većini narodnih drama sudjeluju samo muškarci, u ''Eblarnska igra krampusa'' sudjeluju i žene. Dok u predstavama u seoskim dvorištima sudjeluje najviše dvanaest osoba, u javnoj priredbi na tržnici sudjeluje do 50 osoba.<ref name="UNE"/> == Historija == Eblarnska igra krampusa izvodila se još u 18. vijeku, a prvi put se pisano spominje u poruci [[Johann von Österreich|nadvojvode Johanna]],<ref name="UNE2">{{cite web | url =https://www.unesco.at/fileadmin/Redaktion/Kultur/IKE/IKE-DB/files/988.pdf| title =Gutachterliche Äußerung zum: Öblarner Krampusspiel | authorlink = | last = | first = | date =12. 6. 2014 | website =unesco.at | publisher =Österreichische UNESCO-Kommission | access-date =5. 2. 2023 | language =de }}</ref> koji je 1816. gledao je dio predstave u dvorcu [[Gstatt]].<ref name="UNE2"/> ''Igra krampusa'' prenosila se desetljećima uglavnom usmenom predajom, a tek je 1989. pokrajinski muzej dvorca [[Trautenfels]] odlučio zapisati tekst igre kao dio regionalnog istraživanja tradicije.<ref name="UNE3">{{cite web | url =https://www.unesco.at/fileadmin/Redaktion/Kultur/IKE/IKE-DB/files/989.pdf| title =Gutachterliche Äußerung zum: Öblarner Krampusspiel | authorlink = | last = | first = | date =1. 2. 2012 | website =unesco.at | publisher =Österreichische UNESCO-Kommission | access-date =5. 2. 2023 | language =de }}</ref> == Organizatori == Folklorna grupa ''Krampusgruppe Öblarn'' zalaže se za nastavak i očuvanje lokalnog oblika igre. Uz autentičnu izvedbu, nudi i druge aktivnosti za podizanje svijesti o običajima među stanovništvom. Grupa organizira tečajeve rezbarenja i rukotvorina, kao i izložbe i predavanja. == Napomene == {{Napspisak}} == Literatura == == Reference == <references /> == Vanjski linkovi == [[Kategorija:Austrijski folklor]] [[Kategorija:Öblarn]] [[Kategorija:Kultura Štajerske]] [[Kategorija:Nematerijalna kulturna baština u Austriji]] clcc231nhszyi8liyia6gmh3118edsj Dinko Telećan 0 498996 3849307 3843607 2026-05-25T16:08:13Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 0 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849307 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dinko Telećan''' ([[Zagreb]], 1974)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Telećan |first1=Dinko |title=Lotos, prah i mak: crtice s potkontinenta |date=2008 |publisher=Jesenski i Turk |isbn=978-953-222-287-6 |page=127}}</ref> je [[Hrvatska|hrvatski]] pisac i prevodilac. == Biografija == Na [[Filozofski fakultetu u Zagrebu|Filozofskom fakultetu u Zagrebu]] diplomirao je anglistiku i filozofiju. Objavljuje poeziju, putopise i romane. Prevodi književna i teorijska djela s engleskog i španskog jezika. Između ostalih, prevodio je [[Jorge Luis Borges]]a, [[Halil Džubran|Halila Džubrana]], [[Ernesto Sabato|Ernesta Sabata]], [[Julio Cortázar|Julia Cortázara]], [[Roberto Bolanjo|Roberta Bolaña]] i druge. Angažovan je kao povremeni saradnik Trećeg programa [[Hrvatska radiotelevizija|Hrvatskog radija]]. Dobitnik je više nagrada za književni i prevodilački rad. Od 2002. član Hrvatske zajednice samostalnih umjetnika. Od 2009. član [[Hrvatsko društvo pisaca|Hrvatskog društva pisaca]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Hrvatsko društvo pisaca |url=https://hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr/hr/clanstvo/clan/dinko-telecan |website=Hrvatsko društvo pisaca |publisher=Hrvatsko društvo pisaca |access-date=19. 5. 2023 }}{{Mrtav link}}</ref> == Izabrana bibliografija == *''Sloboda i vrijeme'', Naklada Jesenski i Turk, Zagreb, 2003. (studija) *''Iza'', AGM, Zagreb, 2005. (zbirka pjesama) *''Lotos, prah i mak'', Naklada Jesenski i Turk, 2008. (putopis) *''Pustinja i drugi ne-vremeni ogledi'', Sysprint, Zagreb, 2009. *''Plast igala'', Hrvatsko društvo pisaca, Zagreb, 2011. (pjesme) *''Dezerter'', Algoritam, Zagreb, 2013. (roman) *''Azijska suita'', Sandorf, Zagreb, 2015. (putopis) *''Tri daljine'', Profil, Zagreb, 2025. (nagrada ''Dijana'' ''Klarić'' za najbolji putopis 2025) == Važniji prijevodi == *Jorge Luis Borges, To umijeće stiha, Naklada Jesenski i Turk, Zagreb 2001. *Isabel Allende, Portret u sepiji, Naklada Vuković & Runjić, Zagreb, 2002. *James G. Frazer, Zlatna grana, Sion / Jesenski i Turk, Zagreb, 2002. *Halil Džubran, Misli i meditacije, CID Nova, Zagreb, 2003. *John Greco, Ernest Sosa, ur., Vodič u epistemologiju (s N. Dužancem et al.), Jesenski i Turk, Zagreb, 2004. *Haruki Murakami, Tvrdo kuhana zemlja čudesa i kraj svijeta, Vuković & Runjić, Zagreb, 2005. *Ernesto Sabato, Tunel, Sysprint, Zagreb, 2005. *Slavoj Žižek, Škakljivi subjekt, Naklada Šahinpašić, Sarajevo, 2006. *Henry David Thoreau, Walden, DAF, Zagreb, 2006. *Terry Eagleton, Sveti teror, Jesenski i Turk, Zagreb, 2006. *Ernesto Sabato, Abadon, upropastitelj, Sysprint, Zagreb, 2006. *Ernesto Sabato, O junacima i grobovima, Sysprint, Zagreb, 2007. *Michael Jordan, U ime Božje: Nasilje i razaranje u svjetskim religijama (s M. Gregorićem), Naklada Ljevak, Zagreb, 2008. *Julio Cortázar, Školice, Pelago, Zagreb, 2009. *Julio Cortázar, Progonitelj i druge priče, Sysprint, Zagreb, 2009. *Terry Eagleton, Razum, vjera i revolucija, Naklada Ljevak, Zagreb, 2010. *Roberto Bolaño, 2666 (s T. Tarbuk i S. Delić), Vuković & Runjić, Zagreb, 2012. *Robert Graves, Homerova kći, Naklada Sandorf, Zagreb, 2012. *Robert Graves, Bijela božica: povijesna gramatika pjesničkog mita, Naklada Sandorf, Zagreb, 2016. ==Reference== {{Refspisak}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Telećan, Dinko}} [[Kategorija:Biografije, Zagreb]] [[Kategorija:Hrvatski pisci]] [[Kategorija:Potpisnici Deklaracije o zajedničkom jeziku]] [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1974.]] [[Kategorija:Hrvatski prevodioci]] 7u94mqfghj9yyjq4iaugjrlf1lpk2xo Amasijski mir 0 499086 3849438 3745877 2026-05-26T10:49:19Z CommonsDelinker 1478 Zamjenjujem datoteku Flag_of_Shah_Tahmasp_I.svg datotekom [[:File:Naval_flag_of_Persia,_according_to_Encyclopedia_Britannica_1771.svg|Naval_flag_of_Persia,_according_to_Encyclopedia_Britannica_1771.svg]] (izvršilac: [[c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinke 3849438 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija sporazum | ime = Amasijski mir | slika = {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | footer = Amasijski mir sklopili su [[Safavidsko Carstvo|Safavidsko]] i [[Osmansko Carstvo]]. | footer_align = left | image1 = Naval flag of Persia, according to Encyclopedia Britannica 1771.svg | width1 = 100 | caption1 = | image2 = Flag of Ottoman Empire (1517-1793).svg | width2 = 100 | caption2 = }} | veličina_slike = | opis_slike = | vrsta = Mirovni sporazum | kontekst = | datum_izrade = | datum_potpis = {{Početni datum|1555|5|29}} | mjesto_potpis = [[Amasya]], [[Osmansko Carstvo]] | datum_pečaćenja = | datum_aktivacije = | uslov_aktivacije = | amandman = | datum_isteka = <!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | privremena_primjena = | medijatori = <!-- format this as a bullet list --> | pregovarači = <!-- format this as a bullet list --> | prvobitni_potpisnici = <!-- format this as a bullet list --> | potpisnici = * [[Safavidsko Carstvo]] * [[Osmansko Carstvo]] | strane = | ratifikatori = <!-- format this as a bullet list --> | depozitar = <!-- format this as a bullet list --> | depozitari = <!-- format this as a bullet list --> | navodi = <!-- format as XX [[Article on Treaty Series|TS]] YYY --> | jezik = | jezici = | wikizvor = | wikizvor1 = | wikizvor2 = | wikizvor3 = | wikizvor4 = | wikizvor5 = | fusnote = }} [[Datoteka:OttomanEmpire1566.png|mini|Osvajanja u [[Osmansko-safavidski rat (1532-1555)|Osmansko-safavidskom ratu 1532–1555.]] dala su Osmanskom Carstvu izlaz na [[Perzijski zaliv]] i ustanovila stabilnu istočnu granicu Carstva.]] '''Amasijski mir''' ([[Perzijski jezik|perzijski]]: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">پیمان آماسیه</span> ("Peymān-e Amasiyeh"); [[Turski jezik|turski]]: <span lang="tr" dir="ltr">Amasya Antlaşması</span>) bio je sporazum potpisan 29. maja 1555. između šaha [[Tahmasp I.|Tahmaspa]] iz [[Safavidsko Carstvo|Safavidskog Carstva]] u [[Iran]]u u [[Amasya|Amasyi]], nakon [[Osmanlsko-safavidski rat (1532-1555)|Osmansko-safavidskog rata]] 1532-1555. == Pregled == Sporazum je definisao granicu između Irana i [[Osmansko Carstvo|Osmanskog Carstva]], a nakon njega uslijedilo je dvadeset godina mira. Ovim sporazumom, [[Armenija]] i [[Gruzija]] su ravnopravno podijeljene između njih, pri čemu su Zapadna Armenija, zapadni [[Kurdistanska pokrajina|Kurdistan]] i zapadna [[Gruzija]] došli pod vlast osmanlijskog sultana, dok su Istočna Armenija, istočni Kurdistan i istočna Gruzija ostali u iranskim rukama.<ref name="Historical Dictionary of Georgia">{{cite book|last1=Mikaberidze|first1=Alexander|title=Historical Dictionary of Georgia|date=2015|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1442241466|edition=2|page=xxxi}}</ref> Osmansko Carstvo je dobilo veći dio [[Irak]]a, uključujući [[Bagdad]], koji im je omogućio pristup [[Perzijski zaliv|Perzijskom zalivu]], dok su Perzijanci zadržali nekadašnji glavni grad [[Tabriz]] i sve svoje sjeverozapadne teritorije na [[Kavkaz (regija)|Kavkazu]] kakve su bile prije ratova, kao što su [[Dagestan]] i sve ono što je danas [[Azerbejdžan]].<ref>''The Reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, 1520–1566'', V.J. Parry, '''A History of the Ottoman Empire to 1730''', ed. M.A. Cook (Cambridge University Press, 1976), 94.</ref><ref>[[Alexander Mikaberidze|Mikaberidze, Alexander]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=WjQfo3a1eVMC&dq=peace+of+amasya+caucasus&pg=PA698 ''Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528122254/https://books.google.com/books?id=WjQfo3a1eVMC&dq=peace+of+amasya+caucasus&pg=PA698|date=28. 5. 2023}} ABC-CLIO, 31. 7. 2011 {{ISBN|1598843362}} str. 698</ref><ref>''A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East'', Vol. II, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010). 516.</ref> Tako uspostavljena granica išla je preko planina koje su dijelile istočnu i zapadnu Gruziju (pod domaćim vazalnim knezovima), preko Armenije i preko zapadnih padina Zagrosa do Perzijskog zaliva. Nekoliko tampon zona je također uspostavljeno širom [[Istočna Anadolija|istočne Anadolije]], kao što su [[Erzurum (pokrajina)|Erzurum]], [[Shahrizor]] i [[Van]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ateş|first1=Sabri|title=Ottoman-Iranian Borderlands: Making a Boundary, 1843–1914|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1107245082|location=Cambridge|page=20}}</ref> [[Kars (pokrajina)|Kars]] je proglašen neutralnim, a njegova postojeća tvrđava je uništena.<ref name="Historical Dictionary of Georgia"/><ref>[[Alexander Mikaberidze|Mikaberidze, Alexander]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=WjQfo3a1eVMC&dq=peace+of+amasya+caucasus&pg=PA698 ''Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528122254/https://books.google.com/books?id=WjQfo3a1eVMC&dq=peace+of+amasya+caucasus&pg=PA698|date=28. 5. 2023}} ABC-CLIO, 31 jul. 2011 {{ISBN|1598843362}} str. 698</ref> Osmanlije su, garantovale pristup perzijskim hodočasnicima u muslimanske svete gradove [[Meka|Meku]] i [[Medina|Medinu]], kao i na [[Šiizam|šiitska]] sveta mjesta hodočašća u [[Irak]]u.<ref>Shaw, Stanford J. (1976), ''History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey'', Volume 1, str. 109. [[Cambridge University Press]], {{ISBN|0-521-29163-1}}</ref> Odlučujuće odvajanje Kavkaza i ustupanje [[Mezopotamija|Mezopotamije]] Osmanlijama dogodilo se prema sljedećem velikom mirovnom sporazumu poznatom kao [[Zuhabski mir|Zuhabskom miru]] 1639.<ref name="slovari33200">[http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/bse/article/00075/33200.htm Феодальный строй] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426043920/http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/bse/article/00075/33200.htm|date=26. 4. 2009}}, Great Soviet Encyclopedia {{in lang|ru}}</ref> Drugi uslov sporazuma je bio da su Safavidi morali prekinuti ritualno proklinjanje prva tri [[Pravedne halife|Pravedna halifa]],<ref>{{cite book|author1=Andrew J Newman|title=Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire|date=11. 4. 2012|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9780857716613|page=46}}</ref> [[Aiša bint Ebu-Bekr|Aiše]] i drugih ashaba (Muhamedovih drugova) - koje su [[Sunitski islam|suniti]] veoma cijenili. Ovo stanje je bio uobičajen zahtjev osmansko-safavidskih sporazuma,<ref>{{cite book|author1=Suraiya Faroqhi|title=The Ottoman Empire and the World Around It|date=3. 3. 2006|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9781845111229|edition=illustrated, reprint|pages=36, 185}}</ref> i u ovom slučaju se smatralo ponižavajućim za Tahmaspa.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Sunna and Shi'a in History: Division and Ecumenism in the Muslim Middle East|date=8. 11. 2011|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9780230370739|editor1-last=Bengio|editor1-first=Ofra|page=60|editor2-last=Litvak|editor2-first=Meir}}</ref> == Također pogledajte == * [[Spisak sporazuma Osmanskog Carstva]] * [[Spisak sporazuma Turske]] == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Dodatna literatura == * {{cite journal|last1=Atçıl|first1=Zahit|date=2019|title=Warfare as a Tool of Diplomacy: Background of the First Ottoman-Safavid Treaty in 1555|journal=Turkish Historical Review|volume=10|issue=1|pages=3–24|doi=10.1163/18775462-01001006|s2cid=198615063}} * {{cite encyclopedia|title=AMASYA, PEACE OF|last=Köhbach|first=M.|authorlink=|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/amasya-peace|editor-last=|editor-first=|editor-link=|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 9|page=928|location=|publisher=|year=1989|isbn=}} * {{cite encyclopedia|title=BOUNDARIES i. With the Ottoman Empire|last=McLachlan|first=Keith|authorlink=|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/boundaries-i|editor-last=|editor-first=|editor-link=|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 4|pages=401–403|location=|publisher=|year=2000|isbn=}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{Sporazumi Osmanskog Carstva}} [[Kategorija:Historijski dokumenti]] [[Kategorija:Sporazumi potpisani 1555.]] [[Kategorija:Amasya]] [[Kategorija:Sporazumi Safavidskog Carstva]] [[Kategorija:1555. u Osmanskom Carstvu]] [[Kategorija:1555. u Safavidskom Carstvu]] m8mjd63zta4rotzsze8hd4lx4nqypd6 Dubravka Oraić Tolić 0 505206 3849340 3836769 2026-05-25T20:13:39Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 0 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija pisac | ime = Dubravka Oraić Tolić | slika = Dubravka_Oraić_Tolić.jpg | opis_slike = | puno_ime = | rođen_kao = | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja i godine|1943|8|1}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Slavonski Brod]], [[Nezavisna Država Hrvatska]] | datum_smrti = <!-- {{Datum smrti i godine|GGGG|MM|DD|GGGG|MM|DD}} (datum smrti pa onda datum rođenja) --> | mjesto_smrti = | zanimanje = Pjesnikinja, esejist i prevoditeljica | jezik = | nacionalnost = | obrazovanje = | period = | žanr = | poznata_djela = | supružnik = | djeca = | nagrade = | potpis = | veb-sajt = }} '''Dubravka Oraić Tolić''' (1. august 1943) jest hrvatska pjesnikinja, esejistica, prevoditeljica i teoretičarka književnosti i kulture.<ref>{{cite web |title=dr.sc. Dubravka Oraić Tolić, red. prof. |url=https://theta.ffzg.hr/ECTSarhiva/2016/Osoba/Index/5293 |website=University of Zagreb - Faculty of Philosophy |access-date=1. 11. 2023}}</ref> == Biografija == Rođena je 1. augusta 1943. u Slavonskom brodu, osnovnu školu je završila u selu Donji Andrijevci kod Slavonskog Broda,<ref>[https://repozitorij.unisb.hr/islandora/object/unisb:76 Lexicon of writers from Slavonski Brod] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108104240/https://repozitorij.unisb.hr/islandora/object/unisb:76 |date=8. 11. 2023 }}. Edited by Ivan Stipić, Mirna Grubanović, Darija Mataić Agičić. Slavonski Brod: Gradska knjižnica Slavonski Brod – Društvo hrvatskih književnika, 2016.</ref> gdje je upoznala svog budućeg supruga Benjamina Tolića. Studirala je filozofiju i ruski jezik s književnošću u Zagrebu (1962–1966) i Beču (1967–1969). Magistrirala je tezom o pejzažu u opusu A. G. Matoša i doktorirala tezom o citatima iz književnosti i kulture. Od 1971. do 1998. radila je na Odsjeku za književnost Filozofskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Zagrebu. Bila je redovni profesor teorije književnosti i kulture do penzionisanja 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=dr.sc. Dubravka Oraić-Tolić, red. prof. (u mirovini) {{!}} Rusistika |url=https://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/slaven/istocna/?page_id=99 |website=University of Zagreb - Faculty of Philosophy |access-date=1. 11. 2023 |language=hr |archive-date=24. 9. 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924125438/http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/slaven/istocna/?page_id=99 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Predavala je kao gostujući profesor na [[Univerzitet u Minhenu|Univerzitetu u Minhenu]] (1992) i [[Univerzitet u Göttingenu|Göttingenu]] (2007). Učestvovala je na naučnim skupovima u zemlji i inostranstvu (Amsterdam, Bad Urach, Berlin, Bremen, Budimpešta, Heidelberg, Jena, Peč, Petrograd, Rovereto, Veszprém). U suradnji s [[Ivo Frangeša|Ivom Frangešom]] uređivala je biblioteke ''Kritički portreti hrvatskih slavista'' i ''Enciklopediju hrvatske književnosti'' te ''Biblioteku L'' Instituta za književnost Filozofskog fakulteta s [[Krešimir Nemec|Krešimirom Nemecom]] i [[Viktor Žmegač|Viktorom Žmegačkim]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Oraić Tolić, Dubravka {{!}} Hrvatska enciklopedija |url=https://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?id=45365 |website=www.enciklopedija.hr}}</ref><ref>[https://katalog.kgz.hr/pagesResults/bibliografskiZapis.aspx?&currentPage=1&searchById=1&sort=0&spid0=1&spv0=PISCI+-+LEKSIKON&xm0=1&selectedId=4001398 Lexicon of Croatian writers]{{Mrtav link}}. Edited by Krešimir Nemec, Dunja Fališevac and Darko Novaković. Zagreb: Školska knjiga, 2000.</ref> Uredila je seriju almanaha s [[Erno Kulcsárom Szabo]]m sa Univerziteta Eötvös Loránd u Budimpešti,<ref>Szabó, Ernő Kulcsár; Tolić, Dubravka Oraić; Kékesi, Zoltán; Kelemen, Pál (2008). [https://books.google.com/books?id=AnILAQAAMAAJ Kultur in Reflexion: Beiträge zur Geschichte der mitteleuropäischen Literaturwissenschaften] (in German). Braumüller. ISBN 978-3-7003-1642-8.</ref> sarađivala na projektu [[Aleksanadr Flaker|Aleksandra Flakera]] ''Rječnik ruske avangarde'' i ''Zagrebački rječnik kulture 20. stoljeća'',<ref>Nisula, Dasha C. (2008). "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20459639 Review of American Scream; Palindrome Apocalypse]". The Slavic and East European Journal. 52 (1): 150–151. [https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0037-6752 ISSN 0037-6752]</ref> i objavila oko 150 naučnih i stručnih radova iz teorije kulture, te iz hrvatske i ruske književnosti. Redovna je članica [[Hrvatska akademija nauka i umjetnosti|Hrvatske akademije nauka i umjetnosti]] (HAZU),<ref>{{cite web |title=Oraić Tolić Dubravka – HAZU |url=https://www.info.hazu.hr/en/clanovi/oraic-tolic-dubravka/ |access-date=1. 11. 2023 |website=Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts}}</ref> članica [[Društvo hrvatskih književnika|Društva hrvatskih književnika]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Dubravka Oraić Tolić |url=http://dhk.hr/clanovi-drustva/detaljnije/dubravka-oraic |website=Society of Croatian Writers |access-date=1. 11. 2023 |archive-date=4. 9. 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904055027/http://dhk.hr/clanovi-drustva/detaljnije/dubravka-oraic |url-status=dead }}</ref> članica Hrvatskog centra P.E.N., te profesorica emeritus i potpredsjednica Matice hrvatske<ref>{{cite web |title=Authors - Dubravka Oraić Tolić |url=https://www.matica.hr/knjige/autor/701/ |access-date=1. 11. 2023 |website=www.matica.hr |publisher=Matica hrvatska}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=President Milanović Meets with Matica Hrvatska Leadership |url=https://www.predsjednik.hr/en/news/president-milanovic-meets-with-matica-hrvatska-leadership/ |access-date=2. 11. 2023 |website=President of the Republic of Croatia - Zoran Milanović |language=en-US}}</ref> (gdje je od 2012. do 2021. uređivala i časopis Hrvatska revija). Postala je glavna urednica časopisa Forum, mjesečnog izdanja HAZU, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |editor-last=Oraić Tolić |editor-first=Dubravka |title=God. 61 (2022), knj. 94, br. 1-3 (siječanj-ožujak) / glavna i odgovorna urednica Dubravka Oraić Tolić |url=https://dizbi.hazu.hr/a/?pr=i&id=2483746 |access-date=2. 11. 2023 |website=dizbi.hazu.hr |language=hr}}</ref> === Privatni život === Majka je [[Iva Tolić|Ive Tolić]], biofizičarke, akademske i univerzitetske profesorice.<ref>{{cite web |title=IVA TOLIĆ: ‘Kad ste znanstvenik, nikoga ne zanima vaš spol, samo ideje i otkrića’ |url=https://www.nacional.hr/iva-tolic-kad-ste-znanstvenik-nikoga-ne-zanima-vas-spol-samo-ideje-i-otkrica/ |website=[[Nacional (weekly)|Nacional]] |date=5. 2. 2023 |trans-title=IVA TOLIĆ: 'When you are a scientist, nobody cares about your gender, only ideas and discoveries' |lang=hr |access-date=3. 11. 2023}}</ref> == Djela == Objavila je oko dvadeset autorskih knjiga različita žanrova, od književnonaučne proze i [[esej]]istike do poezije, romana i putopisa. Uredila je i petnaestak knjiga te nekoliko prijevoda iz ruske književnosti 20. stoljeća. ===Knjige=== Književnonaučna i esejistička djela: * ''Pejzaž u djelu Antuna Gustava Matoša''. Zagreb: Matica hrvatska, 1980. * ''Teorija citatnosti''. Zagreb: Grafički zavod Hrvatske, 1990. * ''Književnost i sudbina''. Zagreb: Meandar, 1995. * ''Das Zitat in Literatur und Kunst''. Versuch einer Theorie. Aus dem Kroatischen übersetzt von Ulrich Dronske. Wien – Köln – Weimar: Böhlau Verlag, 1995. * ''Matoševa proza''. U: Zoran Kravar i Dubravka Oraić Tolić, ''Lirika i proza Antuna Gustava Matoša''. Zagreb: Školska knjiga, 1996. * ''Paradigme 20. stoljeća: Avangarda i postmoderna''. Zagreb: Zavod za znanost o književnosti Filozofskoga fakulteta Univerziteta u Zagrebu, 1996. * ''Dvadeseto stoljeće u retrovizoru.'' Zagreb: Školska knjiga, 2000. * ''Muška moderna i ženska postmoderna: Rođenje virtualne kulture'' Zagreb: Naklada Ljevak, 2005.<ref name="culturenet2016.">{{Cite web|url=https://haw.nsk.hr/arhiva/vol3/36/21181/www.matica.hr/Kolo/kolo0201.nsf/AllWebDocs/postm.html|title=Matica hrvatska - Kolo - Muška moderna i ženska postmoderna|website=haw.nsk.hr|access-date=16. 4. 2024|archive-date=20. 12. 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220104140/https://haw.nsk.hr/arhiva/vol3/36/21181/www.matica.hr/Kolo/kolo0201.nsf/AllWebDocs/postm.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * ''Männliche Moderne und weibliche Postmoderne: Geburt der virtuellen Kultur''. Aus dem Kroatischen übersetzt von Ulrich Dronske. Wien: Peter Lang, 2008. * ''Akademsko pismo: Strategije i tehnike klasične retorike za suvremene studentice i studente.'' Zagreb: Naklada Ljevak, 2011. * ''Čitanja Matoša''. Zagreb: Naklada Ljevak, 2013. * ''Hlebnikov i avangard''. Moskva: Vest-Konsalting, 2013. * ''Antun Gustav Matoš: Ein Klassiker der kroatischen Moderne''. Aus dem Kroatischen übersetzt von Ulrich Dronske. Peter Lang: Frankfurt am Main – Bern – Bruxelles – New York – Oxford – Warszawa – Wien, 2014. * ''Citatnost u književnosti, umjetnosti i kulturi''. Zagreb: Naklada Ljevak, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stav.com.hr/tekuca-kritika/ivan-boskovic-veliko-ime-hrvatske-knjizevne-znanosti-dubravka-oraic-tolic/|title=Ivan Bošković: VELIKO IME HRVATSKE KNJIŽEVNE ZNANOSTI / Dubravka Oraić Tolić – STAV|date=25. 2. 2021|website=web.archive.org|access-date=16. 4. 2024|archive-date=25. 2. 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225214918/https://www.stav.com.hr/tekuca-kritika/ivan-boskovic-veliko-ime-hrvatske-knjizevne-znanosti-dubravka-oraic-tolic/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tportal.hr/kultura/clanak/od-knjizevnih-citata-do-citiranja-zivota-u-novoj-knjizi-dubravka-oraic-tolic-vraca-pojam-koji-je-uvela-u-znanost-o-knjizevnosti-20190924|title=Od književnih citata do citiranja života: U novoj knjizi Dubravka Oraić Tolić vraća pojam koji je uvela u znanost o književnosti|website=tportal.hr|access-date=16. 4. 2024}}</ref> * ''Matoševo pjesništvo''. U: Antun Gustav Matoš: ''Pjesme i Epigrami'' / Dubravka Oraić Tolić: ''Matoševo pjesništvo''. Zagreb: Matica hrvatska, 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.matica.hr/vijenac/722/jedna-knjiga-dva-autorska-potpisa-antun-gustav-matos-i-dubravka-oraic-tolic-32292/|title=Jedna knjiga, dva autorska potpisa: Antun Gustav Matoš i Dubravka Oraić Tolić|website=www.matica.hr|language=hr|access-date=16. 4. 2024}}</ref> * ''Zagrebačka stilistička škola: Zlatno doba hrvatske znanosti o književnosti.'' Zagreb: Naklada Ljevak, 2022. === Pjesnička djela <ref>''Leksikon hrvatske književnosti: Djela''. Urednica Dunja Detoni Dujmić. Zagreb: Školska knjiga, 2008.</ref> === *''Oči bez domovine''. Zagreb: Naprijed i Centar za kulturu Narodnoga Univerziteta grada Zagreba, 1969. *''Urlik Amerike''. Zagreb: Univerzitetska naklada Liber, 1981. *''Palindromska apokalipsa''. Zagreb: Durieux, 1993. *''The American Scream. Palyndrome Apocalypse''. Tanslation by Sibelan Forrester, William E. Yuill, and Sonja Bašić. Cover photo by Miroslav Šutej. Portland: Ooligan Press, 2005'''.''' Za prijevod poeme ''The American Scream'' Sibelan Forrester dobila je nagradu Heltd. === Roman === *''Doživljaji Karla Maloga''. Zagreb: Naklada Ljevak, 2018. *''Doživljaji Karla Maloga''. Zagreb: Hrvatska knjižnica za slijepe, 2021 === Putopis === *''Peto evanđelje: Sedam dana u Svetoj Zemlji''. Zagreb: Naklada Ljevak, 2016.<ref name="HAZU">Ana Penić, [https://www.glas-slavonije.hr/327960/11/Ljubavna-prica-u-sjeni-deklaracije Ljubavna priča u sjeni deklaracije] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220104140/http://www.glas-slavonije.hr/327960/11/Ljubavna-prica-u-sjeni-deklaracije |date=20. 12. 2022 }} (glas-slavonije.hr). Glas Slavonije, 18. ožujka 2018.</ref> === Uredila === * ''Intertekstualnost & Intermedijalnost''. Ur. Z. Maković, M. Medarić, D. Oraić [Tolić], P. Pavličić. Zagreb: Zavod za znanost o književnosti Filozofskog fakulteta Univerzitet u Zagrebu, 1988. * ''Josip Sever:'' ''Borealni konj''. Priredila i uvodni esej napisala Dubravka Oraić Tolić. Zagreb: Mladost, 1989. * ''Antun Gustav Matoš: Putopisi''. Priredila i pogovor napisala Dubravka Oraić Tolić. Vinkovci: Privlačica, 1994. * ''Hrvatsko ratno pismo 1991/92//Croatian War Writing 1991/92''. Dokumentarna monografija. Uredila i predgovor napisala Dubravka Oraić Tolić. Zagreb: Zavod za znanost o književnosti Filozofskoga fakulteta Univerziteta u Zagrebu, 1992. Hrvatski i engleski jezik. Ilustracije. * ''Intertekstualnost & Autoreferencijalnost''. Ur. D. Oraić Tolić i V. Žmegač. Zagreb: Zavod za znanost o književnosti Filozofskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Zagrebu, 1993. * ''Kraj stoljeća – krajevi stoljeća''. Radovi s međunarodnoga simpozija, Opatija, 28. 9. – 1. 10. 1997. Ur. D. Oraić Tolić i V. Žmegač. ''Umjetnost riječi'' (Zagreb), 1999., br. 3–4. * ''Kulturni stereotipi: Koncepti identiteta u srednjoeuropskim književnostima'''''.''' Radovi s međunarodnoga simpozija, Lovran, 19. – 23. 5. 2004. Ur. D. Oraić Tolić i E. Kulcsár Szabó. Zagreb: FF press, 2006. * ''Kultur in Reflexion: Beiträge zur Geschichte der mitteleuropäischen Literaturwissenschaften''. Ur. E. Kulcsár Szabó i D. Oraić Tolić. Wien: Wilhelm Braumueller Universitäts-Verlagsbuchhandlung, 2008. * ''Zagrebačka književnoznanstvena škola''. ''Umjetnost riječi'' (Zagreb), 2009., br. 3–4. * ''Reinhard Lauer: Povijest ruske književnosti''. Stručna redakcija i pogovor Dubravka Oraić Tolić. Zagreb: Golden marketing-Tehnička knjiga, 2009. * ''Imaginacije prostora: Centri i periferije – metropole i provincije u književnostima i kulturama Srednje Europe''. Ur. D. Oraić Tolić i E. E. Kulcsár Szabó. Zagreb: Disput, 2013. * ''Hrvatsko proljeće u sjećanjima'' suvremenika: ''Memoarski zapisi u povodu 50-obljetnice Hrvatskoga proljeća (1971–2021).'' Priredila i uvod napisala Dubravka Oraić Tolić. Zagreb: Matica hrvatska, 2021. === Prijevodi === * Valentin Katajev, ''Trava zaborava'' (trilogija: ''Sveti zdenac, Trava zaborava, Kockica''), Rijeka: Otokar Keršovani, 1975. * Vladimir Majakovski, ''Rat i mir (svijet)''. ''Gordogan'' (Zagreb), 2, 1980., ''5–6'', 49''–''83. * Andrej Bjeli, ''Petrograd'', Liber, Zagreb, 1981. * Velimir Hljebnikov, ''Zangezi. Dometi'' (Rijeka), XIV, 1981., ''6'', 15''–''35. * Sergej Birjukov: Stihija stihova, ''Treći program hrvatskoga radija'' 2013.'', 85'', 233''–''251. === Urednica === *Biblioteka Kritički portreti hrvatskih slavista Zavoda za znanost o književnosti Filozofskoga fakulteta Univerziteta u Zagrebu (suurednica, urednik [[Ivo Frangeš]]) *Biblioteka Enciklopedija hrvatske književnosti Zavoda za znanost o književnosti Filozofskoga fakulteta Univerziteta u Zagrebu (suurednica, urednik [[Ivo Frangeš]]) *Biblioteka L Zavoda za znanost o književnosti Filozofskog fakulteta u Zagrebu (urednica, suurednici [[Krešimir Nemec]] i [[Viktor Žmegač]]) * niz zbornika === Uvrštena u antologije === *''Antologija savremenih jugoslovenskih pesnikinja 1- 2.'' Beograd: A-Š Delo, 1988. *''Skupljena baština: Suvremeno hrvatsko pjesništvo 1940. – 1990.'' Pripremio Stijepo Mijović Kočan. Zagreb: Školske novine, 1993. *''[[U ovom strašnom času]]'': Antologija suvremene hrvatske lirike. Priredili i predgovor napisali [[Ivo Sanader]] i [[Ante Stamać]]. Zagreb: Školska knjiga, 1994. *''Żywe źródło: Antologia współczesnej poezji chorwackiej.'' Wybór, przekład, noty o autorach Łucja Danielewska. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Książkowe Ibis, 1996.. == Nagrade == * 1969'''.''' Prva nagrada Književnoga fonda mladih "A. B. Šimić" za zbirku pjesama ''Oči bez domovine''. * 1996. Red Danice hrvatske s likom Marka Marulića za osobite zasluge u kulturi * 2006. Vjesnikova nagrada za knjigu godine za knjigu ''Muška moderna i ženska postmoderna'', Zagreb: Naklada Ljevak, 2005. * 2012. Povelja Filozofskoga fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu za dugogodišnji doprinos Fakultetu *2012. Državna nagrada, za životno djelo u području humanističkih znanosti<ref name="HAZU" /> * 2013. Nagrada HAZU, za najviša znanstvena i umjetnička dostignuća u Republici Hrvatskoj u području književnosti za knjigu ''Akademsko pismo: Strategije i tehnike klasične retorike za suvremene studentice i studente'', Zagreb: Naklada Ljevak, 2011.<ref name=":0">[https://info.hazu.hr/upload/File/Dokumenti/Nagrade-HAZU-za-2012.pdf HAZU] ''Odluka o dodjeli nagrada Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti za najviša znanstvena i umjetnička dostignuća u Republici Hrvatskoj za 2012. godinu'', 26. marta 2013. (pristupljeno 13. juna 2016.</ref><ref>''Ministarstvo kulture i medija Republike Hrvatske - ​Objavljeni dobitnici „Nagrade Vladimir Nazor“ (gov.hr); https://www.gloria.hr/gl/li{{Mrtav link}}festyle/kultura/nagrade-vladmir-nazor-za-2020-posebno-dirljiva-dodjela-domacim-umjetnicima-u-sjeni-pandemije-15081813''</ref> * 2016. Nagrada Josip i Ivan Kozarac, za životno djelo <ref name="culturenet2016." /> * 2018. Nagrada Josip i Ivan Kozarac za knjigu godine za roman ''Doživljaji Karla Maloga'', Zagreb: Naklada Ljevak, 2018. *2021.: [[Nagrada Vladimir Nazor]] za životno djelo == Također pogledajte == * [[Spisak redovnih akademika HAZU]] == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [http://dhk.hr/clanovi-drustva/detaljnije/dubravka-oraic Dubravka Oraić Tolić] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224085625/http://dhk.hr/clanovi-drustva/detaljnije/dubravka-oraic |date=24. 2. 2024 }}, [[Društvo hrvatskih književnika]] * [https://www.info.hazu.hr/clanovi/oraic-tolic-dubravka/ Dubravka Oraić Tolić], [[HAZU]] * [https://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?id=45365 Oraić Tolić, Dubravka], [[Hrvatska enciklopedija (LZMK)|''Hrvatska enciklopedija'']] {{Dobitnici Nagrade "Vladimir Nazor" za književnost}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Oraić Tolić, Dubravka}} [[Kategorija:Biografije, Slavonski Brod]] [[Kategorija:Hrvatski pisci]] [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1943.]] [[Kategorija:Živi ljudi]] [[Kategorija:Članovi HAZU]] liyqw8lnxgtv4io1f6hvs5xs3x0b14v Dijana Ravnikar 0 507451 3849305 3689851 2026-05-25T15:48:22Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849305 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija biatlonac | ime = Dijana Ravnikar | slika = | puno ime = | država = {{ZID|Hrvatska}} <br> {{ZID|Slovenija}} | datum rođenja = {{Datum rođenja i godine|1978|06|04}} | mjesto rođenja = [[Rijeka]], [[SR Hrvatska]] | država rođenja = [[SFRJ]] | datum smrti = | mjesto smrti = | država smrti = | zanimanje = | klub = [[TSK Jub Dob Prii Ljubljani]] | trener = <!-- Olimpijske igre --> | nastup OI = '''3''' ([[Biatlon na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 2002.|2002]], [[Biatlon na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 2006.|2006]], [[Biatlon na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 2010.|2010.]]) | medalje OI = '''0''' | zlato OI = 0 <!-- Svjetska prvenstva --> | nastup SP = '''8''' ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u biatlonu 2001.|2001]], [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u biatlonu 2003.|2003]], [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u biatlonu 2004.|2004]], [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u biatlonu 2005.|2005]], [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u biatlonu 2006.|2006]], [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u biatlonu 2007.|2007]], [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u biatlonu 2008.|2008.]]) | medalje SP = '''0''' | zlato SP = | nastup_SP_NS = '''1''' ([[Svjetsko prvenstvo u nordijskom skijanju 1999.|1999.]]) | medalje_SP_NS = '''0''' | zlato_SP_NS = <!-- Svjetski kup --> | nastup SK = [[Svjetski kup u biatlonu 2000/2001.|2000/01.]] | pobjede SK = '''0''' | pobjede SK štafeta= 0 | plasman SK = {{plainlist| * '''24.''' ([[Svjetski kup u biatlonu 2007/2008.|2007/08.]]) * {{Tooltip|Poj.|Pojedinačna utrka}}: '''39.''' ([[Svjetski kup u biatlonu 2009/2010.|2009/10.]]) * {{Tooltip|Spr.|Sprint}}: '''21.''' ([[Svjetski kup u biatlonu 2007/2008.|2007/08.]]) * {{Tooltip|Pot.|Potjera}}: '''17.''' ([[Svjetski kup u biatlonu 2007/2008.|2007/08.]]) * {{Tooltip|Mas.|Masovni start}}: '''28.''' ([[Svjetski kup u biatlonu 2007/2008.|2007/08.]]) }} | pobjede u dis = <!-- Evropski kup --> | nastup EK = [[IBU kup 2012/2013.|2012/13.]] | pobjede EK = | plasman EK = | kraj karijere = 2013. <!--Status: a=aktivan; k=kažnjen; n=neaktivan; p=pauzira; ne=nepoznat; u=umro; po=povukao se iz karijere; --> | status = neaktivna <!-- medalje --> | medalje = {{MedaljaTakmičenje|OI}} {{MedaljaTakmičenje|SPB}} {{MedaljaBrojač | [[Biatlon na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama|Olimpijske igre (biatlon)]]| 0 | 0 | 0 | [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u biatlonu|Svjetska prvenstva (biatlon)]]| 0 | 0 | 0 }} |ažurirano = 14. 7. 2024. }} ''' Dijana Ravnikar''', rođena 4. juna 1978. na [[Rijeka|Rijeci]] u [[SR Hrvatska|SR Hrvatskoj]], [[SFRJ]] (danas [[Hrvatska]]), kao Dijana Grudiček je nekadašnja [[Slovenija|slovenska]] [[biatlon]]ka, hrvatskog porijekla.<ref name="DN" >{{cite web | url =https://www.dnevnik.si/1042388919 | title =Dijana Ravnikar je sklenila biatlonsko karijero | authorlink = | last = | first = | date =23. 10. 2012 | website =dnevnik.si | publisher = | access-date =14. 7. 2024 | language =sl | archive-date =14. 7. 2024 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20240714100940/https://www.dnevnik.si/1042388919 | url-status =dead }}</ref> == Karijera == Biatlonom se bavi od 2000. godine za Sloveniju, a do tada je učestvovala u takmičenjima [[Skijaško trčanje|skijaškog trčanja]] za selekciju Hrvatske. === Olimpijske igre === {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; text-align:center; font-size:75%" |- ! Olimpijske igre !! {{Tooltip|Poj.|Pojedinačna utrka}} !! {{Tooltip|Spr.|Sprint}} !! {{Tooltip|Pot.|Potjera}}!!{{Tooltip|Šta.|Štafeta}} |- | align=left | {{NaziviOI|Z|2002}} ([[Biatlon na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 2002.|Biatlon]]) | [[Biatlon na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 2002 – 15 km|57]] | | | [[Biatlon na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 2002 – štafeta (žene)|6]] |- | align=left | {{NaziviOI|Z|2006}} ([[Biatlon na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 2006.|Biatlon]]) | [[Biatlon na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 2006 – 15 km|30]] | [[Biatlon na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 2006 – 7,5 km|55]] | [[Biatlon na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 2006 – potjera (žene)|{{Tooltip|KRU|Pretečen/a za jedan krug}}]] | [[Biatlon na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 2006 – štafeta (žene)|6]] |- | align=left | {{NaziviOI|Z|2010}} ([[Biatlon na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 2010.|Biatlon]]){{efn|name=Doping|Zbog dopinga [[Teja Gregorin|Teje Gregorin]], slovenska štafeta je naknadno diskvalifikovana.}}<ref name="Doping">{{cite web|url=http://www.rtvslo.si/sport/zimski-sporti/ibu-gregorinovi-izrekel-dvoletno-prepoved-nastopanja/467997 |title=IBU Gregorinovi izrekel dvoletno prepoved nastopanja |access-date=5. 10. 2018 |date=5. 10. 2018 |work=[[MMC-RTV SLO]]|language=sl }}</ref> | [[Biatlon na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 2010 – 15 km|35]] | [[Biatlon na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 2010 – 7,5 km|36]] | [[Biatlon na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 2010 – potjera (žene)|38]] | [[Biatlon na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 2010 – štafeta (žene)|{{Tooltip|DIS|Diskvalifikovan/a}}]] |} Dijana Ravnikar je tri puta nastupila na [[Biatlon na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama|Zimskim olimpijskim igrama]]: [[Biatlon na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 2002.|ZOI 2002]], [[Biatlon na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 2006.|ZOI 2006.]] i [[Biatlon na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 2010.|ZOI 2010,]] ali nije osvojila ni jednu medalju. Najbolji rezultat joj je dva 30-o mjesto na [[Biatlon na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 2006.|ZOI 2006.]] u [[Biatlon na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 2006 – 15 km|utrci na 15&nbsp;km]], kada je s četiri promašaja i zaostatkom od 5:37.2&nbsp;min bila sporija od pobjednice [[Rusija na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 2006.|ruske biatlonke]] [[Svjetlana Išmuratova|Svjetlane Išmuratove]], koja je utrku završila s jednim promašajem. U štafetnim takmičenjima najbolji su joj plasmani dva šesta mjesta: Na [[Biatlon na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 2002.|ZOI 2002.]] u [[Biatlon na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 2002 – štafeta (žene)|štafeti]] s [[Lucija Larisi|Lucijom Larisi]], [[Andreja Grašič|Andrejom Grašič]] i [[Tadeja Brankovič Likozar|Tadejom Brankovič]], kada su s 2:23.0&nbsp;min zaostatka bile sporije od pobjedničke [[Njemačka na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 2002.|njemačke štafete]] u sastavu: [[Katrin Apel]], [[Uschi Disl]], [[Andrea Henkel]] i [[Kati Wilhelm]]; te na [[Biatlon na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 2006.|slijedećim igrama]] u [[Biatlon na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 2006 – štafeta (žene)|štafeti]] s [[Teja Gregorin|Tejom Gregorin]], [[Andreja Mali|Andrejom Mali]], [[Tadeja Brankovič Likozar|Tadejom Brankovič]] sa zaostatkom od 3:43.2&nbsp;min bile sporije od pobjedničke [[Rusija na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 2006.|ruske štafete]] u sastavu: [[Ana Bogali]], [[Svjetlana Išmuratova]], [[Olga Zajceva]] i [[Albina Ahatova]]. === Svjetska prvenstva === ==== BIatlon ==== {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; text-align:center; font-size:75%" |- ! Svjetsko prvenstvo !! {{Tooltip|Poj.|Pojedinačna utrka}} !! {{Tooltip|Spr.|Sprint}} !! {{Tooltip|Pot.|Potjera}} !! {{Tooltip|Mas.|Masovni start}} !! {{Tooltip|Šta.|Štafeta}} !! {{Tooltip|MŠ.|Mješovita štafeta}} |- |align="left" | {{NaziviSPB|2001}} | [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u biatlonu 2001 – 15 km|61]] | [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u biatlonu 2001 – 7,5 km|82]] | | | [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u biatlonu 2001 – štafeta (žene)|7]] | |- |align="left" | {{NaziviSPB|2003}} | | [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u biatlonu 2003 – 7,5 km|54]] | [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u biatlonu 2003 – potjera (žene)|52]] | | [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u biatlonu 2003 – štafeta (žene)|11]] | |- |align="left" | {{NaziviSPB|2004}} | [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u biatlonu 2004 – 15 km|67]] | [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u biatlonu 2004 – 7,5 km|60]] | [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u biatlonu 2004 – potjera (žene)|47]] | | | [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u biatlonu 2004 – štafeta (žene)|10]] |- |align="left" | {{NaziviSPB|2005}} | | [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u biatlonu 2005 – 7,5 km|71]] | | | [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u biatlonu 2005 – štafeta (žene)|8]] | [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u biatlonu 2005 – štafeta (mješovito)|15]] |- |align="left" | {{NaziviSPB|2006}} | | | | | | [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u biatlonu 2006 – štafeta (mješovito)|5]] |- |align="left" | {{NaziviSPB|2007}} | [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u biatlonu 2007 – 15 km|39]] | [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u biatlonu 2007 – 7,5 km|60]] | [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u biatlonu 2007 – potjera (žene)|52]] | | [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u biatlonu 2007 – štafeta (žene)|4]] | |- |align="left" | {{NaziviSPB|2008}} | [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u biatlonu 2008 – 15 km|57]] | [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u biatlonu 2008 – 7,5 km|10]] | [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u biatlonu 2008 – potjera (žene)|11]] | [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u biatlonu 2008 – masovni start (žene)|25]] | [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u biatlonu 2008 – štafeta (žene)|12]] | [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u biatlonu 2008 – štafeta (mješovito)|9]] |} Ravnikar je nastupila na sedam [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u biatlonu|Svjetskih prvenstava]] od [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u biatlonu 2001.|SP 2001.]] do [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u biatlonu 2008.|SP 2008]], ali nije osvojila ni jednu medalju. Najbolji rezultat u pojedinačnoj konkurenciji joj je deseto mjesto na [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u biatlonu 2008.|SP 2008.]] kada je u utrci na [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u biatlonu 2008 – 7,5 km|7,5&nbsp;km]] bez promašaja i zaostatkom od 1:03.3&nbsp;min bila sporija od pobjednice njemačke biatlonke [[Andrea Henkel|Andreje Henkel]]. U ekipnim utrkama najbolji joj je plasman četvrto mjesto na [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u biatlonu 2007.|SP 2007.]] u [[Svjetsko prvenstvo u biatlonu 2007 – štafeta (žene)|štafeti]] s [[Teja Gregorin|Tejom Gregorin]], [[Andreja Mali|Andrejom Mali]] i [[Tadeja Brankovič Likozar|Tadejom Brankovič]] sa zaostatkom od 1:52.7&nbsp;min iza njemačke štafete u sastavu: [[Martina Glagow]], [[Andrea Henkel]], [[Magdalena Neuner]] i [[Kati Wilhelm]]. ==== Skijaško trčanje ==== {{sekcija}} === Svjetski kup === {| class="wikitable" style="float:left; text-align:center; font-size:75%" |- !colspan="12" | Plasman u Svjetskom kupu |- ! [[Svjetski kup u biatlonu 2000/2001.|2000/01]] !! [[Svjetski kup u biatlonu 2001/2002.|2001/02]] !! [[Svjetski kup u biatlonu 2002/2003.|2002/03]] !! [[Svjetski kup u biatlonu 2003/2004.|2003/04]] !! [[Svjetski kup u biatlonu 2004/2005.|2004/05]] !! [[Svjetski kup u biatlonu 2005/2006.|2005/06]] !! [[Svjetski kup u biatlonu 2006/2007.|2006/07]] !! [[Svjetski kup u biatlonu 2007/2008.|2007/08]] !! [[Svjetski kup u biatlonu 2008/2009.|2008/09]] !! [[Svjetski kup u biatlonu 2009/2010.|2009/10]] !! [[Svjetski kup u biatlonu 2010/2011.|2010/11]] |- | || || ||76||52||40||39||24||43|| |} {{raščistiti}} Prvi nastup u takmičenjima [[Svjetski kup u biatlonu|Svjetskog kupa u biatlonu]] Ravnikar je imala u sezoni [[Svjetski kup u biatlonu 2000/2001.|SK 2000/01.]] u [[italija]]nskom [[Antholzu]] 30. novembra 2000. kada je u utrci na 15&nbsp;km osvojila 97-o mjesto, sa 13 promašaja i zaostatkom od 17:54.4&nbsp;min iza pobjednice francuske biatlonke [[Corinne Niogret]]. Najbolji rezultati u pojedinačnoj konkurenciji joj je sedmo mjesto u [[Svjetski kup u biatlonu 2007/2008.|sezoni SK 2007/08]], 28.februara 2008. u [[Pyeongchang]]u u utrci na 7,5&nbsp;km, kada je bez promašaja i zaostatkom od 49.0&nbsp;s iza pobjednice [[Magdalena Neuner|Magdalene Neuner]], koja je utrku završila s dva promašaja. U štafetnim utrkama je u [[Svjetski kup u biatlonu 2004/2005.|sezoni SK 2004/05.]] osvojila treće mjesto u sastavu štafeta: [[Andreja Koblar]], [[Teja Gregorin]] i [[Tadeja Brankovič Likozar|Tadejom Brankovič]]. == Nagrade == {{sekcija}} == Privatni život == Godine 2007. se udala za jedriličara Matevža Ravnikara, s kojim ima dvoje djece.<ref name="DN" /> == Napomene == {{napspisak}} == Reference == {{refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Biatlon portal}} * {{Commonscat-inline|Dijana Ravnikar}} * {{Sport365|107}} {{normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ravnikar, Dijana}} [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1978.]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Rijeka]] [[Kategorija:Hrvatski skijaši-trkači]] [[Kategorija:Slovenski biatlonci]] [[Kategorija:Slovenski olimpijci u biatlonu]] [[Kategorija:Biatlonci na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 2002.]] [[Kategorija:Biatlonci na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 2006.]] [[Kategorija:Biatlonci na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 2010.]] 6gz0it455wukh0a6wbs88qcsl1gzev1 Uglješa Kesić 0 517250 3849309 3848601 2026-05-25T16:32:04Z ~2026-31244-64 181750 /* Biografija */ 3849309 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uglješa Kesić''' (rođen 1980. u Banjoj Luci) je [[Bosna i Hercegovina|bosanskohercegovački]] [[književnik]]. == Biografija == Rođen je 1980. u Banjoj Luci, gdje završava osnovnu, srednju školu i fakultet, gdje stiče titulu profesora historije. Književnošću se bavi od 2010. i iza sebe ima četiri odštampane zbirke poezije:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dunjalucar.wordpress.com/ugljesa-kesic/|title=Uglješa Kesić|date=11. 11. 2022|website=Dunjalučar|language=bs-BA|access-date=23. 4. 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kns.ba/index.php/projekti/knjizevni-dijalog/638-pjesnicki-profil-kesic-ugljesa|title=Pjesnički portret - Kesić Uglješa|website=www.kns.ba|access-date=23. 4. 2025|archive-date=28. 4. 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428194007/https://kns.ba/index.php/projekti/knjizevni-dijalog/638-pjesnicki-profil-kesic-ugljesa|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nezavisne.com/kultura/knjizevnost/Ugljesa-Kesic-za-Nezavisne-Uspjeh-je-ako-sam-neko-dijete-odvojio-od-displeja-telefona/786814|title=Kesić za "Nezavisne": Uspjeh je ako sam neko dijete odvojio od displeja telefona|last=Rakulj|first=Milan|date=31. 8. 2023|website=Nezavisne novine|language=sr|access-date=23. 4. 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://srpskainfo.com/tag/ugljesa-kesic/|title=Uglješa Kesić|website=Srpskainfo|language=sr|access-date=23. 4. 2025}}</ref> Stalni je saradnik časopisa BH dijaspore "Bosanske pošte"(Norveška) i magazina Šeher Banjaluka (Švedska). Pjesme su mu prevedene na mađarski jezik. Član je [[P.E.N. Centar Bosne i Hercegovine|P.E.N. centra BiH]], [[Društvo pisaca Bosne i Hercegovine|Društva pisaca Bosne i Hercegovine]], [[Institut za dečiju književnost|Instituta za dečiju književnosti]] i član je Udruženja književnika "Riječi sa Une" == Bibliografija: == * 2018 - Zažmiri, "Art print", Banjaluka * 2020 - Noć kada su palili knjige, "Art print", Banjaluka * 2023 - Vilenjak Jan, "Art Print", Banjaluka * 2025 - Najbolje je biti dijete, "Art print", Banjaluka * 2026 - Bosansko kraljevstvo: Bajke o vladarima Bosne , Banjaluka [[Datoteka:Ugi.jpg|mini]] === '''Zbornici:''' === * 2018 - Drinski književni susreti, Zvornik * 2020 - Zbornik pesama za decu "Čuvari detinjstva", Trstenik * 2024 - Zbornik pesama za decu "Od tik-taka do tik-toka" Malo Crniće * 2024 - Zbornik "Sokobanja" Srbija * 2024 - Zbornik radova VII međunarodnih susreta "Riječi sa Une", Bihać * 2025 - Almanah Bosanske književnosti "Bosnoljublje" Sarajevo * 2025 - Neću da odrastem, Internacionalna kulturna asocijacija, Crna Gora * 2025 - Kuća za riječi, Zbirika poezije učesnika pjesničkog maratona u Aleji pisaca, Tešanj * 2025 - Panorama zlatnih stihova, Udruženje kultura spaja svijet, Sarajevo * 2025 - 120 Poetskih jednačina, Udruženje "Kultura spaja svijet" Sarajevo == Nagrade == Dobitnik je nagrada: * Musa Ćazim Ćatić za najbolju dječiju pjesmu u konkurenciji od 262. pjesme * Za najuspješnijeg autora u oblasti dječije književnosti u USA, West Chester, Pennsylvania. * Treća nagrada na internacionalnom festivalu "Nasmij me pjesmom" u Crnoj Gori 2025. == Reference == {{Refspisak}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kesić, Uglješa}} [[Kategorija:Biografije, Banja Luka]] [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1980.]] [[Kategorija:Živi ljudi]] [[Kategorija:Bosanskohercegovački pisci]] ge1c6599mb34x61j2c4qbgpxwwznkee 3849332 3849309 2026-05-25T19:43:44Z ~2026-31244-64 181750 3849332 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uglješa Kesić''' (rođen 1980. u Banjoj Luci) je [[Bosna i Hercegovina|bosanskohercegovački]] [[književnik]]. == Biografija == Rođen je 1980. u Banjoj Luci, gdje završava osnovnu, srednju školu i fakultet, gdje stiče titulu profesora historije. Književnošću se bavi od 2010. i iza sebe ima četiri odštampane zbirke poezije i jednu knjigu bajki za djecu:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dunjalucar.wordpress.com/ugljesa-kesic/|title=Uglješa Kesić|date=11. 11. 2022|website=Dunjalučar|language=bs-BA|access-date=23. 4. 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kns.ba/index.php/projekti/knjizevni-dijalog/638-pjesnicki-profil-kesic-ugljesa|title=Pjesnički portret - Kesić Uglješa|website=www.kns.ba|access-date=23. 4. 2025|archive-date=28. 4. 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428194007/https://kns.ba/index.php/projekti/knjizevni-dijalog/638-pjesnicki-profil-kesic-ugljesa|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nezavisne.com/kultura/knjizevnost/Ugljesa-Kesic-za-Nezavisne-Uspjeh-je-ako-sam-neko-dijete-odvojio-od-displeja-telefona/786814|title=Kesić za "Nezavisne": Uspjeh je ako sam neko dijete odvojio od displeja telefona|last=Rakulj|first=Milan|date=31. 8. 2023|website=Nezavisne novine|language=sr|access-date=23. 4. 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://srpskainfo.com/tag/ugljesa-kesic/|title=Uglješa Kesić|website=Srpskainfo|language=sr|access-date=23. 4. 2025}}</ref> Stalni je saradnik časopisa BH dijaspore "Bosanske pošte"(Norveška) i magazina Šeher Banjaluka (Švedska). Pjesme su mu prevedene na mađarski jezik. Član je [[P.E.N. Centar Bosne i Hercegovine|P.E.N. centra BiH]], [[Društvo pisaca Bosne i Hercegovine|Društva pisaca Bosne i Hercegovine]], [[Institut za dečiju književnost|Instituta za dečiju književnosti]] i član je Udruženja književnika "Riječi sa Une" == Bibliografija: == * 2018 - Zažmiri, "Art print", Banjaluka * 2020 - Noć kada su palili knjige, "Art print", Banjaluka * 2023 - Vilenjak Jan, "Art Print", Banjaluka * 2025 - Najbolje je biti dijete, "Art print", Banjaluka * 2026 - Bosansko kraljevstvo: Bajke o vladarima Bosne , Banjaluka [[Datoteka:Ugi.jpg|mini]] === '''Zbornici:''' === * 2018 - Drinski književni susreti, Zvornik * 2020 - Zbornik pesama za decu "Čuvari detinjstva", Trstenik * 2024 - Zbornik pesama za decu "Od tik-taka do tik-toka" Malo Crniće * 2024 - Zbornik "Sokobanja" Srbija * 2024 - Zbornik radova VII međunarodnih susreta "Riječi sa Une", Bihać * 2025 - Almanah Bosanske književnosti "Bosnoljublje" Sarajevo * 2025 - Neću da odrastem, Internacionalna kulturna asocijacija, Crna Gora * 2025 - Kuća za riječi, Zbirika poezije učesnika pjesničkog maratona u Aleji pisaca, Tešanj * 2025 - Panorama zlatnih stihova, Udruženje kultura spaja svijet, Sarajevo * 2025 - 120 Poetskih jednačina, Udruženje "Kultura spaja svijet" Sarajevo == Nagrade == Dobitnik je nagrada: * Musa Ćazim Ćatić za najbolju dječiju pjesmu u konkurenciji od 262. pjesme * Za najuspješnijeg autora u oblasti dječije književnosti u USA, West Chester, Pennsylvania. * Treća nagrada na internacionalnom festivalu "Nasmij me pjesmom" u Crnoj Gori 2025. == Reference == {{Refspisak}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kesić, Uglješa}} [[Kategorija:Biografije, Banja Luka]] [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1980.]] [[Kategorija:Živi ljudi]] [[Kategorija:Bosanskohercegovački pisci]] hlq1zhay5sgybcguc3r48rfg4yvizyw 3849334 3849332 2026-05-25T19:44:21Z ~2026-31244-64 181750 /* Biografija */ 3849334 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uglješa Kesić''' (rođen 1980. u Banjoj Luci) je [[Bosna i Hercegovina|bosanskohercegovački]] [[književnik]]. == Biografija == Rođen je 1980. u Banjoj Luci, gdje završava osnovnu, srednju školu i fakultet, gdje stiče titulu profesora historije. Književnošću se bavi od 2010.godine i iza sebe ima četiri odštampane zbirke poezije i jednu knjigu bajki za djecu:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dunjalucar.wordpress.com/ugljesa-kesic/|title=Uglješa Kesić|date=11. 11. 2022|website=Dunjalučar|language=bs-BA|access-date=23. 4. 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kns.ba/index.php/projekti/knjizevni-dijalog/638-pjesnicki-profil-kesic-ugljesa|title=Pjesnički portret - Kesić Uglješa|website=www.kns.ba|access-date=23. 4. 2025|archive-date=28. 4. 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428194007/https://kns.ba/index.php/projekti/knjizevni-dijalog/638-pjesnicki-profil-kesic-ugljesa|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nezavisne.com/kultura/knjizevnost/Ugljesa-Kesic-za-Nezavisne-Uspjeh-je-ako-sam-neko-dijete-odvojio-od-displeja-telefona/786814|title=Kesić za "Nezavisne": Uspjeh je ako sam neko dijete odvojio od displeja telefona|last=Rakulj|first=Milan|date=31. 8. 2023|website=Nezavisne novine|language=sr|access-date=23. 4. 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://srpskainfo.com/tag/ugljesa-kesic/|title=Uglješa Kesić|website=Srpskainfo|language=sr|access-date=23. 4. 2025}}</ref> Stalni je saradnik časopisa BH dijaspore "Bosanske pošte"(Norveška) i magazina Šeher Banjaluka (Švedska). Pjesme su mu prevedene na mađarski jezik. Član je [[P.E.N. Centar Bosne i Hercegovine|P.E.N. centra BiH]], [[Društvo pisaca Bosne i Hercegovine|Društva pisaca Bosne i Hercegovine]], [[Institut za dečiju književnost|Instituta za dečiju književnosti]] i član je Udruženja književnika "Riječi sa Une" == Bibliografija: == * 2018 - Zažmiri, "Art print", Banjaluka * 2020 - Noć kada su palili knjige, "Art print", Banjaluka * 2023 - Vilenjak Jan, "Art Print", Banjaluka * 2025 - Najbolje je biti dijete, "Art print", Banjaluka * 2026 - Bosansko kraljevstvo: Bajke o vladarima Bosne , Banjaluka [[Datoteka:Ugi.jpg|mini]] === '''Zbornici:''' === * 2018 - Drinski književni susreti, Zvornik * 2020 - Zbornik pesama za decu "Čuvari detinjstva", Trstenik * 2024 - Zbornik pesama za decu "Od tik-taka do tik-toka" Malo Crniće * 2024 - Zbornik "Sokobanja" Srbija * 2024 - Zbornik radova VII međunarodnih susreta "Riječi sa Une", Bihać * 2025 - Almanah Bosanske književnosti "Bosnoljublje" Sarajevo * 2025 - Neću da odrastem, Internacionalna kulturna asocijacija, Crna Gora * 2025 - Kuća za riječi, Zbirika poezije učesnika pjesničkog maratona u Aleji pisaca, Tešanj * 2025 - Panorama zlatnih stihova, Udruženje kultura spaja svijet, Sarajevo * 2025 - 120 Poetskih jednačina, Udruženje "Kultura spaja svijet" Sarajevo == Nagrade == Dobitnik je nagrada: * Musa Ćazim Ćatić za najbolju dječiju pjesmu u konkurenciji od 262. pjesme * Za najuspješnijeg autora u oblasti dječije književnosti u USA, West Chester, Pennsylvania. * Treća nagrada na internacionalnom festivalu "Nasmij me pjesmom" u Crnoj Gori 2025. == Reference == {{Refspisak}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kesić, Uglješa}} [[Kategorija:Biografije, Banja Luka]] [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1980.]] [[Kategorija:Živi ljudi]] [[Kategorija:Bosanskohercegovački pisci]] pv47ft5jv7bbwv1s0fd5ehpdl25epkh FAKTIV 0 518332 3849386 3692039 2026-05-26T05:25:11Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849386 wikitext text/x-wiki '''fAKTIV''' je [[Feminizam|feministički]] kolektiv u [[Hrvatska|Hrvatskoj]] čije područje djelovanja obuhvata borbu za radnička i socijalna prava [[žena]], protiv rodno uvjetovanog [[Nasilje|nasilja]] prema ženama, te zalaganje za reproduktivna i [[Seksualnost|seksualna]] prava. == Historija == fAKTIV je osnovan nedugo nakon prvog [[Noćni marš|Noćnog marša]] ''ad hoc'' inicijative "Preuzmite odgovornost za ubojstva žena", i organizacijskog odbora Noćnog marša, održanog 2016.<ref>{{Citiranje weba |title="Noćni marš – 8. mart" ulicama Zagreba |url=https://gong.hr/2016/03/17/nocni-mars-8-mart-ulicama-zagreba/ |access-date=7. 5. 2022 |website=Gong |language=hr}}</ref> Osnovan je s ciljem izvaninstitucionalnog djelovanja na stvaranju feminističke prakse kao dio šireg i solidarnog [[Antikapitalizam|antikapitalističkog]] pokreta. == Područje djelovanja == Djelovanje kolektiva fAKTIV obuhvata borbu za radnička i socijalna prava žena, protiv rodno uvjetovanog nasilja prema ženama, te zalaganje za [[Reproduktivni sustav|reproduktivna]] i seksualna prava. Kolektiv reagira na aktualna društvena, ekonomska i politička kretanja, suprotstavljajući se socijalnoj i ekonomskoj nejednakosti, seksizmu, homofobiji i transfobiji te cenzuri te ukidanju slobode govora i izražavanja. Kolektiv fAKTIV organizira svake godine Noćni marš – [[Međunarodni dan žena|8. mart]], u [[Zagreb]]u i drugim gradovima [[Hrvatska|Hrvatske]],<ref>{{Citiranje weba |title=Noćni marš za prava žena: Razloga za ljutnju imamo i previše! |url=https://www.tportal.hr/vijesti/clanak/u-zagrebu-rijeci-i-splitu-poceo-nocni-mars-za-prava-zena-20180308 |access-date=7. 5. 2022 |website=tportal.hr}}</ref> kao prosvjednu manifestaciju povodom obilježavanja Međunarodnog dana žena, a tradicionalno se održava u večernjim satima 8. marta. Kako su pomaci u ravnopravnosti žena u društvu još uvijek neznatni, sistematsko održavanje Noćnog marša je i dalje potrebno, za iznošenje zahtjeva u javnom prostoru.<ref>{{Citiranje weba |date=7. 3. 2022 |title=Jedna od pokretačica Noćnog marša objasnila nam je zašto je sad potrebniji no ikad |url=https://super1.telegram.hr/snaga/sutra-se-odrzava-sesti-nocni-mars-jedna-od-pokretacica-objasnila-nam-je-zasto-je-sad-potrebniji-no-ikad/ |access-date=7. 5. 2022 |website=Super1 |language=hr |archive-date=8. 3. 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308223442/https://super1.telegram.hr/snaga/sutra-se-odrzava-sesti-nocni-mars-jedna-od-pokretacica-objasnila-nam-je-zasto-je-sad-potrebniji-no-ikad/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Pored Noćnog marša, fAKTIV je često prisutan akcijama u javnom prostoru. == Akcije == * Povodom Globalnog dana akcije za siguran i legalan pobačaj, 28. septembra 2016, članice feminističkog kolektiva fAKTIV su performansom pred [[Zagrebačka katedrala|Zagrebačkom katedralom]] poručile [[Katolička Crkva|Katoličkoj crkvi]] da prestane zadirati u [[Sekularno|sekularni]] prostor te aktivno utjecati na ugrožavanje seksualnih i reproduktivnih prava žena. Simboličnim razbijanjem tanjira, razbile su i na njima ispisane [[mit]]ove kako zabranom pobačaja štitimo život, kako će se uvođenjem [[Spolni odgoj u Hrvatskoj|spolnog odgoja]] povećavati broj pobačaja, kako ginekolozi moraju imati pravo na priziv savjesti te kako zabrana pobačaja dovodi do demografskog rasta.<ref>{{Citiranje weba |last=G.K/Lupiga.com |title=Feministkinje razbijale mitove o pobačaju pred Zagrebačkom katedralom |url=https://www.crol.hr/index.php/politika-aktivizam/8194-feministkinje-razbijale-mitove-o-pobacaju-pred-zagrebackom-katedralom |access-date=7. 5. 2022 |website=www.crol.hr |language=en-gb}}</ref> * Iste godine, aktivistkinje kolektiva fAKTIV prozvale su državu i njene institucije za propuste koji ih čine odgovornima za ubistva žena. Odale su počast svim ženama koje su ubili njihovi bliski muški članovi porodice i ponovo zahtijevale od države da ratificira [[Konvencija Vijeća Evrope o sprečavanju i borbi protiv nasilja nad ženama i nasilja u porodici|Konvenciju Vijeća Evrope]] o sprečavanju i borbi protiv nasilja prema ženama i nasilja u porodici ([[Istanbulska konvencija]]). Nakon što je [[Ustavni sud]] 2017. objavio odluku o neprihvatanju prijedloga za pokretanje postupka za ocjenu suglasnosti s [[Ustav Hrvatske|Ustav]]om Zakona o zdravstvenim mjerama za ostvarivanje prava na slobodno odlučivanje o rađanju djece te [[Hrvatski sabor|Hrvatskom saboru]] naložio da u roku od dvije godine donese novi zakon, uslijedio je niz reakcija feminističkih organizacija i kolektiva fAKTIV. Tražile su se ostavke tadašnjeg ministra vanjskih poslova [[Davor Ivo Stier|Davora Ive Stiera]] i posebnog savjetnika za ljudska prava, [[Ladislav Ilčić|Ladislava Ilčića]]. Nakon akcija feminističkih udruga i Noćnog marša u organizaciji kolektiva fAKTIV, Ladislav Ilčić dao je ostavku na mjesto posebnog savjetnika za ljudska prava potpredsjednika [[Vlada Republike Hrvatske|Vlade]] i ministra vanjskih poslova Davora Ive Stiera.<ref>{{Citiranje weba |last=zenskasoba |date=21. 3. 2017 |title="Ilčić je otišao, tražimo ostavku Stiera i povlačenje Prskala i Munjina" |url=http://www.sigurnomjesto.hr/ilcic-otisao-trazimo-ostavku-stiera-povlacenje-prskala-munjina/ |access-date=7. 5. 2022 |website=Sigurno mjesto |language=hr |archive-date=22. 5. 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522211537/http://www.sigurnomjesto.hr/ilcic-otisao-trazimo-ostavku-stiera-povlacenje-prskala-munjina/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Zahtijevala se dosljedna primjena zakona koji je bio na snazi uz organizaciju zdravstvenih ustanova tako da se ujednače cijene medicinskih usluga i pobačaja, primjena Konvencije [[Ujedinjene nacije|UN]]-a o uklanjanju svih oblika diskriminacije žena (CEDAW) i preporuke nadležnog Odbora upućene Hrvatskoj (da se poduzmu mjere kojima bi se spriječilo da stavovi, uključujući i one zasnovane na religiji, stvaraju prepreke punom ostvarenju prava žena; osigurati da priziv savjesti ljekara ne ometa pristup žena zdravstvenim uslugama vezanim za reproduktivno zdravlje, uključujući i pobačaj). Zahtijevala se i hitna ratifikacija Konvencije Vijeća Evrope o sprečavanju i borbi protiv nasilja nad ženama i nasilja u porodici te osigurajte uvjete za njenu punu primjenu. == Reference == {{reference}} {{maloslovo}} [[Kategorija:Feminizam u Hrvatskoj]] [[Kategorija:Aktivizam u Hrvatskoj]] ac80m7h73b0lyuw9chdmd4ffvdkwnl7 Pastilla 0 521559 3849280 3807771 2026-05-25T13:27:09Z Panasko 146730 3849280 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Datoteka:Bisteeya.jpg|mini|desno|Pastilla]] '''Pastilla''' ({{jez-ar| بسطيلة}}), transliterirana kao bastilla, bisteeya, b'stilla ili bstilla, tradicionalno je jelo [[Maroko|marokanske]] kuhinje čije porijeklo seže u [[El-Endelus|islamsku Španiju]]. Nakon pada [[Granada|Granade]], posljednjeg islamskog grada u [[Španija|Španiji]], [[musliman]]i koji su tražili utočište u [[Magrib|Magribu]] donijeli su sa sobom vlastitu kulinarsku tradiciju, uključujući pastille. Pojam dolazi od španjolske riječi pasta ("tjestenina").<ref>{{cite book |last=Anbary |first=Badiaa |authorlink =Badiaa Anbary |date=1995 |title=La cuisine urbaine marocaine |url= |location= |publisher=Michel Aufray und Michel Perret |page= |isbn= |access-date= |language=fr }}</ref> == Svojstva i priprema == Tradicionalno, pastila je pita od [[Golubovi|golubljeg]] mesa. Budući da je to često teško pronaći, obično se koristi [[piletina]] izrezana na male komade. U proizvodnji se također može koristiti [[Ribe|riba]] ili [[Iznutrica|iznutrice]] raznih životinja. Pastila se obično poslužuje kao predjelo na početku posebnih jela. Pripravak je to koji spaja okus slatkog i slanog: niz slojeva lisnatog tijesta, usoljeno meso, polagano kuhano u juhi i začinima pa usitnjeno, te hrskavi sloj prženih i nasjeckanih [[badem]]a, [[cimet]]a i [[šećer]]a. Nadjev se priprema dan ranije i pravi tako da se komadi mesa preprže na ulju. Zatim se stave u tavu i zakuhaju s preostalim [[ulje]]m, lukom, vodom, [[Peršun|peršinom]] i raznim začinima. Tekućinu se ohladi i zgusne u kremasti umak s tučenim jajima. Meso i koža se samelje i dodaje u umak, te hladi preko noći. Prvi sloj tijesta poslaže se u okrugli pleh i namaže [[maslac]]em. Zatim se rasporedi sloj umaka, pokrije lisnatim tijestom i ponovi s drugim slojem umaka i tjestenine. Potom se zapeče u pećnici, pospe šećerom u prahu, [[cimet]]om i nasjeckanim bademima te posluži.<ref>{{cite web |author=Gordon Ramsay |url=https://www.google.de/books/edition/Meine_ultimative_Kochschule/TyEkAwAAQBAJ?hl=de&gbpv=1&dq=Pastilla+Marokko&pg=PA272&printsec=frontcover |title=Meine ultimative Kochschule |access-date=8. 5. 2022|language=de}}</ref> == Reference == {{Refspisak}} [[Kategorija:Marokanska kuhinja]] [[Kategorija:Mediteranska kuhinja]] [[Kategorija:Alžirska kuhinja]] [[Kategorija:Jela od piletine]] [[Kategorija:Jela od ribe]] e8t9kprivdvt613hd1ifsimp829h27p Premier League 2025/2026. 0 521900 3849326 3848024 2026-05-25T19:11:41Z Topnik95 56539 3849326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija sezona nogometne lige | takmičenje = [[Premijer liga Engleske]] | sezona = 2025/2026. | slika = | pobjednici = [[Arsenal FC|Arsenal]]<br>4. titula Premijer lige<br>14. [[Pobjednici Premijer lige Engleske|titula prvaka Engleske]] | ispao = [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]]<br>[[Burnley FC|Burnley]]<br>[[Wolverhampton Wanderers FC|Wolverhampton Wanderers]] | najbolji_strijelac = [[Erling Haaland]] [[Manchester City FC|(MCI)]]<br>(27 golova) | najbolji_igrač = | kontinentalni_kup1 = [[UEFA Liga prvaka 2026/2027.|Liga prvaka]] | kontinentalni_kup1 kvalifikovani = Arsenal<br>[[Manchester City FC|Manchester City]]<br>[[Manchester United FC|Manchester United]]<br>[[Aston Villa FC|Aston Villa]]<br>[[Liverpool FC|Liverpool]] | kontinentalni_kup2 = [[UEFA Evropska liga 2026/2027.|Evropska liga]] | kontinentalni_kup2 kvalifikovani = [[AFC Bournemouth|Bournemouth]]<br>[[Sunderland AFC|Sunderland]] | kontinentalni_kup3 = [[UEFA Konferencijska liga 2026/2027.|Konferencijska liga]] | kontinentalni_kup3 kvalifikovani = [[Brighton & Hove Albion FC|Brighton & Hove Albion]] | najveća_domaća_pobjeda = {{nowrap|[[Arsenal FC|Arsenal]] 5–0 [[Leeds United FC|Leeds United]]<br>{{small|(23. august 2025)}}}} | najveća_gostujuća_pobjeda = {{nowrap|[[Sunderland AFC|Sunderland]] 0–5 [[Nottingham Forest FC|Nottingham Forest]]}}<br>{{small|(24. april 2026)}} | najviše_golova = [[Fulham FC|Fulham]] 4–5 Manchester City<br>{{small|(2. decembar 2025)}} | utakmice = 380 | ukupno_golova = 1045 | najduže_pobjede = 8 utakmica<br>Aston Villa | najduže_porazi = 11 utakmica<br>Wolverhampton Wanderers | najduže_neporažen = 18 utakmica<br>Bournemouth | najduži_niz_bez_pobjede = 19 utakmica<br>Wolverhampton Wanderers | najveća_posjećenost = 74.257<br>{{nowrap|Manchester United 3–2 Burnley}}<br>{{small|(30. august 2025)}} | najmanja_posjećenost = 10.762<br>{{nowrap|[[AFC Bournemouth|Bournemouth]] 1–1 Burnley}}<br>{{small|(20. decembar 2025)}} | ukupno_gledalaca = {{formatnum:{{#expr: <!--Matchweek 1--> + 60315 + 42526 + 31478 + 46233 + 61077 + 31118 + 39678 + 29949 + 73475 + 36820 <!--Matchweek 2--> + 62462 + 51785 + 11070 + 16838 + 21285 + 60110 + 24876 + 51759 + 27512 + 52230 <!--Matchweek 3--> + 39745 + 74257 + 46267 + 61250 + 30271 + 36727 + 31485 + 30215 + 60455 + 41036 <!--Matchweek 4--> + 60167 + 11167 + 25154 + 52114 + 27327 + 52145 + 62459 + 16795 + 21678 + 52534<!--Matchweek 5--> + 60342 + 31488 + 21475 + 62455 + 30807 + 74124 + 26113 + 11212 + 46261 + 60161 <!--Matchweek 6--> + 17193 + 39597 + 25118 + 36574 + 52427 + 30226 + 60537 + 40350 + 52199 + 51890 <!--Matchweek 7--> + 11165 + 36703 + 60181 + 74004 + 39767 + 40308 + 51770 + 52189 + 29504 + 17140 <!--Matchweek 8--> + 30495 + 31620 + 21646 + 25125 + 52498 + 46578 + 27736 + 61291 + 60337 + 62452 <!--Matchweek 9--> + 36788 + 39489 + 52152 + 73987 + 17214 + 11204 + 60103 + 41988 + 29116 + 52501 <!--Matchweek 10--> + 31512 + 21538 + 25083 + 26413 + 30778 + 61202 + 60407 + 62441 + 52387 + 41476 <!--Matchweek 11--> + 61210 + 52491 + 62449 + 46799 + 39467 + 40792 + 17207 + 24326 + 30708 + 52511 <!--Matchweek 12--> + 21499 + 11216 + 31358 + 27560 + 60419 + 29976 + 52181 + 36819 + 60345 + 74158 <!--Matchweek 13--> + 17176 + 52483 + 46973 + 52244 + 60546 + 25189 + 42139 + 30522 + 62469 + 39820 <!--Matchweek 14--> + 11161 + 26700 + 52007 + 60110 + 31180 + 19365 + 28646 + 36767 + 60414 + 73938 <!--Matchweek 15--> + 42888 + 11240 + 52501 + 52436 + 52041 + 60759 + 36842 + 31293 + 27283 + 30338 <!--Matchweek 16--> + 39552 + 60429 + 19739 + 60242 + 25166 + 30579 + 47158 + 62447 + 17159 + 73951 <!--Matchweek 17--> + 52226 + 10762 + 31426 + 52454 + 27622 + 61138 + 52513 + 36334 + 43157 + 27136 <!--Matchweek 18--> + 73996 + 30778 + 60209 + 17152 + 21637 + 60466 + 62464 + 39765 + 46675 + 25186 <!--Matchweek 19--> + 21020 + 39622 + 30617 + 62438 + 60279 + 73941 + 25111 + 60343 + 17141 + 46920 <!--Matchweek 20--> + 43039 + 31373 + 29874 + 11240 + 36909 + 52514 + 51979 + 60877 + 27547 + 52503 <!--Matchweek 21--> + 62429 + 11212 + 17016 + 24841 + 51768 + 26990 + 51728 + 21047 + 51176 + 60258 <!--Matchweek 22--> + 74004 + 39704 + 36300 + 60431 + 47257 + 60857 + 30729 + 29751 + 42770 + 30172 <!--Matchweek 23--> + 62456 + 21618 + 27239 + 52469 + 11260 + 17134 + 25163 + 52134 + 60296 + 51979 <!--Matchweek 24--> + 31419 + 36858 + 30161 + 39430 + 60416 + 41415 + 73895 + 30334 + 61337 + 46370 <!--Matchweek 25--> + 36835 + 73985 + 11248 + 60312 + 21273 + 27155 + 29762 + 52032 + 31179 + 60336 <!--Matchweek 26--> + 39253 + 50196 + 59773 + 62473 + 39495 + 50717 + 29921 + 23267 + 47159 + 17224 <!--Matchweek 27--> + 43048 + 17163 + 39603 + 62437 + 52187 + 24547 + 30737 + 47222 + 61439 + 52326 <!--Matchweek 28--> + 30197 + 11240 + 20069 + 60425 + 52514 + 36838 + 31427 + 27439 + 73934 + 60296 <!--Matchweek 29--> + 11108 + 51959 + 36713 + 30247 + 42084 + 31575 + 27191 + 51965 + 52184 + 60213 <!--Matchweek 30--> + 20281 + 45497 + 60176 + 39587 + 62459 + 25155 + 73997 + 30013 + 60386 + 17155 <!--Matchweek 31--> + 29843 + 11250 + 31680 + 27323 + 52547 + 36386 + 52253 + 42130 + 61519 + 51738 <!--Matchweek 32--> + 62457 + 60210 + 17220 + 20408 + 60401 + 25141 + 30591 + 47010 + 39552 + 74018 <!--Matchweek 33--> + 17171 + 36840 + 52109 + 61167 + 39733 + 42599 + 52585 + 29458 + 52523 + 24974 <!--Matchweek 34--> + 31220 + 21259 + 11226 + 47047 + 27606 + 60314 + 62454 + 31253 + 60204 + 73773 <!--Matchweek 35--> + 36265 + 17194 + 52099 + 29632 + 60196 + 11122 + 74027 + 42767 + 39605 + 52257 <!--Matchweek 36--> + 60429 + 31587 + 27626 + 47233 + 52489 + 21196 + 24958 + 30691 + 60429 + 61048 <!--Matchweek 37--> + 43033 + 74015 + 17213 + 52590 + 36880 + 28709 + 52206 + 60274 + 11218 + 39463 <!--Matchweek 38--> + 31729 + 21057 + 0 + 27442 + 60325 + 60332 + 30741 + 0 + 0 + 62471 }}}} | prosječna_posjećenost = {{formatnum:{{#expr:((15686638/377) round 0)}}}} | prethodna_sezona = [[Premier League 2024/2025.|2024/2025.]] | sljedeća_sezona = [[Premier League 2026/2027.|2026/2027.]] }} '''Premier League 2025/2026.''' je bila 34. sezona [[Premijer liga Engleske|Premijer lige]] i 127. sezona najviše engleske lige. Raspored utakmica bio je objavljen 18. juna 2025. u 10:00 sati.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/4171848|title=Dates for 2025/26 Premier League season confirmed|date=22. 11. 2024|website=PremierLeague.com|publisher=Premier League|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126195919/https://www.premierleague.com/news/4171848|archive-date=26. 11. 2024|access-date=4. 6. 2025}}</ref> Ovo je bila prva puna sezona u kojoj se koristio poluautomatska tehnologija ofsajda, nakon što je uvedena tijekom prethodne sezone, 12. aprila 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/4256036|title=Semi-automated offside technology: What you need to know|date=12. 4. 2025|website=PremierLeague.com|publisher=Premier League|access-date=4. 6. 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/4273447|title=Semi-automated offside technology to be introduced in Matchdays 32|date=1. 4. 2025|website=PremierLeague.com|publisher=Premier League|access-date=4. 6. 2025}}</ref> Sezona 2025/2026. sastojala se od 33 vikend runde i pet utakmica sredinom sedmice. [[Puma (kompanija)|Puma]] je zamijenila [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] kao službeni dobavljač lopti za utakmice.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://about.puma.com/en/newsroom/corporate-news/2025/17-03-2025-puma-becomes-official-partner-premier-league|title=PUMA Becomes Official Partner Of The Premier League|last=Haidarovic|first=Luke|publisher=[[Puma (kompanija)|Puma]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318082444/https://about.puma.com/en/newsroom/corporate-news/2025/17-03-2025-puma-becomes-official-partner-premier-league|archive-date=18. 3. 2025|access-date=4. 6. 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Onyeagwara|first=Nnamdi|date=17. 3. 2025|title=Premier League announces Puma as new ball supplier from 2025-26, replacing Nike|url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/6209235/2025/03/17/premier-league-puma-nike-ball/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317140522/https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/6209235/2025/03/17/premier-league-puma-nike-ball/|archive-date=17. 3. 2025|access-date=4. 6. 2025|work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/story/_/id/44289813/puma-supply-premier-league-matchballs-2025-26-season|title=Puma to supply PL match balls from 2025-26|date=17. 3. 2025|website=ESPN.com|access-date=4. 6. 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/4267050|title=Premier League and PUMA announce official partnership|website=PremierLeague.com|publisher=Premier League|access-date=4. 6. 2025}}</ref> [[Liverpool FC|Liverpool]] je bio branitelj naslova, osvojivši svoj drugi naslov Premijer lige i ukupno 20. naslov engleskog prvaka u prethodnoj sezoni. [[Arsenal FC|Arsenal]] je osvojio svoj četvrti naslov prvaka Premijer lige i 14. engleski naslov s jednom utakmicom prije kraja sezone, prekinuvši 22-godišnju sušu u Premijer ligi od [[Premier League 2003/2004.|2004]]. godine, nakon što je [[Manchester City FC|Manchester City]] remizirao 1-1 u gostima protiv [[AFC Bournemouth|Bournemoutha]] 19. maja 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/13545591/arsenal-win-premier-league-mikel-artetas-side-end-22-year-wait-for-title|title=Arsenal win Premier League: Mikel Arteta's side end 22-year wait for title|website=Sky Sports|language=en|access-date=25. 5. 2026}}</ref> Ovo je bila prva sezona u kojoj se odigrao [[derbi sjeveroistočne Engleske]] još od [[Premier League 2015/2016.|sezone 2015/2016]], nakon što je [[Sunderland AFC|Sunderland]] plasirao svoju ekipu iz [[EFL Championship|Championshipa]] putem doigravanja. == Ekipe == U ligi se natječe dvadeset ekipa – sedamnaest najboljih ekipa iz prethodne sezone i tri ekipe koje su prošle u viši rang iz [[EFL Championship|Championshipa]]. Promovirane ekipe su [[Leeds United FC|Leeds United]], [[Burnley FC|Burnley]] i [[Sunderland AFC|Sunderland]], koje se vraćaju u najvišu ligu nakon dvije, jedne, odnosno osam godina izbivanja. Zamijenili su [[Leicester City FC|Leicester City]], [[Ipswich Town FC|Ipswich Town]] i [[Southampton FC|Southampton]], koji su svi ispali nakon samo jedne sezone u najvišoj ligi. Ovo je bila druga sezona zaredom i tek treći put u historiji engleske najviše lige, gdje su sve tri promovirane ekipe ispale nakon samo jedne sezone.<ref name="opta-relegation">{{Cite web|url=https://theanalyst.com/2025/04/premier-league-promoted-sides-relegation-championship|title=The Three Promoted Premier League Sides Will Be Relegated Again - This Never Used to Happen|last=Tweedale|first=Ali|date=26. 4. 2025|website=Opta Analyst|access-date=4. 6. 2025}}</ref> === Stadioni i lokacije === {{location map+ |Engleska|width=440 |float=right |caption=Lokacije klubova Premijer lige 2025/26 |places= {{location map~ |Engleska|lat=51.5155 |long=-0.1275 |label_size=80|label=London |mark=Blue pog.svg|position=left}} {{location map~ |Engleska|lat=52.509112 |long=-1.884783 |label_size=80|label=[[Aston Villa FC|Aston Villa]]|position=right}} {{location map~ |Engleska|lat=50.7192 |long=-1.8808 |label_size=80|label=[[AFC Bournemouth|Bournemouth]]|position=left}} {{location map~ |Engleska|lat=50.861551 |long=-0.083624 |label_size=80|label=[[Brighton & Hove Albion FC|{{nowrap|Brighton & <br>Hove Albion}}]]|position=bottom}} {{location map~ |Engleska|lat=53.789 |long=-2.248 |label_size=80|label=[[Burnley FC|Burnley]]|position=top}} {{location map~ |Engleska|lat=53.438846 |long=-2.966285 |label_size=80|label=[[Everton FC|Everton]]|position=top}} {{location map~ |Engleska|lat=53.7778 |long=-1.5722 |label_size=80|label=[[Leeds United FC|{{nowrap|Leeds United}}]]|position=right}} {{location map~ |Engleska|lat=53.430845 |long=-2.960823 |label_size=80|label=[[Liverpool FC|Liverpool]]|position=left}} {{location map~ |Engleska|lat=53.483056 |long=-2.200278 |label_size=80|label=[[Manchester City FC|{{nowrap|Manchester City}}]]|position=right-->}} {{location map~ |Engleska|lat=53.463056 |long=-2.291389 |label_size=80|label=[[Manchester United FC|{{nowrap|Manchester United}}]]|position=bottom}} {{location map~ |Engleska|lat=54.9756 |long=-1.6017|label_size=80|label=[[Newcastle United FC|{{nowrap|Newcastle United}}]]|position=left}} {{location map~ |Engleska|lat=52.9399 |long=-1.1329 |label_size=80|label=[[Nottingham Forest FC|{{nowrap|Nottingham Forest}}]]|position=right}} {{location map~ |Engleska |lat=54.9146 |long=-1.3884 |label_size=80|label=[[Sunderland AFC|Sunderland]]|position=bottom}} {{location map~ |Engleska |lat=52.590225 |long=-2.130389 |label_size=80|label=[[Wolverhampton Wanderers FC|Wolverhampton Wanderers]]|position=left}} <!--DISPLAY OF LONDON TEAMS IN UPPER RIGHT CORNER--> {{location map~ |Engleska|mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1 |lat=55.7 |long=-.7|label_size=80|label='''{{nowrap|[[Nogomet u Londonu|Londonske]] ekipe:}}'''<br/> [[Arsenal FC|Arsenal]]<br/> [[Brentford FC|Brentford]]<br/> [[Chelsea FC|Chelsea]]<br/> [[Crystal Palace FC|Crystal Palace]]<br/> [[Fulham FC|Fulham]]<br/> {{nowrap|[[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]]}}<br/> [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] }} |position=right}} :'' Napomena: Lista je poredana abecednim redom.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Ekipa !Lokacija !Stadion !Kapacitet |- |[[Arsenal FC|Arsenal]] | data-sort-value="London Holloway" |[[London]] {{small|([[Holloway, London|Holloway]])}} |[[Stadion Emirates|Emirates]] |style="text-align:center"|60.704 |- |[[Aston Villa FC|Aston Villa]] | data-sort-value="Birmingham" |[[Birmingham]] |[[Villa Park]] |style="text-align:center"|42.918 |- |[[AFC Bournemouth|Bournemouth]] |[[Bournemouth]] |[[Dean Court|Vitality Stadium]] |style="text-align:center"|11.307 |- |[[Brentford FC|Brentford]] | data-sort-value="London Brentford" |London {{small|([[Brentford]])}} |[[Stadion Brentford Community|Gtech Community]] |style="text-align:center"|17.250 |- |[[Brighton & Hove Albion FC|Brighton & Hove Albion]] |[[Falmer]] |[[Stadion Falmer|Stadion American Express]] |style="text-align:center"|31.876 |- |[[Burnley FC|Burnley]] |[[Burnley]] |[[Turf Moor]] |style="text-align:center"|21.944 |- |[[Chelsea FC|Chelsea]] | data-sort-value="London Fulham" |London {{small|([[Fulham]])}} |[[Stamford Bridge (stadion)|Stamford Bridge]] |style="text-align:center"|40.173 |- |[[Crystal Palace FC|Crystal Palace]] |London {{small|([[Selhurst]])}} |[[Selhurst Park]] |style="text-align:center"|25.194 |- |[[Everton FC|Everton]] | data-sort-value="Liverpool Vauxhall" |[[Liverpool]] {{small|([[Vauxhall, Liverpool|Vauxhall]])}} |[[Stadion Everton|Stadion Hill Dickinson]] |style="text-align:center"|52.888 |- |[[Fulham FC|Fulham]] | data-sort-value="London Fulham" |London {{small|(Fulham)}} |[[Craven Cottage]] |style="text-align:center"|29.589 |- |[[Leeds United FC|Leeds United]] |[[Leeds]] |[[Elland Road]] |style="text-align:center"|37.645 |- |[[Liverpool FC|Liverpool]] | data-sort-value="Liverpool Anfield" |Liverpool {{small|([[Anfield (suburb)|Anfield]])}} |[[Anfield]] | style="text-align:center" |61.276 |- |[[Manchester City FC|Manchester City]] | data-sort-value="Manchester Bradford" |[[Manchester]] {{small|([[Bradford, Manchester|Bradford]])}} |[[Gradski stadion u Manchesteru|Etihad]] |style="text-align:center"|52.900 |- |[[Manchester United FC|Manchester United]] | data-sort-value="Manchester Old Trafford" |[[Manchester]] {{small|([[Stretford]])}} |[[Old Trafford]] |style="text-align:center"|74.197 |- |[[Newcastle United FC|Newcastle United]] | data-sort-value="Newcastle upon Tyne" |[[Newcastle na Tyneu]] |[[St James' Park]] |style="text-align:center"|52.258 |- |[[Nottingham Forest FC|Nottingham Forest]] | data-sort-value="West Bridgford" |[[West Bridgford]] |[[City Ground]] |style="text-align:center"|30.404 |- | [[Sunderland AFC|Sunderland]] | data-sort-value="Sunderland" |[[Sunderland]] | [[Stadium of Light]] | align="center" |49.000 |- |[[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]] | data-sort-value="London Tottenham" |London {{small|([[Tottenham]])}} |[[Stadion Tottenham Hotspur]] |style="text-align:center"|62.850 |- |[[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] | data-sort-value="London Stratford" |London {{small|([[Stratford, London|Stratford]])}} |[[Stadion London]] |style="text-align:center"|62.500 |- |[[Wolverhampton Wanderers FC|Wolverhampton Wanderers]] | data-sort-value="Wolverhampton" |[[Wolverhampton]] |[[Stadion Molineux]] |style="text-align:center"|31.750 |} Ovo je prva sezona koju [[Everton FC|Everton]] igra na svom novom stadionu, [[Stadion Everton|Hill Dickinson Stadionu]], nakon preseljenja s [[Goodison Park]]a.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.evertonstadium.com/season2526|title=Season 2025/26|website=www.evertonstadium.com|access-date=4. 6. 2025}}</ref> === Osoblje i oprema === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Ekipa !Menadžer !Kapiten !Proizvođač dresa !Sponzor (na prsima) !Sponzor (na rukavima) |- |Arsenal |data-sort-value="Tyler, Mikel"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Mikel Arteta]] |data-sort-value="Odegaard, Martin"|{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Martin Ødegaard]]<ref>{{cite press release|title=Martin Odegaard named captain|url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/martin-odegaard-named-captain|date=30. 7. 2022|access-date=24. 9. 2023|publisher=Arsenal Football Club|location=London}}</ref> |[[Adidas]]<ref>{{cite press release|date=1. 7. 2019|title=Adidas and Arsenal launch new partnership|publisher=Adidas|location=Herzogenaurach|url=https://news.adidas.com/football/adidas-and-arsenal-launch-new-partnership-with-2019-20-home-kit/s/a792ee1b-7f39-4f66-a095-a689e151ec5b|url-status=live|access-date=1. 7. 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221090612/https://news.adidas.com/fooTBAll/adidas-and-arsenal-launch-new-partnership-with-2019-20-home-kit/s/a792ee1b-7f39-4f66-a095-a689e151ec5b|archive-date=21. 2. 2020}}</ref> |[[Emirates (aviokompanija)|Emirates]]<ref>{{cite press release|date=19. 2. 2018|title=Emirates and Arsenal Renew Sponsorship Deal|website=|publisher=Emirates|publication-place=London|url=https://www.emirates.com/media-centre/emirates-and-arsenal-renew-sponsorship-deal|url-status=live|access-date=24. 2. 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714222642/https://www.emirates.com/media-centre/emirates-and-arsenal-renew-sponsorship-deal|archive-date=14. 7. 2021}}</ref> |[[Rwanda Development Board|Visit Rwanda]]<ref>{{cite press release|date=23. 5. 2018|title=Arsenal partner with 'Visit Rwanda'|publisher=Arsenal Football Club|location=London|url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/club-welcomes-visit-rwanda-new-partner|url-status=live|access-date=23. 5. 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802014646/https://www.arsenal.com/news/club-welcomes-visit-rwanda-new-partner|archive-date=2. 8. 2021}}</ref> |- |Aston Villa |data-sort-value="Emery, Unai"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Unai Emery]] |data-sort-value="McGinn, John"|{{flagicon|SCO}} [[John McGinn]]<ref>{{cite press release|title=McGinn named Aston Villa captain|url=https://www.avfc.co.uk/news/2022/july/27/mcginn-named-aston-villa-captain/|date=27. 7. 2022|access-date=24. 9. 2023|publisher=Aston Villa Football Club|location=Birmingham}}</ref> |[[Adidas]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Aston Villa land Adidas kit deal as Castore agreement ends after player complaints|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2024/01/09/aston-villa-kit-shirt-adidas-deal-castore-sawiris-emery/|newspaper=The Telegraph|location=Birmingham|date=9. 1. 2024|access-date=21. 4. 2024|last1=Wallace|first1=Sam}}</ref> |Betano<ref>{{cite press release|date=22. 4. 2024|title=Aston Villa and Betano announce Principal Partnership|url=https://www.avfc.co.uk/news/2024/april/22/aston-villa-and-betano-announce-principal-partnership-/|access-date=22. 4. 2024|publisher=Aston Villa Football Club|location=Birmingham}}</ref> |Trade Nation<ref>{{Cite press release|date=28. 5. 2024|title=Aston Villa renews partnership with Trade Nation|url=https://www.avfc.co.uk/news/2024/may/28/aston-villa-renews-partnership-with-trade-nation/|access-date=29. 5. 2024|location=Birmingham|publisher=Aston Villa Football Club}}</ref> |- |Bournemouth |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Andoni Iraola]] |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Adam Smith (nogometaš, rođen 1991)|Adam Smith]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Smith|first=Alexander|date=3. 9. 2024|title=Andoni Iraola on Adam Smith and Lewis Cook as AFC Bournemouth captains|url=https://www.bournemouthecho.co.uk/sport/24557213.andoni-iraola-adam-smith-lewis-cook-afc-bournemouth-captains/#:~:text=While%20Lewis%20Cook%20captained%20Bournemouth,our%20captain%20is%20Adam%20Smith.|access-date=3. 9. 2024|newspaper=Daily Echo|publisher=[[Newsquest]]|location=[[Bournemouth]]}}</ref> |[[Umbro]]<ref>{{cite press release|title=AFC Bournemouth sign new Umbro deal|date=9. 7. 2021|publisher=A.F.C. Bournemouth|location=[[Bournemouth]]|url=https://www.afcb.co.uk/news/club-news/afc-bournemouth-sign-new-umbro-deal/|access-date=4. 1. 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903121434/https://www.afcb.co.uk/news/club-news/afc-bournemouth-sign-new-umbro-deal/|archive-date=3. 9. 2022}}</ref> |Las Vegas<ref name="TGPEurope">>{{Cite press release|title=TGP Europe leaves GB market following Commission investigation|date=16. 5. 2025|publisher=UK Gambling Comission|location=London|url=https://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/news/article/tgp-europe-leaves-gb-market-following-commission-investigation|access-date=16. 5. 2025}}</ref> |LEOS International<ref>{{Cite press release|title=Club Signs A Two-year Partnership With LEOS International|date=24. 7. 2024|publisher=A.F.C. Bournemouth|location=Bournemouth|url=https://www.afcb.co.uk/news/2024/july/24/afc-bournemouth-signs-a-two-year-partnership-with-leos-international/|access-date=25. 7. 2024}}</ref> |- |Brentford |data-sort-value="Frank, Thomas"|{{ZD|IRS}} [[Keith Andrews (nogometaš)|Keith Andrews]] |data-sort-value="Norgaard, Christian"|{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Christian Nørgaard]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Harris|first=Jay|title=Bryan Mbeumo can be a 'key player' for Brentford in Ivan Toney's absence|url=https://theathletic.com/4538272/2023/05/21/bryan-mbeumo-brentford-leader-toney/|access-date=6. 6. 2023|work=[[The Athletic]]|location=[[London]]|publisher=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> |[[Joma]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/en/news/article/club-news-brentford-announce-joma-as-new-official-kit-partner|title=Brentford announce Joma as new official kit partner {{!}} Brentford FC|website=www.brentfordfc.com|access-date=22. 5. 2025}}</ref> |[[Hollywoodbets]]<ref>{{cite press release|date=29. 6. 2020|title=Brentford announce Hollywoodbets as new principal sponsor|publisher=Brentford Football Club|location=London|access-date=16. 7. 2021|url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2021/july/brentford-announce-hollywoodbets-as-new-principal-partner/|archive-date=16. 7. 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716162004/https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2021/july/brentford-announce-hollywoodbets-as-new-principal-partner/|url-status=live}}</ref> |[[PensionBee]]<ref>{{cite press release|date=4. 7. 2023|title=PensionBee strengthens partnership with Brentford in new two-year enhanced deal|publisher=Brentford Football Club|location=London|access-date=13. 8. 2023|url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/en/news/video/club-news-pensionbee-partners-with-brentford-new-two-year-deal|archive-date=13. 8. 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813175638/https://www.brentfordfc.com/en/news/video/club-news-pensionbee-partners-with-brentford-new-two-year-deal|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Brighton & Hove Albion |data-sort-value="Hurzeler, Fabian"|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Fabian Hürzeler]] |data-sort-value="Dunk, Lewis"|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Lewis Dunk]]<ref>{{cite press release|title=Dunk named as new skipper|url=https://www.brightonandhovealbion.com/news/1304468/dunk-named-as-new-skipper|date=9. 8. 2019|access-date=24. 9. 2023|publisher=Brighton & Hove Albion Football Club|location=[[Brighton]]|archive-date=19. 1. 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119172400/https://www.brightonandhovealbion.com/news/1304468/dunk-named-as-new-skipper|url-status=dead}}</ref> |[[Nike, Inc.|Nike]]<ref name="BrightonKitDeal">{{cite press release|title=New kit partnership with Nike|url=http://www.seagulls.co.uk/news/article/brighton-and-hove-albion-announce-new-kit-partnership-with-nike-1432659.aspx/|publisher=Brighton & Hove Albion Football Club|location=[[Brighton]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606234056/http://www.seagulls.co.uk/news/article/brighton-and-hove-albion-announce-new-kit-partnership-with-nike-1432659.aspx/|access-date=6. 6. 2014|archive-date=6. 6. 2014}}</ref> |[[American Express]]<ref name=BrightonKitDeal /> |[[Kissimmee, Florida|Experience Kissimmee]]<ref>{{cite press release|title=Experience Kissimmee announces partnership with Albion|url=https://www.brightonandhovealbion.com/news/4036436/experience-kissimmee-announces-partnership-with-albion|publisher=Brighton & Hove Albion Football Club|location=[[Brighton]]|date=11. 6. 2024|access-date=4. 6. 2025|archive-date=12. 6. 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612034503/https://www.brightonandhovealbion.com/news/4036436/experience-kissimmee-announces-partnership-with-albion|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |Burnley | {{ZD|ENG}} [[Mike Jackson (nogometaš, rođen 1973)|Mike Jackson]] (<small>privremeno</small>) | {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Josh Brownhill]] | [[Castore]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.burnleyfootballclub.com/content/castore-and-burnley-fc-announce-multi-year-partnership|title=CASTORE AND BURNLEY FC ANNOUNCE MULTI-YEAR PARTNERSHIP {{!}} BurnleyFC|website=www.burnleyfootballclub.com|access-date=11. 5. 2024}}</ref> |TBA<ref name="TGPEurope" /> | [[Vertu Motors|Bristol Street Motors]] |- |Chelsea |data-sort-value="Maresca, Enzo"|{{ZD|ENG}} [[Calum McFarlane]] (<small>privremeno</small>) |data-sort-value="James, Reece"|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Reece James (nogometaš, rođen 1999)|Reece James]]<ref>{{cite press release|title=Reece James named Chelsea captain|url=https://www.chelseafc.com/en/news/article/reece-james-named-chelsea-captain|date=9. 8. 2023|access-date=24. 9. 2023|publisher=Chelsea Football Club|location=London}}</ref> |[[Nike, Inc.|Nike]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Chelsea signs record-breaking £900m Nike kit deal|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-37652612|last=Wilson|first=Bill|work=BBC News|location=London|date=14. 10. 2016|access-date=4. 1. 2023|archive-date=4. 1. 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104194539/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-37652612|url-status=live}}</ref> |TBA |TBA |- |Crystal Palace |{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Oliver Glasner]] |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Marc Guéhi]]<ref>{{cite press release|title=Guéhi: Captaincy, England and bigger ambitions|date=14. 6. 2023|publisher=Crystal Palace Football Club|location=London|url=https://www.cpfc.co.uk/news/features/marc-guehi-crystal-palace-captaincy-england-appearance/}}</ref> |[[Macron (sportswear)|Macron]]<ref>{{cite press release|title=Crystal Palace announce kit deal with Macron|date=22. 6. 2022|publisher=Crystal Palace Football Club|location=London|url=https://www.cpfc.co.uk/news/announcement/crystal-palace-announce-kit-deal-with-macron/2022-06-21/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716051359/https://www.cpfc.co.uk/news/announcement/crystal-palace-announce-kit-deal-with-macron/2022-06-21/|archive-date=16. 7. 2022|access-date=22. 6. 2022}}</ref> |[[NET88]]<ref>{{cite press release|title=Crystal Palace announce NET88 as shirt sponsor for the 2024/25 season|date=12. 6. 2024|publisher=Crystal Palace Football Club|location=London|url=https://www.cpfc.co.uk/news/announcement/crystal-palace-announce-net88-shirt-sponsor-2024-25-season/|access-date=12. 6. 2024}}</ref> |TBA<ref name="TGPEurope" /> |- |Everton |data-sort-value="Moyes, David"|{{flagicon|SCO}} [[David Moyes]] |data-sort-value=TBA|{{ZD|IRS}} [[Séamus Coleman]] |[[Castore]]<ref>{{cite press release|title=Everton And Castore Partner In Landmark Agreement|url=https://www.evertonfc.com/news/2024/june/14/everton-and-castore-partner-in-landmark-agreement/|access-date=26. 6. 2024|publisher=Everton Football Club|location=Liverpool|date=14. 6. 2024}}</ref> |[[Stake.com]]<ref name="TGPEurope" /> |[[Christopher Ward (watchmaker)|Christopher Ward]]<ref>{{cite press release|date=16. 8. 2024|title=Christopher Ward Named Sleeve Partners|url=https://www.evertonfc.com/news/2024/august/16/christopher-ward-named-sleeve-partner/|access-date=|publisher=Everton Football Club|location=Liverpool}}</ref> |- |Fulham |data-sort-value="Silva, Marco"|{{flagicon|POR}} [[Marco Silva]] |data-sort-value=TBA|{{ZD|ŠKO}} [[Tom Cairney]] |[[Adidas]]<ref>{{cite press release|title=New Adidas partnership|url=https://www.fulhamfc.com/news/2017/october/12/new-adidas-partnership|publisher=Fulham Football Club|location=London|access-date=20. 4. 2022|date=12. 10. 2017|archive-date=15. 8. 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815024227/https://www.fulhamfc.com/news/2017/october/12/new-adidas-partnership|url-status=live}}</ref> |TBA<ref name="TGPEurope" /> |WebBeds<ref>{{Cite press release|date=7. 8. 2023|title=WebBeds Announced as Official Sleeve Partner|url=https://www.fulhamfc.com/news/2023/august/07/webbeds-announced-as-official-sleeve-partner/|access-date=19. 8. 2023|publisher=Fulham Football Club|location=London}}</ref> |- |Leeds United | {{flagicon|GER}} [[Daniel Farke]] | {{flagicon|Vels}} [[Ethan Ampadu]] | [[Adidas]] | [[Red Bull GmbH|Red Bull]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.leedsunited.com/news/partnerships/33559/leeds-united-football-club-announce-red-bull-as-front-of-shirt-partner|title=Leeds United announce Red Bull as front of shirt partner|publisher=Leeds United F.C|date=30. 5. 2024}}</ref> | BOXT |- |Liverpool | data-sort-value="Slot, Arne"|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Arne Slot]] | data-sort-value="van Dijk, Virgil"|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Virgil van Dijk]]<ref>{{cite press release|title=Virgil van Dijk named new Liverpool captain, Trent Alexander-Arnold vice-captain|url=https://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/virgil-van-dijk-named-new-liverpool-captain-trent-alexander-arnold-vice-captain|date=31. 7. 2023|access-date=24. 9. 2023|publisher=Liverpool Football Club|location=Liverpool}}</ref> |[[Adidas]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hunter|first=Andy|date=22. 10. 2024|title=Liverpool expect to make more than £60m a year from new Adidas kit deal|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2024/oct/22/liverpool-leipzig-slot-adidas-kit-deal|access-date=18. 2. 2025|work=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> |[[Standard Chartered]]<ref>{{cite news|date=14. 7. 2022|title=LFC and Standard Chartered extend principal partnership to 2027|url=https://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/lfc-and-standard-chartered-extend-principal-partnership-2027|access-date=22. 5. 2023|work=[[Liverpool Football Club]]}}</ref> |[[Expedia]]<ref>{{cite news|date=17. 10. 2020|title=Liverpool Embarks on a Journey with Expedia|url=https://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/announcements/412266-liverpool-fc-embarks-on-a-journey-with-expedia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120035251/https://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/announcements/412266-liverpool-fc-embarks-on-a-journey-with-expedia|archive-date=20. 1. 2021|access-date=17. 10. 2020|publisher=Liverpool F.C.}}</ref> |- |Manchester City |data-sort-value="Guardiola, Pep"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Pep Guardiola]] |{{ZD|POR}} [[Bernardo Silva]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bernardo Silva named new Manchester City captain in final year of contract|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2025/jun/18/bernardo-silva-to-captain-manchester-city-at-club-world-cup|newspaper=The Guardian|date=18. 6. 2025|access-date=24. 6. 2025|issn=0261-3077|language=en-GB|first=Jamie|last=Jackson}}</ref> |[[Puma (kompanija)|Puma]]<ref>{{cite news|date=28. 2. 2019|title=Manchester City strike 10-year kit deal with Puma|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11679/11650329/manchester-city-strike-10-year-kit-deal-with-puma|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603140008/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11679/11650329/manchester-city-strike-10-year-kit-deal-with-puma|archive-date=3. 6. 2019|access-date=28. 2. 2019|work=Sky Sports|location=London}}</ref> |[[Etihad Airways]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Manchester City bank record £400m sponsorship deal with Etihad Airways|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2011/jul/08/manchester-city-deal-etihad-airways|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=23. 6. 2015|location=Manchester|first=Daniel|last=Taylor|date=8. 7. 2011|archive-date=24. 7. 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724164956/https://www.theguardian.com/fooTBAll/2011/jul/08/manchester-city-deal-etihad-airways|url-status=live}}</ref> |[[OKX]]<ref>{{cite press release|title=Manchester City and OKX announce new shirt sleeve Partnership|url=https://www.mancity.com/news/club/okx-to-sponsor-manchester-city-shirt-sleeve-202324-63823725|access-date=30. 6. 2023|publisher=Manchester City Football Club|location=Manchester}}</ref> |- |Manchester United |data-sort-value="Amorim, Ruben"|{{ZD|ENG}} [[Michael Carrick]] |data-sort-value="Fernandes, Bruno"|{{flagicon|POR}} [[Bruno Fernandes]]<ref>{{cite press release|title=Fernandes named United's new club captain|url=https://www.manutd.com/en/news/detail/official-statement-man-utd-confirm-bruno-fernandes-as-new-club-captain|date=20. 7. 2023|access-date=24. 9. 2023|publisher=Manchester United Football Club|location=[[Manchester]]}}</ref> |[[Adidas]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Manchester United and Adidas in £750m deal over 10 years|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-28282444|work=BBC News|location=London|last=Wilson|first=Bill|access-date=23. 6. 2015|archive-date=15. 6. 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615220519/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-28282444|url-status=live}}</ref> |[[Qualcomm Snapdragon]]<ref>{{Cite press release|url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/soccer/man-utd-confirm-qualcomms-snapdragon-new-shirt-sponsor-2023-09-13/|title=Man Utd confirm Qualcomm's Snapdragon as new shirt sponsor|access-date=18. 3. 2024|work=[[Reuters]]|author=Pearl Josephine Nazare|location=[[Bengaluru]]|date=13. 9. 2023}}</ref> |[[DXC Technology]]<ref>{{cite press release|title=United and Adidas launch new home shirt|url=https://www.manutd.com/en/news/detail/man-utd-and-adidas-launch-new-home-kit-for-2022-23-season|publisher=Manchester United Football Club|location=[[Manchester]]|access-date=8. 7. 2022|date=8. 7. 2022|archive-date=8. 7. 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708081206/https://www.manutd.com/en/news/detail/man-utd-and-adidas-launch-new-home-kit-for-2022-23-season|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Newcastle United |data-sort-value="Howe, Eddie"| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Eddie Howe]] |data-sort-value="Guimarães, Bruno"|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Bruno Guimarães]]<ref>{{cite press release|title=Newcastle name six-man leadership group, new team captain and club captain – Report|url=https://www.nufcblog.co.uk/2024/08/19/newcastle-name-six-man-leadership-group-new-team-captain-and-club-captain-report/|date=19. 8. 2024|access-date=19. 8. 2024|publisher=Newcastle United Football Club|location=[[Newcastle na Tyneu]]}}</ref> |[[Adidas]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Whitehead|first=Jacob|title=Adidas to become new Newcastle kit manufacturer in leak from documentary|url=https://theathletic.com/4789292/2023/08/19/adidas-newcastle-kit/|access-date=4. 4. 2024|work=[[The Athletic]]|location=[[London]]|publisher=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> |data-sort-value="Sela"|[[Sela (kompanija)|Sela]]<ref>{{cite press release|title=Newcastle United & Sela agree multi-year front of shirt partnership|url=https://www.nufc.co.uk/news/latest-news/newcastle-united-sela-agree-multi-year-front-of-shirt-partnership/|publisher=Newcastle United Football Club|location=[[Newcastle na Tyneu]]|date=9. 6. 2023|access-date=9. 6. 2023|archive-date=9. 6. 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609131112/https://www.nufc.co.uk/news/latest-news/newcastle-united-sela-agree-multi-year-front-of-shirt-partnership/|url-status=live}}</ref> |Noon<ref>{{cite press release|title=noon.com becomes official sleeve partner|url=https://www.nufc.co.uk/news/latest-news/nooncom-becomes-official-sleeve-partner/|publisher=Newcastle United Football Club|publication-place=[[Newcastle na Tyneu]]|date=27. 6. 2022|access-date=9. 6. 2023}}</ref> |- |Nottingham Forest |data-sort-value="Espirito Santo, Nuno"|{{flagicon|POR}} [[Vítor Pereira (nogometaš, rođen 1968)|Vítor Pereira]] |data-sort-value="Yates, Ryan"|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ryan Yates]] |[[Adidas]]<ref>{{cite press release|date=26. 6. 2023|title=adidas becomes official kit partner of Nottingham Forest|url=https://www.nottinghamforest.co.uk/news/2023/june/28/adidas-becomes-official-kit-partner-of-nottingham-forest/|access-date=28. 6. 2023|publisher=Nottingham Forest Football Club|location=[[Nottingham]]}}</ref> |TBA<ref name="TGPEurope" /> |Ideagen<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.ideagen.com/company/news/ideagen-are-official-sleeve-partner-of-nottingham-forest|title=Ideagen are Official Sleeve Partner of Nottingham Forest|publisher=Ideagen|location=[[Nottingham]]|date=14. 7. 2023|access-date=30. 7. 2023}}</ref> |- |Sunderland |data-sort-value="Le Bris, Regis"|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Régis Le Bris]] |data-sort-value="Neil, Dan"|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Dan Neil (nogometaš)|Dan Neil]] |[[Hummel International|Hummel]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.safc.com/news/club-news/2024/april/hummel-to-become-technical-kit-partner|title=hummel to become Technical Kit Partner|date=12. 4. 2024|publisher=Sunderland Football Club|access-date=16. 4. 2024}}</ref> | W88 | Seriös Group |- |Tottenham Hotspur |data-sort-value="Postecoglou, Ange"|{{ZD|ITA}} [[Roberto De Zerbi]] |data-sort-value="Son, Heung-Min"|{{ZD|ARG}} [[Cristian Romero]] |[[Nike, Inc.|Nike]]<ref>{{cite press release|title=Tottenham Hotspur announces multi-year partnership with Nike|url=http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/club/announcement/tottenham-hotspur-announces-multi-year-partnership-with-nike-300617/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628181947/http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/club/announcement/tottenham-hotspur-announces-multi-year-partnership-with-nike-300617/|archive-date=28. 6. 2018|access-date=30. 6. 2017|publisher=Tottenham Hotspur Football Club|location=London}}</ref> |[[AIA Group|AIA]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Tottenham Hotspur announce new £320m shirt deal|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49110767/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116101625/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49110767|archive-date=16. 11. 2020|access-date=25. 7. 2019|work=BBC Sport|location=Manchester}}</ref> |[[Kraken (kompanija)|Kraken]]<ref>{{cite press release|title=Tottenham Hotspur partners with Crypto Platform Kraken|url=https://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/2024/july/tottenham-hotspur-partners-with-crypto-platform-kraken/|date=16. 7. 2024|access-date=16. 7. 2024|publisher=Tottenham Hotspur Football Club|location=London}}</ref> |- |West Ham United |data-sort-value="Potter, Graham"|{{flagicon|POR}} [[Nuno Espírito Santo]] |data-sort-value="Bowen, Jarrod"|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Jarrod Bowen]]<ref>{{cite press release|title=Jarrod Bowen appointed West Ham United Club captain|url=https://www.whufc.com/news/jarrod-bowen-appointed-west-ham-united-club-captain|access-date=15. 8. 2024|publisher=West Ham United Football Club|location=London|date=15. 8. 2024}}</ref> |[[Umbro]]<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.whufc.com/news/articles/2019/may/02-may/umbro-extends-partnership-west-ham-united-official-technical-partner|title=Umbro extends partnership with West Ham United as official technical partner|publisher=West Ham United Football Club|location=[[London]]|date=2. 5. 2019|access-date=4. 1. 2023|archive-date=4. 1. 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104194542/https://www.whufc.com/news/articles/2019/may/02-may/umbro-extends-partnership-west-ham-united-official-technical-partner|url-status=live}}</ref> |[[Betway]]<ref>{{cite press release|title=Hammers renew partnership with Betway|url=http://www.whufc.com/news/articles/2019/may/24-may/hammers-renew-partnership-betway|access-date=28. 5. 2023|publisher=West Ham United Football Club|location=[[London]]}}</ref> |[[QuickBooks]]<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.whufc.com/news/intuit-quickbooks-and-west-ham-united-launch-pioneering-sleeve-partnership-together|title=Intuit QuickBooks and West Ham United launch pioneering Sleeve Partnership together|publisher=West Ham United Football Club|location=London|date=1. 7. 2024|access-date=17. 7. 2024}}</ref> |- |Wolverhampton Wanderers |data-sort-value="Pereira, Vítor"|{{ZD|VEL}} [[Rob Edwards (nogometaš, rođen 1982)|Rob Edwards]] |data-sort-value=TBA|{{ZD|POR}} [[Toti Gomes]] |Sudu<ref>{{cite news|title=Wolves agree new kit deal with SUDU that puts club and fans first|url=https://www.wolves.co.uk/news/club/20240627-wolves-agree-new-kit-deal-with-sudu-that-puts-club-and-fans-first/|date=27. 6. 2024|access-date=27. 6. 2024|publisher=Wolverhampton Wanderers Football Club|location=[[Wolverhampton]]}}</ref> |DEBET<ref name="TGPEurope" /> |[[JD Sports]]<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.wolves.co.uk/news/club/20240603-wolves-join-jd-in-partnership/|title=Wolves join JD in partnership|date=5. 6. 2024|access-date=5. 6. 2024|publisher=Wolverhampton Wanderers Football Club|location=[[Wolverhampton]]}}</ref> |} === Promjene menadžera === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Ekipa !Odlazeći menadžer !Način odlaska !Datum odlaska !Pozicija na tabeli !Dolazeći menadžer !Datum dolaska |- |[[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]] |{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Ange Postecoglou]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/2025/june/club-statement-ange-postecoglou-departs/|title=Club statement - Ange Postecoglou departs|website=Tottenham Hotspur|language=en|access-date=12. 6. 2025}}</ref> |Otpušten |6. Juni 2025. | rowspan="2" |Pred-sezona |{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Thomas Frank (nogometni trener)|Thomas Frank]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/2025/june/thomas-frank-joins-as-head-coach/|title=Thomas Frank joins as Head Coach|website=Tottenham Hotspur|language=en|access-date=24. 6. 2025}}</ref> |12. Juni 2025. |- |[[Brentford FC|Brentford]] |{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Thomas Frank (nogometni trener)|Thomas Frank]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/en/news/article/first-team-thomas-frank-appointed-tottenham-head-coach-brentford-premier-league|title=Breaking news: Thomas Frank leaves Brentford to join Tottenham Hotspur as head coach|website=www.brentfordfc.com|language=en-gb|access-date=24. 6. 2025}}</ref> |Potpisao za [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham]] |12. Juni 2025. |{{ZD|IRS}} [[Keith Andrews (nogometaš)|Keith Andrews]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/en/news/article/first-team-keith-andrews-appointed-brentford-head-coach|title=Breaking news: Brentford appoint Keith Andrews as head coach|website=www.brentfordfc.com|language=en-gb|access-date=28. 6. 2025}}</ref> |27. Juni 2025. |- |[[Nottingham Forest FC|Nottingham Forest]] |{{flagicon|POR}} [[Nuno Espírito Santo]] | rowspan="4" |Otpušten |8. Septembar 2025. |10. mjesto |{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Ange Postecoglou]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nottinghamforest.co.uk/news/2025/september/09/forest-appoint-ange-postecoglou-as-head-coach/|title=Forest appoint Ange Postecoglou as Head Coach|last=Club|first=Nottingham Forest Football|date=9. 9. 2025|website=Nottingham Forest Football Club|access-date=13. 9. 2025}}</ref> |9. Septembar 2025. |- |[[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Graham Potter]] |27. Septembar 2025. |19. mjesto |{{flagicon|POR}} [[Nuno Espírito Santo]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.whufc.com/news/west-ham-united-appoint-nuno-espirito-santo-head-coach|title=West Ham United appoint Nuno Espírito Santo as Head Coach {{!}} West Ham United F.C.|website=www.whufc.com|language=en|access-date=28. 9. 2025}}</ref> |27. Septembar 2025. |- |Nottingham Forest |{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Ange Postecoglou]] |18. Oktobar 2025. |18. mjesto |{{ZD|ENG}} [[Sean Dyche]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nottinghamforest.co.uk/news/2025/october/21/sean-dyche-appointed-forest-head-coach/|title=Sean Dyche appointed Forest Head Coach|last=Club|first=Nottingham Forest Football|date=21. 10. 2025|website=Nottingham Forest Football Club|access-date=22. 10. 2025}}</ref> |21. Oktobar 2025. |- |[[Wolverhampton Wanderers FC|Wolverhampton Wanderers]] |{{flagicon|POR}} [[Vítor Pereira (nogometaš, rođen 1968)|Vítor Pereira]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wolves.co.uk/news/mens-first-team/20251102-wolves-part-company-with-vitor-pereira/|title=Wolves part company with Vitor Pereira {{!}} Men's First-Team {{!}} News|website=Wolverhampton Wanderers FC|language=en|access-date=2. 11. 2025}}</ref> |2. Novembar 2025. |20. mjesto |{{ZD|VEL}} [[Rob Edwards (nogometaš, rođen 1982)|Rob Edwards]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wolves.co.uk/news/mens-first-team/20251112-edwards-becomes-new-wolves-head-coach/|title=Edwards becomes new Wolves head coach {{!}} Men's First-Team {{!}} News|website=Wolverhampton Wanderers FC|language=en|access-date=14. 11. 2025}}</ref> |12. Novembar 2025. |- |[[Chelsea FC|Chelsea]] |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Enzo Maresca]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chelseafc.com/en/news/article/club-statement-enzo-maresca|title=Club statement: Enzo Maresca|website=www.chelseafc.com|language=en-gb|access-date=7. 1. 2026}}</ref> |Sporazumni raskid |1. Januar 2026. |5. mjesto |{{ZD|ENG}} [[Calum McFarlane]] (<small>privremeno</small>)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/articles/c8exj6w3y41o|title=Enzo Maresca: Chelsea manager leaves with Blues fifth in Premier League|last=Kinsella|first=Nizaar|date=1. 1. 2026|website=BBC Sport|language=en-GB|access-date=7. 1. 2026}}</ref> |1. Januar 2026. |- |[[Manchester United FC|Manchester United]] |{{flagicon|POR}} [[Ruben Amorim]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manutd.com/en/news/detail/ruben-amorim-departs-role-as-head-coach-of-man-utd|title=Ruben Amorim departs role as head coach of Man Utd|website=www.manutd.com|language=en|access-date=7. 1. 2026}}</ref> |Otpušten |5. Januar 2026. |6. mjesto |{{ZD|ŠKO}} [[Darren Fletcher]] (<small>privremeno</small>) |5. Januar 2026. |- |Chelsea |{{ZD|ENG}} [[Calum McFarlane]] | rowspan="2" |Kraj privremenog trenera |8. Januar 2026. |8. mjesto |{{ZD|ENG}} [[Liam Rosenior]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chelseafc.com/en/news/article/liam-rosenior-appointed-chelsea-head-coach|title=Liam Rosenior appointed Chelsea head coach|website=www.chelseafc.com|language=en-gb|access-date=7. 1. 2026}}</ref> |8. Januar 2026. |- |Manchester United |{{ZD|ŠKO}} [[Darren Fletcher]] (<small>privremeno</small>) |13. Januar 2026. |6. mjesto |{{ZD|ENG}} [[Michael Carrick]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manutd.com/en/news/detail/official-statement-manchester-united-appoint-michael-carrick-as-head-coach|title=Official statement: Carrick appointed as head coach|website=www.manutd.com|language=en|access-date=18. 1. 2026}}</ref> |13. Januar 2026. |- |Tottenham Hotspur |{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Thomas Frank (nogometni trener)|Thomas Frank]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/2026/february/club-statement-thomas-frank/|title=Club statement - Thomas Frank|website=Tottenham Hotspur|language=en|access-date=11. 2. 2026}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |Otpušten |11. Februar 2026. |16. mjesto |{{ZD|HRV}} [[Igor Tudor]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/2026/february/men-s-head-coach-update-igor-tudor/|title=Men’s Head Coach Update – Igor Tudor|website=Tottenham Hotspur|language=en|access-date=23. 2. 2026}}</ref> |13. Februar 2026. |- |Nottingham Forest |{{ZD|ENG}} [[Sean Dyche]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nottinghamforest.co.uk/news/2026/february/12/club-statement|title=club-statement|website=www.nottinghamforest.co.uk|access-date=12. 2. 2026}}</ref> |12. Februar 2026. | rowspan="2" |17. mjesto |{{flagicon|POR}} [[Vítor Pereira (nogometaš, rođen 1968)|Vítor Pereira]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nottinghamforest.co.uk/news/2026/february/15/vitor-pereira-appointed-forest-head-coach/|title=vitor pereira appointed forest head coach|website=www.nottinghamforest.co.uk|access-date=23. 2. 2026}}</ref> |15. Februar 2026. |- |Tottenham Hotspur |{{ZD|HRV}} [[Igor Tudor]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news|title=News {{!}} Tottenham Hotspur|website=www.tottenhamhotspur.com|language=en|access-date=14. 4. 2026}}</ref> |Sporazumni raskid |29. Mart 2026. |{{ZD|ITA}} [[Roberto De Zerbi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news|title=News {{!}} Tottenham Hotspur|website=www.tottenhamhotspur.com|language=en|access-date=14. 4. 2026}}</ref> |31. Mart 2026. |- |Chelsea |{{ZD|ENG}} [[Liam Rosenior]] |Otpušten |22. april 2026. |7. mjesto |{{ZD|ENG}} [[Calum McFarlane]] (<small>privremeno</small>)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chelseafc.com/en/news/article/club-statement-liam-rosenior|title=Club statement: Liam Rosenior|website=www.chelseafc.com|language=en-gb|access-date=3. 5. 2026}}</ref> |22. april 2026. |- |[[Burnley FC|Burnley]] |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Scott Parker]] |Sporazumni raskid |30. April 2026. |19. mjesto |{{ZD|ENG}} [[Mike Jackson (nogometaš, rođen 1973)|Mike Jackson]] (<small>privremeno</small>)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.burnleyfootballclub.com/content/club-statement-scott-parker|title=CLUB STATEMENT: SCOTT PARKER {{!}} BurnleyFC|website=www.burnleyfootballclub.com|language=en|access-date=3. 5. 2026}}</ref> |30. April 2026. |} == Promjene pravila i inovacije == Sezona 2025/2026. sadrži nekoliko značajnih novih pravila i inovacija: * Ovo je prva puna sezona u kojoj se koristi poluautomatska tehnologija ofsajda, nakon što je uvedena krajem prošle sezone [[Premier League 2024/2025.|2024/2025]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4256036|title=Semi-automated offside technology: What you need to know|date=24. 2. 2025|website=www.premierleague.com|language=en|access-date=14. 9. 2025}}</ref> * Kamere koje nose suci (Ref-Cams), isprobane tijekom Svjetskog klupskog prvenstva 2025., razmatraju se za upotrebu u Premijer ligi. Iako još nisu implementirane, u tijeku su rasprave o ograničenim domaćim probnim igrama tijekom sezone.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eplfixtures.com/var-rule-changes-in-2025-26-premier-league/|title=VAR & Key Rule Updates for 2025–26 Premier League Season|date=24. 7. 2025|language=en-US|access-date=14. 9. 2025}}</ref> * Puma je postala novi službeni dobavljač lopti za Premijer ligu, naslijedivši Nike nakon 25-godišnjeg partnerstva.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Premier League and PUMA announce official partnership|url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/4267050|access-date=14. 9. 2025|language=en}}</ref> == Tabela Premijer lige == <onlyinclude> {{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL|source=[https://www.premierleague.com/tables?co=1&se=489&ha=-1 Premier League] |result1=CLLS |result2=CLLS |result3=CLLS |result4=CLLS |result5=CLLS |result6=ELLS |result7=ELLS|result8= ECLPO|result15= ELLPX|result18=REL |result19=REL |result20=REL <!--Update team positions here--> |team_order=ARS, MCI, MUN, AVL, LIV, BOU, SUN, BHA, BRE, CHE, FUL, NEW, EVE, LEE, CRY, NFO, TOT, WHU, BUR, WOL <!--Update team results here and then (if needed) positions above. Don't forget to update the date (update parameter).--> |update=complete |win_ARS=26|draw_ARS=7 |loss_ARS=5 |gf_ARS=71|ga_ARS=27<!-- Arsenal --> |win_AVL=19|draw_AVL=8 |loss_AVL=11|gf_AVL=56|ga_AVL=49<!-- Aston Villa --> |win_BOU=13|draw_BOU=18|loss_BOU=7 |gf_BOU=58|ga_BOU=54<!-- Bournemouth --> |win_BRE=14|draw_BRE=11|loss_BRE=13|gf_BRE=55|ga_BRE=52<!-- Brentford --> |win_BHA=14|draw_BHA=11|loss_BHA=13|gf_BHA=52|ga_BHA=46<!-- Brighton & Hove Albion --> |win_BUR=4 |draw_BUR=10|loss_BUR=24|gf_BUR=38|ga_BUR=75<!-- Burnley --> |win_CHE=14|draw_CHE=10|loss_CHE=14|gf_CHE=58|ga_CHE=52<!-- Chelsea --> |win_CRY=11|draw_CRY=12|loss_CRY=15|gf_CRY=41|ga_CRY=51<!-- Crystal Palace --> |win_EVE=13|draw_EVE=10|loss_EVE=15|gf_EVE=47|ga_EVE=50<!-- Everton --> |win_FUL=15|draw_FUL=7 |loss_FUL=16|gf_FUL=47|ga_FUL=51<!-- Fulham --> |win_LEE=11|draw_LEE=14|loss_LEE=13|gf_LEE=49|ga_LEE=56<!-- Leeds United --> |win_LIV=17|draw_LIV=9 |loss_LIV=12|gf_LIV=63|ga_LIV=53<!-- Liverpool --> |win_MCI=23|draw_MCI=9 |loss_MCI=6 |gf_MCI=77|ga_MCI=35<!-- Manchester City --> |win_MUN=20|draw_MUN=11|loss_MUN=7 |gf_MUN=69|ga_MUN=50<!-- Manchester United --> |win_NEW=14|draw_NEW=7 |loss_NEW=17|gf_NEW=53|ga_NEW=55<!-- Newcastle United --> |win_NFO=11|draw_NFO=11|loss_NFO=16|gf_NFO=48|ga_NFO=51<!-- Nottingham Forest --> |win_SUN=14|draw_SUN=12|loss_SUN=12|gf_SUN=42|ga_SUN=48<!-- Sunderland --> |win_TOT=10|draw_TOT=11|loss_TOT=17|gf_TOT=48|ga_TOT=57<!-- Tottenham Hotspur --> |win_WHU=10|draw_WHU=9 |loss_WHU=19|gf_WHU=46|ga_WHU=65<!-- West Ham United --> |win_WOL=3 |draw_WOL=11|loss_WOL=24|gf_WOL=27|ga_WOL=68<!-- Wolverhampton Wanderers --> <!--Team status--> |status_ARS=P |status_CRY=Z |status_WHU=I |status_WOL=I |status_BUR=I |status_text_X=Obezbijedio [[UEFA Evropska liga 2026/2027.|Evropsku ligu ligaške faze]], ali bi se ipak mogao kvalificirati za Ligu prvaka |status_text_Y=Obezbijedio [[UEFA Konferencijska liga 2026/2026.|Konferencijsku ligu play-off runde]], ali bi se ipak mogao kvalificirati za Ligu prvaka ili Evropsku ligu |status_text_Z=Mogli bi se kvalificirati za [[UEFA Evropska liga 2026/2027.|Evropsku ligu ligaške faze]], ako pobijede u finalu Konferencijske lige. <!--Team definitions (wikilinks in table)--> |name_ARS=[[Arsenal FC|Arsenal]] |name_AVL=[[Aston Villa FC|Aston Villa]] |name_BOU=[[AFC Bournemouth|Bournemouth]] |name_BHA=[[Brighton & Hove Albion FC|Brighton & Hove Albion]] |name_BRE=[[Brentford FC|Brentford]] |name_BUR=[[Burnley FC|Burnley]] |name_CHE=[[Chelsea FC|Chelsea]] |name_CRY=[[Crystal Palace FC|Crystal Palace]] |name_EVE=[[Everton FC|Everton]] |name_FUL=[[Fulham FC|Fulham]] |name_LEE=[[Leeds United FC|Leeds United]] |name_LIV=[[Liverpool FC|Liverpool]] |name_MCI=[[Manchester City FC|Manchester City]] |name_MUN=[[Manchester United FC|Manchester United]] |name_NEW=[[Newcastle United FC|Newcastle United]] |name_NFO=[[Nottingham Forest FC|Nottingham Forest]] |name_SUN=[[Sunderland AFC|Sunderland]] |name_TOT=[[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]] |name_WHU=[[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] |name_WOL=[[Wolverhampton Wanderers FC|Wolverhampton Wanderers]] <!--Table settings and rules-->|show_limit=5|class_rules=1) Broj bodova; 2) Gol-razlika; 3) Veći broj postignutih golova. <!--Qualification and relegation column definitions--> |res_col_header=QR |col_CLLS=green1|text_CLLS=Kvalifikacija za {{nowrap|[[UEFA Liga prvaka 2026/2027.|Ligaško takmičenje Lige prvaka]]}} <!--|col_ELTH=green1 |text_ELTH=Kvalifikacija za {{nowrap|[[UEFA Evropska liga 2026/2027.|Ligaško takmičenje Evropske lige]]}}--> |col_ELLS=blue1|text_ELLS=Kvalifikacija za {{nowrap|[[UEFA Evropska liga 2026/2027.|Ligaško takmičenje Evropske lige]]}} |col_ECLPO=yellow1 |text_ECLPO=Moguća kvalifikacija za {{nowrap|[[UEFA Konferencijska liga 2026/2027.|Play-off Konferencijske lige]]}} |col_ELLPX=blue2 |text_ELLPX={{nowrap|Moguća kvalifikacija za [[UEFA Evropska liga 2026/2027.|Ligaško takmičenje Evropske lige]]}} |col_REL=red1 |text_REL=Ispadaju u {{nowrap|[[EFL Championship]]}} |note_res_ELLS=Pobjednici FA kupa 2025/26. i petoplasirana ekipa kvalificiraju se za ligašku fazu Evropske lige. Ako pobjednici FA kupa završe među prvih pet, kvalificirat će se šestoplasirana ekipa. }}</onlyinclude> == Rezultati == {{#invoke:sports results|main|source=[https://www.premierleague.com/results Premier League] |update=complete |a_note=yes|matches_style=FBR |team1=ARS|team2=AVL|team3=BOU|team4=BRE|team5=BHA|team6=BUR|team7=CHE|team8=CRY|team9=EVE|team10=FUL|team11=LEE|team12=LIV|team13=MCI|team14=MUN|team15=NEW|team16=NFO|team17=SUN|team18=TOT|team19=WHU|team20=WOL |name_ARS=[[Arsenal FC|Arsenal]] |match_ARS_AVL= 4–1 |match_ARS_BOU= 1–2 |match_ARS_BRE= 2–0 |match_ARS_BHA= 2–1 |match_ARS_BUR= 1–0 |match_ARS_CHE= [[Rivalstvo Arsenal–Chelsea|2–1]] |match_ARS_CRY= 1–0 |match_ARS_EVE= 2–0 |match_ARS_FUL= 3–0 |match_ARS_LEE= 5–0 |match_ARS_LIV= 0–0 |match_ARS_MCI= [[Rivalstvo Arsenal FC–Manchester City FC|1–1]] |match_ARS_MUN= [[Derbi Arsenal–Manchester United|2–3]] |match_ARS_NEW= 1–0 |match_ARS_NFO= 3–0 |match_ARS_SUN= 3–0 |match_ARS_TOT= [[Sjevernolondonski derbi|4–1]] |match_ARS_WHU= [[Londonski derbi|2–0]] |match_ARS_WOL= 2–1 |name_AVL=[[Aston Villa FC|Aston Villa]] |match_AVL_ARS= 2–1 |match_AVL_BOU= 4–0 |match_AVL_BRE= 0–1 |match_AVL_BHA= 1–0 |match_AVL_BUR= 2–1 |match_AVL_CHE= 1–4 |match_AVL_CRY= 0–3 |match_AVL_EVE= 0–1 |match_AVL_FUL= 3–1 |match_AVL_LEE= 1–1 |match_AVL_LIV= 4–2 |match_AVL_MCI= 1–0 |match_AVL_MUN= 2–1 |match_AVL_NEW= 0–0 |match_AVL_NFO= 3–1 |match_AVL_SUN= 4–3 |match_AVL_TOT= 1–2 |match_AVL_WHU= 2–0 |match_AVL_WOL= 1–0 |name_BOU=[[AFC Bournemouth|Bournemouth]] |match_BOU_ARS= 2–3 |match_BOU_AVL= 1–1 |match_BOU_BRE= 0–0 |match_BOU_BHA= 2–1 |match_BOU_BUR= 1–1 |match_BOU_CHE= 0–0 |match_BOU_CRY= 3–0 |match_BOU_EVE= 0–1 |match_BOU_FUL= 3–1 |match_BOU_LEE= 2–2 |match_BOU_LIV= 3–2 |match_BOU_MCI= 1–1 |match_BOU_MUN= 2–2 |match_BOU_NEW= 0–0 |match_BOU_NFO= 2–0 |match_BOU_SUN= 1–1 |match_BOU_TOT= 3–2 |match_BOU_WHU= 2–2 |match_BOU_WOL= 1–0 |name_BRE=[[Brentford FC|Brentford]] |match_BRE_ARS= 1–1 |match_BRE_AVL= 1–0 |match_BRE_BOU= 4–1 |match_BRE_BHA= 0–2 |match_BRE_BUR= 3–1 |match_BRE_CHE= [[Zapadnolondonski derbi|2–2]] |match_BRE_CRY= 2–2 |match_BRE_EVE= 2–2 |match_BRE_FUL= [[Zapadnolondonski derbi|0–0]] |match_BRE_LEE= 1–1 |match_BRE_LIV= 3–2 |match_BRE_MCI= 0–1 |match_BRE_MUN= 3–1 |match_BRE_NEW= 3–1 |match_BRE_NFO= 0–2 |match_BRE_SUN= 3–0 |match_BRE_TOT= 0–0 |match_BRE_WHU= 3–0 |match_BRE_WOL= 2–2 |name_BHA=[[Brighton & Hove Albion FC|Brighton & Hove Albion]] |match_BHA_ARS= 0–1 |match_BHA_AVL= 3–4 |match_BHA_BOU= 1–1 |match_BHA_BRE= 2–1 |match_BHA_BUR= 2–0 |match_BHA_CHE= 3–0 |match_BHA_CRY= [[Rivalstvo Brighton & Hove Albion FC–Crystal Palace FC|0–1]] |match_BHA_EVE= 1–1 |match_BHA_FUL= 1–1 |match_BHA_LEE= 3–0 |match_BHA_LIV= 2–1 |match_BHA_MCI= 2–1 |match_BHA_MUN= 0–3 |match_BHA_NEW= 2–1 |match_BHA_NFO= 2–1 |match_BHA_SUN= 0–0 |match_BHA_TOT= 2–2 |match_BHA_WHU= 1–1 |match_BHA_WOL= 3–0 |name_BUR=[[Burnley FC|Burnley]] |match_BUR_ARS= 0–2 |match_BUR_AVL= 2–2 |match_BUR_BOU= 0–0 |match_BUR_BRE= 3–4 |match_BUR_BHA= 0–2 |match_BUR_CHE= 0–2 |match_BUR_CRY= 0–1 |match_BUR_EVE= 0–0 |match_BUR_FUL= 2–3 |match_BUR_LEE= 2–0 |match_BUR_LIV= 0–1 |match_BUR_MCI= 0–1 |match_BUR_MUN= 2–2 |match_BUR_NEW= 1–3 |match_BUR_NFO= 1–1 |match_BUR_SUN= 2–0 |match_BUR_TOT= 2–2 |match_BUR_WHU= 0–2 |match_BUR_WOL= 1–1 |name_CHE=[[Chelsea FC|Chelsea]] |match_CHE_ARS= [[Rivalstvo Arsenal–Chelsea|1–1]] |match_CHE_AVL= 1–2 |match_CHE_BOU= 2–2 |match_CHE_BRE= [[Zapadnolondonski derbi|2–0]] |match_CHE_BHA= 1–3 |match_CHE_BUR= 1–1 |match_CHE_CRY= [[Rivalstvo Chelsea FC–Crystal Palace FC|0–0]] |match_CHE_EVE= 2–0 |match_CHE_FUL= [[Zapadnolondonski derbi|2–0]] |match_CHE_LEE= 2–2 |match_CHE_LIV= [[Rivalstvo Chelsea FC–Liverpool FC|2–1]] |match_CHE_MCI= 0–3 |match_CHE_MUN= 0–1 |match_CHE_NEW= 0–1 |match_CHE_NFO= 1–3 |match_CHE_SUN= 1–2 |match_CHE_TOT= [[Rivalstvo Chelsea FC–Tottenham Hotspur FC|2–1]] |match_CHE_WHU= 3–2 |match_CHE_WOL= 3–0 |name_CRY=[[Crystal Palace FC|Crystal Palace]] |match_CRY_ARS= 1–2 |match_CRY_AVL= 0–0 |match_CRY_BOU= 3–3 |match_CRY_BRE= 2–0 |match_CRY_BHA= [[Rivalstvo Brighton & Hove Albion FC–Crystal Palace FC|0–0]] |match_CRY_BUR= 2–3 |match_CRY_CHE= [[Rivalstvo Chelsea FC–Crystal Palace FC|1–3]] |match_CRY_EVE= 2–2 |match_CRY_FUL= 1–1 |match_CRY_LEE= 0–0 |match_CRY_LIV= 2–1 |match_CRY_MCI= 0–3 |match_CRY_MUN= 1–2 |match_CRY_NEW= 2–1 |match_CRY_NFO= 1–1 |match_CRY_SUN= 0–0 |match_CRY_TOT= 0–1 |match_CRY_WHU= 0–0 |match_CRY_WOL= 1–0 |name_EVE=[[Everton FC|Everton]] |match_EVE_ARS= 0–1 |match_EVE_AVL= 0–0 |match_EVE_BOU= 1–2 |match_EVE_BRE= 2–4 |match_EVE_BHA= 2–0 |match_EVE_BUR= 2–0 |match_EVE_CHE= 3–0 |match_EVE_CRY= 2–1 |match_EVE_FUL= 2–0 |match_EVE_LEE= 1–1 |match_EVE_LIV= [[Merseyside derbi|1–2]] |match_EVE_MCI= 3–3 |match_EVE_MUN= 0–1 |match_EVE_NEW= 1–4 |match_EVE_NFO= 3–0 |match_EVE_SUN= 1–3 |match_EVE_TOT= 0–3 |match_EVE_WHU= |match_EVE_WOL= 1–1 |name_FUL=[[Fulham FC|Fulham]] |match_FUL_ARS= 0–1 |match_FUL_AVL= 1–0 |match_FUL_BOU= 0–1 |match_FUL_BRE= [[Zapadnolondonski derbi|3–1]] |match_FUL_BHA= 2–1 |match_FUL_BUR= 3–1 |match_FUL_CHE= [[Zapadnolondonski derbi|2–1]] |match_FUL_CRY= 1–2 |match_FUL_EVE= 1–2 |match_FUL_LEE= 1–0 |match_FUL_LIV= 2–2 |match_FUL_MCI= 4–5 |match_FUL_MUN= 1–1 |match_FUL_NEW= 2–0 |match_FUL_NFO= 1–0 |match_FUL_SUN= 1–0 |match_FUL_TOT= 2–1 |match_FUL_WHU= 0–1 |match_FUL_WOL= 3–0 |name_LEE=[[Leeds United FC|Leeds United]] |match_LEE_ARS= 0–4 |match_LEE_AVL= 1–2 |match_LEE_BOU= 2–2 |match_LEE_BRE= 0–0 |match_LEE_BHA= 1–0 |match_LEE_BUR= 3–1 |match_LEE_CHE= 3–1 |match_LEE_CRY= 4–1 |match_LEE_EVE= 1–0 |match_LEE_FUL= 1–0 |match_LEE_LIV= 3–3 |match_LEE_MCI= 0–1 |match_LEE_MUN= [[Rivalstvo Leeds United FC–Manchester United FC|1–1]] |match_LEE_NEW= 0–0 |match_LEE_NFO= 3–1 |match_LEE_SUN= 0–1 |match_LEE_TOT= 1–2 |match_LEE_WHU= 2–1 |match_LEE_WOL= 3–0 |name_LIV=[[Liverpool FC|Liverpool]] |match_LIV_ARS= 1–0 |match_LIV_AVL= 2–0 |match_LIV_BOU= 4–2 |match_LIV_BRE= 1–1 |match_LIV_BHA= 2–0 |match_LIV_BUR= 1–1 |match_LIV_CHE= [[Rivalstvo Chelsea FC–Liverpool FC|1–1]] |match_LIV_CRY= 3–1 |match_LIV_EVE= [[Merseyside derbi|2–1]] |match_LIV_FUL= 2–0 |match_LIV_LEE= 0–0 |match_LIV_MCI= [[Rivalstvo Liverpool FC–Manchester City FC|1–2]] |match_LIV_MUN= [[Derbi Liverpool–Manchester United|1–2]] |match_LIV_NEW= 4–1 |match_LIV_NFO= 0–3 |match_LIV_SUN= 1–1 |match_LIV_TOT= 1–1 |match_LIV_WHU= 5–2 |match_LIV_WOL= 2–1 |name_MCI=[[Manchester City FC|Manchester City]] |match_MCI_ARS= [[Rivalstvo Arsenal FC–Manchester City FC|2–1]] |match_MCI_AVL= 1–2 |match_MCI_BOU= 3–1 |match_MCI_BRE= 3–0 |match_MCI_BHA= 1–1 |match_MCI_BUR= 5–1 |match_MCI_CHE= 1–1 |match_MCI_CRY= 3–0 |match_MCI_EVE= 2–0 |match_MCI_FUL= 3–0 |match_MCI_LEE= 3–2 |match_MCI_LIV= [[Rivalstvo Liverpool FC–Manchester City FC|3–0]] |match_MCI_MUN= [[Manchester derby|3–0]] |match_MCI_NEW= 2–1 |match_MCI_NFO= 2–2 |match_MCI_SUN= 3–0 |match_MCI_TOT= 0–2 |match_MCI_WHU= 3–0 |match_MCI_WOL= 2–0 |name_MUN=[[Manchester United FC|Manchester United]] |match_MUN_ARS= [[Derbi Arsenal–Manchester United|0–1]] |match_MUN_AVL= 3–1 |match_MUN_BOU= 4–4 |match_MUN_BRE= 2–1 |match_MUN_BHA= 4–2 |match_MUN_BUR= 3–2 |match_MUN_CHE= 2–1 |match_MUN_CRY= 2–1 |match_MUN_EVE= 0–1 |match_MUN_FUL= 3–2 |match_MUN_LEE= [[Rivalstvo Leeds United FC–Manchester United FC|1–2]] |match_MUN_LIV= [[Derbi Liverpool–Manchester United|3–2]] |match_MUN_MCI= [[Manchester derby|2–0]] |match_MUN_NEW= 1–0 |match_MUN_NFO= 3–2 |match_MUN_SUN= 2–0 |match_MUN_TOT= 2–0 |match_MUN_WHU= 1–1 |match_MUN_WOL= 1–1 |name_NEW=[[Newcastle United FC|Newcastle United]] |match_NEW_ARS= 1–2 |match_NEW_AVL= 0–2 |match_NEW_BOU= 1–2 |match_NEW_BRE= 2–3 |match_NEW_BHA= 3–1 |match_NEW_BUR= 2–1 |match_NEW_CHE= 2–2 |match_NEW_CRY= 2–0 |match_NEW_EVE= 2–3 |match_NEW_FUL= 2–1 |match_NEW_LEE= 4–3 |match_NEW_LIV= 2–3 |match_NEW_MCI= 2–1 |match_NEW_MUN= 2–1 |match_NEW_NFO= 2–0 |match_NEW_SUN= [[Derbi sjeveroistočne Engleske|1–2]] |match_NEW_TOT= 2–2 |match_NEW_WHU= 3–1 |match_NEW_WOL= 1–0 |name_NFO=[[Nottingham Forest FC|Nottingham Forest]] |match_NFO_ARS= 0–0 |match_NFO_AVL= 1–1 |match_NFO_BOU= 1–1 |match_NFO_BRE= 3–1 |match_NFO_BHA= 0–2 |match_NFO_BUR= 4–1 |match_NFO_CHE= 0–3 |match_NFO_CRY= 1–1 |match_NFO_EVE= 0–2 |match_NFO_FUL= 0–0 |match_NFO_LEE= 3–1 |match_NFO_LIV= 0–1 |match_NFO_MCI= 1–2 |match_NFO_MUN= 2–2 |match_NFO_NEW= 1–1 |match_NFO_SUN= 0–1 |match_NFO_TOT= 3–0 |match_NFO_WHU= 0–3 |match_NFO_WOL= 0–0 |name_SUN=[[Sunderland AFC|Sunderland]] |match_SUN_ARS= 2–2 |match_SUN_AVL= 1–1 |match_SUN_BOU= 3–2 |match_SUN_BRE= 2–1 |match_SUN_BHA= 0–1 |match_SUN_BUR= 3–0 |match_SUN_CHE= 2–1 |match_SUN_CRY= 2–1 |match_SUN_EVE= 1–1 |match_SUN_FUL= 1–3 |match_SUN_LEE= 1–1 |match_SUN_LIV= 0–1 |match_SUN_MCI= 0–0 |match_SUN_MUN= 0–0 |match_SUN_NEW= [[Derbi sjeveroistočne Engleske|1–0]] |match_SUN_NFO= 0–5 |match_SUN_TOT= 1–0 |match_SUN_WHU= 3–0 |match_SUN_WOL= 2–0 |name_TOT=[[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]] |match_TOT_ARS= [[Sjevernolondonski derbi|1–4]] |match_TOT_AVL= 1–2 |match_TOT_BOU= 0–1 |match_TOT_BRE= 2–0 |match_TOT_BHA= 2–2 |match_TOT_BUR= 3–0 |match_TOT_CHE= [[Rivalstvo Chelsea FC–Tottenham Hotspur FC|0–1]] |match_TOT_CRY= 1–3 |match_TOT_EVE= 1–0 |match_TOT_FUL= 1–2 |match_TOT_LEE= 1–1 |match_TOT_LIV= 1–2 |match_TOT_MCI= 2–2 |match_TOT_MUN= 2–2 |match_TOT_NEW= 1–2 |match_TOT_NFO= 0–3 |match_TOT_SUN= 1–1 |match_TOT_WHU= [[Londonski derbi|1–2]] |match_TOT_WOL= 1–1 |name_WHU=[[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] |match_WHU_ARS= [[Londonski derbi|0–1]] |match_WHU_AVL= 2–3 |match_WHU_BOU= 0–0 |match_WHU_BRE= 0–2 |match_WHU_BHA= 2–2 |match_WHU_BUR= 3–2 |match_WHU_CHE= 1–5 |match_WHU_CRY= 1–2 |match_WHU_EVE= 2–1 |match_WHU_FUL= 0–1 |match_WHU_LEE= 3–0 |match_WHU_LIV= 0–2 |match_WHU_MCI= 1–1 |match_WHU_MUN= 1–1 |match_WHU_NEW= 3–1 |match_WHU_NFO= 1–2 |match_WHU_SUN= 3–1 |match_WHU_TOT= [[Londonski derbi|0–3]] |match_WHU_WOL= 4–0 |name_WOL=[[Wolverhampton Wanderers FC|Wolverhampton Wanderers]] |match_WOL_ARS= 2–2 |match_WOL_AVL= 2–0 |match_WOL_BOU= 0–2 |match_WOL_BRE= 0–2 |match_WOL_BHA= 1–1 |match_WOL_BUR= 2–3 |match_WOL_CHE= 1–3 |match_WOL_CRY= 0–2 |match_WOL_EVE= 2–3 |match_WOL_FUL= 1–1 |match_WOL_LEE= 1–3 |match_WOL_LIV= 2–1 |match_WOL_MCI= 0–4 |match_WOL_MUN= 1–4 |match_WOL_NEW= 0–0 |match_WOL_NFO= 0–1 |match_WOL_SUN= 1–1 |match_WOL_TOT= 0–1 |match_WOL_WHU= 3–0 }} == Statistika == === Najbolji strijelci === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Rang !Igrač !Klub !Golovi<ref name="premierleague.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/stats/top/players|title=Premier League Top Player Stats - Goals, Assists, Clean Sheets|website=www.premierleague.com|language=en|access-date=24. 8. 2025}}</ref> |- !1 |{{ZD|NOR}} [[Erling Haaland]] |Manchester City |27 |- !2 |{{ZD|BRA}} [[Igor Thiago]] |Brentford |22 |- !3 |{{ZD|Gana}} [[Antoine Semenyo]] |Manchester City |17 |- !4 |{{ZD|ENG}} [[Ollie Watkins]] |Aston Villa |16 |- ! rowspan="2" |5 |{{ZD|BRA}} [[João Pedro (nogometaš, rođen 2001)|João Pedro]] |Chelsea | rowspan="2" |15 |- |{{ZD|ENG}} [[Morgan Gibbs-White]] |Nottingham Forest |- ! rowspan="2" |7 |{{ZD|ŠVE}} [[Viktor Gyökeres]] |Arsenal | rowspan="2" |14 |- |{{ZD|ENG}} [[Dominic Calvert-Lewin]] |Leeds United |- ! rowspan="2" |9 |{{ZD|ENG}} [[Danny Welbeck]] |Brighton & Hove Albion | rowspan="2" |13 |- |{{ZD|FRA}} [[Eli Junior Kroupi]] |Bournemouth |} '''Napomena''' * * 10 golova za Bournemouth, 7 golova za Manchester City ==== Het−trikovi ==== {{Glavni|Spisak het-trikova u Premijer ligi Engleske}} {| class="wikitable" |+ !Igrač !Za !Protiv !Rezultat !Datum |- |{{ZD|FRA}} [[Jean-Philippe Mateta]] |Crystal Palace |Bournemouth |3–3 (D)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/cj0e8p58v9yt|title=Crystal Palace 3-3 AFC Bournemouth: Jean-Philippe Mateta hat-trick salvages draw|website=BBC Sport|language=en-GB|access-date=24. 11. 2025}}</ref> |18. Oktobar 2025. |- |{{ZD|ENG}} [[Eberechi Eze]] |Arsenal |Tottenham Hotspur |[[Sjevernolondonski derbi|4–1]] (D)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/c70j2y8pk44t|title=Arsenal vs Tottenham LIVE: Premier League score, stats & updates from North London Derby|last=Howell|first=Alex|website=BBC Sport|language=en-GB|access-date=24. 11. 2025}}</ref> |23. Novembar 2025. |- |{{ZD|NJE}} [[Kevin Schade]] | rowspan="2" |Brentford |Bournemouth |4–1 (D)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/cwyvq88n01wt|title=Brentford 4-1 Bournemouth: Kevin Schade hits a hat-trick as Bees claim impressive win|website=BBC Sport|language=en-GB|access-date=7. 1. 2026}}</ref> |27. Decembar 2025. |- |{{ZD|BRA}} [[Igor Thiago]] |Everton |4–2 (G)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/c5y23mym183t|title=Everton 2-4 Brentford: Igor Thiago hat-trick helps the Bees ease past the hosts|website=BBC Sport|language=en-GB|access-date=7. 1. 2026}}</ref> |4. Januar 2026. |- |{{ZD|ENG}} [[Cole Palmer]] | rowspan="2" |Chelsea |Wolverhampton Wanderers |3–1 (G)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/c9dvzlg498dt|title=Palmer scores first-half hat-trick in Chelsea win|website=BBC Sport|language=en-GB|access-date=8. 2. 2026}}</ref> |7. Februar 2026. |- |{{ZD|BRA}} [[João Pedro (nogometaš, rođen 2001)|João Pedro]] |Aston Villa |4–1 (G)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/c20zeq095r9t|title=Aston Villa 1-4 Chelsea: Joao Pedro hat-trick sends Champions League message|website=BBC Sport|language=en-GB|access-date=5. 3. 2026}}</ref> |4. Mart 2026. |- |{{ZD|ENG}} [[Morgan Gibbs-White]] |Nottingham Forest |Burnley |4–1 (D)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/cpqxx45x0jxt|title=Nottingham Forest v Burnley|website=BBC Sport|language=en-GB|access-date=3. 5. 2026}}</ref> |19. April 2026. |} === Clean sheetovi === [[File:David Raya in 2025 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=.8|[[David Raya]] je osvojio svoju treću Zlatnu rukavicu Premijer lige u tri sezone skupivši 19 clean sheetova za [[Arsenal FC|Arsenal]].]] {| class="wikitable" |+ !Rang !Igrač !Klub !Clean sheetovi<ref name="premierleague.com"/> |- !1 |{{ZD|ŠPA}} [[David Raya]] |Arsenal |19 |- !2 |{{ZD|ITA}} [[Gianluigi Donnarumma]] |Manchester City |15 |- ! rowspan="3" |3 |{{ZD|ENG}} [[Jordan Pickford]] |Everton | rowspan="3" |11 |- |{{ZD|ENG}} [[Dean Henderson]] |Crystal Palace |- |{{ZD|SRB}} [[Đorđe Petrović (nogometaš)|Đorđe Petrović]] |Bournemouth |} === Disciplina === ==== Igrač ==== * Najviše žutih kartona: '''12'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/stats/top/players?statMetric=yellowCards&season=2025|title=Premier League Top Player Stats – Yellow Cards|access-date=14. 9. 2025}}</ref> **{{ZD|BRA}} [[André (nogometaš, rođen 2001)|André]] (Wolverhampton Wanderers) **{{ZD|ENG}} [[James Garner (nogometaš, rođen 2001)|James Garner]] (Everton) * Najviše crvenih kartona: '''2'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/stats/top/players?statMetric=totalRedCards&season=2025|title=Premier League Top Player Stats – Red Cards|publisher=Premier League|access-date=14. 9. 2025}}</ref> **{{ZD|ARG}} Cristian Romero (Tottenham Hotspur) **{{ZD|FRA}} [[Wesley Fofana (nogometaš)|Wesley Fofana]] (Chelsea) ====Klub==== * Najviše žutih kartona: '''99'''<ref name="Yellow cards">{{cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/stats/top/clubs?statMetric=yellowCards&season=2025|title=Premier League Top Club Stats – Yellow Cards|access-date=14. 9. 2025}}</ref> **Tottenham Hotspur * Najmanje žutih kartona: '''51'''<ref name="Yellow cards"/> **Arsenal * Najviše crvenih kartona: '''8'''<ref name="Red cards">{{cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/stats/top/clubs?statMetric=totalRedCards&season=2025|title=Premier League Top Club Stats – Red Cards|publisher=Premier League|access-date=14. 9. 2025}}</ref> **Chelsea * Najmanje crvenih kartona: '''0'''<ref name="Red cards"/> **Arsenal **Brighton & Hove Albion **Manchester City == Nagrade == === Mjesečne nagrade === {| class="wikitable" |- !rowspan="2"|Mjesec !colspan="2"|Menadžer mjeseca !colspan="2"|Igrač mjeseca !colspan="2"|Gol mjeseca !colspan="2"|Odbrana mjeseca !rowspan="2"|Reference |- !Menadžer !Klub !Igrač !Klub !Igrač !Klub !Igrač !Klub |- !August |{{ZD|NIZ}} [[Arne Slot]] |Liverpool |{{ZD|ENG}} [[Jack Grealish]] |Everton |{{ZD|MAĐ}} [[Dominik Szoboszlai]] |Liverpool |{{ZD|ENG}} [[James Trafford]] | rowspan="2" |Manchester City |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4407271/voted-august-2025-barclays-manager-of-the-month|title=Slot named Barclays Manager of the Month|date=12. 9. 2025|publisher=Premier League|access-date=13. 9. 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4407220/grealish-wins-first-ever-ea-sports-player-of-the-month-award|title=Grealish wins first ever EA SPORTS Player of the Month award|date=12. 9. 2025|publisher=Premier League|access-date=13. 9. 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4407226/szoboszlais-stunner-wins-guinness-goal-of-the-month-award-for-august|title=Szoboszlai makes history with Guinness Goal of the Month award|date=12. 9. 2025|publisher=Premier League|access-date=13. 9. 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4407234/trafford-wins-coca-cola-save-of-the-month-award|title=Trafford wins Coca-Cola Save of the Month award|date=12. 9. 2025|publisher=Premier League|access-date=13. 9. 2025}}</ref> |- !Septembar |{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Oliver Glasner]] |Crystal Palace |{{ZD|NOR}} [[Erling Haaland]] |Manchester City |{{ZD|ŠPA}} [[Martín Zubimendi]] |Arsenal |{{ZD|ITA}} [[Gianluigi Donnarumma]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4437276/glasner-named-barclays-manager-of-the-month|title=Glasner named Barclays Manager of the Month|date=10. 10. 2025|website=www.premierleague.com|language=en|access-date=12. 10. 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4437437/haaland-wins-fourth-ea-sports-player-of-the-month-award|title=Haaland wins fourth EA SPORTS Player of the Month award|date=10. 10. 2025|website=www.premierleague.com|language=en|access-date=12. 10. 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4437285/zubimendi-wins-guinness-goal-of-the-month|title=Zubimendi wins Guinness Goal of the Month|date=10. 10. 2025|website=www.premierleague.com|language=en|access-date=12. 10. 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4437238/donnarumma-wins-coca-cola-save-of-the-month-award|title=Donnarumma wins Coca-Cola Save of the Month award|date=10. 10. 2025|website=www.premierleague.com|language=en|access-date=12. 10. 2025}}</ref> |- !Oktobar |{{flagicon|POR}} [[Ruben Amorim]] |Manchester United |{{ZD|KAM}} [[Bryan Mbeumo]] |Manchester United |{{ZD|ARG}} [[Emiliano Buendía]] |Aston Villa |{{ZD|SVK}} [[Martin Dúbravka]] |Burnley |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4455472/amorim-named-barclays-manager-of-the-month|title=Amorim named Barclays Manager of the Month|date=7. 11. 2025|website=www.premierleague.com|language=en|access-date=9. 11. 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4455047/mbeumo-wins-his-first-ever-ea-sports-player-of-the-month-award|title=Mbeumo wins his first EA SPORTS Player of the Month award|date=7. 11. 2025|website=www.premierleague.com|language=en|access-date=9. 11. 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4455467/buendia-wins-guinness-goal-of-the-month|title=Buendia wins Guinness Goal of the Month|date=7. 11. 2025|website=www.premierleague.com|language=en|access-date=9. 11. 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4455647/dubravka-claims-coca-cola-save-of-the-month-award|title=Dubravka claims Coca-Cola Save of the Month award|date=7. 11. 2025|website=www.premierleague.com|language=en|access-date=9. 11. 2025}}</ref> |- !Novembar |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Enzo Maresca]] |Chelsea |{{ZD|BRA}} [[Igor Thiago]] |Brentford |{{ZD|SAD}} [[Tyler Adams]] |Bournemouth |{{ZD|ENG}} [[Jordan Pickford]] |Everton |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4497487/maresca-named-barclays-manager-of-the-month|title=Maresca named Barclays Manager of the Month|date=12. 12. 2025|website=www.premierleague.com|language=en|access-date=14. 12. 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4497486/thiago-wins-his-first-ea-sports-player-of-the-month-award|title=Thiago wins his first EA SPORTS Player of the Month award|date=12. 12. 2025|website=www.premierleague.com|language=en|access-date=14. 12. 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4497488/adams-becomes-first-american-to-win-guinness-goal-of-the-month|title=Adams becomes first American to win Guinness Goal of the Month|date=12. 12. 2025|website=www.premierleague.com|language=en|access-date=14. 12. 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4497963/pickford-equals-record-for-coca-cola-save-of-the-month-award|title=Pickford equals record for Coca-Cola Save of the Month award|date=12. 12. 2025|website=www.premierleague.com|language=en|access-date=14. 12. 2025}}</ref> |- !Decembar |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Unai Emery]] |Aston Villa |{{ZD|ENG}} [[Dominic Calvert-Lewin]] |Leeds United |{{ZD|VEL}} [[Harry Wilson (nogometaš, rođen 1997)|Harry Wilson]] | rowspan="2" |Fulham |{{ZD|ŠPA}} [[David Raya]] |Arsenal |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4549078/emery-named-barclays-manager-of-the-month|title=Emery named December Barclays Manager of the Month|date=16. 1. 2026|website=www.premierleague.com|language=en|access-date=18. 1. 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4544215/calvert-lewin-wins-first-ea-sports-player-of-the-month-award-for-six-years|title=Calvert-Lewin wins first EA SPORTS Player of the Month award for six years|date=16. 1. 2026|website=www.premierleague.com|language=en|access-date=18. 1. 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4549088/wilson-wins-guinness-goal-of-the-month-for-second-time|title=Wilson wins Guinness Goal of the Month for the second time|date=16. 1. 2026|website=www.premierleague.com|language=en|access-date=18. 1. 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4549091/raya-equals-record-for-coca-cola-save-of-the-month-award|title=Raya equals record for Coca-Cola Save of the Month award|date=16. 1. 2026|website=www.premierleague.com|language=en|access-date=18. 1. 2026}}</ref> |- !Januar |{{ZD|ENG}} [[Michael Carrick]] |Manchester United |{{ZD|BRA}} [[Igor Thiago]] |Brentford |{{ZD|ENG}} [[Harrison Reed (nogometaš)|Harrison Reed]] |{{ZD|FRA}} [[Alphonse Areola]] |West Ham United |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4587333/januarys-barclays-manager-of-the-month|title=Carrick wins first Barclays Manager of the Month award|date=13. 2. 2026|website=www.premierleague.com|language=en|access-date=13. 2. 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4587125/thiago-makes-history-after-winning-ea-sports-player-of-the-month-award|title=Thiago makes history after winning EA SPORTS Player of the Month award|date=13. 2. 2026|website=www.premierleague.com|language=en|access-date=13. 2. 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4587385/reed-wins-guinness-goal-of-the-month-award|title=Reed wins Guinness Goal of the Month award|date=13. 2. 2026|website=www.premierleague.com|language=en|access-date=13. 2. 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4587584/areola-wins-coca-cola-save-of-the-month-award|title=Areola wins Coca-Cola Save of the Month award|date=13. 2. 2026|website=www.premierleague.com|language=en|access-date=13. 2. 2026}}</ref> |- !Februar |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Pep Guardiola]] |Manchester City |{{ZD|Gana}} [[Antoine Semenyo]] |Manchester City |{{ZD|ENG}} [[Dominic Solanke]] |Tottenham Hotspur |{{ZD|ENG}} [[Jordan Pickford]] |Everton |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4611431/semenyo-wins-his-first-ea-sports-player-of-the-month-award|title=Semenyo wins his first EA SPORTS Player of the Month award|date=13. 3. 2026|website=www.premierleague.com|language=en|access-date=15. 3. 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4611433/guardiola-named-barclays-manager-of-the-month|title=Guardiola named Barclays Manager of the Month|date=13. 3. 2026|website=www.premierleague.com|language=en|access-date=15. 3. 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4611596/solanke-wins-guinness-goal-of-the-month|title=Solanke wins Guinness Goal of the Month award|date=13. 3. 2026|website=www.premierleague.com|language=en|access-date=15. 3. 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4611611/pickford-wins-record-fourth-coca-cola-save-of-the-month-award|title=Pickford wins record fourth Coca-Cola Save of the Month award|date=13. 3. 2026|website=www.premierleague.com|language=en|access-date=15. 3. 2026}}</ref> |- !Mart |{{ZD|ŠPA}} [[Mikel Arteta]] |Arsenal |{{ZD|POR}} [[Bruno Fernandes]] |Manchester United |{{ZD|DAN}} [[William Osula]] |Newcastle United |{{ZD|ENG}} [[Aaron Ramsdale]] |Newcastle United |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4623565/arteta-wins-eighth-barclays-manager-of-the-month-award/|title=Arteta wins eighth Barclays Manager of the Month award|date=3. 4. 2026|website=www.premierleague.com|language=en|access-date=14. 4. 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4623552/fernandes-matches-ronaldo-with-sixth-ea-sports-player-of-the-month-award/|title=Fernandes equals Ronaldo with sixth EA SPORTS Player of the Month award|date=3. 4. 2026|website=www.premierleague.com|language=en|access-date=14. 4. 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4623619/osula-wins-guinness-goal-of-the-month-award/|title=Osula wins Guinness Goal of the Month award|date=3. 4. 2026|website=www.premierleague.com|language=en|access-date=14. 4. 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4623624/ramsdale-wins-coca-cola-save-of-the-month-award/|title=Ramsdale wins Coca-Cola Save of the Month award|date=3. 4. 2026|website=www.premierleague.com|language=en|access-date=14. 4. 2026}}</ref> |- !April |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Pep Guardiola]] |Manchester City |{{ZD|ENG}} [[Morgan Gibbs-White]] |Nottingham Forest |{{ZD|JPN}} [[Kaoru Mitoma]] |Brighton & Hove Albion |{{ZD|VEL}} [[Karl Darlow]] |Leeds United |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4649727/guardiola-wins-13th-barclays-manager-of-the-month-award|title=Guardiola wins 13th Barclays Manager of the Month award|date=8. 5. 2026|website=www.premierleague.com|language=en|access-date=9. 5. 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4649690/gibbs-white-wins-his-first-ea-sports-player-of-the-month-award|title=Gibbs-White wins his first EA SPORTS Player of the Month award|date=8. 5. 2026|website=www.premierleague.com|language=en|access-date=9. 5. 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4650440/mitoma-equals-record-for-guinness-goal-of-the-month-award|title=Mitoma equals record for Guinness Goal of the Month award|date=8. 5. 2026|website=www.premierleague.com|language=en|access-date=9. 5. 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4650528/darlow-wins-his-first-coca-cola-save-of-the-month-award|title=Darlow wins his first Coca-Cola Save of the Month award|date=8. 5. 2026|website=www.premierleague.com|language=en|access-date=9. 5. 2026}}</ref> |} === Godišnje nagrade === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Nagrada !Osvajač !Klub |- |[[Menadžer sezone Premijer lige Engleske|Menadžer sezone Premijer lige]] | | |- |[[Igrač sezone Premijer lige Engleske|Igrač sezone Premijer lige]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4662427/fernandes-wins-ea-sports-player-of-the-season-award/|title=Fernandes wins EA SPORTS Player of the Season award|date=23. 5. 2026|website=www.premierleague.com|language=en|access-date=25. 5. 2026}}</ref> |{{ZD|POR}} [[Bruno Fernandes]] |Manchester United |- |[[Mladi igrač sezone Premijer lige Engleske|Mladi igrač sezone Premijer lige]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4662697/oreilly-named-young-player-of-the-season|title=O'Reilly named Young Player of the Season|date=23. 5. 2026|website=www.premierleague.com|language=en|access-date=25. 5. 2026}}</ref> |{{ZD|ENG}} [[Nico O'Reilly]] |Manchester City |- |Gol sezone Premijer lige | | |- |Najznačajniji gol sezone | | |- |Najbolja odbrana sezone | | |- |PFA Igrač sezone | | |- |PFA Mladi igrač sezone | | |- |FWA igrač godine<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://footballwriters.co.uk/editorial/bruno-fernandes-is-footballer-of-the-year-and-bunny-shaw-is-womens-football-of-the-year/|title=Bruno Fernandes is Footballer of the Year and Bunny Shaw is Women’s Football of the Year. – Football Writers' Association|date=8. 5. 2026|language=en-US|access-date=9. 5. 2026}}</ref> |{{ZD|POR}} [[Bruno Fernandes]] |Manchester United |} == Reference == {{reflist}} {{Premijer liga Engleske}} {{Prve evropske nogometne lige 2025/26.}} [[Kategorija:2025. u Engleskoj]] [[Kategorija:2026. u Engleskoj]] [[Kategorija:Sezone Premijer lige Engleske]] n8tei0a64l3xmigzcb72yymr3y8b7dc Faktor induciran hipoksijom 0 522127 3849403 3785558 2026-05-26T07:12:06Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija protein | EntrezGene = 3091 | HGNCid = 4910 | OMIM = 603348 | PDB = | RefSeq = NM_001530 | UniProt = Q16665 }} {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |[[EPAS1|endotelni PAS domen proteina 1]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd" | Identifikatori |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background-color: #e7dcc3" | Simbol | class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee" | [[EPAS1]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background-color: #e7dcc3" | Alternativno simboli | class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee" | HIF2A, MOP2, PASD2, HLF |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background-color: #e7dcc3" | [[National Center for Biotechnology Information|NCBI gen]] | class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee" | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=2034&rn=1 2034. godine] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background-color: #e7dcc3" | [[HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee|HGNC]] | class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee" | [https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/HGNC:3374 3374] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background-color: #e7dcc3" | [[Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man|OMIM]] | class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee" | [https://omim.org/entry/603349 603349] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background-color: #e7dcc3" | [[RefSeq]] | class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee" | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NM_001430 NM_001430] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background-color: #e7dcc3" | [[Swiss-Prot|UniProt]] | class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee" | [https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q99814 Q99814] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd" | Ostali podaci |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background-color: #e7dcc3" | [[Locus (genetics)|Lokus]] | class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee" | [[Chromosome 2 (human)|Chr.]] [[Chromosome 2 (human)|2]] ''[https://omim.org/search/?index=geneMap&search=2p21 str. 21-str. 16]'' |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee" | |} {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |[[ARNT2|nuklearni translokator 2 aril-ugljikovodičnih receptora]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd" | Identifikatori |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background-color: #e7dcc3" | Simbol | class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee" | [[ARNT2]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background-color: #e7dcc3" | Alternativno simboli | class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee" | HIF2B, KIAA0307, bHLHe1 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background-color: #e7dcc3" | [[National Center for Biotechnology Information|NCBI gen]] | class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee" | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=9915&rn=1 9915] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background-color: #e7dcc3" | [[HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee|HGNC]] | class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee" | [https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/HGNC:16876 16876] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background-color: #e7dcc3" | [[Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man|OMIM]] | class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee" | [https://omim.org/entry/606036 606036] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background-color: #e7dcc3" | [[RefSeq]] | class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee" | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NM_014862 NM_014862] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background-color: #e7dcc3" | [[Swiss-Prot|UniProt]] | class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee" | [https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9HBZ2 Q9HBZ2] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd" | Ostali podaci |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background-color: #e7dcc3" | [[Locus (genetics)|Lokus]] | class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee" | [[Chromosome 1 (human)|Chr.]] [[Chromosome 1 (human)|1]] ''[https://omim.org/search/?index=geneMap&search=1q24 q24]'' |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee" | |} {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |[[HIF3A|faktor 3 inducibilan hipoksijom, alfa podjedinica]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd" | Identifikatori |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background-color: #e7dcc3" | Simbol | class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee" | [[HIF3A]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background-color: #e7dcc3" | [[National Center for Biotechnology Information|NCBI gen]] | class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee" | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=64344&rn=1 64344] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background-color: #e7dcc3" | [[HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee|HGNC]] | class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee" | [https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/HGNC:15825 15825] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background-color: #e7dcc3" | [[Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man|OMIM]] | class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee" | [https://omim.org/entry/609976 609976] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background-color: #e7dcc3" | [[RefSeq]] | class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee" | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NM_152794 NM_152794] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background-color: #e7dcc3" | [[Swiss-Prot|UniProt]] | class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee" | [https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9Y2N7 Q9Y2N7] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd" | Ostali podaci |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background-color: #e7dcc3" | [[Locus (genetics)|Lokus]] | class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee" | [[Chromosome 19 (human)|Chr.]] [[Chromosome 19 (human)|19]] ''[https://omim.org/search/?index=geneMap&search=19q13 q13]'' |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee" | |} '''Faktori inducirani hipoksijom (HIF-ovi)''' su [[transkripcijski faktor]]i koji reaguju na smanjenje dostupnog [[kisik]]a u ćelijskom okruženju, odnosno na [[Hipoksija|hipoksiju]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Smith|first=Thomas G.|last2=Robbins|first2=Peter A.|last3=Ratcliffe|first3=Peter J.|date=2008|title=The human side of hypoxia‐inducible factor|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07029.x|journal=British Journal of Haematology|language=en|volume=141|issue=3|pages=325–334|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07029.x|issn=0007-1048|pmc=2408651|pmid=18410568}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wilkins|first=Sarah E.|last2=Abboud|first2=Martine I.|last3=Hancock|first3=Rebecca L.|last4=Schofield|first4=Christopher J.|date=2016|title=Targeting Protein–Protein Interactions in the HIF System|url=https://chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cmdc.201600012|journal=ChemMedChem|language=en|volume=11|issue=8|pages=773–786|doi=10.1002/cmdc.201600012|issn=1860-7179|pmc=4848768|pmid=26997519}}</ref> Također reaguju i na slučajeve pseudohipoksije, poput nedostatka [[tiamin]]a.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sweet|first=Rebecca L.|last2=Zastre|first2=Jason A.|date=2013|title=HIF1-α-Mediated Gene Expression Induced by Vitamin B 1 Deficiency|url=https://www.imrpress.com/journal/IJVNR/83/3/10.1024/0300-9831/a000159|journal=International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research|language=en|volume=83|issue=3|pages=188–197|doi=10.1024/0300-9831/a000159|issn=0300-9831}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Marrs|first=Chandler|last2=Lonsdale|first2=Derrick|date=2021|title=Hiding in Plain Sight: Modern Thiamine Deficiency|url=https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/10/2595|journal=Cells|language=en|volume=10|issue=10|pages=2595|doi=10.3390/cells10102595|issn=2073-4409|pmc=8533683|pmid=34685573}}</ref> I hipoksija i pseudohipoksija dovode do poremećaja u proizvodnji [[Adenozin-trifosfat|adenozin trifosfata]] (ATP) u [[Mitohondrija|mitohondrijima]]. == Otkriće == HIF transkripcijski kompleks otkrili su 1995. godine [[Gregg L. Semenza]] i postdoktorski istraživač [[Guang Wang]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Guang L.|last2=Semenza|first2=Gregg L.|date=1995|title=Purification and Characterization of Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021925818829908|journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry|language=en|volume=270|issue=3|pages=1230–1237|doi=10.1074/jbc.270.3.1230}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=G L|last2=Jiang|first2=B H|last3=Rue|first3=E A|last4=Semenza|first4=G L|date=1995|title=Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 is a basic-helix-loop-helix-PAS heterodimer regulated by cellular O2 tension.|url=https://pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.92.12.5510|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=92|issue=12|pages=5510–5514|doi=10.1073/pnas.92.12.5510|issn=0027-8424|pmc=41725|pmid=7539918}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Hypoxia and Hypoxia Inducible Factors (HIF) as Important Regulators of Tumor Physiology|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4419-8871-3_14|publisher=Springer US|date=2004|access-date=18. 6. 2025|isbn=978-1-4613-4699-9|pages=219–248|first=Till|last=Acker|first2=Karl H.|last2=Plate}}</ref> Godine 2016. [[William Kaelin Jr.|William Kaelin Jr]]., [[Peter J. Ratcliffe]] i [[Gregg L. Semenza]] dobili su [[Laskerova nagrada|Laskerovu nagradu]] za svoj rad na razjašnjavanju uloge HIF-1 u prepoznavanju kisika i njegove uloge u preživljavanju u uslovima niskog nivoa kisika.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://laskerfoundation.org/winners/oxygen-sensing-an-essential-process-for-survival/|title=Oxygen sensing – an essential process for survival|last=Admin|first=Lasker|website=Lasker Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=18. 6. 2025}}</ref> Godine 2019. ista trojica zajednički su dobila [[Nobelova nagrada za fiziologiju ili medicinu|Nobelovu nagradu za fiziologiju ili medicinu]] za svoj rad na razjašnjavanju načina na koji HIF prepoznaje i prilagođava ćelijski odgovor dostupnosti kisika.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2019/press-release/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2019 - Press release|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US|access-date=18. 6. 2025}}</ref> == Struktura == Aerobni organizmi izražavaju visoko konzervirani transkripcijski kompleks HIF-1, koji je heterodimer sastavljen od alfa i beta podjedinice, pri čemu je beta podjedinica konstitutivno izražen nuklearni translokator aril-hidrokarbonskog receptora (ARNT).<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jiang|first=Bing-Hua|last2=Rue|first2=Elizabeth|last3=Wang|first3=Guang L.|last4=Roe|first4=Rick|last5=Semenza|first5=Gregg L.|date=1996|title=Dimerization, DNA Binding, and Transactivation Properties of Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021925819869806|journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry|language=en|volume=271|issue=30|pages=17771–17778|doi=10.1074/jbc.271.30.17771}}</ref> HIF-1 pripada PER-ARNT-SIM (PAS) podfamiliji unutar porodice transkripcijskih faktora sa osnovnim [[heliks-petlja-heliks (bHLH)]] motivom. Alfa i beta podjedinica su slične po strukturi i obje sadrže sljedeće domene:<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zhulin|first=IB|last2=Taylor|first2=BL|last3=Dixon|first3=R|date=1997|title=PAS domain S-boxes in archaea, bacteria and sensors for oxygen and redox|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0968000497011109|journal=Trends in Biochemical Sciences|language=en|volume=22|issue=9|pages=331–333|doi=10.1016/S0968-0004(97)01110-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ponting|first=Chris P.|last2=Aravind|first2=L.|date=1997|title=PAS: a multifunctional domain family comes to light|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982206003526|journal=Current Biology|language=en|volume=7|issue=11|pages=R674–R677|doi=10.1016/S0960-9822(06)00352-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yang|first=Jinsong|last2=Zhang|first2=Lei|last3=Erbel|first3=Paul J.A.|last4=Gardner|first4=Kevin H.|last5=Ding|first5=Kan|last6=Garcia|first6=Joseph A.|last7=Bruick|first7=Richard K.|date=2005|title=Functions of the Per/ARNT/Sim Domains of the Hypoxia-inducible Factor|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021925820594052|journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry|language=en|volume=280|issue=43|pages=36047–36054|doi=10.1074/jbc.M501755200}}</ref> * '''N-terminalni kraj''' – bHLH domen za vezivanje za DNK * '''Centralni region''' – Per-ARNT-Sim (PAS) domen, koji omogućava heterodimerizaciju * '''C-terminalni kraj''' – regrutuje koregulatorne proteine uključene u [[Transkripcija (genetika)|transkripciju]] {| |- valign="top" |{{Infokutija proteinska porodica | Pfam = PF11413 | InterPro = | SMART = | PROSITE = | MEROPS = | SCOP = | TCDB = | OPM_protein = | PDB = }} |{{Infokutija proteinska porodica | Pfam = PF08778 | InterPro = IPR014887 | SMART = | PROSITE = | MEROPS = | SCOP = 1l3e | TCDB = | OPM_protein = | PDB = {{PDB2|1h2k}}, {{PDB2|1h2l}}, {{PDB2|1l3e}}, {{PDB2|1l8c}} }} |} == Članovi == Sljedeći su članovi ljudske HIF porodice (porodice faktora induciranih hipoksijom): {| class="wikitable" !Član ! Gen ! Proteini |- | HIF-1α | {{Gen|HIF1A}} | faktor 1 inducibilan hipoksijom, alfa podjedinica |- | [[ARNT|HIF-1β]] | {{Gen|ARNT}} | nuklearni translokator arilnog ugljikovodičnog receptora |- | HIF-2α | {{Gen|EPAS1}} | endotelni PAS domen proteina 1 |- | HIF-2β | {{Gen|ARNT2}} | nuklearni translokator 2 aril-ugljikovodičnih receptora |- | HIF-3α | {{Gen|HIF3A}} | faktor 3 inducibilan hipoksijom, alfa podjedinica |- | HIF-3β | {{Gen|ARNT3}} | nuklearni translokator 3 aril-ugljikovodičnih receptora |} == Funkcija == Ekspresija HIF1α u [[Hematopoetske matične ćelije|hematopoetskim matičnim ćelijama]] objašnjava njihovu mirujuću (neaktivnu) prirodu,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Srikanth|first=Lokanathan|last2=Sunitha|first2=Manne Mudhu|last3=Venkatesh|first3=Katari|last4=Kumar|first4=Pasupuleti Santhosh|last5=Chandrasekhar|first5=Chodimella|last6=Vengamma|first6=Bhuma|last7=Sarma|first7=Potukuchi Venkata Gurunadha Krishna|date=2015|title=Anaerobic Glycolysis and HIF1α Expression in Haematopoietic Stem Cells Explains Its Quiescence Nature|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27125138|journal=Journal of Stem Cells|volume=10|issue=2|pages=97–106|issn=1556-8539|pmid=27125138}}</ref> jer se metabolički održavaju na niskom nivou kako bi se očuvala njihova potencija tokom dugih vremenskih perioda u [[Životni ciklus|životnom ciklusu]] organizma. HIF signalna kaskada posreduje u djelovanju hipoksije, stanja niske koncentracije kisika, na ćeliju. Hipoksija često sprječava [[Ćelijska diferencijacija|diferencijaciju ćelija]]. Ipak, hipoksija podstiče formiranje [[Krvni sud|krvnih sudova]] i igra važnu ulogu u razvoju [[Vaskularni sistem|vaskularnog sistema]] kod [[embrion]]a i [[tumor]]a. Hipoksija u ranama takođe podstiče migraciju [[keratinocit]]a i obnavljanje [[epitel]]a.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Benizri|first=E.|last2=Ginouvès|first2=A.|last3=Berra|first3=E.|date=2008|title=The magic of the hypoxia-signaling cascade|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00018-008-7472-0|journal=Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences|language=en|volume=65|issue=7-8|pages=1133–1149|doi=10.1007/s00018-008-7472-0|issn=1420-682X|pmc=11131810|pmid=18202826}}</ref> Stoga ne iznenađuje da je modulacija HIF-1 identifikovana kao obećavajući terapijski pristup u liječenju rana.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Duscher|first=Dominik|last2=Januszyk|first2=Michael|last3=Maan|first3=Zeshaan N.|last4=Whittam|first4=Alexander J.|last5=Hu|first5=Michael S.|last6=Walmsley|first6=Graham G.|last7=Dong|first7=Yixiao|last8=Khong|first8=Sacha M.|last9=Longaker|first9=Michael T.|date=2017|title=Comparison of the Hydroxylase Inhibitor Dimethyloxalylglycine and the Iron Chelator Deferoxamine in Diabetic and Aged Wound Healing|url=https://journals.lww.com/00006534-201703000-00031|journal=Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery|language=en|volume=139|issue=3|pages=695e–706e|doi=10.1097/PRS.0000000000003072|issn=0032-1052|pmc=5327844|pmid=28234841}}</ref> Općenito, HIF faktori su od ključne važnosti za razvoj. Kod [[Sisari|sisara]], [[delecija gena]] za HIF-1 dovodi do smrti u perinatalnom periodu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Duscher|first=Dominik|last2=Maan|first2=Zeshaan N.|last3=Whittam|first3=Alexander J.|last4=Sorkin|first4=Michael|last5=Hu|first5=Michael S.|last6=Walmsley|first6=Graham G.|last7=Baker|first7=Hutton|last8=Fischer|first8=Lauren H.|last9=Januszyk|first9=Michael|date=2015|title=Fibroblast-Specific Deletion of Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1 Critically Impairs Murine Cutaneous Neovascularization and Wound Healing:|url=http://journals.lww.com/00006534-201511000-00016|journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery|language=en|volume=136|issue=5|pages=1004–1013|doi=10.1097/PRS.0000000000001699|issn=0032-1052|pmc=5951620|pmid=26505703}}</ref> Pokazano je da je HIF-1 od presudnog značaja za preživljavanje [[hondrocit]]a, jer omogućava tim ćelijama prilagođavanje uslovima niskog nivoa kisika unutar rastnih ploča kostiju. HIF takođe ima centralnu ulogu u regulaciji ljudskog metabolizma.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Formenti|first=Federico|last2=Constantin-Teodosiu|first2=Dumitru|last3=Emmanuel|first3=Yaso|last4=Cheeseman|first4=Jane|last5=Dorrington|first5=Keith L.|last6=Edwards|first6=Lindsay M.|last7=Humphreys|first7=Sandy M.|last8=Lappin|first8=Terence R. J.|last9=McMullin|first9=Mary F.|date=2010|title=Regulation of human metabolism by hypoxia-inducible factor|url=https://pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1002339107|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=107|issue=28|pages=12722–12727|doi=10.1073/pnas.1002339107|issn=0027-8424|pmc=2906567|pmid=20616028}}</ref> == Mehanizam == [[Datoteka:HIF_Nobel_Prize_Physiology_Medicine_2019_Hegasy_ENG.png|mini|400x400piksel| Nobelova nagrada za fiziologiju ili medicinu 2019: Kako ćelije osjećaju i prilagođavaju se dostupnosti kisika. U normoksičnim uslovima, Hif-1 alfa je hidroksiliran na dva prolinska ostatka. Zatim se povezuje sa VHL-om i označava ubikvitinom, što rezultira proteasomskom degradacijom. U hipoksičnim uslovima, Hif-1 alfa se premešta u ćelijsko jedro i povezuje se sa Hif-1 beta. Ovaj kompleks se zatim veže za HRE regiju DNK, što rezultira transkripcijom gena koji su uključeni u mnoštvo procesa, uključujući eritropoezu, glikolizu i angiogenezu.]] Alfa podjedinice HIF-a hidroksiliraju se na konzerviranim prolinskim ostacima pomoću HIF [[prolin-hidroksilaza]], što omogućava njihovo prepoznavanje i ubikvitinaciju od strane VHL E3 ubikvitin ligaze, koja ih označava za brzu razgradnju u [[proteasom]]u.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maxwell|first=Patrick H.|last2=Wiesener|first2=Michael S.|last3=Chang|first3=Gin-Wen|last4=Clifford|first4=Steven C.|last5=Vaux|first5=Emma C.|last6=Cockman|first6=Matthew E.|last7=Wykoff|first7=Charles C.|last8=Pugh|first8=Christopher W.|last9=Maher|first9=Eamonn R.|date=1999|title=The tumour suppressor protein VHL targets hypoxia-inducible factors for oxygen-dependent proteolysis|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/20459|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=399|issue=6733|pages=271–275|doi=10.1038/20459|issn=0028-0836}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-scientist.com/seeking-a-cellular-oxygen-sensor-54701|title=Seeking a Cellular Oxygen Sensor|website=The Scientist|language=en|access-date=18. 6. 2025}}</ref> Ovo se dešava samo u normoksičnim uslovima. U hipoksičnim uslovima, HIF prolin-hidroksilaza je inhibirana, jer koristi kisik kao kosubstrat.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Semenza|first=Gregg L.|date=2004|title=Hydroxylation of HIF-1: Oxygen Sensing at the Molecular Level|url=https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/physiol.00001.2004|journal=Physiology|language=en|volume=19|issue=4|pages=176–182|doi=10.1152/physiol.00001.2004|issn=1548-9213}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-scientist.com/hot-paper/discovering-hif-regulation-51758|title=Discovering HIF Regulation|website=The Scientist Magazine®|language=en|access-date=18. 6. 2025|archive-date=2. 8. 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802163908/https://www.the-scientist.com/hot-paper/discovering-hif-regulation-51758|url-status=dead}}</ref> Inhibicija prenosa [[elektron]]a u kompleksu [[sukcinat]] dehidrogenaze uslijed mutacija u genima [[SDHB]] ili SDHD može izazvati nakupljanje sukcinata koji inhibira HIF prolin-hidroksilazu, stabilizujući HIF-1α. Ovo se naziva pseudohipoksija. HIF-1, kada je stabilizovan uslovima hipoksije, pojačava ekspresiju nekoliko gena koji omogućavaju preživljavanje u uslovima niskog nivoa kisika. To uključuje enzime [[Glikoliza|glikolize]], koji omogućavaju sintezu ATP-a nezavisno od kisika, kao i faktor rasta [[Vaskularni endotelni faktor rasta|vaskularnog endotela]] (VEGF), koji pospješuje [[Angiogeneza|angiogenezu]]. HIF-1 djeluje vezujući se za elemente odgovornih na hipoksiju (HRE) u promotorima koji sadrže sekvencu 5'-RCGTG-3' (gdje je R purin, odnosno A ili G). Studije pokazuju da hipoksija moduliše [[Metilacija histona|metilaciju histona]] i reprogramira [[hromatin]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Batie|first=Michael|last2=Frost|first2=Julianty|last3=Frost|first3=Mark|last4=Wilson|first4=James W.|last5=Schofield|first5=Pieta|last6=Rocha|first6=Sonia|date=2019|title=Hypoxia induces rapid changes to histone methylation and reprograms chromatin|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aau5870|journal=Science|language=en|volume=363|issue=6432|pages=1222–1226|doi=10.1126/science.aau5870|issn=0036-8075}}</ref> Ovaj rad je objavljen istovremeno sa radom dobitnika [[Nobelova nagrada za fiziologiju ili medicinu|Nobelove nagrade za fiziologiju ili medicinu]] 2019. godine, [[William Kaelin Jr.|Williama Kaelina Jr.]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty|first=Abhishek A.|last2=Laukka|first2=Tuomas|last3=Myllykoski|first3=Matti|last4=Ringel|first4=Alison E.|last5=Booker|first5=Matthew A.|last6=Tolstorukov|first6=Michael Y.|last7=Meng|first7=Yuzhong Jeff|last8=Meier|first8=Samuel R.|last9=Jennings|first9=Rebecca B.|date=2019|title=Histone demethylase KDM6A directly senses oxygen to control chromatin and cell fate|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aaw1026|journal=Science|language=en|volume=363|issue=6432|pages=1217–1222|doi=10.1126/science.aaw1026|issn=0036-8075|pmc=7336390|pmid=30872525}}</ref> Ovo djelo je istaknuto u nezavisnoj uredničkoj napomeni.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gallipoli|first=Paolo|last2=Huntly|first2=Brian J. P.|date=2019|title=Histone modifiers are oxygen sensors|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aaw8373|journal=Science|language=en|volume=363|issue=6432|pages=1148–1149|doi=10.1126/science.aaw8373|issn=0036-8075}}</ref> Pokazano je da mAKAP (protein koji veže [[Protein-kinaza|protein kinazu A]]) organizira E3 ubikvitin ligaze, što utiče na stabilnost i pozicioniranje HIF-1 unutar [[Jedro (biologija)|jedra]], na mjestu njegovog djelovanja. Smanjenje nivoa mAKAP-a ili ometanje njegovog usmjeravanja ka području oko jedra (u [[kardiomiocit]]ima) narušava stabilnost HIF-1 i transkripcijsku aktivaciju gena koji učestvuju u odgovoru na hipoksiju. Ovo sugerira da prostorna organizacija signalnih komponenti osjetljivih na kisik može imati značajnu ulogu u ćelijskom odgovoru na smanjeni nivo kisika.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wong|first=Wei|last2=Goehring|first2=April S.|last3=Kapiloff|first3=Michael S.|last4=Langeberg|first4=Lorene K.|last5=Scott|first5=John D.|date=2008|title=mAKAP Compartmentalizes Oxygen-Dependent Control of HIF-1α|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scisignal.2000026|journal=Science Signaling|language=en|volume=1|issue=51|doi=10.1126/scisignal.2000026|issn=1945-0877|pmc=2828263|pmid=19109240}}</ref> Napredno znanje o molekularnim regulatornim mehanizmima aktivnosti HIF-1 u hipoksičnim uslovima oštro se razlikuje od oskudnih informacija o mehanističkim i funkcionalnim aspektima regulacije HIF-1 posredovane NF-κB-om u normoksičnim uslovima. Ipak, stabilizacija HIF-1α je zabilježena i u nehipoksičnim uslovima putem još uvijek nepoznatog mehanizma. Pokazano je da je NF-κB (nuklearni faktor κB) direktan modulator ekspresije HIF-1α u prisustvu normalnog pritiska kisika. Studije koje koriste [[siRNK]] (mala interferirajuća RNK) za pojedine članove NF-κB pokazale su različite efekte na nivoe HIF-1α [[Informacijska RNK|mRNK]], što ukazuje na to da NF-κB može regulisati bazalnu ekspresiju HIF-1α. Na kraju, pokazano je da, kada se endogeni NF-κB indukuje tretmanom sa [[TNF-α|TNFα]] (tumorski nekrotični faktor α), nivoi HIF-1α se takođe mijenjaju na NF-κB-zavisan način.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=van Uden|first=Patrick|last2=Kenneth|first2=Niall S.|last3=Rocha|first3=Sonia|date=2008|title=Regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha by NF-kappaB|url=https://portlandpress.com/biochemj/article/412/3/477/44611/Regulation-of-hypoxia-inducible-factor-1-by-NF-B|journal=Biochemical Journal|language=en|volume=412|issue=3|pages=477–484|doi=10.1042/BJ20080476|issn=0264-6021|pmc=2474706|pmid=18393939}}</ref> HIF-1 i HIF-2 imaju različite fiziološke uloge. HIF-2 reguliše proizvodnju [[eritropoetin]]a u odraslom dobu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haase|first=Volker H.|date=2010|title=Hypoxic regulation of erythropoiesis and iron metabolism|url=https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/ajprenal.00174.2010|journal=American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology|language=en|volume=299|issue=1|pages=F1–F13|doi=10.1152/ajprenal.00174.2010|issn=1931-857X|pmc=2904169|pmid=20444740}}</ref> === Popravak, regeneracija i podmlađivanje === U normalnim okolnostima nakon povrede, HIF-1α (hipoksijski-inducibilni faktor 1-alfa) se razgrađuje djelovanjem [[prolil hidroksilaza (PHD)]]. U junu 2015. godine, naučnici su otkrili da kontinuirano povećanje nivoa HIF-1α putem inhibitora PHD enzima može regenerisati izgubljeno ili oštećeno tkivo kod sisara koji imaju urođeni odgovor na regeneraciju, dok smanjenje HIF-1α kod sisara koji su ranije pokazivali sposobnost regeneracije vodi ka zacjeljivanju uz stvaranje ožiljka. Regulacija HIF-1α može, dakle, ili uključiti ili isključiti ključni mehanizam [[Regeneracija (biologija)|regeneracije]] kod sisara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2015-06/mlhl-sal060215.php|title=Scientist at LIMR leads study demonstrating drug-induced tissue regeneration|website=EurekAlert!|language=en|access-date=18. 6. 2025|archive-date=28. 4. 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428202620/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2015-06/mlhl-sal060215.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zhang|first=Yong|last2=Strehin|first2=Iossif|last3=Bedelbaeva|first3=Khamilia|last4=Gourevitch|first4=Dmitri|last5=Clark|first5=Lise|last6=Leferovich|first6=John|last7=Messersmith|first7=Phillip B.|last8=Heber-Katz|first8=Ellen|date=2015|title=Drug-induced regeneration in adult mice|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scitranslmed.3010228|journal=Science Translational Medicine|language=en|volume=7|issue=290|doi=10.1126/scitranslmed.3010228|issn=1946-6234|pmc=4687906|pmid=26041709}}</ref> Jedan od procesa regeneracije u kojem je HIF-1α uključen jeste zacjeljivanje kože.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hong|first=Wan Xing|last2=Hu|first2=Michael S.|last3=Esquivel|first3=Mikaela|last4=Liang|first4=Grace Y.|last5=Rennert|first5=Robert C.|last6=McArdle|first6=Adrian|last7=Paik|first7=Kevin J.|last8=Duscher|first8=Dominik|last9=Gurtner|first9=Geoffrey C.|date=2014|title=The Role of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor in Wound Healing|url=http://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/wound.2013.0520|journal=Advances in Wound Care|language=en|volume=3|issue=5|pages=390–399|doi=10.1089/wound.2013.0520|issn=2162-1918|pmc=4005494|pmid=24804159}}</ref> Istraživači sa Medicinskog fakulteta [[Univerzitet Stanford|Univerziteta Stanford]] pokazali su da aktivacija HIF-1α može spriječiti i liječiti hronične rane kod dijabetičnih i starih miševa. Ne samo da su rane kod miševa brže zacijelile, već je i kvalitet nove kože bio bolji od originalne.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Duscher|first=Dominik|last2=Neofytou|first2=Evgenios|last3=Wong|first3=Victor W.|last4=Maan|first4=Zeshaan N.|last5=Rennert|first5=Robert C.|last6=Inayathullah|first6=Mohammed|last7=Januszyk|first7=Michael|last8=Rodrigues|first8=Melanie|last9=Malkovskiy|first9=Andrey V.|date=2015|title=Transdermal deferoxamine prevents pressure-induced diabetic ulcers|url=https://pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1413445112|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=112|issue=1|pages=94–99|doi=10.1073/pnas.1413445112|issn=0027-8424|pmc=4291638|pmid=25535360}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Duscher|first=Dominik|last2=Trotsyuk|first2=Artem A.|last3=Maan|first3=Zeshaan N.|last4=Kwon|first4=Sun Hyung|last5=Rodrigues|first5=Melanie|last6=Engel|first6=Karl|last7=Stern-Buchbinder|first7=Zachary A.|last8=Bonham|first8=Clark A.|last9=Barrera|first9=Janos|date=2019|title=Optimization of transdermal deferoxamine leads to enhanced efficacy in healing skin wounds|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168365919303967|journal=Journal of Controlled Release|language=en|volume=308|pages=232–239|doi=10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.07.009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bonham|first=Clark A.|last2=Rodrigues|first2=Melanie|last3=Galvez|first3=Michael|last4=Trotsyuk|first4=Artem|last5=Stern‐Buchbinder|first5=Zachary|last6=Inayathullah|first6=Mohammed|last7=Rajadas|first7=Jayakumar|last8=Gurtner|first8=Geoffrey C.|date=2018|title=Deferoxamine can prevent pressure ulcers and accelerate healing in aged mice|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/wrr.12667|journal=Wound Repair and Regeneration|language=en|volume=26|issue=3|pages=300–305|doi=10.1111/wrr.12667|issn=1067-1927|pmc=6238634|pmid=30152571}}</ref> Dodatno, opisan je regenerativni učinak modulacije HIF-1α na ćelije stare kože,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=duscher%20hif|title=duscher hif - Search Results - PubMed|website=PubMed|language=en|access-date=18. 6. 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pagani|first=Andrea|last2=Kirsch|first2=B Manuela|last3=Hopfner|first3=Ursula|last4=Aitzetmueller|first4=Matthias M|last5=Brett|first5=Elizabeth A|last6=Thor|first6=Dominik|last7=Mela|first7=Petra|last8=Machens|first8=Hans-Guenther|last9=Duscher|first9=Dominik|date=2021|title=Deferiprone Stimulates Aged Dermal Fibroblasts via HIF-1α Modulation|url=https://academic.oup.com/asj/article/41/4/514/5849938|journal=Aesthetic Surgery Journal|language=en|volume=41|issue=4|pages=514–524|doi=10.1093/asj/sjaa142|issn=1090-820X}}</ref> kao i pomlađujući efekat na kožu lica kod starijih pacijenata.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Duscher|first=Dominik|last2=Maan|first2=Zeshaan N.|last3=Hu|first3=Michael S.|last4=Thor|first4=Dominik|date=2020|title=A single‐center blinded randomized clinical trial to evaluate the anti‐aging effects of a novel HSF™‐based skin care formulation|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jocd.13356|journal=Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology|language=en|volume=19|issue=11|pages=2936–2945|doi=10.1111/jocd.13356|issn=1473-2130}}</ref> Modulacija HIF-a povezana je i sa povoljnim učinkom na gubitak kose.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Houschyar|first=KS|last2=Borrelli|first2=MR|last3=Tapking|first3=C|last4=Popp|first4=D|last5=Puladi|first5=B|last6=Ooms|first6=M|last7=Chelliah|first7=MP|last8=Rein|first8=S|last9=Pförringer|first9=D|date=2020|title=Molecular Mechanisms of Hair Growth and Regeneration: Current Understanding and Novel Paradigms|url=https://karger.com/article/doi/10.1159/000506155|journal=Dermatology|language=en|volume=236|issue=4|pages=271–280|doi=10.1159/000506155|issn=1018-8665}}</ref> Biotehnološka kompanija [[Tomorrowlabs GmbH]], osnovana 2016. u [[Beč]]u od strane ljekara [[Dominik Duscher|Dominika Duschera]] i farmaceuta [[Dominik Thor|Dominika Thora]], koristi ovaj mehanizam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tomorrowlabs.eu/|title=Tomorrowlabs. Science for your skin.|website=Tomorrowlabs|language=en|access-date=18. 6. 2025}}</ref> Na osnovu patentirane aktivne supstance HSF ("HIF-jačajući faktor"), razvijeni su proizvodi koji imaju za cilj promovisati regeneraciju kože i kose.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.handelsblatt.com/unternehmen/mittelstand/familienunternehmer/kosmetikbranche-wie-das-beauty-start-up-tomorrowlabs-den-markt-erobert/25523424.html|title=Handelsblatt|website=www.handelsblatt.com|access-date=18. 6. 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.handelszeitung.ch/unternehmen/das-neue-beauty-investment-von-michael-pieper-289383|title=Das neue Beauty-Investment von Michael Pieper|website=Handelszeitung|language=de-CH|access-date=18. 6. 2025|archive-date=23. 2. 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223134846/https://www.handelszeitung.ch/unternehmen/das-neue-beauty-investment-von-michael-pieper-289383|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kurier.at/wirtschaft/wirtschaft-von-innen/milliardenmarkt-anti-aging-start-up-aus-oesterreich-mischt-mit/400989071|title=Milliardenmarkt Anti-Aging: Start-up aus Österreich mischt mit|last=andrea.hodoschek|date=3. 8. 2020|website=kurier.at|language=de|access-date=18. 6. 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nachrichten.at/wirtschaft/wirtschaftsraumooe/ein-protein-gegen-das-altern-und-fuer-das-geldverdienen;art467,3277897|title=Ein Protein gegen das Altern und für das Geldverdienen|website=nachrichten.at|language=de|access-date=18. 6. 2025}}</ref> == Kao terapijska meta == === Anemija === Razvijeno je nekoliko lijekova koji djeluju kao selektivni inhibitori HIF prolin-hidroksilaze.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=K. Bruegge|last2=W. Jelkmann|last3=E. Metzen|date=2007|title=Hydroxylation of Hypoxia-Inducible Transcription Factors and Chemical Compounds Targeting the HIF-α Hydroxylases|url=http://www.eurekaselect.com/openurl/content.php?genre=article&issn=0929-8673&volume=14&issue=17&spage=1853|journal=Current Medicinal Chemistry|language=en|volume=14|issue=17|pages=1853–1862|doi=10.2174/092986707781058850}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maxwell|first=Patrick H.|last2=Eckardt|first2=Kai-Uwe|date=2016|title=HIF prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors for the treatment of renal anaemia and beyond|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nrneph.2015.193|journal=Nature Reviews Nephrology|language=en|volume=12|issue=3|pages=157–168|doi=10.1038/nrneph.2015.193|issn=1759-5061}}</ref> Najznačajniji spojevi su: [[roksadustat]] (FG-4592),<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Becker|first=Kimberly|last2=Saad|first2=Maha|date=2017|title=A New Approach to the Management of Anemia in CKD Patients: A Review on Roxadustat|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12325-017-0508-9|journal=Advances in Therapy|language=en|volume=34|issue=4|pages=848–853|doi=10.1007/s12325-017-0508-9|issn=0741-238X}}</ref> [[vadadustat]] (AKB-6548),<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Pergola|first=Pablo E.|last2=Spinowitz|first2=Bruce S.|last3=Hartman|first3=Charlotte S.|last4=Maroni|first4=Bradley J.|last5=Haase|first5=Volker H.|date=2016|title=Vadadustat, a novel oral HIF stabilizer, provides effective anemia treatment in nondialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S008525381630357X|journal=Kidney International|language=en|volume=90|issue=5|pages=1115–1122|doi=10.1016/j.kint.2016.07.019}}</ref> [[daprodustat]] (GSK1278863),<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Ariazi|first=Jennifer L.|last2=Duffy|first2=Kevin J.|last3=Adams|first3=David F.|last4=Fitch|first4=Duke M.|last5=Luo|first5=Lusong|last6=Pappalardi|first6=Melissa|last7=Biju|first7=Mangatt|last8=DiFilippo|first8=Erin Hugger|last9=Shaw|first9=Tony|date=2017|title=Discovery and Preclinical Characterization of GSK1278863 (Daprodustat), a Small Molecule Hypoxia Inducible Factor–Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitor for Anemia|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022356524271305|journal=The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics|language=en|volume=363|issue=3|pages=336–347|doi=10.1124/jpet.117.242503}}</ref> [[desidustat]] (ZYAN-1)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kansagra|first=Kevinkumar A.|last2=Parmar|first2=Deven|last3=Jani|first3=Rajendra H.|last4=Srinivas|first4=Nuggehally R.|last5=Lickliter|first5=Jason|last6=Patel|first6=Harilal V.|last7=Parikh|first7=Devang P.|last8=Heading|first8=Heather|last9=Patel|first9=Hardik B.|date=2018|title=Phase I Clinical Study of ZYAN1, A Novel Prolyl-Hydroxylase (PHD) Inhibitor to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics Following Oral Administration in Healthy Volunteers|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40262-017-0551-3|journal=Clinical Pharmacokinetics|language=en|volume=57|issue=1|pages=87–102|doi=10.1007/s40262-017-0551-3|issn=0312-5963|pmc=5766731|pmid=28508936}}</ref> i [[molidustat]] (Bay 85-3934),<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Flamme|first=Ingo|last2=Oehme|first2=Felix|last3=Ellinghaus|first3=Peter|last4=Jeske|first4=Mario|last5=Keldenich|first5=Jörg|last6=Thuss|first6=Uwe|date=2014|editor-last=Bussolati|editor-first=Benedetta|title=Mimicking Hypoxia to Treat Anemia: HIF-Stabilizer BAY 85-3934 (Molidustat) Stimulates Erythropoietin Production without Hypertensive Effects|url=https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111838|journal=PLoS ONE|language=en|volume=9|issue=11|pages=e111838|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0111838|issn=1932-6203|pmc=4230943|pmid=25392999}}</ref> a svi su namijenjeni za oralnu primjenu u liječenju [[Anemija|anemije]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://clarivate.com/life-sciences-healthcare/clarivate-is-no-longer-hosting-journals-on-the-web-publications/|title=Clarivate is no longer hosting Journals on the Web publications {{!}} Clarivate|website=clarivate.com|language=en-US|access-date=18. 6. 2025}}</ref> Drugi značajni spojevi iz ove grupe, koji se koriste u istraživačke svrhe, ali nisu razvijeni za medicinsku upotrebu kod ljudi, uključuju: MK-8617,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Debenham|first=John S.|last2=Madsen-Duggan|first2=Christina|last3=Clements|first3=Matthew J.|last4=Walsh|first4=Thomas F.|last5=Kuethe|first5=Jeffrey T.|last6=Reibarkh|first6=Mikhail|last7=Salowe|first7=Scott P.|last8=Sonatore|first8=Lisa M.|last9=Hajdu|first9=Richard|date=2016|title=Discovery of N -[Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-4-hydroxy-2-(pyridazin-3-yl)pyrimidine-5-carboxamide (MK-8617), an Orally Active Pan-Inhibitor of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Prolyl Hydroxylase 1–3 (HIF PHD1–3) for the Treatment of Anemia|url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01242|journal=Journal of Medicinal Chemistry|language=en|volume=59|issue=24|pages=11039–11049|doi=10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01242|issn=0022-2623}}</ref> YC-1,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yeo|first=E.-J.|last2=Chun|first2=Y.-S.|last3=Cho|first3=Y.-S.|last4=Kim|first4=J.|last5=Lee|first5=J.-C.|last6=Kim|first6=M.-S.|last7=Park|first7=J.-W.|date=2003|title=YC-1: A Potential Anticancer Drug Targeting Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1|url=https://academic.oup.com/jnci/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/jnci/95.7.516|journal=JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute|language=en|volume=95|issue=7|pages=516–525|doi=10.1093/jnci/95.7.516|issn=0027-8874}}</ref> IOX-2,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Deppe|first=Janina|last2=Popp|first2=Tanja|last3=Egea|first3=Virginia|last4=Steinritz|first4=Dirk|last5=Schmidt|first5=Annette|last6=Thiermann|first6=Horst|last7=Weber|first7=Christian|last8=Ries|first8=Christian|date=2016|title=Impairment of hypoxia-induced HIF-1α signaling in keratinocytes and fibroblasts by sulfur mustard is counteracted by a selective PHD-2 inhibitor|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00204-015-1549-y|journal=Archives of Toxicology|language=en|volume=90|issue=5|pages=1141–1150|doi=10.1007/s00204-015-1549-y|issn=0340-5761}}</ref> 2-metoksiestradiol,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=R.|last2=Zhou|first2=S.|last3=Li|first3=S.|title=Cancer Therapeutic Agents Targeting Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1|url=https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/19539|journal=Current Medicinal Chemistry|language=en|volume=18|issue=21|pages=3168–3189|doi=10.2174/092986711796391606}}</ref> GN-44028,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Minegishi|first=Hidemitsu|last2=Fukashiro|first2=Shinji|last3=Ban|first3=Hyun Seung|last4=Nakamura|first4=Hiroyuki|date=2013|title=Discovery of Indenopyrazoles as a New Class of Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF)-1 Inhibitors|url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ml3004632|journal=ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters|language=en|volume=4|issue=2|pages=297–301|doi=10.1021/ml3004632|issn=1948-5875|pmc=4027554|pmid=24900662}}</ref> AKB-4924,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Okumura|first=Cheryl Y. M.|last2=Hollands|first2=Andrew|last3=Tran|first3=Dan N.|last4=Olson|first4=Joshua|last5=Dahesh|first5=Samira|last6=von Köckritz-Blickwede|first6=Maren|last7=Thienphrapa|first7=Wdee|last8=Corle|first8=Courtney|last9=Jeung|first9=Seung Nam|date=2012|title=A new pharmacological agent (AKB-4924) stabilizes hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and increases skin innate defenses against bacterial infection|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00109-012-0882-3|journal=Journal of Molecular Medicine|language=en|volume=90|issue=9|pages=1079–1089|doi=10.1007/s00109-012-0882-3|issn=0946-2716|pmc=3606899|pmid=22371073}}</ref> Bay 87-2243,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Görtz|first=Gina-Eva|last2=Horstmann|first2=Mareike|last3=Aniol|first3=Barbara|last4=Reyes|first4=Buena Delos|last5=Fandrey|first5=Joachim|last6=Eckstein|first6=Anja|last7=Berchner-Pfannschmidt|first7=Utta|date=2016|title=Hypoxia-Dependent HIF-1 Activation Impacts on Tissue Remodeling in Graves' Ophthalmopathy—Implications for Smoking|url=https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-lookup/doi/10.1210/jc.2016-1279|journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism|language=en|volume=101|issue=12|pages=4834–4842|doi=10.1210/jc.2016-1279|issn=0021-972X}}</ref> FG-2216<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Beuck|first=Simon|last2=Schänzer|first2=Wilhelm|last3=Thevis|first3=Mario|date=2012|title=Hypoxia‐inducible factor stabilizers and other small‐molecule erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents in current and preventive doping analysis|url=https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dta.390|journal=Drug Testing and Analysis|language=en|volume=4|issue=11|pages=830–845|doi=10.1002/dta.390|issn=1942-7603}}</ref> i FG-4497.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Silva|first=Pedro Leme|last2=Rocco|first2=Patricia RM|last3=Pelosi|first3=Paolo|date=2015|title=FG-4497: a new target for acute respiratory distress syndrome?|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1586/17476348.2015.1065181|journal=Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine|language=en|volume=9|issue=4|pages=405–409|doi=10.1586/17476348.2015.1065181|issn=1747-6348}}</ref> Inhibicijom enzima prolin-hidroksilaze povećava se stabilnost HIF-2α u [[Bubreg|bubrezima]], što dovodi do povećane endogene proizvodnje [[eritropoetin]]a.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hsieh|first=Matthew M.|last2=Linde|first2=N. Seth|last3=Wynter|first3=Aisha|last4=Metzger|first4=Mark|last5=Wong|first5=Carol|last6=Langsetmo|first6=Ingrid|last7=Lin|first7=Al|last8=Smith|first8=Reginald|last9=Rodgers|first9=Griffin P.|date=2007|title=HIF–prolyl hydroxylase inhibition results in endogenous erythropoietin induction, erythrocytosis, and modest fetal hemoglobin expression in rhesus macaques|url=https://ashpublications.org/blood/article/110/6/2140/24192/HIFprolyl-hydroxylase-inhibition-results-in|journal=Blood|language=en|volume=110|issue=6|pages=2140–2147|doi=10.1182/blood-2007-02-073254|issn=0006-4971|pmc=1976368|pmid=17557894}}</ref> Oba spoja kompanije FibroGen dospjela su do II faze kliničkih ispitivanja, ali su ona privremeno obustavljena u maju 2007. godine nakon smrti učesnika ispitivanja koji je uzimao FG-2216 usljed fulminantnog [[hepatitis]]a (zatajenja jetre), iako nije jasno da li je smrt zaista bila uzrokovana ovim spojem. Zabrana daljeg testiranja FG-4592 ukinuta je početkom 2008. godine, nakon što je FDA pregledala i odobrila detaljan odgovor kompanije FibroGen. Roksadustat, vadadustat, daprodustat i molidustat su sada svi prošli u III fazu kliničkih ispitivanja za liječenje renalne anemije.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> === Upala i rak === U drugim okolnostima, i u suprotnosti s prethodno opisanom terapijom, istraživanja sugeriraju da indukcija HIF-a u normoksičnim uslovima može imati ozbiljne posljedice u bolestima koje uključuju hronične upalne procese.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Eltzschig|first=Holger K.|last2=Bratton|first2=Donna L.|last3=Colgan|first3=Sean P.|date=2014|title=Targeting hypoxia signalling for the treatment of ischaemic and inflammatory diseases|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nrd4422|journal=Nature Reviews Drug Discovery|language=en|volume=13|issue=11|pages=852–869|doi=10.1038/nrd4422|issn=1474-1776|pmc=4259899|pmid=25359381}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Salminen|first=Antero|last2=Kaarniranta|first2=Kai|last3=Kauppinen|first3=Anu|date=2016|title=AMPK and HIF signaling pathways regulate both longevity and cancer growth: the good news and the bad news about survival mechanisms|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10522-016-9655-7|journal=Biogerontology|language=en|volume=17|issue=4|pages=655–680|doi=10.1007/s10522-016-9655-7|issn=1389-5729}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Taylor|first=Cormac T.|last2=Doherty|first2=Glen|last3=Fallon|first3=Padraic G.|last4=Cummins|first4=Eoin P.|date=2016|title=Hypoxia-dependent regulation of inflammatory pathways in immune cells|url=https://www.jci.org/articles/view/84433|journal=Journal of Clinical Investigation|language=en|volume=126|issue=10|pages=3716–3724|doi=10.1172/JCI84433|issn=0021-9738|pmc=5096820|pmid=27454299}}</ref> Također je pokazano da je hronična upala samoodrživa i da narušava mikrookruženje kao rezultat abnormalno aktivnih transkripcionih faktora. Kao posljedica toga dolazi do poremećaja ravnoteže [[Faktor rasta|faktora rasta]], [[hemokin]]a, [[citokin]]a i reaktivnih kisikovih vrsta (ROS) u ćelijskom miljeu, što zatim stvara osnovu za rast i preživljavanje neophodnu za ''de novo'' razvoj raka i metastaza. Ovi rezultati imaju brojne implikacije za niz patoloških stanja u kojima su NF-κB i HIF-1 deregulirani, uključujući [[reumatoidni artritis]] i [[tumor]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cummins|first=Eoin P.|last2=Keogh|first2=Ciara E.|last3=Crean|first3=Daniel|last4=Taylor|first4=Cormac T.|date=2016|title=The role of HIF in immunity and inflammation|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0098299715001016|journal=Molecular Aspects of Medicine|language=en|volume=47-48|pages=24–34|doi=10.1016/j.mam.2015.12.004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hua|first=Susan|last2=Dias|first2=Thilani H.|date=2016|title=Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF) as a Target for Novel Therapies in Rheumatoid Arthritis|url=http://journal.frontiersin.org/Article/10.3389/fphar.2016.00184/abstract|journal=Frontiers in Pharmacology|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fphar.2016.00184|issn=1663-9812|pmc=4921475|pmid=27445820}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ezzeddini|first=Rana|last2=Taghikhani|first2=Mohammad|last3=Somi|first3=Mohammad Hossein|last4=Samadi|first4=Nasser|last5=Rasaee|first5=Mohammad Javad|date=2019|title=Clinical importance of FASN in relation to HIF-1α and SREBP-1c in gastric adenocarcinoma|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0024320519302206|journal=Life Sciences|language=en|volume=224|pages=169–176|doi=10.1016/j.lfs.2019.03.056}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Davinder|last2=Arora|first2=Rohit|last3=Kaur|first3=Pardeep|last4=Singh|first4=Balbir|last5=Mannan|first5=Rahul|last6=Arora|first6=Saroj|date=2017|title=Overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor and metabolic pathways: possible targets of cancer|url=https://cellandbioscience.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13578-017-0190-2|journal=Cell & Bioscience|language=en|volume=7|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s13578-017-0190-2|issn=2045-3701|pmc=5683220|pmid=29158891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Huang|first=Yanqing|last2=Lin|first2=Daniel|last3=Taniguchi|first3=Cullen M.|date=2017|title=Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) in the tumor microenvironment: friend or foe?|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11427-017-9178-y|journal=Science China Life Sciences|language=en|volume=60|issue=10|pages=1114–1124|doi=10.1007/s11427-017-9178-y|issn=1674-7305|pmc=6131113|pmid=29039125}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ezzeddini|first=Rana|last2=Taghikhani|first2=Mohammad|last3=Salek Farrokhi|first3=Amir|last4=Somi|first4=Mohammad Hossein|last5=Samadi|first5=Nasser|last6=Esfahani|first6=Ali|last7=Rasaee|first7=Mohammad Javad|date=2021|title=Downregulation of fatty acid oxidation by involvement of HIF-1α and PPARγ in human gastric adenocarcinoma and related clinical significance|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13105-021-00791-3|journal=Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry|language=en|volume=77|issue=2|pages=249–260|doi=10.1007/s13105-021-00791-3|issn=1138-7548}}</ref> Stoga se smatra da će razumijevanje međusobne komunikacije između ova dva ključna transkripciona faktora, NF-κB i HIF-a, u velikoj mjeri unaprijediti proces razvoja lijekova.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=D'Ignazio|first=Laura|last2=Bandarra|first2=Daniel|last3=Rocha|first3=Sonia|date=2016|title=NF ‐κB and HIF crosstalk in immune responses|url=https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/febs.13578|journal=The FEBS Journal|language=en|volume=283|issue=3|pages=413–424|doi=10.1111/febs.13578|issn=1742-464X|pmc=4864946|pmid=26513405}}</ref> === Neurologija === Istraživanja provedena na miševima ukazuju da stabilizacija HIF-a putem inhibitora HIF prolil-hidroksilaze poboljšava memoriju povezanu s [[hipokampus]]om, najvjerovatnije zahvaljujući povećanoj ekspresiji [[eritropoetin]]a.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Adamcio|first=Bartosz|last2=Sperling|first2=Swetlana|last3=Hagemeyer|first3=Nora|last4=Walkinshaw|first4=Gail|last5=Ehrenreich|first5=Hannelore|date=2010|title=Hypoxia inducible factor stabilization leads to lasting improvement of hippocampal memory in healthy mice|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0166432809006755|journal=Behavioural Brain Research|language=en|volume=208|issue=1|pages=80–84|doi=10.1016/j.bbr.2009.11.010}}</ref> Aktivatori HIF puta, poput spoja ML-228, mogu imati neuroprotektivne efekte i predstavljaju potencijalne terapije za [[moždani udar]] i [[Povreda kičmene moždine|povrede kičmene moždine.]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Xing|first=Jihong|last2=Lu|first2=Jian|date=2016|title=HIF-1α Activation Attenuates IL-6 and TNF-α Pathways in Hippocampus of Rats Following Transient Global Ischemia|url=https://karger.com/article/doi/10.1159/000445643|journal=Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry|language=en|volume=39|issue=2|pages=511–520|doi=10.1159/000445643|issn=1015-8987}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chen|first=Hailong|last2=Li|first2=Junjie|last3=Liang|first3=Shuhan|last4=Lin|first4=Bin|last5=Peng|first5=Qi|last6=Zhao|first6=Peng|last7=Cui|first7=Jiawei|last8=Rao|first8=Yaojian|date=2017|title=Effect of hypoxia-inducible factor-1/vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway on spinal cord injury in rats|url=https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2017.4049|journal=Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine|language=en|volume=13|issue=3|pages=861–866|doi=10.3892/etm.2017.4049|issn=1792-0981|pmc=5403438|pmid=28450910}}</ref> === Karcinom bubrežnih ćelija povezan s von Hippel-Lindauovom bolešću === [[Belzutifan]] je inhibitor hipoksijom inducibilnog faktora-2α (HIF-2α)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Choueiri|first=Toni K.|last2=Bauer|first2=Todd M.|last3=Papadopoulos|first3=Kyriakos P.|last4=Plimack|first4=Elizabeth R.|last5=Merchan|first5=Jaime R.|last6=McDermott|first6=David F.|last7=Michaelson|first7=M. Dror|last8=Appleman|first8=Leonard J.|last9=Thamake|first9=Sanjay|date=2021|title=Inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor-2α in renal cell carcinoma with belzutifan: a phase 1 trial and biomarker analysis|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-021-01324-7|journal=Nature Medicine|language=en|volume=27|issue=5|pages=802–805|doi=10.1038/s41591-021-01324-7|issn=1078-8956|pmc=9128828|pmid=33888901}}</ref> koji se istražuje kao potencijalni lijek za karcinom bubrežnih ćelija povezan s [[Von Hippel–Lindauov sindrom|von Hippel–Lindauovom bolešću]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Belzutifan|url=https://www.sps.nhs.uk/medicines/belzutifan/|newspaper=SPS - Specialist Pharmacy Service|access-date=18. 6. 2025|language=en-GB|archive-date=26. 4. 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426052135/https://www.sps.nhs.uk/medicines/belzutifan/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.raps.org//news-and-articles/news-articles/2021/2/mhra-awards-first-innovation-passport-under-new-pa|title=MHRA awards first ‘innovation passport’ under new pathway|website=www.raps.org|language=en|access-date=18. 6. 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/fda-grants-priority-review-to-belzutifan-for-von-hippel-lindau-disease-associated-rcc|title=FDA Grants Priority Review to Belzutifan for von Hippel-Lindau Disease–Associated RCC|date=16. 3. 2021|website=Cancer Network|language=en|access-date=18. 6. 2025}}</ref> == Reference == <references /> {{Refspisak}} [[Kategorija:Transkripcijski faktori]] [[Kategorija:Fiziologija]] [[Kategorija:Molekularna biologija]] [[Kategorija:Epigenetika]] [[Kategorija:Geni na hromosomu 2]] [[Kategorija:Geni na hromosomu 19]] [[Kategorija:Geni na hromosomu 14]] 12iiwt1yp25ld73f5j4t0ank9g7a5y9 Dysnomia (satelit) 0 523533 3849349 3735161 2026-05-25T20:57:21Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija nebesko tijelo | ime = Dysnomia | slika = [[File:Hubble Dysnomia orbit overlay.jpg|thumb]] | boja = <!-- n.pr. #000FF --> <!-- ** Otkriće ** --> | Otkrio = Michael E. Brown i drugi{{efn|name=discoverers|Potpuna lista otkrivaoca je Michael E. Brown, [[M. A. van Dam]], [[A. H. Bouchez]], [[D. Le Mignant]], [[R. D. Campbell]], [[J. C. Y. Chin]], [[A. Conrad]], [[S. K. Hartman]], [[E. M. Johansson]], [[R. E. Lafon]], [[D. L. Rabinowitz]], [[P. J. Stomski ]], [[D. M. Summers]], [[C. A. Trujillo]] i [[P. L. Wizinowich]].}}<ref name="Brown2006-discovery"> {{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=M. E. |date=2006 |title=Satellites of the Largest Kuiper Belt Objects |url=http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/papers/ps/gab.pdf |journal=[[Astrophysical Journal Letters]] |volume=639 |issue=1 |pages=L43–L46 |arxiv=astro-ph/0510029 |bibcode=2006ApJ...639L..43B |doi=10.1086/501524 |s2cid=2578831 |access-date=19. 10. 2011 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> | Datum otkrića = 10. septembar 2005.<ref name="Brown2006-discovery"/> <!-- ** Oznake ** --> | mp_naziv = | drugi_nazivi = | mp_kategorija = | pridjevi = <!-- ** Osobine putanje ** --> | Osobine putanje ref = | Epoha = | Afel = | Perihel = | Periapsis = | Apoapsis = | Srednji poluprečnik putanje = {{val|37273|64|u=km}} | Ekscentricitet putanje = {{val|0.0062|0.0010}} | Orbitalni period = {{val|15.785899|0.000050|ul=d}} | Sinodni period = | Prosječna orbitalna brzina = {{val|0.172|u=km/s}}{{efn|name=avg-speed|The orbital period (P) is {{val|15.774|u=d}}. The orbital circumference (C) is 2π*semi-major axis. Dividing these (P/C) using the correct units gives {{val|0.172|u=km/s}}.}} | Srednja anomalija = | Inklinacija = {{val|0|ul=°}} {{small|(u odnosu na Eridin ekvator; pretpostavka)}}<br/>{{val|78.29|0.65|u=°}} {{small|(u odnosu na Eridinu orbitu)}}<br/>{{val|45.49|0.15|u=°}} {{small|(u odnosu na [[nebeski ekvator]])}}<br/>{{val|61.59|0.16|u=°}} {{small|(u odnosu na [[Ekliptika|Ekliptiku]])}}{{efn|name=i-ecliptic|S obzirom na ekliptičku širinu pola orbite Dysnomije od +28,41°±0,16°,<ref name="Holler2021">{{cite journal|last1=Holler |first1=Bryan J.|last2=Grundy |first2=William M.|last3=Buie|first3=Marc W. |last4=Noll |first4=Keith S.|title=The Eris/Dysnomia system I: The orbit of Dysnomia|journal=Icarus|date=februar 2021|volume=355|page=114130|id=114130|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2020.114130|arxiv=2009.13733|bibcode=2021Icar..35514130H|s2cid=221995416}}</ref>{{Rp|5}} oduzimanjem ovog ugla od sjevernog pola ekliptike od +90° dobija se nagib u odnosu na ekliptiku: i = +90° – (+28,41°) = +61,59°.}} | Ugaona udaljenost = | Dužina ulaznog čvora = {{val|126.17|0.26|u=°}} | Dužina periapsisa = {{val|180.83|u=°}}{{efn|name=arg-peri|Holler et al. (2021) only give the [[longitude of periapsis]] for Dysnomia's orbit, which is {{val|307|12|u=°}}.<ref name="Holler2021"/>{{rp|page=5}} The longitude of periapsis is the sum of the [[ascending node]] and [[argument of periapsis]], so subtracting Dysnomia's ascending node of {{val|126.17|0.26|u=°}} from its longitude of periapsis gives {{val|180.83|u=°}} for its argument of periapsis.}} | Vrijeme periapsisa = | Argument perihela = | Poluamplituda = | Prirodni satelit = [[Erida (patuljasta planeta)|Erida]] | Broj satelita = <!-- ** Fizikalne osobine ** --> | Dimenzije = | Poluprečnik = | Ekvatorijalni poluprečnik = | Polarni poluprečnik = | Elipticitet = | Obim = | Površina = | Zapremina = | Masa = {{val|8.2|5.7|e=19|u=kg}}<ref name="Brown2023">{{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Michael E. |last2=Butler |first2=Bryan J. |title=Masses and Densities of Dwarf Planet Satellites Measured with ALMA |journal=The Planetary Science Journal |date=1. 10. 2023 |volume=4 |issue=10 |pages=193 |doi=10.3847/PSJ/ace52a|doi-access=free |arxiv=2307.04848 |bibcode=2023PSJ.....4..193B }}</ref>{{rp|page=6}} | Prosječna gustoća = {{val|0.7|0.5|u=g/cm3}}<ref name="Brown2023"/>{{rp|page=7}} | Gravitacija na površini = | Brzina oslobađanja = | Period rotacije = | Siderički period rotacije = | Brzina rotacije = | Osni nagib = {{val|0|u=°}} {{small|u odnosu na orbitu (pretpostavljeno)}} | Rektascenzija sjevernog pola= | Ekliptična geografska širina= | Ekliptična geografska dužina= | Deklinacija = | Albedo = {{val|0.05|0.01}}<ref name="Brown2023"/>{{Rp|7}} | Temp na površini = | Spektralna klasa = | Prividna magnituda = 25.4{{efn|name=faint-Eris|Sjaj disnomije je 1/500 sjaja Eride u vidljivom pojasu. Oznaka je ''H''.{{=}} −1.19 za Eridu i razliku magnitude veličine ''Δm'' {{=}} 6.70, što daje ''H'' ≈ 5.6 za Dysnomiju.<ref name="Grundy-Eris">{{cite web |title = Eris and Dysnomia (136199 2003 UB313) |url = http://www2.lowell.edu/users/grundy/tnbs/136199_2003_UB313_Eris.html |first = Will |last = Grundy |website = Lowell Observatory |date = 21. 3. 2022 |access-date = 16. 11. 2022 |archive-date = 17. 11. 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221117024804/http://www2.lowell.edu/users/grundy/tnbs/136199_2003_UB313_Eris.html |url-status = dead }}</ref>}} | Apsolutna magnituda = 5.6{{efn|name=faint-Eris}} | Ugaoni prečnik = <!-- ** Osobine atmosfere ** --> | Pritisak = | Skalarna visina = | Atmosferski sastav = }} '''Dysnomia''', formalna oznaka (136199) Erida I, jedini je poznati mjesec [[Patuljasta planeta|patuljaste planete]] [[Erida (patuljasta planeta)|Erida]] i drugi najveći poznati mjesec patuljaste planete, nakon [[Pluton]]a I [[Haron (satelit)|Harona]]. Otkrili su ga u septembru 2005. [[Mike Brown]] i tim [[Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics]] (LGSAO) u [[Teleskopi Keck|opservatoriji W. M. Keck]]. Nosio je privremenu oznaku S/2005 (2003 UB313) 1 sve dok nije zvanično nazvan Dysnomia (od starogrčke riječi Δυσνομία što znači anarhija/bezakonje) u septembru 2006, po kćerki grčke boginje [[Erida (mitologija)|Eride]].<ref name="IAUC 8747"> {{cite journal |last=Green |first=D. W. E. |title=(134340) Pluto, (136199) Eris, and (136199) Eris I (Dysnomia) |date=13. 9. 2006 |journal=[[IAU Circular]] |issue=8747 |page=1 |bibcode=2006IAUC.8747....1G |url=http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/08700/08747.html |access-date=12. 1. 2012 |ref={{sfnRef|IAUC 8747}} }}</ref> Sa procijenjenim prečnikom od {{val|615|60|50|u=km}}, Dysnomia se proteže od 24% do 29% prečnika Eride. Znatno je manje masivna od nje, s gustoćom koja je u skladu s tim da se uglavnom sastoji od leda.<ref name="Brown2023"/>{{Rp|8}}  U oštroj suprotnosti s Eridinom visoko reflektirajućom ledenom površinom, Dysnomia ima vrlo tamnu površinu koja reflektuje 5% dolazne vidljive svjetlosti,<ref name="Brown2023"/> podsjećajući na tipične [[Transneptunsko tijelo|transneptunske objekte]] otprilike veličine Dysnomie.<ref name="Brown2018">{{cite journal |first1 = Michael E. |last1 = Brown |first2 = Bryan J. |last2 = Butler |title = Medium-sized satellites of large Kuiper belt objects |journal = The Astronomical Journal |date = oktobar 2018 |volume = 156 |issue = 4 |pages = 6 |id = 164 |doi-access = free |doi = 10.3847/1538-3881/aad9f2 |arxiv = 1801.07221 |bibcode = 2018AJ....156..164B |s2cid = 119343798}}</ref> Ova fizička svojstva ukazuju na to da je Dysnomia vjerojatno nastala uslijed velikog udara na Eridu, na sličan način kao i drugi binarni sistemi patuljastih planeta poput [[Pluton]]a i [[Orcus]]a, te sistem Zemlja-Mjesec. == Otkriće == Godine 2005, tim za adaptivnu optiku na [[Teleskopi Keck|teleskopima Keck]] na Havajima izvršio je posmatranja četiri najsjajnija objekta [[Kuiperov pojas|Kuiperovog pojasa]] (Pluton, [[Makemake]], [[Haumea]] i [[Erida (patuljasta planeta)|Erida]]), koristeći novo pušten u rad sistem adaptivne optike za lasersko navođenje zvijezde. Posmatranja izvršena 10. septembra 2005. otkrila su mjesec u orbiti oko Eride, privremeno označen kao S/2005 (2003 UB313) 1. U skladu s nadimkom Xena koji se već koristio za Eridu, otkrivači su mjesec nazvali "Gabrielle", po Xeninom pomoćniku.<ref name="ABC-Zabarenko"> {{cite news |last=Zabarenko |first=D. |date=3. 10. 2005 |title=Planet Xena has moon called Gabrielle |url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/stories/s1473136.htm |work=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |access-date=9. 3. 2008 }}</ref><ref name="ABC-Ingham"> {{cite news |last=Ingham |first=R. |date=2. 2. 2006 |title='Tenth planet' Xena bigger than Pluto |work=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/stories/s1560563.htm |access-date=9. 3. 2008 }} </ref> == Bilješke == {{Spisaknapomena|refs= }} == Reference == {{Refspisak}} {{Sunčev sistem}} [[Kategorija:Erida]] [[Kategorija:Prirodni sateliti Eride]] [[Kategorija:Astronomski objekti otkriveni 2005.]] [[Kategorija:Sunčev sistem]] md0i9n3lejbzxw826sgdj6npy9qadw2 Danica Dakić 0 524577 3849266 3833071 2026-05-25T12:44:53Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849266 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Danica Dakić''' (rođena 1962) je [[Bosna i Hercegovina|bosanskohercegovačka]] umjetnica i univerzitetska profesorica. Njeni radovi izlagani su na izložbama, uključujući i 58. [[Venecijansko bijenale]] (2019) na kojem je predstavljala Bosnu i Hercegovinu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.labiennale.org/en/art/2019/national-participations|title=Biennale Arte 2019 {{!}} National Participations|date=2. 5. 2019|website=La Biennale di Venezia|language=en|access-date=9. 2. 2021}}</ref> Dakić živi i radi u [[Düsseldorf]]u i [[Sarajevo|Sarajevu]].<ref name="unsa.ba">{{Cite web|url=https://www.unsa.ba/novosti/samostalna-izlozba-umjetnice-danice-dakic-u-muzeju-roda-sten-konsthall|title=Samostalna izložba umjetnice Danice Dakić u muzeju Röda Sten Konsthall|website=Univerzitet u Sarajevu|language=bs|access-date=10. 7. 2025}}</ref> Trenutno je gostujući profesor na Univerzitetu primijenjenih umjetnosti u Beču. == Život i obrazovanje == Danica Dakić je rođena 1962. u [[Sarajevo|Sarajevu]].<ref name="TelekomCollection">{{Cite web|url=https://www.art-collection-telekom.com/en/artists/dakic-danica|title=Dakić, Danica {{!}} Art Collection Telekom|website=www.art-collection-telekom.com}}</ref> Diplomirala je <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sff.ba/stranica/danica-dakic-arhiva-ba|title=DANICA DAKIĆ|website=sff.ba|language=bs-BA|access-date=10. 7. 2025}}</ref> 1985. na [[Akademija likovnih umjetnosti u Sarajevu|Akademiji likovnih umjetnosti u Sarajevu]], i magistrirala slikarstvo na [[Univerzitet umjetnosti u Beogradu|Univerzitetu umjetnosti u Beogradu.]]<ref name="PTArtInCity">{{Cite book|last=Court|first=Isabelle de le|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CYkHEAAAQBAJ&dq=Danica+Daki%C4%87,+Sarajevo+Academy+of+Arts&pg=PT72|title=Post-Traumatic Art in the City: Between War and Cultural Memory in Sarajevo and Beirut|date=26. 11. 2020|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-350-19437-3|language=en}}</ref> Preselila se iz [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija|Jugoslavije]] u [[Njemačka|Njemačku]] 1988. radi studija. Do 1990. godine studirala je na Kunstakademie Düsseldorf,<ref name="PTArtInCity" /><ref name="WestDeutcheZeitung">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wz.de/nrw/duesseldorf/kultur/duesseldorf-portraet-ueber-zwei-duesseldorfer-kuenstler-in-venedig_aid-39153401|title=Düsseldorf: Porträt über zwei Düsseldorfer Künstler in Venedig|last=Schmidt|first=Dr Sabine Maria|date=31. 5. 2019|website=Westdeutsche Zeitung|language=de}}</ref> gdje radi kao profesorica.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://danicadakic.com/exhibitions.php|title=www.danicadakic.com|website=danicadakic.com|access-date=10. 7. 2025}}</ref> == Karijera == Iako je diplomirala slikarstvo, Danica Dakić Dakić radi u svim medijima – od crteža do fotografije, video i zvučnih radova, filma, [[performans]]a i skulptura. Kroz performativne i kolaborativne procese, istražuje koncepte kolektivnog pamćenja, jezika, identiteta, te njihove kontinuirane promjene i utopijske potencijale. Zajedno s učesnicima, stvara pozornice na kojima izranjaju individualne slike i narativi, udaljeni od političkih, društvenih i ekonomskih zadatosti, polazeći od arhitekture, historijskih lokacija, slika, ili slike iz historije (umetnosti).Njen način rada karakterizira dugogodišnja saradnja s fotografom Egbertom Trogemannom, kompozitorom [[Bojan Vuletić|Bojanom Vuletićem]] i producenticom [[Amra Bakšić Čamo.|Amrom Bakšić Čamo.]] Njeni projekti se često zasnivaju na dugotrajnim istraživačkim i produkcijskim procesima. Polazeći od određene arhitekture, historijskog mjesta ili (umjetničke) historijske slike, ona sa učesnicima stvara pozornice na kojima se stvaraju pojedinačni svjetovi slika i narativa, izvan političkih, društvenih ili ekonomskih klasifikacija i kodifikacija.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/246955/danica-daki-zenica-trilogy|title=Danica Dakić : Zenica Trilogy - Announcements|website=e-flux|language=en|access-date=11. 7. 2025}}</ref><ref name="DakicBook">{{Cite book|last=Dakić, Danica, 1962-|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/466379753|title=Danica Dakić|date=2009|publisher=W. König|others=Groos, Ulrike., Milovac, Tihomir., Städtische Kunsthalle Düsseldorf., Generali Foundation (Vienna, Austria), Muzej suvremene umjetnosti (Zagreb, Croatia)|isbn=978-3-86560-679-2|location=Köln|pages=5–6|oclc=466379753}}</ref> ===Rani rad=== Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini i [[opsada Sarajeva]] bile su značajne teme u ranijem radnju Danice Dakić. U saradnji sa [[Sarajevski centar za savremenu umjetnost|Sarajevskim centrom za savremenu umjetnost]] (SCCA), razvijala je radove u javnom prostoru u Sarajevu, koji su su bavili poratnim previranjima i ticali se procesima razvoja jezika. Kroz seriju slika nazvanu "White Pictures," prenijela je osjećaj gubitka i nepovezanosti. Zatim, 1996. godine je predstavila instalaciju "Blaues Auge" koja je bila sačinjena od hiljade novinskih komada koje je godinama sakupljala. Isječci su bili postavljeni na prozore, povezani prozirnom folijom, čime je onemogućen vizuelni kontakt između unutrašnjosti galerije i vanjskog prostora. Ovim radom ukazala je na prekid komunikacije sa svojom zemljom tokom rata, ali i na aspekte medijskog izvještavanja. Od tada se okreće drugim umjetničkim formama, uključujući video, fotografiju, performans, zvuk i tekst.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biennial.com/artists/danica-dakic/|title=Danica Dakić|website=Liverpool Biennial|language=en-GB|access-date=11. 7. 2025}}</ref> U video projekciji MADAME X (1997.) prvi put se pozicionirala u Sarajevu nakon svih promjena uzrokovanih ratom. U jednoj sarajevskoj ulici, mogla su se vidjeti njena usta kako bezvučno govore.<ref name="DakicBook"/> U radu "Svjedok" (1998), postavila je video i zvučnu intervenciju na prazan postament spomenika piscu [[Ivo Andrić|Ivi Andriću]] u sarajevskom gradskom parku, kako bi propitala [[revizionizam]] u vremenima velikih previranja koristeći primjer uklonjene biste dobitnika Nobelove nagrade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scca.ba/exhibitions/art-in-public-space/witness-video-installation-by-danica-dakic/|title=Danica Dakić – Witness|website=scca.ba|language=en-US|access-date=9. 2. 2021}}</ref> == Izložbe == === Odabrane samostalne izložbe === * 2002: ''Prayer'', Kunstverein Ulm (Umjetničko udruženje Ulm).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://katalog.slub-dresden.de/id/0-1147887381|title=5 Orte: Julia Bornefeld, Vera Sous, Danica Danic, Suse Wiegand, Ulrike Grossarth|work=katalog.slub-dresden.de|language=de-DE}}</ref> * 2005: ''Role Taking, Role Making'', Kulturzentrum Sinsteden, Rhein-Kreis Neuss (Kulturni centar Sinsteden, okrug Rhein-Kreis Neuss) * 2008: ''Triptychon''. Mala Galerija pri Modernoj galeriji, Ljubljana<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://old.mg-lj.si/node/205|title=Danica Dakić, Triptychon {{!}} moderna galerija ljubljana|website=old.mg-lj.si}}</ref> * 2009: ''Danica Dakić'', Kunsthalle Düsseldorf<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-in-america/interviews/danica-dakic-interview-56076/|title=In Conversation: Danica Dakic Takes Off Masks|last=Rittenbach|first=Kari|date=3. 9. 2009|website=ARTnews.com}}</ref> * 2010: ''Danica Dakić.'' ''Role-Taking, Role-Making'', Generali Foundation, Vienna<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://foundation.generali.at/en/info/archive/2012-2010/exhibitions/danica-dakic-role-taking-role-making.html|title=Danica Dakić. Role-Taking, Role-Making – Generali Foundation|website=foundation.generali.at|access-date=30. 7. 2025|archive-date=3. 6. 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603222841/http://foundation.generali.at/en/info/archive/2012-2010/exhibitions/danica-dakic-role-taking-role-making.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 2011: ''Danica Dakić'', Muzej Hammer, Los Angeles<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hammer.ucla.edu/exhibitions/2011/hammer-projects-danica-dakic|title=Hammer Projects: Danica Dakić {{!}} Hammer Museum|website=hammer.ucla.edu|language=en|access-date=9. 2. 2021}}</ref><ref name="RadioSarajevo">{{Cite web|url=https://radiosarajevo.ba/metromahala/lica/danica-dakic-bilo-je-jako-emotivno-na-otvaranju-bh-paviljona-u-veneciji/336793|title=Danica Dakić: Utisci nakon otvaranja bh. paviljona u Veneciji|last=V.A.Z|first=S. H. i|website=Radio Sarajevo}}</ref> * 2013: ''Danica Dakić: Safe Frame,'' Muzej savremene umjetnosti, Frankfurt <ref name="RadioSarajevo" /> * 2017: ''Danica Dakić – Missing Sculpture'', Muzej Lehmbruck, Duisburg<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lokalkompass.de/duisburg/c-kultur/danica-dakic-im-lehmbruck-museum_a731400|title=Danica Dakic im Lehmbruck-Museum|date=25. 1. 2017|website=Lokalkompass|language=de|access-date=30. 7. 2025|archive-date=6. 8. 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250806085311/https://www.lokalkompass.de/duisburg/c-kultur/danica-dakic-im-lehmbruck-museum_a731400|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 2019: ''Zenica Trilogy'', Paviljon Bosne i Hercegovine na 58. Venecijanskom Bijenalu<ref name="WestDeutcheZeitung"/> * 2019/2020: ''Zenica Trilogie,'' Bauhaus Museum Weimar<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thueringer-allgemeine.de/regionen/weimar/trilogie-von-danica-dakic-zu-aufstieg-und-fall-von-zenica-id227703839.html|title=Trilogie von Danica Dakić zu Aufstieg und Fall von Zenica|last=Allgemeine|first=Thüringer|date=20. 11. 2019|website=www.thueringer-allgemeine.de|language=de-DE}}</ref> * 2023: ''STENA DANICA'', Muzej Röda Sten Konsthall (Crvena stijena)<ref name="unsa.ba"/> === Odabrane grupne izložbe === * 1999: ''La casa, il corpo, il cuore – Konstruktion der Identitäten,'' MUMOK, Beč <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43425541|title=La casa, il corpo, il cuore : Konstruktion der Identitäten : Museum Moderner Kunst Stiftung Ludwig Wien, 20er Haus, 24. Juni 1999–10. Oktober 1999|date=1999|publisher=Museum Moderner Kunst|others=Hegyi, Lóránd., Museum Moderner Kunst (Austria)|isbn=3-900776-81-4|location=Wien|oclc=43425541}}</ref> * 2003: ''In den Schluchten des Balkan'', Kunsthalle Fridericianum, Kassel <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/82772464|title=In den Schluchten des Balkan : eine Reportage = In the gorges of the Balkans : a report|publisher=Kunsthalle Fridericianum|others=Block, René., Kunsthalle Fridericianum.|year=2003|isbn=3-927015-35-0|location=Kasel|pages=|oclc=82772464}}</ref> * 2005: Skulptur Biennale Münsterland, Borken (2005).<ref>{{Cite book|last=herausgegeben vom Kreis Borken ; [Redaktion: Josef Spiegel, Günther Inhester]|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/61488356|title=Skulptur Biennale Münsterland Kreis Borken 2005 : latente Historie|date=2005|publisher=DuMont|isbn=3-8321-7666-7|location=Köln|oclc=61488356}}</ref> * 2007: ''Talking Pictures'', K21 Kunstsammlung NRW, Düsseldorf<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/173071425|title=Talking pictures : Theatralität in zeitgenössischen Film- und Videoarbeiten|date=2007|publisher=K21|others=Alimpiev, Viktor, 1973-, Krystof, Doris., Scheuermann, Barbara J. (Barbara Josepha), 1975-, Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen (Germany)|isbn=978-3-926154-90-3|location=Düsseldorf|oclc=173071425}}</ref> * 2007: DOCUMENTA 12, Kassel<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://documenta.de/en/retrospective/documenta-12|title=documenta 12|date=16. 6. 2007|website=documenta|language=en|access-date=11. 7. 2025}}</ref> * 2007: ''Das ABC der Bilder'', Pergamonmuseum, Berlin<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/180171431|title=Das ABC der Bilder ; [anlässlich der Ausstellung Das ABC der Bilder der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin in Kooperation mit dem Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Zentrum für Kulturtechnik der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin zum Wissenschaftsjahr 2007, Jahr der Geisteswissenschaften, Pergamonmuseum, Museumsinsel Berlin, 27. Juni - 9. September 2007]|date=2007|publisher=Staatliche Museen|others=Wullen, Moritz,, Staatliche Museen (Berlin), Ausstellung Das ABC der Bilder (2007, Berlin), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Zentrum für Kulturtechnik (Berlin)|isbn=978-3-88609-587-2|location=Berlin|oclc=180171431}}</ref> ===Kolekcije=== * Tate Modern, London <ref name="Tate">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/danica-dakic-29268|title=Danica Dakic born 1962|website=Tate}}</ref> * [[Ars Aevi|Muzej savremene umjetnosti Ars Aevi]], Sarajevo<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danica_Daki%C4%87|title=Pravljenje stranice Danica Dakić - Wikipedia|website=bs.wikipedia.org|language=bs|access-date=10. 7. 2025}}</ref> * [[Centar "Georges Pompidou"|Centar Georges-Pompidou]], Pariz <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.centrepompidou.fr/en/ressources/oeuvre/cbqk67b|title=Isola Bella|website=Centre Pompidou|language=en-EN}}</ref> * CAPC –Musée d'Art Contemporain de Bordeaux * Muzej savremene umjetnosti u Bordeauxu <ref name="CAPC">{{Cite web|url=https://www.navigart.fr/capc/artwork/40000000006391?filters=query%3ADanica%20Daki%C4%87&page=1&layout=grid&sort=by_author|title=CAPC Musée d'art contemporain de Bordeaux|last=Bordeaux|first=CAPC Musée d’art contemporain de|date=10. 12. 2020|website=Navigart.fr|language=fr}}</ref> * MACBA - Museu d'Art Contemporani de Barcelona <ref name="MACBA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.macba.cat/en/art-artists/artists/a-z/dakic-danica|title=Dakic, Danica {{!}} MACBA Museum of Contemporary Art of Barcelona|website=www.macba.cat|language=en}}</ref> * Collection Neuflize Vie, Pariz * Collection Société Générale, Pariz * FRAC –Champagne-Ardenne, Reims * Generali Foundation, Vienna / Salzburg * Kulturzentrum bei den Minoriten, Grac * Klassik Stiftung Weimar * Sammlung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen * Landtag Nordrhein-Westfalen, Duesseldorf * mhk–Museumslandschaft Hessen Kassel * NMNM –Nouveau Musée National de Monaco * [[Umjetnička galerija Bosne i Hercegovine]], Sarajevo<ref name="www.danicadakic.com">{{Cite web|url=https://danicadakic.com/works.php|title=www.danicadakic.com|website=danicadakic.com|access-date=11. 7. 2025}}</ref> ===Publikacije=== * ''Danica Dakić.'' Autori Boris Buden, Söke Dinkla, Ronja Friedrichs, Peter Gorschlüter, Sabine Maria Schmidt, Verlag für Moderne Kunst, 2018. {{ISBN|978-3-903228-44-3}} * ''Danica Dakić: Emily,'' Gandy gallery 2011. * ''Danica Dakić.'' , 2009. {{ISBN|978-3-86560-679-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-86560-679-2|978-3-86560-679-2]] * ''Danica Dakić: Casa del Lago,'' Kunsthaus Langenthal, 2009. {{ISBN|978-3-905817-15-7}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-905817-15-7|978-3-905817-15-7]] * ''Danica Dakić: Role-Taking, Role-Making'', Verlag für moderne Kunst, Düsseldorf 2005. {{ISBN|3-938821-26-4}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-938821-26-4|3-938821-26-4]] * ''Danica Dakić'': ''Voices and Images'', Revolver, Frankfurt am Main, 2004. {{ISBN|3-86588-016-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-86588-016-9|3-86588-016-9]] * ''Danica Dakić: Zenica Trilogy,'' katalog, The Pavilion of Bosnia and Herzegovina at the 58th International Art Exhibition – La Biennale di Venezia, 2019. ===Rad u visokom obrazovanju=== * Profesorica na Kunstakademie Düsseldorf (2022- danas) * Profesorica na Bauhaus-Universität Weimar (2011-2022) * Gostujuća profesorica na Univerzitetu primijenjenih umjetnosi u Beču (2010-2011) * Gostujuća profesorica na Bauhaus-Universität Weimar (2009-2010)<ref name="www.danicadakic.com"/> ==Nagrade i priznanja== * Villa Massimo (2021), dodjeljuje Njemačka akademija u Rimu, za istaknute umjetnike/ce za istraživanje u inozemstvu == Reference == {{Refspisak}} {{Wiki}}{{Prijevod}}{{Preuređivanje}}{{Čišćenje}}{{Standardi}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [https://danicadakic.com/ Zvanična web stranica] {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dakić, Danica}} [[Kategorija:Živi ljudi]] [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1962.]] [[Kategorija:Bosanskohercegovački umjetnici]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Sarajevo]] 4rpxfbbjet3yvwn714yxwjx8zda9eh3 Ergela Đakovo 0 525373 3849378 3835158 2026-05-26T02:22:12Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 0 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija | naslov = Ergela Ðakovo | slika = [[Datoteka:State Stud Farm in Đakovo, 2015-05-01.JPG|300p]] }} {| class="infobox vcard" style="font-size:90%; width:21em; text-align:left;" <tr><th style="text-align:center; font-size:120%;" class="fn n org" colspan="2">Ergela Đakovo</th></tr> !colspan="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style=background-color:#eeac41;color:#FEEEED|[[Đakovo]], [[Osječko-baranjska županija]], [[Hrvatska]] |-bgcolor= "#dcae48"| <tr><td style="text-align:center;" colspan="2">[[Datoteka:State Stud Farm in Đakovo, 2015-05-01.JPG|300px|Ulaz u ergelu Đakovo]]</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center;" colspan="2">''<hr /></td></tr> <tr><th>Osnovana</th><td>[[1506]].</td></tr> <tr><th>Osnivač</th><td>Biskup Mijo Mesarić</td></tr> <tr><th>Tip:</th><td>državna institucija</td></tr> <tr><th>Direktor:</th><td>[[Nikola Grizelj]]</td></tr> <tr><th>Radnici:</th><td>~33 ([[2024]].) <tr><th>Mjesto:</th><td>[[Đakovo]], [[Osječko-baranjska županija]], [[Hrvatska]]</td></tr> <tr><th>Web stranica:</th><td>https://ergela-djakovo.hr/hr/o-ergeli/</td></tr> |} '''Ergela Đakovo''' je državna [[Konjogojstvo|konjogojska farma]] smještena u gradu [[Đakovo|Đakovu]], [[Osječko-baranjska županija]], [[Hrvatska]], koja vuče porijeklo od 1506.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.djakovo.live/index.php/novosti/item/3243-dan-ergele-dakovo-1506-2023.html|title=Dan Državne ergele Đakovo|website=djakovo.live|language=hr|access-date=24. 8. 2025}}{{Mrtav link}}</ref> Ukupno obuhvata oko 320 [[hektar]]a površine,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.agroklub.com/agro-hobi/centar-za-konje-ipak-u-lipiku/4554/|title=Centar za konje ipak u Lipiku|website=agroklub.com|language=hr|access-date=24. 8. 2025}}</ref> a bavi se gajenjem konja [[Lipicaner|lipicanske]] rase. {{glavni|Lipicaner}} ==Historija== Gajenje konja u Đakovu prvi put se pominje već 1239. kada je [[Koloman, kralj Galicije|Koloman]], mlađi brat hrvatsko-ugarskog kralja [[Bela IV, kralj Ugarske|Bele IV. (III.)]] i krunisani kralj [[Galicija (historijska pokrajina)|Galicije]] te herceg ''"čitave [[Slavonija|Slavonije]]"'', poklonio zemlju na tom području bosansko-srijemskim [[biskup]]ima, što je kasnije, 1244, potvrdio i Bela IV. Biskupi su kontinuisano gajili konje, što potvrđuje dokument iz 1374. koji je izdan prilikom vjenčavanja bosanskog bana (kasnijeg kralja) [[Tvrtko I, kralj Bosne|Tvrtka Kotromanića]] s bugarskom princezom [[Doroteja Vidinska|Dorotejom]] koje je održano u Đakovu ili njegovoj okolini.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ergela-djakovo.hr/hr/povijest-ergele/|title=Historija ergele|website=ergela-djakovo.hr|language=hr|access-date=24. 8. 2025}}</ref> Za godinu osnivanja uzima se 1506, kada je prvi put pomenuto ime „[[ergela]]“. Tada je biskup Mijo Mesarić imao 90 arapskih konja, a već 1524. njihov broj je uvećan na 130. Većina tih konja izginula je zajedno s biskupom Jurjem Palinom u [[Mohačka bitka|bitki na Mohačkom polju]] 1526. Ubrzo nakon toga [[Osmanlije]] su uspjele da zauzmu ergelu i cijelo područje Đakova. Za vrijeme velikog turskog rata ergela je oslobođena 1687. te obnovljena dvadesetak godina kasnije. Biskup Juraj [[Patačići|Patačić]] je 1706. kupio nove pastuhe i kobile arapske rase, sa namjerom da se gaje konji za vojne potrebe u pograničnom području. Već 1719. u Đakovu je bilo 375 konja, jer je te godine biskup Petar Bakić kupio novih 30 arapskih grla. Početkom 19. vijeka počelo je u ergeli uvođenje lipicanera. Zbog [[Napoleonovi ratovi|Napoleonovih ratovanja]] u Italiji, konji iz slovenskog pograničnog mjesta [[Lipica (Sežana)|Lipica]] prebačeni su 1806. na bezbjednije mjesto u Đakovo. Polovinom 19. vijeka, kada je [[Josip Juraj Strossmayer]] postao đakovački biskup, konji lipicanske rase su prevladavali u Đakovu, a zatim postali jedina rasa koja se gajila u ergeli. Godine 1900. broj konja je iznosio 288, a 1912. biskup Ivan Krapac je dao da se izgradi pomoćna ergela u Ivandvoru, nekoliko kilometara udaljenom od grada. Nakon [[Drugi svjetski rat|Drugog svjetskog rata]] ergela je postala dio „Poljoprivredno-industrijskog kombinata (PIK) Đakovo“ i bila u njegovom sastavu dugi niz godina. Osamostaljivanjem Republike Hrvatske 1991. ona se izdvojila iz PIK-a i formirala kao državna ergela, a 2010. administrativno je spojena sa [[Ergela Lipik|ergelom Lipik]], gdje se isto nalaze lipicaneri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/full/2012_09_106_2304.html|title=Uredba o hrvatskom centru za konjogojstvo|website=narodne-novine.nn.hr|language=hr|access-date=24. 8. 2025}}</ref> ==Osnovni pastusi i kobile== U ergeli Đakovo postoji sedam muških lipicanskih konjogojskih linija: Pluto (osnovana 1765.), Conversano (1767.), Neapolitano (1770.), Maestoso (1773.), Favory (1779.), Siglavy (1810.) i Tulipan (1860). Linije kobila u ergeli su: Allegra, Batosta, Gaetana, Krabbe, Mara, Mima, Montenegra, Munja, Santa, Slavonia, Toplica, Trofetta i Zenta. == Slike == {| class="wikitable" align=center valign=top cellspacing=2 |- bgcolor=#DACF94 align=center valign=top ||[[Datoteka:State Stud Farm in Đakovo (Croatia), location Ivandvor, 2015-05-01 (1233).JPG|220px|centar]]<p style="font-size: 85%"> Natpis na tabli ||[[Datoteka: State Stud Farm in Đakovo (Croatia), location Ivandvor, 2015-05-01 (1301).JPG|220px|centar]]<p style="font-size: 85%"> Lipicaner pase travu ||[[Datoteka: State Stud Farm in Đakovo (Croatia), location Ivandvor, 2015-05-01 (1248).JPG|220px|centar]]<p style="font-size: 85%"> Mladi konji uz ogradu ergele |} == Također pogledajte == * [[Ergela međimurskog konja, Žabnik]] * [[Ergela Lipik]] * [[Stočarstvo]] == Reference == {{reference}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [https://www.tportal.hr/vijesti/clanak/foto-ergela-dakovo-proslavila-svoj-dan-velicanstveni-konji-ocarali-sve-posjetitelje-foto-20190907/slika-853cc1697e60329a0f940b881da8711e Ergela Đakovo obilježila 513. godišnjicu osnutka i 213 godina uzgoja lipicanaca] * [https://dedl.hr/hr/upravno-vijece-i-ravnatelj Upravno vijeće i direktor ergele] * [https://dedl.hr/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Organizacijska-struktura-Drzavne-ergele-Dakovo-i-Lipik-kolovoz-2024.pdf Organizaciona struktura] [[Kategorija:Građevine i strukture u Hrvatskoj]] [[Kategorija:Turističke atrakcije u Hrvatskoj]] [[Kategorija:Ðakovo]] f2kn44gtbhdeplfgxlge4ku8weauc90 FM-emitiranje 0 525769 3849400 3836335 2026-05-26T06:49:52Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849400 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Slika:Amfm3-en-de.gif|thumb|upright=1.15| AM i FM modulirani signali za radio. AM ([[amplitudna modulacija]]) i FM ([[frekventna modulacija]]) su tipovi [[modulacija]]. Zvuk programskog materijala, koji obično dolazi iz [[radijski studo|radio studija]], koristi se za modulaciju (varijaciju) [[Noseći talas|nosećeg talasa]] određene frekvencije, a zatim [[emitiranje]].<br/> U AM emitovanju, amplituda nosećeg talasa se modulira kako bi se kodirao originalni zvuk. U FM emitovanju, frekvencija nosećeg talasa se modulira kako bi se kodirao zvuk. [[Radio prijemnik]] [[Demodulacija|izdvaja]] originalni zvuk programa iz moduliranog radio signala i reprodukuje zvuk u [[zvučnik]]u.]] [[Slika:ElectromagneticSpectrum-Radio-VHF-FM.png|thumb|upright=1.5| Položaj FM radija u elektromagnetnom spektru]] [[Slika:KWNR Continental 816R-5B SN 247.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.2| Komercijalni FM radio predajnik snage 35 kW izgrađen krajem 1980-ih. Pripada FM radio stanici [[KWNR]] u Hendersonu, [[Nevada]] i emituje na 95,5 MHz.]] '''FM-emitiranje''' je metod [[radio emitovanje|radio emitovanja]] koji koristi [[frekventna modulacija|frekventnu modulaciju]] ('''FM''') nosećeg talasa radio emitovanja. Izumio ga je 1933. godine američki inženjer [[Edwin Armstrong]], a širokopojasni FM se koristi širom svijeta za prenos [[visoki kvalitetet|visokokvalitetnog]] zvuka preko[[radio|radijskog]] emitiranja.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Edwin Armstrong Invents Frequency Modulation (FM Radio) : History of Information |url=https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=611&utm |access-date=2. 2. 2025 |website=www.historyofinformation.com}}</ref> FM emitiranje nudi veću vjernost - precizniju reprodukciju originalnog zvuka programa - od drugih tehnika emitiranja, kao što je [[AM emitiranje]]. Također je manje podložno [[Elektromagnetne smetnje|uobičajenim oblicima smetnji]], imajući manje statičkih i pucketavih zvukova nego što se često čuju na AM, ali s ograničenijom udaljenošću emitiranja. Stoga se FM koristi za većinu emitiranja muzike i općeg zvuka (u audio spektru). FM [[radio stanice]] koriste [[vrlo visoke frekvencije]] raspon [[radio frekvencije]]. =={{anchor|Terminologija}}Opsežni opsezi== <!-- radi dosljednosti, koristimo dodijeljene rubove opsega, a ne minimalne i maksimalne središnje frekvencije --> {{main|FM opseg emitiranja}} Širom svijeta, FM opseg emitiranja spada u [[VHF]] dio [[radio spektar|radio spektra]]. Obično se koristi od 87,5 do 108,0&nbsp;MHz.,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-BS.450-3-200111-I/en |title=Transmission standards for FM sound broadcasting at VHF |work=ITU Rec. BS.450 |publisher=International Telecommunication Union |pages=4–5 |access-date=8. 1. 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106121548/http://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-BS.450-3-200111-I/en |archive-date=6. 11. 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> ili neki njegov dio, uz nekoliko izuzetaka: * U [[Zajednica nezavisnih država|bivšim sovjetskim republikama]] i nekim bivšim zemljama [[Istočni blok|Istočnog bloka]], koristi se i stariji opseg od 65,8–74&nbsp;MHz. Dodijeljene frekvencije su u intervalima od 30&nbsp;kHz. Ovaj opseg, ponekad nazivan opsegom [[OIRT]], polako se ukida. Tamo gdje se koristi opseg OIRT, opseg od 87,5–108,0&nbsp;MHz naziva se opsegom [[Međunarodni konsultativni odbor za radio|CCIR]]. * U [[Japan]]u, koristi se opseg od 76–95&nbsp;MHz. * U [[Brazil]]u, do kasnih 2010-ih, FM radio-stanice su koristile samo opseg od 88–108&nbsp;MHz, ali s postepenim ukidanjem [[analogna televizija|analogne televizije]], opseg od 76–88&nbsp;MHz (stari kanali opsega 5 i 6 u VHF televiziji) dodijeljen je starim lokalnim [[srednji talasi|MW]] stanicama koje su prešle na FM u dogovoru s ANATEL-om.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MCom entrega certificado às emissoras que estreiam a faixa estendida da FM |trans-title=MCom awards certificate to stations that debut the extended FM band |url=https://www.gov.br/mcom/pt-br/noticias/2021/maio/mcom-entrega-certificado-as-emissoras-que-estreiam-a-faixa-estendida-da-fm |access-date=11. 7. 2023 |website=Ministério das Comunicações |language=pt-br}}</ref> Frekvencija FM radio-stanice (točnije, njena dodijeljena nominalna centralna frekvencija) obično je višekratnik od 100&nbsp;kHz. U većem dijelu Južne Koreje, Amerike, Filipina i Kariba koriste se samo neparni višekratnici. Neke druge zemlje slijede ovaj plan zbog uvoza vozila, uglavnom iz Sjedinjenih Američkih Država, s radio-aparatima koji se mogu podesiti samo na ove frekvencije. U nekim dijelovima Evrope, [[Grenland]]a i [[Afrika|Afrike]] koriste se samo parni višekratnici. U [[UK|Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu]] koriste se i parni i neparni brojevi. U [[Italija|Italiji]] se koriste višekratnici od 50&nbsp;kHz. U nekim zemljama postoje i drugi neobični i zastarjeli FM standardi emitiranja, s nestandardnim razmacima od 1, 10, 30, 74, 500 i 300&nbsp;kHz. Da bi se smanjile interferencije između kanala, stanice koje rade sa istih ili obližnjih lokacija predajnika obično održavaju frekvencijski razmak od najmanje 500&nbsp;kHz, čak i kada je tehnički dozvoljen manji frekvencijski razmak. [[Međunarodna telekomunikacijska unija|ITU]] objavljuje grafikone zaštitnog omjera, koji daju minimalni razmak između frekvencija na osnovu njihovih relativnih snaga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Planning standards for terrestrial FM sound broadcasting at VHF |url=https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.412-9-199812-I!!PDF-E.pdf |website=International Telecommunication Union |access-date=2. 8. 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820104310/http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.412-9-199812-I!!PDF-E.pdf |archive-date=20. 8. 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Samo radiodifuzne stanice s dovoljno velikim geografskim razmacima između područja pokrivanja mogu raditi na istim ili bliskim frekvencijama. U većini zemalja specificirana je maksimalna dozvoljena frekvencijska greška nemoduliranog nosioca, koja obično treba biti unutar 2&nbsp;kHz od dodijeljene frekvencije.<ref name="FMtolerance">{{cite web |title=FM BROADCAST STATION SELF - INSPECTION CHECKLIST |url=https://transition.fcc.gov/eb/bc-chklsts/EB18FM06_2008.pdf |website=transition.fcc.gov |publisher=FCC |access-date=8. 6. 2018 |page=18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216191512/https://transition.fcc.gov/eb/bc-chklsts/EB18FM06_2008.pdf |archive-date=16. 2. 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/37133/code2013.pdf |title=Ofcom Site Engineering Code for Analogue Radio Broadcast Transmission Systems |access-date=8. 4. 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722093918/https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/37133/code2013.pdf |archive-date=22. 7. 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==Tehnologija== [[Slika:GE FM radio antistatic demonstration 1940.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5| FM ima bolje odbijanje statičkog elektriciteta ([[Radiofrekventna smetnja|RFI]]) od AM. To je pokazano u dramatičnoj demonstraciji koju je [[General Electric]] proveo u svojoj laboratoriji u New Yorku 1940. godine. Radio je imao i AM i FM prijemnike. S lukom od milion volti kao izvorom smetnji iza sebe, AM prijemnik je proizvodio buku statičkog elektriciteta, dok je FM prijemnik jasno reproducirao muzički program s Armstrongovog eksperimentalnog FM predajnika u New Jerseyju.]] [[Slika:KHTB-FM broadcasting antennas LakeMountain.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6| Ukršteni dipolni antenski niz stanice [[KENZ (FM)|KENZ]] {{nowrap|94.9 MHz}}, {{nowrap|48 kW}} odašiljač na Lake Mountainu, Utah. Zrači [[kružna polarizacija|kružno polarizirane]] radio talase.]] ===Modulacija=== [[Frekvencijska modulacija]] ili FM je oblik modulacije koji prenosi informacije promjenom frekvencije [[nosećeg talasa]]; starija [[amplitudna modulacija]] ili AM mijenja amplitudu nosećeg talasa, pri čemu njegova frekvencija ostaje konstantna. Kod FM, [[devijacija frekvencije]] od dodijeljene [[noseća frekvencija|noseće frekvencije]] u bilo kojem trenutku je direktno proporcionalna amplitudi (audio) ulaznog signala, određujući trenutnu frekvenciju prenesenog signala. Budući da preneseni FM signali koriste znatno više [[Propusni opseg|propusnog opsega]] od AM signala, ovaj oblik modulacije se obično koristi sa višim ([[VHF]] ili [[UHF]]) frekvencijama koje koriste [[FM radiodifuzni opseg]] i [[kopneni mobilni radio sistem]]i. Maksimalnu devijaciju frekvencije nosećeg talasa obično određuju i regulišu nadležni organi za izdavanje dozvola u svakoj zemlji. Za stereo emitiranje, maksimalna dozvoljena devijacija nosećeg talasa je uvijek ±75&nbsp;kHz, iako je malo veća dozvoljena u [[SAD|Sjedinjenim Državama kada se koriste SCA sistemi. Za monofonski prijenos, opet je najčešće dozvoljeno maksimalno odstupanje ±75&nbsp;kHz. Međutim, neke zemlje određuju nižu vrijednost za monofonski prijenos, kao što je ±50&nbsp;kHz.<ref name="DAB">{{cite web |title=Digital Audio BroadcastingSupplementary Analog SCA Compatibility TestsTest Plan and Procedures |url=https://www.fcc.gov/ecfs/file/download/6513193001.pdf |website=ecfsapi.fcc.gov |publisher=Advanced Television Technology Center |access-date=30. 10. 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118220252/https://ecfsapi.fcc.gov/file/6513193001.pdf |archive-date=18. 11. 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Slika:Armstrong prototype FM transmitter 1935.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4| Armstrongov prvi prototip FM radiodifuznog predajnika, smješten u [[Empire State Building]]u u [[New York]]u, koji je koristio za tajna testiranja svog sistema između 1934. i 1935. godine. Licencirana kao eksperimentalna stanica W2XDG, emitirala je na 41 MHz snagom od 2&nbsp;kW.]] [[Slika:Waterfall FM Broadcast.jpg|thumb| Trenutni spektar i [[grafikon vodopada]] u FM radiodifuznom opsegu koji prikazuje tri jake lokalne stanice; govor i muzika pokazuju različite obrasce frekvencije u odnosu na vrijeme. Kada je preneseni zvuk tih, stereo pilot tonovi od 19 kHz mogu se razlučiti u spektru.]] ===Propusni opseg=== Propusni opseg FM prenosa dat je [[Carsonovim pravilom propusnog opsega]], što je zbir dvostruke maksimalne devijacije i dvostruke maksimalne modulirajuće frekvencije. Za prenos koji uključuje [[Radio Data System|RDS]] ovo bi bilo {{nowrap|2 × 75 kHz +}} {{nowrap|2 × 60 kHz}}= {{nowrap|270 kHz}}. Ovo je također poznato kao ''neophodni propusni opseg''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Recommendation ITU-R SM.853-1 |url=https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/sm/R-REC-SM.853-1-199710-I!!PDF-E.pdf |website=ITU |access-date=29. 5. 2022 |archive-date=29. 5. 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529194940/https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/sm/R-REC-SM.853-1-199710-I!!PDF-E.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Prenaglasak i denaglasak=== Slučajni šum ima ''trouglastu'' distribuciju frekvencijskog spektra u FM sistemu, s efektom da se šum pretežno javlja na višim audio frekvencijama unutar osnovnog opsega. Ovo se može kompenzirati, u ograničenoj mjeri, pojačavanjem visokih frekvencija prije prijenosa (telekomunikacija) i njihovim smanjenjem za odgovarajuću količinu u prijemniku. Smanjenje visokih audio frekvencija u prijemniku također smanjuje visokofrekventni šum. Ovi procesi pojačavanja, a zatim smanjenja određenih frekvencija poznati su kao prenaglasak i denaglasak. Količina prenaglaska i denaglaska definirana je vremenskom konstantom jednostavnog RC kola. U većem dijelu svijeta koristi se vremenska konstanta {{val|50|ul=us}}. U Americi i [[Južna Koreja|Južnoj Koreji]] se koristi {{val|75|u=us}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cgould.com/75-microsecond-pre-emphasis-curve/ |title=The 75 Microsecond Pre-Emphasis Curve |date=10. 10. 2013 |website=Cornelius' home on the web! |access-date=30. 10. 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030044853/https://www.cgould.com/75-microsecond-pre-emphasis-curve/ |archive-date=30. 10. 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ovo se odnosi i na mono i stereo prijenose zvuka. Za stereo, prenaglašavanje se primjenjuje na lijevi i desni kanal prije multipleksiranja. Korištenje prenaglašavanja postaje problem jer mnogi oblici savremene muzike sadrže više energije visoke frekvencije od muzičkih stilova koji su prevladavali u vrijeme nastanka FM emitiranja. Prenaglašavanje ovih zvukova visoke frekvencije uzrokovalo bi prekomjerno odstupanje FM nosećeg talasa. Uređaji za kontrolu (ograničavanje) modulacije koriste se da bi se to spriječilo. Sistemi moderniji od FM emitiranja imaju tendenciju da koriste ili programski zavisno varijabilno prenaglašavanje; npr. dbx (smanjenje šuma) dbx]] u TV zvučnom sistemu višekanalne televizije BTSC, ili ga uopšte ne koriste. Prenaglašavanje i denaglašavanje korišteno je u najranijim danima FM emitiranja. Prema izvještaju BBC-a iz 1946. godine,<ref name=BBC1946>{{cite web |title=Report 1946-04 – Frequency Modulation |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/rd/publications/rdreport_1946_04 |website=BBC Research & Development |date=januar 1946 |access-date=3. 1. 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103173115/https://www.bbc.co.uk/rd/publications/rdreport_1946_04 |archive-date=3. 1. 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> {{val|100|u=us}} je prvobitno razmatran u SAD-u, ali je {{val|75|u=us}} naknadno usvojen. ===Stereo FM=== Mnogo prije nego što je razmatran FM stereo prijenos, eksperimentisano je s FM multipleksiranjem drugih vrsta informacija na audio nivou.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radioworld.com/article/how-fm-stereo-came-to-life/277999|title=How FM Stereo Came to Life|last=RWO|access-date=6. 3. 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018153709/http://www.radioworld.com/article/how-fm-stereo-came-to-life/277999|archive-date=18. 10. 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Edwin Armstrong, koji je izumio FM, bio je prvi koji je eksperimentisao s multipleksiranjem na svojoj eksperimentalnoj stanici W2XDG na 41&nbsp;MHz koja se nalazila na 85. spratu zgrade Empire State Building u New Yorku. Ovi FM multipleks prijenosi započeli su u novembru 1934. godine i sastojali su se od audio programa glavnog kanala i tri podnosioca: faks programa, sinhronizacijskog signala za faks program i telegrafskog kanala za "narudžbu". Ovi originalni FM multipleks podnosioci bili su amplitudno modulirani. Dva muzička programa, koja su se sastojala od programskih feedova Crvene i Plave mreže NBC Radio mreže, istovremeno su se prenosila koristeći isti sistem modulacije podnosioca kao dio sistema veze studio-odašiljač. U aprilu 1935. godine, AM podnosioci su zamijenjeni FM podnosiocima, sa znatno poboljšanim rezultatima. Prvi FM podnosioci koji su proizašli iz eksperimentalne stanice Majora Armstronga KE2XCC u Alpineu, New Jersey, dogodili su se 1948. godine. Ovi prijenosi sastojali su se od dvokanalnih audio programa, binauralnih audio programa i faks programa. Originalna podnosilac frekvencija korištena na KE2XCC bila je 27,5&nbsp;kHz. IF propusni opseg bio je ±5&nbsp;kHz, jer je jedini cilj u to vrijeme bio prenos AM radio kvaliteta zvuka. Ovaj sistem prijenosa koristio je audio preemfazu od 75 μs, poput glavnog mono zvuka, a potom i multipleksiranog stereo zvuka. Krajem 1950-ih, [[Federalna komisija za komunikacije|FCC]] razmatrala je nekoliko sistema za dodavanje stereo zvuka FM radiju. Uključeni su bili sistemi od 14 predlagača, uključujući Crosbyja, Halsteada, Electrical and Musical Industries, Ltd ([[EMI]]), Zenith i General Electric. Pojedinačni sistemi su procijenjeni na osnovu svojih snaga i slabosti tokom terenskih testova u Uniontownu, [[Pennsylvania]], koristeći [[WLTJ|KDKA-FM]] u Pittsburghu kao izvornu stanicu. [[Crosby sistem]] je odbio FCC jer je bio nekompatibilan sa postojećim [[autorizacija za pomoćne komunikacije]] (SCA) servisima koji su koristili različite noseće frekvencije, uključujući 41 i 67&nbsp;kHz. Mnoge FM stanice koje su imale ograničene prihode koristile su SCA za " skladištenje " i druge svrhe koje nisu bile emitirane. Halstead sistem je odbijen zbog nedostatka stereo razdvajanja visokih [[frekvencija]] i smanjenja odnosa signal-šum u glavnom kanalu. GE i Zenith sistemi, toliko slični da su se smatrali teorijski identičnima, formalno su odobreni od strane FCC-a u aprilu 1961. godine kao standardna stereo FM metod emitiranja u [[SAD|Sjedinjenim Državama]], a kasnije su usvojeni od strane većine drugih zemalja.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2SnvBQAAQBAJ&q=FCC+1961&pg=PA189 |title=Living Stereo: Histories and Cultures of Multichannel Sound |last1=Théberge |first1=Paul |last2=Devine |first2=Kyle |last3=Everrett |first3=Tom |date=29. 1. 2015 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=9781623566876 |pages=189 |access-date=25. 10. 2020 |archive-date=1. 7. 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701093940/https://books.google.com/books?id=2SnvBQAAQBAJ&q=FCC+1961&pg=PA189 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=van Duyne |first1=John P. |title=The Notebook:A Modulator for the New FM Stereo System |publisher=Boontown Radio Corp. |date=Fall 1961 |citeseerx=10.1.1.309.3861}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=An appraisal of the Zenith- G.E. stereophonic system |url=https://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rd/pubs/reports/1963-09.pdf |publisher=BBC Research}}</ref> Važno je da stereo emitiranje bude kompatibilno s mono prijemnicima. Iz tog razloga, lijevi (L) i desni (R) kanal su algebarski kodirani u zbirne (L+R) i diferencijalne (L−R) signale. Mono prijemnik će koristiti samo L+R signal tako da će slušalac čuti oba kanala kroz jedan zvučnik. Stereo prijemnik će dodati signal razlike zbirnom signalu kako bi povratio lijevi kanal i oduzeti signal razlike od zbira kako bi povratio desni kanal. Signal (L+R) je ograničen na 30&nbsp;Hz do 15&nbsp;kHz kako bi se zaštitio pilot signal od 19&nbsp;kHz. Signal (L−R), koji je također ograničen na 15&nbsp;kHz, amplitudno je moduliran na signal od 38&nbsp;kHz [[dvostruki bočni pojas s potisnutim nosiocem]] (DSB-SC), zauzimajući tako 23&nbsp;kHz do 53&nbsp;kHz. 19&nbsp;kHz ± 2&nbsp;Hz<ref name="73-319">{{cite web |title=73-319 |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2018-title47-vol4/pdf/CFR-2018-title47-vol4-sec73-319.pdf |website=www.govinfo.gov |publisher=FCC |access-date=11. 4. 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122145052/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2018-title47-vol4/pdf/CFR-2018-title47-vol4-sec73-319.pdf |archive-date=22. 1. 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Generira se i [[pilot ton]], na tačno polovini frekvencije [[podnosač]]a od 38&nbsp;kHz i s preciznim faznim odnosom prema njoj, kako je definirano donjom formulom. Pilot se prenosi na 8–10% ukupnog nivoa [[modulacija]] i prijemnik ga koristi za identifikaciju stereo prijenosa i za regeneraciju [[podnosač]] aod 38&nbsp;kHz s ispravnom fazom. Kompozitni stereo multipleks signal sadrži glavni kanal (L+R), pilot ton i (L−R) diferencijalni signal. Ovaj kompozitni signal, zajedno s bilo kojim drugim podnosiocima, modulira FM predajnik. Termini '''kompozitni''', '''multipleks''', pa čak i '''MPX''' koriste se naizmjenično za opisivanje ovog signala. Trenutno odstupanje noseće frekvencije predajnika usljed stereo audio i pilot tona (pri 10% modulacije) je :<math>\left [ 0.9 \left [ \frac{A+B}{2} + \frac{A-B}{2}\sin4\pi f_pt \right ] + 0.1\sin2\pi f_pt \right ] \times 75~\mathrm{kHz}</math><ref name="Information Sheet 16044">{{citation |title=Stereophonic Broadcasting: Technical Details of Pilot-tone System |work=Information Sheet 1604(4) |publisher=[[BBC]] Engineering Information Service |date=juni 1970}}</ref><ref name="Information Sheet 16044"/><ref name="subcarriers">{{cite web |title=Subsidiary communications multiplex operation: engineering standards |url=https://www.fcc.gov/sites/default/files/rules1983subcarrier.pdf |website=www.fcc.gov |publisher=US Federal Communications Commission |access-date=12. 1. 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203120222/https://www.fcc.gov/sites/default/files/rules1983subcarrier.pdf |archive-date=3. 2. 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> gdje su A i B prethodno naglašeni lijevi i desni audio signali i <math>f_p</math>=19&nbsp;kHz je frekvencija pilot tona. Male varijacije u odstupanju vrha mogu se pojaviti u prisustvu drugih podnosilaca ili zbog lokalnih propisa. Drugi način gledanja na rezultirajući signal je da se on naizmjenično mijenja između lijevog i desnog na 38&nbsp;kHz, s fazom određenom pilot signalom od 19&nbsp;kHz.<ref name=stereopatent>{{cite web |title=FM Stereo demodulation circuit|url=http://www.google.com.na/patents/US4489430 |publisher=USPTO |access-date=6. 12. 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624210545/http://www.google.com.na/patents/US4489430 |archive-date=24. 6. 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Većina stereo enkodera koristi ovu tehniku prebacivanja za generiranje podnosioca od 38&nbsp;kHz, ali praktični dizajni enkodera moraju uključivati sklopove za rješavanje harmonika prebacivanja. Pretvaranje multipleks signala natrag u lijevi i desni audio signal vrši dekoder, ugrađen u stereo prijemnike. Dekoder ponovo može koristiti tehniku prebacivanja za oporavak lijevog i desnog kanala. Osim toga, za dati RF nivo na prijemniku, odnos signala i šuma i višestruko izobličenje za stereo signal bit će lošiji nego za mono prijemnik.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wgbh.org/cainan/article/?item_id=1360980 |title=FM Reception Guide: FM Propagation |publisher=WGBH |access-date=9. 5. 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708132643/http://www.wgbh.org/cainan/article?item_id=1360980 |archive-date=8. 7. 2007}}<br /> Includes tips for multipath & fringe problems.</ref> Zbog toga mnogi stereo FM prijemnici uključuju stereo/mono prekidač kako bi se omogućilo slušanje u mono režimu kada uslovi prijema nisu idealni, a većina auto-radija je podešena tako da smanji razdvajanje kako se odnos signal-šum pogoršava, na kraju prelazeći na mono, a i dalje se ukazuje na prijem stereo signala. Kao i kod mono prenosa, uobičajena je praksa da se preemfaza primijeni na lijevi i desni kanal prije kodiranja i da se deemfaza primijeni na prijemniku nakon dekodiranja. U SAD-u je oko 2010. godine predloženo korištenje [[jedbočna modulacija|modulacije]] za stereo podnositelj.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.radioworld.com/news-and-business/ssbsc-a-winwin-for-fm-radio |title=SSBSC: A Win-Win for FM Radio? |date=2. 4. 2012 |website=Radio World |access-date=30. 5. 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913040022/https://www.radioworld.com/news-and-business/ssbsc-a-winwin-for-fm-radio |archive-date=13. 9. 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nab.org/xert/scitech/pdfs/rd040912.pdf |title=Radio Tech Check |access-date=30. 5. 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913002524/https://www.nab.org/xert/scitech/pdfs/rd040912.pdf |archive-date=13. 9. 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Teorijski se pretpostavljalo da je spektralno efikasniji i da proizvodi poboljšanje odnosa signal/šum od 4&nbsp;dB na prijemniku, a tvrdilo se da će se smanjiti i višestruka distorzija. Nekoliko [[radio stanica]] širom zemlje emitira stereo na ovaj način, pod eksperimentalnim ovlaštenjem FCC-a. Možda nije kompatibilan sa vrlo starim prijemnicima, ali se tvrdi da se sa većinom novijih prijemnika ne čuje nikakva razlika. Trenutno, FCC pravila ne dozvoljavaju ovaj način stereo rada.<ref>{{cite web |title=FCC CFR 47 Part 73.322 |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2013-title47-vol4/pdf/CFR-2013-title47-vol4-sec73-322.pdf |website=FCC Rules |access-date=23. 5. 2020 |archive-date=31. 7. 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731171842/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2013-title47-vol4/pdf/CFR-2013-title47-vol4-sec73-322.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Kvadrifonski FM=== Godine 1969, [[Louis Dorren]] je izumio Quadraplex sistem diskretnog, kompatibilnog četverokanalnog FM emitovanja sa jednom stanicom. U Quadraplex sistemu postoje dva dodatna podnositelja, koji dopunjuju jedan koji se koristi u standardnom stereo FM-u. Raspored osnovnog opsega je sljedeći: * 50&nbsp;Hz to 15&nbsp;kHz glavni kanal (zbir svih 4 kanala) (LF+LR+RF+RR) signal, for mono FM listening compatibility. * 23 do 53&nbsp;kHz (sinusni kvadraturni podnositelj) (LF+LR) − (RF+RR) lijevi minus desni diferencijalni signal. Modulacija ovog signala u algebarskom zbiru i razlici s glavnim kanalom koristi se za kompatibilnost s 2-kanalnim stereo slušateljem. * 23 do 53&nbsp;kHz (kosinusni kvadraturni podnosilac 38&nbsp;kHz) (LF+RR) − (LR+RF) Dijagonalna razlika. Modulacija ovog signala u algebarskom zbiru i razlici s glavnim kanalom i svim ostalim podnosiocima koristi se za kvadrofonski slušatelj. * 61 do 91&nbsp;kHz (sinusni kvadraturni podnositelj 76&nbsp;kHz) (LF+RF) − (LR+RR) Prednja-zadnja razlika. Modulacija ovog signala u algebarskom zbiru i razlici s glavnim kanalom i svim ostalim podnosiocima također se koristi za kvadrofonski slušatelj. * 105&nbsp;kHz SCA podnositelj, fazno zaključan na pilot signal od 19&nbsp;kHz, za usluge čitanja za slijepe, muziku u pozadini itd. Normalni stereo signal se može smatrati preključivanjem između lijevog i desnog kanala na 38&nbsp;kHz, uz odgovarajuće ograničenje opsega. Kvadrifonski signal se može smatrati cikličkim kroz LF, LR, RF, RR, na 76&nbsp;kHz.<ref name="quad patent">{{cite web |title=Compatible four channel FM system |url=http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=03708623 |website=pdfpiw.uspto.gov |publisher=USPTO |access-date=19. 10. 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202000311/http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=03708623|archive-date=2. 2. 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Rani napori za prenos diskretne četverokanalne kvadrofonske muzike zahtijevali su upotrebu dvije FM stanice; jedna je prenosila prednje audio kanale, a druga zadnje kanale. Proboj se dogodio 1970. godine kada je [[KIOI]] (''K-101'') u San Franciscu uspješno prenio pravi kvadrofonski zvuk sa jedne FM stanice koristeći Quadraplex sistem pod posebnim privremenim ovlaštenjem od [[Federalne komisije za komunikacije|FCC]]. Nakon ovog eksperimenta, predložen je dugoročni testni period koji bi omogućio jednoj FM stanici u svakom od 25 vodećih američkih radio tržišta da prenosi u Quadraplexu. Rezultati testiranja bi, nadamo se, dokazali FCC-u da je sistem kompatibilan sa postojećim dvokanalnim [[stereofonskim zvukom|stereo prijenosom i prijemom]] i da ne ometa susjedne stanice. Postojalo je nekoliko varijacija ovog sistema koje su GE, Zenith, RCA i Denon podnijeli na testiranje i razmatranje tokom terenskih ispitivanja Nacionalnog kvadrofonskog radio komiteta za FCC. Originalni Dorren Quadraplex sistem je nadmašio sve ostale i izabran je kao nacionalni standard za kvadrofonsko FM emitovanje u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama. Prva komercijalna FM stanica koja je emitovala kvadrofonski programski sadržaj bila je [[WWWW-FM|WIQB]] (sada nazvana [[WWWW-FM]]) u [[Ann Arbor]]/Saline, [[Michigan]] pod vodstvom glavnog inženjera Briana Jeffreyja Browna.<ref>''Ann Arbor News'', Ann Arbor, [[Michigan]], January 3, 1973</ref> ==={{anchor|Dolby FM}}Smanjenje šuma=== Razni pokušaji dodavanja analognog [[Smanjenje audio šuma|smanjenje šuma]] FM emitiranju provedeni su 1970-ih i 1980-ih: Komercijalno neuspješan sistem za smanjenje šuma koji se koristio s FM radiom u nekim zemljama krajem 1970-ih, [[Dolby FM]] bio je sličan [[Dolby B]]<ref name="Mielke_1977">{{cite journal |author-last=Mielke |author-first=E.-Jürgen |date=1977 |title=Einfluß des Dolby-B-Verfahrens auf die Übertragungsqualität im UKW-Hörrundfunk |language=de |journal=Rundfunktechnische Mitteilungen |publisher=Institut für Rundfunktechnik (IRT) |volume=69 |pages=222–228}}</ref> ali je koristio modificiranu vremensku konstantu pre-naglaska od 25 μs i frekventno selektivni [[kompanding]] aranžman za smanjenje šuma. Promjena pre-naglaska kompenzira višak odziva visokih tonova koji bi inače otežao slušanje onima bez Dolby dekodera. Sličan sistem pod nazivom [[High&thinsp;Com&nbsp;FM]] testiran je u Njemačkoj između jula 1979. i decembra 1981. od strane [[Instituta za radio-vezu|IRT]]. Bio je zasnovan na [[Telefunken]] [[High&thinsp;Com]] širokopojasnom kompanderskom sistemu, ali nikada nije komercijalno uveden u FM emitiranje.<ref name="IRT_1981">{{cite journal |date=30. 12. 1981 |publisher=[[Institut für Rundfunktechnik]] (IRT) |id=Technical Report 55/81. |title=Prüfung eines modifizierten HIGH&thinsp;COM-Kompanders für den Einsatz bei der RF-Übertragung im UKW-Hörfunk. |language=de}}</ref> Još jedan sistem bio je sistem za smanjenje šuma zasnovan na [[CX (audio)|CX]], [[FMX (emitovanje)|FMX]], implementiran u nekim radio stanicama u Sjedinjenim Državama 1980-ih. ===Ostale usluge podnositelja=== [[Slika:RDS vs DirectBand FM-spectrum2.svg|upright=2.75|thumb| Tipični spektar kompozitnog osnovnog signala, uključujući [[DirectBand]] i podnositelj na 92 kHz]] {{clear}} FM-emitovanje je od svog početka uključivalo mogućnost usluga [[autorizacija pomoćnih komunikacija|autorizacije pomoćnih komunikacija]] (SCA), jer se smatralo još jednom uslugom koju nositelji licenci mogu koristiti za stvaranje dodatnog prihoda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/radio_electronics_1987-08/Radio_Electronics_August_1987_djvu.txt |title=Full text of "Radio Electronics (August 1987)" |work=archive.org |date=august 1987 |access-date=10. 4. 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402054521/https://archive.org/stream/radio_electronics_1987-08/Radio_Electronics_August_1987_djvu.txt |archive-date=2. 4. 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Upotreba SCA-a bila je posebno popularna u SAD-u, ali mnogo manje drugdje. Upotreba takvih podnosilaca uključuje [[radio čitanje usluga]] za [[sljepilo|slijepe]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://chicagolighthouse.org/radio/ |title=CRIS Radio |access-date=8. 4. 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129013802/https://chicagolighthouse.org/radio/ |archive-date=29. 11. 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> što je postalo uobičajeno i ostalo uobičajeno, privatne usluge prijenosa podataka (na primjer slanje informacija s berze berzanskim posrednicima ili lista odbijenih ukradenih brojeva kreditnih kartica trgovinama, pretplatničke usluge pozadinske muzike bez reklama za trgovine, usluge pozivanja („biper“), programiranje na alternativnim jezicima i pružanje programskog feeda za AM predajnike AM/FM stanica. SCA podnosioci su obično 67&nbsp;kHz i 92&nbsp;kHz. U početku su korisnici SCA usluga bili privatni analogni audio kanali koji su se mogli koristiti interno ili iznajmljivati, na primjer usluge tipa [[Muzak (brend)|Muzak]]. Postojali su [[eksperimenti]] sa [[kvadrifonija|kvadrifonskim]] zvukom. Ako stanica ne emituje u stereo tehnici, sve od 23&nbsp;kHz nadalje može se koristiti za druge usluge. [[zaštitni opseg]] oko 19&nbsp;kHz (±4&nbsp;kHz) i dalje se mora održavati kako se ne bi aktivirali stereo dekoderi na prijemnicima. Ako postoji stereo, obično će postojati zaštitni pojas između gornje granice DSBSC stereo signala (53&nbsp;kHz) i donje granice bilo kojeg drugog podnosioca. Dostupne su i usluge [[Digital Data]]. Podnosilac od 57&nbsp;kHz ([[fazno zaključana petlja|fazno zaključan]] do trećeg [[harmonika]] stereo pilot tona) koristi se za prijenos digitalnog [[Radio Data System]] signala niske propusnosti, pružajući dodatne funkcije kao što su naziv stanice, [[alternativna frekvencija]] (AF), podaci o prometu za [[satelit]]ske navigacijske sisteme.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.crutchfield.com/I-rFBKcVSL/learn/learningcenter/car/navigation/traffic_services.html |title=Live traffic information services for GPS systems |first=Crutchfield's Matt Freeman 9 |last=comments |website=Crutchfield |access-date=14. 6. 2019 |archive-date=1. 7. 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701093946/https://www.crutchfield.com/S-o72uDN4J2E0/learn/learningcenter/car/navigation/traffic_services.html |url-status=live }}</ref> i radio tekst (RT). Ovaj [[uskopojasni]] signal radi brzinom od samo 1.187,5 [[bita u sekundi]], te je stoga pogodan samo za tekst. Nekoliko [[vlasničkih protokola|vlasničkih]] sistema se koristi za privatnu komunikaciju. Varijanta [[RDS-a]] je sjevernoamerički [[RBDS]]. U Njemačkoj se analogni ARI sistem koristio prije RDS-a kako bi se vozači upozoravali da se emituju saobraćajna obavještenja (bez ometanja drugih slušalaca). Planovi za korištenje ARI-ja za druge evropske zemlje doveli su do razvoja RDS-a kao moćnijeg sistema. RDS je dizajniran da se može koristiti uz ARI uprkos korištenju identičnih nosećih frekvencija. U [[SAD|Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama]] i [[Kanada|Kanadi]], [[digitalni radio]] servisi se koriste unutar FM opsega umjesto korištenja [[Digital Audio Broadcasting|Eureka 147]] ili japanskog standarda [[ISDB]]. Ovaj [[unutarpojasni nakanalni]] pristup, kao i sve [[digitalne radio]] tehnike, koristi naprednu [[audio kompresiju (podataka)|komprimovani audio]]. Vlasnički [[iBiquity]] sistem, [[brend]]nazvan [[HD Radio]], odobren je za rad u "hibridnom" režimu, gdje se prenose i konvencionalni analogni FM nosilac i digitalni [[bočni pojas]] podnosioci. ===Snaga prijenosa=== Izlazna snaga FM radiodifuznog predajnika je jedan od parametara koji određuje koliko daleko će prenos pokriti. Drugi važni parametri su visina predajne antene i [[pojačanje antene]]. Snage predajnika treba pažljivo odabrati tako da se pokrije potrebno područje bez izazivanja smetnji drugim udaljenijim stanicama. Praktične snage predajnika kreću se od nekoliko milivata do 80&nbsp;kW. Kako se snage predajnika povećavaju iznad nekoliko kilovata, operativni troškovi postaju visoki i održivi samo za velike stanice. Efikasnost većih predajnika sada je bolja od 70% (AC ulaz u RF izlaz) samo za FM prijenos. Ovo se može porediti sa 50% prije korištenja visokoefikasnih prekidačkih napajanja i LDMOS pojačala. Efikasnost dramatično opada ako se doda bilo koja digitalna HD radio usluga. ===Domet prijema=== VHF radio talasi obično ne putuju daleko izvan vizuelnog horizonta, tako da su domeci prijema za FM stanice obično ograničeni na 30-40 milja/km. Mogu ih blokirati i brda, a u manjoj mjeri i zgrade. Pojedinci sa osjetljivijim prijemnicima ili specijalizovanim antenskim sistemima, ili koji se nalaze u područjima sa povoljnijom topografijom, mogu primati korisne FM emitirane signale na znatno većim udaljenostima. Efekat oštrice noža može omogućiti prijem tamo gdje nema direktne linije vidljivosti između emitera i prijemnika. Prijem može znatno varirati u zavisnosti od položaja. Jedan primjer je planinski lanac [[Učka]], koji omogućava stalan prijem italijanskih signala iz Veneta i Marka u dobrom dijelu [[Rijeka|Rijeke]] u [[Hrvatska|Hrvatskoj]], uprkos udaljenosti većoj od 200&nbsp;km (125 milja). Drugi efekti [[propagacija radio signala]], kao što su [[troposfersko kanaliziranje]] i [[sporadično E]], mogu povremeno omogućiti povremeni prijem udaljenih stanica na vrlo velikim udaljenostima (stotinama milja), ali se na njih ne može osloniti u komercijalne svrhe emitiranja. Dobar prijem širom zemlje jedna je od glavnih prednosti u odnosu na [[DAB radio|DAB/+ radio]]. Ovo je i dalje manje od dometa AM radio talasa, koji zbog svojih nižih frekvencija mogu putovati kao [[prizemni talasi]] ili se reflektirati od [[ionosfera|ionosfere]], tako da se AM radio stanice mogu primati na stotine (ponekad hiljade) milja. Ovo je svojstvo tipične frekvencije (i snage) nosećeg talasa, a ne njegov način modulacije. Domet FM prijenosa povezan je sa RF snagom predajnika, pojačanjem antene i visinom antene. Interferencija od drugih stanica također je faktor na nekim mjestima. U [[SAD]]-u, FCC objavljuje krivulje koje pomažu u izračunavanju ove maksimalne udaljenosti kao funkcije jačine signala na prijemnoj lokaciji. Kompjutersko modeliranje se češće koristi za ovo širom svijeta. Mnoge FM stanice, posebno one koje se nalaze u područjima s izraženim višestrukim putevima, koriste dodatnu kompresiju zvuka kako bi zadržale esencijalni zvuk iznad pozadinske buke za slušatelje, često na štetu ukupnog percipiranog kvaliteta zvuka. Međutim, u takvim slučajevima ova tehnika je često iznenađujuće učinkovita u povećanju korisnog dometa stanice. ==Historija== ===Amerika=== ====Brazil==== Prva radio stanica koja je emitirala program u FM opsegu u [[Brazil]]u bila je Rádio Imprensa, koja je počela emitirati program u [[Rio de Janeiro|Rio de Janeiru]] 1955. godine na frekvenciji od 102,1&nbsp;MHz, a osnovala ju je poslovna žena Anna Khoury. Zbog visokih troškova uvoza FM radio prijemnika, prijenosi su se odvijali u krugovima zatvorenim za preduzeća i trgovine, koji su puštali ambijentalnu muziku koju je nudio radio. Do 1976. godine, Rádio Imprensa je bila jedina stanica koja je radila u FM opsegu u [[Brazil]]u. Od druge polovine 1970-ih nadalje, FM radio stanice su počele postajati popularne u Brazilu, što je uzrokovalo postepeni gubitak popularnosti AM radija.<ref name="pacelli">{{cite web |last1=Pacelli |first1=Edoardo |title=O sonho dourado: 45 anos de Rádio FM no Brasil |url=http://www.italiamiga.com.br/artecultura/artigos/anna_khoury.htm |website=Italiamiga |access-date=7. 11. 2021 |language=pt-br |archive-date=27. 11. 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127232757/http://italiamiga.com.br/artecultura/artigos/anna_khoury.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Brazilsko Ministarstvo komunikacija je 2021. godine proširilo FM radio opseg sa 87,5-108,0&nbsp;MHz na 76,1-108,0&nbsp;MHz kako bi omogućilo migraciju AM radio stanica u brazilskim glavnim gradovima i velikim gradovima.<ref name="mcom">{{cite news |title=MCom entrega certificado às emissoras que estreiam a faixa estendida da FM |url=https://www.gov.br/mcom/pt-br/noticias/2021/maio/mcom-entrega-certificado-as-emissoras-que-estreiam-a-faixa-estendida-da-fm |access-date=7. 11. 2021 |work=Ministry of Communications of Brazil |date=7. 5. 2021 |language=pt-br |archive-date=7. 11. 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107180115/https://www.gov.br/mcom/pt-br/noticias/2021/maio/mcom-entrega-certificado-as-emissoras-que-estreiam-a-faixa-estendida-da-fm |url-status=live }}</ref> ====[[SAD|Sjedinjene Države]]==== [[Slika:Radio Engineering Labs FM advertisement (1940).jpg|thumb|250px|Reklama iz 1940. godine koja prikazuje eksperimentalnu stanicu Edwina Armstronga [[W2XMN]] u Alpine, [[New Jersey]], [[SAD]]. Toranj još uvijek postoji.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/broadcasting19unse/page/n1038/mode/1up Radio Engineering Labs] (advertisement), ''Broadcasting'', November 15, 1940, page 45.</ref>]] FM emitiranje je započelo krajem 1930-ih, kada ga je pokrenulo nekoliko ranih pionirskih eksperimentalnih stanica, uključujući [[WGTR (Massachusetts)|W1XOJ/W43B/WGTR]] (ugašena 1953.) i W1XTG/[[WSRS]], obje su emitirale iz Paxtona, [[Massachusetts]] (sada naveden kao [[Worcester, Massachusetts]]); [[WHCN|W1XSL/W1XPW/W65H/WDRC-FM/WFMQ/WHCN]], Meriden, Connecticut; i [[W2XMN]], [[KE2XCC]] i [[WFMN (Alpine, New Jersey)|WFMN]], Alpine, New Jersey (u vlasništvu samog Edwina Armstronga, zatvorena nakon Armstrongove smrti 1954.). Također su vrijedne pažnje bile stanice [[General Electric]] W2XDA Schenectady i W2XOY New Scotland, New York - dva eksperimentalna FM predajnika na 48,5&nbsp;MHz - koje su se prijavile 1939. godine. Obje su počele redovno emitiranje programa, kao W2XOY, 20. novembra 1940. godine.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/broadcasting19unse#page/n1165/mode/1up "Carnival Atmosphere"], ''Broadcasting'', December 1, 1940, page 76.</ref> Tokom sljedećih nekoliko godina ova stanica je radila pod pozivnim znakovima W57A, W87A i WGFM, te je prešla na 99,5&nbsp;MHz kada je FM opseg [[FM emitovanje u Sjedinjenim Državama|premješteno]] na dio radio spektra od 88–108&nbsp;MHz. General Electric je prodao stanicu 1980-ih. Danas se ova stanica zove [[WRVE]]. Ostali pioniri uključivali su [[WQXR-FM|W2XQR/W59NY/WQXQ/WQXR-FM]], New York; [[WSM-FM (1941–1951)|W47NV/WSM-FM]] Nashville, Tennessee (prekinula rad 1951.); [[WMNE (Portland, Maine)|W1XER/W39B/WMNE]], sa studijima u Bostonu, a kasnije i u Portlandu, Maine, ali čiji se predajnik nalazio na vrhu najviše planine na sjeveroistoku Sjedinjenih Država, [[Mount Washington, New Hampshire|Mount Washington]], [[New Hampshire]] (ugašen 1948.); i [[WTMJ-FM|W9XAO/W55M/WTMJ-FM]] Milwaukee, Wisconsin (prestao s emitiranjem 1950.). Komercijalni FM radiodifuzni opseg formalno je osnovan u [[SAD|Sjedinjenim Državama]] 1. januara 1941.<ref>[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112059131711&view=1up&seq=765 "FCC Order No. 67"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115061240/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112059131711&view=1up&seq=767 |date=15. 1. 2022 }}, ''Federal Register'', May 25, 1940, page 2011.</ref> sa [[Lista početnih komercijalnih FM stanica koje je izdala Federalna komisija za komunikacije 31. oktobra 1940.|prvih petnaest građevinskih dozvola]] objavljenih 31. oktobra 1940.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/broadcasting19unse#page/n1074/mode/1up "New FM Call Letters Proposed"], ''Broadcasting'', November 15, 1940, page 77.</ref> Ove stanice prvenstveno istovremeno emitiraju svoje AM sestrinske stanice, pored toga što emitiraju bogatu [[orkestar]]sku muziku za prodavnice i kancelarije, klasičnu muziku za elitniju publiku u urbanim područjima i obrazovni program.<ref>{{cite news |title=MUSIC FOR BUSES URGED / F. C. C. Proposes Wide Field Also for FM News Reports |work=[[The New York Times]] |author=no byline |date=1. 1. 1954 |access-date=19. 2. 2019 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1954/01/01/83743687.html?pageNumber=19 |archive-date=8. 3. 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308030825/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1954/01/01/83743687.html?pageNumber=19 |url-status=live }}</ref> 27. juna 1945. godine, FCC je najavio preraspodjelu FM opsega na 90 kanala od 88 do 106&nbsp;MHz (što je ubrzo prošireno na 100 kanala od 88 do 108&nbsp;MHz).<ref>[https://archive.org/details/broadcasting291unse/page/n16/mode/1up "FCC Allocates 88-106 mc Band to FM"] by Bill Bailey, ''Broadcasting'', July 2, 1945, pages 13-14.</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/broadcasting291unse/page/n67/mode/1up "FCC Allocations Order Text"], ''Broadcasting'', July 2, 1945, pages 64-68.</ref> This shift, which the AM-broadcaster RCA had pushed for, made all the Armstrong-era FM receivers useless and delayed the expansion of FM.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lemstra |first1=Wolter |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9780511666995/type/book |title=The Innovation Journey of Wi-Fi: The Road to Global Success |last2=Hayes |first2=Vic |last3=Groenewegen |first3=John |date=18. 11. 2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-511-66699-5 |edition=1 |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511666995}}</ref> Godine 1961. [[WUSN|WEFM]] (u području Chicaga) i [[WRVE|WGFM]] (u [[Schenectady]]ju, [[New York]]) su prijavljene kao prve stereo stanice.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wgem.com/about/wgem_about_fm105.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001020231243/http://www.wgem.com/about/wgem_about_fm105.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=20. 10. 2000 |title="Stereophonic FM Broadcast Begun by WEFM", ''Chicago Tribune'', June 2, 1961, p. B-10. |access-date=Apr 8, 2020}}</ref> Do kraja 1960-ih, FM je usvojen za emitovanje stereo "A.O.R.—'[[Album Oriented Rock]]' Format", ali tek 1978. godine slušanost FM stanica premašila je slušanost AM stanica u Sjevernoj Americi. Tokom većeg dijela 70-ih, FM se smatrao visokokvalitetnim radiom povezanim s obrazovnim programima i klasičnom muzikom, što se promijenilo tokom 1980-ih i 1990-ih kada su 40 najboljih muzičkih stanica, a kasnije čak i stanice s country muzikom, uglavnom napustile AM u korist FM-a.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S4etU5b7DZIC&dq=FM+America+highbrow+educational+classical+rock+music&pg=PA141 |title=Early FM Radio: Incremental Technology in Twentieth-Century America |isbn=9780801899133 |access-date=13. 3. 2023 |archive-date=1. 7. 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701093940/https://books.google.com/books?id=S4etU5b7DZIC&dq=FM+America+highbrow+educational+classical+rock+music&pg=PA141 |url-status=live |last1=Frost |first1=Gary L. |date=april 2010 |publisher=JHU Press }}</ref> Danas je AM uglavnom rezervisan za talk radio, vijesti, sport, vjerske programe, etničke (manjinske jezike) emisije i neke vrste muzike od interesa za manjine. Ova promjena je transformisala AM u "alternativni opseg" kakav je FM nekada bio. (Neke AM stanice su počele istovremeno emitovati ili preći na FM signale kako bi privukle mlađe slušaoce i pomogle kod problema sa prijemom u zgradama, tokom grmljavine i u blizini visokonaponskih žica. Neke od ovih stanica sada naglašavaju svoje prisustvo na FM opsegu.) ===Evropa=== [[srednji talas|Srednjetalasni]] opseg (poznat kao ''AM'' opseg jer većina stanica koje ga koriste koristi amplitudsku modulaciju) bio je prenatrpan <ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=Peter M. |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-349-19984-6 |title=The Invisible Medium |last2=Booth |first2=Jerry |date=1989 |publisher=Macmillan Education UK |isbn=978-0-333-42366-0 |location=London |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-19984-6}}</ref> u zapadnoj Evropi, što dovodi do problema sa smetnjama i, kao rezultat toga, mnoge MW frekvencije su pogodne samo za emitovanje govora. [[Belgija]], [[Nizozemska]], [[Danska]] i posebno [[Njemačka]] bile su među prvim zemljama koje su usvojile FM u širokoj mjeri. Među razlozima za to su bili: *Srednjetalasni opseg u zapadnoj Evropi postao je prenatrpan nakon Drugog svjetskog rata, uglavnom zbog najboljih dostupnih srednjetalasnih frekvencija koje su savezničke okupacione snage koristile na visokim nivoima snage, kako za emitovanje [[Američka mreža snaga|zabave svojim trupama]] tako i za emitovanje propagande [[Hladnog rata]] preko [[Gvozdene zavjese]]. *Nakon Drugog svjetskog rata, radiodifuzne frekvencije su reorganizovane i preraspoređene od strane delegata zemalja pobjednica u [[Kopenhagenskom planu frekvencija]]. [[Njemačka|Njemačkim]] emiterima su ostale samo dvije preostale AM frekvencije i bili su prisiljeni da se okrenu FM-u za proširenje. Javni emiteri u [[Republika Irska|Irskoj]] i [[Australija|Australiji]] bili su mnogo sporiji u usvajanju FM radija nego oni u [[Sjeverna Amerika|Sjevernoj Americi]] ili kontinentalnoj [[Evropa|Evropi]]. ====Nizozemska==== [[Hans Idzerda]] je upravljao radiodifuznom stanicom, [[PCGG]], u [[Hag]]u od 1919. do 1924. godine, koja je koristila uskopojasne FM prenose.<ref>[https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/DQJC5pXBAqoWLQ Idzerda, the first radio broadcaster] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206212728/https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/DQJC5pXBAqoWLQ |date=6. 2. 2021 }}, ''Nederlands Instituut voor Beeld en Geluid'' (Netherlands Institute for Sound and Vision)</ref> ====Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo==== U [[UK|Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu]] [[BBC]] je provodio testove tokom 1940-ih,<ref name=BBC1946 /> Zatim je FM emitiranje započelo 1955. godine, s tri nacionalne mreže: [[BBC Light Programme|Light Programme]], [[BBC Third Programme|Third Programme]] i [[BBC Home Service|Home Service]]. Ove tri mreže koristile su podopseg 88,0–94,6&nbsp;MHz. Podopseg 94,6–97,6&nbsp;MHz kasnije je korišten za BBC i lokalne komercijalne servise. Eksperimentalni stereo emitiranje započelo je u području Londona u januaru 1958. godine koristeći dva predajnika. Testovi korištenjem multipleks sistema Zenith-GE započeli su 1962. godine, a redovna usluga za Treći program počela je 1966. godine. Tek kada je komercijalno emitiranje uvedeno u Veliku Britaniju 1973. godine, upotreba FM-a se proširila u Britaniji. Postepenim uklanjanjem drugih korisnika (posebno javnih službi poput policije, vatrogasaca i hitne pomoći) i proširenjem FM opsega na 108,0&nbsp;MHz između 1980. i 1995. godine, FM se brzo proširio širom Britanskih ostrva i efektivno preuzeo od LW i MW platformu izbora za fiksne i prenosive kućne i prijemnike u vozilima. Pored toga, [[Ofcom]] (ranije Radio Authority) u Velikoj Britaniji izdaje na zahtjev licence za ograničene usluge na FM, a također i na AM (MW) za kratkoročno lokalno emitovanje, koje je otvoreno za sve koji nemaju zabranu i mogu platiti odgovarajuće naknade za licenciranje i autorska prava. U 2010. godini izdato je oko 450 takvih licenci. Kada su radio mreže BBC-a preimenovane u [[BBC Radio 2|Radio 2]], [[BBC Radio 3|Radio 3]] i [[BBC Radio 4|Radio 4]] respektivno [[1967. u britanskom radiju|1967.]] kako bi se poklopilo s pokretanjem [[BBC Radio 1|Radio 1]], nova stanica je bila jedina od glavne četiri koja nije imala dodijeljenu FM frekvenciju, što je bio slučaj 21 godinu. Umjesto toga, Radio 1 je dijelio vrijeme emitiranja s Radio 2 FM, subotom poslijepodne, nedjeljom navečer, radnim danima navečer (od 22:00 do ponoći) i praznicima, da bi na kraju dobio vlastitu FM frekvenciju počevši od Londona u oktobru 1987. na 104,8&nbsp;MHz iz [[Crystal Palace, London|Crystal Palace]]. Konačno, 1987. godine, [[1987. u britanskom radiju|1987.]], dodijeljen je frekvencijski opseg od 97,6-99,8&nbsp;MHz nakon što su mobilni radio predajnici policije premješteni iz opsega II, počevši u [[London]]u, prije nego što je to nacionalno završeno do 1989. godine. Radio 1 u Londonu premješten je sa svoje prethodne frekvencije na 98,8&nbsp;MHz, emitirajući se sa lokacije [[BBC]]-jeve [[predajna stanica Wrotham|Wrotham]] u Kentu. Nakon toga, FM frekvencije BBC Radija 1 proširene su na ostatak [[UK|Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Radio 1 History - Transmitters |url=http://www.radiorewind.co.uk/radio1/transmitter.htm |work=Radio Rewind |access-date=11. 8. 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627005454/http://www.radiorewind.co.uk/radio1/transmitter.htm |archive-date=27. 6. 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> ====Italija==== [[Italija]] je široko usvojila FM emitovanje početkom 1970-ih, ali prvi eksperimenti koje je [[RAI]] proveo datiraju još iz 1950.,<ref>{{cite web |title=[IT] Radio FM in Italia |url=http://www.leradiodisophie.it/AM-FM-storia.html |access-date=22. 9. 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305011357/http://www.leradiodisophie.it/AM-FM-storia.html |archive-date=5. 3. 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> kada je "pokret za slobodni radio", koji su razvili takozvani "pirati", prisilio na priznavanje prava na slobodu govora i putem korištenja "slobodnih radio medija kao što su radiodifuzni odašiljači", te je slučaj iznio pred Ustavni sud Italije. Sud je konačno presudio u korist Slobodnog radija. Samo nekoliko sedmica nakon konačne odluke suda došlo je do "buma FM radija" koji je uključivao male privatne radio stanice širom zemlje. Do sredine 1970-ih, svaki grad u Italiji imao je prepun FM radio spektar. ====Grčka==== [[Grčka]] je bila još jedna evropska zemlja u kojoj je FM radio spektar u početku koristili takozvani "pirati" (i u Atini i u Solunu, dva najveća grčka grada) sredinom 1970-ih, prije nego što su bilo koje nacionalne stanice počele emitirati na njemu; bilo je mnogo AM (MW) stanica koje su se koristile u tu svrhu. Najkasnije do kraja 1977. godine, nacionalna javna radiodifuzna kompanija EIRT (kasnije poznata i kao ERT) pustila je u rad svoj prvi FM odašiljač u glavnom gradu Atini. Do kraja 1970-ih, veći dio grčke teritorije pokrivala su tri nacionalna FM programa, a svaki grad je imao i mnogo FM "pirata". Prilagođavanje FM opsega za privatne komercijalne radio stanice dogodilo se mnogo kasnije, 1987. godine. ===Australija=== FM emitovanje je započelo u glavnim gradovima [[Australija|Australije]] 1947. godine na "eksperimentalnoj" osnovi, koristeći [[Radio National|ABC nacionalnu mrežu]] feed, koji se uglavnom sastojao od klasične muzike i Parlamenta, kao izvor programa. Imao je vrlo malu publiku i zatvoren je 1961. godine, navodno kako bi se oslobodio [[televizija|televizijski]] opseg: TV kanal 5 (102.250 video nosač), ako bi bio dodijeljen, spadao bi u VHF FM opseg (98–108&nbsp;MHz).<!--barem u Adelaideu, FM predajnik je neko vrijeme ostao "u eteru" kao rezervni izvor za 5CK, ali je "kodiran" kako bi se zadovoljila vladina politika (!) --> Zvanična politika FM-a u to vrijeme bila je da se na kraju uvede na drugi opseg, što bi zahtijevalo FM tjunere posebno napravljene za Australiju. Ova politika je konačno promijenjena i FM emitovanje je ponovo otvoreno 1975. godine koristeći VHF opseg, nakon što je nekoliko TV stanica koje su ulazile u opseg premješteno. Nakon toga, stalno se razvijao sve dok se 1980-ih mnoge AM stanice nisu prebacile na FM zbog vrhunskog kvaliteta zvuka i nižih operativnih troškova. Danas, kao i drugdje u razvijenom svijetu, većina urbanog australijskog emitovanja odvija se na FM-u, iako su AM talk stanice i dalje vrlo popularne. Regionalni emiteri i dalje obično koriste AM stanice zbog dodatnog dometa koji nudi ova metoda emitiranja. Neke stanice u glavnim regionalnim centrima istovremeno emitiraju na AM i FM opsezima. Digitalni radio koji koristi DAB+ standard uveden je u glavne gradove. ===Novi Zeland=== Poput Australije, Novi Zeland je relativno kasno usvojio FM format. Kao što je bio slučaj s privatnim AM radiom krajem 1960-ih, bio je potreban niz 'piratskih' emitera da uvjere vladu orijentiranu na kontrolu i nesklonu tehnologiji da dozvoli uvođenje FM-a nakon najmanje pet godina kampanje za potrošače koja je počela sredinom 1970-ih, posebno u Aucklandu. Eksperimentalna FM stanica, [[FM 90.7 (Novi Zeland)|FM 90.7]], emitirana je u [[Whakatāneu]] početkom 1982. Kasnije te godine, [[Radio Active (Novi Zeland)|Radio Active]] [[Univerziteta Victoria u Wellingtonu]] započeo je s punim FM prijenosom. Komercijalne FM licence su konačno odobrene 1983. godine, a radio stanice sa sjedištem u Aucklandu [[Magic 91FM|91FM]] i [[89FM (Auckland)|89FM]] su prvi prihvatile ponudu. Emitovanje je deregulirano 1989. godine. Kao i mnoge druge zemlje u Africi i Aziji koje voze lijevom stranom, [[Novi Zeland]] uvozi vozila iz [[Japan]]a. Standardni [[radio uređaj]]i u ovim vozilima rade na frekvencijama od 76 do 90&nbsp;MHz, što nije kompatibilno sa opsegom od 88 do 108&nbsp;MHz. Uvezeni automobili sa japanskim radio uređajima mogu imati ugrađene FM ekspandere koji konvertuju više frekvencije iznad 90&nbsp;MHz. [[Novi Zeland]] nema domaćih proizvođača automobila. ===[[Trinidad i Tobago]]=== Prva FM radio stanica Trinidada i Tobaga bila je 95.1FM, sada preimenovana u [[951 Remix]], koju je pokrenula [[TBC Radio Network]] u martu 1976. godine. ===Turska=== U [[Turska|Turskoj]], FM emitovanje je počelo krajem 1960-ih, prenoseći nekoliko emisija sa televizijske mreže One koja je prebačena s AM frekvencije (poznate i kao MW u Turskoj). U narednim godinama, više MW stanica je polako prebačeno na FM, a do kraja 1970-ih, većina radio stanica koje su ranije bile na MW prebačene su na FM, iako su mnoge talk, informativne i sportske, ali uglavnom vjerske stanice, i dalje ostale na MW. ===Ostale zemlje=== Većina drugih zemalja implementirala je FM emitovanje tokom 1960-ih i proširila svoju upotrebu FM-a tokom 1990-ih. Budući da je potreban veliki broj FM predajnih stanica da bi se pokrila geografski velika zemlja, posebno tamo gdje postoje terenske poteškoće, FM je pogodniji za lokalno emitovanje nego za nacionalne mreže. U takvim zemljama, posebno tamo gdje postoje ekonomski ili infrastrukturni problemi, "uspostavljanje" nacionalne FM radiodifuzne mreže kako bi se dosegla većina stanovništva može biti spor i skup proces. Uprkos tome, uglavnom u istočnoevropskim zemljama, nacionalne FM radiodifuzne mreže uspostavljene su krajem 1960-ih i 1970-ih. U svim zemljama zavisnim od [[Sovjetski savez|Sovjetskog Saveza]], osim [[NDR]], korišten je OIRT opseg. Prvo je bio ograničen na 68–73&nbsp;MHz sa razmakom kanala od 100&nbsp;kHz, a zatim je 1970-ih na kraju proširen na 65,84–74,00&nbsp;MHz sa razmakom kanala od 30&nbsp;kHz.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ukradio.info/OIRT_Tuner/ |title=OIRT Tuner |access-date=25. 10. 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604055810/http://ukradio.info/OIRT_Tuner/ |archive-date=4. 6. 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Korištenje FM-a za domaći radio ohrabrilo je slušaoce da nabave jeftine FM prijemnike i tako smanjilo broj stranih emitera koji su mogli slušati AM signale većeg dometa. Slična razmatranja dovela su do prelaska domaćeg radija u Južnoj Africi na FM u 1960-im. ===ITU konferencije o FM-u=== Frekvencije dostupne za FM odlučeno je na nekim važnim konferencijama [[ITU]]. Prekretnica tih konferencija je Stokholmski sporazum iz 1961. godine između 38 zemalja.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itu.int/publications/publications.aspx?lang=en&media=electronic&parent=R-ACT-RRC.1-1961 |title=ITU Publications |work=ITU |access-date=26. 3. 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626002335/http://www.itu.int/publications/publications.aspx?lang=en&media=electronic&parent=R-ACT-RRC.1-1961 |archive-date=26. 6. 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> Konferencija u Ženevi 1984. godine napravila je neke izmjene originalnog Stokholmskog sporazuma, posebno u frekvencijskom opsegu iznad 100&nbsp;MHz. ==Isključivanje FM emitiranja== {{glavni|Digitalno audio emitiranje}} 2017. godine, [[Norveška]] je postala prva zemlja koja je u potpunosti prešla na [[digitalno audio emitiranje]].<ref name="thelocal">{{Cite web |date=13. 12. 2017 |title=Norway becomes first country to switch off FM radio |url=https://www.thelocal.no/20171213/norway-becomes-first-country-to-switch-off-fm-radio |access-date=31. 1. 2023 |website=The Local Norway |language=en |archive-date=16. 12. 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216073740/https://www.thelocal.no/20171213/norway-becomes-first-country-to-switch-off-fm-radio |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="theguardian">{{Cite web |last=Oslo |first=Agence France-Presse in |date=13. 12. 2017 |title=Norway becomes first country to end national radio broadcasts on FM |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/13/norway-becomes-first-country-to-end-national-radio-broadcasts-on-fm |access-date=31. 1. 2023 |website=the Guardian |language=en |archive-date=5. 2. 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205182140/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/13/norway-becomes-first-country-to-end-national-radio-broadcasts-on-fm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="radioworld">{{Cite web |last=Careless |first=James |date=6. 6. 2018 |title=Norway's FM Shutdown, Six Months Later |url=https://www.radioworld.com/columns-and-views/norways-fm-shutdown-six-months-later |access-date=31. 1. 2023 |website=Radio World |language=en-US |archive-date=31. 1. 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131132807/https://www.radioworld.com/columns-and-views/norways-fm-shutdown-six-months-later |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="worlddab">{{Cite web |title=Switching off FM in Norway and, soon, Switzerland {{!}} News {{!}} WorldDAB |url=https://www.worlddab.org/news/12872/switching-off-fm-in-norway-and-soon-switzerland |access-date=31. 1. 2023 |website=www.worlddab.org |archive-date=31. 1. 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131132810/https://www.worlddab.org/news/12872/switching-off-fm-in-norway-and-soon-switzerland |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Izuzetak su neke lokalne stanice koje ostaju na FM do 2022. godine, a moglo bi se produžiti do 2031. godine. Prelazak na DAB+ značio je da su posebno ruralna područja dobila daleko raznovrsniji radio sadržaj u poređenju s periodom kada je radio samo na FM; nekoliko novih radio stanica je započelo emitiranje na DAB+ u godinama prije gašenja FM-a. [[Švicarska]] je u procesu da postane druga zemlja koja prelazi sa FM na DAB+. Javni emiter [[Švicarska radiodifuzna korporacija|SRG SSR]] je zatvorio cijelu svoju FM infrastrukturu 31. decembra 2024. godine, navodeći kao razlog nisku upotrebu FM-a (procjenjuje se na 10% publike i opada) zbog široko rasprostranjenog usvajanja DAB+ i troškove održavanja dvije radiodifuzne infrastrukture istovremeno. Privatni emiteri postepeno gase svoje FM predajnike, što će biti završeno do 31. decembra 2026. godine.<ref>{{cite web |title=SRG schaltet UKW per Ende Jahr ab - Der Verband Schweizer Privatradios informiert über Abschaltplan |url=https://dabplus.ch/news/der-verband-schweizer-privatradios-informiert-ueber-abschaltplan/ |website=DAB |language=de-CH |date=24. 12. 2024}}</ref> [[Belgija|Belgijska]] regija [[Flandrija]] planira isključiti FM emitiranje do 2031. godine, kao i njemačka [[Schleswig-Holstein]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2024/05/19/1-januari-2031-wordt-richtdatum-om-radio-uitzendingen-via-de-fm/|title=1 januari 2031 wordt richtdatum om radio-uitzendingen via de FM-band stop te zetten|lang=nl-be|date=20. 5. 2024|first=Steven|last=Rombaut|publisher=VRT News|access-date=31. 1. 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.radioworld.com/global/german-state-sets-mid-2031-for-fm-switchoff|title=German State Sets Mid-2031 for FM Switchoff|date=2. 7. 2024|first=T. Carter|last=Ross|work=Radio World|access-date=31. 1. 2025}}</ref> ==Korištenje FM radiodifuznog opsega u malom obimu== ===Upotreba FM predajnika od strane potrošača=== U nekim zemljama dostupni su predajnici malog obima ([[Dio 15 (FCC pravila)|Dio 15]] u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama) koji mogu prenositi signal s audio uređaja (obično [[MP3 plejer]] ili slično) na standardni FM radio prijemnik; takvi uređaji se kreću od malih jedinica napravljenih za prenos zvuka do auto radija bez mogućnosti audio ulaza (često ranije obezbjeđivanih posebnim adapterima za [[audio kasete]] dekove, koji više nisu uobičajeni na dizajnu auto radija) do sistema za emitovanje pune veličine, gotovo profesionalnog nivoa koji se mogu koristiti za prenos zvuka u cijelom objektu, uključujući sisteme koji sinhronizuju prazničnu dekorativnu rasvjetu sa muzikom. Većina takvih jedinica prenosi u punom stereo režimu, iako neki modeli dizajnirani za početnike hobiste možda ne. Slični predajnici su često uključeni u [[satelitski radio|satelitske radio]] prijemnike i neke igračke. Legalnost ovih uređaja varira od zemlje do zemlje. [[Federalna komisija za komunikacije|SAD Federalna komisija za komunikacije]] i [[Industry Canada]] ih dozvoljavaju. Počevši od 1. oktobra 2006. godine, ovi uređaji su postali legalni u većini zemalja [[Evropska unija|Evropske unije]]. Uređaji napravljeni prema usklađenim evropskim specifikacijama postali su legalni u [[Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo|UK]] 8. decembra. 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://media.ofcom.org.uk/news/2006/change-to-the-law-to-allow-the-use-of-low-power-fm-transmitters-for-mp3-players/ |title=Change to the law to allow the use of low power FM transmitters for MP3 players |publisher=Ofcom |date=23. 11. 2006 |access-date=8. 8. 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912162302/http://media.ofcom.org.uk/news/2006/change-to-the-law-to-allow-the-use-of-low-power-fm-transmitters-for-mp3-players/ |archive-date=12. 9. 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> FM radio-frekventni opseg koriste i neki jeftini bežični mikrofoni koji se prodaju kao igračke za karaoke ili slične svrhe, što korisniku omogućava korištenje FM radija kao izlaza umjesto namjenskog pojačala i zvučnika. Bežični mikrofoni profesionalnog kvaliteta uglavnom koriste opsege u ultra visokofrekventnom UHF području tako da mogu raditi na namjenskoj opremi bez smetnji u emitiranju. Neke bežične slušalice prenose u FM radio-frekventnom opsegu, pri čemu se slušalice mogu podesiti samo na podskup radio-frekventnog opsega. Bežične slušalice višeg kvaliteta koriste potrošački IR infracrveni prijenos ili UHF ISM opseg kao što su 315&nbsp;MHz, 863&nbsp;MHz, 915&nbsp;MHz ili 2,4&nbsp;GHz umjesto FM radio-frekventnog opsega. ===Pomoćno slušanje=== Neki uređaji za pomoćno slušanje zasnovani su na FM radiju, uglavnom koristeći opseg od 72,1 do 75,8&nbsp;MHz. Osim prijemnika s potpomognutim slušanjem, samo određene vrste FM prijemnika mogu se podesiti na ovaj opseg.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://w0is.com/miscpages/assistivelisteningdevicereceivers.html |title=Inexpensive Options for Assistive Listening Device Receivers |website=W0IS.com |last=Clem |first=Richard P. |date=2014 |access-date=13. 7. 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927020939/http://w0is.com/miscpages/assistivelisteningdevicereceivers.html |archive-date=27. 9. 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> ===Mikroemitovanje=== Predajnici male snage, poput onih gore spomenutih, ponekad se koriste i za radio stanice u susjedstvu ili na kampusima, iako se radio stanice kampusa često pokreću preko noseće struje. Ovo se generalno smatra oblikom mikroemitovanja. Kao opšte pravilo, provođenje zakona prema FM stanicama male snage je strože nego kod AM stanica, zbog problema kao što je [[efekat hvatanja]] i kao rezultat toga, FM mikroemitovanje uglavnom ne dopire tako daleko kao njihovi AM konkurenti. ===Tajna upotreba FM predajnika=== FM predajnici su korišteni za konstrukciju minijaturnih bežičnih mikrofona za [[špijunaža|špijunažu]] i [[nadzor]] svrhe ([[tajni uređaji za prisluškivanje]] ili takozvane "bube"); prednost korištenja FM radio-frekvencijskog opsega za takve operacije je u tome što se prijemna oprema ne bi smatrala posebno sumnjivom. Uobičajena praksa je podešavanje predajnika bube na krajevima radio-frekventnog opsega, na ono što bi u Sjedinjenim Državama bio TV kanal 6 (<87,9&nbsp;MHz) ili frekvencije za avio-navigaciju (>107,9&nbsp;MHz); većina FM radio prijemnika s analognim tjunerima ima dovoljno prekomjernog pokrivanja da uhvati ove malo izvanudaljenije frekvencije, iako mnogi digitalno podešeni radio uređaji nemaju. Konstrukcija "bube" je uobičajen rani projekat za hobiste elektronike, a projektni kompleti za to dostupni su iz širokog spektra izvora. Međutim, konstruisani uređaji su često preveliki i slabo zaštićeni za upotrebu u tajnim aktivnostima. Osim toga, veliki dio [[piratski radio|piratskih radio]] aktivnosti se emituje u FM opsegu, zbog veće jasnoće i slušanosti opsega, manje veličine i niže cijene opreme. == Također pogledajte == * [[FM emitiranje u Australiji]] * [[FM emitiranje u Kanadi]] * [[FM emitiranje u Egiptu]] * [[FM emitiranje u Indiji]] * [[FM emitiranje u Japanu]] * [[FM emitiranje na Novom Zelandu]] * [[FM emitiranje u Pakistanu]] * [[FM emitiranje u Velikoj Britaniji]] * [[FM emitiranje u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama]] * [[Kopiranje muzike s radija|Kopiranje muzike iz FM programa]] * [[Radio Data System|RDS (Radio Data System)]] * [[Lista FM radio stanica u Bangaloreu]] * [[Liste radio stanica u Sjevernoj Americi]] ==Reference== {{reflist}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{ Kutija bibliotečkih izvora }} ; Povezani tehnički sadržaj * {{US patent|1941066}} * {{US patent|3708623}} Compatible Four Channel FM System * [http://www.smoke.com.au/~ic/mpx.html Introduction to FM MPX] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040305190720/http://www.smoke.com.au/~ic/mpx.html |date=5. 3. 2004 }} * [https://www.silabs.com/Marcom%20Documents/Resources/FMTutorial.pdf Frequency Modulation (FM) Tutorial] * [http://transmitters.tripod.com/stereo.htm Stereo Multiplexing for Dummies Graphs that show waveforms at different points in the FM Multiplex process] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116035838/http://transmitters.tripod.com/stereo.htm |date=16. 1. 2018 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004233/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2013.html Factbook list of stations worldwide] * [http://inventorspot.com/father_of_fm Invention History &ndash; The Father of FM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622103553/http://inventorspot.com/father_of_fm |date=22. 6. 2017 }} * [http://www.aes.org Audio Engineering Society] * [http://www.cliftonlaboratories.com/fm_&_tv_subcarriers.htm FM Broadcast and TV Broadcast Aural Subcarriers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111223010330/http://cliftonlaboratories.com/fm_%26_tv_subcarriers.htm |date=23. 12. 2011 }} – Clifton Laboratories {{Audio emitiranje}} {{Telekomunikacije}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fm Broadcasting}} [[Kategorija:Radio komunikacije]] [[Kategorija:Tehnika emitovanja]] mx347ib63y9mga2ry1vcdtaq740u7ac Arsenal FC – sezona 2025/2026. 0 526018 3849327 3848049 2026-05-25T19:18:34Z Topnik95 56539 3849327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija trenutna sezona fudbalskog kluba | ime_kluba = Arsenal FC | sezona = 2025/2026. | slika = | veličina_slike = | tekst = | titula_vlasnika = | vlasnik = {{nowrap|[[Kroenke Sports & Entertainment]]}} | titula_predsjednika = | predsjednik = [[Stan Kroenke]]<br>[[Josh Kroenke]] | titula_menadžera = | menadžer = [[Mikel Arteta]] | titula4 = | osoba4 = | titula_stadiona = | stadion = [[Stadion Emirates|Emirates]] | liga1 = [[Premier League]] | liga1_rezultat = '''[[Premier League 2025/2026.|Prvaci]]''' | liga2 = | liga2_rezultat = | liga3 = | liga3_rezultat = | kup1 = [[FA kup]] | kup1_rezultat = ''[[FA kup 2025/2026.|Četvrtina finala]]'' | kup2 = [[Engleski Liga-kup]] | kup2_rezultat = ''[[Engleski Liga-kup 2025/2026.|2. mjesto]]'' | kup3 = {{nowrap|[[UEFA Liga prvaka]]}} | kup3_rezultat = ''[[UEFA Liga prvaka 2025/2026.|Finale]]'' | kup4 = | kup4_rezultat = | kup5 = | kup5_rezultat = | kup6 = | kup6_rezultat = | kup7 = | kup7_rezultat = | najbolji_strijelac_sezone = <br>[[Viktor Gyökeres]]<br>(21) | najbolji_strijelac_lige = <br>[[Viktor Gyökeres]]<br>(14 golova) | najveća_posjećenost = 60.345 v [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]]<br>(23. novembar 2025, Premier League) | najmanja_posjećenost = 50.200 v [[FK Kairat|Kairat]]<br>(28. januar 2026, UEFA Liga prvaka) | prosječna_posjećenost = 60.214 | najveća_pobjeda = '''5–0''' v Leeds United<br>(Kući, 23. august 2025, Premier League) | najveći_poraz = '''0–2''' v [[Manchester City FC|Manchester City]]<br> ([[Stadion Wembley|Wembley]], 22. mart 2026, Finale EFL kupa) | uzorak_lr1 = _arsenal2526h | uzorak_t1 = _arsenal2526h | uzorak_dr1 = _arsenal2526h | uzorak_š1 = _arsenal2526h | uzorak_č1 = _arsenal2526hl | lijeva ruka1 = FFFFFF | tijelo1 = F00000 | desna ruka1 = FFFFFF | šorc1 = FFFFFF | čarape1 = F00000 | opis1 = Domaći | uzorak_lr2 = _arsenal2526a | uzorak_t2 = _arsenal2526a | uzorak_dr2 = _arsenal2526a | uzorak_š2 = _arsenal2526a | uzorak_č2 = _arsenal2526a | lijeva ruka2 = 192B47 | tijelo2 = 192B47 | desna ruka2 = 192B47 | šorc2 = 151D35 | čarape2 = 151D35 | opis2 = Gostujući | uzorak_lr3 = _arsenal2526t | uzorak_t3 = _arsenal2526t | uzorak_dr3 = _arsenal2526t | uzorak_š3 = _arsenal2526t | uzorak_č3 = _arsenal2526tl | lijeva ruka3 = FFFFFF | tijelo3 = FFFFFF | desna ruka3 = FFFFFF | šorc3 = 6A2335 | čarape3 = FFFFFF | opis3 = Treći | prethodna_sezona = [[Arsenal FC - sezona 2024/2025.|2024/2025.]] | naredna_sezona = 2026/2027. | ažurirano = 24. 5. 2026 | vlasnici = }} '''Sezona 2025/2026.''' je 34. sezona [[Arsenal FC|nogometnog kluba Arsenal]] u [[Premijer liga Engleske|Premier ligi]], njihova 100. uzastopna sezona u najvišoj engleskoj ligi, čime su postali prva ekipa koja je provela 100 sezona zaredom u engleskoj najvišoj ligi, te 109. sezona u najvišoj ligi ukupno. Osim domaće lige, Arsenal također sudjeluje u ovogodišnjim izdanjima FA kupa, EFL kupa i UEFA Lige prvaka, od kojih je njihova 40. europska kampanja. Sezona obuhvaća razdoblje od 1. jula 2025. do 30. juna 2026. == Prvi tim == === Stručni štab === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Pozicija !Ime !Datum rođenja !Ref. |- |Menadžer |{{ZD|ŠPA}} [[Mikel Arteta]] |{{Datum rođenja|1982|03|26}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/mikel-arteta-joining-our-new-head-coach|title=Mikel Arteta joining as our new head coach|date=16. 9. 2025|website=Mikel Arteta joining as our new head coach|language=en|access-date=13. 9. 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Mikel Arteta: Arsenal appoint ex-captain as head coach|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/50817660|newspaper=BBC Sport|date=20. 12. 2019|access-date=13. 9. 2025|language=en-GB}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |Pomoćnici |{{ZD|NIZ}} [[Albert Stuivenberg]] |{{Datum rođenja|1970|08|05}} |<ref name="Coaching team named">{{Cite web|url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/coaching-team-named|title=Coaching team named|date=16. 9. 2025|website=Coaching team named|language=en|access-date=13. 9. 2025}}</ref><ref name="bbc.com">{{Cite news|title=Mikel Arteta: Arsenal's new boss encouraged by early signs from players|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/50912761|newspaper=BBC Sport|date=26. 12. 2019|access-date=13. 9. 2025|language=en-GB}}</ref> |- |{{ZD|ARG}} [[Gabriel Heinze]] |{{Datum rođenja|1978|04|19}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/gabriel-heinze-joins-coaching-team|title=Gabriel Heinze joins coaching team|date=16. 9. 2025|website=Gabriel Heinze joins coaching team|language=en|access-date=13. 9. 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Arsenal appoint Gabriel Heinze to join Mikel Arteta’s coaching staff|url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/6478034/2025/07/08/arsenal-heinze-coach-appointment/|newspaper=The New York Times|date=8. 7. 2025|access-date=13. 9. 2025|issn=0362-4331|language=en-US|first=Nnamdi|last=Onyeagwara}}</ref> |- |{{ZD|FRA}} [[Nicolas Jover]] |{{Datum rođenja|1981|10|28}} |<ref>{{Cite news|title=Arsenal appoint set-piece coach Nicolas Jover from Manchester City|url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4206997/2021/07/05/arsenal-appoint-set-piece-coach-nicolas-jover-from-manchester-city/|newspaper=The New York Times|date=6. 7. 2021|access-date=13. 9. 2025|issn=0362-4331|language=en-US|first=Art de|last=Roché}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/football/arsenal-andreas-georgson-malmo-man-city-b944119.html|title=Arsenal hire Man City coach Jover as Georgson leaves for Malmo|last=Collings|first=Simon|date=5. 7. 2021|website=The Standard|language=en|access-date=13. 9. 2025}}</ref> |- |{{ZD|ŠPA}} [[Miguel Molina (nogometaš)|Miguel Molina]] |{{Datum rođenja|1993|01|03}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/coaching-and-backroom-team|title=Coaching and backroom team|date=16. 9. 2025|website=Coaching and backroom team|language=en|access-date=13. 9. 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/mikel-arteta-appoints-three-new-22594631|title=Mikel Arteta appoints three new staff to his Arsenal backroom team|last=Wells|first=Darren|date=28. 8. 2020|website=Daily Mirror|language=en|access-date=13. 9. 2025}}</ref> |- |Trener golmana |{{ZD|ŠPA}} [[Iñaki Caña]] |{{Datum rođenja|1975|09|19}} |<ref name="Coaching team named"/><ref name="bbc.com"/> |} === Igrači prvog tima === {{Nogometna ekipa početak|sakrijnapomenu=1}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=1|nac=ŠPA|ime=[[David Raya]]|poz=GK}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=2|nac=FRA|ime=[[William Saliba]]|poz=DF|}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=3|nac=ŠPA|ime=[[Cristhian Mosquera]]|poz=DF}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=4|nac=ENG|ime=[[Ben White (nogometaš)|Ben White]]|poz=DF}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=5|nac=EKV|ime=[[Piero Hincapié]]|poz=DF}} (Na posudbi iz [[Bayer 04 Leverkusen|Bayer Leverkusen]]) {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=6|nac=BRA|ime=[[Gabriel Magalhães]]|poz=DF}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=7|nac=ENG|ime=[[Bukayo Saka]]|poz=MF}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=8|nac=NOR|ime=[[Martin Ødegaard]]|poz=MF}} {{kapiten}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=9|nac=BRA|ime=[[Gabriel Jesus]]|poz=FW}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=10|nac=ENG|ime=[[Eberechi Eze]]|poz=MF}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=11|nac=BRA|ime=[[Gabriel Martinelli]]|poz=FW}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=12|nac=NIZ|ime=[[Jurriën Timber]]|poz=DF}} {{Nogometna ekipa sredina}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=12|nac=ŠPA|ime=[[Kepa Arrizabalaga]]|poz=GK}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=14|nac=ŠVE|ime=[[Viktor Gyökeres]]|poz=FW}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=16|nac=DAN|ime=[[Christian Nørgaard]]|poz=MF}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=19|nac=BEL|ime=[[Leandro Trossard]]|poz=FW}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=20|nac=ENG|ime=[[Noni Madueke]]|poz=FW}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=23|nac=ŠPA|ime=[[Mikel Merino]]|poz=MF}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=29|nac=NJE|ime=[[Kai Havertz]]|poz=FW}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=33|nac=ITA|ime=[[Riccardo Calafiori]]|poz=DF}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=36|nac=ŠPA|ime=[[Martín Zubimendi]]|poz=MF|}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=41|nac=ENG|ime=[[Declan Rice]]|poz=MF|}} {{Nogometna ekipa igrač|br=49|nac=ENG|ime=[[Myles Lewis-Skelly]]|poz=DF|}} {{Nogometna ekipa kraj}} ==== Igrači na posudbi ==== {| class="wikitable" |+ !{{Abbr|Br.|Broj na dresu}} !Igrač !{{Abbr|Poz.|Pozicija}} !{{Abbr|Posudba|Na posudbi u}} !{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- |15 |{{ZD|POLJ}} [[Jakub Kiwior]] |Odbrana |{{ZD|POR}} [[FC Porto|Porto]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/jakub-kiwior-joins-porto-season-long-loan|title=Jakub Kiwior joins Porto on season-long loan|date=16. 9. 2025|website=Jakub Kiwior joins Porto on season-long loan|language=en|access-date=13. 9. 2025}}</ref> |- |21 |{{ZD|POR}} [[Fábio Vieira (nogometaš, rođen 2000)|Fábio Vieira]] |Vezni |{{ZD|NJE}} [[Hamburger SV|HSV]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/fabio-vieira-joins-hamburger-sv-loan|title=Fabio Vieira joins Hamburger SV on loan|date=16. 9. 2025|website=Fabio Vieira joins Hamburger SV on loan|language=en|access-date=13. 9. 2025}}</ref> |- |24 |{{ZD|ENG}} [[Reiss Nelson]] |Napad |{{ZD|ENG}} [[Brentford FC|Brentford]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/reiss-nelson-joins-brentford-loan-0|title=Reiss Nelson joins Brentford on loan|date=16. 9. 2025|website=Reiss Nelson joins Brentford on loan|language=en|access-date=13. 9. 2025}}</ref> |- |31 |{{ZD|EST}} [[Karl Hein (nogometaš)|Karl Hein]] |Golman |{{ZD|NJE}} [[SV Werder Bremen|Werder]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/karl-hein-joins-werder-bremen-loan|title=Karl Hein joins Werder Bremen on loan|date=16. 9. 2025|website=Karl Hein joins Werder Bremen on loan|language=en|access-date=13. 9. 2025}}</ref> |- |22 |{{ZD|ENG}} [[Ethan Nwaneri]] |Vezni |{{ZD|FRA}} [[Olympique de Marseille|Marseille]] |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/ethan-nwaneri-joins-marseille-loan|title=Ethan Nwaneri joins Marseille on loan|date=7. 2. 2026|website=Ethan Nwaneri joins Marseille on loan|language=en|access-date=4. 2. 2026}}</ref> |} == Predsezona i prijateljske utakmice == {{legend inline|#CCFFCC|Pobjeda|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend inline|#FFFFCC|Neriješeno|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend inline|#FFCCCC|Izgubljeno|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 23. juli 2025. |vrijeme = 13:30 |historija = |tim1 = Arsenal |rezultat = 1–0 |jedanaesterci1 = *[[Martin Ødegaard|Ødegaard]] {{Penpromašaj}} *[[Martín Zubimendi|Zubimendi]] {{pengol}} *[[Mikel Merino|Merino]] {{pengol}} *[[Reiss Nelson|Nelson]] {{Penpromašaj}} *[[Jakub Kiwior|Kiwior]] {{Penpromašaj}} *[[Max Dowman|Dowman]] {{pengol}} *[[Leandro Trossard|Trossard]] {{pengol}} *[[Josh Nichols|Nichols]] {{pengol}} *Salmon {{Penpromašaj}} |jedanaesterci = 5–6 |jedanaesterci2 = *{{pengol}} [[Matteo Gabbia|Gabbia]] *{{Penpromašaj}} [[Lorenzo Colombo|Colombo]] *{{pengol}} [[Samuel Chukwueze|Chukwueze]] *{{Penpromašaj}} [[Mattia Liberali|Liberali]] *{{Penpromašaj}} [[Noah Okafor|Okafor]] *{{pengol}} [[Warren Bondo|Bondo]] *{{pengol}} [[Filippo Terracciano|F. Terracciano]] *{{pengol}} [[Matteo Duțu|Duțu]] *{{pengol}} Comotto |izvještaj = https://www.arsenal.com/fixture/arsenal/2025-Jul-23/arsenal-1-0-ac-milan-match-report |tim2 = [[AC Milan|Milan]] |golovi1 = *[[Bukayo Saka|Saka]] {{gol|53}} |golovi2 = |stadion = [[Nacionalni stadion, Singapur|Nacionalni stadion]] |runda = Azijska turneja |lokacija = [[Kallang]], [[Singapur]] |gledalaca = 22.813 |sudac = Jansen Foo ([[Nogometni savez Singapura|Singapur]]) |ishod = POB }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 27. juli 2025. |vrijeme = 13:30 |historija = |tim1 = Arsenal |rezultat = 3–2 |izvještaj = https://www.arsenal.com/fixture/arsenal/2025-Jul-27/arsenal-3-2-newcastle-united-match-report |tim2 = [[Newcastle United FC|Newcastle United]] |golovi1 = *[[Mikel Merino|Merino]] {{gol|33}} *[[Alex Murphy (nogometaš)|A. Murphy]] {{gol|35|a.g}} *[[Martín Zubimendi|Zubimendi]] {{žuti karton|38}} *[[Martin Ødegaard|Ødegaard]] {{gol|84|pen.}} |golovi2 = *[[Anthony Elanga|Elanga]] {{gol|6}} *[[Jamaal Lascelles|Lascelles]] {{žuti karton|45+1}} *[[Jacob Murphy|J. Murphy]] {{gol|58}} |jedanaesterci = |jedanaesterci1 = |jedanaesterci2 = |stadion = [[Nacionalni stadion, Singapur|Nacionalni stadion]] |runda = Azijska turneja |lokacija = Kallang, Singapur |gledalaca = 38.720 |sudac = Clarence Leow ([[Nogometni savez Singapura|Singapur]]) |ishod = POB }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 31. juli 2025. |vrijeme = 13:30 |historija = |tim1 = Arsenal |rezultat = 0–1 |izvještaj = https://www.arsenal.com/fixture/arsenal/2025-Jul-31/arsenal-tottenham-hotspur-match-report |tim2 = [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]] |golovi1 = *[[Mikel Merino|Merino]] {{žuti karton|90+3}} |golovi2 = *[[Rodrigo Bentancur|Bentancur]] {{žuti karton|36}} *[[Pape Matar Sarr|Sarr]] {{gol|45}} *[[Brennan Johnson|Johnson]] {{žuti karton|90+3}} |stadion = [[Kai Tak Sports Park]] |runda = Azijska turneja |lokacija = [[Kowloon]], [[Hong Kong]] |gledalaca = 49.975 |sudac = Lau Fong Hei ([[Nogometni savez Hong Konga, Kina|Hong Kong]]) |ishod = POR }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 6. august 2025. |vrijeme = 19:00 |historija = |tim1 = Arsenal |rezultat = 2–3 |izvještaj = https://www.arsenal.com/fixture/arsenal/2025-Aug-06/arsenal-2-3-villarreal-match-report |tim2 = [[Villarreal CF|Villarreal]] |golovi1 = *[[Christian Nørgaard|Nørgaard]] {{gol|36}} *[[Martin Ødegaard|Ødegaard]] {{gol|76|pen.}} |golovi2 = *[[Nicolas Pépé|Pépé]] {{gol|16}} *[[Karl Etta Eyong|Etta Eyong]] {{gol|33}} *[[Pape Gueye|Gueye]] {{žuti karton|55}} *[[Arnaut Danjuma|Danjuma]] {{gol|68}} |jedanaesterci = 3–4 |jedanaesterci1 = *[[Martin Ødegaard|Ødegaard]] {{pengol}} *[[Declan Rice|Rice]] {{pengol}} *[[Mikel Merino|Merino]] {{Penpromašaj}} *[[Oleksandr Zinchenko (nogometaš)|Zinchenko]] {{pengol}} *[[Gabriel Magalhães|Gabriel]] {{Penpromašaj}} *[[Noni Madueke|Madueke]] {{Penpromašaj}} |jedanaesterci2 = *{{pengol}} [[Alberto Moleiro|Moleiro]] *{{Penpromašaj}} [[Denis Suárez|Suárez]] *{{pengol}} [[Arnaut Danjuma|Danjuma]] *{{pengol}} [[Santi Comesaña|Comesaña]] *{{Penpromašaj}} Valou *{{pengol}} [[Pau Cabanes|Cabanes]] |stadion = [[Stadion Emirates|Emirates]] |runda = Prijateljska |lokacija = [[Holloway, London|Holloway]] |gledalaca = 60.355 |sudac = [[Sam Barrott]] ([[Nogometni savez Engleske|Engleska]]) |ishod = POR }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 9. august 2025. |vrijeme = 18:00 |historija = |tim1 = Arsenal |rezultat = 3–0 |izvještaj = https://www.arsenal.com/fixture/arsenal/2025-Aug-09/arsenal-3-0-athletic-club-match-report |tim2 = [[Athletic Bilbao]] |golovi1 = *[[Viktor Gyökeres|Gyökeres]] {{gol|35}} *[[Bukayo Saka|Saka]] {{gol|37}} *[[Myles Lewis-Skelly|Lewis-Skelly]] {{žuti karton|69}} *[[Kai Havertz|Havertz]] {{gol|82}} |golovi2 = *[[Yuri Berchiche|Berchiche]] {{žuti karton|2}} |jedanaesterci = 6–5 |jedanaesterci1 = *[[Mikel Merino|Merino]] {{pengol}} *[[Kai Havertz|Havertz]] {{pengol}} *[[Noni Madueke|Madueke]] {{pengol}} *[[Ethan Nwaneri|Nwaneri]] {{Penpromašaj}} *[[Bukayo Saka|Saka]] {{pengol}} *[[William Saliba|Saliba]] {{pengol}} *[[Martín Zubimendi|Zubimendi]] {{pengol}} |jedanaesterci2 = *{{pengol}} [[Gorka Guruzeta|Guruzeta]] *{{pengol}} [[Robert Navarro (nogometaš)|Navarro]] *{{pengol}} [[Mikel Vesga|Vesga]] *{{pengol}} [[Nico Serrano|Serrano]] *{{Penpromašaj}} [[Maroan Sannadi|Sannadi]] *{{pengol}} [[Iñigo Lekue|Lekue]] *{{Penpromašaj}} [[Adama Boiro|Boiro]] |stadion = [[Stadion Emirates|Emirates]] |runda = [[Emirates Cup]] |lokacija = [[Holloway, London|Holloway]] |gledalaca = 60.000 |sudac = [[Robert Jones (nogometni sudac)|Robert Jones]] ([[Nogometni savez Engleske|Engleska]]) |ishod = POB }} == Takmičenje == === Sveukupna statistika === {{Fb overview |c=5 |c1=[[Premier League 2025/2026.|Premier League]] |fm1=17. august 2025. |lm1=24. maj 2026. |sr1=1. kolo |fp1=Prvak |w1=26 |d1=7 |l1=5 |f1=71 |a1=27 |c2=[[FA kup 2025/2026.|FA kup]] |fm2=11. januar 2026. |lm2=4. april 2026.|sr2=Treća runda |fp2=Četvrtfinale|w2=3 |d2=0 |l2=1 |f2=11 |a2=4 |c3=[[Engleski Liga kup 2025/2026.|Engleski Liga kup]] |fm3=24. septembar 2025. |lm3=22. mart 2026. |sr3=Treća runda |fp3=2. mjesto|w3=4 |d3=1 |l3=1 |f3=9 |a3=5 |c4=[[UEFA Liga prvaka 2025/2026.|UEFA Liga prvaka]] |fm4=16. Septembar 2025. |lm4=30. maj 2026. |sr4=Ligaška faza |fp4=TBD |w4=11 |d4=3 |l4=0 |f4=29 |a4=6 |s=[https://int.soccerway.com/teams/england/arsenal-fc/ Soccerway] }} === Premier League === {{Main|Premier League 2025/2026.}} ==== Tabela ==== {{:Premier League 2025/2026.|showteam=ARS}} ==== Statistika u Premier League ==== {{Fb_rs |dp=15 |dn=2 |di=2 |ddg=41 |dpg=11 |gp=11 |gn=5 |gi=3 |gdg=30 |gpg=16 }} ==== Rezultati po kolima ==== {{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b | updated=complete | rnd1=[[Derbi Arsenal–Manchester United|1]]| rnd5=[[Derbi Arsenal–Manchester City|5]]| rnd12=[[Sjevernolondonski derbi|12]]| rnd13=[[Rivalstvo Arsenal–Chelsea|13]]| rnd23=[[Derbi Arsenal–Manchester United|23]]| rnd27=31<sup>1</sup>| rnd28=[[Sjevernolondonski derbi|27]]| rnd29=[[Rivalstvo Arsenal–Chelsea|28]]| rnd30=29| rnd31=30| rnd33=[[Derbi Arsenal–Manchester City|33]] | header=Kolo | label1=Stadion | res1= [[Old Trafford|A]]/[[Emirates Stadium|H]]/[[Anfield|A]]/H/H/[[St James' Park|A]]/H/[[Craven Cottage|A]]/H/[[Turf Moor|A]]/[[Stadium of Light|A]]/H/[[Stamford Bridge (stadion)|A]]/H/[[Villa Park|A]]/H/[[Stadion Everton|A]]/H/H/[[Dean Court|A]]/H/[[City Ground|A]]/H/[[Elland Road|A]]/H/[[Stadion Brentford Community|A]]/[[Stadion Molineux|A]]/[[Stadion Tottenham Hotspur|A]]/H/[[Stadion Falmer|A]]/H/H/[[Gradski stadion u Manchesteru|A]]/H/H/[[Stadion London|A]]/H/[[Selhurst Park|A]] | label2=Rezultat | res2=W/W/L/W/D/W/W/W/W/W/D/W/D/W/L/W/W/W/W/W/D/D/L/W/W/D/D/W/W/W/W/L/L/W/W/W/W/W | label3=Pozicija | pos3=6/1/3/2/2/2/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/2/1/1/1/1/1 | label4=Bodovi | pos4=3p/6p/6p/9p/10p/13p/16p/19p/22p/25p/26p/29p/30p/33p/33p/36p/39p/42p/45p/48p/49p/50p/50p/53p/56p/57p/58p/61p/64p/67p/70p/70p/70p/73p/76p/79p/82p/85p | color_W=green1|text_W=Pobjeda | color_D=yellow1|text_D=Nerješeno | color_L=red1|text_L=Izgubljeno | color_P=lightgrey|text_P=Otkazano | text_H=Domaćin|text_A=Gost | color_1=gold|color_2–4=green1|color_5=blue1|color_18–20=red1|color_82=gold | source=[https://www.premierleague.com/tables Premier League] | notes={{plainlist| * Pozicije su nakon završenog kola, a ne nakon odigrane utakmice utakmice ili dana. * <sup>'''1'''</sup> 31. Kolo (vs. [[Wolverhampton Wanderers FC|Wolverhampton Wanderers]]) je pomjereno zbog Arsenalovog učešća u finalu liga kupa. }}}} ==== Utakmice ==== {{legend inline|#CCFFCC|Pobjeda|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend inline|#FFFFCC|Nerješeno|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend inline|#FFCCCC|Izgubljeno|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend inline|#FFFFFF|Buduća utakmica|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|#BBBBBB|Odgođeno|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 17. august 2025. |vrijeme = 17:30 |historija = |tim1 = [[Manchester United FC|Manchester United]] |rezultat = 0–1 |izvještaj = https://www.premierleague.com/en/match/2561903 |tim2 = Arsenal |golovi1 = *[[Patrick Dorgu|Dorgu]] {{žuti karton|85}} |golovi2 = *[[Riccardo Calafiori|Calafiori]] {{gol|13}}, {{žuti karton|42}} *[[David Raya|Raya]] {{žuti karton|85}} *[[Jurriën Timber|Timber]] {{žuti karton|90+1}} *[[Myles Lewis-Skelly|Lewis-Skelly]] {{žuti karton|90+3}} |stadion = [[Old Trafford]] |runda = [[Derbi Arsenal–Manchester United|1]] |lokacija = [[Trafford]] |gledalaca = 73.475 |sudac = [[Simon Hooper]] |ishod = POB |iu = }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 23. august 2025. |vrijeme = 18:30 |historija = |tim1 = Arsenal |rezultat = 5–0 |izvještaj = https://www.premierleague.com/en/match/2561906 |tim2 = [[Leeds United FC|Leeds United]] |golovi1 = *[[Jurriën Timber|Timber]] {{gol|34||56}} *[[Bukayo Saka|Saka]] {{gol|45+1}} *[[Viktor Gyökeres|Gyökeres]] {{gol|48||90+5|pen.}} |golovi2 = *[[Jayden Bogle|Bogle]] {{žuti karton|9}} *[[Gabriel Gudmundsson|Gudmundsson]] {{žuti karton|80}} |stadion = [[Stadion Emirates|Emirates]] |runda = 2 |lokacija = [[Holloway, London|Holloway]] |gledalaca = 60.110 |sudac = [[Jarred Gillett]] |ishod = POB |iu= }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 31. august 2025. |vrijeme = 17:30 |historija = |tim1 = [[Liverpool FC|Liverpool]] |rezultat = 1–0 |izvještaj = https://www.premierleague.com/en/match/2561919 |tim2 = Arsenal |golovi1 = *[[Ryan Gravenberch|Gravenberch]] {{žuti karton|29}} *[[Dominik Szoboszlai|Szoboszlai]] {{gol|83}} *[[Wataru Endo|Endo]] {{žuti karton|90+8}} |golovi2 = *[[Viktor Gyökeres|Gyökeres]] {{žuti karton|66}} *[[Martín Zubimendi|Zubimendi]] {{žuti karton|81}} |stadion = [[Anfield]] |runda = 3 |lokacija = [[Liverpool]] |gledalaca = 60.455 |sudac = [[Chris Kavanagh (nogometni sudac)|Chris Kavanagh]] |ishod = POR |iu= }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 13. septembar 2025. |vrijeme = 13:30 |historija = |tim1 = Arsenal |rezultat = 3–0 |izvještaj = https://www.premierleague.com/en/match/2561926 |tim2 = [[Nottingham Forest FC|Nottingham Forest]] |golovi1 = *[[Martín Zubimendi|Zubimendi]] {{gol|32||79}} *[[Viktor Gyökeres|Gyökeres]] {{gol|46}} *[[Riccardo Calafiori|Calafiori]] {{žuti karton|61}} |golovi2 = *[[Neco Williams|Williams]] {{žuti karton|78}} |stadion = [[Stadion Emirates|Emirates]] |runda = 4 |lokacija = [[Holloway, London|Holloway]] |gledalaca = 60.167 |sudac = [[Darren England]] |ishod = POB |iu= }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 21. septembar 2025. |vrijeme = 17:30 |historija = |tim1 = Arsenal |rezultat = 1–1 |izvještaj = https://www.premierleague.com/en/match/2561936 |tim2 = [[Manchester City FC|Manchester City]] |golovi1 = *[[Jurriën Timber|Timber]] {{žuti karton|46}} *[[Gabriel Martinelli|Martinelli]] {{gol|90+3}} |golovi2 = *[[Erling Haaland|Haaland]] {{gol|9}} *[[Bernardo Silva|Silva]] {{žuti karton|36}} *[[Gianluigi Donnarumma|Donnarumma]] {{žuti karton|77}} |kartoni1= |kartoni2= |stadion = [[Stadion Emirates|Emirates]] |runda = 5 |lokacija = [[Holloway, London|Holloway]] |gledalaca = 60.161 |sudac = [[Stuart Attwell]] |ishod = N |iu= [[Gabriel Martinelli]] (ARS) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 28. septembar 2025. |vrijeme = 17:30 |historija = |tim1 = [[Newcastle United FC|Newcastle United]] |rezultat = 1–2 |izvještaj = https://www.premierleague.com/en/match/2561952 |tim2 = Arsenal |golovi1 = *[[Nick Woltemade|Woltemade]] {{gol|34}} *[[Joelinton]] {{žuti karton|83}} *[[Dan Burn|Burn]] {{žuti karton|88}} |golovi2 = *[[Riccardo Calafiori|Calafiori]] {{žuti karton|56}} *[[Mikel Merino|Merino]] {{gol|84}} *[[Gabriel Magalhães|Gabriel]] {{gol|90+6}} |stadion = [[St James' Park]] |runda = 6 |lokacija = [[Newcastle na Tyneu]] |gledalaca = 52.199 |sudac = [[Jarred Gillett]] |ishod = POB |iu=[[Gabriel Magalhães]] (ARS) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 4. oktobar 2025. |vrijeme = 16:00 |historija = |tim1 = Arsenal |rezultat = 2–0 |izvještaj = https://www.premierleague.com/en/match/2561956 |tim2 = [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] |golovi1 = *[[Declan Rice|Rice]] {{gol|38}} *[[Bukayo Saka|Saka]] {{gol|67|pen.}} |golovi2 = *[[Crysencio Summerville|Summerville]] {{žuti karton|58}} *[[Lucas Paquetá|Paquetá]] {{žuti karton|69}} |stadion = [[Stadion Emirates|Emirates]] |runda = 7 |lokacija = [[Holloway, London|Holloway]] |gledalaca = 60.181 |sudac = [[John Brooks (nogometni sudija)|John Brooks]] |ishod = POB |iu=[[Declan Rice]] (ARS) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 18. oktobar 2025. |vrijeme = 18:30 |historija = |tim1 = [[Fulham F.C.|Fulham]] |rezultat = 0–1 |izvještaj = https://www.premierleague.com/en/match/2561968 |tim2 = Arsenal |golovi1 = |golovi2 = *[[Leandro Trossard|Trossard]] {{gol|58}} |stadion = [[Craven Cottage]] |runda = 8 |lokacija = [[Fulham]] |gledalaca = 27.736 |sudac = [[Anthony Taylor (nogometni sudija)|Anthony Taylor]] |ishod = POB |iu=[[Gabriel Magalhães]] (ARS) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 26. oktobar 2025. |vrijeme = 15:00 |historija = |tim1 = Arsenal |rezultat = 1–0 |izvještaj = https://www.premierleague.com/en/match/2561976 |tim2 = [[Crystal Palace FC|Crystal Palace]] |golovi1 = *[[Eberechi Eze|Eze]] {{gol|39}} |golovi2 = |stadion = [[Stadion Emirates|Emirates]] |runda = 9 |lokacija = [[Holloway, London|Holloway]] |gledalaca = 60.103 |sudac = [[Thomas Bramall]] |ishod = POB |iu= [[Gabriel Magalhães]] (ARS) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 1. novembar 2025. |vrijeme = 16:00 |historija = |tim1 = [[Burnley FC|Burnley]] |rezultat = 0–2 |izvještaj = https://www.premierleague.com/en/match/2561986 |tim2 = Arsenal |golovi1 = * [[Josh Cullen (nogometaš)|Cullen]] {{žuti karton|27}} * [[Zian Flemming|Flemming]] {{žuti karton|55}} |golovi2 = * [[Viktor Gyökeres|Gyökeres]] {{gol|14}} * [[Declan Rice|Rice]] {{gol|35}} * [[Gabriel Magalhães|Gabriel]] {{žuti karton|90+5}} |stadion = [[Turf Moor]] |runda = 10 |lokacija = [[Burnley]] |gledalaca = 21.538 |sudac = [[Chris Kavanagh (nogometni sudija)|Chris Kavanagh]] |ishod = POB |iu= [[Gabriel Magalhães]] (ARS) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 8. novembar 2025. |vrijeme = 18:30 |historija = |tim1 = [[Sunderland AFC|Sunderland]] |rezultat = 2–2 |izvještaj = https://www.premierleague.com/en/match/2562002 |tim2 = Arsenal |golovi1 = *[[Daniel Ballard|Ballard]] {{gol|36}} *[[Granit Xhaka|Xhaka]] {{žuti karton|45+1}} *[[Reinildo Mandava|Mandava]] {{žuti karton|72}} *[[Brian Brobbey|Brobbey]] {{gol|90+4}} |golovi2 = *[[Martín Zubimendi|Zubimendi]] {{žuti karton|36}} *[[Bukayo Saka|Saka]] {{gol|54}} *[[Leandro Trossard|Trossard]] {{gol|74}} |stadion = [[Stadium of Light]] |runda = 11 |lokacija = [[Sunderland]] |gledalaca = 46.799 |sudac = [[Craig Pawson]] |ishod = N |iu=[[Bukayo Saka]] (ARS) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 23. novembar 2025. |vrijeme = 17:30 |historija = [[Sjevernolondonski derbi]] |tim1 = Arsenal |rezultat = 4–1 |izvještaj = https://www.premierleague.com/en/match/2562006 |tim2 = [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]] |golovi1 = *[[Leandro Trossard|Trossard]] {{gol|36}} *[[Eberechi Eze|Eze]] {{gol|41||46||76}} *[[Declan Rice|Rice]] {{žuti karton|87}} |golovi2 = *[[Rodrigo Bentancur|Bentancur]] {{žuti karton|32}} *[[Richarlison]] {{gol|55}} *[[Cristian Romero|Romero]] {{žuti karton|70}} *[[Pedro Porro|Porro]] {{žuti karton|87}} |stadion = [[Stadion Emirates|Emirates]] |runda = 12 |lokacija = [[Holloway, London|Holloway]] |gledalaca = 60.345 |sudac = [[Michael Oliver (nogometni sudija)|Michael Oliver]] |ishod = POB |iu= [[Eberechi Eze]] (ARS) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 30. novembar 2025. |vrijeme = 17:30 |historija =[[Rivalstvo Arsenal–Chelsea]] |tim1 = [[Chelsea FC|Chelsea]] |rezultat = 1–1 |izvještaj = https://www.premierleague.com/en/match/2562017 |tim2 = Arsenal |golovi1 = *[[Marc Cucurella|Cucurella]] {{žuti karton|11}} *[[Moisés Caicedo|Caicedo]] {{crveni karton|0|38}} *[[Trevoh Chalobah|Chalobah]] {{gol|48}} |golovi2 = *[[Martín Zubimendi|Zubimendi]] {{žuti karton|5}} *[[Cristhian Mosquera|Mosquera]] {{žuti karton|13}} *[[Riccardo Calafiori|Calafiori]] {{žuti karton|27}} *[[Piero Hincapié|Hincapié]] {{žuti karton|41}} *[[Myles Lewis-Skelly|Lewis-Skelly]] {{žuti karton|54}} *[[Mikel Merino|Merino]] {{gol|59}} *[[Viktor Gyökeres|Gyökeres]] {{žuti karton|88}} |stadion = [[Stamford Bridge (stadion)|Stamford Bridge]] |runda = 13 |lokacija = [[Fulham]] |gledalaca = 39.820 |sudac = [[Anthony Taylor (nogometni sudija)|Anthony Taylor]] |ishod = N |iu=[[Reece James]] (CHE) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 3. decembar 2025. |vrijeme = 20:30 |historija = |tim1 = Arsenal |rezultat = 2–0 |izvještaj = https://www.premierleague.com/en/match/2562026 |tim2 = [[Brentford FC|Brentford]] |golovi1 = *[[Mikel Merino|Merino]] {{gol|11}} *[[Bukayo Saka|Saka]] {{gol|90+1}} |golovi2 = *[[Yehor Yarmolyuk|Yarmolyuk]] {{žuti karton|65}} |stadion = [[Stadion Emirates|Emirates]] |runda = 14 |lokacija = [[Holloway, London|Holloway]] |gledalaca = 60.110 |sudac = [[Tony Harrington]] |ishod = POB |iu=[[Mikel Merino]] (ARS) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 6. decembar 2025. |vrijeme = 13:30 |historija = |tim1 = [[Aston Villa FC|Aston Villa]] |rezultat = 2–1 |izvještaj = https://www.premierleague.com/en/match/2562036 |tim2 = Arsenal |golovi1 = *[[Matty Cash|Cash]] {{gol|36}} *[[Emiliano Buendía|Buendía]] {{gol|90+5}} |golovi2 = *[[Leandro Trossard|Trossard]] {{gol|52}} *[[Riccardo Calafiori|Calafiori]] {{žuti karton|72}} *[[Bukayo Saka|Saka]] {{žuti karton|74}} |stadion = [[Villa Park]] |runda = 15 |lokacija = [[Birmingham]] |gledalaca = 42.888 |sudac = [[Peter Bankes]] |ishod = POR |iu=[[Matty Cash]] (AVL) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 13. decembar 2025. |vrijeme = 21:00 |historija = |tim1 = Arsenal |rezultat = 2–1 |izvještaj = https://www.premierleague.com/en/match/2562045 |tim2 = [[Wolverhampton Wanderers FC|Wolverhampton Wanderers]] |golovi1 = *[[Sam Johnstone|Johnstone]] {{gol|70|a.g.}} *[[Yerson Mosquera|Mosquera]] {{gol|90+4|a.g.}} |golovi2 = *[[Hwang Hee-chan]] {{žuti karton|60}} *[[Matt Doherty (nogometaš, rođen 1992)|Doherty]] {{žuti karton|65}} *[[Tolu Arokodare|Arokodare]] {{gol|90}} *[[Yerson Mosquera|Mosquera]] {{žuti karton|90+6}} *[[Emmanuel Agbadou|Agbadou]] {{žuti karton|90+8}} |stadion = [[Stadion Emirates|Emirates]] |runda = 16 |lokacija = [[Holloway, London|Holloway]] |gledalaca = 60.242 |sudac = [[Robert Jones (nogometni sudija)|Robert Jones]] |ishod = POB |iu= [[Bukayo Saka]] (ARS) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 20. decembar 2025. |vrijeme = 21:00 |historija = |tim1 = [[Everton FC|Everton]] |rezultat = 0–1 |izvještaj = https://www.premierleague.com/en/match/2562058 |tim2 = Arsenal |golovi1 = *[[Vitaliy Mykolenko|Mykolenko]] {{žuti karton|26}} *[[James Tarkowski|Tarkowski]] {{žuti karton|39}} |golovi2 = *[[Viktor Gyökeres|Gyökeres]] {{gol|27|pen.}}, {{žuti karton|56}} *[[Gabriel Martinelli|Martinelli]] {{žuti karton|89}} |stadion = [[Stadion Everton]] |runda = 17 |lokacija = [[Liverpool]] |gledalaca = |sudac = [[Sam Barrott]] |ishod = POB |iu= [[Declan Rice]] (ARS) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 27. decembar 2025. |vrijeme = 16:00 |historija = |tim1 = Arsenal |rezultat = 2–1 |izvještaj = https://www.premierleague.com/en/match/2562065 |tim2 = [[Brighton & Hove Albion FC|Brighton & Hove Albion]] |golovi1 = *[[Martin Ødegaard|Ødegaard]] {{gol|14}} *[[Georginio Rutter|Rutter]] {{gol|52|a.g.}} *[[Myles Lewis-Skelly|Lewis-Skelly]] {{žuti karton|69}} *[[Piero Hincapié|Hincapié]] {{žuti karton|90}} |golovi2 = *[[Bart Verbruggen|Verbruggen]] {{žuti karton|45+1}} *[[Lewis Dunk|Dunk]] {{žuti karton|50}} *[[Diego Coppola|Coppola]] {{žuti karton|56}} *[[Diego Gómez (Paragvajski nogometaš)|Gómez]] {{gol|64}} |stadion = [[Stadion Emirates|Emirates]] |runda = 18 |lokacija = [[Holloway, London|Holloway]] |gledalaca = 60.209 |sudac = [[John Brooks (nogometni sudija)|John Brooks]] |ishod = POB |iu=[[Declan Rice]] (ARS) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 30. decembar 2025. |vrijeme = 21:15 |historija = |tim1 = Arsenal |rezultat = 4–1 |izvještaj = https://www.premierleague.com/en/match/2562075 |tim2 = [[Aston Villa FC|Aston Villa]] |golovi1 = *[[Mikel Merino|Merino]] {{žuti karton|45+1}} *[[Gabriel Magalhães|Gabriel]] {{gol|48}} *[[Martín Zubimendi|Zubimendi]] {{gol|52}} *[[Leandro Trossard|Trossard]] {{gol|69}} *[[Gabriel Jesus|Jesus]] {{gol|78}}, {{žuti karton|79}} |golovi2 = *[[Morgan Rogers|Rogers]] {{žuti karton|45+2}} *[[Lamare Bogarde|Bogarde]] {{žuti karton|81}} *[[Ollie Watkins|Watkins]] {{gol|90+4}}, {{žuti karton|90+7}} |stadion = [[Stadion Emirates|Emirates]] |runda = 19 |lokacija = [[Holloway, London|Holloway]] |gledalaca = 60.279 |sudac = [[Darren England]] |ishod = POB |iu=[[Gabriel Magalhães]] (ARS) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 3. januar 2026. |vrijeme = 18:30 |historija = |tim1 = [[AFC Bournemouth|Bournemouth]] |rezultat = 2–3 |izvještaj = https://www.premierleague.com/en/match/2562085 |tim2 = Arsenal |golovi1 = *[[Evanilson (nogometaš, rođen 1999)|Evanilson]] {{gol|10}} *[[Antoine Semenyo|Semenyo]] {{žuti karton|26}} *[[Eli Junior Kroupi|Kroupi]] {{gol|76}}, {{žuti karton|80}} *[[Amine Adli|Adli]] {{žuti karton|90+1}} |golovi2 = *[[Gabriel Magalhães|Gabriel]] {{gol|16}} *[[Declan Rice|Rice]] {{gol|54||71}} *[[Martín Zubimendi|Zubimendi]] {{žuti karton|70}} |stadion = [[Dean Court]] |runda = 20 |lokacija = [[Bournemouth]] |gledalaca = 11.240 |sudac = [[Chris Kavanagh (nogometni sudija)|Chris Kavanagh]] |ishod = POB |iu=[[Declan Rice]] (ARS) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 8. januar 2026. |vrijeme = 21:00 |historija = |tim1 = Arsenal |rezultat = 0–0 |izvještaj = https://www.premierleague.com/en/match/2562096 |tim2 = [[Liverpool FC|Liverpool]] |golovi1 = *[[Leandro Trossard|Trossard]] {{žuti karton|12}} *[[Gabriel Martinelli|Martinelli]] {{žuti karton|90+3}} |golovi2 = *[[Alexis Mac Allister|Mac Allister]] {{žuti karton|90}} *[[Ibrahima Konaté|Konaté]] {{žuti karton|90+3}} |stadion = [[Stadion Emirates|Emirates]] |runda = 21 |lokacija = [[Holloway, London|Holloway]] |gledalaca = 60.258 |sudac = [[Anthony Taylor (nogometni sudija)|Anthony Taylor]] |ishod = N |iu= [[Gabriel Magalhães]] (ARS) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 17. januar 2026. |vrijeme = 18:30 |historija = |tim1 = [[Nottingham Forest FC|Nottingham Forest]] |rezultat = 0–0 |izvještaj = https://www.premierleague.com/en/match/2562111 |tim2 = Arsenal |golovi1 = *[[Ola Aina|Aina]] {{žuti karton|90}} |golovi2 = *[[Jurriën Timber|Timber]] {{žuti karton|37}} |stadion = [[City Ground]] |runda = 22 |lokacija = [[West Bridgford]] |gledalaca = 30.729 |sudac = [[Michael Oliver (nogometni sudija)|Michael Oliver]] |ishod = N |iu= [[Gabriel Magalhães]] (ARS) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 25. januar 2026. |vrijeme = 17:30 |historija = |tim1 = Arsenal |rezultat = 2–3 |izvještaj = https://www.premierleague.com/en/match/2562116 |tim2 = [[Manchester United FC|Manchester United]] |golovi1 = *[[Lisandro Martínez|Martínez]] {{gol|29|a.g.}} *[[Declan Rice|Rice]] {{žuti karton|64}} *[[Mikel Merino|Merino]] {{gol|84}} *[[Eberechi Eze|Eze]] {{žuti karton|90+1}} |golovi2 = *[[Bryan Mbeumo|Mbeumo]] {{gol|37}} *[[Patrick Dorgu|Dorgu]] {{gol|50}} *[[Matheus Cunha|Cunha]] {{gol|87}} |stadion = [[Stadion Emirates|Emirates]] |runda = 23 |lokacija = [[Holloway, London|Holloway]] |gledalaca = 60.296 |sudac = [[Craig Pawson]] |ishod = POR |iu= [[Patrick Dorgu]] (MUN) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 31. januar 2026. |vrijeme = 16:00 |historija = |tim1 = [[Leeds United FC|Leeds United]] |rezultat = 0–4 |izvještaj = https://www.premierleague.com/en/match/2562128 |tim2 = Arsenal |golovi1 = *[[Gabriel Gudmundsson|Gudmundsson]] {{žuti karton|37}} |golovi2 = *[[Martín Zubimendi|Zubimendi]] {{gol|27}} *[[Noni Madueke|Madueke]] {{gol|38}} *[[Jurriën Timber|Timber]] {{žuti karton|59}} *[[Viktor Gyökeres|Gyökeres]] {{gol|69}} *[[Gabriel Jesus|Jesus]] {{gol|86}} |stadion = [[Elland Road]] |runda = 24 |lokacija = [[Leeds]] |gledalaca = 36.858 |sudac = [[Stuart Attwell]] |ishod = POB |iu= [[Gabriel Magalhães]] (ARS) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 7. februar 2026. |vrijeme = 16:00 |historija = |tim1 = Arsenal |rezultat = 3–0 |izvještaj = https://www.premierleague.com/en/match/2562136 |tim2 = [[Sunderland AFC|Sunderland]] |golovi1 = *[[William Saliba|Saliba]] {{žuti karton|26}} *[[Martín Zubimendi|Zubimendi]] {{gol|42}} *[[Viktor Gyökeres|Gyökeres]] {{gol|66||90+3}} |golovi2 = *[[Habib Diarra|Diarra]] {{žuti karton|39}} *[[Brian Brobbey|Brobbey]] {{žuti karton|40}} |stadion = [[Stadion Emirates|Emirates]] |runda = 25 |lokacija = [[Holloway, London|Holloway]] |gledalaca = 60.312 |sudac = [[Sam Barrott]] |ishod = POB |iu= [[Viktor Gyökeres]] (ARS) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 12. februar 2026. |vrijeme = 21:00 |historija = |tim1 = [[Brentford FC|Brentford]] |rezultat = 1–1 |izvještaj = https://www.premierleague.com/en/match/2562146 |tim2 = Arsenal |golovi1 = *[[Vitaly Janelt|Janelt]] {{žuti karton|4}} *[[Mathias Jensen|Jensen]] {{žuti karton|53}} *[[Keane Lewis-Potter|Lewis-Potter]] {{gol|71}} *[[Dango Ouattara|Ouattara]] {{žuti karton|86}} |golovi2 = *[[Gabriel Magalhães|Gabriel]] {{žuti karton|20}} *[[Viktor Gyökeres|Gyökeres]] {{žuti karton|30}} *[[Noni Madueke|Madueke]] {{gol|61}} |stadion = [[Stadion Brentford Community|Gtech Community]] |runda = 26 |lokacija = [[Brentford]] |gledalaca = 17.224 |sudac = [[John Brooks (nogometni sudija)|John Brooks]] |ishod = N |iu= [[Declan Rice]] (ARS) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 18. februar 2026. |vrijeme = 21:00 |historija = |tim1 = [[Wolverhampton Wanderers FC|Wolverhampton Wanderers]] |rezultat = 2–2 |izvještaj = https://www.premierleague.com/en/match/2562204 |tim2 = Arsenal |golovi1 = *[[Santiago Bueno|S. Bueno]] {{žuti karton|45+4}} *[[Hugo Bueno (nogometaš, rođen 2002)|H. Bueno]] {{gol|61}} *[[Jean-Ricner Bellegarde|Bellegarde]] {{žuti karton|71}} *[[Tom Edozie|Edozie]] {{gol|90+4}} |golovi2 = *[[Bukayo Saka|Saka]] {{gol|5}} *[[Piero Hincapié|Hincapié]] {{gol|56}} *[[Gabriel Jesus|Jesus]] {{žuti karton|90+9}} |stadion = [[Stadion Molineux]] |runda = 31 |lokacija = [[Wolverhampton]] |gledalaca = 29.843 |sudac = [[Paul Tierney (nogometni sudija)|Paul Tierney]] |ishod = N |iu=[[Declan Rice]] (ARS) |napomena=Utakmica je pomjerena zbog Arsenalovog sudjelovanja u finalu Engleskog Liga-kupa.}} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 22. februar 2026. |vrijeme = 17:30 |historija =[[Sjevernolondonski derbi]] |tim1 = [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]] |rezultat = 1–4 |izvještaj = https://www.premierleague.com/en/match/2562163 |tim2 = Arsenal |golovi1 = *[[Randal Kolo Muani|Kolo Muani]] {{gol|34}} *[[Archie Gray|Gray]] {{žuti karton|35}} *[[Yves Bissouma|Bissouma]] {{žuti karton|86}} |golovi2 = *[[Jurriën Timber|Timber]] {{žuti karton|27}} *[[Eberechi Eze|Eze]] {{gol|32||61}} *[[Viktor Gyökeres|Gyökeres]] {{gol|47||90+4}} |stadion = [[Stadion Tottenham Hotspur]] |runda = 27 |lokacija = [[Tottenham]] |gledalaca = 61.439 |sudac = [[Peter Bankes]] |ishod = POB |iu=[[Viktor Gyökeres]] (ARS) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 1. mart 2026. |vrijeme = 17:30 |historija =[[Rivalstvo Arsenal–Chelsea]] |tim1 = Arsenal |rezultat = 2–1 |izvještaj = https://www.premierleague.com/en/match/2562166 |tim2 = [[Chelsea FC|Chelsea]] |golovi1 = *[[William Saliba|Saliba]] {{gol|21}} *[[Jurriën Timber|Timber]] {{gol|66}} *[[Gabriel Magalhães|Gabriel]] {{žuti karton|75}} |golovi2 = *[[Piero Hincapié|Hincapié]] {{gol|45+2|a.g.}} *[[Cole Palmer|Palmer]] {{žuti karton|59}} *[[Jorrel Hato|Hato]] {{žuti karton|65}} *[[Pedro Neto|Neto]] {{crveni karton|2|67|70}} *[[Enzo Fernández|Fernández]] {{žuti karton|79}} |stadion = [[Stadion Emirates|Emirates]] |runda = 28 |lokacija = [[Holloway, London|Holloway]] |gledalaca = 60.296 |sudac =[[Darren England]] |ishod = POB |iu= [[Gabriel Magalhães]] (ARS) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 4. mart 2026. |vrijeme = 20:30 |historija = |tim1 = [[Brighton & Hove Albion FC|Brighton & Hove Albion]] |rezultat = 0–1 |izvještaj = https://www.premierleague.com/en/match/2562177 |tim2 = Arsenal |golovi1 = *[[Diego Gómez (Paragvajski nogometaš)|Gómez]] {{žuti karton|52}} *[[Olivier Boscagli|Boscagli]] {{žuti karton|80}} *[[Ferdi Kadıoğlu|Kadıoğlu]] {{žuti karton|82}} *[[Yasin Ayari|Ayari]] {{žuti karton|90+4}} |golovi2 = *[[Bukayo Saka|Saka]] {{gol|9}} *[[Cristian Mosquera|Mosquera]] {{žuti karton|11}} |stadion = [[Stadion Falmer]] |runda = 29 |lokacija = [[Brighton and Hove]] |gledalaca = 31.575 |sudac = [[Chris Kavanagh (nogometni sudija)|Chris Kavanagh]] |ishod = POB |iu=[[Gabriel Magalhães]] (ARS) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 14. mart 2026. |vrijeme = 18:30 |historija = |tim1 = Arsenal |rezultat = 2–0 |izvještaj = https://www.premierleague.com/en/match/2562185 |tim2 = [[Everton FC|Everton]] |golovi1 = *[[Viktor Gyökeres|Gyökeres]] {{gol|89}} *[[Max Dowman|Dowman]] {{gol|90+7}} |golovi2 = |stadion = [[Stadion Emirates|Emirates]] |runda = 30 |lokacija = [[Holloway, London|Holloway]] |gledalaca = 60.176 |sudac = [[Andrew Madley]] |ishod = POB |iu= [[Max Dowman]] (ARS) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 11. april 2026. |vrijeme = 13:30 |historija = |tim1 = Arsenal |rezultat = 1–2 |izvještaj = https://www.premierleague.com/en/match/2562205 |tim2 = [[AFC Bournemouth|Bournemouth]] |golovi1 = *[[Viktor Gyökeres|Gyökeres]] {{gol|35|pen.}}, {{žuti karton|80}} |golovi2 = *[[Eli Junior Kroupi|Kroupi]] {{gol|17}}, {{žuti karton|79}} *[[Alex Scott (nogometaš, rođen 2003)|Scott]] {{gol|74}} *[[Adrien Truffert|Truffert]] {{žuti karton|77}} *[[James Hill (nogometaš, rođen, born 2002)|Hill]] {{žuti karton|90+6}} |stadion = [[Stadion Emirates|Emirates]] |runda = 32 |lokacija = [[Holloway, London|Holloway]] |gledalaca = 60.210 |sudac = [[Michael Oliver (nogometni sudija)|Michael Oliver]] |ishod = POR |iu= [[Alex Scott (nogometaš, rođen 2003)|Alex Scott]] (BOU) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 19. april 2026. |vrijeme = 17:30 |historija = |tim1 = [[Manchester City FC|Manchester City]] |rezultat = 2–1 |izvještaj = https://www.premierleague.com/en/match/2562221 |tim2 = Arsenal |golovi1 = *[[Rayan Cherki|Cherki]] {{gol|16}} *[[Marc Guéhi|Guéhi]] {{žuti karton|60}} *[[Erling Haaland|Haaland]] {{gol|65}}, {{žuti karton|83}} |golovi2 = *[[Kai Havertz|Havertz]] {{gol|18}} *[[Cristhian Mosquera|Mosquera]] {{žuti karton|36}} *[[Gabriel Magalhães|Gabriel]] {{žuti karton|83}} |stadion = [[Gradski stadion u Manchesteru]] |runda = 33 |lokacija = [[Manchester]] |gledalaca = 52.523 |sudac = [[Anthony Taylor (nogometni sudija)|Anthony Taylor]] |ishod = POR |iu=[[Erling Haaland]] (MCI) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 25. april 2026. |vrijeme = 18:30 |historija = |tim1 = Arsenal |rezultat = 1–0 |izvještaj = https://www.premierleague.com/en/match/2562226 |tim2 = [[Newcastle United FC|Newcastle United]] |golovi1 = *[[Eberechi Eze|Eze]] {{gol|9}} *[[Gabriel Martinelli|Martinelli]] {{žuti karton|71}} *[[Declan Rice|Rice]] {{žuti karton|86}} |golovi2 = *[[Dan Burn|Burn]] {{žuti karton|57}} *[[Nick Pope (nogometaš)|Pope]] {{žuti karton|74}} |stadion = [[Stadion Emirates|Emirates]] |runda = 34 |lokacija = [[Holloway, London|Holloway]] |gledalaca = 60.204 |sudac = [[Sam Barrott]] |ishod = POB |iu=[[Gabriel Magalhães]] (ARS) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 2. maj 2026. |vrijeme = 18:30 |historija = |tim1 = Arsenal |rezultat = 3–0 |izvještaj = https://www.premierleague.com/en/match/2562236 |tim2 = [[Fulham FC|Fulham]] |golovi1 = *[[Viktor Gyökeres|Gyökeres]] {{gol|9||45+4}} *[[Bukayo Saka|Saka]] {{gol|40}} |golovi2 = *[[Saša Lukić|Lukić]] {{žuti karton|23}} |stadion = [[Stadion Emirates|Emirates]] |runda = 35 |lokacija = [[Holloway, London|Holloway]] |gledalaca = 60.196 |sudac = [[Jarred Gillett]] |ishod = POB |iu=[[Viktor Gyökeres]] (ARS) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 10. maj 2026. |vrijeme = 17:30 |historija = |tim1 = [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] |rezultat = 0–1 |izvještaj = https://www.premierleague.com/en/match/2562254 |tim2 = Arsenal |golovi1 = *[[Taty Castellanos|Castellanos]] {{žuti karton|34}} *[[Crysencio Summerville|Summerville]] {{žuti karton|38}} *[[Jean-Clair Todibo|Todibo]] {{žuti karton|68}} |golovi2 = *[[Bukayo Saka|Saka]] {{žuti karton|77}} *[[Cristhian Mosquera|Mosquera]] {{žuti karton|79}} *[[Leandro Trossard|Trossard]] {{gol|83}}, {{žuti karton|90+1}} *[[William Saliba|Saliba]] {{žuti karton|89}} |stadion = [[Stadion London]] |runda = 36 |lokacija = [[Stratford, London|Stratford]] |gledalaca = |sudac = [[Chris Kavanagh (nogometni sudija)|Chris Kavanagh]] |ishod = POB |iu=[[David Raya]] (ARS) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 18. maj 2026. |vrijeme = 21:00 |historija = |tim1 = Arsenal |rezultat = 1–0 |izvještaj = https://www.premierleague.com/en/match/2562256 |tim2 = [[Burnley FC|Burnley]] |golovi1 = *[[Kai Havertz|Havertz]] {{gol|37}}, {{žuti karton|67}} |golovi2 = *[[Hannibal Mejbri|Mejbri]] {{žuti karton|28}} *[[Zian Flemming|Flemming]] {{žuti karton|90+1}} *[[Lucas Pires (nogometaš)|Lucas Pires]] {{žuti karton|90+4}} |stadion = [[Stadion Emirates|Emirates]] |runda = 37 |lokacija = [[Holloway, London|Holloway]] |gledalaca = 60.274 |sudac = [[Paul Tierney (nogometni sudija)|Paul Tierney]] |ishod = POB |iu= [[Gabriel Magalhães]] (ARS) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 24. maj 2026. |vrijeme = 17:00 |historija = |tim1 = [[Crystal Palace FC|Crystal Palace]] |rezultat = 1–2 |izvještaj = https://www.premierleague.com/en/match/2562267 |tim2 = Arsenal |golovi1 = *[[Jean-Philippe Mateta|Mateta]] {{gol|89}} |golovi2 = *[[Gabriel Jesus]] {{gol|42}}, {{žuti karton|74}} *[[Noni Madueke|Madueke]] {{gol|48}} |stadion = [[Selhurst Park]] |runda = 38 |lokacija = [[Selhurst]] |gledalaca = |sudac = [[Farai Hallam]] |ishod = POB |iu= [[Noni Madueke]] (ARS) }} === FA kup === {{Glavni|FA kup 2025/2026.}} Kao klub iz Premijer lige, Arsenal je ušao u FA kup u trećem kolu, igrao je protiv drugoligaša [[Portsmouth FC|Portsmoutha]]. U četvrtom kolu Arsenal je ugostio [[Wigan Athletic FC|Wigan Athletic]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/arsenal-discover-fa-cup-fourth-round-opponents|title=Arsenal to play Wigan in FA Cup fourth round|date=14. 1. 2026|website=Arsenal to play Wigan in FA Cup fourth round|language=en|access-date=12. 1. 2026}}</ref> U petom kolu Arsenal je gostovao kod [[Mansfield Town FC|Mansfield Towna]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/mansfield-town-drawn-fa-cup-fifth-round|title=Mansfield Town drawn in FA Cup fifth round|date=18. 2. 2026|website=Mansfield Town drawn in FA Cup fifth round|language=en|access-date=16. 2. 2026}}</ref> U četvrtfinalu Arsenal je igrao u gostima protiv [[Southampton FC|Southamptona]]. {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 11. januar 2026. |vrijeme = 15:00 |historija = |tim1 = [[Portsmouth FC|Portsmouth]] |rezultat = 1–4 |izvještaj = https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/cx2pkje7znet |tim2 = Arsenal |golovi1 = *[[Colby Bishop|Bishop]] {{gol|3}} *[[Luke Le Roux|Le Roux]] {{žuti karton|55}} |golovi2 = *[[Andre Dozzell|Dozzell]] {{gol|8|a.g.}} *[[Gabriel Martinelli|Martinelli]] {{gol|25||51||72}} *[[Noni Madueke|Madueke]] {{Penpromašaj}} 43' *[[Myles Lewis-Skelly|Lewis-Skelly]] {{žuti karton|45}} *[[Ben White (nogometaš)|White]] {{žuti karton|68}} |stadion = [[Fratton Park]] |runda = Treće kolo |lokacija = [[Portsmouth]] |gledalaca = 20.611 |sudac = [[Tony Harrington]] |ishod = POB |iu= [[Gabriel Martinelli]] (ARS) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 15. februar 2026. |vrijeme = 17:30 |historija = |tim1 = Arsenal |rezultat = 4–0 |izvještaj = https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/cn0e377e218t |tim2 = [[Wigan Athletic FC|Wigan Athletic]] |golovi1 = *[[Noni Madueke|Madueke]] {{gol|11}} *[[Gabriel Martinelli|Martinelli]] {{gol|18}} *[[Jack Hunt (nogometaš)|Hunt]] {{gol|23|a.g.}} *[[Gabriel Jesus]] {{gol|27}} *[[Myles Lewis-Skelly|Lewis-Skelly]] {{žuti karton|69}} *[[Christian Nørgaard|Nørgaard]] {{žuti karton|82}} |golovi2 = *[[Owen Moxon|Moxon]] {{žuti karton|73}} *[[Will Aimson|Aimson]] {{žuti karton|83}} |stadion = [[Stadion Emirates|Emirates]] |runda = Četvrto kolo |lokacija = [[Holloway, London|Holloway]] |gledalaca = 59.996 |sudac = [[Tim Robinson (nogometni sudija)|Tim Robinson]] |ishod = POB |iu= [[Eberechi Eze]] (ARS) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 7. mart 2026. |vrijeme = 13:15 |historija = |tim1 = [[Mansfield Town FC|Mansfield Town]] |rezultat = 1–2 |izvještaj = https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/cj98rz2ypvdt |tim2 = Arsenal |golovi1 = *[[Will Evans (nogometaš, rođen 1997)|Evans]] {{gol|50}} *[[Louis Reed|Reed]] {{žuti karton|60}} *[[Lucas Akins|Akins]] {{žuti karton|77}} *[[Stephen McLaughlin|McLaughlin]] {{žuti karton|80}} *[[Aaron Lewis (nogometaš)|Lewis]] {{žuti karton|90+2}} |golovi2 = *[[Noni Madueke|Madueke]] {{gol|41}} *[[Eberechi Eze|Eze]] {{gol|66}}, {{žuti karton|74}} *[[Riccardo Calafiori|Calafiori]] {{žuti karton|70}} |stadion = [[Field Mill]] |runda = Peto kolo |lokacija = [[Mansfield]] |gledalaca = 9.260 |sudac = [[Thomas Bramall]] |ishod = POB |iu= [[Will Evans (nogometaš, rođen 1997)|Will Evans]] (MAN) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 4. april 2026. |vrijeme = 21:00 |historija = |tim1 = [[Southampton FC|Southampton]] |rezultat = 2–1 |izvještaj = https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/c4gx7vpwpq9t |tim2 = Arsenal |golovi1 = *[[Ryan Manning|Manning]] {{žuti karton|27}} *[[Ross Stewart (nogometaš, rođen 1996)|Stewart]] {{gol|35}} *[[Shea Charles|Charles]] {{gol|85}} *[[Caspar Jander|Jander]] {{žuti karton|89}} |golovi2 = *[[Viktor Gyökeres|Gyökeres]] {{gol|68}} *[[Gabriel Martinelli|Martinelli]] {{žuti karton|90+3}} |stadion = [[Stadion St Mary's]] |runda = Četvrtina finala |lokacija = [[Southampton]] |gledalaca = 31.067 |sudac = [[Sam Barrott]] |ishod = POR |iu=[[Léo Scienza]] (SOU) }} === Engleski Liga-kup === {{Glavni|Engleski Liga-kup 2025/2026.}} Topnici su ušli u Engleski Liga-kup u trećem kolu kao jedna od ekipa Premijer lige koje sudjeluju u UEFA takmičenjima. Kao nositelji, izvučeni su u [[Vale Park|gostima]] ekipe [[Port Vale FC|Port Vale]] iz [[EFL League One|League One]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/carabao-cup-third-round-opponents-confirmed|title=Port Vale drawn in Carabao Cup third round|date=16. 9. 2025|website=Port Vale drawn in Carabao Cup third round|language=en|access-date=15. 9. 2025}}</ref> U četvrtom kolu Arsenal je igrao na domaćem terenu protiv [[Brighton & Hove Albion FC|Brightona]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/carabao-cup-fourth-round-opponents-drawn|title=Brighton drawn in Carabao Cup fourth round|date=1. 10. 2025|website=Brighton drawn in Carabao Cup fourth round|language=en|access-date=28. 9. 2025}}</ref> i u četvrtfinalu protiv [[Crystal Palace FC|Crystal Palacea]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/carabao-cup-quarter-final-draw-made|title=Crystal Palace drawn in Carabao Cup quarter-finals|date=1. 11. 2025|website=Crystal Palace drawn in Carabao Cup quarter-finals|language=en|access-date=30. 10. 2025}}</ref> U polufinalu se sastaju Arsenal i [[Chelsea FC|Chelsea]] na [[Stamford Bridge (stadion)|Stamford Bridgeu]] u prvoj utakmici, a druga i odlučujuća utakmica igra se na [[Emirates Stadium|Emiratesu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/carabao-cup-semi-final-draw-made|title=Carabao Cup semi-final draw made|date=27. 12. 2025|website=Carabao Cup semi-final draw made|language=en|access-date=24. 12. 2025}}</ref> U finalu se klub suočio s [[Manchester City FC|Manchester Cityjem]], koji je pokušao osvojiti takmičenje prvi put od 1993. godine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/arsenal-face-man-city-carabao-cup-final|title=Arsenal to face Man City in Carabao Cup final|date=12. 2. 2026|website=Arsenal to face Man City in Carabao Cup final|language=en|access-date=8. 2. 2026}}</ref> Manchester City je bio bolji u finalu pobjedivši rezultatom 2−0.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://efl.com/|title=Homepage|last=EFL|website=EFL|language=en|access-date=22. 3. 2026}}</ref> {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 24. septembar 2025. |vrijeme = 21:00 |historija = |tim1 = [[Port Vale FC|Port Vale]] |rezultat = 0–2 |izvještaj = https://www.efl.com/match-centre/g2603058 |tim2 = Arsenal |golovi1 = |golovi2 = *[[Eberechi Eze|Eze]] {{gol|8}} *[[Leandro Trossard|Trossard]] {{gol|86}} |stadion = [[Vale Park]] |runda = Treće kolo |lokacija = [[Stoke-on-Trent]] |gledalaca = 16.326 |sudac = Andrew Kitchen |ishod = POB |iu= }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 29. oktobar 2025. |vrijeme = 20:45 |historija = |tim1 = Arsenal |rezultat = 2–0 |izvještaj = https://www.efl.com/match-centre/g2606487 |tim2 = [[Brighton & Hove Albion FC|Brighton & Hove Albion]] |golovi1 = *[[Ethan Nwaneri|Nwaneri]] {{gol|57}} *[[Bukayo Saka|Saka]] {{gol|76}} |golovi2 = *[[Diego Coppola|Coppola]] {{žuti karton|34}} *[[Olivier Boscagli|Boscagli]] {{žuti karton|86}} |stadion = [[Stadion Emirates|Emirates]] |runda = Četvrto kolo |lokacija = [[Holloway, London|Holloway]] |gledalaca = 59.292 |sudac = [[Sam Barrott]] |ishod = POB |iu= }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 23. decembar 2025. |vrijeme = 21:00 |historija = |tim1 = Arsenal |rezultat = 1–1 |izvještaj = https://www.efl.com/match-centre/g2608196 |tim2 = [[Crystal Palace FC|Crystal Palace]] |golovi1 = *[[Maxence Lacroix|Lacroix]] {{gol|80|a.g.}} *[[Kepa Arrizabalaga|Arrizabalaga]] {{žuti karton|89}} |golovi2 = *[[Marc Guéhi|Guéhi]] {{gol|90+5}} |stadion = [[Stadion Emirates|Emirates]] |runda = Četvrtfinale |lokacija = [[Holloway, London|Holloway]] |gledalaca = |sudac = [[Stuart Attwell]] |ishod = N |iu= |jedanaesterci=8–7 |jedanaesterci1= *[[Martin Ødegaard|Ødegaard]] {{pengol}} *[[Declan Rice|Rice]] {{pengol}} *[[Bukayo Saka|Saka]] {{pengol}} *[[Leandro Trossard|Trossard]] {{pengol}} *[[Mikel Merino|Merino]] {{pengol}} *[[Riccardo Calafiori|Calafiori]] {{pengol}} *[[Jurriën Timber|Timber]] {{pengol}} *[[William Saliba|Saliba]] {{pengol}} |jedanaesterci2= *{{pengol}} [[Jean-Philippe Mateta|Mateta]] *{{pengol}} [[Justin Devenny|Devenny]] *{{pengol}} [[Will Hughes|Hughes]] *{{pengol}} [[Borna Sosa|Sosa]] *{{pengol}} [[Jefferson Lerma|Lerma]] *{{pengol}} [[Adam Wharton|Wharton]] *{{pengol}} [[Christantus Uche|Uche]] *{{Penpromašaj}} [[Maxence Lacroix|Lacroix]] }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 14. januar 2026. |vrijeme = 21:00 |historija = |tim1 = [[Chelsea FC|Chelsea]] |rezultat = 2–3 |izvještaj = https://www.efl.com/match-centre/g2614884 |tim2 = Arsenal |golovi1 = *[[Estêvão Willian|Estêvão]] {{žuti karton|42}} *[[Marc Cucurella|Cucurella]] {{žuti karton|44}} *[[Alejandro Garnacho|Garnacho]] {{gol|57||83}} *[[Benoît Badiashile|Badiashile]] {{žuti karton|65}} *[[Pedro Neto|Neto]] {{žuti karton|90}} |golovi2 = *[[Ben White (nogometaš)|White]] {{gol|7}} *[[Leandro Trossard|Trossard]] {{žuti karton|42}} *[[Viktor Gyökeres|Gyökeres]] {{gol|49}} *[[Martín Zubimendi|Zubimendi]] {{gol|71}} *[[Kepa Arrizabalaga|Arrizabalaga]] {{žuti karton|75}} *[[Mikel Merino|Merino]] {{žuti karton|78}} *[[Jurriën Timber|Timber]] {{žuti karton|90+6}} |stadion = [[Stamford Bridge (stadion)|Stamford Bridge]] |runda = Polufinale (1. utakmica) |lokacija = [[Fulham]] |gledalaca = 39.243 |sudac = [[Simon Hooper]] |ishod = POB |iu= [[Viktor Gyökeres]] (ARS) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 3. februar 2026. |vrijeme = 21:00 |historija = |tim1 = Arsenal |rezultat = 1–0 |izvještaj = https://www.efl.com/match-centre/g2614886 |tim2 = [[Chelsea FC|Chelsea]] |golovi1 = *[[Kai Havertz|Havertz]] {{gol|90+7}} |golovi2 = *[[Liam Delap|Delap]] {{žuti karton|56}} *[[Malo Gusto|Gusto]] {{žuti karton|68}} *[[Estêvão Willian|Estêvão]] {{žuti karton|71}} |stadion = [[Stadion Emirates|Emirates]] |runda = Polufinale (uzvratna utakmica) |lokacija = [[Holloway, London|Holloway]] |gledalaca = 59.452 |sudac = [[Peter Bankes]] |ishod = POB |iu= |sveukupni rezultat=4–2}} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 22. mart 2026. |vrijeme = 17:30 |historija = |tim1 = Arsenal |rezultat = 0–2 |izvještaj = https://www.efl.com/match-centre/g2625816 |tim2 = [[Manchester City FC|Manchester City]] |golovi1 = *[[Piero Hincapié|Hincapié]] {{žuti karton|16}} *[[Kepa Arrizabalaga|Arrizabalaga]] {{žuti karton|51}} *[[Ben White (nogometaš)|White]] {{žuti karton|69}} |golovi2 = *[[Abdukodir Khusanov|Khusanov]] {{žuti karton|32}} *[[Nico O'Reilly|O'Reilly]] {{gol|60||64}} |stadion =[[Stadion Wembley]] |runda = Finale |lokacija = [[Wembley]] |gledalaca = 88.486 |sudac = [[Peter Bankes]] |ishod = POR |iu= [[Nico O'Reilly]] (MCI) }} === UEFA Liga prvaka === {{Glavni|UEFA Liga prvaka 2025/2026.}} ====Ligaška faza==== Arsenalov [[UEFA koeficijent|UEFA-in klupski koeficijent]] na kraju prethodne sezone bio je 98.000 bodova. Bili su u 2. šeširu za ždrijeb ligaške faze, koji je održan 28. augusta 2025. Arsenal je nasumično izvučen da igra protiv [[FC Bayern München|Bayern Münchena]] i [[FC Inter Milano|Inter Milana]] (drugu sezonu zaredom) iz 1. šešira, [[Atlético Madrid]]a i [[Club Brugge KV|Club Bruggea]] iz 2. šešira, [[Olympiakos FC|Olympiakosa]] i [[SK Slavija Prag|Slavije Prag]] iz 3. šešira, te na kraju debitanta [[FK Kairat|Kairata]] i [[Athletic Bilbao|Athletic Bilbaa]] iz 4. šešira. =====Tabela ligaške faze===== <onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL |section=Table |show_limit=5 |class_rules= |source=UEFA<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/standings/ |title=League phase table |publisher=[[UEFA]] |access-date=30. 8. 2025}}</ref> <!--Update team positions below (check tiebreakers)--> |team_order=ARS, BAY, LIV, TOT, BAR, CHE, SPO, MCI, RMA, INT, PAR, NEW, JUV, ATM, ATA, LEV, DOR, OLY, BRU, GAL, MON, QRB, BOD, BEN, MAR, PAF, USG, PSV, ATH, NAP, CPH, AJX, FRA, SLP, VIL, KAI <!--Update team results below (including date)--> |update=complete |win_AJX=2 |draw_AJX=0 |loss_AJX=6 |gf_AJX=8 |ga_AJX=21<!--Ajax--> |win_ARS=8 |draw_ARS=0 |loss_ARS=0 |gf_ARS=23|ga_ARS=4 <!--Arsenal--> |win_ATA=4 |draw_ATA=1 |loss_ATA=3 |gf_ATA=10|ga_ATA=10<!--Atalanta--> |win_ATH=2 |draw_ATH=2 |loss_ATH=4 |gf_ATH=9 |ga_ATH=14<!--Athletic Bilbao--> |win_ATM=4 |draw_ATM=1 |loss_ATM=3 |gf_ATM=17|ga_ATM=15<!--Atlético Madrid--> |win_BAR=5 |draw_BAR=1 |loss_BAR=2 |gf_BAR=22|ga_BAR=14<!--Barcelona--> |win_LEV=3 |draw_LEV=3 |loss_LEV=2 |gf_LEV=13|ga_LEV=14<!--Bayer Leverkusen--> |win_BAY=7 |draw_BAY=0 |loss_BAY=1 |gf_BAY=22|ga_BAY=8 <!--Bayern Munich--> |win_BEN=3 |draw_BEN=0 |loss_BEN=5 |gf_BEN=10|ga_BEN=12<!--Benfica--> |win_BOD=2 |draw_BOD=3 |loss_BOD=3 |gf_BOD=14|ga_BOD=15<!--Bodø/Glimt--> |win_DOR=3 |draw_DOR=2 |loss_DOR=3 |gf_DOR=19|ga_DOR=17<!--Borussia Dortmund--> |win_CHE=5 |draw_CHE=1 |loss_CHE=2 |gf_CHE=17|ga_CHE=10<!--Chelsea--> |win_BRU=3 |draw_BRU=1 |loss_BRU=4 |gf_BRU=15|ga_BRU=17<!--Club Brugge--> |win_CPH=2 |draw_CPH=2 |loss_CPH=4 |gf_CPH=12|ga_CPH=21<!--Copenhagen--> |win_FRA=1 |draw_FRA=1 |loss_FRA=6 |gf_FRA=10|ga_FRA=21<!--Eintracht Frankfurt--> |win_GAL=3 |draw_GAL=1 |loss_GAL=4 |gf_GAL=9 |ga_GAL=11<!--Galatasaray--> |win_INT=5 |draw_INT=0 |loss_INT=3 |gf_INT=15|ga_INT=7 <!--Inter Milan--> |win_JUV=3 |draw_JUV=4 |loss_JUV=1 |gf_JUV=14|ga_JUV=10<!--Juventus--> |win_KAI=0 |draw_KAI=1 |loss_KAI=7 |gf_KAI=7 |ga_KAI=22<!--Kairat--> |win_LIV=6 |draw_LIV=0 |loss_LIV=2 |gf_LIV=20|ga_LIV=8 <!--Liverpool--> |win_MCI=5 |draw_MCI=1 |loss_MCI=2 |gf_MCI=15|ga_MCI=9 <!--Manchester City--> |win_MAR=3 |draw_MAR=0 |loss_MAR=5 |gf_MAR=11|ga_MAR=14<!--Marseille--> |win_MON=2 |draw_MON=4 |loss_MON=2 |gf_MON=8 |ga_MON=14<!--Monaco--> |win_NAP=2 |draw_NAP=2 |loss_NAP=4 |gf_NAP=9 |ga_NAP=15<!--Napoli--> |win_NEW=4 |draw_NEW=2 |loss_NEW=2 |gf_NEW=17|ga_NEW=7<!--Newcastle United--> |win_OLY=3 |draw_OLY=2 |loss_OLY=3 |gf_OLY=10|ga_OLY=14<!--Olympiacos--> |win_PAF=2 |draw_PAF=3 |loss_PAF=3 |gf_PAF=8 |ga_PAF=11<!--Pafos--> |win_PAR=4 |draw_PAR=2 |loss_PAR=2 |gf_PAR=21|ga_PAR=11<!--Paris Saint-Germain--> |win_PSV=2 |draw_PSV=2 |loss_PSV=4 |gf_PSV=16|ga_PSV=16<!--PSV Eindhoven--> |win_QRB=3 |draw_QRB=1 |loss_QRB=4 |gf_QRB=13|ga_QRB=21<!--Qarabağ--> |win_RMA=5 |draw_RMA=0 |loss_RMA=3 |gf_RMA=21|ga_RMA=12<!--Real Madrid--> |win_SLP=0 |draw_SLP=3 |loss_SLP=5 |gf_SLP=5 |ga_SLP=19<!--Slavia Prague--> |win_SPO=5 |draw_SPO=1 |loss_SPO=2 |gf_SPO=17|ga_SPO=11<!--Sporting CP--> |win_TOT=5 |draw_TOT=2 |loss_TOT=1 |gf_TOT=17|ga_TOT=7 <!--Tottenham Hotspur--> |win_USG=3 |draw_USG=0 |loss_USG=5 |gf_USG=8 |ga_USG=17<!--Union Saint-Gilloise--> |win_VIL=0 |draw_VIL=1 |loss_VIL=7 |gf_VIL=5 |ga_VIL=18<!--Villarreal--> <!--Team status--> |status_text_W=Osigurano doigravanje u play-offu (nosioci), ali se i dalje može automatski plasirati u osminu finala |status_text_X=Osigurano doigravanje u play-offu (nenosioci), ali se i dalje može automatski plasirati u osminu finala |status_text_Y=Ne mogu automatski proći u osminu finala, ali se i dalje mogu kvalificirati putem doigravanja (nosioci) |status_text_Z=Ne mogu automatski proći u osminu finala, ali se i dalje mogu kvalificirati putem doigravanja (nenosioci) <!--Team definitions--> |name_AJX={{ZD|NIZ}} [[AFC Ajax|Ajax]] |name_ARS='''{{ZD|ENG}} [[Arsenal FC|Arsenal]]''' |name_ATA={{ZD|ITA}} [[Atalanta BC|Atalanta]] |name_ATH={{ZD|ŠPA}} [[Athletic Bilbao]] |name_ATM={{ZD|ŠPA}} [[Atlético Madrid]] |name_BAR={{ZD|ŠPA}} [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] |name_LEV={{ZD|NJE}} [[Bayer 04 Leverkusen|Bayer Leverkusen]] |name_BAY={{ZD|NJE}} [[FC Bayern München|Bayern München]] |name_BEN={{ZD|POR}} [[SL Benfica|Benfica]] |name_BOD={{ZD|NOR}} [[FK Bodø/Glimt|Bodø/Glimt]] |name_DOR={{ZD|NJE}} [[Borussia Dortmund]] |name_CHE={{ZD|ENG}} [[Chelsea FC|Chelsea]] |name_BRU={{ZD|BEL}} [[Club Brugge KV|Club Brugge]] |name_CPH={{ZD|DAN}} [[FC Copenhagen|Copenhagen]] |name_FRA={{ZD|NJE}} [[Eintracht Frankfurt]] |name_GAL={{ZD|TUR}} [[Galatasaray SK|Galatasaray]] |name_INT={{ZD|ITA}} [[Inter Milan]] |name_JUV={{ZD|ITA}} [[Juventus FC|Juventus]] |name_KAI={{ZD|KAZ}} [[FK Kairat|Kairat]] |name_LIV={{ZD|ENG}} [[Liverpool FC|Liverpool]] |name_MCI={{ZD|ENG}} [[Manchester City FC|Manchester City]] |name_MAR={{ZD|FRA}} [[Olympique de Marseille|Marseille]] |name_MON={{ZD|FRA}} [[AS Monaco FC|Monaco]] |name_NAP={{ZD|ITA}} [[SSC Napoli|Napoli]] |name_NEW={{ZD|ENG}} [[Newcastle United FC|Newcastle United]] |name_OLY={{ZD|GRČ}} [[Olympiacos FC|Olympiacos]] |name_PAF={{ZD|KIP}} [[Pafos FC|Pafos]] |name_PAR={{ZD|FRA}} [[Paris Saint-Germain FC|Paris Saint-Germain]] |name_PSV={{ZD|NIZ}} [[PSV Eindhoven]] |name_QRB={{ZD|AZE}} [[Qarabağ FK|Qarabağ]] |name_RMA={{ZD|ŠPA}} [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] |name_SLP={{ZD|ČEŠ}} [[SK Slavia Prague|Slavia Prague]] |name_SPO={{ZD|POR}} [[Sporting CP]] |name_TOT={{ZD|ENG}} [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]] |name_USG={{ZD|BEL}} [[Royale Union Saint-Gilloise|Union Saint-Gilloise]] |name_VIL={{ZD|ŠPA}} [[Villarreal CF|Villarreal]] <!--Qualification column definitions--> |res_col_header=Q |result1=R16 |result2=R16 |result3=R16 |result4=R16 |result5=R16 |result6=R16 |result7=R16 |result8=R16 |result9=POS |result10=POS |result11=POS |result12=POS |result13=POS |result14=POS |result15=POS |result16=POS |result17=POU |result18=POU |result19=POU |result20=POU |result21=POU |result22=POU |result23=POU |result24=POU |col_R16=green1 |text_R16=Prolazak u 1/8 finala (nosioci) |col_POS=blue1 |text_POS=Prolazak u play off nokaut faze (nosioci) |col_POU=blue2 |text_POU={{nowrap|Prolazak u play off nokaut faze (nenosioci)}} }}</onlyinclude> =====Statistika u ligaškoj fazi===== {{Fb_rs |dp=4 |dn=0 |di=0 |ddg=12 |dpg=3 |gp=4 |gn=0 |gi=0 |gdg=11 |gpg=1 }} =====Rezultati po kolima===== {{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b | update=complete | header=Kolo | label1=Stadion | res1=[[Stadion San Mamés (2013)|A]]/[[Stadion Emirates|H]]/H/[[Fortuna Arena|A]]/H/[[Jan Breydel Stadium|A]]/[[San Siro|A]]/H | label2=Rezultat | res2=W/W/W/W/W/W/W/W | label3=Pozicija | pos3=7/5/4/2/1/1/1/1 | label4=Bodovi | pos4=3p/6p/9p/12p/15p/18p/21p/24p | color_W=green1|text_W=Pobjeda | color_D=yellow1|text_D=Nerješeno | color_L=red1|text_L=Izgubljeno | color_P=lightgrey|text_P=Otkazano | text_H=Domaćin|text_A=Gost | color_1–8=green1|color_9–16=blue1|color_17–24=blue2 | source=[https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/fixtures-results/ UEFA] }} =====Utakmice===== {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 16. septembar 2025. |vrijeme = 21:00 |historija = |tim1 = [[Athletic Bilbao]] {{ZD|ŠPA}} |rezultat = 0–2 |izvještaj = https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/match/2045908/ |tim2 = {{ZD|ENG}} Arsenal |golovi1 = *[[Mikel Jauregizar|Jauregizar]] {{žuti karton|85}} |golovi2 = *[[Declan Rice|Rice]] {{žuti karton|7}} *[[Gabriel Martinelli|Martinelli]] {{gol|72}} *[[Noni Madueke|Madueke]] {{žuti karton|85}} *[[Leandro Trossard|Trossard]] {{gol|87}} *[[Martín Zubimendi|Zubimendi]] {{žuti karton|90+1}} |stadion = [[Stadion San Mamés (2013)|San Mamés]] |runda = 1 |lokacija = [[Bilbao]], Španija |gledalaca = 51.059 |sudac = Donatas Rumšas ([[Nogometni savez Litvanije|Litvanija]]) |iu= [[Gabriel Martinelli]] (ARS) |ishod=POB}} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 1. oktobar 2025. |vrijeme = 21:00 |historija = |tim1 = Arsenal {{ZD|ENG}} |rezultat = 2–0 |izvještaj = https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/match/2045930 |tim2 = {{ZD|GRČ}} [[Olympiacos FC|Olympiacos]] |golovi1 = *[[Gabriel Martinelli|Martinelli]] {{gol|12}} *[[Gabriel Magalhães|Gabriel]] {{žuti karton|58}} *[[Martín Zubimendi|Zubimendi]] {{žuti karton|61}} *[[Declan Rice|Rice]] {{žuti karton|78}} *[[Bukayo Saka|Saka]] {{gol|90+2}} |golovi2 = *[[Gabriel Strefezza|Strefezza]] {{žuti karton|90}} |stadion = [[Stadion Emirates|Emirates]] |runda = 2 |lokacija = [[London]], Engleska |gledalaca = 56.820 |sudac = [[François Letexier]] ([[Nogometni savez Francuske|Francuska]]) |ishod = POB |iu = [[Martin Ødegaard]] (ARS) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 21. oktobar 2025. |vrijeme = 21:00 |historija = |tim1 = Arsenal {{ZD|ENG}} |rezultat = 4–0 |izvještaj = https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/match/2045940 |tim2 = {{ZD|ŠPA}} [[Atlético Madrid]] |golovi1 = *[[Martín Zubimendi|Zubimendi]] {{žuti karton|38}} *[[Gabriel Magalhães|Gabriel]] {{gol|57}} *[[Gabriel Martinelli|Martinelli]] {{gol|64}} *[[Viktor Gyökeres|Gyökeres]] {{gol|67||70}} |golovi2 = *[[José María Giménez|Giménez]] {{žuti karton|33}} *[[Robin Le Normand|Le Normand]] {{žuti karton|75}} |stadion = [[Stadion Emirates|Emirates]] |runda = 3 |lokacija = [[London]], Engleska |gledalaca = 59.200 |sudac = [[Davide Massa]] ([[Nogometni savez Italije|Italija]]) |ishod = POB |iu=[[Viktor Gyökeres]] (ARS) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 4. novembar 2025. |vrijeme = 18:45 |historija = |tim1 = [[SK Slavia Prague|Slavia Prague]] {{ZD|ČEŠ}} |rezultat = 0–3 |izvještaj = https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/match/2045964 |tim2 = {{ZD|ENG}} Arsenal |golovi1 = *[[Christos Zafiris|Zafiris]] {{žuti karton|70}} *[[David Douděra|Douděra]] {{žuti karton|83}} *[[Youssoupha Mbodji|Mbodji]] {{žuti karton|90+6}} |golovi2 = *[[Ethan Nwaneri|Nwaneri]] {{žuti karton|24}} *[[Bukayo Saka|Saka]] {{gol|32|pen.}} *[[Mikel Merino|Merino]] {{žuti karton|37}}, {{gol|46||68}} *[[Christian Nørgaard|Nørgaard]] {{žuti karton|75}} *[[Myles Lewis-Skelly|Lewis-Skelly]] {{žuti karton|79}} |kartoni1= |kartoni2= |stadion = [[Fortuna Arena]] |runda = 4 |lokacija = [[Prag]], Češka |gledalaca = |sudac = [[Aliyar Aghayev]] ([[Nogometni savez Azerbejdžana|Azerbejdžan]]) |ishod = POB |iu= [[Mikel Merino]] (ARS) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 26. novembar 2025. |vrijeme = 21:00 |historija = |tim1 = Arsenal {{ZD|ENG}} |rezultat = 3–1 |izvještaj = https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/match/2045986 |tim2 = {{ZD|NJE}} [[FC Bayern München|Bayern München]] |golovi1 = *[[Jurriën Timber|Timber]] {{gol|22}} *[[Noni Madueke|Madueke]] {{gol|69}} *[[William Saliba|Saliba]] {{žuti karton|74}} *[[Gabriel Martinelli|Martinelli]] {{gol|77}} *[[Mikel Merino|Merino]] {{žuti karton|80}} |golovi2 = *[[Dayot Upamecano|Upamecano]] {{žuti karton|23}} *[[Lennart Karl|Karl]] {{gol|32}} *[[Konrad Laimer|Laimer]] {{žuti karton|43}} |stadion = [[Stadion Emirates|Emirates]] |runda = 5 |lokacija = [[London]], Engleska |gledalaca = 58.780 |sudac = [[Marco Guida]] ([[Nogometni savez Italije|Italija]]) |ishod = POB |iu= [[Declan Rice]] (ARS) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 10. decembar 2025. |vrijeme = 21:00 |historija = |tim1 = [[Club Brugge KV|Club Brugge]] {{ZD|BEL}} |rezultat = 0–3 |izvještaj = https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/match/2046007 |tim2 = {{ZD|ENG}} Arsenal |golovi1 = |golovi2 = *[[Noni Madueke|Madueke]] {{gol|25||47}} *[[Gabriel Martinelli|Martinelli]] {{gol|56}} *[[Christian Nørgaard|Nørgaard]] {{žuti karton|65}} *[[Ben White (nogometaš)|White]] {{žuti karton|68}} |stadion = [[Stadion Jan Breydel]] |runda = 6 |lokacija = [[Brugge]], Belgija |gledalaca = 26.464 |sudac = [[Sven Jablonski]] ([[Nogometni savez Njemačke|Njemačka]]) |ishod = POB |iu=[[Noni Madueke]] (ARS) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 20. januar 2026. |vrijeme = 21:00 |historija = |tim1 = [[FC Inter Milano|Inter Milano]] {{ZD|ITA}} |rezultat = 1–3 |izvještaj = https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/match/2046012 |tim2 = {{ZD|ENG}} Arsenal |golovi1 = *[[Petar Sučić|Sučić]] {{gol|18}} *[[Alessandro Bastoni|Bastoni]] {{žuti karton|72}} *[[Francesco Acerbi|Acerbi]] {{žuti karton|82}} |golovi2 = *[[Gabriel Jesus|Jesus]] {{gol|10||31}} *[[Mikel Merino|Merino]] {{žuti karton|72}} *[[Viktor Gyökeres|Gyökeres]] {{gol|84}} *[[Declan Rice|Rice]] {{žuti karton|90+2}} |stadion = [[San Siro]] |runda = 7 |lokacija = [[Milano]], Italija |gledalaca = 72.649 |sudac = [[João Pinheiro (nogometni sudija)|João Pinheiro]] ([[Nogometni savez Portugala|Portugal]]) |ishod = POB |iu= [[Gabriel Jesus]] (ARS) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 28. januar 2026. |vrijeme = 21:00 |historija = |tim1 = Arsenal {{ZD|ENG}} |rezultat = 3–2 |izvještaj = https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/match/2046034 |tim2 = {{ZD|KAZ}} [[FK Kairat|Kairat]] |golovi1 = *[[Viktor Gyökeres|Gyökeres]] {{gol|3}} *[[Riccardo Calafiori|Calafiori]] {{žuti karton|6}} *[[Kai Havertz|Havertz]] {{gol|15}} *[[Gabriel Martinelli|Martinelli]] {{gol|36}} |golovi2 = *[[Jorginho (nogometaš, rođen 1997)|Jorginho]] {{gol|7|pen.}}, {{žuti karton|69}} *[[Ricardinho (nogometaš, rođen 2001)|Ricardinho]] {{gol|90+4}} |stadion = [[Stadion Emirates|Emirates]] |runda = 8 |lokacija = [[London]], Engleska |gledalaca = 50.200 |sudac = [[Urs Schnyder]] ([[Nogometni savez Švicarske|Švicarska]]) |ishod = POB |iu= [[Kai Havertz]] (ARS) }} ====Nokaut faza==== =====Osmina finala===== Kao rezultat prvog mjesta u ligaškoj fazi, Arsenal je bio nositelj za ždrijeb osmine finala, koji se održao 27. februara 2026., a uzvratnu utakmicu igrali su kod kuće. Prvi put od 2002. godine Arsenal je igrao protiv njemačkog Bayer Leverkusena.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/bayer-leverkusen-drawn-champions-league-last-16|title=Bayer Leverkusen drawn in Champions League last 16|date=1. 3. 2026|website=Bayer Leverkusen drawn in Champions League last 16|language=en|access-date=27. 2. 2026}}</ref> {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 11. mart 2026. |vrijeme = 18:45 |historija = |tim1 = [[Bayer 04 Leverkusen|Bayer Leverkusen]] {{ZD|NJE}} |rezultat = 1–1 |izvještaj = https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/match/2048054/ |tim2 = {{ZD|ENG}} Arsenal |golovi1 = *[[Robert Andrich|Andrich]] {{žuti karton|2}}, {{gol|46}} *[[Ernest Poku|Poku]] {{žuti karton|58}} *[[Exequiel Palacios|Palacios]] {{žuti karton|63}} *[[Álex Grimaldo|Grimaldo]] {{žuti karton|90+4}} |golovi2 = *[[Gabriel Martinelli|Martinelli]] {{žuti karton|26}} *[[Martín Zubimendi|Zubimendi]] {{žuti karton|69}} *[[Kai Havertz|Havertz]] {{gol|89|pen.}}, {{žuti karton|90+4}} |stadion = [[BayArena]] |runda = 1. utakmica |lokacija = [[Leverkusen]], Njemačka |gledalaca = 30.210 |sudac = [[Halil Umut Meler]] ([[Nogometni savez Turske|Turska]]) |ishod = N |iu= [[Robert Andrich]] (LEV) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 17. mart 2026. |vrijeme = 21:00 |historija = |tim1 = Arsenal {{ZD|ENG}} |rezultat = 2–0 |izvještaj = https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/match/2048062/ |tim2 = {{ZD|NJE}} [[Bayer 04 Leverkusen|Bayer Leverkusen]] |golovi1 = *[[Eberechi Eze|Eze]] {{gol|36}} *[[Declan Rice|Rice]] {{gol|63}} |golovi2 = *[[Exequiel Palacios|Palacios]] {{žuti karton|46}} |stadion = [[Stadion Emirates|Emirates]] |runda = 2. utakmica |lokacija = [[London]], Engleska |gledalaca = 57.537 |sudac = [[Danny Makkelie]] ([[Nogometni savez Nizozemske|Nizozemska]]) |ishod = POB |iu= [[Declan Rice]] (ARS) |sveukupni rezultat=3–1 }} =====Četvrtina finala===== Ždrijeb za četvrtfinale automatski je određen nakon ždrijeba osmine finala 27. februara 2026. Nakon što je [[Sporting CP|Sporting]] prevladao zaostatak od tri gola iz prve utakmice protiv [[FK Bodø/Glimt|Bodø/Glimta]], Arsenal je izvučen da igra protiv portugalskog prvaka treći put u posljednje četiri evropske kampanje. Zbog višeg plasmana, klub je uzvratnu utakmicu igrao kod kuće.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/who-will-arsenal-face-ucl-quarter-finals|title=Who will Arsenal face in the UCL quarter-finals?|date=22. 3. 2026|website=Who will Arsenal face in the UCL quarter-finals?|language=en|access-date=18. 3. 2026}}</ref> {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 7. april 2026. |vrijeme = 21:00 |historija = |tim1 = [[Sporting CP|Sporting]] {{ZD|POR}} |rezultat = 0–1 |izvještaj = https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/match/2048066/ |tim2 = {{ZD|ENG}} Arsenal |golovi1 = *[[Hidemasa Morita|Morita]] {{žuti karton|31}} |golovi2 = *[[Kai Havertz|Havertz]] {{gol|90+1}} |stadion = [[Estádio José Alvalade]] |runda = 1. utakmica |lokacija = [[Lisabon]], Portugal |gledalaca = 50.804 |sudac = [[Daniel Siebert (nogometni sudija)|Daniel Siebert]] ([[Nogometni savez Njemačke|Njemačka]]) |ishod = POB |iu= [[David Raya]] (ARS) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 15. april 2026. |vrijeme = 21:00 |historija = |tim1 = Arsenal {{ZD|ENG}} |rezultat = 0–0 |izvještaj = https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/match/2048068/ |tim2 = {{ZD|POR}} [[Sporting CP|Sporting]] |golovi1 = |golovi2 = *[[Maximiliano Araújo|Araújo]] {{žuti karton|79}} |stadion = [[Stadion Emirates|Emirates]] |runda = 2. utakmica |lokacija = [[London]], Engleska |gledalaca = 58.249 |sudac = [[François Letexier]] ([[Nogometni savez Francuske|Francuska]]) |ishod = N |iu= [[Martin Zubimendi]] (ARS) |sveukupni rezultat= 1–0 }} =====Polufinale===== Ždrijeb za polufinale automatski je određen nakon ždrijeba četvrtfinala 27. februara 2026. Arsenal će se po drugi put u takmičenju suočiti s [[Atlético Madrid|Atlético Madridom]] (nakon domaće pobjede od 4–0 u ligaškoj fazi), nakon što su u prethodnom kolu pobijedili španjolskog rivala [[FC Barcelona|Barcelonu]] ukupnim rezultatom 3–2. Zbog višeg plasmana, klub je ponovno igrao uzvratnu utakmicu kod kuće. {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 29. april 2026. |vrijeme = 21:00 |historija = |tim1 = [[Atlético Madrid]] {{ZD|ŠPA}} |rezultat = 1–1 |izvještaj = https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/match/2048071/ |tim2 = {{ZD|ENG}} Arsenal |golovi1 = *[[Julián Alvarez|Alvarez]] {{gol|56|pen.}} *[[Dávid Hancko|Hancko]] {{žuti karton|78}} |golovi2 = *[[Viktor Gyökeres|Gyökeres]] {{gol|44|pen.}} |stadion = [[Stadion Metropolitano]] |runda = 1. utakmica |lokacija = [[Madrid]], Španija |gledalaca = 68.421 |sudac = [[Danny Makkelie]] ([[Nogometni savez Nizozemske|Nizozemska]]) |ishod = N |iu=[[Antoine Griezmann]] (ATM) }} {{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 5. maj 2026. |vrijeme = 21:00 |historija = |tim1 = Arsenal {{ZD|ENG}} |rezultat = 1–0 |izvještaj = https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/match/2048074/ |tim2 = {{ZD|ŠPA}} [[Atlético Madrid]] |golovi1 = *[[Bukayo Saka|Saka]] {{gol|44}} *[[Kepa Arrizabalaga|Arrizabalaga]] {{žuti karton|90+5}} |golovi2 = *[[Marc Pubill|Pubill]] {{žuti karton|81}} *[[Koke (nogometaš, rođen 1992)|Koke]] {{žuti karton|90+4}} |stadion = [[Stadion Emirates|Emirates]] |runda = 2. utakmica |lokacija = [[London]], Engleska |gledalaca = 58.874 |sudac = [[Daniel Siebert (nogometni sudija)|Daniel Siebert]] ([[Nogometni savez Njemačke|Njemačka]]) |ishod = POB |iu= [[Declan Rice]] (ARS) |sveukupni rezultat= 2–1 }} =====Finale===== {{Glavni|Finale UEFA Lige prvaka 2026.}} Nakon što je u polufinalu savladao [[Atlético Madrid]], Arsenal je stigao do tek svog drugog finala Lige prvaka u svojoj historiji, prvi put [[Finale UEFA Lige prvaka 2006.|2006]]. godine. Klub će nastojati osvojiti najprestižnije europsko takmičenje po prvi put u svojoj historiji i postati prva ekipa koja je odigrala 14 ili više utakmica u jednoj sezoni i ostala neporažena.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/arsenal-reach-202526-champions-league-final|title=Arsenal reach 2025/26 Champions League final|date=10. 5. 2026|website=Arsenal reach 2025/26 Champions League final|language=en|access-date=6. 5. 2026}}</ref> Topnici će se drugu sezonu zaredom suočiti s braniteljima naslova [[Paris Saint-Germain FC|Paris Saint-Germainom]], nakon što su Parižani prethodne sezone izbacili klub u polufinalu.{{Sklopiva nogometna kutija |id = |datum = 30. maj 2026. |vrijeme = 18:00 |historija = |tim1 = {{ZD|FRA}} [[Paris Saint-Germain FC|Paris Saint-Germain]] |rezultat = |izvještaj = |tim2 = {{ZD|ENG}} Arsenal |golovi1 = |golovi2 = |stadion = [[Puskás Aréna]] |lokacija = [[Budimpešta]], Mađarska |gledalaca = |sudac = |ishod = |iu= }} == Reference == <references responsive="" />{{Arsenal FC}}{{Arsenal FC sezone}} [[Kategorija:Sezone Arsenala FC]] 0hu2fus44kqtjgvgeehcegypl3bbqze Frekvencijski pojasevi za 5G NR 0 528320 3849466 3785024 2026-05-26T11:53:49Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849466 wikitext text/x-wiki Frekvencijski pojasevi za [[5G NR]] (5G New Radio), koji predstavlja bežični interfejs ili [[Tehnologija radijskog pristupa|tehnologiju radijskog pristupa]] mobilnim mrežama pete generacije, razdvojeni su u dva frekvencijska raspona. Prvi je frekvencijski raspon 1 (''Frequency Range 1'', FR1)<ref name="TS 38.101-1">{{cite web |date=23. 1. 2025 |title=TS 38.101-1: NR; User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception; Part 1: Range 1 Standalone |url=https://portal.3gpp.org/desktopmodules/Specifications/SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=3283 |access-date=24. 2. 2025 |website=3GPP |edition=19.0.0.0}}</ref> koji pokriva frekvencijske pojaseve ispod 6&nbsp;GHz, od kojih su pojedini tradicionalno korišteni za ranije standarde, s tim da je proširen da uključuje nove dijelove spektra od 410&nbsp;MHz to 7125&nbsp;MHz. Drugi je frekvencijski raspon 2 (''Frequency Range 2'', FR2)<ref name="TS 38.101-2">{{cite web |date=23. 1. 2025 |title=TS 38.101-2: NR; User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception; Part 2: Range 2 Standalone |url=https://portal.3gpp.org/desktopmodules/Specifications/SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=3284 |access-date=24. 2. 2025 |website=3GPP |edition=18.8.0}}</ref> koji pokriva frekvencijske pojaseve od 24,25&nbsp;GHz do 71,0&nbsp;GHz. Na Svjetskoj radiokomunikacijskoj konferenciji u novembru i decembru 2023, predložen je frekvencijski raspon 3 (''Frequency Range 3'', FR3),<ref name="RnS">{{cite press release |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Rohde & Schwarz enables Qualcomm to pioneer new frequency ranges for future 5G-Advanced and 6G networks |url=https://www.rohde-schwarz.com/uk/about/news-press/all-news/rohde-schwarz-enables-qualcomm-to-pioneer-new-frequency-ranges-for-future-5g-advanced-and-6g-networks-press-release-detailpage_229356-1466880.html |location=Munich |publisher=Rohde & Schwarz |date=15. 2. 2024 |access-date=25. 9. 2024 |archive-date=23. 1. 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123184929/https://www.rohde-schwarz.com/uk/about/news-press/all-news/rohde-schwarz-enables-qualcomm-to-pioneer-new-frequency-ranges-for-future-5g-advanced-and-6g-networks-press-release-detailpage_229356-1466880.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> koji bi pokrivao frekvencije od 7,125&nbsp;GHz do 24,25&nbsp;GHz; prema podacima iz novembra 2025, još nije dodan kao zvanični standard. Frekvencijski pojasevi također su dostupni za satelitske/NTN-mreže<ref name="TS 38.101-5">{{cite web |date=23. 1. 2025 |title=TS 38.101-5: NR; User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception; Part 5: Satellite access Radio Frequency (RF) and performance requirements |url=https://portal.3gpp.org/desktopmodules/Specifications/SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=3982 |access-date=24. 2. 2025 |website=3GPP |edition=18.8.0}}</ref> ispod 6&nbsp;GHz i u rasponu od 17,3&nbsp;GHz do 30&nbsp;GHz. == Frekvencijski pojasevi == Iz najnovije objavljene verzije (Rel. 18) tehničkog standarda [[3GPP]]-a (TS 38.101),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.3gpp.org/DynaReport/38-series.htm |title=3GPP specification series: 38series |publisher=3GPP |access-date=22. 2. 2019}}</ref><!-- Comment to prevent WikiCleanerBot action. --> naredne tabele prikazuju navedene frekvencijske pojaseve i širine kanala za standard 5G NR. Pojasevi za NR definirani su s prefiksom "n". Kad se pojas za NR preklapa s [[Frekvencijski pojasevi za LTE|pojasom za 4G LTE]], imaju isti broj. === Frekvencijski raspon 1 === {| class="wikitable" ! Legenda | style="background:#CCFFCC;" | Dodatna silazna veza (SDL) | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | Dodatna uzlazna veza (SUL) |} {{sticky header}}{{sort under}} {| style="text-align: center;" class="sortable wikitable sticky-header sort-under" |- ! data-sort-type="number" |Pojas ! Dupleksni režim{{refn|group=A|name=DM|Dupleksiranje podjelom frekvencije (FDD); dupleksiranje podjelom vremena (TDD); dodatna silazna veza FDD-om (SDL); dodatna uzlazna veza FDD-om (SUL)}} ! data-sort-type="number" | [[Frekvencija|ƒ]]<br /><small>(MHz)</small> ! class="unsortable" | Naziv<ref name="Band names">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EPMwBgAAQBAJ&q=upper+SMH+band |title=The Telecommunications Handbook: Engineering Guidelines for Fixed, Mobile and Satellite Systems - Table 13.1 FDD frequency bands |page=437 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |date=11. 12. 2014 |isbn=9781118678909 |access-date=10. 7. 2022}}</ref> ! class="unsortable" | Podskup pojasa ! data-sort-type="number" | Uzlazna veza{{refn|group=A|name=UL|Korisnička oprema (UE) odašilje; bazna stanica (BS) prima}}<br /><small>(MHz)</small> ! data-sort-type="number" | Silazna veza{{refn|group=A|name=DL|Korisnička oprema (UE) prima; bazna stanica (BS) odašilje}}<br /><small>(MHz)</small> ! data-sort-type="number" | Dupleksni razmak<br /><small>(MHz)</small> ! class="unsortable" | Širine kanala{{refn|group=A|name=SCS|Podržana širina kanala zavisi od razmaka između podnosilaca (SCS) koji je u upotrebi}}<br ><small>(MHz)</small> ! class="unsortable" | Napomene |- | {{sort|1|n1}} | FDD | {{sort|2100.001|2100}} | IMT | n65 | {{sort|1920.001|1920}} – 1980 | {{sort|2110.001|2110}} – 2170 | 190 | 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 45, 50 | |- | {{sort|2|n2}} | FDD | {{sort|1900.002|1900}} | PCS | n25 | {{sort|1850.002|1850}} – 1910 | {{sort|1930.002|1930}} – 1990 | 80 | 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 | |- | {{sort|3|n3}} | FDD | {{sort|1800.003|1800}} | DCS | | {{sort|1710.003|1710}} – 1785 | {{sort|1805.003|1805}} – 1880 | 95 | 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 | |- | {{sort|5|n5}} | FDD | {{sort|850.005|850}} | CLR | n26 | {{sort|824.005|824}} – 849 | {{sort|869.005|869}} – 894 | 45 | 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25{{refn|group=B|name=DLonly}} | |- | {{sort|7|n7}} | FDD | {{sort|2600.007|2600}} | IMT‑E | | {{sort|2500.007|2500}} – 2570 | {{sort|2620.007|2620}} – 2690 | 120 | 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50 | |- | {{sort|8|n8}} | FDD | {{sort|900.008|900}} | Prošireni [[GSM]] | | {{sort|880.008|880}} – 915 | {{sort|925.008|925}} – 960 | 45 | 5, 10, 15, 20, 25{{refn|group=B|name=DLonly}}, 35{{refn|group=B|name=DLonly}} | |- | {{sort|12|n12}} | FDD | {{sort|700.012|700}} | Donji SMH | n85 | {{sort|699.012|699}} – 716 | {{sort|729.012|729}} – 746 | 30 | 3, 5, 10, 15 | |- | {{sort|13|n13}} | FDD | {{sort|700.013|700}} | Gornji SMH | | {{sort|777.013|777}} – 787 | {{sort|746.013|746}} – 756 | −31 | 5, 10 | |- | {{sort|14|n14}} | FDD | {{sort|700.014|700}} | Gornji SMH | | {{sort|788.014|788}} – 798 | {{sort|758.014|758}} – 768 | −30 | 5, 10 | |- | {{sort|18|n18}} | FDD | {{sort|850.018|850}} | Donji 800 | n26 | {{sort|815.018|815}} – 830 | {{sort|860.018|860}} – 875 | 45 | 5, 10, 15 | Japan |- | {{sort|20|n20}} | FDD | {{sort|800.020|800}} | Digitalna dividenda | | {{sort|832.020|832}} – 862 | {{sort|791.020|791}} – 821 | −41 | 5, 10, 15, 20 | EU |- | {{Sort|24|n24}} | FDD | {{sort|1600.024|1600}} | Gornji [[L-pojas]] | | {{sort|1626.524|1626.5}} – 1660,5{{refn|name=n24UL|group=B}} | {{Sort|1525.024|1525}} – 1559{{refn|name=n24DL|group=B}} | −101,5 | 5, 10 | SAD |- | {{sort|25|n25}} | FDD | {{sort|1900.025|1900}} | Prošireni PCS | | {{sort|1850.025|1850}} – 1915 | {{sort|1930.025|1930}} – 1995 | 80 | 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45{{refn|group=B|name=DLonly}} | |- | {{Sort|26|n26}} | FDD | 850 | Prošireni CLR | | {{sort|814.026|814}} – 849 | {{sort|859.026|859}} – 894 | 45 | 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25{{refn|group=B|name=CADLonly}}, 30{{refn|group=B|name=CADLonly}} | |- | {{sort|28|n28}} | FDD | {{sort|700.028|700}} | APT | | {{sort|703.028|703}} – 748 | {{sort|758.028|758}} – 803 | 55 | 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 | |- | style="background:#CCFFCC;" | {{sort|29|n29}} | style="background:#CCFFCC;" | SDL | style="background:#CCFFCC;" | {{sort|700.029|700}} | style="background:#CCFFCC;" | Donji SMH | style="background:#CCFFCC;" | | {{N/A}} | style="background:#CCFFCC;" | {{sort|717.029|717}} – 728 | {{N/A}} | style="background:#CCFFCC;" | 5, 10 | style="background:#CCFFCC;" | |- | {{sort|30|n30}} | FDD | {{sort|2300.030|2300}} | WCS | | {{sort|2305.030|2305}} – 2315 | {{sort|2350.030|2350}} – 2360 | 45 | 5, 10 | |- | {{sort|31|n31}} | FDD | {{sort|450.031|450}} | NMT | | {{sort|450.031|452,5}} – 457,5 | {{sort|450.031|462,5}} – 467,5 | 10 | 3, 5 | |- | {{sort|34|n34}} | TDD | {{sort|2100.034|2100}} | IMT | | colspan="2" | {{sort|2010.034|2010}} – 2025 | {{N/A}} | 5, 10, 15 | |- | {{sort|38|n38}} | TDD | {{sort|2600.038|2600}} | IMT‑E<ref group="B">Dupleksni razmak</ref> | n41, n90 | colspan="2" | {{sort|2570.038|2570}} – 2620 | {{N/A}} | 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40 | |- | {{sort|39|n39}} | TDD | {{sort|1900.039|1900}} | Međuprostor DCS–IMT | | colspan="2" | {{sort|1880.039|1880}} – 1920 | {{N/A}} | 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 | |- | {{sort|40|n40}} | TDD | {{sort|2300.040|2300}} | [[S-pojas]] | | colspan="2" | {{sort|2300.040|2300}} – 2400 | {{N/A}} | 5{{refn|group=B|name=CADConly}}, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 | |- | {{sort|41|n41}} | TDD | {{sort|2500.041|2500}} | BRS | | colspan="2" | {{sort|2496.041|2496}} – 2690 | {{N/A}} | 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 | |- | {{Sort|46|n46}} | TDD | {{sort|5200.046|5200}} | [[U-NII]]-1–4 | | colspan="2" | {{sort|5150.046|5150}} – 5925 | {{N/a}} | 10{{refn|group=B|name=CADLonly}}, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 | {{refn|group=B|name=NRU|5G NR bez licence}} |- | {{Sort|47|n47}} | TDD | {{sort|5900.047|5900}} | [[U-NII]]-4 | | colspan="2" | {{sort|5855.047|5855}} – 5925 | {{N/a}} | 10, 20, 30, 40 | V2X |- | {{sort|48|n48}} | TDD | {{sort|3500.048|3500}} | CBRS | n77, n78 | colspan="2" | {{sort|3550.048|3550}} – 3700 | {{N/A}} | 5{{refn|group=B|name=CADConly}}, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50{{refn|group=B|name=CADLonly}}, 60{{refn|group=B|name=CADLonly}}, 70{{refn|group=B|name=CADLonly}}, 80{{refn|group=B|name=CADLonly}}, 90{{refn|group=B|name=CADLonly}}, 100{{refn|group=B|name=CADLonly}} | SAD |- | {{sort|50|n50}} | TDD | {{sort|1500.050|1500}} | [[L-pojas]] | | colspan="2" | {{sort|1432.050|1432}} – 1517 | {{N/A}} | 5{{refn|group=B|name=CADConly}}, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80{{refn|group=B|name=DLonly}} | EU |- | {{sort|51|n51}} | TDD | {{sort|1500.051|1500}} | Proširenje [[L-pojas]]a | | colspan="2" | {{sort|1427.051|1427}} – 1432 | {{N/A}} | 5 | EU |- | {{Sort|53|n53}} | TDD | {{sort|2400.053|2400}} | [[S-pojas]] | | colspan="2" | {{sort|2483.053|2483,5}} – 2495 | {{N/a}} | 5, 10 | |- | {{Sort|54|n54}} | TDD | {{sort|1670.054|1600}} | [[L-pojas]] | | colspan="2" | {{sort|1670.054|1670}} – 1675 | {{N/a}} | 5 | |- | {{sort|65|n65}} | FDD | {{sort|2100.065|2100}} | Prošireni IMT | | {{sort|1920.065|1920}} – 2010 | {{sort|2110.065|2110}} – 2200 | 190 | 5, 10, 15, 20, 50 | |- | {{sort|66|n66}} | FDD | <sub>{{sort|1700.066|1700}}</sub><br/><sup>2100</sup> | Prošireni AWS | | {{sort|1710.066|1710}} – 1780 | {{sort|2110.066|2110}} – 2200{{refn|group=B|name=n66DL}} | 400 | 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 | {{refn|group=B|name=Asym}} |- | style="background:#CCFFCC;" | {{sort|67|n67}} | style="background:#CCFFCC;" | SDL | style="background:#CCFFCC;" | {{sort|700.067|700}} | style="background:#CCFFCC;" | EU 700 | style="background:#CCFFCC;" | | {{N/A}} | style="background:#CCFFCC;" | {{sort|738.067|738}} – 758 | {{N/A}} | style="background:#CCFFCC;" | 5, 10, 15, 20 | style="background:#CCFFCC;" | |- | {{sort|70|n70}} | FDD | {{sort|2000.070|2000}} | Dodatni AWS | | {{sort|1695.070|1695}} – 1710 | {{sort|1995.070|1995}} – 2020 | 300 | 5, 10, 15, 20{{refn|group=B|name=DLonly}}, 25{{refn|group=B|name=DLonly}} | {{refn|group=B|name=Asym}} |- | {{sort|71|n71}} | FDD | {{sort|600.071|600}} | Digitalna dividenda | | {{sort|663.071|663}} – 698 | {{sort|617.071|617}} – 652 | −46 | 5, 10, 15, 20, 25{{refn|group=B|name=DLonly}}, 30{{refn|group=B|name=DLonly}}, 35{{refn|group=B|name=DLonly}} | SAD{{refn|group=B|name=Asym}} |- | {{sort|72|n72}} | FDD | 450 | PMR | | {{sort|451|451}} – 456 | {{sort|461|461}} – 466 | 10 | 3, 5 | EU |- | {{sort|74|n74}} | FDD | {{sort|1500.074|1500}} | Donji [[L-pojas|L‑pojas]] | | {{sort|1427.074|1427}} – 1470 | {{sort|1475.074|1475}} – 1518 | 48 | 5, 10, 15, 20 | SAD |- | style="background:#CCFFCC;" | {{sort|75|n75}} | style="background:#CCFFCC;" | SDL | style="background:#CCFFCC;" | {{sort|1500.075|1500}} | style="background:#CCFFCC;" | [[L-pojas|L‑pojas]] | style="background:#CCFFCC;" | | {{N/A}} | style="background:#CCFFCC;" | {{sort|1432.075|1432}} – 1517 | {{N/A}} | style="background:#CCFFCC;" | 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50 | style="background:#CCFFCC;" |EU |- | style="background:#CCFFCC;" | {{sort|76|n76}} | style="background:#CCFFCC;" | SDL | style="background:#CCFFCC;" | {{sort|1500.076|1500}} | style="background:#CCFFCC;" | Proširenje [[L-pojas|L‑pojasa]] | style="background:#CCFFCC;" | | {{N/A}} | style="background:#CCFFCC;" | {{sort|1427.076|1427}} – 1432 | {{N/A}} | style="background:#CCFFCC;" | 5 | style="background:#CCFFCC;" |EU |- | {{sort|77|n77}} | TDD | {{sort|3700.077|3700}} | [[C-band (IEEE)|C-pojas]] | | colspan="2" | {{sort|3300.077|3300}} – 4200 | {{N/A}} | 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 | <ref name="C-Band name 1">{{cite web |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/what-is-c-band-5g-3094315/ |title=C-Band 5G: What is it and where is it available? |publisher=androidauthority.com/ |date=25. 1. 2022 |access-date=10. 7. 2022}}</ref><ref name="C-Band name 2">{{cite web |url=https://www.lightreading.com/mobile/5g/atandt-runs-more-low-band-tests-in-the-us/d/d-id/753089 |title=AT&T Runs More Low-Band Tests in the US |publisher=Light Reading |date=30. 7. 2019 |access-date=10. 7. 2022}}</ref><ref name="C-Band name 3">{{cite web |url=https://gsacom.com/paper/c-band-national-spectrum-positions-october-2020/ |title=C-Band National Spectrum Positions: October 2020 |publisher=GSMA |date=1. 10. 2020 |access-date=10. 7. 2022}}</ref> |- | {{sort|78|n78}} | TDD | {{sort|3500.078|3500}} | [[C-band (IEEE)|C-pojas]] | n77 | colspan="2" | {{sort|3300.078|3300}} – 3800 | {{N/A}} | 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 | <ref name="C-Band name 1" /><ref name="C-Band name 2" /><ref name="C-Band name 3" /> |- | {{sort|79|n79}} | TDD | {{sort|4500.079|4500}} | [[C-pojas (IEEE)|C-pojas]] | | colspan="2" | {{sort|4400.079|4400}} – 5000 | {{N/A}} | 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 | <ref name="C-Band name 1" /><ref name="C-Band name 2" /><ref name="C-Band name 3" /> |- | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | {{sort|80|n80}} | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | SUL | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | {{sort|1800.080|1800}} | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | DCS | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | {{sort|1710.080|1710}} – 1785 | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40 | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | |- | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | {{sort|81|n81}} | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | SUL | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | {{sort|900.081|900}} | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | Prošireni [[GSM]] | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | {{sort|880.081|880}} – 915 | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | 5, 10, 15, 20 | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | |- | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | {{sort|82|n82}} | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | SUL | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | {{sort|800.082|800}} | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | Digitalna dividenda | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | {{sort|832.082|832}} – 862 | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | 5, 10, 15, 20 | style="background:#FFFFCC;" |EU |- | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | {{sort|83|n83}} | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | SUL | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | {{sort|700.083|700}} | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | APT | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | {{sort|703.083|703}} – 748 | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | |- | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | {{sort|84|n84}} | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | SUL | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | {{sort|2100.084|2100}} | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | IMT | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | {{sort|1920.084|1920}} – 1980 | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50 | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | |- | {{sort|85|n85}} | FDD | {{sort|700.085|700}} | Prošireni donji SMH | | {{sort|698.085|698}} – 716 | {{sort|728.085|728}} – 746 | 30 | 3, 5, 10, 15 | |- | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | {{sort|86|n86}} | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | SUL | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | {{sort|1700.086|1700}} | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | Prošireni AWS | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | n80 | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | {{sort|1710.086|1710}} – 1780 | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | 5, 10, 15, 20, 40 | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | |- | {{sort|87|n87}} | FDD | {{sort|400|400}} | PMR | | {{sort|410|410}} – 415 | {{sort|420|420}} – 425 | 10 | 3, 5 | |- | {{sort||n88}} | FDD | {{sort|400|400}} | PMR | | {{sort|412|412}} – 417 | {{sort|422|422}} – 427 | 10 | 3, 5 | |- | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | {{sort|89|n89}} | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | SUL | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | {{sort|850.089|850}} | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | CLR | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | {{sort|824.089|824}} – 849 | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | 5, 10, 15, 20, | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | |- | {{sort|90|n90}} | TDD | {{sort|2500.090|2500}} | BRS | | colspan="2" | {{sort|2496.090|2496}} – 2690 | {{N/A}} | 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 |{{refn|group=B|name=n90isn41DSS}} |- | {{sort|91|n91}} | FDD | <sub>{{sort|800.091|800}}</sub><br/><sup>1500</sup> | <sub>DD</sub><br/><sup>L-pojas</sup> | n20, n51 | {{sort|832.091|832}} – 862 | {{sort|1427.091|1427}} – 1432 | {{sort|570.091|570}} – 595{{refn|group=B|name=Var|Upotrebljava se promjenljiv rad dupleksiranja da bi frekvencijski rasponi u uzlaznoj i silaznoj vezi bili podržani nezavisno, u bilo kojem važećem opsegu za taj pojas}} | 5, 10{{refn|group=B|name=ULonly}} | EU{{refn|group=B|name=Asym}} |- | {{sort|92|n92}} | FDD | <sub>{{sort|800.092|800}}</sub><br/><sup>1500</sup> | <sub>DD</sub><br/><sup>L-pojas</sup> | n20, n50 | {{sort|832.092|832}} – 862 | {{sort|1432.092|1432}} – 1517 | {{sort|600.092|600}} – 660{{refn|group=B|name=Var}} | 5, 10, 15, 20 | EU{{refn|group=B|name=Asym}} |- | {{sort|93|n93}} | FDD | <sub>{{sort|900.094|900}}</sub><br/><sup>1500</sup> | <sub>Prošireni GSM</sub><br/><sup>L-pojas</sup> | n8, n51 | {{sort|880.093|880}} – 915 | {{sort|1427.093|1427}} – 1432 | {{sort|527.093|527}} – 547{{refn|group=B|name=Var}} | 5, 10{{refn|group=B|name=ULonly}} | EU{{refn|group=B|name=Asym}} |- | {{sort|94|n94}} | FDD | <sub>{{sort|900.094|900}}</sub><br/><sup>1500</sup> | <sub>Prošireni GSM</sub><br/><sup>L-pojas</sup> | n8, n50 | {{sort|880.094|880}} – 915 | {{sort|1432.094|1432}} – 1517 | {{sort|532.094|532}} – 632{{refn|group=B|name=Var}} | 5, 10, 15, 20 | EU{{refn|group=B|name=Asym}} |- | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | {{sort|95|n95}} | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | SUL | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | {{sort|2100.095|2100}} | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | IMT | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | {{sort|2010.095|2010}} – 2025 | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | 5, 10, 15 | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | |- | {{Sort|96|n96}} | TDD | {{sort|6000.096|6000}} | [[U-NII]]-5–8 | | colspan="2" | {{sort|5925.096|5925}} – 7125 | {{N/a}} | 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 | {{refn|group=B|name=NRU}} |- | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | {{sort|97|n97}} | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | SUL | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | {{sort|2300.097|2300}} | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | [[S-pojas]] | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | {{sort|2300.097|2300}} – 2400 | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | |- | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | {{sort|98|n98}} | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | SUL | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | {{sort|1900.098|1900}} | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | Međuprostor DCS–IMT | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | {{sort|1880.098|1880}} – 1920 | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | |- | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | {{sort|99|n99}} | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | SUL | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | {{sort|1600.099|1600}} | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | Gornji [[L-pojas]] | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | {{sort|1626.599|1626.5}} – 1660,5{{refn|group=B|name=n24UL}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | 5, 10 | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | SAD |- | {{sort|100|n100}} | FDD | {{sort|900.100|900}} | [[GSM-R]] | | {{sort|874.4100|874,4}} – 880 | {{sort|919.4100|919,4}} – 925 | 45 | 3, 5 | EU |- | {{sort|101|n101}} | TDD | {{sort|1900.101|1900}} | [[FRMCS]] | n39 | colspan="2" | {{sort|1900.101|1900}} – 1910 | {{N/A}} | 5, 10 | |- | {{sort|102|n102}} | TDD | {{sort|6200.102|6200}} | [[U-NII]]-5 | n96 | colspan="2" | {{sort|5925.102|5925}} – 6425 | {{N/A}} | 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 | {{refn|group=B|name=NRU}} |- | {{sort|104|n104}} | TDD | {{sort|6700.104|6700}} | [[U-NII]]-6–8 | | colspan="2" | {{sort|6425.104|6425}} – 7125 | {{N/A}} | 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 | |- | {{sort|105|n105}} | FDD | {{sort|600.105|600}} | Digitalna dividenda | | {{sort|663.105|663}} – 703 | {{sort|612.105|612}} – 652 | −51 | 5, 10, 15, 20, 25{{refn|group=B|name=DLonly}}, 30{{refn|group=B|name=DLonly}}, 35{{refn|group=B|name=DLonly}} | APT |- | {{sort|106|n106}} | FDD | {{sort|900.105|900}} | LMRS | | {{sort|896|896}} – 901 | {{sort|935|935}} – 940 | 39 | 3 | SAD |- | {{sort|109|n109}} | FDD | <sub>{{sort|700.091|700}}</sub><br/><sup>1500</sup> | <sub>APT</sub><br/><sup>L-pojas</sup> | | {{sort|703|703}} – 733 | {{sort|1432|1432}} – 1517 | 729 | 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40{{refn|group=B|name=DLonly}}, 50{{refn|group=B|name=DLonly}} | EU{{refn|group=B|name=Asym}} |- | {{sort|110|n110}} | FDD | 1400 | L-pojas | | {{sort|1390|1390}} – 1395 | {{sort|1432|1432}} – 1435 | 42 | 3 | |} {{notelist}} {{reflist|group=A}} {{reflist|group=B|refs= {{refn |group=B |name=Asym | Podržava asimetrične kombinacije širine}} {{refn |group=B |name=CADConly | Samo za agregaciju nosilaca (CA) ili dvostruku vezu}} {{refn |group=B |name=CADLonly | Samo za agregaciju nosilaca i silaznu vezu}} {{refn |group=B |name=DLonly | Samo u silaznoj vezi}} {{refn |group=B |name=ULonly | Samo u uzlaznoj vezi}} {{refn |group=B |name=n24DL | Silazna veza ograničena na 1526–1536&nbsp;MHz}} {{refn |group=B |name=n24UL | Uzlazna veza ograničena na 1627,5–1637,5&nbsp;MHz i 1646,5–1656,5&nbsp;MHz}} {{refn |group=B |name=n66DL | Silazna veza između 2180–2200&nbsp;MHz ograničena na dodatnu silaznu vezu između pojaseva}} {{refn |group=B |name=n90isn41DSS | Tehnološki istovjetan pojasu n41 ali zahtijeva podjelu uzlazne veze da bi se moglo upotrijebiti dinamičko dijeljenje spektra (DSS)}} }} === Frekvencijski raspon 2 === {{sort under}} {| style="text-align: center;" class="sortable wikitable sort-under" |- ! data-sort-type="number" | Pojas ! data-sort-type="number" | [[Frekvencija|ƒ]]<br /><small>(GHz)</small> ! class="unsortable" | Naziv ! class="unsortable" | Podskup pojasa ! data-sort-type="number" | Uzlazna / silazna veza{{refn|group=C|name=UD|Režim dupleksiranja podjelom vremena (TDD)}}<br /><small>(GHz)</small> ! class="unsortable" | Širina kanala{{refn|group=C|name=SCS|Podržana širina kanala zavisi od razmaka između podnosilaca (SCS) koji je u upotrebi}}<br /><small>(MHz)</small> ! class="unsortable" | Napomene |- | {{sort|257|n257}} | {{sort|27500|28}} | LMDS | | {{sort|25500|26,50}} – 29,50 | 50, 100, 200, 400 | |- | {{sort|258|n258}} | {{sort|24250|26}} | [[K-pojas]] | | {{sort|24250|24,25}} – 27,50 | 50, 100, 200, 400 | |- | {{sort|259|n259}} | {{sort|41000|41}} | [[V-pojas]] | | {{sort|39500|39,50}} – 43,50 | 50, 100, 200, 400 | |- | {{sort|260|n260}} | {{sort|39000|39}} | [[Ka-pojas]] | | {{sort|37000|37,00}} – 40,00 | 50, 100, 200, 400 | |- | {{sort|261|n261}} | {{sort|28000|28}} | [[Ka-pojas]] | n257 | {{sort|27500|27,50}} – 28,35 | 50, 100, 200, 400 | |- | {{sort|262|n262}} | {{sort|47000|47}} | [[V-pojas]] | | {{sort|47200|47,20}} – 48,20 | 50, 100, 200, 400 | |- | {{sort|263|n263}} | {{sort|60000|60}} | [[V-pojas]] | | {{sort|57000|57,00}} – 71,00 | 100, 400, 800, 1600, 2000 | {{refn|group=D|name=NRU|5G NR bez licence}} |} {{notelist}} {{reflist|group=C}} {{reflist|group=D}} === Frekvencijski raspon 1 za NTN === {{sort under}} {| style="text-align: center;" class="sortable wikitable sort-under" |- ! data-sort-type="number" |Pojas ! Dupleksni režim{{refn|group=E|name=DM|Dupleksiranje podjelom frekvencije (FDD); dupleksiranje podjelom vremena (TDD); dodatna silazna veza FDD-om (SDL); dodatna uzlazna veza FDD-om (SUL)}} ! data-sort-type="number" | [[Frekvencija|ƒ]]<br /><small>(MHz)</small> ! class="unsortable" | Naziv ! data-sort-type="number" | Uzlazna veza{{refn|group=E|name=UL|Korisnička oprema (UE) odašilje; bazna stanica (BS) prima}}<br /><small>(MHz)</small> ! data-sort-type="number" | Silazna veza{{refn|group=E|name=DL|Korisnička oprema (UE) prima; bazna stanica (BS) odašilje}}<br /><small>(MHz)</small> ! data-sort-type="number" | Dupleksni razmak<br /><small>(MHz)</small> ! class="unsortable" | Širine kanala{{refn|group=E|name=SCS|Podržana širina kanala zavisi od razmaka između podnosilaca (SCS) koji je u upotrebi}}<br ><small>(MHz)</small> ! class="unsortable" | Napomene |- | n252 | FDD | {{sort|2100|2100}} | AWS-4 | {{sort|2000|2000}} – 2020 | {{sort|2180|2180}} – 2200 | 180 | 5, 10, 15, 20 | MSS |- | n253 | FDD | {{sort|1600|1600}} | [[L-pojas]] (SAD) | 1668 – 1675 | 1518 – 1525 | −150 | ? | MSS |- | {{sort|254|n254}} | FDD | {{sort|2400|2400}} | [[S-pojas]] | {{sort|1610|1610}} – 1626,5 | {{sort|2483.5|2483,5}} – 2500 | 873.5 | 5, 10, 15 | MSS<ref name="ITU MSS">{{Cite web|url=https://www.itu.int/hub/news/|title=ITU News: Latest from the UN agency for digital technologies}}</ref> |- | {{sort|255|n255}} | FDD | {{sort|1600.255|1600}} | [[L-pojas]] (SAD) | {{sort|1626.5255|1626,5}} – 1660,5 | {{sort|1525.255|1525}} – 1559 | −101,5 | 5, 10, 15, 20 | MSS<ref name="ITU MSS"/> |- | {{sort|256|n256}} | FDD | {{sort|2100.256|2100}} | [[S-pojas]] | {{sort|1980.256|1980}} – 2010 | {{sort|2170.256|2170}} – 2200 | 190 | 5, 10, 15, 20 | MSS<ref name="ITU MSS"/> |} {{notelist}} {{reflist|group=E}} === Frekvencijski raspon 2 za NTN === {{sort under}} {| style="text-align: center;" class="sortable wikitable sort-under" |- ! data-sort-type="number" |Pojas ! Dupleksni režim{{refn|group=F|name=DM|Dupleksiranje podjelom frekvencije (FDD); dupleksiranje podjelom vremena (TDD); dodatna silazna veza FDD-om (SDL); dodatna uzlazna veza FDD-om (SUL)}} ! data-sort-type="number" | [[Frekvencija|ƒ]]<br /><small>(GHz)</small> ! class="unsortable" | Naziv ! data-sort-type="number" | Uzlazna veza{{refn|group=F|name=UL|Korisnička oprema (UE) odašilje; bazna stanica (BS) prima}}<br /><small>(GHz)</small> ! data-sort-type="number" | Silazna veza{{refn|group=F|name=DL|Korisnička oprema (UE) prima; bazna stanica (BS) odašilje}}<br /><small>(GHz)</small> ! class="unsortable" | Širine kanala{{refn|group=F|name=SCS|Podržana širina kanala zavisi od razmaka između podnosilaca (SCS) koji je u upotrebi}}<br ><small>(MHz)</small> ! class="unsortable" | Napomene |- | {{sort|510|n510}} | FDD | 28 | [[Ka-pojas]] | {{sort|27500|27,50}} – 28,35 | {{sort|17300|17,30}} – 20,20 | 50, 100, 200, 400 | SAD |- | {{sort|511|n511}} | FDD | 28 | [[Ka-pojas]] | {{sort|28350|28,35}} – 30,00 | {{sort|17300|17,30}} – 20,20 | 50, 100, 200, 400 | SAD |- | {{sort|512|n512}} | FDD | 28 | [[Ka-pojas]] | {{sort|27500|27,50}} – 30,00 | {{sort|17300|17,30}} – 20,20 | 50, 100, 200, 400 | EU |} {{notelist}} {{reflist|group=F}} == Također pogledajte == * [[5G]] * [[5G NR]] * [[Spisak 5G NR mreža]] * [[Frekvencijski pojasevi za LTE]] * [[Frekvencijski pojasevi za UMTS]] * [[Frekvencijski pojasevi za GSM]] == Reference == {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [https://www.sqimway.com/ Bežični frekvencijski pojasevi, protokli i alati] {{Standardi mobilnih telekomunikacija}} {{Telekomunikacije}} [[Kategorija:5G]] rzqykmpqyy9cm07nvz85fkardi20g92 Endokrina hirurgija 0 529843 3849374 3792684 2026-05-26T01:21:11Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija zdravstveno stanje |ime = Endokrina hirurgija |slika = Adrenal Tumor.JPG |opis_slike = Adrenalektomija }} '''Endokrina hirurgija''' je hirurška podspecijalnost koja se fokusira na hirurgiju endokrinih žlijezda, uključujući [[štitnjača|štitnu žlijezdu]], [[paratireoidnaa žlijezda| paratireoidne žlijezde]], [[nadbubrežna žlijezda|nadbubrežne žlijezde]], žlijezde endokrinog [[pankreas]]a i neke neuroendokrine žlijezde.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.endocrinesurgeons.org.au/endocrine-surgery|title=Endocrine Surgery|website=www.endocrinesurgeons.org.au|access-date=2016-05-17}}</ref> == Tipovi == === Operacija štitne žlijezde === Hirurgija štitne žlijezde predstavlja najveći dio endokrinih hirurških zahvata širom svijeta. Može se izvoditi kod različitih stanja, od benigne multinodularne strume do raka štitne žlijezde. U Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu, hirurzi su je razvili kao zasebnu specijalnost od opće hirurgije Richard Welbourne i John Lynn, hirurzi tadašnje "Kraljevske postdiplomske medicinske škole", a sada je to bolnica Hammersmith. U njoj se nalazi Odjel za hirurgiju štitne žlijezde i endokrine hirurgije, u kojem rade konsultanti hirurzi profesor Fausto Palazzo, profesor Neil Tolley i gospođica Aimee Di Marco. Operacije uključuju uklanjanje štitne žlijezde (tireoidektomija) ili kao dio žlijezde (lobektomija ili hemitireoidektomija) ili cijele žlijezde (totalna tireoidektomija). Nepotpune resekcije (subtotalna ili gotovo totalna tireoidektomija) se također rijetko izvode, ali ih većina hirurga ne preporučuje. === Operacija paratireoidne žlijezde === Uklanjanje paratireoidne(ih) žlijezde(a) naziva se [[paratireoidektomija]] i najčešće se izvodi za [[primarni hiperparatireoidizam]]. Paratireoidektomija se također izvodi za liječenje tercijarnog hiperparatireoidizma koji nastaje zbog hroničnog [[zatajenje bubrega| zatajenja bubrega]]. === Operacija nadbubrežne žlijezde === [[Adrenalektomija]], hirurško uklanjanje nadbubrežne žlijezde, izvodi se za liječenje stanja uključujući [[primarni aldosteronizam|Connov sindrom]], [[feohromocitom]] i [[adrenokorteksni karcinom|adreno-korteksni rak]]. === Operacija pankreasa === Bolesti endokrinog pankreasa javljaju se vrlo rijetko; to uključuje [[insulinom]]e, [[gastrinom]]e itd. Hirurgija za ova stanja kreće se od jednostavne enukleacije tumora do većih resekcija. ==Razvoj== Endokrina hirurgija je općemito dobro razvijena. Endokrina hirurgija se razvila kao subspecijalistička hirurška kategorija zbog tehničke prirode ovih operacija i povezanih rizika operacija na vratu. U knjizi ''Hirurgija: Osnovna nauka i klinički dokazi'', efikasnost prethodnih istraživanja:<ref name="NortonBarie2008">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cs6O3QIwrKcC&pg=PA1186|title=Surgery: basic science and clinical evidence|author1=Jeffrey A. Norton|author2=Philip S. Barie|author3=Randall Bollinger|publisher=Springer|year=2008|isbn=978-0-387-30800-5|pages=1186–|access-date=13 July 2011}}</ref> {{Citat|Hirurzi i ljekari su unaprijedili endokrinu hirurgiju pažljivim opisom neobičnih pacijenata i porodica sa endokrinim sindromima... Hirurzi su također poboljšali tehnike pripreme za operaciju i metode...|sign=Norton, Barie, Bollinger, et al.|source=}} Tokom 1970-ih, specijalistički program obuke u ''Hommersmith Hospital'' bio je primarno mjesto za rani rad na obuci velikog broja hirurga..<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.endocrinesurgeon.co.uk/index.php/mr-john-lynn-endocrine-surgeon|title=Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Endocrine Surgery, Mr John Lynn, Endocrine Surgeon|website=www.endocrinesurgeon.co.uk|access-date=2019-01-01|archive-date=24. 12. 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251224052845/http://www.endocrinesurgeon.co.uk/index.php/mr-john-lynn-endocrine-surgeon|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dobro je poznato da su komplikacije mnogo rjeđe ako operacije izvode hirurzi koji obave najmanje 100 operacija štitne žlijezde godišnje. U Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu većinu operacija štitne žlijezde izvode hirurzi koji obave manje od 20 operacija štitne žlijezde godišnje. Trajno oštećenje oba grudnog živca je izuzetna rijetkost i u većini slučajeva zahtijeva trajnu traheostomiju. Podaci o ishodima svih hirurga koji izvode endokrine operacije u [[UK|Velikoj Britaniji]] javno su dostupni putem web stranice '[https://www.baets.org.uk Britansko udruženje endokrinih i tiroidnih hirurga]'. == Tehnika == === Operacija štitne žlijezde === Neki hirurški timovi ostavljaju drenove rane na mjestu nakon operacije štitne žlijezde.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Samraj|first1=K.|last2=Gurusamy|first2=K. S.|date=2007-10-17|title=Wound drains following thyroid surgery|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2010 |issue=4|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006099.pub2|issn=1469-493X|pmid=17943885|pmc=8991700 }}</ref> Ne postoje jaki dokazi da drenovi iz rane poboljšavaju ishode nakon operacije, a postoje i dokazi niske kvalitete da drenovi iz rane povećavaju vrijeme boravka osobe u bolnici nakon operacije štitnjače.<ref name=":0" /> ==Reference== {{Reflist}} ==Vanjski linkovi== {{Medicinski izvori |ICD10 = 0G | ICD9 = {{ICD9proc|06}}-{{ICD9proc|07}} | MeshID = D013507 |OPS301 = {{OPS301|5-06...5-07}} |OtherCodes = HCPCSlevel2 = }} {{Procedure endokrinog sistema}} {{Medicina}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategorija:Endokrina hirurgija| ]] [[Kategorija:Endokrinologija ]] [[Kategorija:Hirurgija ]] f134gbgp0knetm9r0azjfhgusw7eiyl Mali šef (franšiza) 0 529869 3849398 3821129 2026-05-26T06:39:23Z Panasko 146730 3849398 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mali šef''' ({{Jez-en|The Boss Baby}}) američki je [[medijska franšiza]] koju je napravio DreamWorks Animation, labavo zasnovana na istoimenoj slikovnici [[Marla Frazeei|Marle Frazee]] iz 2010.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kit|first1=Borys|title=Alec Baldwin and Kevin Spacey to Voice Star in DreamWorks Animation's 'Boss Baby'|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/alec-baldwin-kevin-spacey-voice-736795|access-date=October 15, 2014|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=September 30, 2014}}</ref> Franšiza je započela filmom [[Mali šef]] iz 2017. i od tada je narasla te uključuje nastavak iz 2021, [[Mali šef: Obiteljski posao|Obiteljski posao]]; dvije televizijske serije, Povratak u posao (2018–2020) i Povratak u krevetić (2022–2023); dva kratka filma; i interaktivni specijal iz 2020, s trećim filmom u aktivnom razvoju. Franšiza se vrti oko porodice Templeton, posebno Tima i njegovog mlađeg usvojenog brata Teda, od kojih je potonji inteligentna, govoreća beba koja radi za Baby Corp, tajnu organizaciju koja stvara bebe svijeta i pomaže im da dođu do svojih pravih porodica. == Filmovi == * ''[[Mali šef]]'' (2017) * ''[[Mali šef: Obiteljski posao]]'' (2021) == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [https://www.dreamworks.com/movies/the-boss-baby/ Zvanični sajt] [[Kategorija:Mali šef (franšiza)| ]] [[Kategorija:Animirani filmovi]] [[Kategorija:Animirane filmske serije]] [[Kategorija:Filmovi na engleskom jeziku]] [[Kategorija:Franšize DreamWorks Animationa]] [[Kategorija:Franšize Universal Picturesa]] tpxfhg15tfw5zqbd0uhuqgwrxamsr16 3849399 3849398 2026-05-26T06:39:39Z Panasko 146730 3849399 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mali šef''' ({{Jez-en|The Boss Baby}}) američki je [[medijska franšiza]] koju je napravio [[DreamWorks Animation]], labavo zasnovana na istoimenoj slikovnici [[Marla Frazeei|Marle Frazee]] iz 2010.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kit|first1=Borys|title=Alec Baldwin and Kevin Spacey to Voice Star in DreamWorks Animation's 'Boss Baby'|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/alec-baldwin-kevin-spacey-voice-736795|access-date=October 15, 2014|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=September 30, 2014}}</ref> Franšiza je započela filmom [[Mali šef]] iz 2017. i od tada je narasla te uključuje nastavak iz 2021, [[Mali šef: Obiteljski posao|Obiteljski posao]]; dvije televizijske serije, Povratak u posao (2018–2020) i Povratak u krevetić (2022–2023); dva kratka filma; i interaktivni specijal iz 2020, s trećim filmom u aktivnom razvoju. Franšiza se vrti oko porodice Templeton, posebno Tima i njegovog mlađeg usvojenog brata Teda, od kojih je potonji inteligentna, govoreća beba koja radi za Baby Corp, tajnu organizaciju koja stvara bebe svijeta i pomaže im da dođu do svojih pravih porodica. == Filmovi == * ''[[Mali šef]]'' (2017) * ''[[Mali šef: Obiteljski posao]]'' (2021) == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [https://www.dreamworks.com/movies/the-boss-baby/ Zvanični sajt] [[Kategorija:Mali šef (franšiza)| ]] [[Kategorija:Animirani filmovi]] [[Kategorija:Animirane filmske serije]] [[Kategorija:Filmovi na engleskom jeziku]] [[Kategorija:Franšize DreamWorks Animationa]] [[Kategorija:Franšize Universal Picturesa]] pmydue10kvdex78uvd70498561txx1q 3849407 3849399 2026-05-26T08:28:48Z Panasko 146730 3849407 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mali šef''' ({{Jez-en|The Boss Baby}}) američki je [[medijska franšiza]] koju je napravio [[DreamWorks Animation]], labavo zasnovana na istoimenoj slikovnici [[Marla Frazeei|''Marle Frazee'']] iz 2010.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kit|first1=Borys|title=Alec Baldwin and Kevin Spacey to Voice Star in DreamWorks Animation's 'Boss Baby'|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/alec-baldwin-kevin-spacey-voice-736795|access-date=October 15, 2014|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=September 30, 2014}}</ref> Franšiza je započela filmom [[Mali šef]] iz 2017. i od tada je narasla te uključuje nastavak iz 2021, [[Mali šef: Obiteljski posao|''Obiteljski posao'']]; dvije televizijske serije, [[Mali šef: Nazad na posao|''Nazad na posao'']] (2018–2020) i [[Mali šef: Uhvati tu bebu!|''Uhvati tu bebu!'']] (2022–2023); dva kratka filma; i interaktivni specijal iz 2020, s trećim filmom u aktivnom razvoju. Franšiza se vrti oko porodice Templeton, posebno Tima i njegovog mlađeg usvojenog brata Teda, od kojih je potonji inteligentna, govoreća beba koja radi za Baby Corp, tajnu organizaciju koja stvara bebe svijeta i pomaže im da dođu do svojih pravih porodica. == Filmovi == * ''[[Mali šef]]'' (2017) * ''[[Mali šef: Obiteljski posao]]'' (2021) === Serije === * [[Mali šef: Nazad na posao|''Nazad na posao'']] (2018–2020) * [[Mali šef: Uhvati tu bebu!|''Uhvati tu bebu!'']] (2022–2023) == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == * [https://www.dreamworks.com/movies/the-boss-baby/ Zvanični sajt] [[Kategorija:Mali šef (franšiza)| ]] [[Kategorija:Animirani filmovi]] [[Kategorija:Animirane filmske serije]] [[Kategorija:Filmovi na engleskom jeziku]] [[Kategorija:Franšize DreamWorks Animationa]] [[Kategorija:Franšize Universal Picturesa]] 5zf150uxp5aj1gftogw3mmdxr23765u Genetički pojmovnik 0 530117 3849343 3848839 2026-05-25T20:26:01Z ~2026-31111-50 181759 /* 3'- kraj */ 3849343 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Slika:Picture of my book.png|thumb|<center>Naslovnica izvornika ovog članka</center>]] ==3'- kraj== Također, (tri prim kraj.) Jedan od dva kraja istog linearnog lanca [[DNK]]ili [[RNK]], konkretno kraj na kojem se lanac [[nukleotid]]a završava na trećem atomu [[ugljik]]a u furanoznom prstenu [[dezoksiriboza|dezoksiriboze]] ili [[riboza|riboze]] (tj. kraj na kojem 3' ugljik nije vezan na drugi nukleotid preko [[fosfodiesterska veza|fosfodiesterske veze]]; ''[[in vivo]]'', 3' ugljik je često još uvijek vezan za [[hidroksilna grupa|hidroksilnu grupu]]). Po konvenciji, sekvence i strukture bliže 3'- kraju u odnosu na druge se nazivaju nizvodnonizvodnim. Kontrast je 5'- kraj. Prema, prema važećoj konvenciji, ribozni prsten s atomima ugljika označenim brojevima od 1' do 5'. Za 5' ugljik se kaže da je uzvodno; 3' ugljik je nizvodno. Također su prikazane veze za generičku bazu i fosfatnu grupu. *'''[[3'-neprevedena regija]] [[Tri prim netranslatirana regija]] (3′- (3' UTR) je dio [[informacijska RNK|informacijske RNK]] (iRNK) koji slijedi odmah nakon traslacije [[stop kodon|završnog kodona]]. 3'UTR (neprevedena/netranskatirana regija) često sadrži regulatorne regije koje posttranskripcijski utiču na [[ekspresija gena|ekspresiju gena]]. *'''5'- kraj''' [[Pet prim-kraj]] Jedan od dva kraja jednog linearnog lanca [[DNK]] ili [[RNK]], kraj na kojem se lanac [[nukleotid]]a završava na petom atomu ugljika u [[furanoza|furanoznom]] prstenu dezoksiriboze ili riboze (tj. kraj na kojem 5' ugljik nije vezan na drugi nukleotid preko fosfodiestarske veze; ''[[in vivo]]'', 5' ugljik je često još uvijek vezan za fosfatnu grupu). Po konvenciji, sekvence i strukture smještene bliže 5'-kraju u odnosu na druge se nazivaju uzvodno. Kontrast je *'''5'5' neprevedena regija''' Poznata i kao 5′ UTR (vodeća sekvenca, vodeći transkript ili vodeća [[RNK]]) , ovo je regija informacijske [[RNK]] ([[iRNK]] neposredno uzvodno od inicijacijskog kodona. Ova sekvenca [[DNK]] je važna je za reguliranje translacije translacije transkripta različitim mehanizmima kod [[virus]]a, [[prokariot]]a i [[eukariot]]a. Iako se naziva neprevedenim, [[5'UTR]] ili njegov dio ponekad se prevodi u [[protein]]ski proizvod. Ovaj proizvod tada može regulirati translaciju glavne kodirajuće sekvence iRNK. U mnogim organizmima, međutim, 5′ UTR je potpuno nepreveden, a umjesto toga formira kompleks sekundarne strukture za regulaciju translacije.<ref name="hadzirifat">{{cite book |last=Hadžiselimović |first=Rifat|title=Ja i moja genetika|publisher=ANUBiH-Ingeb |isbn=978-9926-410 -88-9| edition=1th |place=Sarajevo}}</ref> ==A== *[[hromosom|Acentričnost]] (linearnog hromosoma ili fragmenta hromosoma) [[hromosom]]/fragment bez centromere. *[[Adaptivna radijacija]] [[Evolucija]] različito prilagođenih vrsta iz jednog [[zajednički predak|zajedničkog pretka]]. *[[Adenin]] (skr. A) Skraćeno slovom A. Jedna od četiri glavne nukleobaze u [[DNK]] i [[RNK]]. Formira par baza sa [[timin]]om u [[DNK]] i sa [[uracil]]om u RNK. *[[Aficirana jedinka]] U [[genetika|genetici]], opisuje osobu koja ima određenu [[fenotip]]sku osobinu ili bolest. Pojedinac izražava tu osobinu ili ima znakove i simptome bolesti. *[[AFLP]] Polimorfizam dužine amplificiranih fragmenata (eng. (engl. ''Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism)'' јedan јеje od značajnijih i najšire posmatranih genetičkih markera. Važan je u mnogim oblastima istraživanja, od molekulske biologije, [[genetika|genetike]] i [[genomika|genomike]], do [[mikrobiologija|mikrobiologije]], [[ekologija|ekologije i rekonstrukcije [[filogenetika|evolucijsko-filogenetičkih]] veza i odnosa. Proučavanje ovog polimorfizma posebno je značajno i u medicini, u procesima [[genotip]]izacije. *[[hromosom|Akrocentričnost]] (linearnog [[hromosom]]a ili hromosomskog fragmenta): Pozicija centromere vrlo blizu jednog krajajednom kraju [[hromosom]]a, za razliku od kraja ili u sredini. *[[transkripcijski faktor|Aktivator]] Tip [[transkripcijski faktor|transkripcijskog faktora]] koji povećava transkripciju gena ili skupa gena. Većina aktivatora djeluje tako što se vezuju za specifičnu sekvencu koja se nalazi unutar ili blizu pojačivača ili [[promotor (genetika)|promotora]] i olakšava vezivanje [[RNK-polimeraza|RNK-polimeraze]] i drugih transkripcijskih faktora u istoj regiji. Vidi također: koaktivator; kontrastni represor. *[[Alel]] Jedna od alternativnih varijanti [[gen]]a, nastala promjenom u slijedu nukleotida (genskom mutacijom). Nalaze se na stalnim mjestima ([[genski lokus|lokusima]]) na [[hromosom]]u, ali se razlikuju u [[nukleotid]]noj sekvenci [[genetićka informacija|genetičke informacije]]. Ako se na jednom lokusu alternativno javlja više od dva alela, zovu se multipli aleli (primjer tri alela za [[krvna grupa|krvne grupe]]: IA, IB i Io ). IO). *[[Alelna heterogenost]] Prisustvo različitih varijanti na jednom genskom lokusu koje uzrokuju iste ili slične fenotipske ekspresije bolesti ili stanja. *[[Alosom]] Također ([[spolni hromosom]], [[heterohromosom]] ili [[idiohromosom]].) Svaki hromosom koji se razlikuje od običnog autosoma po veličini, obliku ili ponašanju i koji je odgovoran za određivanje spola organizma. Spolni hromosomi kod ljudi, su [[hromosom X]] i [[hromosom Y]]. *[[Alternativna prerada]] Regulirani [[fenomen]] [[ekspresija gena|ekspresije eukariotskih gena]] u kojem su specifični [[egzon]]i ili dijelovi egzona iz istog primarnog transkripta različito uključeni ili uklonjeni iz konačnog, zrelog informacijskog [[primarni transkript|transkripta RNK]]. Klasa [[posttranskripcijska modifikacija|posttranskripcijskih modifikacija]], [[alternativna prerada]] omogućava jednom genu da kodira više proteinskih izoformi i uveliko povećava raznolikost proteina koje može proizvesti pojedinačni genom. Vidi također: [[prerada RNK]]. *[[mutacija|Amber]] Jedan od tri [[stop kodon]]a koja se koriste u standardnom genetičkom kodu; u RNK, određen je nukleotidnim tripletom UAG. Druga dva stop kodona se zovu oker i opal. *[[Amesov test]] Bakterijski test [[mutagen]]osti koji koristi bakteriju ''[[Salmonella]] typhimurium'', auksotrofnu za [[histidin]]. *[[Aminokiselina]] Organski spoj koji sadrži funkcionalne grupe [[amin (hemija)|amin]] i [[karboksilna gropa|karboksil]], kao i [[bočni lanac]] specifičan za svaku pojedinačnu aminokiselinu. Od skoro 500 poznatih aminokiselina, skup od 20 je kodiran standardnim [[genetički kod|genetičkim kodom]] i ugrađeni su u sekvencu kao gradivni blokovi [[polipeptid]]a ([[protein]]a). Specifična sekvenca aminokiselina u polipeptidnim lancima koji formiraju protein u konačnici osobine različitih proteina te oblici molekula proteina ovise o tipu i redoslijedu sastavnih aminokiselina. *[[Amorf]] Bilo koji alel koji je postao nefunkcionalan zbog genetičke mutacije. Mutacija može dovesti do potpunog neuspjeha proizvodnje genskog proizvoda ili genskog proizvoda koji ne funkcijskirafunkcionira ispravno; u oba slučaja, [[alel]] se može smatrati nefunkcijskalnim. *[[Anafaza]] Faza [[mitoza|mitoze]] i [[mejoza|mejoze]] koja se javlja nakon metafaze i prije telofaze, kada se replicirani hromosomi odvoje i svaka od [[sestrinske hromatide|sestrinskih hromatida]] se pomjeri na suprotne strane ćelije. *[[Analiza mutacija]] Metoda [[genetičko testiranje|genetičkog testiranja]] zametne linije, usmjerena na otkrivanje specifične varijante ili mutacije (kao što je štetna varijanta MSH2 prethodno identificirana u porodici), panel varijanti (kao što su tri patogene varijante [[BRCA]] koje se sastoje od panela osnivačke mutacije za osobe [[Aškenazi|aškenaskog]] [[jevrej]]skog porijekla) ili tip varijante (kao što su velike [[delecija (genetika)|delecije]] ili [[insercija (genetika) insercije]] u genu [[BRCA1]] ). Ovaj tip testiranja razlikuje se od potpunog sekvenciranja gena ili skeniranja varijanti. Potonji su [[dizajn]]irani za otkrivanje većine varijanti u regiji koja se testira. Dosadašnja uporabaupotreba također primjenjuje ovaj termin na bilo koji [[genetički test]]. *[[Analiza vezanosti]] Tehnika lociranja gena koja prati obrasce bolesti u visokorizičnim porodicama. Pokušava locirati gen koji uzrokuje bolest identificiranjem [[genetički marker|genetičkih markera]] poznate [[hromosom]]ske lokacije koji su su [[nasljeđivanje|naslijeđeni]] sa značajkom od interesa. *[[Aneuploidija]] Pojava jednog ili više dodatnih [[hromosom]]a ili hromosoma koji nedostaju, što dovodi do neuravnoteženog [[hromosomski komplement|hromosomskog komplementa]] ili bilo kojeg broja hromosoma koji nije tačan višekratnik [[ploidija|haploidnog broja]] (koji je 23). Tip ploidije sas viškom ili manjkom jednog ili više hromosoma (različitim od n), isključujući abnormalni broj kompletnih setova [[hromosom]]a, koji je umjesto toga poznat kao [[euploidija]]. *[[Anticipacija]] [[Fenomen]] kojim simptomi [[genetički poremećaj|genetičkog poremećaja]] postaju očigledni (i često teži) u ranijoj dobi kod oboljelih osoba sa svakom [[generacija|generacijom]] koja naslijedi poremećaj. *[[Antigen]] Strana ili sopstvena tvar koja uzrokuje [[imunski odgovor]] organizma. *[[Antikodon]] Serija od tri uzastopna [[nukleotid]]a unutar [[tRNK|transferne RNK]] koji dopunjuju tri nukleotidna [[kodon]]a unutar transkripta iRNK. Tokom [[translacija (genetika)|translacije]], svaka [[tRNK]] regrutovana u [[ribosom]] sadrži jedan antikodonski triplet koji se uparuje sas jednim ili više komplementarnih kodona iz sekvence iRNK, omogućavajući svakom kodonu da specificira određenu aminokiselinu koja će se dodati rastućem peptidnom lancu. Antikodoni koji sadrže inozin na prvoj poziciji mogu se upariti s više od jednog kodona zbog fenomena poznatog kao uparivanje kolebljivih baza. [[alel|Antimorf]] Mutirani alel sa suprotnom ekspresijom u odnosu na iskodišni ([[divlji tip]]). *[[Antiparalelnost]] Orijentacija dva lanca dvolančane nukleinske kiseline (i općenito bilo kojeg para biopolimera) koji su međusobno paralelni, ali suprotne usmjerenosti. Npr., dva komplementa [[RNK]] lanca molekule [[DNK]] idu jedan pored drugog, ali u suprotnim smjerovima, pri čemu je jedan lanac orijentiran 5'- prema 3', a drugi 3' prema 5'. *Antisens lanac, negativni (–) i [[nekodirajuća RNK|nekodirajući lanac]] Lanac dvolančane [[DNK]] molekule koji se koristi kao šablon za sintezu RNK tokom [[transkripcija (genetija)|transkripcije]]. Sekvenca šablonskog lanca je komplementarna rezultirajućem [[RNK]] transkriptu. Kontrast nekodirajućeg je kodirajući lanac. *[[Antitijelo]] ([[GWAS]]) Opći naziv za [[imunoglobulin]]; protein koji se u stvara u odgovoru organizma na [[antigen]]. *[[GWAS|Asocijacija]] [[GWAS|Studija genomske povezanosti]] (GWAS) način je na koji znanstvenici identificiraju naslijeđene genetičke varijante povezane s rizikom od bolesti ili određenom osobinom. Ovaj metod ispituje cijeli genom radi [[genetički polimorfizam|genetičkih polimorfizama]], obično jednonukleotidnog polimorfizama ([[SNP]]-ovi) (izgovaraju se "isječci"), koji se češće javljaju u slučajevima ljudi s bolešću ili osobinom koja se procjenjuje, nego u kontrolnim skupinama (ljudi bez bolesti ili osobine, Naziva se i GWAS.). *[[Auksotrof]] (mutant) Bakterija s nefunkcionalnom mutacijom gena za [[enzim]] koji sudjeluje u nekom [[metabolizam|metaboličkom procesu]] *[[Autoimunost]] Pojava stvaranja [[antitijela]] na sopstvene [[antigen]]e *[[Autosom]] Svaki hromosom koji nije alosom i stoga nije uključen u određivanje spola organizma. Za razliku od spolnih [[hromosom]]a, autosomi u [[ploidija|diploidnoj]] ćeliji postoje u parovima, pri čemu članovi svakog para imaju istu strukturu, morfologiju i [[genski lokus|genske lokuse]]. *[[Autosomno nasljeđivanje|Autosomno dominantno nasljeđivanje]] Jedan od načina na koji se genetička osobina ili genetičko stanje može naslijediti. U autosomno dominantnom nasljeđivanju, genetičko stanje nastaje kada je varijanta prisutna samo u jednom alelu (kopiji) određenog gena. *[[Autosom]]no [[recesivni gen|recesivno]] [[nasljeđivanje]] Jedan od načina na koji se genetička osobina ili genetičko stanje može naslijediti. Kod autosomno recesivnog nasljeđivanja, genetičko stanje nastaje kada je jedna varijanta prisutna na oba alela *[[Autosom]]nost Prisustvo veze s bilo kojim od 22 numerirana para hromosoma koji se nalaze u većini ljudskih ćelija. Autosomni hromosomi označeni su brojevima od 1- do 22. Spolni hromosomi (X i Y hromosom) određuju spol osoba i ne smatraju se autosomnim hromosomima.<"ref name=Rifat">{{cite book|author=Hadžiselimović R. |title=Ja i moja genetika|year= 2024|publisher= [[ANUBiH]]-Ingeb|place=Sarejevo|isbn=978-9926-410-88-9|isbn=978-9958-083-12-9}}</ref> ==B== *[[Barkodiranje DNK]] Metod [[taksonomija|taksonomske]] identifikacije u kojoj se kratke sekvence [[DNK]] iz jednog ili više specifičnih gena izoluju iz neidentifikovanih uzoraka, a zatim se usklađuju sa sekvencama iz referentne biblioteke kako bi se jedinstveno identifikovala [[vrsta]] ili drugi [[takson]] iz kojeg su uzorci nastali. Sekvence korištene u usporedbipoređenju pažljivo su odabrane od gena koji su i široko [[konzervirana sekvenca|konzervirani]] i koji pokazuju veće varijacije između vrsta nego unutar vrsta, npr. gen [[citohrom]] c oksidaze za eukariote ili određeni geni [[ribosomska RNK|ribosomske RNK]] za [[prokariot]]e. Ovi geni su prisutni u gotovo svim živim organizmima, ali imaju tendenciju da evoluiraju različite mutacije u različitim vrstama, tako da se svaka varijanta sekvence može povezati s jednom određenom vrstom, efektivno stvarajući jedinstveni identifikator sličan maloprodajnom barkodu. DNK barkodiranje omogućava identifikaciju nepoznatih uzoraka iz inače nejasnih tkiva ili dijelova tijela, gdje bi identifikacija prema morfologiji bila teška ili nemoguća, a biblioteka bar-kodovabarkodova organizma sada je dovoljno sveobuhvatna da se čak i organizmi koji su ranije bili nepoznati nauci često mogu filogenetski pouzdano klasificirati. Istovremena identifikacija više različitih vrsta iz mješovitog uzorka poznata je kao metabarkodiranje. *[[Barrovo tjelešce]] Inaktivirani X-hromosom ili spolni hromatin. *[[G-pruganje|Bend]] Obojeni segmentSegmenti [[hromosom]]a obojeni specifičnim bojama u određenoj fazi ćelijske diobe. Postoji nekoliko laboratorijskih tehnika, u kojima se pojavljuje specifični obrazac svijetlih i tamnih pruga (traka) kada se hromosomi gledaju pod mikroskopom; uzorak pruganja pomaže u dodjeljivanju određenog rednog broja svakom [[hromosom]]u i procjeni njegove strukture. *[[alel|Bialelnost]] Oba alela jednog gena (očev i majčin). Naprimjer, nositelji bialelne mutacije imaju mutaciju (ne nužno istu) u obje kopije određenog gena (majčine i očeve). *[[Binarna dioba]] Dioba ćelije nakon replikacije [[DNK]], prostom diobom kod prokariota (nespolno razmnožavanje) *[[B-DNK]] Vidi: Dvostrukadvostruka spirala.<ref name="hadzirifat"/> ==C== *[[CAAT-kutija]] Također C Visoko konzrervirana konzervirana regulatorna sekvenca [[DNK]] locirana na otprilike 75 parova baza uzvodno (tj. –75 bp) od mjesta početka transkripcije za mnoge eukariotske gene. *[[cDNK]] Vidi: [[komplementarna DNK]]. *[[Centimorgan]] (cM) / mapna jedinica (mu) Također [[mapna jedinica]] (mu). Jedinica za mjerenje genetičke povezanosti definirana kao udaljenost između hromosomskih lokusa za koje je očekivani prosječan broj razmjenskih hromosomskih ukrštanja (krosingovera) u jednoj generaciji 0,01. Iako nije stvarna mjera fizičke udaljenosti, koristi se za procjenu stvarne udaljenosti između dva lokusa, na osnovu prividne vjerovatnoće da se između njih dogodi razmjena dijelova hromatida. *[[Centralna dogma molekularne biologije|Centralna dogma molekulske biologije]] Generalizirani okvir za razumijevanje protoka genetičkih informacija između makromolekula unutar bioloških sistema. Ističe fundamentalni princip da se informacije o sekvenci kodirane u tri glavne klase biopolimera – [[DNK]] → [[RNK]] → protein — mogu kopirati između ove tri klase samo na određene načine, a ne na druge: konkretno, prijenos informacija između nukleinske kiseline i sas nukleinske kiseline na protein je moguć, ali transfer sas proteina na protein, ili sas proteina nazad na bilo koji tip nukleinske kiseline, nije i ne dešava se prirodno. *[[Centromera]] Specijalizirana sekvenca [[DNK]] unutar [[hromosom]]a koja povezuje par sestrinskih hromatida. Primarna funkcija centromere je da djeluje kao mjesto sklapanja kinetohora, proteinskih kompleksa koji usmjeravaju vezivanje vlakana diobenog vretena za centromeru i olakšavaju segregaciju hromatida tokom ćelijske diobe (mitoze i mejoze). *[[CHIP]] *CHIP (klonska hematopoeza neodređenog potencijala) Prisustvo somatskih mutacija u hematopoetskim matičnim ćelijama kod osobaaosoba bez krvnog raka koji se može otkriti. Definicija CHIP-a zahtijeva da su mutacije prisutne s varijantnom učestalošću alela od 2% ili višom i da su u genima za koje je opisano da su pogođeni krvnim kancerima. Ovo stanje je češće kod starijih osoba i kod onih koji su bili liječeni od drugih tipova raka. Povezan je s povećanim rizikom od razvoja kardiovaskularnih bolesti i krvnog karcinoma. Naziva se i klonska hematopoeza neodređenog potencijala. *[[Cis pozicija]] Na istoj strani; susjedno; koji djeluju iz iste molekule. Kontrast je trans pozicija. *[[Cis-dominantna mutacija]] Mutacija koja se javlja unutar cis-regulatornog elementa (kao što je operator) mijenjajući funkcijskiranjefunkcioniranje obližnjeg gena ili gena na istom [[hromosom]]u. Cis-dominantne mutacije utiču na ekspresiju gena jer se javljaju na mjestima koja kontroliraju transkripciju, a ne unutar samih gena. *[[Cisgeneza]] Oznaka proizvoda za kategoriju genetički modificiranih biljaka. Predložene su različite sheme klasifikacije, koje kategoriziraju genetički modifikovane organizme na osnovu prirode unesenih genotipskih promjena, a ne procesa genetičkog inženjerstva. *[[Cis-regulatorni element]] (CRE) / cis-regulatorni modul (CRM) Također cis-regulatorni modul (CRM). Bilo koja sekvenca ili regija nekodirajuće [[DNK]] koja regulira transkripciju obližnjih gena (npr. promotor, operater, utišavač ili pojačivač ), obično služeći kao mjesto vezanja za jedan ili više faktora transkripcije. Kontrast je transregulatorni element. *[[Cistron]] Dio molekule [[DNK]] ili [[RNK]] koji kodira specifični polipeptid u sintezi proteina; zamjenski terimtermin za gen. *[[Citogenetika]] [[gnetikq]] pojava i procesa na ćelijskoj razini; proučava kako hromosomi utiču i odnose se na ponašanje i funkciju ćelije, posebno tokom mitoze i mejoze. *[[C-vrijednost]] Sveukupna količina ugljika u [[DNK]] haploidnog jedra (npr. gametu) određenog organizma ili vrste, izraženo u broju parova baza ili u jedinicama mase (obično pikogrami ); ili, ekvivalentno, polovinu količine u diploidnim somatskim ćelijama (2C-vrijednost). Za jednostavne diploidne eukariote termin se često koristi naizmjenično sas veličinom [[genom]]a, ali u određenim slučajevima, npr. u hibridnim poliploidima koji potiču od roditelja različitih vrsta (alopoliplodi), C-vrijednost može zapravo predstavljati dva ili više različitih [[genom]]a sadržanih u istom jedru. C-vrijednosti se odnose samo na [[genom]]sku DNK, isključuju vanjedarnu DNK. *[[Citološka mapa]] Mapa koja prikazuje precizna fizička mjesta gena na [[hromosom]]u. *[[Citozin]] Skraćeno slovom (skr. C. ) Jedna od četiri glavne nukleobaze u [[DNK]] i [[RNK]]. [[citozin]] formira bazni par sas [[guanin]]om. *[[cpDNK]] Vidi:[[hloroplastna DNK]] . ==Č== *[[Čista linija]] Jedinke homozigotnog genotipa za sva promatranaposmatrana svojstva. ==Ć== *[[Ćelijska dioba]] Podjela jedne ćelije na dvije ili više novih kćeri ćelija. Osnovni oblici su [[mitoza]] (somatske ćelije), [[mejoza]] (reproduktivne ćelije) i binarna dioba (uglavnom kod jednoćelijskih organizama). *[[Ćelijski ciklus]] Slijed ćelijskih pojava u procesu diobe, od poćetkapočetka do kraja mitoze. *[[Ćelijsko reprogramiranje]] Pretvaranje ćelije iz jednog tipa ćelije specifičnog za tkivo u drugi. Ovo uključuje dediferencijaciju do pluripotentnog stanja; primjer je pretvaranje somatskih ćelija miša u nediferencirano embrijskoembrionalno stanje, koje se oslanja na transkripcijske faktore Oct4, Sox2, Myc i Klf4. ==D== *[[Dalton (jedinica)|Dalton]] Jedinica molekulske mase. *[[DarT]] Diverzitet matričnih tehnologija (eng. (engl. Diversity Arrays Technology) je oznaka tehnologije koja se primjenjuje u molekulskoj genetici za razvoj markerskih sekvenci u genotipizaciji i drugim genetičkim analizama.DArT se temelji na hibridizacijama mikronizova (mikromatrica) za detekcujudetekciju prisustva ili nepostojanja pojedinih fragmenata u konstituciji genoma. *[[''De novo'' mutacija]] Spontana mutacija u [[genom]]u pojedinačnog organizma koja je nova za lozu tog organizma, koja se prvi put pojavila u zametnoj ćeliji jednog od roditelja ili u zigotu koji se razvija u organizam; mutacija koja nije bila prisutna u genomu nijednog od roditelja. *[[Degeneracija genetičkog koda]] Izlišnost genetičkog koda, prikazana kao mnoštvo različitih kodona koji specificiraju istu aminokiselinu. Naprimjer, u standardnom genetičkom kodu, aminokiselina serin je specificirana putem šest jedinstvenih kodona (UCA, UCG, UCC, UCU, AGU i AGC). Degeneracija kodona objašnjava postojanje sinonimnih mutacija. *[[Delecija (genetika)|Delecija (Δ)]] Označeno skraćeno simbolom Δ: Tip genetičke promjene koja uključuje odsutnost segmenta [[DNK]]; lom i gubitak hromosomskog segmenta. Može biti mala poput jedne baze ili hromosomskog segmenta, ali može značajno varirati u veličini. *[[Demetilacija DNK]]: Faktor selektivne aktivacije gena tokom procesa diferencijacije. *[[Desinapsa]] : Neuspjeh homolognih [[hromosom]]a koji su normalno sinapsirali tokom pahinena da ostanu upareni tokom diplotena. Desinapsa je obično uzrokovana nepravilnim formiranjem hijazme. Kontrast je asinapsa. *[[Dezoksiribonukleinska kiselina]] ([[DNK]]) DNK je glavni, ali ne jedini genetički materijal: dugačka, polimerna molekula koja se sastoji od gradivnih podjedinica kojikoje se zovu nukleotidi. Svaki nukleotid sastoji se iz po tri komponente: fosforne kiseline, šećera sas pet atoma ugljika (pentoza), zvanog dezoksiriboza i jedne od četiri heterociklične baze: [[adenin]] (A) [[timin]] (T), [[citozin]] (C) i [[guanin]] (G). Sekvenca ovih baza u molekuli [[DNK]] je šifra za biosintezu proteina koji određuje datu osobinu. Sadrži genetičke informacije odgovorne za razvoj i funkcijskiranjefunkcioniranje organizma. DNK se najčešće nalazi u dvolančanom obliku, koji se sastoji od dva komplementarna antiparalelna lanca nukleotida, molekule u kojima je svaka od nukleobaza na svakom pojedinačnom lancu uparena s onima na suprotnom lancu. Ova struktura se obično javlja u obliku dvostruke spirale. Naziva se i [[DNK]]. *[[Dezoksiriboza]], Također (2-dezoksiriboza.) Monosaharidni šećer koji se dobija iz riboze, gubitkom jednog atoma kisika. D-dezoksiriboza, u svom obliku pentoznog prstena, jedna je od primarnih funkcijskalnihfunkcionalnih grupa dezoksiribonukleotida, a time i molekula dezoksiribonukleinske kiseline (DNK). *[[centromera|Dicentričnost]] (linearnog hromosoma ili fragmenta [[hromosom]]a) (linearnog hromosoma ili fragmenta hromosoma) Prisustvo dvije centromere umesto normalno jedne. *[[tačkasta mutacija|Diferencirajuća tačka]] ([[tačkasta mutacija]]) Genetička promjena uzrokovana zamjenom jednog nukleotida drugim nukleotidom. Naziva se i tačkasta mutacija. *[[Dihibrid Heterozigotni organizam za dva gena, koji kodiraju dva različita svojstva, od kojih svaki ima po dva alela. *[[Dihibridno ukrštanje]] Ukrštanje dva heterozigota za dva gena; samooplodnja mendelovske F1 generacije (AaBb x AaBb) *[[mejoza|Dijada]] Vidi: [[Sestrinske hromatide]] *[[Dijakineza]] Potfaza profaze mejoze I. *[[Diploidija]] (diploidna hromosomska garnitura) Sadržaj dva haploidna kompleta hromosoma (po jedan od svakog roditelja): označava se sas 2n i predstavlja ukupan broj [[hromosom]]a u ćelijskom jedru. Ljudska vrsta ima 46 hromosoma, i to 23 od majke, 23 od oca. Parovi hromosoma nazivaju se [[homologni hromosom]]i. Pojava da ćelije ili organizmImajuorganizmi imaju dvije homologne kopije svakog hromosoma. Kontrast je haploidnog i poliploidnog. *[[Diploidni hromosomski broj]] (2n) Svaki [[hromosom]] predstavljen u dvije kopije; dva seta homolognih hromosoma (majčin i očev hromosom). *[[mrkoza|Diplonema]] ([[diploten]], diplotenski stadij); Također diplotenski stadij Potfaza mejoze I, tokom koje se sinaptonemski kompleks rastavlja i upareni [[homologni hromosom]]i počinju da se međusobno odvajaju, iako ostaju čvrsto vezani na hijazmama gde je došlo do razmjene dijelova homolognih hromatida (krosongover|krosingoverom). *[[Direktno ponavljanje]] Bilo koja dva ili više ponavljanja specifične nukleotidne sekvence koja se javljaju u istoj orijentaciji (tj. u potpuno istom redoslijedu, a ne obrnutimobrnutom) i na istom lancu, bilo razdvojenihrazdvojena interventnim nukleotidima ili ne. Primjer je sekvenca TACCGnnnnnnTACCG, u kojoj se TACCG pojavljuje dva puta, iako je odvojen sa šest nukleotida koji nisu dio ponovljene sekvence. Direktno ponavljanje u kojem su ponavljanja neposredno jedna uz drugu poznatapoznato je kao tandemsko ponavljanje. *[[Disperzivna replikacija]] Replikacija oko replikacijske viljuške čija brzina ovisizavisi od replikatora. Bilo koja molekula ili regija [[DNK]] ili [[RNK]] koja se replicira iz jednog polulanca DNK. *[[Divlji tip]] (WT) Fenotip tipskog oblika vrste kakva se javlja u prirodi; proizvod standardnog "“normalnog"” alela na datom lokusu, za razliku od onog koji proizvodi nestandardni mutantni alel. *[[vezani geni|Djelimična vezanost]] Geni na istom hromosomu između kojih se tokom mejoze događa hromatidna razmjena (krosingover) što uzrokuje nastanak rekombinantnih potomaka *[[DNK]] Vidi: [[dezoksiribonukleinska kiselina]]; DNK (engl. '' Deoxyribonucleic Acid'') – dvostruka uzvojnica koju čine dva polinukleotidna lanca omotana oko zajedničke osi. *[[DNK dupleks]] Vidi: Dvolančanadvolančana DNK. *[[DNK.mikromreža]] Tehnologija visoke propusnosti koja se koristi za mjerenje nivoa ekspresije transkripata [[iRNK]] ili za otkrivanje određenih promjena u nukleotidnoj sekvenci. Sastoji se od niza hiljada mikroskopskih mrlja [[DNK]] oligonukleotida, od kojih svaki sadrži pikomole specifične sekvence [[DNK]]. Ovo može biti kratak dio gena ili drugog DNK elementa koji se koristi kao sonda za hibridizaciju [[cDNK]], [[cRNK]] ili obrasca [[genom]]ske [[DNK]] (koji se naziva meta) pod visokim uvjetima. *[[DNK otisak prsta]] (fingerprint) ), DNK barkodiranje *[[DNK profiliranje je proces određivanja karakteristika individualnih [[DNK]]. DNK analiza namijenjena identifikaciji vrste, a ne pojedinca, naziva se DNK barkodiranje. *[[DNK-polimeraza]]: Glavni enzim replikacije [[DNK]]. Bilo koji od klase enzima koji sintetizira molekule DNK iz pojedinačnih dezoksiribonukleotida. [[DNK-polimeraza|DNK-polimeraze]] su neophodne za replikaciju DNK i obično djeluju u parovima, kako bi stvorile identične kopije dva lanca originalne dvolančane molekule. Oni grade dugačke lance DNK dodavanjem nukleotida jedan po jedan na 3'- kraj lanca DNK, obično se oslanjajući na šablon koji daje komplementarni lanac, kako bi vjerno kopirali sekvencu nukleotida. *[[DNK zametne linije]] (konstitutivna DNK) [[DNK]] tkiva koje potiče iz reproduktivnih ćelija (jajne ćelije ili spermatozoida) koje se ugrađuju u [[DNK]] svake ćelije u tijelu potomka. Mutacija klicinezametne linije može se prenijeti s roditelja na potomstvo. Naziva se i [[konstitutivna DNK]]. *[[Domaćinski gen]] Svaki konstitutivni gen koji se transkribujetranskribira na relativno konstantnom nivou u mnogim ili svim poznatim uslovima. Proizvodi takvog gena obično služe funkcijama koje su ključne za održavanje organizma. Pretpostavlja da na njihovu ekspresiju ne utiču eksperimentalni uslovi. *[[Domen (biologija)|Domen]] Specifična fizička regija ili sekvenca aminokiselina u proteinu koja je povezana s određenom funkcijom ili odgovarajućim segmentom DNK. *[[Dominantna letalnost]] Prisustvo samo jednog alela u genotipu uzrokuje smrt jedinke. *[[Dominantni alel]] Alel koji se eksprimira u fenotipu heterozigota. *[[Dominantnost alela]] Odnos između alela gena u kojem jedan alel proizvodi učinak na fenotip koji nadjača ili "maskira" doprinos drugog alela na istom lokusu; za prvi alel i njegova povezana fenotipska osobinanjegove povezane fenotipske osobine kaže se da je dominantan. Često dominantni alel kodira funkcionalni protein, dok njegov recesivni pandan ne uspijeva kontrolirati ekspresiju do krajnjeg proizvoda dominantnog alela. Dominacija nije inherentno svojstvo nijednog alela ili fenotipa, već jednostavno opisuje njegov odnos s jednim ili više drugih alela ili fenotipova; moguće je da jedan alel bude istovremeno dominantan nad drugim alelom, recesivan prema trećem i kodominatankodominantan prema četvrtom. Dominantni aleli su često predstavljeni jednim velikim slovom (npr. A, za razliku od recesivnog a). *[[Društvo za funkcijske genomske podatke]] (FGED, ranije MGED) Ranije poznat pod skraćenicom MGED. Organizacija koja radi s drugima "“na razvoju standarda za kvalitet podataka bioloških istraživanja, označavanje i razmjenu"”, kao i softverske alate koji olakšavaju njihovu upotrebu. *[[dsDNK]] Bilo koja molekula DNK koja se sastoji od dva antiparalelna, komplementarna dezoksiribonukleotidna polimerna lanca, koji su međusobno povezani vodikovim vezama između komplementarnih nukleobaza. Iako je moguće da DNK postoji kao jednostruki lanac, općenito je stabilniji i češći u dvolančanom obliku. U većini slučajeva, komplementarno uparivanje baza uzrokuje da se komplementarni polulanci namotavaju jedan oko drugog u obliku dvostruke spirale. *[[dsRNK]] Bilo koja molekula RNK koja se sastoji od dva antiparalelna, komplementarna ribonukleotidna polimerna lanca, koji su međusobno povezani vodikovim vezama između komplementarnih nukleobaza. Iako se [[RNK]] obično javlja u jednolančanom obliku, također formira i duplekse na isti način kao i DNK; primjer je uparivanje transkripta iRNK sas antisens verzijom istog transkripta, koji efikasno utišava gen sas kojeg je iRNK transkribovanatranskribirana sprečavanjem translacije. Kao i kod dsDNK, uparivanje baza u dsRNK često uzrokuje da se lanci namotavaju jedan oko drugog u obliku dvostruke spirale. *[[hromosom|Dugi krak]] (q) U kondenzovanim [[hromosom]]ima gdje pozicioniranje centromere stvara dva segmenta ili "“krake"” nejednake dužine, duži od dva kraka hromatide. Kontrast je kratki krak (p) ). *[[Duplikacija (genetika)|Duplikacija]] Tip mutacije u kojoj se neki gen /genski/[[hromosom]]ski segment (sekvenca DNK) u diploidnom organizmu javlja više od dva puta. *[[Dvostruka heterozigotnost]] (epigenetička varijanta, epimutacija) Prisustvo dva različita mutirana alela kod dvije odvojene epigenetičke varijacije; nasljedna promjena koja ne utječeutiče na sekvencu DNK, ali rezultira promjenom ekspresije gena. Primjeri uključuju metilaciju promotora i modifikacije histona. Također se naziva epigenetička varijanta i epimutacija. *[[Dvostruka spirala]] (heliks) Oblik koji najčešće imaju dvolančane molekule nukleinske kiseline, nalik merdevinama koje su uvijene oko svoje dugačke ose, sas prečkama koje se sastoje od uparenih nukleobaza. Ova sekundarna struktura je energetski najstabilnija konformacija dvolančanih oblika i DNK i [[RNK]] u najprirodnijim uslovima, koja nastaje kao posljedica primarne strukture fosfodiestarske kičme i slaganja nukleotida vezanih za nju. U B-DNK, najčešćoj varijanti DNK koja se nalazi u prirodi, dvostruka spirala ima desnu zavojnicu sas oko 10 parova baza po punom okretu, a molekulska geometrija rezultira naizmjeničnim uzorkom "“žlijebova"” različitih širina (glavni žlijeb i mali žljeb ) između paralelnih okosnica. *[[Dvostruki hromosom]] Hromosom sastavljen od dviju sestrinskih hromatida (svaka predstavlja jednu molekulu DNK), od S faze do metafaze (ili do metafaze II mejoze). *[[Dvostruki prekid ]](DSB) Gubitak kontinuiteta fosfatno-šećerne kičme u oba lanca dvolančane molekule DNK, posebno kada se dva prekida nastaju na mjestima koja su direktno preko putaprekoputa ili vrlo blizu jedno drugom na komplementarnim lancima. Kontrast: prekid jednog lanca (jednolančani prekid).<ref name="hadzirifat"/> ==E== *[[Egzom]] Čitav skup egzona unutar određenog [[genom]]a, uključujući neprevedene regije (UTR) zrelih iRNK, kao i kodirajuće regije. Sekvenca DNK u zreloj glasničkoj RNK, od kojih neke kodiraju aminokiseline proteina. Većina gena ima više egzona s intronima između njih. Kodirajući dio DNK, '''smisleni dio''' molekule DNK, koji je dio šifre za sintezu proteina. Slaganjem egzona i introna nastaje određeni gen. Egzoni ne postoje kod bakterija – njihova DNK ima kontinuiranu šifru, ali i nema mnogo gena. U procesu prepisivanja genetičke šifre, nekodirajući dijelovi DNK (introni) se izrezuju pa za transkripciju ostaje samo egzonska šifra. *[[Egzonukleaza]] Svaki enzim čija je aktivnost cijepanje fosfodiestarskih veza unutar lanca nukleotida, uključujući one koji se cijepaju samo nakon prepoznavanja specifične sekvence (tzv. restrikcijske egzonukleaze). Egzonukleaze prave svoje rezove na 3' ili 5'- kraju sekvence (a ne u sredini, kao endonukleaze). *[[Egzosomski kompleks]] Unutarćelijski multiproteinski kompleks koji služi za razgradnju različitih tipova [[RNK]] molekula. *[[Ekološka genetika]] Grana genetike koja se odnosi na ekologiju i sposobnost ekološkog prilagođavanja prirodnih populacija živih organizama. *[[Ekspresija gena]] Skup procesa u kojima se informacija kodirana u genu koristi u sintezi genskog proizvoda, kao što je protein ili nekodirajuća [[RNK]], ili se na drugi način utiče na jedan ili više fenotipova. Kanonski, prvi korak je transkripcija, koja proizvodi molekulu iRNK koja je komplementarna molekuli DNK u kojoj je gen kodiran. Za gene koji kodiraju proteine, drugi korak je translacija, u kojoj ribosom čita informacijsku RNK, kako bi proizveo protein. Informacije sadržane u sekvenci DNK ne moraju nužno biti transkribovanetranskribirane i prevedene da bi izvršile uticaj na molekulske događaje; šire definicije obuhvataju ogroman niz drugih modela na koje se genetičke informacije mogu eksprimirati. *[[Ekspresivnost (genetika)|Espresivnost]] Za dati genotip povezan s varijabilnim nebinarnim fenotipom, udio pojedinaca s tim genotipom koji pokazuju ili izražavaju fenotip u određenoj mjeri, obično se prikazuje u postocima. Zbog mnogih složenih interakcija koje upravljaju ekspresijom gena, isti alel može proizvesti širok spektar mogućih fenotipova različitih kvaliteta ili stupnjevastepena kod različitih individua. U takvim slučajevima može se reći da i fenotip i genotip pokazuju promjenjivu ekspresivnost. Ekspresivnost pokušava kvantificirati raspon mogućih nivoa fenotipskih varijacija u populaciji osoba koje eksprimiraju fenotip od interesa. Uporedite: penetrabilnostPenetrabilnost. *[[Ekstrahromosomska DNK]] Također (vanjedarna DNK ili [[citoplazmatska DNK]].) Bilo koja DNK koja se ne nalazi u [[hromosom]]ima ili u ćelijskom jedru i stoga nije [[genomska DNK]]. To može uključivati DNK sadržanu u [[plazmid]]ima ili [[organela]]ma kao što su [[mitohondrije]] ili [[hloroplast]]i, ili, u najširem smislu, DNK unesenu [[virus]]nom infekcijom. [[Vanhromosomska DNK]] obično pokazuje značajne strukturne razlike u odnosu na jedarnu DNK u istom organizmu. *[[Element odgovora]] Kratka sekvenca DNK unutar promotorske regije koja je u stanju da veže specifične transkripcijske faktore, kako bi regulirala transkripcija transkripciju specifičnih gena. *[[Emergeneza]] Kvalitet genetičkih osobina koji je rezultat specifične konfiguracije gena u interakciji, a ne samo njihove kombinacije. *[[Endonukleaza]] Svaki [[enzim]] čija je aktivnost cijepanje [[fosfodiestarskih veza]] unutar lanca nukleotida, uključujući one koji se cijepaju relativno nespecifično (bez obzira na sekvencu) i one koji se cijepaju samo na vrlo specifičnim sekvencama (tzv. restrikcijske endonukleaze). Kada je potrebno prepoznavanje specifične sekvence, prave rezove u sredini sekvence. Kontrast egzonukleazeje egzonukleaza. *[[Endosimbioza]] *[[Endosimbiotska teorija]] Pretpostavka da su mitohondrije i hloroplasti potomci drevnih jednoćelijskih simbiotskih organizama koji su se naselili u ćelijama drevnih eukariotskih domaćina. *[[Epigenetička varijanta]] (alteracija), epimutacija Nasljedna promjena koja ne utiče na sekvencu DNK, ali rezultira promjenom ekspresije gena. Primjeri uključuju metilaciju promotora i modifikacije histona. Naziva se i epigenetička alteracija i epimutacija. *[[Epigenetika]] Oblast genetike koja objašnjava mehanizme koji vode promjeni ekspresije gena, a koji se nasljeđuju, reverzibilni su i nisu posljedica promjene DNK-sekvence. Nauka o uticaju elemenata i faktora unutarćelijske sredine na fenotipsku ekspresiju gena. *[[Epimutacija]] (epigenetička promjena / varijanta) Nasljedna promjena koja ne utiče na sekvencu DNK, ali rezultira promjenom ekspresije gena. Primjeri uključuju metilaciju promotora i modifikacije histona. Također se naziva epigenetička promjena i epigenetička varijanta. *[[Episom]] Drugi naziv za plazmid, posebno onaj koji je sposoban da se integriše u hromosom. Kod eukariota, svaka neintegrirana vanhromosomska kružna molekula DNK koja se stabilno održava i replicira u jedru istovremeno sas ostatkom ćelije domaćina. Takve molekule mogu uključivati virusne genome, bakterijske plazmide i aberantne hromosomske fragmente. *[[Epistaza]] Međudjelovanje alela različitih gena kada ekspresija jednog gena sas jednog lokusa u genomu maskira (modificira/inhibira) ekspresiju gena sas drugog mjesta u genomu. Kolektivno djelovanje više gena u interakciji tokom ekspresije gena. OblikKao oblik djelovanja gena, epistaza može biti ili aditivna ili multiplikativna u svojim učincima na specifične fenotipske osobine. *[[Ergosom]] Vidi: [[Ribosom]] *[[Eukarioti]] Organizmi čije ćelije imaju pravo jedro obavijeno jedarnom ovojnicom, a u citoplazmi ćelije nalaze se brojne organele s vlastitom membranom. *[[Euploidija]] Ploidija (ćelije ili organizma) koji imaju abnormalan broj kompletnih setova [[hromosom]]a, možda isključujući [[spolni hromosom|spolne hromosome]]. Razlikuje se od aneuploidije, u kojoj ćelija ili organizam ima abnormalan broj jednog ili više specifičnih pojedinačnih hromosoma. *[[Evolucija]] Promjena nasljednih obilježja bioloških [[populacija]] tokom niza uzastopnih [[generacija]]. U najtradicijskalnijemU najtradicionalnijem smislu, javlja zbog promjena u frekvencijama alela u genskom fondu populacije. ==F== *[[Facijes]] Prepoznatljiva crta lica ili izraz koji je karakterističan za određeno stanje. *[[Fakultativna ekspresija]] [[Transkripcija gena]] samo prema potrebi, za razliku od konstitutivne ekspresije, u kojoj se gen transkribujetranskribira kontinuirano. Gen koji se transkribira po potrebi naziva se fakultativni gen. *[[Fakultativni heterohromatin]] ili spolni hromatin Inaktivirani X-hromosom ili Barrovo tjelešcetjelašce kod ženki sisara *[[Farmakogenetika]] Oblast genetike koja proučava učinak lijekova na genotip/ / fenotip pacijenata. *[[Favizam]]: Tip hemolitske anemije uzrokovan nedostatkom ili smanjenom funkcijom enzima G6PD koji sudjeluje u ćelijskoj odbrani od oksidacijskih procesa. *[[FDR]] (rođak prvog stepena) Roditelj, brat ili sestra ili dijete posmatrane osobe. Također se naziva i rođak prvog stupnja. *[[Fenokopija]] Fenotipsko svojstvo ili bolest koja nalikuje svojstvu izraženom određenim genotipom, ali kod jedinke koja nije nositelj tog genotipa. Naprimjer, rak dojke kod člana porodice s nasljednim sindromom raka dojke/ / jajnika koji ne nosi mutaciju [[BRCA1]] ili [[BRCA]]2 smatrat će se fenokopijom. Takva osoba nema porodičnu mutaciju povezanu s rakom i stoga nema rizik od [[kancer]]a povezan s tom specifičnom mutacijom. *[[fenotup|Fenotipsko zaostajanje]] Kašnjenje u fenotipskoj ekspresija ekspresiji genetičke mutacije zbog vremena potrebnog za ispoljavanje promjena u zahvaćenim biohemijskim putevima. *[[Fenotip]] Kombinacija vidljivih morfoloških, fizioloških i etoloških osobina organizma koje su rezultat ekspresije njegovog genotipa, kao i uticaja faktora sredine i interakcija između njih; skup uočljivih svojstava pojedinoga organizma koji nastaje interakcijom genotipa i okruženja. Svako brojljivobrojivo i/ili opisivo svojstvo osim genetičke informacije. *[[Fetusna eritroblastoza]] Bolest inkompatibilnosti krvi majke i [[fetus]]a. *[[Fiksacija gena]] Proces kojim se jedan alel određenog gena s više različitih alela povećava u učestalosti u datoj populaciji tako da postaje trajno uspostavljen na 100% učestalosti – to jest,tj., jedini alel na tom lokusu unutar [[genski fond|genskog fonda]] populacije. U nedostatku mutacije i prednosti heterozigota, bilo koji dati alel je na kraju predodređen da postane ili trajno fiksiran u odnosu na sve druge varijante ili potpuno izgubljen iz populacije, iako to koliko dugo će to trajati ovisi o pritiskuzavisi od pritiska selekcije i slučajnim fluktuacijamaslučajnih fluktuacija (genetičkog drifta) u frekvencijama alela. *[[Filogenetika]] Filogeneza na osnovu genetičkih pokazatelja. Proučavanje evolucijske historije i odnosa između jedinki ili grupa organizama, kao što su vrste ili populacije, metodima kojimetodama koje procjenjuju uočene nasljedne osobine, uključujući morfološke karakteristike i sekvence DNK. Rezultat takvih analiza poznat je kao filogenetsko stablo. *[[Filogeneza]] Evolucijski razvoj posmatrane grupe/ / populacije organizama. *[[Filogenija]] Nauka o filogenezi. *[[FISH]] Vidi: Fluorescentnafluorescentna hibridizacija in situ. *[[Fitnes]] [[Adaptivna vrijednost]] [[genotip]]a; mjera reproduktivnog uspjeha. *[[Fluorescentna in situ hibridizacija]] ([[FISH]] Tehnika koja se koristi za identifikaciju specifičnih hromosoma ili [[hromosom]]skih regija putem hibridizacije (pričvršćivanja) fluorescentno obilježenih DNK sondi na denaturiranu hromosomsku DNK. Ispitivanje mikroskopom, pod fluorescentnim osvjetljenjem otkriva obojene hibridizirane signale (a time i prisustvo hromosomskog materijala) ili odsutnost hibridiziranog signala (a time i odsutnost [[hromosom]]skog materijala). Također FISH. *[[Frekvencija alela]] Relativna učestalost s kojom se određeni alel datog gena (za razliku od drugih alela istog gena) javlja na određenom lokusu kod članova populacije; preciznije, to je udio svih hromosoma unutar populacije koji nose određeni alel, izražen kao dio, postotak ili proporcija. Frekvencija alela se razlikuje od učestalosti genotipa, iako su one povezane. *[[Fuzija gena]] Spajanje, bilo prirodnom mutacijom ili rekombinantnim laboratorijskim tehnikama, dva ili više prethodno nezavisnih gena koji kodiraju različite genske proizvode, tako da postaju predmet kontrole istih regulatornih sistema. Rezultirajuća hibridna sekvenca poznata je kao fuzijski gen.<ref name="hadzirifat"/> ==G== *[[Gamet]] Spolna (ženska ili muška) ćelija; skupni naziv za muške i ženske spolne ćelije. *[[gDNK]] Vidi: [[Genomska DNK]]. *[[Gen]] Svaki segment ili skup segmenata molekula nukleinske kiseline koji sadrži informacije potrebne za proizvodnju funkcijskalnogfunkcionalnog [[RNK]] transkripta na kontroliran način. U živim organizmima, geni se često smatraju osnovnim jedinicama naslijeđa i obično su kodirani u DNK. Određeni gen može imati više različitih verzija ili alela, a jedan gen može rezultirati genskim proizvodom koji utječeutiče na mnogo različitih fenotipova. Geni su kodirajuće sekvence. Gen je uputstvo za sitnezu tačno određenog proteina u nekom živom biću, neovisno o tomenezavisno od toga da li je taj protein gradivinigradivni (recimo miozin i/li hemoglobin)), ili ima ulogu katalize neke biohemijske reakcije, ili je svojevrstan oblik glasnika između ćelija. Geni ne sadrže kontinuiranu genetićkugenetičku informaciju, nego se kompletiraju od dijelova zovanihzvanih egzoni (koji su razdvojeni intronima). *[[Generacija]] U bilo kom datom organizmu, jedan reproduktivni ciklus ili faza između dva uzastopna reproduktivna događaja, tj. između reprodukcije pojedinačnog organizma i potomstva te reprodukcije; ili stvarna ili prosječna dužina vremena potrebnog da se završi jedan reproduktivni ciklus, bilo za određenu lozu ili za populaciju ili vrstu u cjelini. U datoj populaciji, one jedinke (često, ali ne nužno kojikoje žive istovremeno) kojikoje su podjednako udaljeniudaljene od datog zajedničkog pretka, na osnovu istog broja reproduktivnih događaja koji su se desili između njih i pretka. *[[Genetička anticipacija]] [[Fenomen]] u kojem znakovi i simptomi nekih genetičkih stanja postaju teži i/ili se pojavljuju u ranijoj dobi kako se poremećaj prenosi s jedne generacije na drugu. Huntingtonova bolest je primjer genetičkog poremećaja u kojem je biološki mehanizam za ovaj fenomen dobro dokumentiran. U drugim slučajevima to može biti posljedica faktora poput pojačanog nadzora ili drugih negenetičkih uzroka. *[[Genetička asocijacija]] Kopojava unutar populacije jednog ili više alela ili genotipova s određenim fenotipom osobina češće nego što se može očekivati samo slučajno; takva statistička korelacija se može koristiti da se zaključi da su aleli ili genotipovi odgovorni za proizvodnju datog fenotipa. *[[Genetička epidemiologija]] Proučavanje uloge koju imaju genetički faktori u određivanju zdravlja i bolesti, posebno kroz interakciju genetičkih faktora sas faktorima okoline, i tipično kako se to opaža kod genetički povezanih pojedinaca, često porodica ili loza, ali i populacija i subpopulacija. *[[Genetička genealogija]] Upotreba genealoškog testiranja DNK u kombinaciji sa tradicijskims tradicionalnim genealoškim metodima za zaključivanje nivoa i tipa genetičkih odnosa između jedinki, pronalaženje predaka i konstruisanje porodičnih stabala, genograma ili drugih genealoških mapa. *[[Genetička heterogenost]] Termin koji se koristi za opisivanje različitih genetičkih mehanizama koji proizvode iste ili slične fenotipove. Postoje dva tipa genetičke heterogenosti: alelna heterogenost i heterogenost lokusa. Alelna heterogenost se događa kada različite varijante na jednom genskom lokusu uzrokuju iste ili slične fenotipske ekspresije bolesti ili stanja. Heterogenost lokusa događa se kada varijante na različitim genskim lokusima uzrokuju iste ili slične fenotipske ekspresije bolesti ili stanja. *[[Genetička osjetljivost]] (podložnost)), genetička i nasljedna predispozicija Povećana šansa ili vjerojatnostvjerovatnoća razvoja određene bolesti na temelju prisustva jedne ili više genetičkih varijanti i/ili porodične anamneze koja ukazuje na povećan rizik od bolesti. Genetička predispozicija ne znači da će osoba razviti bolest. Način života i okolišni faktori također mogu uticati na rizik od bolesti jedinke. Također se naziva genetička predispozicija, nasljedna predispozicija i nasljedna predispozicija. *[[Genetička predispozicija]] Povećana šansa ili vjerojatnoćavjerovatnoća razvoja određene bolesti na temelju prisustva jedne ili više genetičkih varijanti i/ili porodične anamneze koja ukazuje na povećan rizik od bolesti. Postojanje genetičke predispozicije ne znači da će pojedinac razviti bolest. Način života i okolišni činioci također mogu uticati na rizik od bolesti. *[[Genetička raznolikost]] (genetička varijacija) Ponekad se koristi naizmenično sa genetičkom varijacijom. Ukupan broj genetičkih osobina u genetičkom sastavu populacije, vrste ili druge grupe organizama. Često se koristi kao mjera prilagodljivosti grupe promjenjivim okruženjima. Genetička raznolikost je slična genetičkoj varijabilnosti, iako se razlikuje od nje. *[[Genetička regulacijska mreža]] (GRN) Grafikon koji predstavlja regulatornu složenost ekspresije gena. Vrhovi (pikovi) su predstavljeni raznim regulatornim elementima i genskim proizvodima, a ivice (veze) njihovim interakcijama. Ove mrežne strukture također predstavljaju funkcijskalnefunkcionalne odnose aproksimirajući brzinu kojom se geni transkribiraju. *[[Genetička rekombinacija]] Svaki rearanžman ili razmjena genetičkog materijala unutar pojedinačnog organizma ili između jedinki iste ili različite vrste, posebno ono što stvara genetičke varijacije. U najširem smislu, pojam obuhvata raznoliku klasu prirodnih mehanizama pomoću kojih se sekvence nukleinskih kiselina kopiraju ili fizički prenose u različita genetička okruženja, uključujući homolognu rekombinaciju tokom mejoze ili mitoze ili kao normalan dio popravke DNK; horizontalni događaji prijenosa gena kao što su bakterijska konjugacija, virusna transdukcija ili transformacija; ili greške u replikaciji DNK ili diobi ćelije. Vještačka rekombinacija je centralna za mnoge tehnike genetičkog inženjerstva koje proizvode rekombinantnu DNK. *[[Genetička distanca]] (udaljenost) Mjera genetičke divergencije između vrsta, populacija unutar vrste ili jedinki, koja se posebno koristi u filogenetici za izražavanje ili vremena proteklog od postojanja zajedničkog pretka ili stepena diferencijacije u sekvencama DNK koje sadrže [[genom]]e svake populacije ili pojedinacpojedinca. *[[Genetička varijabilnost]] Ponekad se koristi naizmenično sa terminom (genetička varijacija.) Formiranje ili prisustvo jedinki koje se razlikuju po genotipu unutar populacije ili druge grupe organizama, za razliku od jedinki sas razlikama uzrokovanim okolišem, koje izazivaju samo privremene, nenasljedne promjene fenotipa. Izuzimajući druga ograničenja, populacija sas visokom genetičkom varijabilnosti ima veći potencijal za uspješnu adaptaciju na promjenjive uvjete okoline od populacije sas niskom genetičkom varijabilnošću. GenetićkaGenetička varijabilnost je slična, iako se razlikuje od genetičke raznolikosti. *[[Genetička varijacija]] Ponekad se koristi naizmjenično s genetičkom raznolikošću i genetičkom varijabilnosti. Genetičke razlike unutar i između populacija, vrsta ili drugih grupa organizama. Često se vizualizira kao raznolikost različitih alela u genskim fondovima različitih populacija. *[[Genetički drift]] (alelni drift ili efekat Sewalla Wrighta) Također alelni drift ili efekat Sewalla Wrighta, obično se Obično se javlja kada u formiranju genskog fonda naredne generacije ne učestvuje kompletna populacija nego samo njen manji ili večiveći dio. Promjena učestalosti s kojom se postojeći alel javlja u populaciji zbog nasumične varijacije u distribuciji alela iz jedne generacije u drugu. Genetički drift se često tumači kao posljedica slučajnosti u pojavi da li će dati alel postati više ili manje uobičajen sa svakom generacijom, bez obzira na uticaj prirodnog odabiranja. Takva slučajnost može uzrokovati da određeni aleli, čak i inače povoljni, potpuno nestanu iz genskog fonda, čime se smanjuju genetičke varijacije, ili može uzrokovati da u početku rijetki aleli, čak i neutralni ili štetni, postanu mnogo češći ili čak fiksirani. *[[Genetički kod]] Skup pravila po kojima se informacije kodirane unutar nukleinskih kiselina prevode u proteine u ribosomima živih ćelija. Ova pravila definiraju kako sekvence nukleotidnih tripleta koje se nazivaju kodoni određuju koja će aminokiselina biti sljedeća tokom sinteze proteina. Ogromna većina živih organizama ima isti genetički kod (koji se ponekad naziva i "“standardni"” genetički kod), ali postoje i varijantni kodovi. *[[Genetički marker]] Specifičan, lako prepoznatljiv i obično vrlo polimorfan dio gena ili druge DNK sekvenca sekvence s poznatom lokacijom na [[hromosom]]u koja se može koristiti za identifikaciju jedinki ili vrste kojekoji ga posjeduju. Sekvenca DNK s poznatim fizičkim položajem na [[hromosom]]u. [[Genetički marker]]i i geni koji su blizu jedan drugome na hromosomu imaju tendenciju da se nasljeđuju zajedno. Razlikuju se individualno do te mjere da se mogu koristiti za pronalaženje obližnjeg gena koji uzrokuje određenu bolest ili osobinu unutar porodica. Primjeri genetičkih markera su jednonukleotidni polimorfizammpolimorfizam (SNP), polimorfizmi dužine restrikcijskih fragmenata (RFLP), varijabilni broj tandemskih ponavljanja (VNTR), mikrosateliti i varijante broja kopija (CNV). Genetički markeri mogu, ali i ne moraju imati poznatu funkciju.] *[[Genetički modificirani organizam]] (GMO) Svaki organizam čiji je genetički materijal izmijenjen tehnikama genetičkog inženjerstva, posebno na način koji se ne javlja prirodno parenjem ili prirodnom genetičkom rekombinacijom. *[[Genetički poremećaj]] Nasljedno odstupanje od uobičajenog („(“normalnog“”) genotipa ili fenotipa).. *[[Genetičko autostopiranje]] Također (efekt stopiranja.) Tip povezane selekcije kojom pozitivna selekcija alela koji je podvrgnut selektivnom pritisku uzrokuje da aleli za različite gene na obližnjim lokusima također mijenjaju frekvenciju, omogućavajući im da "“stopiraju"” do fiksacije zajedno s pozitivno odabranim alelom. Ako je selekcija na prvom lokusu dovoljno jaka, neutralni ili čak blago štetni aleli unutar iste grupe veza mogu biti podvrgnuti istoj pozitivnoj selekciji jer je fizička udaljenost između obližnjih lokusa dovoljno mala da je malo vjerovatno da će se dogoditi rekombinacijski događaj između njih. *[[Genetičko inženjerstvo]] Obuhvata sve metode manipulacije genetičkim materijalom jednog organizma u kojima se neki dio [[genom]]a uklanja, ubacuje ili zamjenjuje (gen, [[hromosom]], hromosomska garnitura). Također genetička modifikacija ili genetička manipulacija. Direktna, namjenska manipulacija genetičkim materijalom organizma korištenjem bilo koje od raznih biotehnoloških metoda, uključujući umetanje ili uklanjanje gena, prijenos gena unutar i između vrsta, mutaciju postojećih sekvenci i izgradnju novih sekvenci korištenjem umjetnih sinteza gena. GenetičkiGenetičko inženjerstvo obuhvata širok skup tehnologija pomoću kojih se genetički sastav pojedinačnih ćelija, tkiva ili čitavih organizama može mijenjati u različite svrhe, obično kako bi se proučavale funkcije i ekspresija pojedinačnih gena, kako bi se proizveli hormoni, vakcine i druge droge i stvaranje genetički modificiranih organizama za upotrebu u istraživanju i poljoprivredi. *[[Genetičko savjetovanje]] Komunikacijski proces koji nastoji pomoći pogođenim ili rizičnim pojedincima i porodicama u razumijevanju prirodne povijesti, rizika od bolesti i načina prijenosa genetičkog poremećaja;. Treba olakšati informirani pristanak za genetičko testiranje kada je to prikladno;, raspravljati o mogućnostima upravljanja rizikom i planiranja porodice; te osigurati ili uputiti pojedince na psihosocijalnu podršku prema potrebi. Genetičko savjetovanje integrira genetičko testiranje, genetičku genealogiju i genetičku epidemiologiju. *[[Genetičko testiranje]] Također, DNK testiranje ili, genetički skrining. Široka klasa različitih procedura koje se koriste za identifikaciju osobina pojedinih hromosoma, gena ili osobnihličnih proteina, kako bi se utvrdilo porijeklo ili dijagnosticirala ranjivost na nasljedne bolesti ili otkriliotkrile mutantne alele povezane s povećanim rizikom od razvoja genetičkih poremećaja. Genetičko testiranje se široko koristi u medicini, poljoprivredi i biološkim istraživanjima. Proces testiranja pojedinaca u određenoj populaciji kako bi se identificirali oni koji imaju povećani rizik od pojave ili razvoja određenog genetičkog poremećaja ili nositelja genetičke varijante za određeni poremećaj. *[[Genetika]] Oblast biologije koja proučava gene, genetičke varijacije i procese naslijeđivanjanasljeđivanja u živim organizmima. *[[Genodermatoza]] Nasljedni sindrom koji uključuje dermatološki (kožni) fenotip. *[[Genom]] Obuhvata cjelokupnu nasljednu supstancu nekog organizma: jedarnu DNK, kodirajuće i nekodirajuće regije i genetički materijal mitohondrija i hloroplasta. Čitav komplet genetičkog materijala sadržan u hromosomima organizma, organele ili virusa. Termin se također koristi za označavanje kolektivnog skupa genskih lokusa koje dijeli svaki član populacije ili vrste, bez obzira na različite alele koji mogu biti prisutni na tim lokusima kod različitih jedinki. *[[Genomika]] Interdisciplinarno polje koje proučava strukturu, funkciju, evoluciju, mapiranje i uređivanje cijelih genoma, za razliku od pojedinačnih gena. Genomika okoliša, ekogenomika i genomika zajednice Proučavanje genetičkog materijala dobivenog direktno iz uzoraka okoliša, za razliku od organizama uzgajanih u laboratorijskim kulturama. *[[Genomska DNK]] (gDNK)), [[hromosomska DNK]] Također hromosomska DNK. DNK sadržana u hromosomima, za razliku od vanhromosomske DNK sadržane u zasebnim strukturama kao što su plazmidi ili organele kao što su mitohondrije ili hloroplasti. *[[genom|Genomski ispis]] koji rezultira inaktivacijom alela ovisno o tomezavisno od toga od kojeg je roditelja naslijeđen. Može imati kliničku važnost jer može utjecatiuticati na ekspresiju genske mutacije (tj. fenotipa) u potomstvu oboljelog roditelja, ovisno o tomezavisno od toga koji roditelj prenosi mutaciju. *[[Genomsko utiskivanje]] (imprinting) [[epigenetika|Epigenetički fenomen]] koji uzrokuje ekspresiju gena na način koji ovisi o određenom roditeljuzavisi od određenog roditelja od kojeg je gen naslijeđen. Javlja se kada se epigenetički znakovi kao što su DNK ili metilacija histona uspostave ili "“utisnu" (uštapmaju” (uštampaju) u zametne ćelije roditeljskog organizma i zatim se održavaju kroz ćelijske diobe u somatskim ćelijama potomstva organizma; kao rezultat, gen u potomstvu koji je naslijeđen od oca može biti izražen drugačije od druge kopije istog gena koja je naslijeđena od majke. *[[Genotip]] Cjelokupni komplement alela prisutan u genomu određene individue, što, u međudejstvu sameđudjelovanju s okolinskim faktorima i interakcijiinterakcijom gena dovodi do njenog fenotipa. Na najširoj razini, genotip uključuje cjelokupnu genetičku konstituciju pojedinca. Često se primjenjuje uže na skup alela prisutnih na jednom ili više specifičnih lokusa. *[[Genotip]]izacija Proces utvrđivanja razlika u genotipu pojedinca ispitivanjem sekvenci DNK u genomu, pomoću biotestova i poređenjem sa sekvencama druge osobe ili referentnom sekvencom. Laboratorijski proces u kojem se DNK zametne linije analizira na specifične nukleotide ili baze kako bi se utvrdilo jesu li prisutne određene varijante. Genotipizacija se razlikuje od sekvenciranja, u kojem se procjenjuju svi nukleotidi koji čine određenu duljinu DNK (npr. unutar gena, egzoma ili genoma). * [[Genotoksičnost]] Sposobnost određenih hemijskih i/ili fizičkih i bioloških agenasa da prouzrokuju oštećenje genetičkog materijala u živoj ćeliji (npr. kroz jednolančane ili dvolančane prekide, umrežavanje ili tačkaste mutacije), što može, ali ne mora da dovede do trajne mutacije. Iako su svi mutageni genotoksični, nisu svi genotoksični spojevi mutageni. *[[Genska doza]] Broj kopija određenog gena prisutnih u genomu. Doziranje gena direktno utiče na količinu genskog proizvoda koji ćelija može ekspromirati, iako su se razvile različite kontrole koje strogo regulišu ekspresija gena. Promjene u doziranju gena uzrokovane mutacijama, uključuju varijacije u broju kopija *[[Genska ravnoteža]] Mehanizam određivanja spola koji zavisi od omjera broja X-hromosoma (X) i broja skupova autosoma (A). Mužjaci se razvijaju kada je omjer X/A 0,5 ili manji, ženke kada je 1,0 ili više, a interseks se razvija kada je između 0,5 i 1,0. *[[Genska terapija]] Umetanje funkcionalnog ili divljeg tipa gena ili dijela gena u organizam (posebno pacijenta) s namjerom ispravljanja genetičkog defekta, bilo direktnom zamjenom defektnog gena ili suplementacijom drugom, funkcijskalnomfunkcionalnom verzijom. *[[Genski fond]] Zbir svih različitih alela koje dijele pripadnici jedne populacije. *[[Genski lokus]] Specifičan, fiksni položaj na [[hromosom]]u gdje se nalazi određeni gen ili genetički marker. *[[protein|Genski proizvod]] Bilo koji biohemijski materijal koji je rezultat ekspresije gena, koji se najčešće tumači kao funkcionalni transkriptom [[iRNK]], proizveden transkripcijom gena ili potpuno izgrađeni protein proizveden primarnim transkriptom, iako nekodirajuće, molekule RNK kao što su transferne [[RNK]] mogu također se smatraju genskim proizvodima. Mjerenje količine datog genskog proizvoda koji se može otkriti u ćeliji ili tkivu ponekad se koristi da se zaključi koliko je odgovarajući gen aktivan. *[[klicni list|Germ-ćelija]] (zametna ćelija) Svaka biološka ćelija koja stvara spolne ćelije organizma koji se seksualno razmnožava. Spolne ćelije su međugeneracijske veze za genetički materijal koji će se na kraju prenijeti na potomke organizma i obično se razlikuju od somatskih ćelija, koje su potpuno odvojene od zametne linije. *[[klicni list|Germ linija]] (zametna linija) Također: Zametna linija U višećelijskim organizmima, populacija ćelija koje su sposobne da prenesu svoj genetički materijal na potomstvo organizma i stoga se (barem teorijski) razlikuju od somatskih ćelija, koje ne mogu prenijeti svoj genetički materijal. Ćelije zametne linije nazivaju se zametne ćelije. Linija zametnih ćelija, koja se proteže kroz mnoge generacije, sadrži genetički materijal koji je na jedinku prenijet od njegovih predaka. *[[Glasnička RNK]] Vidi: [[Informacijsk RNK]]. *[[Goldberg-Hognessova kutija]] Vidi: [[TATA-kutija]]. *[[G-pruganje]] Također (Giemsa pruganje ili G-bendiranje) Tehnika koja se koristi u citogenetici za proizvodnju vidljivog kariotipa, bojenjem kondenziranih hromosoma Giemsa bojom. Bojenje proizvodi dosljedne i prepoznatljive uzorke tamnih i svijetlih "“traka"” u regijama hromatina, što omogućava da se specifični [[hromosom]]i lako razlikuju. [[gram pozitivna bakterija|Gram pozitivnost]] i [[gram negativna bakterija|Gram negativnost]] Prijemčivost/neprijemčivost [[mikroorganizam]]a (([[bakterija]]) ma Giemsa bojenje *[[Guanin]] Skraćeno slovom (skr. G.) Jedna od četiri glavne nukleobaze prisutne u DNK i [[RNK]]. [[Guanin]] formira bazni par sas [[citozin]]om. *[[Gubitak heterozigotnosti (LOH) Ako postoji jedan normalan i jedan abnormalni alel na određenom lokusu, kao što se može vidjeti kod naslijeđenog autosomno dominantnog poremećaja osjetljivosti na rak, gubitak normalnog alela proizvodi lokus bez normalne funkcije. Kada gubitak heterozigotnosti uključuje normalni alel, stvara se ćelija koja će vjerojatnijevjerovatnije pokazati maligni rast ako je promijenjeni gen tumor supresorski gen. Naziva se i LOH. *[[GWAS]] GWAS (studija povezanosti cijelog genoma) GWAS (genome-wide associatijskassociation study) je način na koji se identificiraju naslijeđene genetičke varijante povezane s rizikom od bolesti ili određenom osobinom. Oval metod ispituje cijeli genom radi genetičkih polimorfizama, obično polimorfizama jednog nukleotida ([[SNP]]), koji se češće javljaju u slučajevima (ljudi s bolešću ili osobinom koja se procjenjuje) nego u kontrolnim skupinama (ljudi bez bolesti ili osobine). Naziva se i studija povezanosti cijelog genoma.<ref name="hadzirifat"/> ==H== *[[Haplodiploidija]] Sistem određivanja spola u kojem je spol pojedinog organizma određen brojem hromosoma koje posjeduje: potomci koji se razvijaju iz oplođenih jaja su diploidni i ženski, dok su potomci koji se razvijaju iz neoplođenih jaja haploidni i muški, sas polovinom [[hromosom]]a koliko i žena. Haplodiploidija je zajednička za sve pripadnike reda insekata Hymenoptera i nekoliko drugih taksona insekata. *[[Haplogrupa]] Skupina sličnih haplotipova koji imaju zajedničkog pretka s istom [[SNP]] mutacijom. Pošto se sastoji od sličnih haplotipova, omogućava predviđanje haplogrupa prema haplotipovima. Haplogrupa se određuje i utvrđuje SNP testom. *[[Haploid]] (ćelije ili organizma) Imaju jednu kopiju svakog hromosoma, pri čemu svaka kopija nije dio para. Kontrast diploidnog i poliploidnog. Označava se stenografskim brojem n. *[[[Haploidna garnitura]] Jednostruka [[hromosomska garnitura]] označava se simbolom <big>''n''</big>. Kada se spolne ćelije – jajna ćelija i sprematozoidspermatozoid spoje, novonastala – prva ćelija novog živog bića imaćeimat će diploidan broj hromosoma. *[[Haploidni broj hromosoma]] čovjeka iznosi 23. *[[Haploinsuficijencija]] Model dominantnog djelovanja gena u diploidnim organizmima, u kojem je jedna kopija alel a alela divljeg tipa na lokusu u heterozigotnoj kombinaciji sas varijantnim alelom nije dovoljandovoljna za proizvodnju fenotipa divljeg tipa. Haploinsuficijencija može nastati zbog de novo ili naslijeđene mutacije gubitka funkcije u varijantnom alelu, tako da proizvodi malo ili nimalo genskog proizvoda (često protein). Situacija koja se događa kada je jedna kopija gena inaktivirana ili izbrisana, a preostala funkcijskalnafunkcionalna kopija gena nije primjerena za proizvodnju potrebnog genskog proizvoda za očuvanje normalne funkcije. *[[Haplotip]] Sažeti termin za haploidni genotip. To je skup specifičnih alela (pojedinačnih DNK sekvenci) u klasteru usko povezanih gena na istom hromosomu, koji se nasljeđuju zajedno. Jednostavnije rečeno, haplotip je grupa takvih gena koje potomstvo nasljeđuje od jednog roditelja. Skup usko povezanih genetičkih markera prisutnih na jednom [[hromosom]]u koji se nasljeđuju zajedno. *[[Hardy-Weinbergov zakon]] U velikoj populaciji u kojoj dolazi do slučajnog parenja, frekvencije gena i genotipova su stalne. *[[Helikaza]] Bilo koji iz klase motornih proteina zavisnih od ATP -a koji se kreću u smjeru duž DNK kičmu kičme i katalizuju razdvajanje dva[[komplementa RNK lanca dvostruke spirale, dozvoljavajući da se odvijajuodvija veliki broj vitalnih procesa, npr. transkripcija, replikacija i popravka. Enzim koji odmotava lance dvolančane uzvojnice. *[[Hemizigot]] U diploidnom organizmu, koji ima samo jedan alel na datom [[genski lokus|geneskom lokusu]] (gdje bi ih obično bilo dva). Hemizigotnost se može uočiti kada je samo jedna kopija [[hromosom]]a prisutna u normalno diploidnoj ćeliji ili organizmu, ili kada je obrisan segment [[hromosom]]a koji sadrži jednu kopiju alela, ili kada je gen lociran na [[spolni hromosomheterogamet]]nom spolu (u kojem polnispolni hromosomi ne postoje u parovima koji se podudaraju); naprimjer, kod muškaraca s normalnim hromosomima, za gotovo sve X-vezane gene se kaže da su hemizigoti jer postoji samo jedan X hromosom i nekoliko istih gena postoji na Y hromosomu. Muški spol koji samo na X-hromosomu nosi alel za spolno- vezano svojstvo i koji se uvijek eksprimira u [[fenotip]]u. *[[Hemiziogot]]nost Pojava samo jednog člana hromosomskog para ili segmenta hromosoma umjesto uobičajena dva. Hemizigotnost se često koristi za opisivanje X-vezanih gena kod muškaraca koji imaju samo jedan hromosom X. Ovaj se termin ponekad koristi u genetici somatskih ćelija gdje su ćelijske linije raka često hemizigotne za određene alele ili hromosomske regije. *[[Heritabilnost]] Također i (nasljedivost) Pohranjivanje, prijenos i izražavanje molekulskih informacija u biološkim organizmima, što se manifestira prenošenjem fenotipskih osobine sa osobina s roditelja na potomstvo, bilo kroz seksualnu ili aseksualnu reprodukciju. Za ćelije ili organizmiorganizme potomaka se kaže da nasljeđuju genetičke informacije svojih roditelja. *[[nasljeđivanje|Sposobnost nasljeđivanja]]: [[Statistika]] koja se koristi u [[kvantitativna genetika|kvantitativnoj genetici]]. koja procjenjuje proporciju varijacije unutar date [[fenotip]]ske osobine koja je posljedica genetičke varijacije između pojedinaca u određenoj populaciji. Nasljednost se procjenjuje poređenjem individualnih fenotipova blisko srodnih jedinki u populaciji. Udio varijacija u populacijskom svojstvu koji se može pripisati naslijeđenim genetičkim čniocimačiniocima. Procjene nasljednosti kreću se od 0 do 1 i često se izražavaju kao postotak. Broj blizak 1 može biti pokazatelj visoko nasljedne osobine unutar populacije. Ne smije se koristiti za procjenu rizika na individualnoj osnovi. *[[Heterodupleksna analiza]] Metod otkrivanja razlika u sekvencama između normalne DNK i DNK koja se testira. Obično se koristi kao metodmetoda za otkrivanje potencijalnih mutacija u genu. *[[Heterogametnost]] Stanje organizma koji stvara dva tipa gameta s obzirom na spolne hromosome (XY). Heterogenost logaritama odds skora (HLOD rezultat) Statistička procjena jesu li dva genetička lokusa fizički dovoljno blizu jedan drugome (ili "povezana") na određenom [[hromosom]]u da se vjerojatnovjerovatno nasljeđuju zajedno. Logaritam heterogenosti rezultata izgleda izračunava se u prisustvu heterogenosti lokusa (kada isti fenotip može biti uzrokovan mutacijama u genima na različitim hromosomskim lokusima). Naziva se i HLOD rezultat. *[[Heterogenost lokusa]] Prisustvo varijanti na različitim lokusima gena koje uzrokuju iste ili slične fenotipske ekspresije bolesti ili stanja. *[[Heterohromatin]] Kondenzirane regije hromatina koje najčešće nisu transkripcijski aktivne; mogu biti konstitutivne i fakultativne. *[[Heterohromosom]] Vidi: [[Alosom]] *[[Heterologna ekspresija]] Ekspresija stranog gena ili bilo koje druge strane sekvence DNK unutar organizma domaćina koji prirodno ne sadrži isti gen. Insercija stranih transgena u heterologne domaćine pomoću rekombinantnog vektori je uobičajeni biotehnološki metod vektora uobičajena je biotehnološka metoda za proučavanje strukture i funkcije gena. *[[Heteroplazmija]] Pojava kada je u citoplazmi više tipova hloroplasta ili mitohondrija. Heteroza, hibridna snaga i poboljšanje autbredinga Također hibridna snaga i poboljšanje autbredinga. Poboljšana ili povećana funkcija kvantiteta ili kvaliteta bilo koje biološke osobine u hibridu potomstvo potomstva, s obzirom na istu osobinu kod njegovih genetički različitih roditelja. Ako je bilo koja ili više osobina roditelja značajno poboljšana u potomstvu kao rezultat miješanja genetičkih doprinosa roditelja, potomstvo je heterotično. *[[Heterozigot]] U diploidnom organizmu, genotip koji ima dva različita alela na datom genskom lokusu. U genetičkoj stenografiji, heterozigotni genotipovi su predstavljeni parom nepodudarnih slova ili simbola, često velikim slovom (kojikoje označava dominantni alel) i malim slovom (koje označava recesivni [[alel]]), kao što su Aa ili Bb itd. Kontrast je homozigot. *[[heterozigot|Heterozigotni genotip]] Prisustvo dva različita alela na određenom genskom lokusu. Heterozigotni genotip može uključivati jedan normalni i jedan mutirani alel ili dva različita mutirana alela (složeni heterozigot). *[[Hibrid]] Jedinka nastala križanjem genetički različitih roditelja iste vrste; npr. mendelovski F1-potomci graška dominantnog fenotipa nastali križanjem dominantnog homozigota i recesivnog homozigota ili potomak nastao križanjem jedinki koje pripadaju različitim vrstama. Potomstvo koje nastaje spajanjem kvaliteta dvaju organizama različitih rodova, [[vrsta]], [[rasa]], [[sorta (botanika)|sorti]] ili varijeteta putem seksualnog razmnožavanja. Hibridi se mogu pojaviti prirodno ili umjetno, kao u toku selektivnog uzgoja domaćih životinja i biljaka. Reproduktivne barijere obično sprečavaju hibridizaciju između udaljenih organizama ili barem osiguravaju da hibridno potomstvo bude sterilno, ali plodni hibridi mogu dovesti do specijacije. *[[Hibridizacija]] Proces kojim se hibridni organizam proizvodi od dva organizma različitih rodova, vrsta, [[rasa{{ ili varijeteta. Proces kojim se jednolančani DNK ili [[RNK]] preparat dodaje na površinu sekvence, u rastvoru, i potencijalno pretvara u komplementarnu sonda sondu. U odnosu na test ekspresije gena, hibridizacija se odnosi na korak u eksperimentalnoj paradigmi, dok se u molekulskoj biologiji ili genetici termin odnosi na hemijski proces. *[[himera|Himerizam]] Prisustvo dvedvije ili više populacija ćelija sas različitim genotipovima u pojedinačnom organizmu, poznatom kao himera, koja se razvila fuzijom ćelija koje potiču iz odvojenih zigota. Svaka populacija ćelija zadržava svoj genom, tako da je organizam kao cjelina mješavina genetički neidentičnih tkiva. Genetički himerizam može biti naslijeđen (npr. fuzijom više embrija tokom trudnoće) ili stečen nakon rođenja (npr. alogenom transplantacijom ćelija, tkiva ili organa od genetički neidentičnog donora). Kod biljaka može biti rezultat kalemljenja ili grešaka u diobi ćelija. Sličan je mozaicizmu, ali se razlikuje od njega. *[[mutacija|Hipermorf]] Mutirani alel sas povećanom ekspresijom u odnosu na iskodišniishodišni ([[divlji tip]]). *[[Hipomelanoza]] Nedostatak melanina. *[[Hipomorf]] Mutirani alel sa smasnjenomsmanjenom ekspresijom u odnosu na iskodišniishodišni (divlji tip). *[[Histon]] Dio klase posebnih proteina u [[hromosom]]ima oko kojih se omotava molekula DNK. Bilo koji iz klase visoko alkalnih proteina odgovornih za pakovanje jedarne DNK u strukturne jedinice koje se nazivaju nukleosomi u eukariotskim ćelijama. Histoni su glavne proteinske komponente hromatina, gdje se povezuju u komplekse koji djeluju kao "kalemovi"“kalemi” oko kojih se vijuga linearna molekula DNK. Imaju glavnu ulogu u regulaciji i ekspresiji gena. *[[HLOD-rezultat]] ([[logaritam]] heterogenosti rezultata pojavljivanja) Statistička procjena dajesu li su dva genska lokusa fizički dovoljno blizu jedan drugome (ili "povezana") na određenom [[hromosom]]u da se vjerovatno nasljeđuju zajedno. HLOD rezultat izračunava se u prisustvu heterogenosti lokusa (kada isti fenotip može biti uzrokovan mutacijama u genima na različitim hromosomskim lokusima). Također se naziva logaritam heterogenosti rezultata pojavljivanja. *[[Hloroplastna DNK]] (cpDNK) Cirkularna molekula DNK u hloroplastima, nezavisna od jedarne, endosimbiotskog porijekla. *[[Holandrični gen]]o Geni na [[hromosom Y|Y-hromosomu]]. *[[hromosom|Holocentrik]] (linearnog hromosoma ili fragmenta [[hromosom]]a) (linearnog hromosoma ili fragmenta hromosoma) Bez jedne centromere, već više mjesta za sklapanje kinetohora raspoređenih duž cijele dužine [[hromosom]]a. Tokom diobe ćelije, hromatide holocentričnih hromosoma se paralelno pomiču i ne formiraju klasične strukture u obliku slova V, tipske za monocentrične [[hromosom]]e. *[[Homogametnost]] Organizam koji stvara jedan tip gameta s obzirom na [[spolni hromosom|spolne hromosome]] (XX)). *[[Homologna rekombinacija]] Tip genetičke rekombinacije u kojoj se nukleotidne sekvence razmjenjuju između dvije slične ili identične (“homologne") molekule DNK, posebno one koja se događa između homolognih hromosoma. Termin se može odnositi na rekombinaciju koja se javlja kao dio bilo kojeg od brojnih različitih ćelijskih procesa, najčešće popravke DNK ili hromosomskog ukrštanja tokom mejoze kod eukariota i [[horizontalni prenos gena|horizontalnog prijenosa gena]] kod prokariota. Kontrastna nehomologna rekombinacija. *[[Homologni hromosom]], homolozi Također homolozi. Skup od dva podudarna hromosoma, jednog majčinskog i jednog očinskog, koji se uparuju jedan s drugim unutar jedra tokom mejoze. Imaju iste gene na istim lokusima, ali mogu imati različite alele. *[[Homoplazmija]] Pojava kada u citoplazmi nalazimo samo jedan tip [[hloroplast]]a ili [[mitohondrija]]. *[[Homozigot]] U diploidnom organizmu, organizam koji ima dva identična alela na datom genskom lokusu. U genetičkoj stenografiji, homozigotni genotipovi su predstavljeni parom odgovarajućih slova ili simbola, kao što su AA ili aa. Kontrast je heterozigot. *[[homozigot|Homozigotni genotip]] Jedinka koja nosi dva identična alela (AA ili aa). Prisustvo dva identična alela na određenom lokusu gena. Homozigotni genotip može uključivati dva normalna alela ili dva alela koji imaju istu varijantu. *[[Horizontalni transfer gena]] (HGT) HGT ili lateralni prijenos gena (LGT) je kretanje genetičkog materijala između jednoćelijskih i/ili višećelijskih organizama osim ("(“vertikalnim")”) prijenosom DNK, od roditelja do potomstva ([[razmnožavanje]]). HGT je važan faktor u evoluciji mnogih organizama. Horizontalni prijenos gena je i izmjena genetičkog materijala između dvije homologne molekule DNK dviju različitih ćelija (jedinki) iste generacije. *[[Hromatida]] Jedna kopija novokopiranog [[hromosom]]a, koji je centromerom spojen sas originalnim hromosomom. *[[Hromatidna razmjena]] Razmjena dijelova nesestrinskih hromatida homolognih hromosoma u profazi I mejoze. *[[Hromatin]] [[hromosom]]ski dio jedra sas pojačanom prijemčivošću za boje koje se koriste za bojenje preparata za mikroskopiranje. :Kompleks DNK i proteina tzv. nukleoprotein; može biti euhromatin iIiili heterohromatin Kompleks DNK, [[RNK]] i proteina koji se nalazi u eukariotskim ćelijama, koji je primarna supstanca koja se sastoji od hromosoma. Hromatin funkcioirafunkcionira kao sredstvo za pakiranje vrlo dugih molekula DNK u visoko organizirane i gusto zbijene oblike, što sprečava zapetljavanje niti, jača DNK tokom ćelijske diobe, pomaže u sprečavanju oštećenja DNK i ima važnu ulogu u regulaciji ekspresije gena i DNK replikacija. *[[Hromosom]] Jedarna supramolekulska struktura, vidljiva tek u ćelijama koje se dijele. Tada se hromosomi kondenziraju i dobiju jasnije konture. Prije diobe liče na tanke niti sklupčane u jedru. Sastoje se iz DNK i specifičnih proteina, [[histon]]a, koji služe kao prstenovi oko kojih se obmotavaomotava DNK. Oblik i debljina [[hromosom]]a ovise o tomezavise od toga koliko je čvrsto DNK obmotanaomotana oko proteina. Ako je obmotanaomotana jako, onda se hromosomi bolje vide i to se dešava nešto prije same diobe ćelije. Na hromosomu se mogu uočiti njegobvinjegovi kraci (kratki – p i dugi – q) krajevi ([[telomere]]), primarna RNK ([[centromere]]) i sekundarna RNK (drške satelita) suženja. [[Hromosom]]i se mogu smatrati svojevrsnim tipom molekulskog “paketa" za DNK unutar ćelijskog jedra. Kod većine eukariota, sastoje se od dugih lanaca DNK umotanih s proteinima koji se vežu za niti i kondenziraju, kako bi spriječili da postanu neupravljivo zapetljani. Najlakše se razlikuju i proučavaju u njihovim potpuno kondenziranim oblicima, koji se javljaju samo tokom ćelijske diobe. Neki jednostavni organizmi imaju samo jedan hromosom od kružne DNK, dok većina eukariota ima više hromosoma sastavljenih od linearne DNK. Sastoji se od proteina i DNK organiziranih u gene. Svaka ljudska ćelija normalno sadrži 23 para [[hromosom]]a. *[[Hromosomska duplikacija]] Dvostrukost cijelog hromosoma ili njegovih određeni hsegmenataodređenih segmenata. *[[Hromosomska nestabilnost]] Genomska neravnoteža koja se javlja kada ćelija ima abnormalan broj hromosoma. Može biti uzrokovana neočekivanim hromosomskim križanjem ili prisutnošću malih, vanhromosomskih dijelova DNK.<ref name="hadzirifat"/> ==I== *[[Idiohromosom]] Vidi: [[Alosom]]. *[[Inbred linija]] Bilo koja loza određene vrste u kojoj su jedinke gotovo ili potpuno genetički identične jedna drugoj zbog duge historije ponovljenih inbridinga, bilo prirodnim ili vještačkim putem. Linije se obično smatraju ukrštanimukrštenim nakon najmanje 20 generacija inbridinga (npr. samooplodnjom ili parenjem u srodstvu), kada su gotovo svi lokusi u genomu homozigotni i sve jedinke se stoga mogu tretirati kao klonovi (uprkos činjenici da se još uvijek proizvode spolnom reprodukcijom). *[[Inbriding]] Također ukrštanje u srodstvu [[Spolno razmnožavanje]] između [[rasa]] ili jedinki koje su genetički blisko povezane. Inbriding rezultira [[homozigot|homosigotnošću]], što može povećati i vjerovatnoću da će potomstvo biti pogođeno štetnim recesivnim osobinama i vjerovatnoću fiksiranja korisnih osobina unutar reproduktivnog dijela populacije. Reproduktivni događaj i rezultirajuće potomstvo mogu se nazvati ukrštanjem, a za potomstvo se kaže da je inbredno. Kontrast je autbriding. *[[Incidencija]] Učestalost nove pojave genetičkog poremećaja (ili šire bilo kojeg genetičkog stanja ili osobine, štetnog ili drugog) među članovima određene populacije i u određenom vremenskom periodu. *[[Indel]] Termin koji se odnosi na inserciju ili deleciju jedne ili više baza u sekvenci [[nukleinske kiseline]]. *[[Inducibilni gen]] Gen čija [[ekspresija gena|ekspresija]] ili reaguje na promjenu okoline ili ovisi o položaji ćelije domaćina unutar [[ćelijski ciklus|ćelijskog ciklusa]]. *[[protein|Induktor]] Protein koji se vezuje za represor (da ga onemogući) ili za aktivator (da ga omogući). *[[Informacijska RNK]] [[RNK]] (iRNK, mRNK) su sve molekule RNK koje prenose genetičku informaciju iz njenog centra u [[ćelijsko jedro|jedru]], tj. u [[hromosom]]ima ili u drugim nositeljima DNK ([[mitohondrijska DNK]] ([[mitohondrije]] i [[plastid]]i) – do mjesta njene realizacije. Genetička kontrola svih pojava i procesa u organizmu odvija se putem sinteze regulacijskih ([[enzimi]]) i strukturnih proteina. *[[genetičko testiranje|Informativnost]] U [[genetičko testiranje|genetičkom testiranju]], rezultat testa koji definitivno otkriva prisustvo ili odsutnost genetičke promjene zametne linije povezane s nasljednim poremećajem koji se procjenjuje. U analizi povezanosti, sposobnost razlikovanja između majčinski i očinski naslijeđenih DNK-markera (polimorfizama) unutar ili u blizini određenog gena od interesa. *[[genetičko savjetovanje|Informirani pristanak]] (proces pristanka) Proces razmjene informacija između kliničara i pacijenta ili njegovog zakonskog opunomoćenika osmišljen kako bi se omogućilo samostalno donošenje odluka na temelju [[informacija]]. Trebao bi uključivati objašnjenje medicinskih i psihosocijalnih rizika, dobrobiti, ograničenja i mogućih implikacija [[genetička analiza|genetičke analize]], raspravu o privatnosti, povjerljivosti, dokumentaciji i rukovanju rezultatima genetičkog testa, kao i mogućnostima za upravljanje rizikom od nasljednih bolesti. Naziva se i proces pristanka. *[[Insercija (genetika)|Insercija]] Umetanje jednog ili više [[nukleotid]]a u lanac DNK, odnosno hromosom. Tip mutacije u kojoj se jedna ili više baza dodaje sekvenci nukleinske kiseline; može značajno varirati u veličini. *[[Inicijacijski kodon]] Pogledajte: Početnipočetni kodon (startni kodon). *[[Insercijska mutageneza]] Promjena sekvence DNK umetanjem jednog ili više nukleotida u sekvencu, bilo prirodno ili vještački. Ovisno o preciznoj lokacijiZavisno od precizne lokacije umetanja unutar ciljne sekvence, insercije mogu djelomično ili potpuno inaktivirati ili čak povećati regulaciju genskog proizvoda ili biohemijskog puta, ili mogu biti neutralne, ne dovodeći do suštinskih promjena. Mnoge tehnike genetičkog inženjerstvoainženjerstva oslanjaju se na umetanje egzogenog genetičkog materijala u ćelije domaćina, kako bi se proučavala funkcija i ekspresija gena. *[[Insercijska sekvenca]] Također, insercijski ili jednostavno umetnuti element Bilo koja nukleotidna sekvenca koja je prirodno ili umjetno umetnuta u drugu sekvencu. Termin se posebno koristi da se odnosi naza dio transpozibilnog elementa koji kodira one proteine koji su direktno uključeni u proces transpozicije, npr. enzim transpozaza. Kodirajuća regija u transposabilnoj sekvenci umetanja obično je flankirana kratkim obrnutim ponavljanjima, a struktura većih prenosivih elemenata obično uključuje par bočnih sekvenci umetanja koje su same invertirane. *''[[In silico]]'' Odnosi se na eksperimente na živim jedinkama van i unutar organizma, odnosno i kako su i nađeni in natura. *[[''In situ]]'' Na datom mjestu *[[Integron]] Mobilni genetički element koji se sastoji od genske kasete koja kodira rekombinazu specifičnu za mjesto i uključuje mjesta za prepoznavanje specifična za integrazu i promotor koji upravlja ekspresijom jednog ili više gena za adaptivne osobine na ćeliju domaćina. Integroni obično postoje u obliku kružnih episomnih DNK fragmenata kao što su plazmidi, preko kojih pomažu brzu adaptaciju i evoluciju bakterija, omogućavajući horizontalni prijenos gena otpornosti na antibiotike između različitih bakterijskih vrsta i sojeva. *[[Intein]] Bilo koja sekvenca jedne ili više aminokiselina unutar prekursorskog polipeptida koja je izrezana spajanjem proteina tokom posttranslacijske modifikacije i stoga je odsutna u zrelom proteinu, analogno intronima spojenim iz [[RNK]] transkripta. Kontrast je ekstein. *[[Intercistronska regija]] / međugenska regija Bilo koja sekvenca DNK koja se nalazi između stop kodona jednog gena i startnog kodona sljedećeg gena u policistronskoj transkripcijskoj jedinici. Također: međugenska regija. *[[Interfaza]] Sve faze ćelijskog ciklusa isključujući ćelijsku diobu. Tipska ćelija većinu života provodi u interfazi, tokom koje obavlja svakodnevne metaboličke aktivnosti, kao i potpunu replikaciju svog genoma u pripremi za mitozu ili mejozu. *[[Intergenski razmaknik]] (IGS) Regija nekodirajuće DNK između gena. Termini intergeni spejser (IGS) ili netranskribovaninetranskribirani razmak (NTS) koriste se posebno za razmaknicu DNK između mnogih tandemski ponovljenih kopija gena ribosomske RNK. *[[Intergenska regija]] (IGR) Bilo koja sekvenca nekodirajuće DNK koja se nalazi između funkcionalnih gena. *[[Interkalirajući agens]] Bilo koji hemijski spoj (npr. akridinske boje) kojekoji ometa poravnanje i uparivanje baza u komplementarnim lancima molekula DNK, umetanjem sesebe između baza. *[[Interkineza]] Skraćena pauza u aktivnostima vezanim za ćelijsku diobu koja se javlja tokom mejoze kod nekih vrsta, između prve i druge mejotske diobe (tj. mejoze I i mejoze II). Tokom interkineze ne dolazi do replikacije DNK, za razliku od normalne interfaze koja prethodi mejozi I i mitozi. IntragenskiIntragenska regija Vidi: Intronintron. *[[Introgresija]] Također, [[introgresivna hibridizacija]]. Premještanje gena iz genskog fonda jedne populacije ili vrste u onu druge populacije ponovnim ukrštanjem hibrida dvije populacije s jednom od roditeljskih populacija. Sveprisutan je i važan izvor genetičke varijacije u prirodnim populacijama, ali se također može namjerno izazvati u uzgoju pripitomljenih biljaka i životinja. *[[Intron]] Nekodirajuća sekvenca eukariotske DNK, između sekvenci DNK sa smislenom šifrom (egzonima). Sekvenca DNK između egzona koja se inicijalno kopira u RNK, ali je izrezana iz konačnog [[RNK]] prijepisa i stoga ne mijenja kodiranje aminokiseline. Poznato je da neke intronske sekvence utiču na ekspresiju gena. *[[Intron]]ski upad Rekombinacija posredovana intronom; tip abnormalnosti [[hromosom]]a u kojem su krakovi hromosoma ogledalske slike jedan drugog. *[[inverzija (genetika)|Inverzija]] [[Hromosomska mutacija]] u kojoj se segment hromosoma odlomi i ponovno pričvrsti u obrnutom smjeru. *[[Inverzijska omča]] Nastaje sparivanjem [[homologni hromosom|homolognih hromosoma]] kod inverzijskog [[heterozigot]]a. *''[[In vitro]]'' U staklenci. *''[[In vivo]]'' Uživo. *[[iRNK]] Vidi: [[Informacijska RNK]]. *[[Istosmislena mutacija]] Vidi: Sinonimnasinonimna mutacija. *[[Izohromosom]] (linearnog hromosoma ili fragmenta hromosoma) Hromosom sa s centromerom u sredini hromosoma, što rezultira kracima hromatide približno jednake dužine. Formiranje izohromosoma je ekvivalentno je istovremenim događajima umnožavanja i [[delecija (genetika)|delecije]], tako da dvije kopije ili dugog ili kratkog kraka čine rezultirajući hromosom. *[[Izolator]] Specifična sekvenca DNK koja sprečava da gen bude pod uticajem aktivacije ili potiskivanja obližnjih gena. *[[Izomerni gen]]i Dva ili više gena koji su ekvivalentni i redundantni u smislu da, uprkos [[kodon|kodiranju]] različitih genskih proizvoda, svaki od njih rezultira istim [[fenotip]]om kada je postavljen unutar iste genetičke pozadine. Ako je nekoliko izomernih gena prisutno u jednom genotipu, mogu biti kumulativni ili bez n-kumulativnog doprinosa fenotipu.<ref name="hadzirifat"/> ==J== *[[Jedarce]] (nukleolus) Jednostruka ili višestruka ćelijska [[organela]], odnosno jedrova suborganela. Glavna funkcija mu je stvaranje i organizacija komponenti ribosoma ([[rRNK]] i [[ribosom]]skih proteina). Organela jedra eukariotskih ćelija koja se sastoji od proteina, DNK i RNK i služi kao mjesto sinteze [[ribosom]]a. *[[Jednonukleotidni polimorfizam]] (SNP) U genetici odrednica za pojavu zamjene mjesta jednog od [[nukleotid]]a nekim drugim nukleotidom. Naprimjer, ako je posmatrana sekvenca na određenoj lokaciji gena posmatrane vrste sastavljena od niza nukleotida AAGCCTA, pa zatim nastane promjena redoslijeda nukleotida, kao AAGCCAA, postaje uočljivo da se početna i novonastala sekvenca međusobno razlikuju u jednom nukleotidu. Posljedice ovakvih izmjena (usljed ovakve "[[tačkasta mutacija|tačkaste mutacije]]“) mogu biti različitog obima i oblika u posmatranom [[genom]]u ili fenotipu. *[[Jednosmjerna translokacija – [[nerecipročna translokacija]] Premještanje segmenta jednog hromosoma, nakon loma, na drugi nehomologni hromosom. *[[hromatida|Jednostruki hromosom]] Hromatida koja ima svoju vlastitu centromeru, jedna molekula DNK. *[[ćelijsko jedro|Jedro]] Ćelijska [[organela]] u kojoj je pohranjena (isključivo ili djelimično) genetička informacija u hromosomima. ==K== *[[genom|Kanalizacija]] Sposobnost populacije da dosljedno proizvodi isti fenotip bez obzira na varijabilnost okoline ili genetičke varijacije unutar njenog genoma. Koncept se najčešće koristi u razvojnoj biologiji za tumačenje zapažanja da su razvojni putevi često oblikovani prirodnom selekcijom, tako da se ćelijske loze u razvoju "vode" ili "kanaliziraju" prema jednoj, određenoj sudbini, postajući progresivno otpornijim na bilo kakve manje perturbacije. To može preusmjeriti razvoj ćelija dalje od njihovog početnog toka. *[[Kandidatski gen]] Gen čija je lokacija na hromosomu povezana s određenim fenotipom (često vezanim za bolest),) i za koji se stoga sumnja da uzrokuje ili doprinosi fenotipu. Geni kandidati se često biraju za proučavanje na osnovu prethodnog znanja ili prognoza o njihovoj funkcijskalnojfunkcionalnoj relevantnosti za osobinu ili bolest koja se istražuje. *[[Kanonska sekvenca]] Vidi: [[Konsenzusna sekvenca]]. *[[Kariogram]] Prikaz hromosoma jedne vrste poredanih prema veličini i položaju centromera (primarnih suženja hromosoma). *[[Kariotip]] Kompletna [[hromosomska garnitura]] date vrste. Broj i izgled hromosoma unutar jedra eukariotske ćelije, posebno kako je prikazan na organiziranoj mikrosnimci poznatoj kao [[kariogram]] ili u idealiziranom [[idiogram]]u (u parovima i poredani po veličini i položaju centromere). Termin se također koristi za označavanje kompletnog skupa hromosoma u vrsti ili pojedinačnom organizmu ili za bilo koji test koji otkriva ovaj komplement ili mjeri broj hromosoma. *[[kaskadno testiranje|Kaskadni skrining]] (kaskadno testiranje) Sistemski postupak za identifikaciju osoba unutar porodice kod kojih postoji rizik od nasljednog stanja. Počinje pronalaskom [[patogen]]e/ vjerovatno patogene varijante, putem opsežnog testiranja (kao što je testiranje potpunog genoma ili multigenskog panela) kod jednog člana porodice, obično pogođenog ovim stanjem. Zatim se testiranje samo za određenu porodičnu varijantu proširuje na rizične biološke rođake. Ovaj se proces ponavlja kako se identificira više pogođenih pojedinaca ili nositelja patogene varijante. Kaskadni skrining ponekad se naziva i kaskadno testiranje (preferirani termin). Kaskadno ([[genetičko testiranje|genetičko]]) testiranje (kaskadni skrining) Proces proširenja genetičkog testiranja na pojedince s rizikom unutar porodice za [[nasljeđivanje]] patogene varijante prethodno identificirane kod biološkog srodnika. Ovaj se proces ponavlja kako se unutar porodice identificira više nositelja [[patogen]]e varijante. Kaskadno [[genetičko testiranje]] ponekad se naziva i kaskadni probir, iako je preferirani izraz kaskadno genetičko testiranje. Naziva se i kaskadnim testiranjem. *[[ekspresivnost (genetika)|Kasni ili varijabilni početak]] Odnosi se na dob u kojoj se fenotip bolesti izražava kod osobe koja nosi patogenu varijantu. Stanja s kasnim ili promjenjivim početkom općenito se manifestiraju kasnije u životu ili u neko određeno doba tokom života. *[[bazni par|Kilobaza]] Jedinica molekulske mase/ dužine [[nukleinske kiseline]] jednaka 1.000 parova baza u dupleksnim molekulama, kao što je dvolančana DNK ili 1.000 baza u jednolančanim molekulama. *[[Kinetohor]] Troslojna laminarna proteinska struktura kojom se hromosom prihvata za mikrotubule [[diobeno vreteno|diobenog vretena]]. *[[Klasična genetika]] Grana genetike koja se zasniva isključivo na posmatranju vidljivih rezultata reproduktivnih činova, za razliku od onoga što su omogućile moderne tehnike i metodimetode molekulske biologije. Kontrastna molekululskaKontrast je [[molekularna genetika|molekulska genetika]]. *[[genetičko testiranje|Klinička korisnost]] Pojam koji se odnosi na vjerovatnoću da će test, podsticanjem intervencije, rezultirati poboljšanim zdravstvenim ishodom. Klinička korisnost genetičkog testa temelji se na zdravstvenim dobrobitima povezanim s intervencijama koje se nude osobama s pozitivnim rezultatima testa. *[[genetičko testiranje|Klinička valjanost]] Termin koji se odnosi na prediktivnu vrijednost testa za određeni klinički ishod (npr. [[vjerovatnoća]] da će se rak razviti kod nekoga s pozitivnim testom). Primarno je određena osjetljivošću i specifičnošću kojom test identificira pojedince s definiranim kliničkim stanjem unutar određene populacije. Klinička valjanost genetičkog testa je vjerovatnoća da će se rak razviti u nekoga s pozitivnim rezultatom testa. *[[kloniranje|Klon]] Genetički identične ćelije bakterija nastale [[binarna dioba|binarnim diobama]]; populacija ćelija ili [[organizam]]a koji su genetički identični, a nastali su binarnom diobom ([[prokarioti]]) ili mitozom iz jedne ćelije ili vegetativnim razmnožavanjem zajedničkog pretka ([[eukarioti]]). *[[Kloniranje]] Proces proizvodnje, bilo prirodno ili umjetno, pojedinačnih organizama ili ćelija koje su genetički identične jedna drugoj. Klonovi su rezultat svih oblika aseksualne reprodukcije, a ćelije koje prolaze kroz mitozu proizvode ćelije kćeri koje su klonovi roditeljske ćelije i jedne druge. Kloniranje se također može odnositi na biotehnološke metode kojikoje vještački stvaraju kopije [[organizam]]a ili [[ćelija (biologija)|ćelija]], ili, u molekulskom kloniranju, kopije fragmenata DNK ili drugih molekula. Metod manipulacije genetičkim materijalom u cilju dobijanja genetički istovjetnih jedinki. Jedinke koje imaju istovjetan genetički materijal se nazivaju se klonovima. *[[ekspresija gena|Koaktivator]] Tip regulatora koji povećava ekspresiju jednog ili više gena vezivanjem za aktivator. *[[kodon|Kodiranje]] Također ([[smislenost (genetika)|smisleni lanac]], pozitivni (+) lanac i lanac bez šablona.) Lanac dvolančane molekule DNK čija nukleotidna sekvenca direktno odgovara sekvenci [[RNK]] transkripta proizvedenog tokom transkripcije (osim što su baze [[timin]]a supstituirane [[uracil]]skim bazama u molekuli RNK). Iako sam po sebi nije transkribiran, kodirajući lanac je po konvenciji lanac koji se koristi kada se prikazuje sekvenca DNK zbog direktne analogije između njene sekvence i kodona [[RNK]] proizvoda. Kontrast šablonske niti; vidi i smislenost. *[[kodominantnost|Kodominacija]] Osobena varijacija sudominacije dvajudva alela nad trećim. Manifestira u pojavi dase kad su [[heterozigot]]ne jedinke istovremeno obilježene produktima oba prisutna alela; specifična supstanca koju kodira svaki od njih strukturno je istovjetna u oba moguća [[genotip]]a (primjer [[krvna grupa]] AB). *[[Kodon]] [[Triplet]] u mRNK komplementaran tripletu (kod) u DNK. Serija od tri uzastopna nukleotida u kodirajućoj regiji sekvence nukleinske kiseline. Svaki od ovih tripleta kodira određenu aminokiselinu ili stop signal tokom sinteze proteina. Svaka molekula DNK i [[RNK]] napisana je jezikom nukleotida, koristeći četiri "slova" (četiri različite nukleobaze ), ali jezik koji se koristi za konstruiranje proteina uključuje 20 "slova" (20 različitih aminokiselina). [[Kodon]]i pružaju ključ koji omogućava da se ova dva jezika prevode jedan u drugi. Općenito, svaki kodon odgovara jednoj aminokiselini (ili stop signalu). Potpuni skup kodona naziva se [[genetički kod]]. *[[enzim|Kofaktor]] Bilo koji neproteinski [[organski spoj]] koji je vezan za [[enzim]]. Kofaktori su potrebni za pokretanje [[kataliza]]. *[[Kompenzacija doze]] Regulacijski sistem kojim se jedan X-hromosom kod ženki sisara inaktivira u ranom [[embriogeneza|embrijskom razvoju]] i ostaje inaktivan cijeli život Svaki mehanizam kojim organizmi neutraliziraju veliku razliku u doziranju gena uzrokovanu prisustvom različitog broja [[spolni hromosom|spolnih hromosoma]] kod različitih spolova, čime se izjednačava ekspresija spolno vezanih gena tako da pripadnici svakog spola primaju iste ili slične količine proizvoda takvih gena. Primjer je X-inaktivacija kod ženki sisara. *[[osobina|Kompleksna osobina]] Vidi: [[osobina|Kvantitativno svojstvo]]. *[[Komplementarna DNK]] (cDNK) DNK koja se sintetizira iz jednolančanog šablona [[RNK]] (obično [[iRNK]] ili [[miRNK]] ) u reakciji koju katalizira enzim [[reverzna transkriptaza]]. Proizvodi se i prirodno od strane [[retrovirus]]a i vještački u određenim laboratorijskim tehnikama, posebno molekulskim kloniranjem. U [[bioinformatika|bioinformatici]], termin se također može koristiti za označavanje sekvence transkripta [[iRNK]] izražene kao njegov dvojnik kodirajućeg lanca DNK (tj.[[timin]]om koji zamjenjuje [[uracil]]). *[[Komplementarni gen]]i Geni koji interakcijom daju učinak različit od učinka svakoga gena zasebno. *[[nukleinska kiselina|Komplementarnost]] Svojstvo biopolimernosti [[nukleinske kiseline]], pri čemu će dva [[polimer]]na lanca postavljena antiparalelno jedan prema drugom težiti formiranju parova baza koji se sastoje od [[vodikova veza|vodikovih veza]] između pojedinačnih [[nukleobaza]] koje čine svaki lanac. Pritom se svaki od četiri tipa nukleobaza uparuje isključivo s jednim drugim tipom nukleobaza; npr. u dvolančanoj molekuli DNK, A se pari samo sas T, a C parovi samo sa G. Za polulance koji su upareni na takav način, kao i za same baze, kaže se da su komplementarni. Stepen komplementarnosti između dva lanca snažno utiče na stabilnost dupleksnih molekula; određene sekvence također mogu biti interno komplementarne, što može rezultirati vezivanjem jednog lanca za sebe. Komplementarnost je fundamentalna za mehanizme koji upravljaju [[replikacija DNK|replikacijom DNK]], transkripcijom i [[popravka DNM|popravkom DNK]]. *[[Kondenzacija DNK]] Proces povećavanja stepena spiralizacije i približavanja namotaja dvostruke spirale DNK. *[[novorođenče|Kongenitalnost]] Stanje ili osobina prisutna pri rođenju. Može biti posljedica genetičkih ili negeničkih faktora. [[Fenotip]] ili [[osobina]] koja se češće javlja u određenoj porodici nego u općoj populaciji; porodične osobine mogu imati genetičku i/ili negenetičku [[etiologija|etiologiju]]. *[[bakterijska konjugacija|Konjugacija]] Prijenos DNK iz donora u recipijenta tokom spolnog razmnožavanja; mehanizam [[genetička rekombinacija|rekombinacije]] kod [[bakterija]]. *[[inbriding|Konsangvinitet]] Genetičko srodstvo između jedinki koje su potomci barem jednog zajedničkog pretka. *[[Konsenzusna sekvenca]] U molekulskoj biologiji i [[bioinformatika|bioinformatici]], izračunati redoslijed najčešćih ostataka, bilo nukleotida ili aminokiselina, pronađen na svakom položaju u poravnanju sekvenci. Predstavlja rezultate više [[poravnavanje sekvenci|poravnavanja sekvenci]], u kojima se srodne međusobno uspoređuju i izračunavaju se slični sekvencni sekventni motivi. *[[vrsta|Konspecifičnost]] Pripadnost istoj vrsti. *[[Konstitucijska DNK]] (DNK zametne linije) ]]Odnosi se na tkivo koje potoče iz reproduktivnih ćelija (jajna ćelija|jajne ćelije ili [[spermatozoid]]a) i koje se ugrađujuugrađuje u DNK svake ćelije u tijelu potomka. Mutacija germinativne linije može se prenijeti s roditelja na potomstvo. Naziva se i DNK zametne linije. *[[Konstitutucijska ekspresija]] Kontinuirana transkripcija gena, za razliku od fakultativne ekspresije, u kojoj se gen transkribujetranskribira samo prema potrebi. Gen koji se kontinuirano transkribujetranskribira naziva se konstitutivni gen. *Konsultant Osoba koja se javlja na [[genetičko savjetovanje]]. *[[Kontrastni početni kodon]] (linearnog hromosoma ili fragmenta hromosoma) (linearnog hromosoma ili fragmenta hromosoma) Pozicioniranje centromere blizu, ali ne tačno u sredini hromosoma, što rezultira kracima hromatida neznatno različite dužine. *[[Konverzija DNK]] Bilo koji mehanizam pomoću kojeg se DNK sekvence se razmjenjuju nerecipročno (npr. putem konverzije gena, transpozicije ili nejednakog križanja ) što uzrokuje stalne fluktuacije u broju kopija DNK motiva tokom života organizma. Takvi mehanizmi su često glavni pokretači specijacije među populacijama. *[[Konzervacijska genetika]] Interdisciplinarna grana populacijske genetike koja primjenjuje genetičke metode i koncepte u nastojanju da se razumije dinamika gena u [[populacija]]ma, s glavnim ciljem izbjegavanja izumiranja i očuvanja i obnavljanja biodiverziteta. *[[[Konzervativna replikacija]] Jedna je od trinačinatri načina replikacije DNK. Tokom ovog procesa stvara dvije zavojnice DNK iz jedne izvorne. Od dvije formirane zavojnice, jedna z sadrži potpuno staru DNK, dok druga sadrži potpuno novu DNK. *[[Konzervirana sekvenca]] ]]Sekvenca [[nukleinske kiseline]] ili proteina koji je vrlo sličan ili identičan u mnogim [[vrsta]]ma ili unutar [[genom]]a, što ukazuje na to da je ostao relativno nepromijenjen kroz dugi period evolucije. *[[transkripcijski faktor|Koregulator]] Protein koji djeluje zajedno sas jednim ili više faktora transkripcije, kako bi regulirao [[ekspresija gena|ekspresiju gena]]. *[[ekspresija gena|Korepresor]] Tip koregulatora koji smanjuje (potiskuje) ekspresiju jednog ili više gena vezivanjem i aktiviranjem represora. *[[vezabi geni|Kosegregacija]] Prijenos, zajedno, dva ili više gena na istom hromosomu, kao rezultat toga što su u vrlo bliskoj fizičkoj blizini jedan drugome (tj. povezani). *[[histon|Kovalentne modifikacije histona]] *[[Postranslacijske modifikacije]] koje dovode do aktivacije gena ili pak [[utišavanja gena]]. *[[hromosom|Kratki krak (p)]] Kraći [[hromosom]]ski krak, u odnosu na q krak datog hromosoma, prema položaju centromere. *[[Kratko tandemsko ponavljanje]] (STR) ili jednostavno ponavljanje sekvence (SSR) Tip satelitske DNK koja se sastoji od relativno kratke sekvence tandemskog ponavljanja, u kojoj se određeni motivi (u rasponu dužine od jedne do šest ili više baza) ponavljaju, obično 5–50 puta. [[Mikrosatelit]]i su široko rasprostranjeni u [[genom]]ima većine organizama i imaju tendenciju da imaju veće stope mutacija nego u drugim regijama. Klasifikovani su kao tandemsko ponavljanje DNK promenljivogpromjenljivog broja ([[VNTR]]), zajedno sas dužim minisatelitima. *[[Krosingover]] (krosing over) Vidi: Hromosomsko ukrštanje. *[[inbriding|Krvno srodstvo]] Genetički blisko srodne osobe koje dijele nedavnog zajedničkog pretka (obično udaljenog ne više od tri ili četiri generacije). Efekt srodnog parenja, takođetakođer poznatog kao inbriding, jest povećanje vjerovatnoće da će potomstvo biti [[homozigot]]no na bilo kom datom paru [[gemski lokus|genskih lokusa]]. *[[Kvantitativna genetika]] Grana [[populacijska genetika|populacijske genetike]] koja proučava [[fenotip]]ove koji kontinuirano variraju (kao što su [[visina]] ili [[masa]]), za razliku od onih koji spadaju u kategorije koje se mogu diskretno identifikovati (kao što je [[boja očiju]] ili prisustvo ili odsustvo određene osobine). [[Kvantitativna genetika]] koristi statističke metode i koncepte za povezivanje kontinuirano distribuiranih fenotipskih vrijednosti sa specifičnim [[genotip]]ovima i genskim proizvodima. *[[Kvantitativni PCR]] [[PCR]] u realnom vremenu ili kvantitativna polimerazna lančana reakcija (engengl. ''Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction''),, skraćeno RTPCR, je) laboratorijska je tehnika u molekulskoj biologiji koja je bazirana na polimeraznoj lančanoj reakciji (PCR). Primjenjuje se za umnožavanje i simultanu detekciju ili kvantifikaciju ciljane molekule DNK. Postupak slijedi opći princip polimerazne lančane reakcije, a ključno obilježje je karakteristika je da se umnožena DNK otkriva kako reakcija napreduje, u "“realnom vremenu". Ovo je novi pristup u odnosu na standardnu [[PCR]], gdje se detektira proizvod reakcije na svom kraju. *[[osobina|Kvantitativno svojstvo]] Također: Složena osobina.<ref name="hadzirifat"/> ==L== *[[Lac-operon|''Lac''-operon]] Inducibilni sistem regulacije gena kod Escherichia coli. *[[PCR|Polimerazns lančana reakcija]] (PCR) Postupak koji proizvodi milione kopija kratkog segmenta DNK kroz ponovljene cikluse: (1) denaturacije, (2) anelinga i (3) elongacije. Lančana reakcija polimerazom je vrlo čest postupak u molekulskogenetičkom testiranju i može se koristiti za generiranje dovoljne količine DNK za izvođenje testa (npr. amplifikacija specifična za alele, kvantifikacija ponavljanja trinukleotida). Naziva se i PCR. *[[Lateralni transfer gena]] (LGT) Vidi: Horizontalni prijenos gena. *[[lažna pozitivnost i lažna negativnost|Lažno pozitivni rezultat]] Rezultat testa koji pokazuje da je ispitanik zahvaćen i/ili ima određenu mutaciju gena kada on ili ona zapravo nije zahvaćen i/ili nema mutaciju; tj. pozitivan rezultat testa kod stvarno nepogođene osobe ili osobe s negativnom mutacijom. *[[LD *[[LD (neravnoteža povezivanja]]) Mjesto gdje se aleli (DNK markeri) pojavljuju zajedno češće nego što se to može slučajno objasniti zbog njihove fizičke blizine na hromosomu. Naziva se i neravnoteža povezivanja. *[[Leptoten]] Potfaza profaze mejoze I. U mejozi, prviprva od pet podfazapotfaza profaze I, nakon interfaze i prethode zigonemu, tokom kojeg se replicirani hromosomi kondenzuju iz difuznog hromatina u duge, tanke niti koje su mnogo vidljivije unutar jedra. *[[Letalna ekvivalentna vrijednost]] Prosječan broj recesivnih štetnih gena koji postoje u heterozigotnom stanju koje nosi član populacije diploidnih organizama, pomnožen prosječnom vjerovatnoćom da će svaki takav gen uzrokovati preranu smrtnost kada je homosigotan. Naprimjer, za organizam koji nosi osam recesivnih semiletalnih alela, od kojih svaki proizvodi samo 50% vjerovatnoće prerane smrti kada je homozigotan, kaže se da nosi genetički teret od četiri "smrtonosna ekvivalenta". *[[Letalna mutacija]] Svaka mutacija koja rezultira preranom smrću organizma koji je nosi. Recesivne letalne mutacije su fatalne samo za homosigote, dok su dominantne letalne mutacije fatalne čak i za heterozigote. *[[Ligaza]] Klasa [[enzim]]a koji kataliziraju spajanje velikih molekula kao što su [[nukleinske kiseline]], formiranjem jedne ili više [[hemijska veza|hemijskih veza]] između njih, tipski C–C, C–O, C–S ili C–N veza putem kondenzacijskih reakcija. Primjer je DNK-ligaza, koja katalizira stvaranje [[fosfodiesterska veza|fosfodiestarskih veza]] između susjednih [[nukleotid]]a na jednom ili oba lanca molekule DNK, reakcija poznata kao [[ligacija]]. *[[Lijonizacija]] Vidi: X-inaktivacija. *[[Lizogeni ciklus]] Ciklus bakterijskih virusa koji nakon infekcije izazivaju lizu (razgradnju) [[bakterije]]. Ima bakterijski virus sa ugrađenom [[fag]]nom (virusnom) DNK u genom bakterije *[[LOD-rezultat]] (Logaritamlogaritam kvotnih rezultata) Statistička procjena jesu li dva genetićkagenetička lokusa fizički dovoljno blizu jedan drugome (ili “povezana") na određenom [[hromosom]]u da se mogu zajedno naslijediti. Za LOD rezultat od 3 ili više općenito se podrazumijeva da znači da su dva gena smještena blizu jedan drugome na hromosomu. LOD rezultat od 3 znači da su izgledi 1000:1 da su dva gena povezana i stoga naslijeđena zajedno. Također se naziva LOD skor. *[[LOH]] Gubitak [[heterozigot]]nosti Ako postoji jedan normalan i jedan abnormalni alel na određenom lokusu, kao što se može vidjeti kod naslijeđenog autosomno dominantnog poremećaja osjetljivosti na rak, gubitak normalnog alela proizvodi lokus bez normalne funkcije. Kada gubitak heterozigotnosti uključuje normalni alel, stvara se ćelija koja će vjerovatnije pokazati maligni rast ako je promijenjeni gen tumor supresorski gen. Naziva se i gubitkom heterozigotnosti. *[[genski lokus|Lokus]] Fizičko mjesto ili mjesto specifičnog [[gen]]]a na hromosomu. *[[Lyonska teorija]] Teorija genetičarke Mary Lyon prema kojoj je inaktivacija hromosoma X kod ženki sisara slučajna i nasumična. ==M== *[[MAGE]] Grupa koja ima za cilj da obezbediobezbijedi standard za reprezentaciju [[DNK-mikromreža]] ; podaci o ekspresiji gena koji bi olakšali razmjenu informacija mikromreža između različitih sistema podataka. *[[Mikrohromosom]] *[[Majčinski efekt]] Učinak produkata majčinih gena na [[fenotip]] potomka. *[[Majčinsko nasljeđivanje]] Vidi: [[Citoplazmatskog nasljeđivanje]], nasljeđivanje DNK-organela jajnom ćelijom. *[[Mala jedarna ribonukleinska kiselina]] ([[miRNK]]/snRNK) Općenito poznata kao U-RNK, je klasa malih molekula RNK koje se nalaze u okviru srastanja krajeva [[egzon]]skih tijela [[prerada RNK|prerade RNK]] u jedrima [[eukariot]]skih ćelija. Prosječna dužina [[miRNK]] je oko 150 [[nukleotid]]a. *[[Mapiranje gena]] Bilo koja od različitih metoda koje se koriste za preciznu identifikaciju lokacije određenog gena unutar molekule DNK (kao što je hromosom) i/ili fizičke udaljenosti ili udaljenosti između njega i drugih gena. *[[Mapna jedinica]] (mu) Vidi: [[Centimorgan]] *[[Masivno paralelno sekvenciranje]] (sekvenciranje sljedeće generacije, NGS) Metod visoke propusnosti koja se koristi za određivanje dijela nukleotidne sekvence genoma pojedinca. Ova tehnika koristi tehnologije sekvenciranja DNK koje mogu paralelno obraditi više sekvenci DNK. Također se naziva sekvenciranje sljedeće generacije i NGS. *[[Matična ćelija]] Svaka biološka ćelija koja se još nije diferencirala u specijalizirani tip ćelija i koja se može podijeliti mitozom, kako bi proizvela više matičnih ćelija. *[[Medicinska genetika]] Grana medicine i [[nedicina|medicinske nauke]] koja uključuje proučavanje, dijagnozu i liječenje nasljednih poremećaja, i te širu primjenu znanja o ljudskoj genetici na medicinsku obradu. *[[Međugenski razmak]] (IGS) ili netranskribirani razmak (NTS).) Bilo koja sekvenca ili regija nekodirajuće DNK koja razdvaja susjedne gene, bilo da su transkribovanitranskribirani ili ne. Termin se posebno koristi za označavanje nekodirajućih regija između mnogih ponovljenih kopija gena ribosomske RNK.Viditakođer: Međugenska Vidi također: međugenska regija. *[[Mejoza]] Specijalizirana [[ćelijska dioba]] koja se javlja isključivo u seksualnom razmnožavanju eukariota, tokom kojeg replikaciju DNK prate dva uzastopna kruga diobe, kako bi se na kraju proizvele četiri genetički jedinstvene haploidne kćeri ćelije, svaka sa upola manjim brojem hromosoma od originalne diploidne roditeljske ćelije. Javlja se samo u ćelijama spolnih oragana i služi za stvaranje haploidnih [[gamet]]a, kao što su [[spermatozoid]]i, [[jajne ćelije]] ili [[spore]], koje se kasnije spajaju tokom [[oplodnja|oplodnje]]. Dvije mejotske podjele, poznate kao [[mejoza]] I i mejoza II, također mogu uključivati različite događaje genetičke rekombinacije između [[homologni hromosom|homolognih hromosoma]]. *[[Mendelovsko nasljeđivanje]] Teorija biološkog nasljeđivanja zasnovana na skupu principa koje je prvobitno predložio [[Gregor Mendel]] 1865. i 1866. Izveo je tri generalizirana zakona o genetičkoj osnovi nasljeđivanja koji se, zajedno s nekoliko teorija koje su razvili kasniji naučnici, smatraju temeljem [[klasična genetika|klasične genetike]]. Kontrast je nemendelovsko nasljeđivanje. *[[Merozigot]] ili parcijalni [[diploid]] Bakterija koja ima duplicirane dijelove [[genom]]a. *[[Metafaza]] Faza [[mitoza|mitoze]] i [[mejoza|mejoze]] koja nakon prometafaze i prije anafaze, tokom koje se centromere repliciranih hromosoma poravnavaju duž ekvatora ćelije, pri čemu je svaki kinetohor pričvršćen za mitotsko (diobeno) vreteno. *[[Metilacija DNK]] [[epigenetika|Epigenetička]] modifikacija DNK koja nastaje [[metiliranje]]m [[citozin]]a u CpG dinukleotidima, inhibira [[transkripcija gena|transkripciju gena]] . *[[Mikroevolucija]] Promjena frekvencije alela ili genotipova u populaciji, odnosno promjena genetičke strukture populacije tokom velikog broja generacija. *[[Mikrohromosom]] Tip vrlo malog hromosoma, obično veličine manje od 20.000 parova baza, prisutan u kariotipovima nekih organizama. *[[Mikromreža]] (MIAME) Komercijalni standard koji je razvio FGED i zasnovan na MAGE – kako bi se olakšalo skladištenje i dijeljenje podataka o ekspresiji gena. *[[MikroRNK]] (miRNK) Tip malih, jednolančanih, nekodirajućih molekula [[RNK]], koje funkcioniraju u posttranskripcijskim regulacijama ekspresije gena, posebno utišavanja RNK, uparivanje baza sas komplementarnim sekvencama u iRNK transkriptima, što obično rezultira cijepanjem ili destabilizacijom transkripta ili inhibira njegovu translaciju u ribosomima. *[[Mikrosatelit[[ Ponavljajući segmenti DNK razasuti po [[genom]]u u nekodirajućim regijama između gena ili unutar gena (introni). Često se koriste kao markeri za analizu povezanosti zbog njihove prirodne velike varijabilnosti u broju ponavljanja među jedinkama. Ove regije su inherentno genetički nestabilne i podložne mutacijama. *[[Mikrosatelitska nestabilnost]] (MSI) Karakteristika ćelija koje sadrže abnormalnosti u popravku nepodudarnosti DNK. Prisustvo nestabilnosti mikrosatelita može biti marker patogene varijante zametne linije u jednom od gena za popravak neusklađenosti DNK, kao u slučaju Lynchovog sindroma. Mikrosatelitska nestabilnost također se može pojaviti sporadično. Naziva se i MSI. *[[MINSEQE]] Komercijalni standard koji je razvio FGED za skladištenje i dijeljenje visokopropusnih sekvenciranje podataka. *[[Misens mutacija]] (varijanta) GenetićkaGenetička promjena u kojoj supstitucija jednog para baza mijenja genetikkigenetički kod tako da proizvodi aminokiselinu koja se razlikuje od uobičajene aminokiseline na datom položaju. Neke misens varijante (ili mutacije) promijenit će promijeniti funkciju proteina. Također se naziva misens varijanta. *[[Mitohondrijska DNK]] (mDNK) Zasebne molekule u genomu viših organizama, onih čije ćelije imaju organele. Prema teoriji endosimbioze, mitohondrije i hloroplasti su nastali od endosimbiontskihendosimbiotskih cijanobakterija. DNK koja se nalazi u ovim organelama ima više sličnosti sas bakterijskom DNK – cirkularna je, a geni su kontinuirani (nema introna). Međutim, i na ovoj DNK se nekada mogu dogoditi mutacije koje izazivaju ozbiljne poremećaje metabolizma. Nasljeđuje se mitohondrijsku DNK od majke, jer spermatozioidispermatozoidi pri oplodnji svoje mitohondrije, a time i mDNK, ostavljaju u repu, koji ne ulazi u jajnu ćeliju. *[[Mjera udaljenosti]] Bilo koja količina koja se koristi za mjerenje razlika između nivoa ekspresije gena različitih gena. *[[MLPA]] Laboratorijski metod kojiMLPA (pojačanje sonde zavisno od multipleksne ligacije) Laboratorijska metoda koja se obično koristi za otkrivanje neuobičajenih promjena broja kopija (insercijaainsercija ili delecija) [[genom]]skih sekvenci. Također se naziva pojačanje sonde ovisno o multipleksnoj ligaciji. *[[Molekulsko kloniranje]] Ugradnja stranog gena u [[genom]] prokariotske ili eukariotske ćelije uz pomoć vektora. *[[Monohibrid]] Heterozigotni organizam za jedan gen koji kodira svojstvo koje određuju dva alela. *[[Monohibridno ukrštanje]] Križanje dva heterozigota za jedan gen; samooplodnja mendelovske F1 generacije (Aa x Aa). *[[Monoploidi]] Haploidni organizmi s jednim setovasetom hromosoma. *[[Monosomija]] Tip aneuploidije, manjak jednog hromosoma, 2n-1. *[[Mozaicizam]] Pojava dvije ili više ćelijskih linija s različitim genetičkim ili hromosomskim sastavom unutar jedne jedinke ili tkiva. *[[MSI]] *MSI (mikrosatelitska nestabilnost) Karakteristika ćelija koje sadrže abnormalnost u popravku nepodudarnosti DNK. Prisustvo MSI može biti marker patogene varijante zametne linije u jednom od gena za popravak nepodudarnosti DNK, kao u slučaju Lynchovog sindroma. MSI se također može pojaviti sporadično. Naziva se mikrosatelitska nestabilnost. *[[Multigenski test]] (multipanelski multigenski test, test više gena, višegenski test) Genetički testovi koji koriste sekvenciranje sljedeće generacije za testiranje više gena istovremeno. Naziva se još i test više gena i višegenski test. Multipleks pojačanje sonde ovisno o ligacijizavisno od ligacije (MLPA) Laboratorijski metod kojiLaboratorijska metoda koja se obično koristi za otkrivanje neuobičajenih promjena broja kopija (insercija ili delecija) [[genom]]skih sekvenci. Naziva se i MLPA. *[[Multipleksno genomsko testiranje]] Metod za otkrivanje višestrukih genetičkih promjena (tj. mutacija gena ili jednonukleotidnih polimorfizama u jednom genu ili u cijelom [[genom]]u) istovremeno. *[[Multiplikacija gena]] (amplifikacija gena) Također i amplifikacija gena. Tip mutacije definiran kao bilo koja duplikacija regije DNK koja sadrži gen. UporediteUsporedite hromosomsku duplikaciju. *[[Mutacija]] Strukturna promjena u genetičkom materijalu. Može to biti promjena u samo jednom "slovu" genetičkog koda, a i promjena jednog većeg dijela genetičkog koda. Također, mutacije mogu biti [[genska mutacija|genske]], [[hromosomska mutacija|hromosomske]] i [[genomska mutacija|genomske]]. Obično su štetne, ali mogu imati velik evolucijski značaj kada ih prirodna selekcija favorizira. Pojam varijanta se ponekad koristi kao sinonim za mutaciju. Mutacija de novo (de novo mutacija, de novo varijanta, nova varijanta) Genetička promjena po prvi put u jednom članu porodice, kao rezultat varijante (ili mutacije) u zametnoj ćeliji (jajnoj ćeliji ili spermatozoidu) jednog od roditelja ili varijante koja nastaje u samom oplođenom jajetu tokom rane embriogeneze. Naziva se i de novo mutacija, de novo varijanta i nova varijanta. *[[Mutacija osnivača]] Genetička promjena uočena s velikom učestalošću u skupini koja je ili je bila geografski ili kulturno izolirana, u kojoj je jedan ili više predaka bio nositelj promijenjenog gena. Taj se fenomen često naziva učinkom osnivača. Naziva se i (varijanta osnivača.) Genetička promjena uočena s velikom učestalošću u skupini koja je ili je bila geografski ili kulturno izolirana, u kojoj je jedan ili više predaka bio nositelj promijenjenog gena. Taj se fenomen često naziva učinkom osnivača. *[[Mutacija pomaka okvira]] Umetanje (insercija) ili brisanje (delecija) koje uključuje broj parova baza koji nije višekratnik od tri, što posljedično remeti okvir čitanja tripleta DNK sekvence. Takve varijante (ili mutacije) obično dovode do stvaranja kodona prijevremenog završetka (zaustave) i rezultiraju skraćenim (kraćim od normalnog) proteinskim produktom. Naziva se i varijanta pomaka okvira. Zbog tripletne prirode po kojoj nukleotidi kodiraju aminokiseline, mutacija ovog tipa uzrokuje pomak u okviru čitanja nukleotidne sekvence, što rezultira time da je sekvenca kodona nizvodno od mjesta mutacije potpuno drugačija od originala. *[[Mutacija zametne linije]] (klicina varijanta) Promjena gena u reproduktivnoj ćeliji (jajnoj ćeliji ili spermatozoidu) koja se ugrađuje u DNK svake ćelije u tijelu potomka. Varijanta (ili mutacija) sadržana u germinalnoj liniji može se prenijeti s roditelja na potomstvo i stoga je nasljedna. Naziva se i klicina varijanta. *[[Mutagen]] Tvar iz okoliša (hemijska, fizička ili biološka) koja izaziva mutaciju. ==N== *[[nasljeđivanje|Način nasljeđivanja]] Način na koji se nasslljednanasljedna osobina, poremećaj ili rizik od poremećaja prenosi s jedne generacije na drugu. Postoje različiti načini nasljeđivanja, a svaki može rezultirati karakterističnim obrascem pogođenih, nezahvaćenih ili rizičnih pojedinaca unutar porodice. Primjeri su autosomno dominantno, autosomno recesivno, X-vezano dominantno, X-vezano recesivno i multifaktorsko (poligensko) nasljeđivanje. [[Naddominacija]] – selekcijska prednost Fenomen da heterozigotni genotip ima bolji reproduktivni uspjeh od homozigotnog. *[[interakcija gena|Naddominantnost]] Odnos između alela gena u kojem jedan alel proizvodi učinak na fenotip koji je nadjačan ili "maskiran" doprinosom drugog alela na istom lokusu; za prvi alel i njegova povezana fenotipska osobinanjegove povezane fenotipske osobine se kaže da su recesivni, a za drugi i njegova povezana osobinanjegove povezane osobine se kaže da su dominantni. Često recesivni aleli kodiraju neefikasne ili nefunkcijskalnenefunkcionalne proteine. Kao i dominacija, recesivnost nije inherentno svojstvo nijednog alela ili fenotipa, već jednostavno opisuje njegov odnos s jednim ili više drugih alela ili fenotipova. U genetičkoj stenografiji, recesivni aleli su često predstavljeni malim slovom (npr., za razliku od dominantnog A). *[[Nasljedna predispozicija]] (genetička predispozicija, genetička osjetljivost, nasljedna podložnost) Povećana šansa ili vjerovatnoća razvoja određene bolesti na temelju prisustva jedne ili više genetičkih varijanti i/ili porodične anamneze koja ukazuje na povećan rizik od bolesti. Nasljedna predispozicija ne znači da će pojedinac razviti bolest. Način života i okolišni faktori također mogu utjecatiuticati na rizik od bolesti osobe. *[[Nasljeđivanje]] Također se označava i kao genetička predispozicija, genetička osjetljivost i nasljedna podložnost. Proces međugeneracijskog prenošenja genetičkih uputa za sintezu gradivnih ili kontrolnih ([[enzim]]skih) proteina. *[[genetičko testiranje|Neaficirana osoba]] U genetici, opisuje osobu koja nema određenu fenotipsku osobinu ili bolest. *[[genetičko savjetovanje|Negativna prediktivna vrijednost]] (NPV) [[Vjerovatnoća]] da pojedinac s negativnim rezultatom testa uistinu nije pogođen i/ili da nema određenu gensku mutaciju o kojoj je riječ. Naziva se i NPV. *[[genetičko savjetovanje|Neinformativni rezultat]] (neuvjerljivi rezultat i neodređen rezultat) Negativan rezultat testa kod osobe kod koje nije jasno nije pronađena štetna mutacija ni u jednom članu porodice. Genetički rizični status takve osobe mora se tumačiti u kontekstu njegove ili njezine osobnelične i porodične povijesti. Također se naziva neuvjerljivi rezultat i neodređen rezultat. *[[Neklasificirana varijanta]] (varijanta nesigurnog značaja, varijanta nepoznatog značaja) Varijacija u genetičkoj sekvenci za koju je nejasna povezanost s rizikom od bolesti. Također se n aziva varijanta nesigurnog značaja, varijanta nepoznatog značaja. *[[nositelj (genetika)|Nenositelj]] Osoba koja ne nosi mutaciju prethodno identificiranu u njenoj ili njezinoj porodici. *[[genetičko testiranje|Neodređeni rezultat]] (neuvjerljivi rezultat, neinformativni rezultat) Negativan rezultat testa kod nekoga bez jasno uočene štetne mutacije ni u jednom članu porodice. Genetički rizični status takve osobe mora se tumačiti u kontekstu njegove ili njezine osobnelične i porodične povijesti. Također se naziva neuvjerljivi rezultat i neinformativni rezultat. *[[genska mutacija|Neomorf]] Mutirani alel sas novom ekspresijom u odnosu na iskodišniishodišni (divlji tip). *[[intermedijarnost|Nepotpuna dominantnost]] Slučaj interakcije alelnih gena kada dva alela heterozigotnog genotipa daju novi fenotip. Nepotpuna (smanjena) penetrabilnost Penetrabilnost se odnosi na vjerovatnoću da će se kliničko stanje pojaviti kada je prisutan određeni genotip. Stanje ima nepotpunu penetraciju kada neki nositelji patogene varijante izražavaju povezano svojstvo, dok drugi ne. Također se naziva smanjena penetrabilnost. *[[Neprobojnost]] Primjer u kojem osoba ima genetičku varijantu povezanu s osobinom ili koja uzrokuje bolest, ali nema fenotip ili stanje. Primjer nepenetracije je žena s [[patogen]]om varijantom BRCA1 koja doživi starost i nikad ne dobije rak dojke ili jajnikaNerazdvajanje jajnika *[[Nerazdvajanje]] (engl. nondisjunction) Nerazdvajanje homolognih hromosoma u anafazi I ili sestrinskih hromatida u anafazi II mejoze i sestrinskih hromatida u anafazi mitoze. *[[Nerastvorljiva RNK]] (sRNK).) Posebna klasa molekula RNK, tipski dužine 76 do 90 nukleotida, koja služi kao fizički adapter, omogućavajući transkriptima [[iRNK]] da se prevedu u sekvence aminokiselina tokom sinteze proteina. Svaka [[tRNK]] sadrži specifičan [[antikodon]]ski triplet koji odgovara]] aminokiselini koja je [[kovačentna veza|kovalentno vezana za suprotni kraj [[tRNK]]. Kako translacija napreduje, tRNK se regrutuju u ribosom, gdje je svaki kodon iRNK uparen sas tRNK koja sadrži komplementarni antikodon. U zavisnosti od organizma, ćelije mogu koristiti čak 41 različitu tRNK sas jedinstvenim antikodonima. Zbog degeneracije kodona unutar genetičkog koda, nekoliko [[tRNK]] koje sadrže različite antikodone nose istu aminokiselinu. *[[genetičko testiranje|Neuvjerljivi rezluau]] (neodređeni, neinformativni) rezultat Negativan rezultat testa osoba kod kojih nije jasno utvrđena štetna mutacija ni u jednom članu porodice. Genetički rizični status takve osobe mora se tumačiti u kontekstu njegove ili njezine osobnelične i porodične povijesti. Također se naziva neodređeni rezultat i neinformativni rezultat. *[[NGS]] *[[Nizvodnost (genetika)]] Prema ili bliže 3'- kraju lanca nukleotida, ili C-kraju peptidnog lanca. Kontrast uzvodnoje uzvodnost. *[[Nonsens mutacija]] Besmislena) mutacija (varijanta) Genetička promjena koja uzrokuje prijevremeni završetak sinteze proteina. Promijenjeni protein može biti djelimično ili potpuno inaktiviran, što dovodi do promjene ili gubitka njegove funkcije. Također se naziva besmislena mutacija. Metod (masivno paralelno sekvenciranje, sekvenciranje sljedeće generacije) Metoda visoke propusnosti kojikoja se koristi za određivanje dijela nukleotidne sekvence. Ova tehnika koristi tehnologije sekvenciranja DNK koje mogu paralelno obraditi više sekvenci DNK. Također se naziva masivno paralelno sekvenciranje i sekvenciranje sljedeće generacije. *[[Nokautiranje gena]] i [[nokaut miš]] Tehnika [[genetičko inženjerstvo|genetičkog inženjerstva]] u kojoj je organizam modificiran da nosi gene koji su postali neoperativni (“nokautirani“), tako da je njihova ekspresija poremećena u nekoj fazi na putu koji proizvodi njihove genske proizvode i organizam je lišen svog normalnog efekta. *[[nositelj (genetika)|Nositelj]] Jedinka koja je naslijedila recesivnu recesivni alel za genetičku osobinu ili mutaciju, ali kod koje ta osobina obično nije izražena ili vidljiva u fenotipu. Obično su takvi heterozigotni za recesivni alel i stoga još uvijek mogu prenijeti alel na svoje potomstvo, gdje se povezani fenotip može ponovo pojaviti ako potomstvo naslijedi drugu kopiju alela. Termin se obično koristi u medicinskoj genetici u kontekstu recesivnog alela koji uzrokuje bolest. *[[Nesinonimna supstitucija]] ili zamjenska mutacija Tip mutacije u kojoj supstitucija jedne nukleotidne baze drugom, nakon transkripcije i translacije, rezultira u sekvenci aminokiselina koja se razlikuje od one koju proizvodi originalni nemutirani gen. Budući da nesinonimne mutacije uvijek rezultiraju biološkom promjenom u organizmu, često su podložne jakom selekcijskom pritisku. Kontrastna je sinonimna mutacija. *[[frekvencija alela|Nosiva frekvencija]] (stopa nositelja) Udio jedinki u populaciji koje imaju jednu kopiju specifične recesivne genske varijante. Učestalost nositelja također se ponekad odnosi na prevalenciju varijanti u dominantno djelujućim genima, kao što su [[BRCA1]] i BRCA2. *[[Nova mutacija]] (varijanta) Novootkrivena, izrazita genetička promjena; nije isto što i nova ili de novo varijanta (ili mutacija). *[[NPV]] (negativna prediktivna vrijednost) [[Vjerovatnoća]] da osoba s negativnim rezultatom testa uistinu nije pogođena i/ili da nema određenu gensku mutaciju o kojoj je riječ. *[[Nukleinska kiselina]] Dugačka, polimerna makromolekula sastavljena od manjih monomera zvanih nukleotidi koji su hemijski povezani jedan s drugim u lancu. Dva specifična tipa nukleinske kiseline, DNK i [[RNK]], koriste se u biološkim sistemima za kodiranje genetičkih informacija koje upravljaju konstrukcijom, razvojem i uobičajenim procesima svih živih organizama. Redoslijed ili sekvenca nukleotida u molekulama DNK i [[RNK]] sadrži informacije koje se prevode u proteine za usmjeravanje svih biohemijskih reakcija neophodnih za život. Složene, dugolančane makromolekule, koje se nalaze u svim živim bićima, odgovorne su za pohranjivanje i realizaciju genetičkog koda za biosintezu proteina i prenošenje instrukcija o sintezi proteina s roditelja na potomke. *[[Nukleobaza]] Organska molekula koja se sastoji isključivo od dušične baze vezane za šećer od pet ugljika (bilo ribozu ili dezoksiribozu), za razliku od nukleotida, koji dodatno uključuje jednu ili više fosfatnih grupa. *[[Nukleoid]] Slična jedru, nepravilno oblikovana regija unutar prokariotske ćelije koja sadrži cijeli ili većinu genetičkog materijala. Za razliku od eukariotskog jedra, nije okružen jedarnom membranom. Prstenasta dvolančana molekula DNK prokariota pakirana s proteinima nalik histonima. *[[Nukleosom]] Osnovna gradivna jedinica hromatina, tj. dvolančana DNK omotana oko histonskog oktamera. *[[Nukleotid]] Gradivni element (jedinica) nukleinskih kiselina. Nukleotidi se u DNK sastoje od šećera dezoksiriboze, fosforne kiseline i neke od četiri dušične baze ([[adenin]], [[timin]], [[guanin]] ili citozin). Nukleotidi ribonukleinske kiseline sastoje se od šećera riboze, fosforne kiseline i jedne od četiri moguće dušične baze: [[adenin]], [[uracil]], [[guanin]] ili citozin (u odnosu na DNK – [[uracil]] je umjesto [[timin]]a). *[[Nukleotidna sekvenca]] Precizan redoslijed uzastopno povezanih nukleotida u molekuli nukleinske kiseline, kao što je DNK ili RNK. Duge sekvence nukleotida su glavno sredstvo pomoću kojeg biološki sistemi pohranjuju genetičke informacije i stoga je tačna replikacija, transkripcija i translacija takvih sekvenci od najveće važnosti da se informacije ne izgube ili pokvare. Sekvence nukleinskih kiselina mogu se ekvivalentno nazvati sekvencama dušičnih baza, nukleobaza, nukleotida ili baznih parova, i one direktno odgovaraju sekvencama kodona i aminokiselina. *[[Nukleozid]] U nukleinskim kiselinama, šećer i baza. *[[alel|Nulti alel]] Mutacija koja rezultira ili nedostatkom genskog produkta ili odsutnošću funkcije na [[fenotip]]skoj razini. *[[Nutrigenomika]] Proučavanje interakcije prehrambenih i genetičkih faktora i njen učinak na metabolizam, zdravstveno stanje i rizik od bolesti. *[[NVC]] (varijanta broja kopije) Odnosi se na genetičko svojstvo koje uključuje broj kopija određenog gena u [[genom]]u pojedinca. Genetičke varijante, uključujući insercije, delecije i duplikacije segmenata DNK, također se zajednički nazivaju CNV. CNV čine značajan udio međuindividualne genetičke varijacije.<ref name="hadzirifat"/> ==O== *[[Obrnuta genetika]] Metoda koja se koristi za razumijevanje funkcija gena analizom fenotipskih učinaka uzrokovanih inženjerstvom specifično sekvence nukleinskih kiselina unutar gena. Proces se odvija u suprotnom smjeru od klasične genetike. Dok unaprijedna [[genetika]] nastoji pronaći genetičku osnovu za fenotip ili osobinu, reverzna genetika pokušava pronaći ono što fenotipove kontrolira kao određene genetičke sekvence. *[[mutacija|Oker]] Jedan od tri stop kodona koja se koriste u standardnom genetičkom kodu; u [[RNK]], određen je nukleotidnim tripletom UAA. Druga dva stop kodona zovu se amber i opal. *[[Oligonukleotid]] Relativno kratki lanac aminokiselinskih ostataka nukleinske kiseline. [Oligonukleotidi se često koriste za otkrivanje prisustva većih [[iRNK molekula ili se sklapaju u dvodimenzijske mikronizove za analizu sekvenci visoke propusnosti. *[[Omnibus genske ekspresije]] (GEO) Baza podataka za ekspresiju gena kojom upravlja američki Nacionalni centar za biotehnološke informacije. Ovi visokopropusni funkcionalni [[genom]]ski podaci izvedeni su iz eksperimentalnih podataka iz čipova i sekvenciranja sljedeće generacije. *[[Onkogen]] Gen koji ima potencijal da izazove rak. U tumorskim ćelijama, takvi geni su često mutirani i/ili eksprimirani na abnormalno visokim nivoima. *[[Operator (genetika)]] Sekvenca DNK operona na koju se veže represorski protein. *[[Operon]] Više gena pod zajedničkom transkripcijskom kontrolom istog promotora i operatora. *[[Otvoreni okvir čitanja|ORF]] Dio orvorenog okvira čitanja koji ima sposobnost da se prevede iz DNK ili [[RNK]] u protein; bilo koji kontinuirani dio kodona koji sadrži početni i stop kodon. *[[ORI]] Jedan od skupa gena (ili, općenito, bilo koje sekvence DNK koja pokazuje homologiju) u različitim [[genom]]ima, direktno povezanih jedan s drugim vertikalnim spuštanjem od jednog gena ili sekvence u posljednjem zajedničkom pretku tih [[genom]]a. Za takve gene ili sekvence se kaže da su ortologni. Ortolozi potiču iz iste predačke sekvence i može se zaključiti da su povezani jedni s drugima na osnovu sličnosti njihovih sekvenci. Iako su možda evoluirali nezavisno unutar odvojenih [[genom]]a mutacijom i prirodnom selekcijom, njihovi proizvodi mogu i dalje zadržati slične strukture, funkcije ili nivoe ekspresije među vrstama i populacijama. Identifikacija ortologa se pokazala važnom u zaključivanju o filogenetskim odnosima između različitih organizama. Kontrastni paralog. *[[ekspresija gena|Osnovna linija]] Mjera nivoa ekspresije jednog ili više gena prije perturbacije u eksperimentu, kao u negativnoj kontroli. Osnovna ekspresija se također može odnositi na očekivanu ili historijsku mjeru ekspresije za [[gen]]. *[[Osobina]], [[svojstvo]], značajka, karakter(istika) Individue i grupe međusobno se biološki razlikuju po praktično beskonačnom nizu manje ili više uočljivih elemenata njihovog opisa, za koje se u bosanskom jeziku najčešće upotrebljavaju termini: osobina, svojstvo, odlika, značajka, obilježje, oznaka, karakter, karakteristika i dr. Svaka od tih komponenti opisa je, znači, opažajne prirode, tj. odabrani dio viđenja ili mjerenja stvarnog stanja organizma ili grupe.<ref name="hadzirifat"/> ==P== *[[Palindrom]](i) Obrnuto ponavljajuće sekvence [[DNK]] *[[Palindromska sekvenca]] Sekvenca nukleinske kiseline dvolančane molekule DNK ili RNK u kojoj se jednosmjerna sekvenca (npr. 5' do 3') nukleotida na jednom lancu poklapa sa sekvencom u istom smjeru (npr. 5' do 3') na komplementarnom lancu. Drugim riječima, za nukleotidnu sekvencu se kaže da je palindromska ako je jednaka njenom obrnutom komplementu. Palindromski motivi su uobičajeni u većini [[genom]]a i sposobni su za formiranje ukosnica. *[[Panmiksija]] – slučajno parenje Pojava da svaki član populacije ima jednaku šansu pariti se s bilo kojim drugim članom populacije suprotnoga spola. *[[Paracentrična inverzija]] Inverzija koja ne uključuje [[centromera|centromeru]]. *[[Paradoks C-vrijednosti]] Termin koji se koristi za opisivanje različitih pitanja u vezi s ogromnim varijacijama u jedarnoj [[C-vrijednost]]i ili veličini [[[[genom]]]]a među [[eukariot]]skim [[vrsta]]ma, posebno zapažanje da veličina [[genom]]a nije u korelaciji s percipiranom složenošću organizama, niti nužno s brojem gena. Naprimjer, mnogi jednoćelijski protisti imaju [[genom]]e koji sadrže hiljade puta više DNK od ljudskog genoma. Ovo se smatralo paradoksalnim sve do otkrića da se eukariotski [[genom]]i uglavnom sastoje od nekodirajuće DNK, kojoj u potpunosti nedostaju geni. Fokus enigme se od tada pomjerio na razumijevanje zašto i kako su [[genom]]i postali ispunjeni s toliko nekodirajuće DNK i zašto neki [[genom]]i imaju veći sadržaj gena od drugih. *[[Paralog]] Jedan od skupa gena (ili, općenitije, bilo koje DNK sekvence koje pokazuju homologiju), koji su direktno povezani jedni s drugima putem jednog ili više događaja genetičke duplikacije; za takve gene ili sekvence kaže se da su paralogni. Paralozi su rezultat umnožavanja jedne sekvence unutar jednog [[genom]]a, a zatim naknadne divergencije dupliciranih sekvenci, mutacijom i prirodnom selekcijom (bilo unutar originalnog [[genom]]a, ili tokom specijacije, u različitim [[genom]]ima). Kontrast je ortolog. [[Parazitska DNK]] Vidi: [[Sebični genetički element]]. *[[Autbriding|Parenje izvan srodstva]] (engl. outbreeding) Parenje jedinki koje nisu u srodstvu. *[[Parenje u srodstvu]] (engl. inbreeding) Parenje genetički srodnih jedinki. *[[Patogen]]a (štetna) [[mutacija]] (varijanta), predisponirajuća mutacija, mutacija gena za osjetljivost Genetička promjena koja povećava osjetljivost ili predispoziciju za određenu bolest ili poremećaj. Kada je takva varijanta (ili mutacija) naslijeđena, razvoj simptoma je vjerovatniji, ali nije siguran. *[[Patognomoničnost]] Nalazi koji su karakteristični ili obilježavajući za određenu bolest ili stanje i postavljaju dijagnozu. *[[PCR]] ([[lančana polimerazna reakcija]], lančana reakcija polimeraze) Postupak koji proizvodi milione kopija kratkog segmenta DNK kroz ponovljene cikluse: (1) denaturacije, (2) amplifikacije i (3) elongacije. PCR je vrlo čest postupak u molekulskom genetičkom testiranju i može se koristiti za generiranje dovoljne količine DNK za izvođenje testa (npr. amplifikacija specifična za alele, kvantifikacija ponavljanja trinukleotida). PCR u realnom vremenu (rtPCR) Vidi: kvantitativna PCR. *[[Genealoški metod|Pedigre (rodoslov, heredogram)]] Dijagram porodične povijesti koji koristi standardizirane simbole. Rodoslov pokazuje odnose između članova porodice i ukazuje na to koji članovi imaju određene genetičke patogene varijante, osobine i bolesti unutar porodice, kao i vitalni status. Rodoslov se može koristiti za određivanje obrazaca nasljeđivanja bolesti u porodici. Linearni evolucijski niz koji povezuje ćeliju predaka, organizam ili vrstu s određenim potomkom, organizmom ili vrstom, uključujući sve posredne organizme, i obuhvata bilo koji broj generacija; direktna progresija reproduktivnih događaja (tj. linija porijekla) između dvije individue, uključujući vertikalno povezane jedinke, npr. roditelj(e) i potomstvo, ali obično isključujući horizontalno povezane jedinke koje same nisu direktno doprinijele genetičkom materijalu nijednoj od uključenih osoba, npr. braću i sestre. *[[Penetrabilnost (genetika)|Penetreabilnst]] Udio pojedinaca s datim genotipom koji izražavaju povezani fenotip, obično se daje kao postotak. Zbog mnogih složenih interakcija koje upravljaju ekspresijom gena, isti alel može proizvesti uočljiv fenotip kod jedne osobe, ali ne i kod druge. Ako manje od 100% jedinki u populaciji koja nosi genotip od interesa također izražava povezani fenotip, može se reći da i genotip i fenotip pokazuju nepotpunu penetraciju. Penetracija kvantificira vjerovatnoću da će alel rezultirati ekspresijom pridruženog fenotipa u bilo kojem obliku, tj. u bilo kojoj mjeri koja čini individualnog nositelja drugačijim od individua bez alela. Uporedite ekspresivnost. *[[Penetrabilnost gena]] Izražajnost gena u fenotipu; ako se gen izražava u fenotipu svih jedinki populacije, on je 100% penetrabilan. *[[Peptid]] Kratki lanac aminokiselina; monomeri povezani kovalentnim peptidnim vezama. Peptidi su osnovni gradivni blokovi dužih polipeptidnih lanaca, a time i proteina. *[[Pericentričnost hromosoma]] Pozicioniranost blizu centromere hromosoma. *[[Pericentrična inverzija]] Inverzija koja uključuje centromeru. *[[Petočlana kapa]] Vidi: 5' kraj. *[[Pirimidin]] Jednoprstenasti heterociklični organski spoj koji je, uz purin, jedan od dva molekula iz kojih su izvedene sve dušične baze (uključujući one koje se koriste u DNK i [[RNK]]). [[citozin]] (C), [[timin]] (T) i [[uracil]] (U) su klasifikovani kao pirimidini. *[[Plazmid]] Svaka mala molekula DNK koja je fizički odvojena od većeg tijela hromosomske DNK i može se replicirati nezavisno. Plazmidi se najčešće nalaze kao male, kružne, dvolančane DNK molekule u prokariotima kao što su bakterije, iako su ponekad prisutni i kod arheja i jednoćelijskih eukariota. [[Plejotropija]] Fenomen kojim jedan gen utiče na ekspresiju dvije ili više naizgled nepovezanih fenotipskih osobina, bilo kojim od nekoliko različitih, ali potencijalno preklapajućih mehanizama. *[[plejotropija|Plejotropni učinak]] Sposobnost gena da izazove višestruke fenotipske učinke. *[[Ploidija]] Broj kompletnih setova hromosoma u ćeliji, a time i broj mogućih alela prisutnih u ćeliji na bilo kojem autosomnom lokusu. *[[Početni kodon]] [[Startni kodon]] je prvi kodon transkripta informacijske [[RNK]] ([[iRNK]]) prilikom translacije u [[ribosom]]u. Kod eukariota i arheja, početni kodon uvijek kodira metionin, a modificirani Met (fMet) u bakterijama, mitohondrijama i plastidima. Najčešći startni kodon je AUG (tj. ATG u odgovarajućoj sekvenci DNK). Startnom kodonu često prethodi 5' neprevedena regija (5' UTR). U prokariotima ovo uključuje mjesto vezanja ribosoma. *[[Podregulacija]] Bilo koji proces, prirodni ili vještački, koji smanjuje nivo ekspresije određenog gena. Termin za gen za koji je uočeno da je eksprimiran na relativno niskim nivoima (kao što je otkrivanje nižih nivoa njegovih i[ transkripata) u policistronskoj [[iRNK]]. *[[Pogođeni srodni par]] Bilo koji par organizama koji je genetički srodan i oba zahvaćena istom osobinom. Naprimjer, dva rođaka koji imaju plave oči su pogođeni srodni par jer su oboje pod uticajem alela koji kodira plave oči. *[[Pojačivač (genetika)]] Područje DNK u blizini gena koje može biti vezano aktivatorom za povećanje ekspresije gena ili represorom za smanjenje ekspresije. *[[poliadenilacija|Poli(A) rep]] ili [[poliadenilacija]] Dodavanje serije višestrukih adenozina ribonukleotidima, poznat i kao poli(A) rep, do 3' kraja primarnog [[RNK]] transkripta, obično iRNK. Klasa posttranskripcijskih modifikacija, poliadenilacija služi različitim svrhama u različitim tipovima ćelija i organizmima. Kod eukariota, dodavanje poli(A) repa je važan korak u procesuiranju sirovog transkripta u zrelu [[iRNK]], spremnu za transport u citoplazmu, gdje se događa translacija; u mnogim bakterijama, poliadenilacija ima suprotnu funkciju – umjesto toga promovira degradaciju RNK. *[[Polidimerizacija]] Tip molekulske lezije uzrokovane fotohemijskim oštećenjem DNK ili RNK, pri čemu izlaganje ultraljubičastom (UV) zračenju izaziva stvaranje kovalentnih veza između susjednih pirimidinskih baza u istom polinukleotidnom lancu, što zauzvrat može uzrokovati lokalne konformacijske promjene u sekundarnoj strukturi i spriječiti uparivanje baza sa suprotnim lancem. U DNK, reakcija dimerizacije se dešava između susjednih ostataka [[timin]]a i [[citozin]]a (T-T, C-C ili T-C). Može se pojaviti i između ostataka [[citozin]]a i [[uracil]]a u dvolančanoj RNK. Dimeri pirimidina obično se brzo korigiraju popravkom ekscizije nukleotida, ali nekorigirane lezije mogu inhibirati ili zaustaviti aktivnost polimeraze tokom transkripcije ili replikacije. *[[Poligen]] Više srodnih, fizički bliskih ili udaljenih gena koji kontroliraju isto kvantitativno svojstvo; svaki od gena u poligenskom bloku. *[[Poligensko svojstvo]] Bilo koja fenotipska osobina koja je pod direktnom kontrolom više od jednog gena. Poligenske osobine su obično kvantitativne osobine. *[[Polilinker]] Lančana reakcija polimeraze (PCR). Vidi: višestruko kloniranje. *[[Polimorfizam]] Redovna i istovremena pojava u istoj populaciji dva ili više alela (ili genotipova) na istom lokusu na frekvencijama koje se ne mogu objasniti samo ponavljajućom mutacijom (obično najmanje 1%), što implicira da se višestruki aleli u populaciji stabilno nasljeđuju. *[[Polipeptid]] Dugi, kontinuirani i nerazgranati polimerni lanac aminokiselina, monomeri povezani kovalentnim peptidnim vezama, obično dužim od peptida. Proteini se općenito sastoje od jednog ili više polipeptida raspoređenih na biološki funkcionalan način. *[[Poliploid]] [[Organizam]] s tri ili više setova hromosoma. *[[Poliploidija]] (ćelije ili organizma) Prisustvo više od dvije homologne kopije svakog hromosoma. Može se pojaviti kao normalno stanje hromosoma u određenim ćelijama ili čak cijelim organizmima, ili kao rezultat abnormalne diobe ćelija ili mutacije koja uzrokuje dupliciranje cijelog hromosomskog skupa. Kontrast haploidnog i diploidnog. *[[Polisom]] (poliribosom ili ergosom) Kompleks molekula iRNK i dva ili više ribosoma koji djeluju na prevođenje transkripta iRNK u polipeptid. *[[politenija|Politeni hromosom]]i Veliki hromosomi koji imaju hiljade DNK lanaca. Imaju visok nivo funkcije u određenim tkivima kao što su pljuvačne žlijezde insekata. Formiraju se kada višestruki krugovi replikacije proizvode mnoge sestrinske hromatide koje ostaju spojene zajedno. Sada se koriste za proučavanje funkcije gena u transkripciji. *Popravak/[[Popravka DNK]] Skup procesa pomoću kojih ćelija identificira i ispravlja strukturna oštećenja ili mutacije u molekulama DNK koji kodiraju njen [[genom]]. Sposobnost ćelije da popravi svoju DNK je vitalna za integritet [[genom]]a i normalnu funkcionalnost organizma. *[[Populacijska genetika]] Potpolje genetike i evolucijske biologije koje proučava genetičke razlike unutar i između populacija organizama. *[[Populacijski rizik]] Udio osoba u općoj populaciji koje su pogođene određenim poremećajem ili koje nose određeni gen. Često se o njemu raspravlja u procesu genetičkog savjetovanja, kao usporedba s pacijentovim ličnim rizikom s obzirom na njegovu ili njenu porodičnu povijest ili druge okolnosti. *[[Posttranslacijska modifikacija]] Ove i kotranskripcijske modifikacije su skupovi bioloških procesa zajedničkih većini eukariotskih ćelija pomoću kojih se primarni transkript RNK hemijski mijenja nakon transkripcije iz gena kako bi se proizvela zrela, funkcionalna molekula RNK, koja tada može napustiti jedro i izvesti bilo koju od različitih tipova raznih funkcija u ćeliji. Postoje mnogi tipovi posttranskripcijskih modifikacija postignutih raznovrsnom klasom molekulskih mehanizama. *[[Posttranskripcijska transformacija]] Vidi: [[posttranslacijska modifikacija]]. *[[Potpomognuta reprodukcija]] (ART) Postupci koji koriste jajne ćelije i spermu donora ili nedonora za stvaranje embrija in vitro. Primjeri potpomognute reproduktivne tehnologije uključuju in vitro oplodnju (IVF), prijenos gameta unutar jajovoda (GIFT) i prijenos zigota unutar jajovoda (ZIFT). Ovi se postupci mogu koristiti prije predimplantacijskog genetičkog testiranja (PGT). *[[letalnost|Potpuna letalnost]] Letalnost prije reproduktivne zrelosti organizma. *[[vezani geni|Potpuna vezanost]] Geni na istom hromosomu koji se nasljeđuju zajedno jer se između njih ne događa hromatidna razmjena ([[krosingover]]). *[[Pozitivna prediktivna vrijednost]] (PPV) [[Vjerovatnoća]] da osoba s pozitivnim rezultatom testa zaista ima određeni gen i/ili bolest o kojoj je riječ. *[[kodon|Pozitivni (+) lanac]] Vidi: [[kodirajuća sekvenca]]. *[[PPV]] (pozitivna prediktivna vrijednost) Vjerovatnoća da osoba s pozitivnim rezultatom testa zaista ima određeni gen i/ili bolest o kojoj je riječ. *[[Prajmer]] Predisponirajuća (štetna) mutacija (mutacija koja uzrokuje bolest, patogena varijanta), mutacija gena za osjetljivost. Vidi: začetnica. Genetička promjena koja povećava osjetljivost ili predispoziciju osobe za određenu bolest ili poremećaj. Kada je takva varijanta (ili mutacija) naslijeđena, razvoj simptoma je vjerovatniji, ali nije siguran. *[[nadekspresija|Prekomjerna ekspresija]] (nadekspresija) Nenormalno visok nivo [[ekspresija gena]] koji rezultira prevelikim brojem kopija jednog ili više genskih proizvoda. Prekomjerna ekspresija proizvodi izraženiji [[fenotip]] povezan s [[gen]]om. *[[nositelj (genetika)|Prenositelj]] U klasičnoj genetici, osoba koja nosi jedan štetan alel za autosomno recesivni poremećaj. U kliničkim raspravama, može se odnositi na osobu koja nosi štetan alel koji je predisponira za bolest. *[[transpozon|Prenosivi element]] (transposable element – TE, transpozon ili skakajući gen) Sekvenca DNK koja može promijeniti svoju poziciju unutar [[genom]]a, ponekad stvaranje ili unazadne mutacije i mijenjanje genetičkog identiteta ćelije i [[genom]]a veličine. Transponirani elementi čine veliki dio [[genom]]a i odgovorni su za veliki dio mase DNK u eukariotskoj ćeliji. Iako su TE sebični genetički elementi, mnogi su važni u funkciji i evoluciji [[genom]]a. Transpozoni su također vrlo korisni istraživačima kao sredstvo za promjenu DNK unutar živog organizma. *[[Presimptomsko testiranje]] [[Genetičko testiranje]] koje se provodi kod osobe koja ne pokazuje simptome poremećaja, ali postoji rizik od razvoja poremećaja. *[[Pretpostavljeni gen]] Specifična nukleotidna sekvenca za koju se sumnja da je funkcionalni gen na osnovu identifikacije njenog otvorenog okvira čitanja. Za gen se kaže da je “potpostavljen” u smislu da za njegove proizvode još nije opisana nijedna funkcija. *[[Primarni transkript]] Neprocesuirana (“sirova”), jednolančana [[RNK]] molekula proizvedena transkripcijom sekvence DNK kakva postoji prije posttranskripcijskih modifikacija kao što je alternativna prerada; pretvara se u zreli RNK proizvod kao što je i[[RNK]], [[tRNK]] ili [[rRNK]]. Prekursorska iRNK ili pre-iRNK, naprimjer, tip je primarnog transkripta koji nakon obrade postaje zrela iRNK spremna za translaciju. *[[Primaza]] Enzim koji sintetizira začetnicu ([[prajmer]]). *[[genetička analiza|Pripisivi rizik]] Udio bolesti kod izloženih pojedinaca koji se može pripisati izloženosti. U kontekstu genetičkih studija, “izloženost” je učestalost specifične genetičke varijante. *[[Pristrasnost kodona]] Preferencijalna upotreba određenog kodona za kodiranje određene aminokiseline umjesto alternativnih kodona koji su sinonimi za istu aminokiselinu, o čemu svjedoče razlike između organizama u frekvencijama sinonimnih kodona koje se javljaju u njihovoj kodirajućoj DNK. Budući da je genetički kod degeneriran, većina aminokiselina može biti specificirana s više kodona. Ipak, određeni kodoni imaju tendenciju da budu previše (a drugi nedovoljno) zastupljeni u različitim vrstama. *[[Proband]] Također prospositus za muškog subjekta i prosposita za ženskog subjekta. Termin koji se koristi u medicinskoj genetici i genealogiji za označavanje određenog svojstva koje se proučava ili o kojem se izvještava. Prva osoba u porodici koja je dobila genetičko savjetovanje i/ili testiranje za sumnju na nasljedni rizik. Proband može, ali i ne mora biti zahvaćen dotičnom bolešću. *[[Penetrabilnost (genetika)|Probojnost]] Penetrabilnost se odnosi na vjerovatnoću da će se kliničko stanje pojaviti kada je prisutan određeni genotip. Za bolesti s početkom u odrasloj dobi, penetracija se obično opisuje dobi, spolom i položajem organa pojedinog nositelja. Naprimjer, penetrabilnost za rak dojke kod žena nositeljica patogenih varijanti BRCA1 često se navodi prema dobi od 50 godina i prema dobi od 70 godina. *[[genetičko savjetovanje|Proces pristanka (informirani pristanak)]] Proces razmjene informacija između kliničara i pacijenta ili njegovog zakonskog opunomoćenika osmišljen kako bi se omogućilo samostalno donošenje odluka na temelju informacija. Proces informiranog pristanka za genetičko testiranje trebao bi uključivati objašnjenje medicinskih i psihosocijalnih rizika, dobrobiti, ograničenja i mogućih implikacija genetičke analize, raspravu o privatnosti, povjerljivosti, dokumentaciji i rukovanju rezultatima genetičkog testa, kao i mogućnostima za upravljanje rizikom od nasljednih bolesti. *[[genetičko savjetovanje|Procjena rizika]] Kvantitativna ili kvalitativna procjena rizika od nošenja određene genske mutacije, ili razvoja određenog poremećaja, ili rođenja djeteta s određenim poremećajem; ponekad se radi korištenjem matematičkih ili statističkih modela koji uključuju faktore kao što su lična zdravstvena povijest, porodična medicinska povijest i etničko porijeklo. *[[Profag]] Virusna DNK ugrađena u bakterijski hromosom. *[[Profaza]] Prva faza diobe ćelije i u mitozi i u mejozi, nakon interfaze i prije prometafaze, tokom koje se DNK hromosoma kondenzira u hromatin, jedarce se raspada i formira mitotsko (diobeno) vreteno. *[[Projekt ljudskog genoma]] (HGP) Human Genome Project (HGP) bio je projekt čiji je cilj bilo utvrđivanje hemijske sekvence baznih parova koji čine ljudski genom. Uključuje međunarodna naučna istraživanja DNK, uz identifikaciju i mapiranje svih gena ljudskog genoma, s fizičkog i funkcionalnog stanovišta. Bio je i ostaje najveći svjetski kolaborativni biološki projekt. *[[Prokariot]](i) Jednoćelijski organizam bez pravog jedra. *[[Prometafaza]] Prelazna potfaza mitoze i mejoze I između profaze i metafaze (I). *[[Promotor (genetika)|Promotor]] Sekvenca ili regija DNK na kojoj započinje gen na koju se veže [[RNK-polimeraza]], obično duga 100–1000 parova baza, za koju se vežu faktori transkripcije, kako bi regrutirali RNK polimerazu u sekvencu i pokrenuli transkripciju jednog ili više gena. Promotori se nalaze uzvodno od gena koje transkribiraju, blizu mjesta početka transkripcije. *[[sekvenciranje DNK|Propusnost]] Količina informacija, ljudi ili materijala koja je stavljena kroz proces u određenom vremenskom razdoblju. U medicini se može koristiti za opisivanje učinkovitosti laboratorijskih postupaka, poput genetičkog sekvencioniranja, ili broja pacijenata pregledanih u klinici u određenom vremenskom razdoblju. *[[Protein]]: Nesinonimna supstitucija ili zamjenska mutacija Tip mutacije u kojoj supstitucija jedne nukleotidne baze drugom rezultira, nakon transkripcije i translacije, u sekvenci aminokiselina koja se razlikuje od one koju proizvodi originalni nemutirani gen. Budući da nesinonimne mutacije uvijek rezultiraju biološkom promjenom u organizmu, često su podložne jakom selekcijskom pritisku. Kontrastna sinonimna mutacija. *[[frekvencija|Nosiva frekvencija]] Udio jedinki u populaciji koje imaju jednu kopiju specifične recesivne genske varijante. Učestalost nositelja također se ponekad odnosi na prevalenciju varijanti u dominantno djelujućim genima, kao što su BRCA1 i BRCA2. Naziva se i stopa nositelja. *[[Nova mutacija]] Novootkrivena, izrazita genetička promjena; nije isto što i nova ili ''[[de novo]]'' varijanta (ili mutacija). Također se zove nova varijanta. *[[NPV]] [[Vjerovatnoća]] da osoba s negativnim rezultatom testa uistinu nije pogođena i/ili da nema određenu gensku mutaciju o kojoj je riječ. Također se naziva negativna prediktivna vrijednost *[[Nukleinska kiselina]] Dugačka, polimerna makromolekula sastavljena od manjih monomera zvanih nukleotidi koji su hemijski povezani jedan s drugim u lancu. Dva specifična tipa nukleinske kiseline, DNK i RNK, koriste se u biološkim sistemima za kodiranje genetičkih informacija koje upravljaju konstrukcijom, razvojem i uobičajenim procesima svih živih organizama. Redoslijed ili sekvenca nukleotida u molekulama DNK i RNK sadrži informacije koje se prevode u proteine za usmjeravanje svih biohemijskih reakcija neophodnih za život. Složene, dugolančane makromolekule, koje se nalaze u svim živim bićim, odgoovorne su za pohranjivanje i realizaciju genetičkog koda za bioseintezu proteina i prenošenje instrukcija o sintezi proteina sa roditelja na potomke. *[[Nukleobaza]] Organska molekula koja se sastoji isključivo od dušične baze vezane za šećer od pet ugljika (bilo ribozu ili dezoksiribozu), za razliku od nukleotida, koji dodatno uključuje jednu ili više fosfatnih grupa *[[Nukleoid]] Znači sličan jedru, nepravilno oblikovana regija unutar prokariotske ćelije koja sadrži cijeli ili većinu genetićkog materijala. Za razliku od eukariotskog jedra, nije okružen jedarnom membranom. Prstenasta dvolančana molekula DNK prokariota pakirana sa proteinima nalik histonima. *[[Nukleosom]] Osnovna građevna jedinica hromatina tj. dvolančana DNK omotana oko histonskog oktamera. *[[Nukleotid]] Gradivni element (jedinica) nukleinskih kiselina. Nukleotidi se u DNK sastoje od šećera dezoksiriboze, fosforne kiseline i neke od četiri dušične baze ([[adenin]], [[timin]], [[guanin]] ili [[citozin]]). Nukleotidi ribonukleinske kiseline sastoje se od šećera riboze, fosforne kiseline i jedno od četiri moguće dušične baze: [[adenin]], [[uracil]], [[guanin]] ili [[citozin]]; u odnosu na DNK – [[uracil]] je umjesto [[timin]]a). *[[nukleotid|Nukleotidna sekvenca]] Precizan redosled uzastopno povezanih nukleotida u molekuli nukleinske kiseline, kao što je DNK ili [[RNK]]. Duge sekvence nukleotida su glavno sredstvo pomoću kojeg biološki sistemi pohranjuju genetićke informacije, i stoga je tačna replikacija, transkripcija i translacija takvih sekvenci od najveće važnosti, da se informacije ne izgube ili pokvare. Sekvence nukleinskih kiselina mogu se ekvivalentno nazvati sekvencama dušičnih baza, nukleobaza, nukleotida ili baznih parova, i one direktno odgovaraju sekvencama kodona i aminokiselina. *[[Nukleozid]] U nukleoinskim kiselinama, šećer i baza. *[[alel|Nulti alel]] Mutacija koja rezultira ili nedostatkom genskog produkta ili odsutnošću funkcije na fenotipskoj razini. *[[NVC]] Odnosi se na genetičko svojstvo koje uključuje broj kopija određenog gena u [[genom]]u pojedinca. Genetičke varijante, uključujući insercije, delecije i duplikacije segmenata DNK, također se zajednički nazivaju CNV. CNV čine značajan udio međuindividualne genetičke varijacije. Naziva se i varijanta broja kopije. Metod u koji se koristi za razumijevanje funkcija gena analizom fenotipskih učinaka uzrokovanih inženjerstvom specifično sekvence nukleinskih kiselina unutar gena. Proces se odvija u suprotnom smjeru od od klasične genetike. Dok unaprijedna [[genetika]] nastoji pronaći genetičku osnovu za fenotip ili osobinu, reverzna genetika pokušava pronaći ono što fenotipove kontroliraju određene genetičke sekvence. *[[kodon|Oker]] Jedan od tri stop kodona koja se koriste u standardnom genetičkom kodu; u [[RNK]], određen je nukleotidnim tripletom UAA. Druga dva stop kodona se zovu amber i opal. *[[Oligonukleotid]] Relativno kratki lanac aminokiselinskih ostataka nukleinske kiseline. Oligonukleotidi se često koriste za otkrivanje prisustva većih iRNK molekula ili se sklapaju u dvodimenzijskik mikronizova za analizu sekvenci visoke propusnosti. *[[Omnibus genske ekspresije]] (GEO) [[Baza podataka]] za ekspresiju gena kojom upravlja američni Nacionalni centar za biotehnološke informacije. Ovi visokopropusni funkcionalni [[genom]]ski podaci izvedeni su iz eksperimentalnih podataka iz čipova i sekvenciranja sljedeće generacije. *[[Onkogen]] Gen koji ima potencijal da izazove rak. U tumorskim ćelijama, takvi geni su često mutirani i/ili eksprimirani na abnormalno visokim nivoima. *[[Operator (genetika)]] Sekvenca DNK operona na koju se veže represorski protein. *[[Operon]] Više gena pod zajedničkom transkripcijskom kontrolom istog promotora i operatora. *[[Osobina|Osobina, svojstvo, značajka, karakter(istika)]] Individue i grupe međusobno se biološki razlikuju po praktično beskonačnom nizu manje ili više uočljivih elemenata njihovog opisa, za koje se u bosanskom jeziku najčešće upotrebljavaju termini: osobina, svojstvo, odlika, značajka, obilježje, oznaka, karakter, karakteristika i dr. Svaka od tih komponenti opisa je, znači, opažajne prirode, tj. odabrani dio viđenja ili mjerenja stvarnog stanja organizma ili grupe. *[[Palindrom]](i) Obrnuto ponavljajuće sekvencije DNK. *[[Palindromska sekvenca]] Sekvenca nukleinske kiseline dvolančane molekule DNK ili [[RNK]] u kojoj se jednosmjerna sekvenca (npr. 5' do 3') nukleotida na jednom lancu poklapa sa sekvencom u istom smjeru (npr. 5' do 3') na komplementarnom lancu. Drugim riječima, za nukleotidnu sekvencu se kaže da je palindromska ako je jednaka njenom obrnutom komplementu. Palindromski motivi su uobičajeni u većini [[genom]]a i sposobni su za formiranje ukosnica. *[[Panmiksija]] – slučajno parenje Pojava da svaki član populacije ima jednaku šansu pariti se s bilo kojim drugim članom populacije suprotnoga spola. *[[Paracentrična inverzija]] Inverzija koja ne uključuje centromeru. *[[Paradoks C-vrijednosti]] Termin koji se koristi za opisivanje različitih pitanja u vezi sa ogromnim varijacijama jedarnoj [[C-vrijednost]]i ili veličini genoma među eukariotskim vrstama, posebno zapažanje da veličina genoma nije u korelaciji s percipiranom složenošću organizama, niti nužno s brojem gena. Naprimjer, mnogi jednoćelijski protisti imaju genome koji sadrže hiljade puta više DNK od ljudskog genoma. Ovo se smatralo paradoksalnim sve do otkrića da se eukariotski genomi uglavnom sastoje od nekodirajuće DNK, kojoj u potpunosti nedostaju geni. Fokus enigme se od tada pomjerio na razumijevanje zašto i kako su [[genom]]i postali ispunjeni sa toliko nekodirajuće DNK i zašto neki genomi imaju veći sadržaj gena od drugih. *[[Paralog]] Jedan od skupa gena (ili, uopćenije, bilo koje DNK sekvence koje pokazuju homologiju, koji su direktno povezani jedni s drugima putem jednog ili više događaja genetičke duplikacije; za takve gene ili sekvence kaže se da su paralogni. Paralozi su rezultat umnožavanja jedne sekvence unutar jednog genoma, a zatim naknadne divergencije dupliciranih sekvenci, mutacijom i prirodnom selekcijom (bilo unutar originalnog genoma, ili, tokom specijacije, u različitim genomima). Kontrastno ortolog. *[[Parazitska DNK]] Vidi: Sebični genetički element. *[[autbriding|Parenje izvan srodstva]] (engl. outbreeding) Parenje jedinki koje nisu u srodstvu. *[[inbriding|Parenje u srodstvu]] (engl. inbreeding) Parenje genetički srodnih jedinki. Patogena mutacija (varijanta) Genetička promjena koja povećava osjetljivost ili predispoziciju za određenu bolest ili poremećaj. Kada je takva varijanta (ili [[mutacija]]) naslijeđena, razvoj simptoma je vjerovatniji, ali nije siguran. Također se naziva štetna mutacija, patogena varijanta, predisponirajuća mutacija i mutacija gena za osjetljivost. *[[Patognomoničnost]] Nalazi koji su karakteristični ili obilježavajući za određenu bolest ili stanje i postavljaju dijagnozu. *[[PCR]] Postupak koji proizvodi milione kopija kratkog segmenta DNK kroz ponovljene cikluse: (1) denaturacije, (2) amplifikacije i (3) elongacije. PCR je vrlo čest postupak u molekulskom genetičkom testiranju i može se koristiti za generiranje dovoljne količine DNK za izvođenje testa (npr. amplifikacija specifična za alele, kvantifikacija ponavljanja trinukleotida). Naziva se i lančana polimerazna reakcija i lančana reakcija polimeraze. *[[PCR u realnom vremenu]] (rtPCR) Vidi: kvantitativni PCR. *[[genealoški metod|Pedigre (rodoslov, heredogram)]] Dijagram porodične povijesti koji koristi standardizirane simbole. Rodoslov pokazuje odnose između članova porodice i ukazuje na to koji članovi imaju određene genetičke patogene varijante, osobine i bolesti unutar porodice kao i vitalni status. Rodoslov se može koristiti za određivanje obrazaca nasljeđivanja bolesti u porodici. Linearni evolucijski niz koji povezuje ćeliju predaka, [[organizam]] ili vrstu sa određenom potomkom, organizmom ili vrstom, uključujući sve posredne organizme i obuhvata bilo koji broj [[generacija]]; direktna progresija reproduktivnih događaja (tj. linija porijekla) između dvije individue, uključujući vertikalno povezane jedinke, npr. roditelj(e) i potomstvo, ali obično isključujući horizontalno povezane jedinke koje same nisu direktno doprinijele genetičkom materijalu nijednoj od uključenih osoba, npr. braća i sestre. *[[Penetrabilnost (genetika)|Penetrabilnost]] Udio pojedinaca sa datim genotipom koji izražavaju povezani fenotip, obično se daje kao postotak. Zbog mnogih složenih interakcija koje upravljaju ekspresijom gena, isti alel može proizvesti uočljiv [[fenotip]] kod jedne osobe, ali ne i kod druge. Ako manje od 100% jedinki u populaciji koja nosi genotip od interesa također izražava povezani fenotip, može se reći da i genotip i fenotip pokazuju nepotpunu penetraciju. Penetracija kvantificira vjerovatnoću da će alel rezultirati ekspresijom pridruženog fenotipa u bilo kojem obliku, tj. u bilo kojoj mjeri koja čini individualnog nositelja drugačijim od individua bez alela. Uporedite ekspresivnost. *[[Penetrabilnost gena]] Izražajnost gena u fenotipu; ako se gen izražava u fenotipu svih jedinki populacije on je 100 % penetrabilan. *[[Peptid]] Kratki lanac aminokiselina; monomeri povezani kovalentnim peptidnim vezama. Peptidi su osnovni gradivni blokovi dužih polipeptidnih lanaca, a time i proteina. *[[centromera|Pericentričnost hromosoma]] Pozicionirano blizu centromere hromosoma. *[[Pericentrična inverzija]] Inverzija koja uključuje centromeru. *[[Petočlana kapa]] Vidi: 5'-kraj. *[[Pirimidin]]] Jednoprstenasti heterociklični organski spoj koji je, uz purin, jedan od dva molekula iz kojih su izvedene sve dušične baze (uključujući one koje se koriste u DNK i [[RNK]] ). [[citozin]] (C), [[timin]] (T) i [[uracil]] (U) su klasifikovani kao [[pirimidin]]i. *[[Plazmid]] Svaka mala molekula DNK koja je fizički odvojena od većeg tijela hromosomske DNK i može se replicirati nezavisno. Plazmidi se najčešće nalaze kao male, kružne, dvolančane DNK molekule u prokariotima kao što su bakterije, iako su ponekad prisutni i kod arheja i jednoćelijskih eukariota. *[[Plejotropija]] Fenomen kojim jedan gen utječe na ekspresiju dvije ili više naizgled nepovezanih fenotipskih osobina, bilo kojim od nekoliko različitih, ali potencijalno preklapajućih mehanizama. *Plejotropni učinak Sposobnost gena da izazove višestruke fenotipske učinke. *[[Ploidija]] Broj kompletnih setova hromosoma u ćeliji, a time i broj mogućih alela prisutnih u ćeliji na bilo kojem autosomnom lokusu. *[[Početni kodon]] [[Startni kodon]] je prvi kodon transkripta informacijske [[RNK]] (iRNK) prilikom translacije u ribosomu. Kod eukariota i arheja, početni kodon uvijek kodira metionin, a modificirani Met (fMet) u bakterijama, mitohondrijama i plastidima. Najčešći startni kodon je AUG (tj. ATG u odgovarajućoj sekvenci DNK). Startnom kodonu često prethodi 5'neprevedena regija (5' UTR). U prokariotima ovo uključuje mjesto vezanja ribosoma. *[[Podregulacija]] Bilo koji proces, prirodni ili veštački, koji smanjuje nivo ekspresije gena određenog gena. Termin za gen za koji je uočeno da je eksprimiran na relativno niskim nivoima (kao što je otkrivanje nižih nivoa njegovih [[iRK]] transkripata) u policistronskoj iRNK. *Pogođeni srodni par Bilo koji par [[organizam]]a koji je genetički srodan i oba zahvaćena istom osobinom. Naprimjer, dva rođaka koji oboje imaju plave oči su pogođeni srodni par jer su oboje pod utjecajem alela koji kodira plave oči. *[[Pojačivač (genetika)]] Područje DNK u blizini gena koje može biti vezano aktivatorom za povećanje ekspresije gena ili represorom za smanjenje ekspresije. *[[poliadenilacija|Poli (A) rep]] ili [[poliadenilacija]] Dodavanje serije višestrukih adenozina ribonukleotidima, poznat i kao poli(A) rep, do 3'-kraja primarnog [[RNK]] transkripta, obično [[iRNK]]. Klasa posttranskripcijskih modifikacija, poli|Poliadenilacija služi različitim svrhama u različitim tipovima ćelija i organizmima. Kod eukariota, dodavanje poli(A) repa je važan korak u procesuiranju sirovog transkripta u zrelu iRNK, spremnu za transport u citoplazmu, gdje se događa translacija; u mnogim bakterijama, poliadenilacija ima suprotnu funkciju, umjesto toga promovira degradaciju RNK. *[[Polidimerizacija]] Tip molekulske lezije uzrokovane fotohemijskim oštećenjem DNK ili [[RNK]], pri čemu izlaganje ultraljubičastom (UV) zračenju izaziva stvaranje kovalentnih veza između susjednih pirimidinskih baza u istom polinukleotidnom lancu, što zauzvrat može uzrokovati lokalne konformacijske promjene u sekundarnoj strukturi i spriječiti uparivanje baza sa suprotnim lancem. U DNK, reakcija dimerizacije se dešava između susjednih ostataka [[timin]]a i [[citozin]]a (T-T, C-C ili T-C). Može se pojaviti i između ostataka [[citozin]]a i [[uracil]]a u dvolančanoj [[RNK]]. Dimeri pirimidina se obično brzo korigiraju popravkom ekscizije nukleotida, ali nekorigirane lezije mogu inhibirati ili zaustaviti aktivnost polimeraze tokom transkripcije ili replikacije. *[[Poligen]] Više srodnih, fizički bliskih ili udaljenih, gena koji kopntroliraju isto kvantitativno svojstvo; svaki od gena u poligenskom bloku. *[[poligen|Poligensko svojstvo]] Bilo koja fenotipska osobina koja je pod direktnom kontrolom više od jednog gena. Poligenske osobine su obično kvantitativne osobine. *[[kloniranje|Polilinker]] Vidi: Višestruko kloniranje. Lančana reakcija polimeraze (PCR). *[[genetički polimorfizam|Polimorfizam]] Redovna i istovremena pojava u istoj populaciji dva ili više alela (ili genotipova ) na istom lokusu na frekvencijama koje se ne mogu objasniti samo ponavljajućom mutacijom (obično najmanje 1%), što implicira da se višestruki aleli u populaciji stabilno nasljeđuju. *[[Polipeptid]] Dugi, kontinuirani i nerazgranati polimerni lanac aminokiselina, monomeri povezani kovalentnim peptidnim vezama, obično dužim od peptida. Proteini se općenito sastoje od jednog ili više polipeptida raspoređenih na biološki funkcijskalan način. *[[Poliploid]] Organizam s tri ili više setova hromosoma. *[[Poliploidija]] (ćelije ili organizma) Prisustvo više od dvije homologne kopije svakog hromosoma. Može pojaviti kao normalno stanje hromosoma u određenim ćelijama ili čak cijelim organizmima, ili kao rezultat abnormalne diobe ćelija ili mutacije koja uzrokuje dupliciranje cijelog hromosomskog skupa. Kontrast haploidnog i diploidnog. *[[Polisom]] Također poliribosom ili ergosom. Kompleks molekula[[iRNK]] i dva ili više [[ribosom]]a koji djeluju na prevođenje transkripta iRNK u polipeptid. *[[Politeni hromosom]]i Veliki hromosomi koji imaju hiljade DNK lanaca. Imaju visok nivo funkcije u određenim tkivima kao što su pljuvačne žlijezde insekata. Formiraju se kada višestruki krugovi replikacije proizvode mnoge sestrinske hromatide koje ostaju spojene zajedno. Sada se koriste za proučavanje funkcije gena u transkripciji. *[[Popravka DNK]] Skup procesa pomoću kojih ćelija identificira i ispravlja strukturna oštećenja ili mutacije u molekulama DNK koji kodiraju njen [[genom]]. Sposobnost ćelije da popravi svoju DNK je vitalna za integritet genoma i normalnu funkcijskalnost organizma. *[[Populacijska genetika]] Potpolje genetike i evolucijske biologije koje proučava genetičke razlike unutar i između populacija organizama. *[[genetičko savjetovanje|Populacijski rizik]] Udio osoba u općoj populaciji koji su pogođeni određenim poremećajem ili koji nose određeni gen. Često se raspravlja u procesu genetičkog savjetovanja, kao usporedba s pacijentovim osobnim rizikom s obzirom na njegovu ili njezinu porodičnu povijest ili druge okolnosti. *[[Posttranskacijska modifikacija]] Ove i kotranskripcijske modifikacije su skupovi bioloških procesa zajedničkih većini eukariotskih ćelija pomoću kojih se primarni transkript [[RNK]] hemijski mijenja nakon transkripcije iz gena kako bi se proizveo zrela, funkcionalna molekula RNK, koja tada može napustiti jedro i izvesti bilo koju od različitih tipova raznih funkcija u ćeliji. Postoje mnogi tipovi posttranskripcijskih modifikacija postignutih raznovrsnom klasom molekulskih mehanizama. *[[Posttranslacijska modifikacija|Posttranskripcijska transformacija]] Vidi: [[Posttranslacijska modifikacija]] *Potpomognuta reprodukcija Postupci koji koriste jajne ćelije i spermu donora ili nedonora za stvaranje embrija ''[[in vitro]]''. Primjeri potpomognute reproduktivne tehnologije uključuju in vitro oplodnju (IVF), prijenos gameta unutar jajovoda (GIFT) i prijenos zigota unutar jajovoda (ZIFT). Ovi se postupci mogu koristiti prije predimplantacijskog genetičkog testiranja (PGT). Također se naziva ART. *[[letalnost|Potpuna letalnost]] Letalnost prije reproduktivne zrelosti organizma. *[[vezani geni|Potpuna vezanost]] Geni na istom hromosomu koji se nasljeđuju zajedno jer se između njih ne događa hromatidna izmjena (krosingover). *[[genetička konsultacija|Pozitivna prediktivna vrijednost]] [[Vjerovatnoća]] da osoba s pozitivnim rezultatom testa doista ima određeni gen i/ili bolest o kojoj je riječ. Naziva se i PPV. *[[kodon|Pozitivni (+) lanac]] Vidi: [[Kodirajuća sekvenca]] *[[PPV]] [[Vjerovatnoća]] da osoba s pozitivnim rezultatom testa doista ima određeni gen i/ili bolest o kojoj je riječ. Također se naziva pozitivna prediktivna vrijednost. *[[Prajmer]] Vidi: Začetnica *[[Predisponirajuća mutacija]] Genetička promjena koja povećava osjetljivost ili predispoziciju osobe za određenu bolest ili poremećaj. Kada je takva varijanta (ili mutacija) naslijeđena, razvoj simptoma je vjerovatniji, ali nije siguran. Također se naziva štetna mutacija, mutacija koja uzrokuje bolest, patogena varijanta i mutacija gena za osjetljivost. *[[nadekspresija|Prekomjerna ekspresija (nadekspresija)]] Nenormalno visok nivo ekspresije gena koji rezultira prevelikim brojem kopija jednog ili više genskih proizvoda. Prekomjerna ekspresija proizvodi izraženiji fenotip povezan s genom. *[[Nositelj (genetika)|Prenositelj]] U klasičnoj genetici, osoba koja nosi jedan štetan alel za autosomno recesivni poremećaj. U kliničkim raspravama, može se odnositi na osobu koja nosi štetan alel koji predisponira za bolest. *[[transpozon|Prenosivi element]] Transposable element (TE, [[transpozon]] ili skakajući gen) je sekvenca DNK koja može promijeniti svoju poziciju unutar genoma , ponekad stvaranje ili unazadne mutacije i mijenjanje genetičkog identiteta ćelije i genoma veličine . Transponirani elementi čine veliki dio genoma i odgovorni su za veliki dio mase DNK u eukariotskoj ćeliji . Iako su TE sebični genetički elementi , mnogi su važni u funkciji i evoluciji genoma. Transpozoni su također vrlo korisni istraživačima kao sredstvo za promjenu DNK unutar živog organizma. *[[genetičko testiranje|Presimptomsko testiranje]] Genetičko testiranje koje se provodi kod osobe koja ne pokazuje simptome poremećaja, ali postoji rizik od razvoja poremećaja. *[[Pretpostavljeni gen]] Specifična nukleotidna sekvenca za koju se sumnja da je funkcijskalni gen na osnovu identifikacije njenog otvorenog okvira čitanja. Za gen se kaže da je „potpostavljen“ u smislu da za njegove proizvode još nije opisana nijedna funkcija. *[[Primarni transkript]] Neprocesuirana („sirova“), jednolančana [[RNK]] molekula proizvedena transkripcijom sekvence DNK kakva postoji prije posttranskripcijskih modifikacija kao što je alternativna prerada pretvara ga u zreli RNK proizvod kao što je [[iRNK]], [[tRNK]] ili [[rRNK]]. Prekursorska iRNK ili [[pre-iRNK]], naprimjer, je tip primarnog transkripta koji nakon obrade postaje zrela iRNK spremna za translaciju. *[[Primaza]] Enzim koji sintetizira začetnicu (prajmer). *[[genetičko testiranje|Pripisivi rizik]] Udio bolesti kod izloženih pojedinaca koji se može pripisati izloženosti. U kontekstu genetičkih studija, „izloženost“ je učestalost specifične genetičke varijante. *[[Pristranost kodona]] Preferencijalna upotreba određenog kodona za kodiranje određene aminokiseline umjesto alternativnih kodona koji su sinonimi za istu aminokiselinu, o čemu svjedoče razlike između organizama u frekvencijama sinonimnih kodona koje se javljaju u njihovoj kodirajućoj DNK. Budući da je genetički kod degeneriran, većina aminokiselina može biti specificirana s više kodona. Ipak, određeni kodoni imaju tendenciju da budu previše (a drugi nedovoljno) zastupljeni u različitim vrstama. *[[Proband]] Također prospositus za muškog subjekta i prosposita za ženskog subjekta. Termin koji se koristi u medicinskoj genetici i genealogiji za označavanje određenogsvojstva koje se proučava ili o kojem se izvještava. Prva osoba u porodici koja je dobila genetičko savjetovanje i/ili testiranje za sumnju na nasljedni rizik. Proband može, ali i ne mora biti zahvaćen dotičnom bolešću. *[[penetrabilnost (genetika)|Probojnost (penetrabilnost)]] Penetrabilnost se odnosi na vjerovatnoću da će se kliničko stanje pojaviti kada je prisutan određeni genotip. Za bolesti s početkom u odrasloj dobi, penetracija se obično opisuje dobi, spolom i položajem organa pojedinog nositelja. Naprimjer, penetrabilnost za rak dojke kod žena nositeljica patogenih varijanti BRCA1 često se navodi prema dobi od 50 godina i prema dobi od 70 godina. *[[genetičko savjetovanje|Proces pristanka]] Proces razmjene informacija između kliničara i pacijenta ili njegovog zakonskog opunomoćenika osmišljen kako bi se omogućilo samostalno donošenje odluka na temelju informacija. Proces informiranog pristanka za genetičko testiranje trebao bi uključivati objašnjenje medicinskih i psihosocijalnih rizika, dobrobiti, ograničenja i mogućih implikacija genetičke analize, raspravu o privatnosti, povjerljivosti, dokumentaciji i rukovanju rezultatima genetičkog testa, kao i mogućnostima za upravljanje rizikom od nasljednih bolesti. Također se naziva informirani pristanak. *[[genetičko testiranje|Procjena rizika]] Kvantitativna ili kvalitativna procjena rizika od nošenja određene genske mutacije, ili razvoja određenog poremećaja, ili rođenja djeteta s određenim poremećajem; ponekad se radi korištenjem matematičkih ili statističkih modela koji uključuju faktore kao što su osobna zdravstvena povijest, porodična medicinska povijest i etničko porijeklo. *[[Profag]] Virusna DNK ugrađena u bakterijski hromosom. *[[Profaza]] Prva faza diobe ćelije i u mitozi i u mejozi, nakon interfaze i prije prometafaze, tokom koje se DNK hromosoma kondenzira u hromatin, jedarce se raspada i formira mitotsko (diobeno) vreteno. *[[Projekt ljudskog genoma]] (HGP) Human Genome Project: HGP bio je projekt čiji je cilj utvrđivanje hemijske sekvence baznih parova koji čine ljudski [[genom]]. Uključuje međunarodna naučna istraživanja DNK, uz identifikaciju i mapiranje svih gena ljudskog genoma, sa fizičkog i funkcijskog stanovišta. Bio je i ostaje najveći svjetski kolaborativni biološki projekt. *[[Prokariot]](i) Jednoćelijski organizam bez pravog jedra. *[[mejoza|Prometafaza]] Prelazna podfaza mitoze i mejoze I između profaze i metafaze (I). *[[Promotor (genetika)|Promotor]] Sekvenca ili regija DNK kojoj započinje gen na koju se veže RNK-polimeraza, obično duga 100-1000 parova baza, za koju se vežu faktori transkripcije, kako bi regrutirali RNK polimerazu u sekvencu i pokrenuli transkripciju jednog ili više gena. Promotori se nalaze uzvodno od gena koje transkribiraju, blizu mjesta početka transkripcije. *Propusnost Količina informacija, ljudi ili materijala koja je stavljena kroz proces u određenom vremenskom razdoblju. U medicini se može koristiti za opisivanje učinkovitosti laboratorijskih postupaka, poput genetičkog sekvencijskiranja, ili broja pacijenata pregledanih u klinici u određenom vremenskom razdoblju. *[[Protein]] Linearna polimerna makromolekula sastavljena od niza aminokiselina povezanih peptidnim vezama. Proteini provode većinu hemijskih reakcija koje se dešavaju unutar živih ćelija. *[[Proteom]] Cjelokupni skup molekula [[iRNK]] koje su prevedene u određenim [[gemom|genomima]], [[ćelija (biologija)|ćelijama]], tkivima ili vrstama u određeno vrijeme ili pod određenim uvjetima. Poput [[transkriptom]]a, često se koristi kao zamjensko sredstvo za kvantifikaciju nivoa genske ekspresije, iako transkriptom uključuje i mnoge molekule RNK koje nikada nisu prevedene. *[[Protoonkogen]]i Geni koji kontroliraju ćelijski rast i diferencijaciju. *[[divlji tip|Prototrof]] ili [[divlji tip]] Bakterijska ćelija koja raste na minimalnoj podlozi. *[[PRS]] Linearna polimerna [[makromolekula]], sastavljena od niza [[aminokiselina]] povezanih peptidnim vezama. Proteini provode većinu hemijskih reakcija koje se dešavaju unutar živih ćelija. *[[Proteom]] Cjelokupni skup molekula iRNK koje su prevedene u određenim [[genom]]ima, ćelijama, tkivima ili vrstama u određeno vrijeme ili pod određenim uvjetima. Poput transkriptoma, često se koristi kao zamjensko sredstvo za kvantifikaciju nivoa genske ekspresije, iako transkriptom uključuje i mnoge molekule RNK koje nikada nisu prevedene. *[[Protoonkogen]]i Geni koji kontroliraju ćelijski rast i diferencijaciju. Bakterijska ćelija koja raste na minimalnoj podlozi. *[[PRS]] (poligenski rezultat rizika) Procjena rizika od specifičnog stanja na temelju zajedničkog uticaja mnogih genetičkih varijanti. Može uključivati varijante povezane s genima poznate funkcije i varijante za koje nije poznato da su povezane s genima relevantnim za stanje. Također se naziva poligenski rezultat rizika. *[[pseudogen|Pseudoalel]] Bilo koji od dva ili više različitih gena ili sekvenci koji imaju isti ili sličan doprinos fenotipu, pa se stoga čini da su pravi aleli, ali zapravo nisu strukturno alelni (tj. ne zauzimaju homologne lokuse na homolognim hromosomima ). *[[Pseudoautosomna regija]] (pseudoautosomno [[nasljeđivanje]]) PAR1, PAR2 , jesu međusobno homologne sekvence nukleotida na ljudskom [[hromosom X|X]] i [[hromosom Y|Y-hromosomu]]. Pseudoautosomne regije su dobile ime jer se bilo koji gen u njima nasljeđuje kao i svi [[autosom]]ni geni. PAR1 kod ljudi obuhvata 2,6 Mbp vrhova kratkih krakova X i Y-hromosoma i ostalih velikih majmuna (X i Y imaju ukupno 155 Mbp i 59 Mbp). PAR2 je na vrhovima dugih krakova, u rasponu od 320 kbp. *[[Pseudogen]] Nefunkcionalna sekvenca DNK koja podsjeća na funkcionalni gen. Pseudogeni su tipski suvišne kopije funkcijskalnihfunkcionalnih gena koji su duplicirani prirodnim procesima, osim što nemaju regulatorne sekvence neophodne za pravilnu transkripciju ili translaciju ili sadrže druge defekte kao što su mutacije pomaka okvira, preuranjeni [[stop kodon]]i ili nedostajući introni. Sekvenca DNK koja nalikuje genu, ali je mutirana u neaktivan oblik tokom evolucije. Često mu nedostaju introni i druge bitne sekvence DNK potrebne za funkcijskiranje.funkcioniranje. Iako su genetički slični izvornom funkcionalnom genu, pseudogeni ne rezultiraju funkcijskalnimfunkcionalnim proteinima, iako neki mogu imati regulatorne učinke. *[[Pseudopoliploidija]] Stanje u kojem je broj hromosoma u hromosomskom skupu udvostručen (ili utrostručen, itd.), ali bez odgovarajućeg povećanja stvarne količine genetičkog materijala (tj. nivoa ploidnosti). Ovo se događa kada se hromosomi normalnog hromosomskog komplementa (npr. diploidi) fragmentiraju na manje komade, povećavajući ukupan broj pojedinačnih hromosoma, ali ne stvarajući dodatne homologne kopije tih hromosoma (tako da ćelija ostaje diploidna). Bilo koji brojčani odnos između hromosomskih skupova u grupama srodnih organizama koji sugeriše da su neki od tih organizama poliploidi drugih, a zapravo nisu. *[[Punnettov kvadrat]] (Panetov kvadrat) Tabelarni dijagram koji se koristi za predviđanje mogućih [[genotip]]ova [[fenotip]]ova koje može naslijediti potomstvo određenog križanja ili uzgojnog eksperimenta sumiranjem svih različitih kombinacija majčinih s očevim alelima. Rezultirajuća tabela se zatim može koristiti za određivanje vjerovatnoće da će potomstvo imati određeni [[genotip]]. Korisnost Punnettovih kvadrata ograničena je na diskretne fenotipove naslijeđene prema jednostavnim mendelovskim obrascima. *[[Purin]] Dvoprstenasti heterociklični organski spoj koji je, uz pirimidin, jedna od dvije molekule iz kojih su izvedene sve dušične baze (uključujući i one koje se koriste u DNK i RNK ). Kao purini klasifikuju se [[adenin]] (A) i [[guanin]] (G). ==Q== *[[qPCR]] Također PCR u realnom vremenu (rtPCR). ==R== *[[genetički marker|RAD]] DNK markeri povezani sas restrikcijskim mjestom; tip genetičkih markera koj u asocijacijskom mapiranju, QTL miranju, populacijskogenetičkim, ekogenetičkim i evolucijskim istraživanjima. *[[RAPD]] Nasumična amplifikacija polimorfne DNK (engleski: (engl. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA/ / čita se "rapid") jest vid PCR reakcije u kojoj su umnožavajući segmenti DNK slučajni. Za RAPD proceduru stvara se nekoliko proizvoljnih, kratkih prajmera (začetnica), sas 8-–12 nukleotida, a zatim se nastavlja [[PCR]] procesuiranje koristeći veliki predložak [[genom]]ske DNK, očekujući amplifikaciju fragmenta. Na završetku obrade nastalih uzoraka iz RAPD reakcije, mogu se prikupiti polujedinstveni profili. *[[Rasa]] Nepriznata taksonomska kategorija pod kojom se podrazumijevaju populacije karakterističnog genetičkog sastava, koje se po njemu prepoznatljivo razlikuju od ostalih istovjernoi definiranih populacija. Uporedi sa [[sorta (botanika)|sorta]]. *[[Rastvorljiva RNK]] (sRNK) Vidi: Transportnatransportna RNK. *[[Razmnožavanje]] – reprodukcija Prokreacija ili propagacija je biološki proces u kojem roditeljske jedinke stvaraju potomstvo. Razmnožavanje je fundamentalno svojstvo sistema koji su poznati kao život. Ukratko, razmnožavanje je jedna od temeljnih diferencijalnih odrednica između žive i nežive supstance. Iako neki kristali također imaju sposobnost umnožavanja, za razliku od njih, živa bića ostvaruju samoobnovljivo i samoregulatorno autonomno potomstvo. Tako ostvaruju međugeneracijski genetički kontinuitet pripadajuće vrste. Svaki pojedinačni organizam postoji kao rezultat razmnožavanja. Postoje dva oblika reprodukcije: spolni (seksualni) i bespolni (aseksualni). *[[Recesivna letalnost]] Letalnost samo kod homozigotnog genotipa. *[[Recipročna balansirana translokacija]] Translokacija bez delecije ili adicije genetičkog materijala. *[[Recipročna nebalansirana translokacija]] Translokacija koja uzrokuje delecije ili adicije genetičkog materijala. *[[Recipročna translokacija]] Razmjenjivanje hromosomskih segmenata dva nehomologna hromosoma. *[[Regulacija gena]] Širok spektar mehanizama koje ćelije koriste ćelije za povećanje ili smanjenje proizvodnje ili ekspresije specifičnih genskih proizvoda, kao što su RNK ili proteini. Regulacija gena povećava svestranost i prilagodljivost organizma dopuštajući njegovim ćelijama da eksprimiraju različite genske proizvode kada to zahtijevaju promjene u njegovom okruženju. Kod višećelijskih organizama, regulacija ekspresije gena također pokreće ćelijsku diferencijaciju i morfogenezu u embriju, omogućavajući stvaranje raznolikog niza tipova ćelija iz istog [[genom]]a. *[[Rekombinantna DNK]] (rDNK) Molekule [[DNK]] koje su nastale primjenom laboratorijskih metoda genetičke rekombinacije genetičke rekombinacije (kao što je molekulsko kloniranje) molekulsko kloniranje) koje omogućavaju da se (genetičkim inženjerstvom) prikupi genetički materijal iz više izvora, stvarajući sekvence sekvence koje se inače ne bi mogle naći u biološkim organizmima. *[[generička rekombinacija|Rekombinantni vektor]] Vektor sas ugrađenom stranom DNK. *[[Repetitivna sekvenca]] Bilo koja ponavljajuća sekvenca nukleotida ili aminokiselina za koju se znaazna ili se pretpostavlja da je biološki značajna. Kod nukleinskih kiselina, motivi sekvenci su često kratki (tri do deset nukleotida dužine), visoko konzervirane sekvence koje se koriste kao mjesta prepoznavanja za enzime koji se vezuju za DNK ili RNK uključene u regulaciju ekspresije gena. *[[Replikacija DNK]] (autoreplikacija) Proces u kojem od jedne molekule DNK nastanu dvije, sa s identičnim redoslijedom dušičnih baza kao u početnoj molekuli. U ovoj enzimski kataliziranoj reakciji u polulanci DNK prvo se rastave, pa onda svaki od lanaca dogradi nedostajući komplementarni polulanac. *[[Replikacija RNK]] Proces kojim se određene biološke molekule, posebno nukleinske kiseline DNK i RNK, proizvode sopstvene kopije. Tehnika koja se koristi za procjenu tehničkih i bioloških varijacija u eksperimentima za statističku analizu podataka mikromreža. Replikacije mogu biti tehničke replike, kao što su zamjene broja ili ponovljene hibridizacije sekvence, ili biološke replike; biološki uzorci iz odvojenih eksperimenata koji testiraju efekte istih eksperimentalnih tretmana. *[[Replikacijska viljuška]] Struktura koja se formira unutar dugačke spiralne DNK tokom njene replikacije. Stvaraju se helikaze, koje razbijaju vodikove veze koje drže dva lanca DNK zajedno u spirali. Rezultirajuća struktura ima dva granasta zupca, od kojih je svaki sastavljen od po jednog lanca DNK. Ova dva lanca služe kao predložak za vodeći i zaostali lanac, koji će se stvoriti (kako DNK polimeraza uskladi) komplementarne nukleotide sa šablonima. Šabloni se mogu ispravno nazvati predloškom vodećih niti i šablonom zaostalih niti. *[[Replikon]] Bilo koja molekula ili regija DNK ili RNK koji se replicira iz jednog izvora replikacije. *[[Reporterski gen]] Reporterski gen (često jednostavno reporter) je gen koji istraživači vezuju za regulatornu sekvencu drugog gena od interesa za bakterije, ćelijsku kulturu, životinje ili biljke. Takvi geni se nazivaju reporterima jer se karakteristike koje daju organizmima koji ih eksprimiraju mogu lako identificirati i mjeriti ili zato što su markeri koji se mogu odabrati. Restrikcijske endonukleaze Enzimi koje bakterijska ćelija koristi za razgradnju strane DNK (virusna DNK); prepoznaju restrikcijsko mjesto i cijepaju dvolančanu DNK; koriste se u genetičkom inženjerstvu. *[[Restriktom]] Bilo koji fragment DNK koji je rezultat rezanja lanca DNK restrikcijskim enzimom, na jednom ili više restrikcijskih mjesta. *[[Retrotranspozon]]i ili [[transpozon|pokretni genetički elementi]] DNK sekvence koje se premještaju iz jednog mjesta u genomu na drugo preko RNK-intermedijara: DNK se kopira u RNK, a RNK se reverznom transkripcijom uz pomoć enzima reverzne transkriptaze kopira u DNK koja se ugrađuje na drugo mjesto u genomu (mehanizam copy/ / paste)). *[[Reverzna mutacija]] Mutacija koja preokreće učinak prethodne mutacije koja je inaktivirala gen, čime se vraća funkcija divljeg tipa. *Rezultat poligenskog rizika (PRS) Procjena rizika od specifičnog stanja na temelju zajedničkog uticaja mnogih genetičkih varijanti. To može uključivati varijante povezane s genima poznate funkcije i varijante za koje nije poznato da su Povezanepovezane s relevantnim genima za dato stanje. *[[RFLP]] Polimorfizam dužine restrikcijskih fragmenata (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism), u molekulskoj biologiji, predstavlja varijaciju u homolognim sekvencama DNK. Odnosi se na polimorfizam uzoraka homolognih DNK molekula iz različitih restrikcijskih lokacija, a koje se dobiju primjenom laboratorijske tehnike koja omogućuje njihovu identifikaciju. *[[RFLP|RFLP ograničenje]] Mapa ili dijagram poznatih restrikcijskih mjesta unutar poznate sekvence DNK, kao što je [[plazmid]]ni vektor, dobijen sistematskim izlaganjem sekvence različitim restrikcijskim enzimima, a zatim poređenjem dužina rezultujućih fragmenata, tehnika poznata kao restrikcijsko mapiranje. takođerTakođer prepoznavanje ograničenja na licu mjesta. Kratka, specifična sekvenca nukleotida (obično 4 do 8 baza dužine) koju pouzdano prepoznaje određeni restrikcijski enzim. Budući da se restrikcijski enzimi obično vežu kao homodimeri, restrikcijska mjesta su općenito palindromske sekvence koje obuhvataju oba lanca dvolančane molekule DNK. Restrikcijske endonukleaze cijepaju fosfatnu kičmu između dva nukleotida unutar same prepoznate sekvence, ali drugi tipovi restrikcijskih enzima prave svoje rezove na jednom kraju sekvence ili na obližnjoj sekvenci. *[[Ribonukleinska kiselina]] (RNK) Jednostruko spiralna makromolekula, građena od nukleotida. Sastoji se od šećera riboze, fosforne kiseline i jedne od četiri dušične baze ([[adenin]], [[uracil]], [[guanin]] ili [[citozin]]). Na nju se prepisuje genetička informacija sas DNK u procesu zvanom transkripcija. Poslije se ta šifra na RNK prevodi na jezik aminokiselinskog sastava proteina u procesu zvanom translacija. Grupe dušičnih (heterocikličnih) baza u RNK su šifre za uspostavljanje sekvence aminokiselina, molekula od kojih su sačinjeni proteini. Postoji nekoliko različitih tipova RNK, poput informacijske RNK (iRNK), transportne RNK (tRNK) i ribosomske RNK (rRNK). Svaki od njih ima posebnu funkciju u ćeliji. Ribonukleinska kiselina (RNK) je biološki važan tip molekula koje imaju značajnu ulogu u kodiranju, dekodiranju, regulaciji i ekspresiji gena. RNK i DNK predstavljaju dva tipa nukleinskih kiselina, koje sa s proteinima spadaju u esencijalne makromolekule svih živih bića. Kao i DNK, molekule RNK se sastoje od dugih kovalentno vezanih jedinica – nukleotida, s tim što su RNK molekule najčešće jednolančane. Za razliku od DNK, RNK se češće nalazi kao jedan lanac presavijen sam na samu sebe, a ne upareni dvostruki lanac. Različiti ntipovitipovi RNK molekula služe u širokom spektru bitnih bioloških uloga, uključujući kodiranje, dekodiranje, regulaciju i ekspresiju geni gena, kao i funkcijskiranjefunkcioniranje kao signalne molekule i, u određenim virusnim genomima, kao primarni genetički materijal. *[[Ribosom]] Ćelijske prganele – strukutre organele – strukture kojima se odvija biosinteza proteina. Molekulski kompleks koji služi kao mjesto sinteze proteina. Ribosomi se sastoje od dvije podjedinice (mala podjedinica, koja čita poruke kodirane u molekulama iRNK, i velika podjedinica, koja povezuje aminokiseline u nizu kako bi formirala polipeptidni lanac), od kojih se svaka sastoji od jednog ili više lanaca ribosomske RNK i raznih ribosomskih proteina. *[[nasljeđivanje|Rizik od ponavljanja]] Vjerovatnoća da će se nasljedna osobina ili poremećaj prisutan kod jednog člana oporodiceporodice ponovno pojaviti kod drugih članova. Ovo se razlikuje od rizika od recidiva raka, što je šansa da će se rak koji je liječen ponovno pojaviti. *[[RNK]] Vidi: Ribonukleinskaribonukleinska kiselina *[[RNK-polimeraza]] Glavni enzim transkripcije. *[[RNK-polimeraza I]] *[[RNK-polimeraza II]] *[[RNK-procesuiranje]] [[Posttranslacijska modifikacija]] [[primarni transkript|primarnog transkripta]] koja uključuje RNK-prekrajanje (engl. RNA-splicing) i zaštićivanje krajeva iRNK. *[[RNKi]] skraćeno RNKP ili RNKpol Bilo koji od klase enzima koji sintetizira RNK molekule iz DNK šablona. RNK polimeraze su neophodne za transkripciju i nalaze se u svim živim organizmima i mnogim virusima. Grade dugačke jednolančane polimere zvane transkripti, dodavanjem ribonukleotida jedan po jedan u smjeru 5' -do- 3', oslanjajući se na šablon koji obezbjeđuje komplementarni lanac za vjernu transkripciju nukleotidne sekvence. *[[hromosomska translokacija|ROB]] Tip hromosomske translokacije kojom se dvostruki lanac prekida na centromeru ili blizu centromera dvanjega. Dva akrocentrična hromosomi hromosoma uzrokuju recipročnu razmjenu segmenata koja dovodi do jednog velikog metacentričnog hromosoma (sastavljenog od dugih krakova) i jednog ekstremno malog hromosoma (sastavljenog od kratkih krakova ), od kojih se potonji često kasnije gubi iz ćelije sas malim efektom jer sadrži vrlo malo gena. Rezultirajući kariotip pokazuje jedan manje od očekivanog ukupnog broja hromosoma, jer su se dva prethodno različita hromosoma u suštini spojila. Nositelji robertsonovske translokacije općenito nisu povezani s bilo kakvim fenotipskim abnormalnostima, ali imaju povećan rizik od stvaranja mejotski neuravnoteženih gameta. *[[Robertsonovska translokacija]] Dva akrocentrična hromosoma recipročnom translokacijom dužih krakova (q) daju jedan metacentrični hromosom. *[[porodica|Rodbina]] Proširena porodica. Rođak prvog stupnjastepena (FDR) Roditelj, brat ili sestra ili dijete pojedinca. Također se zove FDR. *[[rRNK]] Ribosomska ribonukleinska kiselina (rRNK) je tip nekodirajuće RNK koja je primarna komponenta ribosoma, neophodna za sve ćelije. rRNK je ribozim koji vrši sintezu proteina u ribosomima. Transkribuje se iz ribosomske DNK (rDNK) i zatim vezuje za ribosomske proteine da bi formirala male i velike podjedinice *[[Replikacija RNK]] Proces kojim se određene biološke molekule, posebno nukleinske kiseline DNK i RNK, proizvode sopstvene kopije. Tehnika koja se koristi za procjenu tehničkih i bioloških varijacija u eksperimentima za statističku analizu podataka mikromreža. Replikacije mogu biti tehničke replike, kao što su zamjene broja ili ponovljene hibridizacije sekvence, ili biološke replike; biološki uzorci iz odvojenih eksperimenata koji testiraju efekte istih eksperimentalnih tretmana [[ribosom]]a. ==S== *Sadržaj [[guanin]]a-[[citozin]]a Također skraćeno ([[GC-sadržaj]].) Udio dušičnih baza u nukleinskoj kiselini koje su ili [[guanin]] (G) ili [[citozin]] (C), obično izražen kao postotak. Molekule DNK i RNK sas većim GC-sadržajem općenito su termostabilnije od onih sas nižim GC-sadržajem zbog molekulskih interakcija do kojih dolazi tokom slaganja baza. *[[Samoinkompatibilnost]] (autosterilnost) Oblik genske kontrole samooplodnje kod biljaka. *[[Sangerovsko sekvenciranje]] Metod sekvenciranja DNK zasnovanzasnovana na ''[[in vitro]]'' replikaciji sekvence šablona DNK, tokom koje se didezoksinukleotidi koji završavaju lanac, označeni fluorohromom, nasumično ugrađuju u produžujući lanac. Rezultirajući fragmenti se zatim sortiraju po veličini pomoću elektroforeze, a određeni fluorohrom koji završava svaki od po veličini sortiranih fragmenata se detektuje se laserskom hromatografijom, otkrivajući tako sekvencu originalnog DNK šablona preko redosledaredoslijeda fluorohromnih oznaka kako se čita iz malih od fragmenata veličine do velikih fragmenata. Iako je sangerovsko sekvenciranje u nekim kontekstima zamijenjeno metodimametodama sljedeće generacije, i dalje je široko korišteno zbog sposobnosti da proizvede relativno dugačka očitavanja sekvence (500+ nukleotida ) i vrlo niske stope greške. *[[SCNT]] Metod molekulske biologije koji se koristi za otkrivanje specifične sekvence u uzorcima DNK. Tehnika kombinuje odvajanje fragmenata DNK gel elektroforezom, transfer DNK na sintetsku membranu i naknadnu identifikaciju ciljnih fragmenata radio-obilježenimradioobilježenim ili fluorescentnim hibridizacijskim sondama. *[[scRNK]] [[iRNK]] (snRNK) nRNK . Vidi: [[mala jedarna RNK]]. *[[mala jedarna RNK|Sebični genetički element]] Povijesno također zvani sebičnimsebični geni, ultra-sebičnimultrasebični geni, sebična DNK, parazitska DNK i [[genom]]ska odmetnica, su genetički su segmenti koji mogu poboljšati vlastiti prijenos na račun drugih gena u [[genom]]u, čak i ako oni nemaju pozitivan ili neto negativan efekat na kondiciju organizma. [[genom]]i se tradicijskitradicionalno posmatraju kao kohezivne jedinice, pri čemu geni djeluju zajedno kako bi poboljšali adaptivnu vrijednost organizma. Međutim, kada geni imaju određenu kontrolu nad vlastitim prijenosom, pravila se mogu promijeniti, pa su, kao i sve društvene grupe, genomi ranjivi na sebično ponašanje svojih dijelova. *[[Sekvenciranje DNK|Sekvenciranje]] Određivanje redoslijeda baza [[adenin]]a, [[timin]]a, [[guanin]]a i [[citozin]]a, pomoću određenih tehnika, u cijelom genomu nekog organizma ili u samo jednom njegovom dijelu. Također, određivanje sekvenci aminokiselina u proteinima ili sastavnica ostalih složenih biomolekula. *[[WXS|Sekvenciranje cijelog]] [[egzom]]a ([[WES]], WXS) Laboratorijski postupak koji se koristi za određivanje nukleotidne sekvence primarno egzonskih (ili proteinski kodiranih) regija genoma osoba i srodnih sekvenci, što predstavlja približno 1% cjelokupne sekvence DNK. Također se naziva WES i WXS. *[[GWAS|Sekvenciranje cijelog genoma]] (GWAS, WGS) Laboratorijski postupak koji se koristi za određivanje gotovo svih od približno tri milijarde nukleotida kompletne individualne sekvence DNK, uključujući nekodirajuću sekvencu. Naziva se i WGS. *[[Sekvenciranje DNK]] Proces određivanja, bilo kojom od niza različitih metoda i tehnologija, redoslijeda baza u dugom lancu nukleotida koji čini sekvencu DNK. *[[Sekvenciranje naredne generacije]] (masivno paralelno sekvenciranje, NGS) Metod visoke propusnosti koja se koristi za određivanje dijela nukleotidne sekvence individualnog [[genom]]a. Ova tehnika koristi tehnologije sekvenciranja DNK koje mogu paralelno obraditi više sekvenci DNK. Također se naziva masivno paralelno sekvenciranje i NGS. *[[Sekvenciranje tumorske DNK]] Sekvenciranje somatskog tkiva, poput tumora, odnosi se na traženje varijanti u DNK koje se obično javljaju nakon začeća. Somatske mutacije mogu se pojaviti u bilo kojoj tjelesnoj ćeliji osim u zametnim ćelijama (spermatozoidu i jajnoj ćeliji) i stoga se ne prenose na djecu. Ove varijante mogu (ali ne uvijek) uzrokovati rak ili druge bolesti. *[[mitohondrija|Semiautonomne organele]] Organele sas DNK (mitohondriji i hloroplasti) koje ne mogu samostalno živjeti izvan eukariotske ćelije. *[[Semikonzervativna replikacija DNK]] Dva roditeljska polulanca DNK se odvajaju i svaki služi kao kalup za sintezu novog komplementarnog lanca. *[[Sestrinske hromatide]] Par identičnih kopija (hromatida) nastalih kao rezultat replikacije DNK hromosoma, posebno kada su obje kopije spojene zajedničkom centromerom; par sestrinskih hromatida naziva se dijada. Dvije sestrinske hromatide su na kraju odvojene jedna od druge u dvije različite ćelije tokom mitoze ili mejoze. Identične podjedinice hromosoma prije anafaze mitoze ili anafaze II mejoze, nastaju semikonzervativnom replikacijom u S-fazi, imaju zajedničku centromeru. *[[oligonukleotid|Set-sonda]] Kolekcija od dvije ili više sondi dizajniranih za mjerenje jednog tipa molekula, kao što je kolekcija [[oligonukleotid]]a [[dizaj]]niranih da se hibridiziraju s različitim dijelovima transkripta iRNK generiranih iz jednog gena. *[[SFP]] Jednoosobinski polimorfizmi (eng. (engl. Single Feature Polymorphism), polimorfne sekvence DNK koje se odnose na varijaciju jednog svojstva. Vrijedni su genetički markeri koji potencijalno nude neposrednije fizičke veze ka samim strukturama gena. Međutim, većina aktulelnihaktuelnih SFP predikcijskih metoda su razvijene su za sekvenciranjemsekvenciranje DNK proučavanih vrsta, iako su posebno pogodnipogodne za vrste sa složenim i nesekvenciranim [[genom]]ima. *[[transpozon|Skakanje gena]] Vidi: [[transpozon|Prenosivi element]]. *[[heterozigot|Složena heterozigotnost]] Prisustvo dva različita mutirana alela na određenom lokusu gena. *[[penetrabilnost (genetika)|Smanjena (nepotpuna) penetrabilnost]] Penetracija se odnosi na vjerojatnostvjerovatnoću da će se kliničko stanje pojaviti kada je prisutan određeni genotip. Za stanje se kaže da pokazuje nepotpunu penetraciju kada neki nositelji patogene varijante ispoljavaju povezano svojstvo, dok drugi ne. Također se naziva nepotpuna penetrabilnost. *[[Smislenost (genetika)|Smislenost]] U molekulskoj biologiji i genetici, odnosi se na molekule nukleinskih kiselina, posebno lanaca DNK ili RNK i prirodu uloga lanaca i njihove komplementarnosti u određivanju sekvenci aminokiselina. Ovisno o kontekstuU molekulskoj biologiji i genetici, odnosi se na molekule nukleinskih kiselina, posebno lanaca DNK ili RNK i prirodu uloga lanaca i njihove komplementarnosti u određivanju sekvenci aminokiselina. Zavisno od konteksta, smislenost može imati nešto različita značenja. Naprimjer, DNK je pozitivno smislena ako se RNK verzija iste sekvence prepiše ili prevede u protein, negativna ako nije. SNP (engl. single nucleotide polymorphism) Jednonukleotidni polimorfizam koji je posljedica supstitucije; tačkasta mutacija. *[[SNP|SNP-označavanje]] [[Jednonukleotidni polimorfizam]] (SNP), koji se koristi za označavanje određenog haplotipa u regiji [[genom]]a. Kao podskup svih SNP-ova u genomu, označavanje SNP-ova može biti iznimno korisno za testiranje povezanosti markerskih lokusa s lokusom kvalitativne ili kvantitativne osobine. Somatska (mitotska) hromatidna izmjena Hromatidna izmjena u somatskim ćelijama tokom mitoze. *[[Somatska ćelija]] Bilo koja biološka ćelija koja formira tijelo organizma, ili, u višećelijskim organizmima, bilo koja ćelija osim gameta, zametne ćelije ili nediferencirane matične ćelije. Somatske ćelije se teorjskiteorijski razlikuju od ćelija zametne linije, što znači da se mutacije kojima su podvrgnute nikada ne mogu prenijeti na potomke organizma, iako u praksi postoje izuzeci. Tjelesne ćelije (diploidne, 2n) ). *[[Sonda]] Reagens koji se koristi za jedno mjerenje u eksperimentu ekspresije gena. Uporedite reporter. *[[Sorta (botanika)|Sorta]] Biljni ili mikrobni organizmi sas dosljednim, predvidljivim i replicirjućimreplicirajućim osobinama u potomstvu koje su rezultat parenja bilo koja dva čistolinijska roditelja kojikoja pripadaju istojistom kultivaru ili varijetetu (a ne osobine drugih varijeteta koje su možda ranije ukrštane u lozu). Kod životinja, takve grupe organizama označavaju se kao rase. *[[SOS-odgovor]] Globalni odgovor na oštećenje DNK u kojem se zaustavlja ćelijski ciklus i inducira se popravak DNK i mutageneza. Sistem uključuje RecA protein (Rad51 kod eukariota). RecA protein, stimuliran jednolančanom DNK, uključen je u inaktivaciju represora (LexA) gena SOS odgovora i na taj način inducira odgovor. To je sistem popravke sklon greškama koji značajno doprinosi promjenama DNK uočenim u širokom spektru vrsta. *[[Specijacija]] Proces nastanka nove vrste. *[[DNK|Spojna DNK]] Bilo koja DNK sekvenca za koju se čini da nema poznatu biološku funkciju, ili koja služi svrsi koja nema pozitivan ili neto negativan učinak na sposobnost genoma u kojem se nalazi. Termin je još jednom bio šire korišten za označavanje svih nekodirajućih DNK, za koje je kasnije otkriveno da ih većina ima funkciju. U modernoj upotrebi tipski se odnosi na slomljene ili zaostale sekvence i sebične genetičke elemente, uključujući introne, pseudogene, intergensku DNK i fragmente [[transpozon]]a i [[retrovirus]]a, koji zajedno čine veliki dio [[genom]]a većine [[eukariot]]a. Uprkos tome što ne doprinose produktivno organizmu domaćina, ove sekvence mogu opstati neograničeno u genomima, jer su nedostaci njihovog nastavka kopiranja premali da bi na njih djelovala [[prirodna selekcija]]. *[[Spolni hromosom]]i Hromosomi sa spolno- determinirajućim genima. *[[Spolno ograničeno svojstvo]] Svojstvo koje se pojavljuje kod samo jednoga od dvaju spolova. *[[reverzija soila|Spolno-reverzne osobe]] XX muškarci koji na X-hromosomu imaju gen Sry i XY žene koje na Y-hromosomu nemaju gen [[SRY]]. *[[spolno uvjetovano nasljeđivanje|Spolno uvjetovano svojstvo]] Svojstva čija je ekspresija alela koji su na autosomima uvjetovana spolom nositelja. *[[Spolno-vezano nasljeđivanje]] Nasljeđivanje gena na X-hromosomu (X-vezano nasljeđivanje). *[[spolno vezani geni|Spolno vezano svojstvo]] Kao i spolno vezano nasljeđivanje, to su termini koji se, u najširem smislu, odnose na pojavu da ispoljavanje određenih individualnih svojstava kontroliraju geni koji su smješteni na spolnim hromosomima. Pri tome se – u najužem smislu – u tom okviru osobine obično diferenciraju u: parcijalno (nekompletno) i kompletno spolno vezane. Parcijalno spolno vezani geni nalaze se na homologimhomolognim segmentima X hromosoma i Y hromosoma, pa je apriorna vjerovatnoća pojave rekombinacija u heterosomalnim i autosomalnim hromosomima (teorijski) podjednaka. Stvarna frekvencija hijazmi između X i Y gonosoma je, ipak, relativno niska jer su njihovi homologihomologni segmenti sasvim kratki. *Srodnik trećeg koljena Vidi: [[TOR]] *[[SSB]] Gubitak kontinuiteta fosfatno-šećerne kičme u jednom lancu DNK dupleksa. *[[ssDNK]] Bilo koja molekula DNK kojekoja se sastoji od jednog nukleotidnog polimera, ili lanca, za razliku od para komplementarnih lanaca koji se drže zajedno vodikovim vezama ( dvolančana DNK). U većini slučajeva, DNK je stabilnija i češća u dvolančanom obliku, ali visoke temperature, niske koncentracije rastvorenih soli i vrlo visok ili nizak pH mogu uzrokovati razlaganje dvolančanih molekula u dvije jednolančane molekule, u procesu poznatom kao „“topljenje“;”; ovu reakciju koriste prirodni enzimi kao što su oni koji su uključeni u replikaciju DNK, kao i laboratorijske tehnike kao što je lančana reakcija polimeraze *[[SSLP]] Polimorfizam dužine jednostavne sekvence ( (engl. Simple Sequence Lenght Polimorphism) koristi se kao genetički marker, uz primjenu lančane polimerazne reakcije (PCR). SSLP je oblik polimorfizma, koji se ispoljava kao razlika u dužini DNK sekvenci među jedinkama. SSLP se su ponavljajuće sekvence po različitim dužinama u intergenenskimintergenskim regijama dezoksiribonukleinske kiseline (DNK). Varijanse u dužini SSLP mogu se koristiti za razumijevanje genetičke varijanse između dvije jedinke određene vrste. *Standardni [[genetički kod]] Genetički kod velike većine živih organizama za prevođenje sekvence nukleinskih kiselina u proteine. U ovom sistemu, od 64 moguće permutacije troslovnih kodona koji se mogu napraviti od četiri nukleotida, 61 kodira jednu od 20 aminokiselina, a preostale tri kodiraju stop signale. Naprimjer, [[kodon]] CAG kodira aminokiselinu [[glutamin]], a kodon TAA je [[stop kodon]]. Standardni genetički kod je opisan kao degenerisan ili suvišan jer jednu aminokiselinu može kodirati više od jednog kodona. To je prvi kodon preveden [[ribosom]]om iz zrelog transkripta iRNK, koji se koristi kao signal za iniciranje sinteze proteina. U standardnom genetičkom kodu, početni kodon uvijek kodira istu aminokiselinu, [[metionin]], kod eukariota i za modificirani metionin kod prokariota. Najčešći startni kodon je [[triplet]] AUG. KontrastniKontrast je stop kodon. *[[Statistička genetika]] Grana genetike koja se bavi razvojem statističkih metoda za izvlačenje zaključaka iz genetičkih podataka. Teorije i metodologije statističke genetike često podržavaju istraživanja u kvantitativnoj genetici, genetičkoj epidemiologiji i bioinformatici. *[[frekvencija|Stopa prenositelja]] (noseća frekvencija) Udio jedinki u populaciji koje imaju jednu kopiju specifične recesivne genetičke varijante. Stopa nosivosti također se ponekad odnosi na prevalenciju varijanti u dominantno djelujućim genima, kao što su BRCA1 i BRCA2. Naziva se i noseća frekvencija. *[[Studija neinferiornosti]] Istraživačka studija koja je osmišljena kako bi se utvrdilo nije li jedna intervencija gora od druge kontrolne intervencije za unaprijed određenu granicu. Intervencija koja daje rezultate koji su jednaki ili bolji od kontrolne intervencije smatra se neinferiornom u odnosu na kontrolnu intervenciju. Studije neinferiornosti često se provode kako bi se ispitalo nije li novi, eksperimentalni tretman lošiji od utvrđenog standarda opskrbe. *[[smrtnost|Subletalnost]] Pojava da do letalnosti dolazi nakon reprodukcije. *[[Supstitucija nukleotida]] Zamjena jednog nukleotida drugim u molekuli DNK. *[[SUV]] (neklasificirana varijanta, varijanta nesigurnog značaja, varijanta nepoznatog značaja) Varijacija u genetičkoj sekvenci za koju je nejasna povezanost s rizikom od bolesti. Također se naziva neklasificirana varijanta, varijanta nesigurnog značaja i varijanta nepoznatog značaja. *[[Suvišni gen]]i Različiti geni koji utječuutiču na isto svojstvo na isti način. ==Š== [[Štetna mutacija]] [[Mutacija]] koja uzrokuje bolest, patogena varijanta, predisponirajuća mutacija, mutacija gena za osjetljivost Genetička promjena koja povećava osjetljivost ili predispoziciju za određenu bolest ili poremećaj. Kada je takva varijanta (ili mutacija) naslijeđena, razvoj simptoma je vjerobatniji, ali nije siguran. Također se naziva mutacija koja uzrokuje bolest, patogena varijanta, predisponirajuća mutacija i mutacija gena za osjetljivostvjerovatniji, ali nije siguran. ==T== *[[Tačkasta mutacija]] Mutacija kojom se jedna nukleotidna baza mijenja, ubacuje ili briše iz sekvence DNK ili RNK. *[[Tačkasta-nonsens mutacija]] Tačkaste mutacijeTačkasta mutacija koja rezultira preranim stop kodonom u transkribiranom transkribiranoj iRNK sekvencomsekvenci, uzrokujući na taj način prijevremeni završetak translacije, što rezultira skraćenim, nekompletnim i često nefunkcijskalnimnefunkcionalnim proteinom. *[[Tandemsko ponavljanje]] Obrazac unutar sekvence nukleinske kiseline u kojoj se jedna ili više nukleobaza ponavlja, a ponavljanja su direktno susjedna (tj. tandemska) jedna uz drugu. Primjer je ATGACATGACATGAC, u kojem se sekvenca ATGAC ponavlja tri puta. *[[TATA-kutija]] Visoko konzervirana nekodirajuća DNK sekvenca koja sadrži konsenzus ponavljajućih parova baza T i A koji se obično nalazi u promotorskim regijama gena kod arheja i eukariota. TATA kutija često služi kao mjesto inicijacije transkripcije ili kao mjesto vezivanja za faktore transkripcije. *[[centromera|Telocentrik]] (linearnog hromosoma ili fragmenta hromosoma) Hromosom sa s centromerom na krajnjem kraju hromosoma (blizu ili unutar telomere), što rezultira samo jednim krakom. Uporedite akrocentrik. *[[Telofaza]] Završna faza ćelijske diobe u mitozi i mejozi, koja se javlja nakon anafaze i prije ili istovremeno sas citokinezom, tokom koje se oko svakog skupa hromatida sintetiše jedarna membrana. Jedra se ponovo sastavljaju, a mitotsko vreteno se rastavlja. Nakon citokineze, nove ćelije kćeri nastavljaju interfazu. *[[Telomera]] Terminalna regija ponavljajućih nukleotidnih sekvenci na svakom kraju linearnog eukariotskog hromosoma koji štiti njegov kraj od propadanja i spajanja sas drugim hromosomima. Budući da svaki krug replikacije rezultira skraćivanjem hromosoma, telomere se ponašaju kao puferi za jednokratnu upotrebu koji se žrtvuju trajnom skraćivanju umestoumjesto obližnjih gena. Telomere se također mogu produžiti enzimom, telomerazom. *[[Telomeraza]] Enzim replikacije telomernih krajeva. Terminacijska sekvenca DNK-sekvence na kraju gena. *[[Terminacijski kodon]] Kodon koji signalizira prekid sinteze proteina tokom translacije transkripta informacijske RNK. U standardnom genetičkom kodu, tri različita stop kodona se koriste se za odvajanje ribosoma od rastućeg lanca aminokiselina, čime se završava prevod: UAG (nadimak „“ćilibar“,”, UAA („(“oker“)”) i UGA („opal“). *[[Test-ukrštanje]] Križanje jedinke dominantnog fenotipa s recesivnim homozigotom u svrhu otkrivanja njegovog genotipa (dominantni homozigot ili heterozigot)). *[[Tiha mutacija]] Tip neutralne mutacije koja nema vidljiv učinak na fenotip organizma. Iako se termin tiha mutacija često koristi naizmjenično sa sinonimnom mutacijom, sinonimne mutacije nisu uvijek tihe, niti obrnuto. Misens mutacije koje rezultiraju različitim aminokiselinama, ali one sa sličnom funkcijskalnošćufunkcionalnošću (npr. leucin umjesto izoleucina), također se često klasifikuju kao tihe, budući da takve mutacije obično ne utiču značajno na funkciju proteina. *[[Timin]] Označen slovom (T) Jedna od pet primarnih ili kanonskih dušičnih baza – [[adenin]] (A), [[[[guanin]]n]] (G), [[citozin]] (C), [[timin]] (T) i [[uracil]] (U) – koje formiraju nukleozide i nukleotide, od kojih su potonji temeljna građevina blokoviblokova nukleinskih kiselina. Sposobnost ovih nukleobaza da formiraju bazne parove putem vodikove veze, kao i njihovi ravni, kompaktni trodimenzijskalnitrodimenzionalni profili, omogućavaju im da se slažu jedna na drugu i vode direktno do dugolančanih struktura DNK i RNK. *[[Tirozin]] Skraćenica T, jedna od dvije purinske baze u strukturi DNK (u RNK, umjesto njega je [[uracil]]). *[[Tirozinaza]] Prvi enzim koji sudjeluje u biosintetskom putu pigmenta melanina. *Tkivno specifična [[ekspresija gena]] Funkcija gena i ekspresija koja je ograničena na određeno tkivo ili tip ćelija. Ekspresija specifična za tkivo je obično je rezultat pojačivača koji se aktivira samo u odgovarajućem tipu ćelije. *[[TNBC]] TNBC (ER-negativni PR-negativni HER2/neu-negativni rak dojke i trostruko negativni rak dojke) Oznaka za nedostatak ekspresije estrogenog receptora (ER), progesteronskog receptora (PR) i receptora ljudskog epidermnog faktora rasta 2 (HER2/neu). Također se naziva ER-negativni PR-negativni HER2/neu-negativni rak dojke i trostruko negativni rak dojke. *[[TOR]] Srodnik trećeg stepena) Skraćenica za prvi rođak, prabaka, praujak/pradajdža, prastric/praamidža, pranećakinja, pranećak, praunuk, polutetkaprvog rođaka, prabaku, praujaka/pradajđu, prastrica, pranećakinju, pranećaka, praunuka, polutetku ili poluujakpoluujaka pojedinca. Naziva se i srodnik trećeg stupnja. *[[Totipotentnost]] KarakterakteristikaKarakteristika ćelije da zadrži embriogeni potencijal za stvaranje novog tkiva i organizma. *[[Transdukcija]] Prijenos DNK iz jedne bakterijske ćelije u drugu pomoću bakterijskih virusa (faga). Tačkasta mutacija u kojoj je purinski nukleotid zamijenjen drugim purinom ( A ↔ G ) ili je nukleotid pirimidina zamijenjen drugim pirimidinom ( C ↔ T ). Kontrast je transverzija. *[[Transfekcija]] MetodMetoda ubacivanja stranoga gena u eukariotsku ćeliju. Transfer ''[[de novo]]'' (de novo varijanta, nova mutacija, nova varijanta) Genetička promjena koja je prisutna po prvi put u jednom članu porodice kao rezultat varijante (ili mutacije) u zametnoj ćeliji (jajnoj ćeliji ili spermatozoidu) jednog od roditelja ili varijante koja nastaje u samom oplođenom jajetu tokom rane embriogeneze. Također se naziva de novo varijanta, nova mutacija i nova varijanta. *[[Transferna tačka]] (tačkasta varijanta) Genetička promjena uzrokovana zamjenom jednog nukleotida drugim nukleotidom. Naziva se i tačkasta varijanta. *[[Transformacija]] Mehanizam rekombinacije kod prokariota, izmjena genetičke informacije između gole DNK iz okoliša i DNK ćelije recipijenta (primatelj); kod eukariota: preobrazba normalne ćelije u tumorsku. *[[Transgen]] Bilo koji gen ili drugi segment genetičkog materijala koji je izolovan iz jednog organizma, a zatim prenijet bilo prirodno ili bilo kojom od niza tehnika genetičkog inženjerstva u drugi organizam, posebno u neku drugu vrstu. Transgeni se najčešće unose u zametnu liniju drugog organizma. Obično se koriste za proučavanje funkcije gena ili za davanje prednosti koja inače nije dostupna u nepromijenjenom organizmu. *[[Transgeni organizam]] Organizam s ugrađenim stranim [[genom]]. *[[Transkripcija (genetika)]] Prepisivanje genetičke upute sas DNK, odnosno sinteza iRNK. Proces sinteze informacijske RNK (iRNK) prema šablonu smislenog polulanca DNK. *[[Transkripcijski faktor]] Bilo koji protein koji kontrolira brzinu transkripcije genetičkih informacija iz DNK u iRNK, tako što se vezuje za specifičnu sekvencu DNK i promoviše ili blokira regrutaciju RNK-polimeraze u obližnje gene. Transkripcijski faktori mogu efikasno uključiti i isključiti specifične gene kako bi bili sigurni da su eksprimirani u pravo vrijeme i na pravim mjestima; iz tog razloga, oni su fundamentalni i sveprisutni mehanizam regulacije gena. *[[Transkriptom]] Set svih RNK molekula jednog organizma, kompletna RNK datog organizma. *[[Translacija (genetika)]] Ribosomsko prevođenje šifre sas iRNK na rječnik redoslijeda aminokiselina u datoj proteinskoj sekvenci. Drugi korak u procesu ekspresije gena, u kojem se transkript RNK koji se proizvodi tokom transkripcije čita ribosom, kako bi proizveo funkcijskalnifunkcionalni protein. Proces sintetiziranja aminokiselinske sekvence (proteinskog produkta) prema kodu informacijske RNK (iRNK). *[[Translokacija (genetika)]] Tip hromosomske mutacije uzrokovane strukturnim preuređenjem velikih dijelova jednog ili više hromosoma. Postoje dva glavna tipa: recipročna i robertsonovska. Hromosomska mutacija u kojoj se hromosom predidaprekida i njegov se dio ponovno pričvrsti na drugo mjesto u hromosomu. *[[Transportna RNK]] (tRNK, transfer RNK) Ima specifičnu ulogu u procesu translacije genetičke šifre, odnosno njenog prevođenja sas jezika iRNK na jezik gradivnih jedinica proteina, tj. aminokiselina. Aktivnost molekula tRNK se zasniva na osobenoj sposobnosti dva aktivna mjesta. Na jedno od njih ona veže specifičnu aminokiselinu, a na drugom je antikodon, koji je komplementaran odgovarajućem kodonu iRNK. *[[Transpozon]] Vidi: Prenosivi element. Mobilna sekvenca u [[genom]]u. Mogu „“skakati“ sa” s jednog mjesta na drugo i odgovorni su za pojavu određenih mutacija. Pokretni genetički elementi, DNK sekvence koje se premještaju po [[genom]]u mehanizmom izrezivanja i lijepljenja (mehanizam cut/paste)). Vidi: prenosivi element. *[[Transverzija]] Mutacijska zamjena purinske baze pirimidinskom. Tačkasta mutacija u kojoj je purinski nukleotid zamijenjen pirimidinskim nukleotidom, ili obrnuto (npr. A ↔ C ili A ↔ T ). Kontrast je translokacija. *[[Tranzicija]] Zamjena jedne purinske baze drugom purinskom. *[[Trihibridno ukrštanje]] Ukrštanje u kojem se prate rezultati nasljeđivanjenasljeđivanja tri gena. *[[Trinukleotidno ponavljanje]] Sekvence od po tri nukleotida koji se ponavljaju u tandemu na istom susjednom dijelu hromosoma. Obično se javlja određena količina normalne (polimorfne) varijacije u broju ponavljanja bez kliničkog značaja; međutim, broj ponavljanja iznad određenog praga može, u nekim slučajevima, dovesti do štetnih učinaka na funkciju gena, što rezultira genetičkom bolešću. *[[Triplet baza]] Grupa od po tri dušične baze, npr. [[adenin]]-[[timin]]-[[adenin]] ili [[timin]]-[[guanin]]-[[citozin]] koja je šifra za jednu aminokiselinu. [[citozin]]-[[timin]]-[[timin]] (CTT) je tako triplet za aminokiselinu leucin, a [[guanin]]-[[timin]]-[[guanin]] (GTG) za valin. *[[Trisomija]] Tip aneuploidije, višak jednog hromosoma, 2n+1. *[[Tročlani kraj]] Vidi: 3'- kraj. *[[Trp-operon]] Represivni sistem regulacije gena kod bakterija. *[[TUF]] Cjelokupni skup RNK molekula (često se odnosi na sve tipove RNK, ali ponekad isključivo na iRNK) koji je ili može biti izražen određenim [[genom]]om, ćelijom, populacijom ćelija ili vrstama u određeno vrijeme ili pod određenim uvjetima. Transkriptom se razlikuje od egzoma i translatoma. *[[Tumor supresorski gen]] Tip gena koji regulira rast ćelija. Kada je tumor supresorski gen mutiran, može doći do nekontroliranog rasta ćelija. To može pridonijeti razvoju raka. ==U== *[[UAA]] Kratke sekvence nukleotida koje se sintetiziraju diskontinuirano pomoću DNK polimeraze i kasnije povezuju zajedno pomoću DNK ligaze kako bi se stvorio lanac koji zaostaje tokom DNK replikacije. OkazakiOvakvi fragmenti su posljedica jednosmjernosti DNK polimeraze, koja djeluje samo u smjeru od 5' do 3'. *[[Ukrštanje]] Uzgoj čistolinijskih roditelja koji pripadaju dvije različite rase, sorte, varijantedvjema različitim rasama, sortama, varijantama ili populacijepopulacijama, često namjerno kao metod selektivnog uzgoja, s ciljem stvaranja potomstva koje dijeledijeli osobine obje roditeljske loze ili koje pokazuju heterozu. U uzgoju životinja, potomstvo ukrštanja između rasa iste vrste naziva se križanci ili mulati, dok se potomstvo ukrštanja različitih vrsta naziva hibridima ili bastardima. *[[autbriding|Ukrštanje van srodstva]] (autbriding) Seksualna reprodukcija između različitih rasa ili osoba, koja ima potencijal da poveća genetičku raznolikost uvođenjem nepovezanog genetičkog materijala u populaciju za razmnožavanje. Reproduktivni događaj i rezultirajuće potomstvo mogu se nazvati vanbridinškim, a potomstvo je vanbridinško.. Kontrast je inbriding. *[[Unakrsno povezivanje]] Nenormalna veza između dvije ili više nukleobaza na suprotnim lancima dvolančane molekule DNK (međulanca) ili između baza na istom lancu (intralančana), posebno putem formiranja kovalentnih veza koje su jače od vodikove veze uparivanja baza. Unakrsne veze mogu biti generisane raznim egzogenim i endogenim agensima, i imaju tendenciju da ometaju normalne ćelijske procese kao što su replikacija i transkripcija DNK; oni su uobičajene mete puteva popravke DNK. *[[Unatražno ukrštanje]] Ukrštanje hibridnog organizma s jednim od roditelja ili jedinkom genetički sličnom jednom od roditelja, često namjerno kao vrsta selektivnog uzgoja, s ciljem stvaranja potomstva s genetičkim identitetom koji je bliži roditeljskom. Reproduktivni događaj i rezultirajuće potomstvo se nazivaju povratnim ukrštanjem, često skraćeno u genetici sa simbolom BC. *[[Uracil]] Skraćeno slovom (U.) Jedna od četiri nukleobaze prisutne u molekulama RNK. [[uracil]] formira par baza sas [[adenin]]om. U DNK, [[uracil]] se uopće ne koristi, već je zamijenjen [[timin]]om. *[[Uravnoteženost baza]] Dvije baze (ili nukleotidi) koje sadržavaju dušik i koje se uparuju kako bi formirale strukturu DNK. Četiri baze u DNK su [[adenin]] (A), [[citozin]] (C), [[guanin]] (G) i [[timin]] (T). Ove baze tvore specifične parove (A-T i G-C). Par baza se također može odnositi na stvarni broj parova baza, kao što je osam parova baza, u nizu nukleotida. *[[Uslovna ekspresija]] Kontrolisana, inducibilna ekspresija transgena, bilo in vitro ili in vivo. *[[Utišavanje gena]] Svaki mehanizam regulacije gena koji drastično smanjuje ili potpuno sprečava ekspresiju određenog gena. Može se dogoditi prirodno tokom transkripcije ili translacije. Laboratorijske tehnike često iskorištavaju prirodne mehanizme utišavanja kako bi se postiglo uništavanje gena. *[[Uzvodnost (genetika)]] Prema ili bliže 5'- kraju lanca nukleotida, ili N-kraju peptidnog lanca. Kontrast nizvodno. *[[Uzvodna sekvenca aktiviranja]] (UAS) Uzvodna aktivacijska sekvenca (UAS) je regulatorna sekvenca koja djeluje u cis poziciji. Razlikuje se od promotora i povećava ekspresiju susjednog gena. Zbog svoje suštinske uloge u aktiviranju transkripcije, uzvodna aktivirajuća sekvenca se često se smatra analognom funkciji pojačivača kod višećelijskih eukariota. Uzvodne aktivacijske sekvence su ključni dio indukcije, poboljšavajući ekspresiju proteina od interesa kroz povećanu transkripcijsku aktivnost. Nalazi se uzvodno od minimalnog promotora (TATA kutija) i služi kao mjesto vezivanja za transaktivatore. Ako se transkripcijski transaktivator ne veže za UAS u pravilnoj orijentaciji, transkripcija ne može započeti. ==V== *[[Varijabilna ekspresija]] Varijacije u načinu na koji se osobina manifestira. Kada postoji varijabilna ekspresivnost, značajka može varirati u kliničkom izražaju od blage do teške. Naprimjer,Npr., stanje neurofibromatoza tipa 1 može biti blago, manifestirajući se samo u kožnim mrljama (zvanim café-au-lait), ili može biti teško, manifestirajući se neurofibromima i tumorima mozga. *[[Varijabilna ekspresivnost gena]] Način varijacije na koji se gen eksprimira u fenotipu. *[[Varijacija broja kopija]] (CNV) [[Fenomen]] u kojem se dijelovi [[genom]]a ponavljaju i broj ponavljanja varira između jedinki u populaciji, obično kao rezultat događaja duplikacije ili delecije koji utičuutiče na cijele gene ili dijelove hromosoma. Varijacije broja kopija imaju važnu ulogu u stvaranju genetičkih varijacija unutar populacije. *''[[Varijacija de novo]]'' (''[[de novo]]'' mutacija, nova mutacija, nova varijanta) Genetička promjena koja je prisutna po prvi put u jednom članu porodice kao rezultat varijante (ili mutacije) u zametnoj ćeliji (jajnoj ćeliji ili spermatozoidu) jednog od roditelja ili varijante koja nastaje u samom oplođenom jajetu tokom rane briogeneze. Naziva se i de novo mutacija, nova mutacija i nova varijanta. *[[Varijacija broja kopija]] (CNV) Odnosi se na genetičko svojstvo koje uključuje broj kopija određenog gena prisutnog u genomu pojedinca. Genetičke varijante, uključujući insercije, delecije i duplikacije segmenata DNK, također se zajednički nazivaju varijantama broja kopija. Varijante broja kopija čine značajan udio genetičke varijacije. Naziva se i CNV. *[[Varijanta germ-linije (mutacija germinativne linije) Promjena gena u reproduktivnoj ćeliji (jajnoj ćeliji ili spermatozoidu) koja se ugrađuje u DNK svake ćelije u tijelu potomka. Varijanta (ili mutacija) sadržana u germinalnoj liniji može se prenijeti s roditelja na potomstvo i stoga je nasljedna. Naziva se i mutacija germinativne linije. *[[VUS|Varijanta nepoznatog / neizvjesnog značenja]] (neklasificirana varijanta, varijanta nesigurnog značaja, VUS) Varijacija u genetičkoj sekvenci za koju je nejasna povezanost s rizikom od bolesti. Također se naziva neklasificirana varijanta, varijanta nepoznatog značaja i VUS. Varijanta nepoznatog značenja Varijacija u genetičkoj sekvenci za koju je nejasna povezanost s rizikom od bolesti. Također se naziva neklasificirana varijanta, varijanta nesigurnog značaja i VUS. *[[princip osnivača|Varijanta osnivača]] (Genetička promjena uočena s velikom učestalošću u skupini koja je ili je bila geografski ili kulturno izolirana, u kojoj je jedan ili više predaka bio nositelj promijenjenog gena. Taj se fenomen često naziva učinkom osnivača. Naziva se i osnivačka mutacija.) Genetička promjena uočena s velikom učestalošću u skupini koja je ili je bila geografski ili kulturno izolirana, u kojoj je jedan ili više predaka bio nositelj promijenjenog gena. Taj se fenomen često naziva učinkom osnivača. *[[Varirajući pomak okvira]] (mutacija pomaka okvira) Insercija ili delecija koje uključujujuključuju broj parova baza koji nije višekratnik od tri, što posljedično remeti okvir čitanja tripleta DNK sekvence. Takve varijante (ili mutacije) obično dovode do stvaranja kodona prijevremeneprijevremenog završetka (zaustave) i rezultiraju skraćenim (kraćim od normalnog) proteinskim produktom. Naziva se i mutacija pomaka okvira *[[Vektor]] Bilo koja molekula DNK koji se koristi kao sredstvo za umjetni transport stranog genetičkog materijala u drugu ćeliju, gdje se može replicirati i/ili eksprimirati. Vektori su tipično dizajnirane rekombinantne DNK sekvence koje se sastoje od inserta (često transgena) i duže "kičmene" sekvence koja sadrži ishodište replikacije, višestruko mjesto kloniranja i selektabilni marker. Vektori se široko koriste u laboratorijama molekulske biologije za izolaciju, kloniranje ili ekspresiju umetka u ciljnoj ćeliji. *[[Vektor ekspresije]] (konstrukcija ekspresije) Također konstrukcija ekspresije Tip vektora, obično plazmid ili virusni vektor, dizajniran posebno za ekspresiju transgena umetnuti, umetnut u ciljnu ćeliju, umjesto u neku drugu svrhu kao što je kloniranje. Plazmidna mapa od 3,756 bp je ekspresijski vektor koji se koristi u ekspresiji transgena koji stvara zeleni fluorescentni protein (GFP). Vektor takođetakođer uključuje gen za lac represor (lacI) i gen koji daje rezistenciju na antibiotik kanamicin (KanR), kao i različite promotere za pokretanje ekspresije ovih gena. *[[Veličina genoma]] Ukupna količina DNK sadržana u jednoj kopiji genoma, obično se mjeri masom (u pikogramima ili daltonima) ili ukupnim brojem parova baza (u kilobazama ili megabazama). Za diploidne organizme, veličina genoma se često koristi naizmjenično sas C-vrijednošću. *[[Vezani disekvilibrij]] (LD) Pojava da se aleli (DNK markeri) pojavljuju zajedno češće nego što se to može objasniti slučajnošću zbog njihove fizičke blizine na hromosomu. Naziva se i *[[Vezani geni]] (osobine) Geni za određene osobine, na istom hromosomu. Tendencija sekvenci DNK koje su fizički blizu jedna drugoj na istom hromosomu da se nasljeđuju zajedno tokom mejoze. Budući da je fizička udaljenost između njih relativno mala, šansa da će bilo koja dva obližnja dijela DNK sekvence (često lokusi ili genetički markeri ) biti razdvojena na različite hromatide tokom hromosomskog ukrštanja (krosingovera) je statistički vrlo mala, Tada se smatra da su takvi lokusi povezaniji od lokusa koji su udaljeniji i da su lokusi na potpuno različitim hromosomima savršeno nepovezani. Standardna jedinica za mjerenje genetičke povezanosti je centimorgan (cM). *Vezanost Tendencija da se geni ili segmenti DNK koji su usko smješteni duž hromosoma međusobno ne odvajaju u mejozi i stoga se zajedno nasljeđuju. *[[Vještački hromosom kvasca]] (YAC) YAC su genetički modificirani hromosomi izvedeni iz DNK kvasca, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, koji se zatim ligira u bakterijski plazmid. Insercijom velikih fragmenata DNK, od 100- do 1000 kb, umetnute sekvence se mogu klonirati i fizički mapirati korištenjem procesa koji se naziva hodanje hromosoma. *[[VNTR]] Varijabilnost broja tandemskih ponavljanja (eng. (engl. Variable Number Tandem Repeat) ogleda se u varijaciji većeg broja lokacija sas kratkim nukleotidnim sekvencama tandemskih ponavljanja, koje se u [[genom]]u višekratno ponavljaju. Mogu se naći na mnogim hromosomima, a često pokazuju međuindividualne varijacije u dužini. Svaka varijanta djeluje kao naslijedni nasljedni alel, što omogućava da se koristite za osobnuličnu ili roditeljsku identifikaciju. Njihova analiza je korisna u genetičkim i ostalim biološkim istraživanjima, forenzici i DNK profiliranju (fingerprinting). *[[Vodeća sekvenca]] Kod replikacije DNK, lanac u nastajanju za koji su i smjer sinteze DNK polimeraze i smjer cjelokupne elongacije lanca prema replikacijskoj viljušcviljušci, tj. oba se javljaju u smjeru 5' do 3', što rezultira jednim, kontinuiranim procesom elongacije sas malo ili bez prekida. Nasuprot tome, drugi lanac u nastajanju, poznat kao zaostali lanac, sastavlja se u diskontinuiranom procesu koji uključuje ligaciju kratkih fragmenata DNK koji se sintetiziraju u suprotnom smjeru, daleko od replikacijske viljuške. Također spoj za spajanje donatora ili mjesto za spajanje donatora. Granica između lijevog kraja (po konvenciji, 5' kraja ) introna i desnog ( 3' ) kraja susjednog egzona u pre-iRNK transkriptu. *[[Vodeći lanac]] Lanac nove DNK koji se sintetizira u istom smjeru kao rastuća replikacijska viljuška. Ovaj tip replikacije DNK je kontinuiran. *[[Vodikova veza]] Veza dva [[vodik]]ova atoma u [[hemijski spoj|hemijskom spoju]]. međumolekulska veza koja nastaje između [[molekul]]a u kojima je [[vodik]] vezan za [[atom]] visoke [[elektronegativnost]]i (F, O, N). Zajednički elektronski par u vezama H-F, H-O, H-N je toliko pomaknut na stranu elektronegativnog atoma, da dolazi do razdvajanja [[naboj]]a (dipol). Pozitivni dio molekule (H<sup>+</sup>) privlači negativan kraj druge molekule pritom stvarajući međumolekulske veze. Vodikova veza je slabija od [[ionska veza|ionske]] ili [[kovalentna veza|kovalentne]] veze. ==W== *[[WES]] (sekvenciranje cijelog egzoma, WXS) Laboratorijski postupak koji se koristi za određivanje nukleotidne sekvence primarno egzonskih (ili proteinski kodiranih) regija genoma i srodnih sekvenci, što predstavlja približno 1% cjelokupne sekvence DNK. Također se naziva sekvenciranje cijelog egzoma i WXS. *[[WGS]] (sekvenciranje cijelog genoma) Laboratorijski postupak koji se koristi za određivanje gotovo svih od približno tri milijarde nukleotida kompletne individualne sekvence DNK, uključujući nekodirajuće sekvence. Također se naziva sekvenciranje cijelog [[genom]]a. *[[WXS]] WXS (WES, sekvenciranje cijelog egzoma) Laboratorijski postupak koji se koristi za određivanje nukleotidne sekv encesekvence primarno egzonskih (ili proteinski kodiranih) regija [[genom]]a osobe i srodnih sekvenci, što predstavlja približno 1% cjelokupne DNK sekvence. Također se naziva WES i sekvenciranje cijelog egzoma. ==X== *[[hromosom X|X-hromosom]] Jedan od dva spolna hromosoma prisutna u organizmima sas XY sistemom za određivanje spola i jedini spolni hromosom u sistemu X0. X hromosom se nalazi i kod muškaraca i kod žena i obično sadrži mnogo više gena nego njegov pandan, Y hromosom. *[[X-inaktivacija]] Zvana i lajonizacija, ponegdje i lionizacija (prema engleskoj genetičarki Mary Lyon) je postupak kojim se jedna od kopija X-hromosoma inaktivira kod ženki sisara sas placentom. Neaktivni hromosom X se utišava pakovanjem u transkripcijski neaktivnu strukturu zvanu heterohromatin. Kako gotovo svi ženski sisari imaju dva X hromosoma, X-inaktivacija imih sprečava da imaju dvostruko više X-hromosomskih genskih proizvoda od mužjaka, koji imaju samo jednu kopiju X hromosoma. Izbor X hromosoma koji će se inaktivirati slučajan je kod placentnih sisara kao što su ljudi, ali nakon što se inaktivira, on će ostati neaktivan tokom života ćelije i njenih potomaka u organizmu (njegova ćelijska linija). Obično se javlja X-inaktivacija koja je neravnomjerno raspoređena po ćelijskim linijama unutar jednog organizma (slučajna X-inaktivacija). *X-vezana osobina Vidi: Spolnospolno vezana osobina. *[[X-vezano nasljeđivanje]] Nasljeđivanje genetičkih stanja povezanapovezanih s mutacijama u genima na X-hromosomu. Jedna kopija mutacije dovoljna je da izazove bolest i kod muškaraca (koji imaju jedan X hromosom) i kod žena (koje imaju dva X hromosoma). U nekim uvjetima, odsutnost funkcionalnog gena rezultira smrću oboljelih muškaraca. *[[X-vezano recesivno nasljeđivanje]] Nasljeđivanje koje se odnosi na genetička stanja povezana s mutacijama u genima na X-hromosomu. Muškarci koji nose takvu mutaciju će biti pogođeni, jer imaju samo jedan X-hromosom. Žena koja nosi mutaciju u jednom genu, s normalnim genom na drugom X-hromosomu, općenito je nepogođena. ==Y== *[[hromosom Y|Y-hromosom]] Jedan od dva spolna hromosoma prisutna u organizmima koji imaju XY sistem za određivanje spola. Y hromosom se nalazi samo kod muškaraca i obično je mnogo manji od svog dvojnika, X hromosoma. *[[Y-vezana osobina]] Vidi: Holandričnajolandrična osobina i Spolno vazanospolno vezano svojstvo. ==Z== *[[Zaostali lanac]] Lanac nove DNK čiji je smjer sinteze suprotan smjeru rastuće replikacijske viljuške. Zbog svoje orijentacije, replikacija zaostalog lanca je složenija u odnosu na onu vodećeg niza. Kao posljedica toga, vidi se da DNK-polimeraza na ovom lancu zaostaje za onom na drugom lancu. *[[Z-DNK]] Jedna od mnogih mogućih dvostrukih spiralnih struktura DNK. To je ljevoruka dvostruka spiralna struktura u kojoj se spirala vijuga ulijevo u cik-cak obrascu, umjesto udesno, kao uobičajeni oblik B-DNK. Smatra se da je Z-DNK jedna od tri biološki aktivne dvostruke spiralne strukture zajedno sas A-DNK i B-DNK. *[[Z-skor]] Rezultat koji pokazuje koliko je standardnih odstupanja vrijednost iznad ili ispod srednje vrijednosti. *[[Začetnica]] (prajmer) Kratka molekula RNK-nukleotida kojom započinje sinteza komplementarnog lanca DNK u replikaciji *[[Zakon nezavisne segregacije]] Jedan od tri osnovna principa mendelovskog nasljeđivanja, prema kojem se tokom mejoze aleli svakog gena odvajaju jedan od drugog tako da svakasvaki rezultirajući gamet nosi samo jedan alel svakog gena. *[[Zakon segregacije]] Pravilnost razdvajanjerazdvajanja jednoga para alela u anafazi mejoze. *[[Zakon uniformnosti]] Jedan od tri osnovna principa mendelovskog nasljeđivanja, po kojem različiti aleli istog gena mogu biti dominantni ili recesivni u odnosu na druge, tes tim da će organizam s barem jednim dominantnim alelom ujednačeno imati fenotip povezan s dominantnim alelom. *[[Zamjenska mutacija]] Vidi: Nesinonimnanesinonimna mutacija . *[[Zigot]] Tip eukariotske ćelije nastala kao direktan rezultat oplodnje između dva gameta. Kod višećelijskih organizama, zigot je najranija razvojna faza. Prva ćelija novonastalog organizma, nastala oplodnjom, tj. spajanjem jajne ćelije i spermatozoida. *[[Zigoten]] Potfaza profaze mejoze I. *[[Zigotnost]] Stepen do kojeg više kopija gena, hromosoma ili genoma imaju istu genetičku sekvencu; npr. u diploidnom organizmu sas dvije kompletne kopije njegovog genoma (jedna majčina i jedna očinska), stepen sličnosti alela prisutnih u svakoj kopiji. Za osobe koje nose dva različita alela za određeni gen smatra se da su heterozigoti za taj gen; osobe koje nose dva identična alela su homosigoti za taj gen. Zigositnost se takođe može posmatrati zajedno za grupu gena, ili za čitav skup gena i genetičkih lokusa koji čine [[genom]]. Preuzeto sa <ref>https://bastina.anubih.ba/items/a2e6e47d-5e00-4f99-9d52-eb91dafdb5dc</ref>[[ANUBiH]]/[[Institut za genetičko inženjerstvo Sarajevo|Ingeb]] ==Također pogledajte== *[[Genetika]] ==Reference== {{reflist}} [[Kategorija:Genetika]] [[Kategorija:Genetika čovjeka]] 74rcw45mborpapol63s06790y18v8yy 3849346 3849343 2026-05-25T20:39:07Z ~2026-31290-14 181760 /* 3'- kraj */ 3849346 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Slika:Picture of my book.png|thumb|<center>Naslovnica izvornika ovog članka</center>]] ==3'- kraj== Također, (tri prim kraj.) Jedan od dva kraja istog linearnog lanca [[DNK]]ili [[RNK]], konkretno kraj na kojem se lanac [[nukleotid]]a završava na trećem atomu [[ugljik]]a u furanoznom prstenu [[dezoksiriboza|dezoksiriboze]] ili [[riboza|riboze]] (tj. kraj na kojem 3' ugljik nije vezan na drugi nukleotid preko [[fosfodiesterska veza|fosfodiesterske veze]]; ''[[in vivo]]'', 3' ugljik je često još uvijek vezan za [[hidroksilna grupa|hidroksilnu grupu]]). Po konvenciji, sekvence i strukture bliže 3'- kraju u odnosu na druge se nazivaju nizvodnonizvodnim. Kontrast je 5'- kraj. Prema, prema važećoj konvenciji, ribozni prsten s atomima ugljika označenim brojevima od 1' do 5'. Za 5' ugljik se kaže da je uzvodno; 3' ugljik je nizvodno. Također su prikazane veze za generičku bazu i fosfatnu grupu. *'''[[3'-neprevedena regija]] [[Tri prim netranslatirana regija]] (3′- (3' UTR) je dio [[informacijska RNK|informacijske RNK]] (iRNK) koji slijedi odmah nakon traslacije [[stop kodon|završnog kodona]]. 3'UTR (neprevedena/netranskatirana regija) često sadrži regulatorne regije koje posttranskripcijski utiču na [[ekspresija gena|ekspresiju gena]]. *'''5'- kraj''' [[Pet prim-kraj]] Jedan od dva kraja jednog linearnog lanca [[DNK]] ili [[RNK]], kraj na kojem se lanac [[nukleotid]]a završava na petom atomu ugljika u [[furanoza|furanoznom]] prstenu dezoksiriboze ili riboze (tj. kraj na kojem 5' ugljik nije vezan na drugi nukleotid preko fosfodiestarske veze; ''[[in vivo]]'', 5' ugljik je često još uvijek vezan za fosfatnu grupu). Po konvenciji, sekvence i strukture smještene bliže 5'-kraju u odnosu na druge se nazivaju uzvodno. Kontrast je *'''5'5' neprevedena regija''' Poznata i kao 5'UTR (vodeća sekvenca, vodeći transkript ili vodeća [[RNK]]) , ovo je regija informacijske [[RNK]] ([[iRNK]] neposredno uzvodno od inicijacijskog kodona. Ova sekvenca [[DNK]] je važna je za reguliranje translacije translacije transkripta različitim mehanizmima kod [[virus]]a, [[prokariot]]a i [[eukariot]]a. Iako se naziva neprevedenim, [[5'UTR]] ili njegov dio ponekad se prevodi u [[protein]]ski proizvod. Ovaj proizvod tada može regulirati translaciju glavne kodirajuće sekvence iRNK. U mnogim organizmima, međutim, 5′ UTR je potpuno nepreveden, a umjesto toga formira kompleks sekundarne strukture za regulaciju translacije.<ref name="hadzirifat">{{cite book |last=Hadžiselimović |first=Rifat|title=Ja i moja genetika|publisher=ANUBiH-Ingeb |isbn=978-9926-410 -88-9| edition=1th |place=Sarajevo}}</ref> ==A== *[[hromosom|Acentričnost]] (linearnog hromosoma ili fragmenta hromosoma) [[hromosom]]/fragment bez centromere. *[[Adaptivna radijacija]] [[Evolucija]] različito prilagođenih vrsta iz jednog [[zajednički predak|zajedničkog pretka]]. *[[Adenin]] (skr. A) Skraćeno slovom A. Jedna od četiri glavne nukleobaze u [[DNK]] i [[RNK]]. Formira par baza sa [[timin]]om u [[DNK]] i sa [[uracil]]om u RNK. *[[Aficirana jedinka]] U [[genetika|genetici]], opisuje osobu koja ima određenu [[fenotip]]sku osobinu ili bolest. Pojedinac izražava tu osobinu ili ima znakove i simptome bolesti. *[[AFLP]] Polimorfizam dužine amplificiranih fragmenata (eng. (engl. ''Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism)'' јedan јеje od značajnijih i najšire posmatranih genetičkih markera. Važan je u mnogim oblastima istraživanja, od molekulske biologije, [[genetika|genetike]] i [[genomika|genomike]], do [[mikrobiologija|mikrobiologije]], [[ekologija|ekologije i rekonstrukcije [[filogenetika|evolucijsko-filogenetičkih]] veza i odnosa. Proučavanje ovog polimorfizma posebno je značajno i u medicini, u procesima [[genotip]]izacije. *[[hromosom|Akrocentričnost]] (linearnog [[hromosom]]a ili hromosomskog fragmenta): Pozicija centromere vrlo blizu jednog krajajednom kraju [[hromosom]]a, za razliku od kraja ili u sredini. *[[transkripcijski faktor|Aktivator]] Tip [[transkripcijski faktor|transkripcijskog faktora]] koji povećava transkripciju gena ili skupa gena. Većina aktivatora djeluje tako što se vezuju za specifičnu sekvencu koja se nalazi unutar ili blizu pojačivača ili [[promotor (genetika)|promotora]] i olakšava vezivanje [[RNK-polimeraza|RNK-polimeraze]] i drugih transkripcijskih faktora u istoj regiji. Vidi također: koaktivator; kontrastni represor. *[[Alel]] Jedna od alternativnih varijanti [[gen]]a, nastala promjenom u slijedu nukleotida (genskom mutacijom). Nalaze se na stalnim mjestima ([[genski lokus|lokusima]]) na [[hromosom]]u, ali se razlikuju u [[nukleotid]]noj sekvenci [[genetićka informacija|genetičke informacije]]. Ako se na jednom lokusu alternativno javlja više od dva alela, zovu se multipli aleli (primjer tri alela za [[krvna grupa|krvne grupe]]: IA, IB i Io ). IO). *[[Alelna heterogenost]] Prisustvo različitih varijanti na jednom genskom lokusu koje uzrokuju iste ili slične fenotipske ekspresije bolesti ili stanja. *[[Alosom]] Također ([[spolni hromosom]], [[heterohromosom]] ili [[idiohromosom]].) Svaki hromosom koji se razlikuje od običnog autosoma po veličini, obliku ili ponašanju i koji je odgovoran za određivanje spola organizma. Spolni hromosomi kod ljudi, su [[hromosom X]] i [[hromosom Y]]. *[[Alternativna prerada]] Regulirani [[fenomen]] [[ekspresija gena|ekspresije eukariotskih gena]] u kojem su specifični [[egzon]]i ili dijelovi egzona iz istog primarnog transkripta različito uključeni ili uklonjeni iz konačnog, zrelog informacijskog [[primarni transkript|transkripta RNK]]. Klasa [[posttranskripcijska modifikacija|posttranskripcijskih modifikacija]], [[alternativna prerada]] omogućava jednom genu da kodira više proteinskih izoformi i uveliko povećava raznolikost proteina koje može proizvesti pojedinačni genom. Vidi također: [[prerada RNK]]. *[[mutacija|Amber]] Jedan od tri [[stop kodon]]a koja se koriste u standardnom genetičkom kodu; u RNK, određen je nukleotidnim tripletom UAG. Druga dva stop kodona se zovu oker i opal. *[[Amesov test]] Bakterijski test [[mutagen]]osti koji koristi bakteriju ''[[Salmonella]] typhimurium'', auksotrofnu za [[histidin]]. *[[Aminokiselina]] Organski spoj koji sadrži funkcionalne grupe [[amin (hemija)|amin]] i [[karboksilna gropa|karboksil]], kao i [[bočni lanac]] specifičan za svaku pojedinačnu aminokiselinu. Od skoro 500 poznatih aminokiselina, skup od 20 je kodiran standardnim [[genetički kod|genetičkim kodom]] i ugrađeni su u sekvencu kao gradivni blokovi [[polipeptid]]a ([[protein]]a). Specifična sekvenca aminokiselina u polipeptidnim lancima koji formiraju protein u konačnici osobine različitih proteina te oblici molekula proteina ovise o tipu i redoslijedu sastavnih aminokiselina. *[[Amorf]] Bilo koji alel koji je postao nefunkcionalan zbog genetičke mutacije. Mutacija može dovesti do potpunog neuspjeha proizvodnje genskog proizvoda ili genskog proizvoda koji ne funkcijskirafunkcionira ispravno; u oba slučaja, [[alel]] se može smatrati nefunkcijskalnim. *[[Anafaza]] Faza [[mitoza|mitoze]] i [[mejoza|mejoze]] koja se javlja nakon metafaze i prije telofaze, kada se replicirani hromosomi odvoje i svaka od [[sestrinske hromatide|sestrinskih hromatida]] se pomjeri na suprotne strane ćelije. *[[Analiza mutacija]] Metoda [[genetičko testiranje|genetičkog testiranja]] zametne linije, usmjerena na otkrivanje specifične varijante ili mutacije (kao što je štetna varijanta MSH2 prethodno identificirana u porodici), panel varijanti (kao što su tri patogene varijante [[BRCA]] koje se sastoje od panela osnivačke mutacije za osobe [[Aškenazi|aškenaskog]] [[jevrej]]skog porijekla) ili tip varijante (kao što su velike [[delecija (genetika)|delecije]] ili [[insercija (genetika) insercije]] u genu [[BRCA1]] ). Ovaj tip testiranja razlikuje se od potpunog sekvenciranja gena ili skeniranja varijanti. Potonji su [[dizajn]]irani za otkrivanje većine varijanti u regiji koja se testira. Dosadašnja uporabaupotreba također primjenjuje ovaj termin na bilo koji [[genetički test]]. *[[Analiza vezanosti]] Tehnika lociranja gena koja prati obrasce bolesti u visokorizičnim porodicama. Pokušava locirati gen koji uzrokuje bolest identificiranjem [[genetički marker|genetičkih markera]] poznate [[hromosom]]ske lokacije koji su su [[nasljeđivanje|naslijeđeni]] sa značajkom od interesa. *[[Aneuploidija]] Pojava jednog ili više dodatnih [[hromosom]]a ili hromosoma koji nedostaju, što dovodi do neuravnoteženog [[hromosomski komplement|hromosomskog komplementa]] ili bilo kojeg broja hromosoma koji nije tačan višekratnik [[ploidija|haploidnog broja]] (koji je 23). Tip ploidije sas viškom ili manjkom jednog ili više hromosoma (različitim od n), isključujući abnormalni broj kompletnih setova [[hromosom]]a, koji je umjesto toga poznat kao [[euploidija]]. *[[Anticipacija]] [[Fenomen]] kojim simptomi [[genetički poremećaj|genetičkog poremećaja]] postaju očigledni (i često teži) u ranijoj dobi kod oboljelih osoba sa svakom [[generacija|generacijom]] koja naslijedi poremećaj. *[[Antigen]] Strana ili sopstvena tvar koja uzrokuje [[imunski odgovor]] organizma. *[[Antikodon]] Serija od tri uzastopna [[nukleotid]]a unutar [[tRNK|transferne RNK]] koji dopunjuju tri nukleotidna [[kodon]]a unutar transkripta iRNK. Tokom [[translacija (genetika)|translacije]], svaka [[tRNK]] regrutovana u [[ribosom]] sadrži jedan antikodonski triplet koji se uparuje sas jednim ili više komplementarnih kodona iz sekvence iRNK, omogućavajući svakom kodonu da specificira određenu aminokiselinu koja će se dodati rastućem peptidnom lancu. Antikodoni koji sadrže inozin na prvoj poziciji mogu se upariti s više od jednog kodona zbog fenomena poznatog kao uparivanje kolebljivih baza. [[alel|Antimorf]] Mutirani alel sa suprotnom ekspresijom u odnosu na iskodišni ([[divlji tip]]). *[[Antiparalelnost]] Orijentacija dva lanca dvolančane nukleinske kiseline (i općenito bilo kojeg para biopolimera) koji su međusobno paralelni, ali suprotne usmjerenosti. Npr., dva komplementa [[RNK]] lanca molekule [[DNK]] idu jedan pored drugog, ali u suprotnim smjerovima, pri čemu je jedan lanac orijentiran 5'- prema 3', a drugi 3' prema 5'. *Antisens lanac, negativni (–) i [[nekodirajuća RNK|nekodirajući lanac]] Lanac dvolančane [[DNK]] molekule koji se koristi kao šablon za sintezu RNK tokom [[transkripcija (genetija)|transkripcije]]. Sekvenca šablonskog lanca je komplementarna rezultirajućem [[RNK]] transkriptu. Kontrast nekodirajućeg je kodirajući lanac. *[[Antitijelo]] ([[GWAS]]) Opći naziv za [[imunoglobulin]]; protein koji se u stvara u odgovoru organizma na [[antigen]]. *[[GWAS|Asocijacija]] [[GWAS|Studija genomske povezanosti]] (GWAS) način je na koji znanstvenici identificiraju naslijeđene genetičke varijante povezane s rizikom od bolesti ili određenom osobinom. Ovaj metod ispituje cijeli genom radi [[genetički polimorfizam|genetičkih polimorfizama]], obično jednonukleotidnog polimorfizama ([[SNP]]-ovi) (izgovaraju se "isječci"), koji se češće javljaju u slučajevima ljudi s bolešću ili osobinom koja se procjenjuje, nego u kontrolnim skupinama (ljudi bez bolesti ili osobine, Naziva se i GWAS.). *[[Auksotrof]] (mutant) Bakterija s nefunkcionalnom mutacijom gena za [[enzim]] koji sudjeluje u nekom [[metabolizam|metaboličkom procesu]] *[[Autoimunost]] Pojava stvaranja [[antitijela]] na sopstvene [[antigen]]e *[[Autosom]] Svaki hromosom koji nije alosom i stoga nije uključen u određivanje spola organizma. Za razliku od spolnih [[hromosom]]a, autosomi u [[ploidija|diploidnoj]] ćeliji postoje u parovima, pri čemu članovi svakog para imaju istu strukturu, morfologiju i [[genski lokus|genske lokuse]]. *[[Autosomno nasljeđivanje|Autosomno dominantno nasljeđivanje]] Jedan od načina na koji se genetička osobina ili genetičko stanje može naslijediti. U autosomno dominantnom nasljeđivanju, genetičko stanje nastaje kada je varijanta prisutna samo u jednom alelu (kopiji) određenog gena. *[[Autosom]]no [[recesivni gen|recesivno]] [[nasljeđivanje]] Jedan od načina na koji se genetička osobina ili genetičko stanje može naslijediti. Kod autosomno recesivnog nasljeđivanja, genetičko stanje nastaje kada je jedna varijanta prisutna na oba alela *[[Autosom]]nost Prisustvo veze s bilo kojim od 22 numerirana para hromosoma koji se nalaze u većini ljudskih ćelija. Autosomni hromosomi označeni su brojevima od 1- do 22. Spolni hromosomi (X i Y hromosom) određuju spol osoba i ne smatraju se autosomnim hromosomima.<"ref name=Rifat">{{cite book|author=Hadžiselimović R. |title=Ja i moja genetika|year= 2024|publisher= [[ANUBiH]]-Ingeb|place=Sarejevo|isbn=978-9926-410-88-9|isbn=978-9958-083-12-9}}</ref> ==B== *[[Barkodiranje DNK]] Metod [[taksonomija|taksonomske]] identifikacije u kojoj se kratke sekvence [[DNK]] iz jednog ili više specifičnih gena izoluju iz neidentifikovanih uzoraka, a zatim se usklađuju sa sekvencama iz referentne biblioteke kako bi se jedinstveno identifikovala [[vrsta]] ili drugi [[takson]] iz kojeg su uzorci nastali. Sekvence korištene u usporedbipoređenju pažljivo su odabrane od gena koji su i široko [[konzervirana sekvenca|konzervirani]] i koji pokazuju veće varijacije između vrsta nego unutar vrsta, npr. gen [[citohrom]] c oksidaze za eukariote ili određeni geni [[ribosomska RNK|ribosomske RNK]] za [[prokariot]]e. Ovi geni su prisutni u gotovo svim živim organizmima, ali imaju tendenciju da evoluiraju različite mutacije u različitim vrstama, tako da se svaka varijanta sekvence može povezati s jednom određenom vrstom, efektivno stvarajući jedinstveni identifikator sličan maloprodajnom barkodu. DNK barkodiranje omogućava identifikaciju nepoznatih uzoraka iz inače nejasnih tkiva ili dijelova tijela, gdje bi identifikacija prema morfologiji bila teška ili nemoguća, a biblioteka bar-kodovabarkodova organizma sada je dovoljno sveobuhvatna da se čak i organizmi koji su ranije bili nepoznati nauci često mogu filogenetski pouzdano klasificirati. Istovremena identifikacija više različitih vrsta iz mješovitog uzorka poznata je kao metabarkodiranje. *[[Barrovo tjelešce]] Inaktivirani X-hromosom ili spolni hromatin. *[[G-pruganje|Bend]] Obojeni segmentSegmenti [[hromosom]]a obojeni specifičnim bojama u određenoj fazi ćelijske diobe. Postoji nekoliko laboratorijskih tehnika, u kojima se pojavljuje specifični obrazac svijetlih i tamnih pruga (traka) kada se hromosomi gledaju pod mikroskopom; uzorak pruganja pomaže u dodjeljivanju određenog rednog broja svakom [[hromosom]]u i procjeni njegove strukture. *[[alel|Bialelnost]] Oba alela jednog gena (očev i majčin). Naprimjer, nositelji bialelne mutacije imaju mutaciju (ne nužno istu) u obje kopije određenog gena (majčine i očeve). *[[Binarna dioba]] Dioba ćelije nakon replikacije [[DNK]], prostom diobom kod prokariota (nespolno razmnožavanje) *[[B-DNK]] Vidi: Dvostrukadvostruka spirala.<ref name="hadzirifat"/> ==C== *[[CAAT-kutija]] Također C Visoko konzrervirana konzervirana regulatorna sekvenca [[DNK]] locirana na otprilike 75 parova baza uzvodno (tj. –75 bp) od mjesta početka transkripcije za mnoge eukariotske gene. *[[cDNK]] Vidi: [[komplementarna DNK]]. *[[Centimorgan]] (cM) / mapna jedinica (mu) Također [[mapna jedinica]] (mu). Jedinica za mjerenje genetičke povezanosti definirana kao udaljenost između hromosomskih lokusa za koje je očekivani prosječan broj razmjenskih hromosomskih ukrštanja (krosingovera) u jednoj generaciji 0,01. Iako nije stvarna mjera fizičke udaljenosti, koristi se za procjenu stvarne udaljenosti između dva lokusa, na osnovu prividne vjerovatnoće da se između njih dogodi razmjena dijelova hromatida. *[[Centralna dogma molekularne biologije|Centralna dogma molekulske biologije]] Generalizirani okvir za razumijevanje protoka genetičkih informacija između makromolekula unutar bioloških sistema. Ističe fundamentalni princip da se informacije o sekvenci kodirane u tri glavne klase biopolimera – [[DNK]] → [[RNK]] → protein — mogu kopirati između ove tri klase samo na određene načine, a ne na druge: konkretno, prijenos informacija između nukleinske kiseline i sas nukleinske kiseline na protein je moguć, ali transfer sas proteina na protein, ili sas proteina nazad na bilo koji tip nukleinske kiseline, nije i ne dešava se prirodno. *[[Centromera]] Specijalizirana sekvenca [[DNK]] unutar [[hromosom]]a koja povezuje par sestrinskih hromatida. Primarna funkcija centromere je da djeluje kao mjesto sklapanja kinetohora, proteinskih kompleksa koji usmjeravaju vezivanje vlakana diobenog vretena za centromeru i olakšavaju segregaciju hromatida tokom ćelijske diobe (mitoze i mejoze). *[[CHIP]] *CHIP (klonska hematopoeza neodređenog potencijala) Prisustvo somatskih mutacija u hematopoetskim matičnim ćelijama kod osobaaosoba bez krvnog raka koji se može otkriti. Definicija CHIP-a zahtijeva da su mutacije prisutne s varijantnom učestalošću alela od 2% ili višom i da su u genima za koje je opisano da su pogođeni krvnim kancerima. Ovo stanje je češće kod starijih osoba i kod onih koji su bili liječeni od drugih tipova raka. Povezan je s povećanim rizikom od razvoja kardiovaskularnih bolesti i krvnog karcinoma. Naziva se i klonska hematopoeza neodređenog potencijala. *[[Cis pozicija]] Na istoj strani; susjedno; koji djeluju iz iste molekule. Kontrast je trans pozicija. *[[Cis-dominantna mutacija]] Mutacija koja se javlja unutar cis-regulatornog elementa (kao što je operator) mijenjajući funkcijskiranjefunkcioniranje obližnjeg gena ili gena na istom [[hromosom]]u. Cis-dominantne mutacije utiču na ekspresiju gena jer se javljaju na mjestima koja kontroliraju transkripciju, a ne unutar samih gena. *[[Cisgeneza]] Oznaka proizvoda za kategoriju genetički modificiranih biljaka. Predložene su različite sheme klasifikacije, koje kategoriziraju genetički modifikovane organizme na osnovu prirode unesenih genotipskih promjena, a ne procesa genetičkog inženjerstva. *[[Cis-regulatorni element]] (CRE) / cis-regulatorni modul (CRM) Također cis-regulatorni modul (CRM). Bilo koja sekvenca ili regija nekodirajuće [[DNK]] koja regulira transkripciju obližnjih gena (npr. promotor, operater, utišavač ili pojačivač ), obično služeći kao mjesto vezanja za jedan ili više faktora transkripcije. Kontrast je transregulatorni element. *[[Cistron]] Dio molekule [[DNK]] ili [[RNK]] koji kodira specifični polipeptid u sintezi proteina; zamjenski terimtermin za gen. *[[Citogenetika]] [[gnetikq]] pojava i procesa na ćelijskoj razini; proučava kako hromosomi utiču i odnose se na ponašanje i funkciju ćelije, posebno tokom mitoze i mejoze. *[[C-vrijednost]] Sveukupna količina ugljika u [[DNK]] haploidnog jedra (npr. gametu) određenog organizma ili vrste, izraženo u broju parova baza ili u jedinicama mase (obično pikogrami ); ili, ekvivalentno, polovinu količine u diploidnim somatskim ćelijama (2C-vrijednost). Za jednostavne diploidne eukariote termin se često koristi naizmjenično sas veličinom [[genom]]a, ali u određenim slučajevima, npr. u hibridnim poliploidima koji potiču od roditelja različitih vrsta (alopoliplodi), C-vrijednost može zapravo predstavljati dva ili više različitih [[genom]]a sadržanih u istom jedru. C-vrijednosti se odnose samo na [[genom]]sku DNK, isključuju vanjedarnu DNK. *[[Citološka mapa]] Mapa koja prikazuje precizna fizička mjesta gena na [[hromosom]]u. *[[Citozin]] Skraćeno slovom (skr. C. ) Jedna od četiri glavne nukleobaze u [[DNK]] i [[RNK]]. [[citozin]] formira bazni par sas [[guanin]]om. *[[cpDNK]] Vidi:[[hloroplastna DNK]] . ==Č== *[[Čista linija]] Jedinke homozigotnog genotipa za sva promatranaposmatrana svojstva. ==Ć== *[[Ćelijska dioba]] Podjela jedne ćelije na dvije ili više novih kćeri ćelija. Osnovni oblici su [[mitoza]] (somatske ćelije), [[mejoza]] (reproduktivne ćelije) i binarna dioba (uglavnom kod jednoćelijskih organizama). *[[Ćelijski ciklus]] Slijed ćelijskih pojava u procesu diobe, od poćetkapočetka do kraja mitoze. *[[Ćelijsko reprogramiranje]] Pretvaranje ćelije iz jednog tipa ćelije specifičnog za tkivo u drugi. Ovo uključuje dediferencijaciju do pluripotentnog stanja; primjer je pretvaranje somatskih ćelija miša u nediferencirano embrijskoembrionalno stanje, koje se oslanja na transkripcijske faktore Oct4, Sox2, Myc i Klf4. ==D== *[[Dalton (jedinica)|Dalton]] Jedinica molekulske mase. *[[DarT]] Diverzitet matričnih tehnologija (eng. (engl. Diversity Arrays Technology) je oznaka tehnologije koja se primjenjuje u molekulskoj genetici za razvoj markerskih sekvenci u genotipizaciji i drugim genetičkim analizama.DArT se temelji na hibridizacijama mikronizova (mikromatrica) za detekcujudetekciju prisustva ili nepostojanja pojedinih fragmenata u konstituciji genoma. *[[''De novo'' mutacija]] Spontana mutacija u [[genom]]u pojedinačnog organizma koja je nova za lozu tog organizma, koja se prvi put pojavila u zametnoj ćeliji jednog od roditelja ili u zigotu koji se razvija u organizam; mutacija koja nije bila prisutna u genomu nijednog od roditelja. *[[Degeneracija genetičkog koda]] Izlišnost genetičkog koda, prikazana kao mnoštvo različitih kodona koji specificiraju istu aminokiselinu. Naprimjer, u standardnom genetičkom kodu, aminokiselina serin je specificirana putem šest jedinstvenih kodona (UCA, UCG, UCC, UCU, AGU i AGC). Degeneracija kodona objašnjava postojanje sinonimnih mutacija. *[[Delecija (genetika)|Delecija (Δ)]] Označeno skraćeno simbolom Δ: Tip genetičke promjene koja uključuje odsutnost segmenta [[DNK]]; lom i gubitak hromosomskog segmenta. Može biti mala poput jedne baze ili hromosomskog segmenta, ali može značajno varirati u veličini. *[[Demetilacija DNK]]: Faktor selektivne aktivacije gena tokom procesa diferencijacije. *[[Desinapsa]] : Neuspjeh homolognih [[hromosom]]a koji su normalno sinapsirali tokom pahinena da ostanu upareni tokom diplotena. Desinapsa je obično uzrokovana nepravilnim formiranjem hijazme. Kontrast je asinapsa. *[[Dezoksiribonukleinska kiselina]] ([[DNK]]) DNK je glavni, ali ne jedini genetički materijal: dugačka, polimerna molekula koja se sastoji od gradivnih podjedinica kojikoje se zovu nukleotidi. Svaki nukleotid sastoji se iz po tri komponente: fosforne kiseline, šećera sas pet atoma ugljika (pentoza), zvanog dezoksiriboza i jedne od četiri heterociklične baze: [[adenin]] (A) [[timin]] (T), [[citozin]] (C) i [[guanin]] (G). Sekvenca ovih baza u molekuli [[DNK]] je šifra za biosintezu proteina koji određuje datu osobinu. Sadrži genetičke informacije odgovorne za razvoj i funkcijskiranjefunkcioniranje organizma. DNK se najčešće nalazi u dvolančanom obliku, koji se sastoji od dva komplementarna antiparalelna lanca nukleotida, molekule u kojima je svaka od nukleobaza na svakom pojedinačnom lancu uparena s onima na suprotnom lancu. Ova struktura se obično javlja u obliku dvostruke spirale. Naziva se i [[DNK]]. *[[Dezoksiriboza]], Također (2-dezoksiriboza.) Monosaharidni šećer koji se dobija iz riboze, gubitkom jednog atoma kisika. D-dezoksiriboza, u svom obliku pentoznog prstena, jedna je od primarnih funkcijskalnihfunkcionalnih grupa dezoksiribonukleotida, a time i molekula dezoksiribonukleinske kiseline (DNK). *[[centromera|Dicentričnost]] (linearnog hromosoma ili fragmenta [[hromosom]]a) (linearnog hromosoma ili fragmenta hromosoma) Prisustvo dvije centromere umesto normalno jedne. *[[tačkasta mutacija|Diferencirajuća tačka]] ([[tačkasta mutacija]]) Genetička promjena uzrokovana zamjenom jednog nukleotida drugim nukleotidom. Naziva se i tačkasta mutacija. *[[Dihibrid Heterozigotni organizam za dva gena, koji kodiraju dva različita svojstva, od kojih svaki ima po dva alela. *[[Dihibridno ukrštanje]] Ukrštanje dva heterozigota za dva gena; samooplodnja mendelovske F1 generacije (AaBb x AaBb) *[[mejoza|Dijada]] Vidi: [[Sestrinske hromatide]] *[[Dijakineza]] Potfaza profaze mejoze I. *[[Diploidija]] (diploidna hromosomska garnitura) Sadržaj dva haploidna kompleta hromosoma (po jedan od svakog roditelja): označava se sas 2n i predstavlja ukupan broj [[hromosom]]a u ćelijskom jedru. Ljudska vrsta ima 46 hromosoma, i to 23 od majke, 23 od oca. Parovi hromosoma nazivaju se [[homologni hromosom]]i. Pojava da ćelije ili organizmImajuorganizmi imaju dvije homologne kopije svakog hromosoma. Kontrast je haploidnog i poliploidnog. *[[Diploidni hromosomski broj]] (2n) Svaki [[hromosom]] predstavljen u dvije kopije; dva seta homolognih hromosoma (majčin i očev hromosom). *[[mrkoza|Diplonema]] ([[diploten]], diplotenski stadij); Također diplotenski stadij Potfaza mejoze I, tokom koje se sinaptonemski kompleks rastavlja i upareni [[homologni hromosom]]i počinju da se međusobno odvajaju, iako ostaju čvrsto vezani na hijazmama gde je došlo do razmjene dijelova homolognih hromatida (krosongover|krosingoverom). *[[Direktno ponavljanje]] Bilo koja dva ili više ponavljanja specifične nukleotidne sekvence koja se javljaju u istoj orijentaciji (tj. u potpuno istom redoslijedu, a ne obrnutimobrnutom) i na istom lancu, bilo razdvojenihrazdvojena interventnim nukleotidima ili ne. Primjer je sekvenca TACCGnnnnnnTACCG, u kojoj se TACCG pojavljuje dva puta, iako je odvojen sa šest nukleotida koji nisu dio ponovljene sekvence. Direktno ponavljanje u kojem su ponavljanja neposredno jedna uz drugu poznatapoznato je kao tandemsko ponavljanje. *[[Disperzivna replikacija]] Replikacija oko replikacijske viljuške čija brzina ovisizavisi od replikatora. Bilo koja molekula ili regija [[DNK]] ili [[RNK]] koja se replicira iz jednog polulanca DNK. *[[Divlji tip]] (WT) Fenotip tipskog oblika vrste kakva se javlja u prirodi; proizvod standardnog "“normalnog"” alela na datom lokusu, za razliku od onog koji proizvodi nestandardni mutantni alel. *[[vezani geni|Djelimična vezanost]] Geni na istom hromosomu između kojih se tokom mejoze događa hromatidna razmjena (krosingover) što uzrokuje nastanak rekombinantnih potomaka *[[DNK]] Vidi: [[dezoksiribonukleinska kiselina]]; DNK (engl. '' Deoxyribonucleic Acid'') – dvostruka uzvojnica koju čine dva polinukleotidna lanca omotana oko zajedničke osi. *[[DNK dupleks]] Vidi: Dvolančanadvolančana DNK. *[[DNK.mikromreža]] Tehnologija visoke propusnosti koja se koristi za mjerenje nivoa ekspresije transkripata [[iRNK]] ili za otkrivanje određenih promjena u nukleotidnoj sekvenci. Sastoji se od niza hiljada mikroskopskih mrlja [[DNK]] oligonukleotida, od kojih svaki sadrži pikomole specifične sekvence [[DNK]]. Ovo može biti kratak dio gena ili drugog DNK elementa koji se koristi kao sonda za hibridizaciju [[cDNK]], [[cRNK]] ili obrasca [[genom]]ske [[DNK]] (koji se naziva meta) pod visokim uvjetima. *[[DNK otisak prsta]] (fingerprint) ), DNK barkodiranje *[[DNK profiliranje je proces određivanja karakteristika individualnih [[DNK]]. DNK analiza namijenjena identifikaciji vrste, a ne pojedinca, naziva se DNK barkodiranje. *[[DNK-polimeraza]]: Glavni enzim replikacije [[DNK]]. Bilo koji od klase enzima koji sintetizira molekule DNK iz pojedinačnih dezoksiribonukleotida. [[DNK-polimeraza|DNK-polimeraze]] su neophodne za replikaciju DNK i obično djeluju u parovima, kako bi stvorile identične kopije dva lanca originalne dvolančane molekule. Oni grade dugačke lance DNK dodavanjem nukleotida jedan po jedan na 3'- kraj lanca DNK, obično se oslanjajući na šablon koji daje komplementarni lanac, kako bi vjerno kopirali sekvencu nukleotida. *[[DNK zametne linije]] (konstitutivna DNK) [[DNK]] tkiva koje potiče iz reproduktivnih ćelija (jajne ćelije ili spermatozoida) koje se ugrađuju u [[DNK]] svake ćelije u tijelu potomka. Mutacija klicinezametne linije može se prenijeti s roditelja na potomstvo. Naziva se i [[konstitutivna DNK]]. *[[Domaćinski gen]] Svaki konstitutivni gen koji se transkribujetranskribira na relativno konstantnom nivou u mnogim ili svim poznatim uslovima. Proizvodi takvog gena obično služe funkcijama koje su ključne za održavanje organizma. Pretpostavlja da na njihovu ekspresiju ne utiču eksperimentalni uslovi. *[[Domen (biologija)|Domen]] Specifična fizička regija ili sekvenca aminokiselina u proteinu koja je povezana s određenom funkcijom ili odgovarajućim segmentom DNK. *[[Dominantna letalnost]] Prisustvo samo jednog alela u genotipu uzrokuje smrt jedinke. *[[Dominantni alel]] Alel koji se eksprimira u fenotipu heterozigota. *[[Dominantnost alela]] Odnos između alela gena u kojem jedan alel proizvodi učinak na fenotip koji nadjača ili "maskira" doprinos drugog alela na istom lokusu; za prvi alel i njegova povezana fenotipska osobinanjegove povezane fenotipske osobine kaže se da je dominantan. Često dominantni alel kodira funkcionalni protein, dok njegov recesivni pandan ne uspijeva kontrolirati ekspresiju do krajnjeg proizvoda dominantnog alela. Dominacija nije inherentno svojstvo nijednog alela ili fenotipa, već jednostavno opisuje njegov odnos s jednim ili više drugih alela ili fenotipova; moguće je da jedan alel bude istovremeno dominantan nad drugim alelom, recesivan prema trećem i kodominatankodominantan prema četvrtom. Dominantni aleli su često predstavljeni jednim velikim slovom (npr. A, za razliku od recesivnog a). *[[Društvo za funkcijske genomske podatke]] (FGED, ranije MGED) Ranije poznat pod skraćenicom MGED. Organizacija koja radi s drugima "“na razvoju standarda za kvalitet podataka bioloških istraživanja, označavanje i razmjenu"”, kao i softverske alate koji olakšavaju njihovu upotrebu. *[[dsDNK]] Bilo koja molekula DNK koja se sastoji od dva antiparalelna, komplementarna dezoksiribonukleotidna polimerna lanca, koji su međusobno povezani vodikovim vezama između komplementarnih nukleobaza. Iako je moguće da DNK postoji kao jednostruki lanac, općenito je stabilniji i češći u dvolančanom obliku. U većini slučajeva, komplementarno uparivanje baza uzrokuje da se komplementarni polulanci namotavaju jedan oko drugog u obliku dvostruke spirale. *[[dsRNK]] Bilo koja molekula RNK koja se sastoji od dva antiparalelna, komplementarna ribonukleotidna polimerna lanca, koji su međusobno povezani vodikovim vezama između komplementarnih nukleobaza. Iako se [[RNK]] obično javlja u jednolančanom obliku, također formira i duplekse na isti način kao i DNK; primjer je uparivanje transkripta iRNK sas antisens verzijom istog transkripta, koji efikasno utišava gen sas kojeg je iRNK transkribovanatranskribirana sprečavanjem translacije. Kao i kod dsDNK, uparivanje baza u dsRNK često uzrokuje da se lanci namotavaju jedan oko drugog u obliku dvostruke spirale. *[[hromosom|Dugi krak]] (q) U kondenzovanim [[hromosom]]ima gdje pozicioniranje centromere stvara dva segmenta ili "“krake"” nejednake dužine, duži od dva kraka hromatide. Kontrast je kratki krak (p) ). *[[Duplikacija (genetika)|Duplikacija]] Tip mutacije u kojoj se neki gen /genski/[[hromosom]]ski segment (sekvenca DNK) u diploidnom organizmu javlja više od dva puta. *[[Dvostruka heterozigotnost]] (epigenetička varijanta, epimutacija) Prisustvo dva različita mutirana alela kod dvije odvojene epigenetičke varijacije; nasljedna promjena koja ne utječeutiče na sekvencu DNK, ali rezultira promjenom ekspresije gena. Primjeri uključuju metilaciju promotora i modifikacije histona. Također se naziva epigenetička varijanta i epimutacija. *[[Dvostruka spirala]] (heliks) Oblik koji najčešće imaju dvolančane molekule nukleinske kiseline, nalik merdevinama koje su uvijene oko svoje dugačke ose, sas prečkama koje se sastoje od uparenih nukleobaza. Ova sekundarna struktura je energetski najstabilnija konformacija dvolančanih oblika i DNK i [[RNK]] u najprirodnijim uslovima, koja nastaje kao posljedica primarne strukture fosfodiestarske kičme i slaganja nukleotida vezanih za nju. U B-DNK, najčešćoj varijanti DNK koja se nalazi u prirodi, dvostruka spirala ima desnu zavojnicu sas oko 10 parova baza po punom okretu, a molekulska geometrija rezultira naizmjeničnim uzorkom "“žlijebova"” različitih širina (glavni žlijeb i mali žljeb ) između paralelnih okosnica. *[[Dvostruki hromosom]] Hromosom sastavljen od dviju sestrinskih hromatida (svaka predstavlja jednu molekulu DNK), od S faze do metafaze (ili do metafaze II mejoze). *[[Dvostruki prekid ]](DSB) Gubitak kontinuiteta fosfatno-šećerne kičme u oba lanca dvolančane molekule DNK, posebno kada se dva prekida nastaju na mjestima koja su direktno preko putaprekoputa ili vrlo blizu jedno drugom na komplementarnim lancima. Kontrast: prekid jednog lanca (jednolančani prekid).<ref name="hadzirifat"/> ==E== *[[Egzom]] Čitav skup egzona unutar određenog [[genom]]a, uključujući neprevedene regije (UTR) zrelih iRNK, kao i kodirajuće regije. Sekvenca DNK u zreloj glasničkoj RNK, od kojih neke kodiraju aminokiseline proteina. Većina gena ima više egzona s intronima između njih. Kodirajući dio DNK, '''smisleni dio''' molekule DNK, koji je dio šifre za sintezu proteina. Slaganjem egzona i introna nastaje određeni gen. Egzoni ne postoje kod bakterija – njihova DNK ima kontinuiranu šifru, ali i nema mnogo gena. U procesu prepisivanja genetičke šifre, nekodirajući dijelovi DNK (introni) se izrezuju pa za transkripciju ostaje samo egzonska šifra. *[[Egzonukleaza]] Svaki enzim čija je aktivnost cijepanje fosfodiestarskih veza unutar lanca nukleotida, uključujući one koji se cijepaju samo nakon prepoznavanja specifične sekvence (tzv. restrikcijske egzonukleaze). Egzonukleaze prave svoje rezove na 3' ili 5'- kraju sekvence (a ne u sredini, kao endonukleaze). *[[Egzosomski kompleks]] Unutarćelijski multiproteinski kompleks koji služi za razgradnju različitih tipova [[RNK]] molekula. *[[Ekološka genetika]] Grana genetike koja se odnosi na ekologiju i sposobnost ekološkog prilagođavanja prirodnih populacija živih organizama. *[[Ekspresija gena]] Skup procesa u kojima se informacija kodirana u genu koristi u sintezi genskog proizvoda, kao što je protein ili nekodirajuća [[RNK]], ili se na drugi način utiče na jedan ili više fenotipova. Kanonski, prvi korak je transkripcija, koja proizvodi molekulu iRNK koja je komplementarna molekuli DNK u kojoj je gen kodiran. Za gene koji kodiraju proteine, drugi korak je translacija, u kojoj ribosom čita informacijsku RNK, kako bi proizveo protein. Informacije sadržane u sekvenci DNK ne moraju nužno biti transkribovanetranskribirane i prevedene da bi izvršile uticaj na molekulske događaje; šire definicije obuhvataju ogroman niz drugih modela na koje se genetičke informacije mogu eksprimirati. *[[Ekspresivnost (genetika)|Espresivnost]] Za dati genotip povezan s varijabilnim nebinarnim fenotipom, udio pojedinaca s tim genotipom koji pokazuju ili izražavaju fenotip u određenoj mjeri, obično se prikazuje u postocima. Zbog mnogih složenih interakcija koje upravljaju ekspresijom gena, isti alel može proizvesti širok spektar mogućih fenotipova različitih kvaliteta ili stupnjevastepena kod različitih individua. U takvim slučajevima može se reći da i fenotip i genotip pokazuju promjenjivu ekspresivnost. Ekspresivnost pokušava kvantificirati raspon mogućih nivoa fenotipskih varijacija u populaciji osoba koje eksprimiraju fenotip od interesa. Uporedite: penetrabilnostPenetrabilnost. *[[Ekstrahromosomska DNK]] Također (vanjedarna DNK ili [[citoplazmatska DNK]].) Bilo koja DNK koja se ne nalazi u [[hromosom]]ima ili u ćelijskom jedru i stoga nije [[genomska DNK]]. To može uključivati DNK sadržanu u [[plazmid]]ima ili [[organela]]ma kao što su [[mitohondrije]] ili [[hloroplast]]i, ili, u najširem smislu, DNK unesenu [[virus]]nom infekcijom. [[Vanhromosomska DNK]] obično pokazuje značajne strukturne razlike u odnosu na jedarnu DNK u istom organizmu. *[[Element odgovora]] Kratka sekvenca DNK unutar promotorske regije koja je u stanju da veže specifične transkripcijske faktore, kako bi regulirala transkripcija transkripciju specifičnih gena. *[[Emergeneza]] Kvalitet genetičkih osobina koji je rezultat specifične konfiguracije gena u interakciji, a ne samo njihove kombinacije. *[[Endonukleaza]] Svaki [[enzim]] čija je aktivnost cijepanje [[fosfodiestarskih veza]] unutar lanca nukleotida, uključujući one koji se cijepaju relativno nespecifično (bez obzira na sekvencu) i one koji se cijepaju samo na vrlo specifičnim sekvencama (tzv. restrikcijske endonukleaze). Kada je potrebno prepoznavanje specifične sekvence, prave rezove u sredini sekvence. Kontrast egzonukleazeje egzonukleaza. *[[Endosimbioza]] *[[Endosimbiotska teorija]] Pretpostavka da su mitohondrije i hloroplasti potomci drevnih jednoćelijskih simbiotskih organizama koji su se naselili u ćelijama drevnih eukariotskih domaćina. *[[Epigenetička varijanta]] (alteracija), epimutacija Nasljedna promjena koja ne utiče na sekvencu DNK, ali rezultira promjenom ekspresije gena. Primjeri uključuju metilaciju promotora i modifikacije histona. Naziva se i epigenetička alteracija i epimutacija. *[[Epigenetika]] Oblast genetike koja objašnjava mehanizme koji vode promjeni ekspresije gena, a koji se nasljeđuju, reverzibilni su i nisu posljedica promjene DNK-sekvence. Nauka o uticaju elemenata i faktora unutarćelijske sredine na fenotipsku ekspresiju gena. *[[Epimutacija]] (epigenetička promjena / varijanta) Nasljedna promjena koja ne utiče na sekvencu DNK, ali rezultira promjenom ekspresije gena. Primjeri uključuju metilaciju promotora i modifikacije histona. Također se naziva epigenetička promjena i epigenetička varijanta. *[[Episom]] Drugi naziv za plazmid, posebno onaj koji je sposoban da se integriše u hromosom. Kod eukariota, svaka neintegrirana vanhromosomska kružna molekula DNK koja se stabilno održava i replicira u jedru istovremeno sas ostatkom ćelije domaćina. Takve molekule mogu uključivati virusne genome, bakterijske plazmide i aberantne hromosomske fragmente. *[[Epistaza]] Međudjelovanje alela različitih gena kada ekspresija jednog gena sas jednog lokusa u genomu maskira (modificira/inhibira) ekspresiju gena sas drugog mjesta u genomu. Kolektivno djelovanje više gena u interakciji tokom ekspresije gena. OblikKao oblik djelovanja gena, epistaza može biti ili aditivna ili multiplikativna u svojim učincima na specifične fenotipske osobine. *[[Ergosom]] Vidi: [[Ribosom]] *[[Eukarioti]] Organizmi čije ćelije imaju pravo jedro obavijeno jedarnom ovojnicom, a u citoplazmi ćelije nalaze se brojne organele s vlastitom membranom. *[[Euploidija]] Ploidija (ćelije ili organizma) koji imaju abnormalan broj kompletnih setova [[hromosom]]a, možda isključujući [[spolni hromosom|spolne hromosome]]. Razlikuje se od aneuploidije, u kojoj ćelija ili organizam ima abnormalan broj jednog ili više specifičnih pojedinačnih hromosoma. *[[Evolucija]] Promjena nasljednih obilježja bioloških [[populacija]] tokom niza uzastopnih [[generacija]]. U najtradicijskalnijemU najtradicionalnijem smislu, javlja zbog promjena u frekvencijama alela u genskom fondu populacije. ==F== *[[Facijes]] Prepoznatljiva crta lica ili izraz koji je karakterističan za određeno stanje. *[[Fakultativna ekspresija]] [[Transkripcija gena]] samo prema potrebi, za razliku od konstitutivne ekspresije, u kojoj se gen transkribujetranskribira kontinuirano. Gen koji se transkribira po potrebi naziva se fakultativni gen. *[[Fakultativni heterohromatin]] ili spolni hromatin Inaktivirani X-hromosom ili Barrovo tjelešcetjelašce kod ženki sisara *[[Farmakogenetika]] Oblast genetike koja proučava učinak lijekova na genotip/ / fenotip pacijenata. *[[Favizam]]: Tip hemolitske anemije uzrokovan nedostatkom ili smanjenom funkcijom enzima G6PD koji sudjeluje u ćelijskoj odbrani od oksidacijskih procesa. *[[FDR]] (rođak prvog stepena) Roditelj, brat ili sestra ili dijete posmatrane osobe. Također se naziva i rođak prvog stupnja. *[[Fenokopija]] Fenotipsko svojstvo ili bolest koja nalikuje svojstvu izraženom određenim genotipom, ali kod jedinke koja nije nositelj tog genotipa. Naprimjer, rak dojke kod člana porodice s nasljednim sindromom raka dojke/ / jajnika koji ne nosi mutaciju [[BRCA1]] ili [[BRCA]]2 smatrat će se fenokopijom. Takva osoba nema porodičnu mutaciju povezanu s rakom i stoga nema rizik od [[kancer]]a povezan s tom specifičnom mutacijom. *[[fenotup|Fenotipsko zaostajanje]] Kašnjenje u fenotipskoj ekspresija ekspresiji genetičke mutacije zbog vremena potrebnog za ispoljavanje promjena u zahvaćenim biohemijskim putevima. *[[Fenotip]] Kombinacija vidljivih morfoloških, fizioloških i etoloških osobina organizma koje su rezultat ekspresije njegovog genotipa, kao i uticaja faktora sredine i interakcija između njih; skup uočljivih svojstava pojedinoga organizma koji nastaje interakcijom genotipa i okruženja. Svako brojljivobrojivo i/ili opisivo svojstvo osim genetičke informacije. *[[Fetusna eritroblastoza]] Bolest inkompatibilnosti krvi majke i [[fetus]]a. *[[Fiksacija gena]] Proces kojim se jedan alel određenog gena s više različitih alela povećava u učestalosti u datoj populaciji tako da postaje trajno uspostavljen na 100% učestalosti – to jest,tj., jedini alel na tom lokusu unutar [[genski fond|genskog fonda]] populacije. U nedostatku mutacije i prednosti heterozigota, bilo koji dati alel je na kraju predodređen da postane ili trajno fiksiran u odnosu na sve druge varijante ili potpuno izgubljen iz populacije, iako to koliko dugo će to trajati ovisi o pritiskuzavisi od pritiska selekcije i slučajnim fluktuacijamaslučajnih fluktuacija (genetičkog drifta) u frekvencijama alela. *[[Filogenetika]] Filogeneza na osnovu genetičkih pokazatelja. Proučavanje evolucijske historije i odnosa između jedinki ili grupa organizama, kao što su vrste ili populacije, metodima kojimetodama koje procjenjuju uočene nasljedne osobine, uključujući morfološke karakteristike i sekvence DNK. Rezultat takvih analiza poznat je kao filogenetsko stablo. *[[Filogeneza]] Evolucijski razvoj posmatrane grupe/ / populacije organizama. *[[Filogenija]] Nauka o filogenezi. *[[FISH]] Vidi: Fluorescentnafluorescentna hibridizacija in situ. *[[Fitnes]] [[Adaptivna vrijednost]] [[genotip]]a; mjera reproduktivnog uspjeha. *[[Fluorescentna in situ hibridizacija]] ([[FISH]] Tehnika koja se koristi za identifikaciju specifičnih hromosoma ili [[hromosom]]skih regija putem hibridizacije (pričvršćivanja) fluorescentno obilježenih DNK sondi na denaturiranu hromosomsku DNK. Ispitivanje mikroskopom, pod fluorescentnim osvjetljenjem otkriva obojene hibridizirane signale (a time i prisustvo hromosomskog materijala) ili odsutnost hibridiziranog signala (a time i odsutnost [[hromosom]]skog materijala). Također FISH. *[[Frekvencija alela]] Relativna učestalost s kojom se određeni alel datog gena (za razliku od drugih alela istog gena) javlja na određenom lokusu kod članova populacije; preciznije, to je udio svih hromosoma unutar populacije koji nose određeni alel, izražen kao dio, postotak ili proporcija. Frekvencija alela se razlikuje od učestalosti genotipa, iako su one povezane. *[[Fuzija gena]] Spajanje, bilo prirodnom mutacijom ili rekombinantnim laboratorijskim tehnikama, dva ili više prethodno nezavisnih gena koji kodiraju različite genske proizvode, tako da postaju predmet kontrole istih regulatornih sistema. Rezultirajuća hibridna sekvenca poznata je kao fuzijski gen.<ref name="hadzirifat"/> ==G== *[[Gamet]] Spolna (ženska ili muška) ćelija; skupni naziv za muške i ženske spolne ćelije. *[[gDNK]] Vidi: [[Genomska DNK]]. *[[Gen]] Svaki segment ili skup segmenata molekula nukleinske kiseline koji sadrži informacije potrebne za proizvodnju funkcijskalnogfunkcionalnog [[RNK]] transkripta na kontroliran način. U živim organizmima, geni se često smatraju osnovnim jedinicama naslijeđa i obično su kodirani u DNK. Određeni gen može imati više različitih verzija ili alela, a jedan gen može rezultirati genskim proizvodom koji utječeutiče na mnogo različitih fenotipova. Geni su kodirajuće sekvence. Gen je uputstvo za sitnezu tačno određenog proteina u nekom živom biću, neovisno o tomenezavisno od toga da li je taj protein gradivinigradivni (recimo miozin i/li hemoglobin)), ili ima ulogu katalize neke biohemijske reakcije, ili je svojevrstan oblik glasnika između ćelija. Geni ne sadrže kontinuiranu genetićkugenetičku informaciju, nego se kompletiraju od dijelova zovanihzvanih egzoni (koji su razdvojeni intronima). *[[Generacija]] U bilo kom datom organizmu, jedan reproduktivni ciklus ili faza između dva uzastopna reproduktivna događaja, tj. između reprodukcije pojedinačnog organizma i potomstva te reprodukcije; ili stvarna ili prosječna dužina vremena potrebnog da se završi jedan reproduktivni ciklus, bilo za određenu lozu ili za populaciju ili vrstu u cjelini. U datoj populaciji, one jedinke (često, ali ne nužno kojikoje žive istovremeno) kojikoje su podjednako udaljeniudaljene od datog zajedničkog pretka, na osnovu istog broja reproduktivnih događaja koji su se desili između njih i pretka. *[[Genetička anticipacija]] [[Fenomen]] u kojem znakovi i simptomi nekih genetičkih stanja postaju teži i/ili se pojavljuju u ranijoj dobi kako se poremećaj prenosi s jedne generacije na drugu. Huntingtonova bolest je primjer genetičkog poremećaja u kojem je biološki mehanizam za ovaj fenomen dobro dokumentiran. U drugim slučajevima to može biti posljedica faktora poput pojačanog nadzora ili drugih negenetičkih uzroka. *[[Genetička asocijacija]] Kopojava unutar populacije jednog ili više alela ili genotipova s određenim fenotipom osobina češće nego što se može očekivati samo slučajno; takva statistička korelacija se može koristiti da se zaključi da su aleli ili genotipovi odgovorni za proizvodnju datog fenotipa. *[[Genetička epidemiologija]] Proučavanje uloge koju imaju genetički faktori u određivanju zdravlja i bolesti, posebno kroz interakciju genetičkih faktora sas faktorima okoline, i tipično kako se to opaža kod genetički povezanih pojedinaca, često porodica ili loza, ali i populacija i subpopulacija. *[[Genetička genealogija]] Upotreba genealoškog testiranja DNK u kombinaciji sa tradicijskims tradicionalnim genealoškim metodima za zaključivanje nivoa i tipa genetičkih odnosa između jedinki, pronalaženje predaka i konstruisanje porodičnih stabala, genograma ili drugih genealoških mapa. *[[Genetička heterogenost]] Termin koji se koristi za opisivanje različitih genetičkih mehanizama koji proizvode iste ili slične fenotipove. Postoje dva tipa genetičke heterogenosti: alelna heterogenost i heterogenost lokusa. Alelna heterogenost se događa kada različite varijante na jednom genskom lokusu uzrokuju iste ili slične fenotipske ekspresije bolesti ili stanja. Heterogenost lokusa događa se kada varijante na različitim genskim lokusima uzrokuju iste ili slične fenotipske ekspresije bolesti ili stanja. *[[Genetička osjetljivost]] (podložnost)), genetička i nasljedna predispozicija Povećana šansa ili vjerojatnostvjerovatnoća razvoja određene bolesti na temelju prisustva jedne ili više genetičkih varijanti i/ili porodične anamneze koja ukazuje na povećan rizik od bolesti. Genetička predispozicija ne znači da će osoba razviti bolest. Način života i okolišni faktori također mogu uticati na rizik od bolesti jedinke. Također se naziva genetička predispozicija, nasljedna predispozicija i nasljedna predispozicija. *[[Genetička predispozicija]] Povećana šansa ili vjerojatnoćavjerovatnoća razvoja određene bolesti na temelju prisustva jedne ili više genetičkih varijanti i/ili porodične anamneze koja ukazuje na povećan rizik od bolesti. Postojanje genetičke predispozicije ne znači da će pojedinac razviti bolest. Način života i okolišni činioci također mogu uticati na rizik od bolesti. *[[Genetička raznolikost]] (genetička varijacija) Ponekad se koristi naizmenično sa genetičkom varijacijom. Ukupan broj genetičkih osobina u genetičkom sastavu populacije, vrste ili druge grupe organizama. Često se koristi kao mjera prilagodljivosti grupe promjenjivim okruženjima. Genetička raznolikost je slična genetičkoj varijabilnosti, iako se razlikuje od nje. *[[Genetička regulacijska mreža]] (GRN) Grafikon koji predstavlja regulatornu složenost ekspresije gena. Vrhovi (pikovi) su predstavljeni raznim regulatornim elementima i genskim proizvodima, a ivice (veze) njihovim interakcijama. Ove mrežne strukture također predstavljaju funkcijskalnefunkcionalne odnose aproksimirajući brzinu kojom se geni transkribiraju. *[[Genetička rekombinacija]] Svaki rearanžman ili razmjena genetičkog materijala unutar pojedinačnog organizma ili između jedinki iste ili različite vrste, posebno ono što stvara genetičke varijacije. U najširem smislu, pojam obuhvata raznoliku klasu prirodnih mehanizama pomoću kojih se sekvence nukleinskih kiselina kopiraju ili fizički prenose u različita genetička okruženja, uključujući homolognu rekombinaciju tokom mejoze ili mitoze ili kao normalan dio popravke DNK; horizontalni događaji prijenosa gena kao što su bakterijska konjugacija, virusna transdukcija ili transformacija; ili greške u replikaciji DNK ili diobi ćelije. Vještačka rekombinacija je centralna za mnoge tehnike genetičkog inženjerstva koje proizvode rekombinantnu DNK. *[[Genetička distanca]] (udaljenost) Mjera genetičke divergencije između vrsta, populacija unutar vrste ili jedinki, koja se posebno koristi u filogenetici za izražavanje ili vremena proteklog od postojanja zajedničkog pretka ili stepena diferencijacije u sekvencama DNK koje sadrže [[genom]]e svake populacije ili pojedinacpojedinca. *[[Genetička varijabilnost]] Ponekad se koristi naizmenično sa terminom (genetička varijacija.) Formiranje ili prisustvo jedinki koje se razlikuju po genotipu unutar populacije ili druge grupe organizama, za razliku od jedinki sas razlikama uzrokovanim okolišem, koje izazivaju samo privremene, nenasljedne promjene fenotipa. Izuzimajući druga ograničenja, populacija sas visokom genetičkom varijabilnosti ima veći potencijal za uspješnu adaptaciju na promjenjive uvjete okoline od populacije sas niskom genetičkom varijabilnošću. GenetićkaGenetička varijabilnost je slična, iako se razlikuje od genetičke raznolikosti. *[[Genetička varijacija]] Ponekad se koristi naizmjenično s genetičkom raznolikošću i genetičkom varijabilnosti. Genetičke razlike unutar i između populacija, vrsta ili drugih grupa organizama. Često se vizualizira kao raznolikost različitih alela u genskim fondovima različitih populacija. *[[Genetički drift]] (alelni drift ili efekat Sewalla Wrighta) Također alelni drift ili efekat Sewalla Wrighta, obično se Obično se javlja kada u formiranju genskog fonda naredne generacije ne učestvuje kompletna populacija nego samo njen manji ili večiveći dio. Promjena učestalosti s kojom se postojeći alel javlja u populaciji zbog nasumične varijacije u distribuciji alela iz jedne generacije u drugu. Genetički drift se često tumači kao posljedica slučajnosti u pojavi da li će dati alel postati više ili manje uobičajen sa svakom generacijom, bez obzira na uticaj prirodnog odabiranja. Takva slučajnost može uzrokovati da određeni aleli, čak i inače povoljni, potpuno nestanu iz genskog fonda, čime se smanjuju genetičke varijacije, ili može uzrokovati da u početku rijetki aleli, čak i neutralni ili štetni, postanu mnogo češći ili čak fiksirani. *[[Genetički kod]] Skup pravila po kojima se informacije kodirane unutar nukleinskih kiselina prevode u proteine u ribosomima živih ćelija. Ova pravila definiraju kako sekvence nukleotidnih tripleta koje se nazivaju kodoni određuju koja će aminokiselina biti sljedeća tokom sinteze proteina. Ogromna većina živih organizama ima isti genetički kod (koji se ponekad naziva i "“standardni"” genetički kod), ali postoje i varijantni kodovi. *[[Genetički marker]] Specifičan, lako prepoznatljiv i obično vrlo polimorfan dio gena ili druge DNK sekvenca sekvence s poznatom lokacijom na [[hromosom]]u koja se može koristiti za identifikaciju jedinki ili vrste kojekoji ga posjeduju. Sekvenca DNK s poznatim fizičkim položajem na [[hromosom]]u. [[Genetički marker]]i i geni koji su blizu jedan drugome na hromosomu imaju tendenciju da se nasljeđuju zajedno. Razlikuju se individualno do te mjere da se mogu koristiti za pronalaženje obližnjeg gena koji uzrokuje određenu bolest ili osobinu unutar porodica. Primjeri genetičkih markera su jednonukleotidni polimorfizammpolimorfizam (SNP), polimorfizmi dužine restrikcijskih fragmenata (RFLP), varijabilni broj tandemskih ponavljanja (VNTR), mikrosateliti i varijante broja kopija (CNV). Genetički markeri mogu, ali i ne moraju imati poznatu funkciju.] *[[Genetički modificirani organizam]] (GMO) Svaki organizam čiji je genetički materijal izmijenjen tehnikama genetičkog inženjerstva, posebno na način koji se ne javlja prirodno parenjem ili prirodnom genetičkom rekombinacijom. *[[Genetički poremećaj]] Nasljedno odstupanje od uobičajenog („(“normalnog“”) genotipa ili fenotipa).. *[[Genetičko autostopiranje]] Također (efekt stopiranja.) Tip povezane selekcije kojom pozitivna selekcija alela koji je podvrgnut selektivnom pritisku uzrokuje da aleli za različite gene na obližnjim lokusima također mijenjaju frekvenciju, omogućavajući im da "“stopiraju"” do fiksacije zajedno s pozitivno odabranim alelom. Ako je selekcija na prvom lokusu dovoljno jaka, neutralni ili čak blago štetni aleli unutar iste grupe veza mogu biti podvrgnuti istoj pozitivnoj selekciji jer je fizička udaljenost između obližnjih lokusa dovoljno mala da je malo vjerovatno da će se dogoditi rekombinacijski događaj između njih. *[[Genetičko inženjerstvo]] Obuhvata sve metode manipulacije genetičkim materijalom jednog organizma u kojima se neki dio [[genom]]a uklanja, ubacuje ili zamjenjuje (gen, [[hromosom]], hromosomska garnitura). Također genetička modifikacija ili genetička manipulacija. Direktna, namjenska manipulacija genetičkim materijalom organizma korištenjem bilo koje od raznih biotehnoloških metoda, uključujući umetanje ili uklanjanje gena, prijenos gena unutar i između vrsta, mutaciju postojećih sekvenci i izgradnju novih sekvenci korištenjem umjetnih sinteza gena. GenetičkiGenetičko inženjerstvo obuhvata širok skup tehnologija pomoću kojih se genetički sastav pojedinačnih ćelija, tkiva ili čitavih organizama može mijenjati u različite svrhe, obično kako bi se proučavale funkcije i ekspresija pojedinačnih gena, kako bi se proizveli hormoni, vakcine i druge droge i stvaranje genetički modificiranih organizama za upotrebu u istraživanju i poljoprivredi. *[[Genetičko savjetovanje]] Komunikacijski proces koji nastoji pomoći pogođenim ili rizičnim pojedincima i porodicama u razumijevanju prirodne povijesti, rizika od bolesti i načina prijenosa genetičkog poremećaja;. Treba olakšati informirani pristanak za genetičko testiranje kada je to prikladno;, raspravljati o mogućnostima upravljanja rizikom i planiranja porodice; te osigurati ili uputiti pojedince na psihosocijalnu podršku prema potrebi. Genetičko savjetovanje integrira genetičko testiranje, genetičku genealogiju i genetičku epidemiologiju. *[[Genetičko testiranje]] Također, DNK testiranje ili, genetički skrining. Široka klasa različitih procedura koje se koriste za identifikaciju osobina pojedinih hromosoma, gena ili osobnihličnih proteina, kako bi se utvrdilo porijeklo ili dijagnosticirala ranjivost na nasljedne bolesti ili otkriliotkrile mutantne alele povezane s povećanim rizikom od razvoja genetičkih poremećaja. Genetičko testiranje se široko koristi u medicini, poljoprivredi i biološkim istraživanjima. Proces testiranja pojedinaca u određenoj populaciji kako bi se identificirali oni koji imaju povećani rizik od pojave ili razvoja određenog genetičkog poremećaja ili nositelja genetičke varijante za određeni poremećaj. *[[Genetika]] Oblast biologije koja proučava gene, genetičke varijacije i procese naslijeđivanjanasljeđivanja u živim organizmima. *[[Genodermatoza]] Nasljedni sindrom koji uključuje dermatološki (kožni) fenotip. *[[Genom]] Obuhvata cjelokupnu nasljednu supstancu nekog organizma: jedarnu DNK, kodirajuće i nekodirajuće regije i genetički materijal mitohondrija i hloroplasta. Čitav komplet genetičkog materijala sadržan u hromosomima organizma, organele ili virusa. Termin se također koristi za označavanje kolektivnog skupa genskih lokusa koje dijeli svaki član populacije ili vrste, bez obzira na različite alele koji mogu biti prisutni na tim lokusima kod različitih jedinki. *[[Genomika]] Interdisciplinarno polje koje proučava strukturu, funkciju, evoluciju, mapiranje i uređivanje cijelih genoma, za razliku od pojedinačnih gena. Genomika okoliša, ekogenomika i genomika zajednice Proučavanje genetičkog materijala dobivenog direktno iz uzoraka okoliša, za razliku od organizama uzgajanih u laboratorijskim kulturama. *[[Genomska DNK]] (gDNK)), [[hromosomska DNK]] Također hromosomska DNK. DNK sadržana u hromosomima, za razliku od vanhromosomske DNK sadržane u zasebnim strukturama kao što su plazmidi ili organele kao što su mitohondrije ili hloroplasti. *[[genom|Genomski ispis]] koji rezultira inaktivacijom alela ovisno o tomezavisno od toga od kojeg je roditelja naslijeđen. Može imati kliničku važnost jer može utjecatiuticati na ekspresiju genske mutacije (tj. fenotipa) u potomstvu oboljelog roditelja, ovisno o tomezavisno od toga koji roditelj prenosi mutaciju. *[[Genomsko utiskivanje]] (imprinting) [[epigenetika|Epigenetički fenomen]] koji uzrokuje ekspresiju gena na način koji ovisi o određenom roditeljuzavisi od određenog roditelja od kojeg je gen naslijeđen. Javlja se kada se epigenetički znakovi kao što su DNK ili metilacija histona uspostave ili "“utisnu" (uštapmaju” (uštampaju) u zametne ćelije roditeljskog organizma i zatim se održavaju kroz ćelijske diobe u somatskim ćelijama potomstva organizma; kao rezultat, gen u potomstvu koji je naslijeđen od oca može biti izražen drugačije od druge kopije istog gena koja je naslijeđena od majke. *[[Genotip]] Cjelokupni komplement alela prisutan u genomu određene individue, što, u međudejstvu sameđudjelovanju s okolinskim faktorima i interakcijiinterakcijom gena dovodi do njenog fenotipa. Na najširoj razini, genotip uključuje cjelokupnu genetičku konstituciju pojedinca. Često se primjenjuje uže na skup alela prisutnih na jednom ili više specifičnih lokusa. *[[Genotip]]izacija Proces utvrđivanja razlika u genotipu pojedinca ispitivanjem sekvenci DNK u genomu, pomoću biotestova i poređenjem sa sekvencama druge osobe ili referentnom sekvencom. Laboratorijski proces u kojem se DNK zametne linije analizira na specifične nukleotide ili baze kako bi se utvrdilo jesu li prisutne određene varijante. Genotipizacija se razlikuje od sekvenciranja, u kojem se procjenjuju svi nukleotidi koji čine određenu duljinu DNK (npr. unutar gena, egzoma ili genoma). * [[Genotoksičnost]] Sposobnost određenih hemijskih i/ili fizičkih i bioloških agenasa da prouzrokuju oštećenje genetičkog materijala u živoj ćeliji (npr. kroz jednolančane ili dvolančane prekide, umrežavanje ili tačkaste mutacije), što može, ali ne mora da dovede do trajne mutacije. Iako su svi mutageni genotoksični, nisu svi genotoksični spojevi mutageni. *[[Genska doza]] Broj kopija određenog gena prisutnih u genomu. Doziranje gena direktno utiče na količinu genskog proizvoda koji ćelija može ekspromirati, iako su se razvile različite kontrole koje strogo regulišu ekspresija gena. Promjene u doziranju gena uzrokovane mutacijama, uključuju varijacije u broju kopija *[[Genska ravnoteža]] Mehanizam određivanja spola koji zavisi od omjera broja X-hromosoma (X) i broja skupova autosoma (A). Mužjaci se razvijaju kada je omjer X/A 0,5 ili manji, ženke kada je 1,0 ili više, a interseks se razvija kada je između 0,5 i 1,0. *[[Genska terapija]] Umetanje funkcionalnog ili divljeg tipa gena ili dijela gena u organizam (posebno pacijenta) s namjerom ispravljanja genetičkog defekta, bilo direktnom zamjenom defektnog gena ili suplementacijom drugom, funkcijskalnomfunkcionalnom verzijom. *[[Genski fond]] Zbir svih različitih alela koje dijele pripadnici jedne populacije. *[[Genski lokus]] Specifičan, fiksni položaj na [[hromosom]]u gdje se nalazi određeni gen ili genetički marker. *[[protein|Genski proizvod]] Bilo koji biohemijski materijal koji je rezultat ekspresije gena, koji se najčešće tumači kao funkcionalni transkriptom [[iRNK]], proizveden transkripcijom gena ili potpuno izgrađeni protein proizveden primarnim transkriptom, iako nekodirajuće, molekule RNK kao što su transferne [[RNK]] mogu također se smatraju genskim proizvodima. Mjerenje količine datog genskog proizvoda koji se može otkriti u ćeliji ili tkivu ponekad se koristi da se zaključi koliko je odgovarajući gen aktivan. *[[klicni list|Germ-ćelija]] (zametna ćelija) Svaka biološka ćelija koja stvara spolne ćelije organizma koji se seksualno razmnožava. Spolne ćelije su međugeneracijske veze za genetički materijal koji će se na kraju prenijeti na potomke organizma i obično se razlikuju od somatskih ćelija, koje su potpuno odvojene od zametne linije. *[[klicni list|Germ linija]] (zametna linija) Također: Zametna linija U višećelijskim organizmima, populacija ćelija koje su sposobne da prenesu svoj genetički materijal na potomstvo organizma i stoga se (barem teorijski) razlikuju od somatskih ćelija, koje ne mogu prenijeti svoj genetički materijal. Ćelije zametne linije nazivaju se zametne ćelije. Linija zametnih ćelija, koja se proteže kroz mnoge generacije, sadrži genetički materijal koji je na jedinku prenijet od njegovih predaka. *[[Glasnička RNK]] Vidi: [[Informacijsk RNK]]. *[[Goldberg-Hognessova kutija]] Vidi: [[TATA-kutija]]. *[[G-pruganje]] Također (Giemsa pruganje ili G-bendiranje) Tehnika koja se koristi u citogenetici za proizvodnju vidljivog kariotipa, bojenjem kondenziranih hromosoma Giemsa bojom. Bojenje proizvodi dosljedne i prepoznatljive uzorke tamnih i svijetlih "“traka"” u regijama hromatina, što omogućava da se specifični [[hromosom]]i lako razlikuju. [[gram pozitivna bakterija|Gram pozitivnost]] i [[gram negativna bakterija|Gram negativnost]] Prijemčivost/neprijemčivost [[mikroorganizam]]a (([[bakterija]]) ma Giemsa bojenje *[[Guanin]] Skraćeno slovom (skr. G.) Jedna od četiri glavne nukleobaze prisutne u DNK i [[RNK]]. [[Guanin]] formira bazni par sas [[citozin]]om. *[[Gubitak heterozigotnosti (LOH) Ako postoji jedan normalan i jedan abnormalni alel na određenom lokusu, kao što se može vidjeti kod naslijeđenog autosomno dominantnog poremećaja osjetljivosti na rak, gubitak normalnog alela proizvodi lokus bez normalne funkcije. Kada gubitak heterozigotnosti uključuje normalni alel, stvara se ćelija koja će vjerojatnijevjerovatnije pokazati maligni rast ako je promijenjeni gen tumor supresorski gen. Naziva se i LOH. *[[GWAS]] GWAS (studija povezanosti cijelog genoma) GWAS (genome-wide associatijskassociation study) je način na koji se identificiraju naslijeđene genetičke varijante povezane s rizikom od bolesti ili određenom osobinom. Oval metod ispituje cijeli genom radi genetičkih polimorfizama, obično polimorfizama jednog nukleotida ([[SNP]]), koji se češće javljaju u slučajevima (ljudi s bolešću ili osobinom koja se procjenjuje) nego u kontrolnim skupinama (ljudi bez bolesti ili osobine). Naziva se i studija povezanosti cijelog genoma.<ref name="hadzirifat"/> ==H== *[[Haplodiploidija]] Sistem određivanja spola u kojem je spol pojedinog organizma određen brojem hromosoma koje posjeduje: potomci koji se razvijaju iz oplođenih jaja su diploidni i ženski, dok su potomci koji se razvijaju iz neoplođenih jaja haploidni i muški, sas polovinom [[hromosom]]a koliko i žena. Haplodiploidija je zajednička za sve pripadnike reda insekata Hymenoptera i nekoliko drugih taksona insekata. *[[Haplogrupa]] Skupina sličnih haplotipova koji imaju zajedničkog pretka s istom [[SNP]] mutacijom. Pošto se sastoji od sličnih haplotipova, omogućava predviđanje haplogrupa prema haplotipovima. Haplogrupa se određuje i utvrđuje SNP testom. *[[Haploid]] (ćelije ili organizma) Imaju jednu kopiju svakog hromosoma, pri čemu svaka kopija nije dio para. Kontrast diploidnog i poliploidnog. Označava se stenografskim brojem n. *[[[Haploidna garnitura]] Jednostruka [[hromosomska garnitura]] označava se simbolom <big>''n''</big>. Kada se spolne ćelije – jajna ćelija i sprematozoidspermatozoid spoje, novonastala – prva ćelija novog živog bića imaćeimat će diploidan broj hromosoma. *[[Haploidni broj hromosoma]] čovjeka iznosi 23. *[[Haploinsuficijencija]] Model dominantnog djelovanja gena u diploidnim organizmima, u kojem je jedna kopija alel a alela divljeg tipa na lokusu u heterozigotnoj kombinaciji sas varijantnim alelom nije dovoljandovoljna za proizvodnju fenotipa divljeg tipa. Haploinsuficijencija može nastati zbog de novo ili naslijeđene mutacije gubitka funkcije u varijantnom alelu, tako da proizvodi malo ili nimalo genskog proizvoda (često protein). Situacija koja se događa kada je jedna kopija gena inaktivirana ili izbrisana, a preostala funkcijskalnafunkcionalna kopija gena nije primjerena za proizvodnju potrebnog genskog proizvoda za očuvanje normalne funkcije. *[[Haplotip]] Sažeti termin za haploidni genotip. To je skup specifičnih alela (pojedinačnih DNK sekvenci) u klasteru usko povezanih gena na istom hromosomu, koji se nasljeđuju zajedno. Jednostavnije rečeno, haplotip je grupa takvih gena koje potomstvo nasljeđuje od jednog roditelja. Skup usko povezanih genetičkih markera prisutnih na jednom [[hromosom]]u koji se nasljeđuju zajedno. *[[Hardy-Weinbergov zakon]] U velikoj populaciji u kojoj dolazi do slučajnog parenja, frekvencije gena i genotipova su stalne. *[[Helikaza]] Bilo koji iz klase motornih proteina zavisnih od ATP -a koji se kreću u smjeru duž DNK kičmu kičme i katalizuju razdvajanje dva[[komplementa RNK lanca dvostruke spirale, dozvoljavajući da se odvijajuodvija veliki broj vitalnih procesa, npr. transkripcija, replikacija i popravka. Enzim koji odmotava lance dvolančane uzvojnice. *[[Hemizigot]] U diploidnom organizmu, koji ima samo jedan alel na datom [[genski lokus|geneskom lokusu]] (gdje bi ih obično bilo dva). Hemizigotnost se može uočiti kada je samo jedna kopija [[hromosom]]a prisutna u normalno diploidnoj ćeliji ili organizmu, ili kada je obrisan segment [[hromosom]]a koji sadrži jednu kopiju alela, ili kada je gen lociran na [[spolni hromosomheterogamet]]nom spolu (u kojem polnispolni hromosomi ne postoje u parovima koji se podudaraju); naprimjer, kod muškaraca s normalnim hromosomima, za gotovo sve X-vezane gene se kaže da su hemizigoti jer postoji samo jedan X hromosom i nekoliko istih gena postoji na Y hromosomu. Muški spol koji samo na X-hromosomu nosi alel za spolno- vezano svojstvo i koji se uvijek eksprimira u [[fenotip]]u. *[[Hemiziogot]]nost Pojava samo jednog člana hromosomskog para ili segmenta hromosoma umjesto uobičajena dva. Hemizigotnost se često koristi za opisivanje X-vezanih gena kod muškaraca koji imaju samo jedan hromosom X. Ovaj se termin ponekad koristi u genetici somatskih ćelija gdje su ćelijske linije raka često hemizigotne za određene alele ili hromosomske regije. *[[Heritabilnost]] Također i (nasljedivost) Pohranjivanje, prijenos i izražavanje molekulskih informacija u biološkim organizmima, što se manifestira prenošenjem fenotipskih osobine sa osobina s roditelja na potomstvo, bilo kroz seksualnu ili aseksualnu reprodukciju. Za ćelije ili organizmiorganizme potomaka se kaže da nasljeđuju genetičke informacije svojih roditelja. *[[nasljeđivanje|Sposobnost nasljeđivanja]]: [[Statistika]] koja se koristi u [[kvantitativna genetika|kvantitativnoj genetici]]. koja procjenjuje proporciju varijacije unutar date [[fenotip]]ske osobine koja je posljedica genetičke varijacije između pojedinaca u određenoj populaciji. Nasljednost se procjenjuje poređenjem individualnih fenotipova blisko srodnih jedinki u populaciji. Udio varijacija u populacijskom svojstvu koji se može pripisati naslijeđenim genetičkim čniocimačiniocima. Procjene nasljednosti kreću se od 0 do 1 i često se izražavaju kao postotak. Broj blizak 1 može biti pokazatelj visoko nasljedne osobine unutar populacije. Ne smije se koristiti za procjenu rizika na individualnoj osnovi. *[[Heterodupleksna analiza]] Metod otkrivanja razlika u sekvencama između normalne DNK i DNK koja se testira. Obično se koristi kao metodmetoda za otkrivanje potencijalnih mutacija u genu. *[[Heterogametnost]] Stanje organizma koji stvara dva tipa gameta s obzirom na spolne hromosome (XY). Heterogenost logaritama odds skora (HLOD rezultat) Statistička procjena jesu li dva genetička lokusa fizički dovoljno blizu jedan drugome (ili "povezana") na određenom [[hromosom]]u da se vjerojatnovjerovatno nasljeđuju zajedno. Logaritam heterogenosti rezultata izgleda izračunava se u prisustvu heterogenosti lokusa (kada isti fenotip može biti uzrokovan mutacijama u genima na različitim hromosomskim lokusima). Naziva se i HLOD rezultat. *[[Heterogenost lokusa]] Prisustvo varijanti na različitim lokusima gena koje uzrokuju iste ili slične fenotipske ekspresije bolesti ili stanja. *[[Heterohromatin]] Kondenzirane regije hromatina koje najčešće nisu transkripcijski aktivne; mogu biti konstitutivne i fakultativne. *[[Heterohromosom]] Vidi: [[Alosom]] *[[Heterologna ekspresija]] Ekspresija stranog gena ili bilo koje druge strane sekvence DNK unutar organizma domaćina koji prirodno ne sadrži isti gen. Insercija stranih transgena u heterologne domaćine pomoću rekombinantnog vektori je uobičajeni biotehnološki metod vektora uobičajena je biotehnološka metoda za proučavanje strukture i funkcije gena. *[[Heteroplazmija]] Pojava kada je u citoplazmi više tipova hloroplasta ili mitohondrija. Heteroza, hibridna snaga i poboljšanje autbredinga Također hibridna snaga i poboljšanje autbredinga. Poboljšana ili povećana funkcija kvantiteta ili kvaliteta bilo koje biološke osobine u hibridu potomstvo potomstva, s obzirom na istu osobinu kod njegovih genetički različitih roditelja. Ako je bilo koja ili više osobina roditelja značajno poboljšana u potomstvu kao rezultat miješanja genetičkih doprinosa roditelja, potomstvo je heterotično. *[[Heterozigot]] U diploidnom organizmu, genotip koji ima dva različita alela na datom genskom lokusu. U genetičkoj stenografiji, heterozigotni genotipovi su predstavljeni parom nepodudarnih slova ili simbola, često velikim slovom (kojikoje označava dominantni alel) i malim slovom (koje označava recesivni [[alel]]), kao što su Aa ili Bb itd. Kontrast je homozigot. *[[heterozigot|Heterozigotni genotip]] Prisustvo dva različita alela na određenom genskom lokusu. Heterozigotni genotip može uključivati jedan normalni i jedan mutirani alel ili dva različita mutirana alela (složeni heterozigot). *[[Hibrid]] Jedinka nastala križanjem genetički različitih roditelja iste vrste; npr. mendelovski F1-potomci graška dominantnog fenotipa nastali križanjem dominantnog homozigota i recesivnog homozigota ili potomak nastao križanjem jedinki koje pripadaju različitim vrstama. Potomstvo koje nastaje spajanjem kvaliteta dvaju organizama različitih rodova, [[vrsta]], [[rasa]], [[sorta (botanika)|sorti]] ili varijeteta putem seksualnog razmnožavanja. Hibridi se mogu pojaviti prirodno ili umjetno, kao u toku selektivnog uzgoja domaćih životinja i biljaka. Reproduktivne barijere obično sprečavaju hibridizaciju između udaljenih organizama ili barem osiguravaju da hibridno potomstvo bude sterilno, ali plodni hibridi mogu dovesti do specijacije. *[[Hibridizacija]] Proces kojim se hibridni organizam proizvodi od dva organizma različitih rodova, vrsta, [[rasa{{ ili varijeteta. Proces kojim se jednolančani DNK ili [[RNK]] preparat dodaje na površinu sekvence, u rastvoru, i potencijalno pretvara u komplementarnu sonda sondu. U odnosu na test ekspresije gena, hibridizacija se odnosi na korak u eksperimentalnoj paradigmi, dok se u molekulskoj biologiji ili genetici termin odnosi na hemijski proces. *[[himera|Himerizam]] Prisustvo dvedvije ili više populacija ćelija sas različitim genotipovima u pojedinačnom organizmu, poznatom kao himera, koja se razvila fuzijom ćelija koje potiču iz odvojenih zigota. Svaka populacija ćelija zadržava svoj genom, tako da je organizam kao cjelina mješavina genetički neidentičnih tkiva. Genetički himerizam može biti naslijeđen (npr. fuzijom više embrija tokom trudnoće) ili stečen nakon rođenja (npr. alogenom transplantacijom ćelija, tkiva ili organa od genetički neidentičnog donora). Kod biljaka može biti rezultat kalemljenja ili grešaka u diobi ćelija. Sličan je mozaicizmu, ali se razlikuje od njega. *[[mutacija|Hipermorf]] Mutirani alel sas povećanom ekspresijom u odnosu na iskodišniishodišni ([[divlji tip]]). *[[Hipomelanoza]] Nedostatak melanina. *[[Hipomorf]] Mutirani alel sa smasnjenomsmanjenom ekspresijom u odnosu na iskodišniishodišni (divlji tip). *[[Histon]] Dio klase posebnih proteina u [[hromosom]]ima oko kojih se omotava molekula DNK. Bilo koji iz klase visoko alkalnih proteina odgovornih za pakovanje jedarne DNK u strukturne jedinice koje se nazivaju nukleosomi u eukariotskim ćelijama. Histoni su glavne proteinske komponente hromatina, gdje se povezuju u komplekse koji djeluju kao "kalemovi"“kalemi” oko kojih se vijuga linearna molekula DNK. Imaju glavnu ulogu u regulaciji i ekspresiji gena. *[[HLOD-rezultat]] ([[logaritam]] heterogenosti rezultata pojavljivanja) Statistička procjena dajesu li su dva genska lokusa fizički dovoljno blizu jedan drugome (ili "povezana") na određenom [[hromosom]]u da se vjerovatno nasljeđuju zajedno. HLOD rezultat izračunava se u prisustvu heterogenosti lokusa (kada isti fenotip može biti uzrokovan mutacijama u genima na različitim hromosomskim lokusima). Također se naziva logaritam heterogenosti rezultata pojavljivanja. *[[Hloroplastna DNK]] (cpDNK) Cirkularna molekula DNK u hloroplastima, nezavisna od jedarne, endosimbiotskog porijekla. *[[Holandrični gen]]o Geni na [[hromosom Y|Y-hromosomu]]. *[[hromosom|Holocentrik]] (linearnog hromosoma ili fragmenta [[hromosom]]a) (linearnog hromosoma ili fragmenta hromosoma) Bez jedne centromere, već više mjesta za sklapanje kinetohora raspoređenih duž cijele dužine [[hromosom]]a. Tokom diobe ćelije, hromatide holocentričnih hromosoma se paralelno pomiču i ne formiraju klasične strukture u obliku slova V, tipske za monocentrične [[hromosom]]e. *[[Homogametnost]] Organizam koji stvara jedan tip gameta s obzirom na [[spolni hromosom|spolne hromosome]] (XX)). *[[Homologna rekombinacija]] Tip genetičke rekombinacije u kojoj se nukleotidne sekvence razmjenjuju između dvije slične ili identične (“homologne") molekule DNK, posebno one koja se događa između homolognih hromosoma. Termin se može odnositi na rekombinaciju koja se javlja kao dio bilo kojeg od brojnih različitih ćelijskih procesa, najčešće popravke DNK ili hromosomskog ukrštanja tokom mejoze kod eukariota i [[horizontalni prenos gena|horizontalnog prijenosa gena]] kod prokariota. Kontrastna nehomologna rekombinacija. *[[Homologni hromosom]], homolozi Također homolozi. Skup od dva podudarna hromosoma, jednog majčinskog i jednog očinskog, koji se uparuju jedan s drugim unutar jedra tokom mejoze. Imaju iste gene na istim lokusima, ali mogu imati različite alele. *[[Homoplazmija]] Pojava kada u citoplazmi nalazimo samo jedan tip [[hloroplast]]a ili [[mitohondrija]]. *[[Homozigot]] U diploidnom organizmu, organizam koji ima dva identična alela na datom genskom lokusu. U genetičkoj stenografiji, homozigotni genotipovi su predstavljeni parom odgovarajućih slova ili simbola, kao što su AA ili aa. Kontrast je heterozigot. *[[homozigot|Homozigotni genotip]] Jedinka koja nosi dva identična alela (AA ili aa). Prisustvo dva identična alela na određenom lokusu gena. Homozigotni genotip može uključivati dva normalna alela ili dva alela koji imaju istu varijantu. *[[Horizontalni transfer gena]] (HGT) HGT ili lateralni prijenos gena (LGT) je kretanje genetičkog materijala između jednoćelijskih i/ili višećelijskih organizama osim ("(“vertikalnim")”) prijenosom DNK, od roditelja do potomstva ([[razmnožavanje]]). HGT je važan faktor u evoluciji mnogih organizama. Horizontalni prijenos gena je i izmjena genetičkog materijala između dvije homologne molekule DNK dviju različitih ćelija (jedinki) iste generacije. *[[Hromatida]] Jedna kopija novokopiranog [[hromosom]]a, koji je centromerom spojen sas originalnim hromosomom. *[[Hromatidna razmjena]] Razmjena dijelova nesestrinskih hromatida homolognih hromosoma u profazi I mejoze. *[[Hromatin]] [[hromosom]]ski dio jedra sas pojačanom prijemčivošću za boje koje se koriste za bojenje preparata za mikroskopiranje. :Kompleks DNK i proteina tzv. nukleoprotein; može biti euhromatin iIiili heterohromatin Kompleks DNK, [[RNK]] i proteina koji se nalazi u eukariotskim ćelijama, koji je primarna supstanca koja se sastoji od hromosoma. Hromatin funkcioirafunkcionira kao sredstvo za pakiranje vrlo dugih molekula DNK u visoko organizirane i gusto zbijene oblike, što sprečava zapetljavanje niti, jača DNK tokom ćelijske diobe, pomaže u sprečavanju oštećenja DNK i ima važnu ulogu u regulaciji ekspresije gena i DNK replikacija. *[[Hromosom]] Jedarna supramolekulska struktura, vidljiva tek u ćelijama koje se dijele. Tada se hromosomi kondenziraju i dobiju jasnije konture. Prije diobe liče na tanke niti sklupčane u jedru. Sastoje se iz DNK i specifičnih proteina, [[histon]]a, koji služe kao prstenovi oko kojih se obmotavaomotava DNK. Oblik i debljina [[hromosom]]a ovise o tomezavise od toga koliko je čvrsto DNK obmotanaomotana oko proteina. Ako je obmotanaomotana jako, onda se hromosomi bolje vide i to se dešava nešto prije same diobe ćelije. Na hromosomu se mogu uočiti njegobvinjegovi kraci (kratki – p i dugi – q) krajevi ([[telomere]]), primarna RNK ([[centromere]]) i sekundarna RNK (drške satelita) suženja. [[Hromosom]]i se mogu smatrati svojevrsnim tipom molekulskog “paketa" za DNK unutar ćelijskog jedra. Kod većine eukariota, sastoje se od dugih lanaca DNK umotanih s proteinima koji se vežu za niti i kondenziraju, kako bi spriječili da postanu neupravljivo zapetljani. Najlakše se razlikuju i proučavaju u njihovim potpuno kondenziranim oblicima, koji se javljaju samo tokom ćelijske diobe. Neki jednostavni organizmi imaju samo jedan hromosom od kružne DNK, dok većina eukariota ima više hromosoma sastavljenih od linearne DNK. Sastoji se od proteina i DNK organiziranih u gene. Svaka ljudska ćelija normalno sadrži 23 para [[hromosom]]a. *[[Hromosomska duplikacija]] Dvostrukost cijelog hromosoma ili njegovih određeni hsegmenataodređenih segmenata. *[[Hromosomska nestabilnost]] Genomska neravnoteža koja se javlja kada ćelija ima abnormalan broj hromosoma. Može biti uzrokovana neočekivanim hromosomskim križanjem ili prisutnošću malih, vanhromosomskih dijelova DNK.<ref name="hadzirifat"/> ==I== *[[Idiohromosom]] Vidi: [[Alosom]]. *[[Inbred linija]] Bilo koja loza određene vrste u kojoj su jedinke gotovo ili potpuno genetički identične jedna drugoj zbog duge historije ponovljenih inbridinga, bilo prirodnim ili vještačkim putem. Linije se obično smatraju ukrštanimukrštenim nakon najmanje 20 generacija inbridinga (npr. samooplodnjom ili parenjem u srodstvu), kada su gotovo svi lokusi u genomu homozigotni i sve jedinke se stoga mogu tretirati kao klonovi (uprkos činjenici da se još uvijek proizvode spolnom reprodukcijom). *[[Inbriding]] Također ukrštanje u srodstvu [[Spolno razmnožavanje]] između [[rasa]] ili jedinki koje su genetički blisko povezane. Inbriding rezultira [[homozigot|homosigotnošću]], što može povećati i vjerovatnoću da će potomstvo biti pogođeno štetnim recesivnim osobinama i vjerovatnoću fiksiranja korisnih osobina unutar reproduktivnog dijela populacije. Reproduktivni događaj i rezultirajuće potomstvo mogu se nazvati ukrštanjem, a za potomstvo se kaže da je inbredno. Kontrast je autbriding. *[[Incidencija]] Učestalost nove pojave genetičkog poremećaja (ili šire bilo kojeg genetičkog stanja ili osobine, štetnog ili drugog) među članovima određene populacije i u određenom vremenskom periodu. *[[Indel]] Termin koji se odnosi na inserciju ili deleciju jedne ili više baza u sekvenci [[nukleinske kiseline]]. *[[Inducibilni gen]] Gen čija [[ekspresija gena|ekspresija]] ili reaguje na promjenu okoline ili ovisi o položaji ćelije domaćina unutar [[ćelijski ciklus|ćelijskog ciklusa]]. *[[protein|Induktor]] Protein koji se vezuje za represor (da ga onemogući) ili za aktivator (da ga omogući). *[[Informacijska RNK]] [[RNK]] (iRNK, mRNK) su sve molekule RNK koje prenose genetičku informaciju iz njenog centra u [[ćelijsko jedro|jedru]], tj. u [[hromosom]]ima ili u drugim nositeljima DNK ([[mitohondrijska DNK]] ([[mitohondrije]] i [[plastid]]i) – do mjesta njene realizacije. Genetička kontrola svih pojava i procesa u organizmu odvija se putem sinteze regulacijskih ([[enzimi]]) i strukturnih proteina. *[[genetičko testiranje|Informativnost]] U [[genetičko testiranje|genetičkom testiranju]], rezultat testa koji definitivno otkriva prisustvo ili odsutnost genetičke promjene zametne linije povezane s nasljednim poremećajem koji se procjenjuje. U analizi povezanosti, sposobnost razlikovanja između majčinski i očinski naslijeđenih DNK-markera (polimorfizama) unutar ili u blizini određenog gena od interesa. *[[genetičko savjetovanje|Informirani pristanak]] (proces pristanka) Proces razmjene informacija između kliničara i pacijenta ili njegovog zakonskog opunomoćenika osmišljen kako bi se omogućilo samostalno donošenje odluka na temelju [[informacija]]. Trebao bi uključivati objašnjenje medicinskih i psihosocijalnih rizika, dobrobiti, ograničenja i mogućih implikacija [[genetička analiza|genetičke analize]], raspravu o privatnosti, povjerljivosti, dokumentaciji i rukovanju rezultatima genetičkog testa, kao i mogućnostima za upravljanje rizikom od nasljednih bolesti. Naziva se i proces pristanka. *[[Insercija (genetika)|Insercija]] Umetanje jednog ili više [[nukleotid]]a u lanac DNK, odnosno hromosom. Tip mutacije u kojoj se jedna ili više baza dodaje sekvenci nukleinske kiseline; može značajno varirati u veličini. *[[Inicijacijski kodon]] Pogledajte: Početnipočetni kodon (startni kodon). *[[Insercijska mutageneza]] Promjena sekvence DNK umetanjem jednog ili više nukleotida u sekvencu, bilo prirodno ili vještački. Ovisno o preciznoj lokacijiZavisno od precizne lokacije umetanja unutar ciljne sekvence, insercije mogu djelomično ili potpuno inaktivirati ili čak povećati regulaciju genskog proizvoda ili biohemijskog puta, ili mogu biti neutralne, ne dovodeći do suštinskih promjena. Mnoge tehnike genetičkog inženjerstvoainženjerstva oslanjaju se na umetanje egzogenog genetičkog materijala u ćelije domaćina, kako bi se proučavala funkcija i ekspresija gena. *[[Insercijska sekvenca]] Također, insercijski ili jednostavno umetnuti element Bilo koja nukleotidna sekvenca koja je prirodno ili umjetno umetnuta u drugu sekvencu. Termin se posebno koristi da se odnosi naza dio transpozibilnog elementa koji kodira one proteine koji su direktno uključeni u proces transpozicije, npr. enzim transpozaza. Kodirajuća regija u transposabilnoj sekvenci umetanja obično je flankirana kratkim obrnutim ponavljanjima, a struktura većih prenosivih elemenata obično uključuje par bočnih sekvenci umetanja koje su same invertirane. *''[[In silico]]'' Odnosi se na eksperimente na živim jedinkama van i unutar organizma, odnosno i kako su i nađeni in natura. *[[''In situ]]'' Na datom mjestu *[[Integron]] Mobilni genetički element koji se sastoji od genske kasete koja kodira rekombinazu specifičnu za mjesto i uključuje mjesta za prepoznavanje specifična za integrazu i promotor koji upravlja ekspresijom jednog ili više gena za adaptivne osobine na ćeliju domaćina. Integroni obično postoje u obliku kružnih episomnih DNK fragmenata kao što su plazmidi, preko kojih pomažu brzu adaptaciju i evoluciju bakterija, omogućavajući horizontalni prijenos gena otpornosti na antibiotike između različitih bakterijskih vrsta i sojeva. *[[Intein]] Bilo koja sekvenca jedne ili više aminokiselina unutar prekursorskog polipeptida koja je izrezana spajanjem proteina tokom posttranslacijske modifikacije i stoga je odsutna u zrelom proteinu, analogno intronima spojenim iz [[RNK]] transkripta. Kontrast je ekstein. *[[Intercistronska regija]] / međugenska regija Bilo koja sekvenca DNK koja se nalazi između stop kodona jednog gena i startnog kodona sljedećeg gena u policistronskoj transkripcijskoj jedinici. Također: međugenska regija. *[[Interfaza]] Sve faze ćelijskog ciklusa isključujući ćelijsku diobu. Tipska ćelija većinu života provodi u interfazi, tokom koje obavlja svakodnevne metaboličke aktivnosti, kao i potpunu replikaciju svog genoma u pripremi za mitozu ili mejozu. *[[Intergenski razmaknik]] (IGS) Regija nekodirajuće DNK između gena. Termini intergeni spejser (IGS) ili netranskribovaninetranskribirani razmak (NTS) koriste se posebno za razmaknicu DNK između mnogih tandemski ponovljenih kopija gena ribosomske RNK. *[[Intergenska regija]] (IGR) Bilo koja sekvenca nekodirajuće DNK koja se nalazi između funkcionalnih gena. *[[Interkalirajući agens]] Bilo koji hemijski spoj (npr. akridinske boje) kojekoji ometa poravnanje i uparivanje baza u komplementarnim lancima molekula DNK, umetanjem sesebe između baza. *[[Interkineza]] Skraćena pauza u aktivnostima vezanim za ćelijsku diobu koja se javlja tokom mejoze kod nekih vrsta, između prve i druge mejotske diobe (tj. mejoze I i mejoze II). Tokom interkineze ne dolazi do replikacije DNK, za razliku od normalne interfaze koja prethodi mejozi I i mitozi. IntragenskiIntragenska regija Vidi: Intronintron. *[[Introgresija]] Također, [[introgresivna hibridizacija]]. Premještanje gena iz genskog fonda jedne populacije ili vrste u onu druge populacije ponovnim ukrštanjem hibrida dvije populacije s jednom od roditeljskih populacija. Sveprisutan je i važan izvor genetičke varijacije u prirodnim populacijama, ali se također može namjerno izazvati u uzgoju pripitomljenih biljaka i životinja. *[[Intron]] Nekodirajuća sekvenca eukariotske DNK, između sekvenci DNK sa smislenom šifrom (egzonima). Sekvenca DNK između egzona koja se inicijalno kopira u RNK, ali je izrezana iz konačnog [[RNK]] prijepisa i stoga ne mijenja kodiranje aminokiseline. Poznato je da neke intronske sekvence utiču na ekspresiju gena. *[[Intron]]ski upad Rekombinacija posredovana intronom; tip abnormalnosti [[hromosom]]a u kojem su krakovi hromosoma ogledalske slike jedan drugog. *[[inverzija (genetika)|Inverzija]] [[Hromosomska mutacija]] u kojoj se segment hromosoma odlomi i ponovno pričvrsti u obrnutom smjeru. *[[Inverzijska omča]] Nastaje sparivanjem [[homologni hromosom|homolognih hromosoma]] kod inverzijskog [[heterozigot]]a. *''[[In vitro]]'' U staklenci. *''[[In vivo]]'' Uživo. *[[iRNK]] Vidi: [[Informacijska RNK]]. *[[Istosmislena mutacija]] Vidi: Sinonimnasinonimna mutacija. *[[Izohromosom]] (linearnog hromosoma ili fragmenta hromosoma) Hromosom sa s centromerom u sredini hromosoma, što rezultira kracima hromatide približno jednake dužine. Formiranje izohromosoma je ekvivalentno je istovremenim događajima umnožavanja i [[delecija (genetika)|delecije]], tako da dvije kopije ili dugog ili kratkog kraka čine rezultirajući hromosom. *[[Izolator]] Specifična sekvenca DNK koja sprečava da gen bude pod uticajem aktivacije ili potiskivanja obližnjih gena. *[[Izomerni gen]]i Dva ili više gena koji su ekvivalentni i redundantni u smislu da, uprkos [[kodon|kodiranju]] različitih genskih proizvoda, svaki od njih rezultira istim [[fenotip]]om kada je postavljen unutar iste genetičke pozadine. Ako je nekoliko izomernih gena prisutno u jednom genotipu, mogu biti kumulativni ili bez n-kumulativnog doprinosa fenotipu.<ref name="hadzirifat"/> ==J== *[[Jedarce]] (nukleolus) Jednostruka ili višestruka ćelijska [[organela]], odnosno jedrova suborganela. Glavna funkcija mu je stvaranje i organizacija komponenti ribosoma ([[rRNK]] i [[ribosom]]skih proteina). Organela jedra eukariotskih ćelija koja se sastoji od proteina, DNK i RNK i služi kao mjesto sinteze [[ribosom]]a. *[[Jednonukleotidni polimorfizam]] (SNP) U genetici odrednica za pojavu zamjene mjesta jednog od [[nukleotid]]a nekim drugim nukleotidom. Naprimjer, ako je posmatrana sekvenca na određenoj lokaciji gena posmatrane vrste sastavljena od niza nukleotida AAGCCTA, pa zatim nastane promjena redoslijeda nukleotida, kao AAGCCAA, postaje uočljivo da se početna i novonastala sekvenca međusobno razlikuju u jednom nukleotidu. Posljedice ovakvih izmjena (usljed ovakve "[[tačkasta mutacija|tačkaste mutacije]]“) mogu biti različitog obima i oblika u posmatranom [[genom]]u ili fenotipu. *[[Jednosmjerna translokacija – [[nerecipročna translokacija]] Premještanje segmenta jednog hromosoma, nakon loma, na drugi nehomologni hromosom. *[[hromatida|Jednostruki hromosom]] Hromatida koja ima svoju vlastitu centromeru, jedna molekula DNK. *[[ćelijsko jedro|Jedro]] Ćelijska [[organela]] u kojoj je pohranjena (isključivo ili djelimično) genetička informacija u hromosomima. ==K== *[[genom|Kanalizacija]] Sposobnost populacije da dosljedno proizvodi isti fenotip bez obzira na varijabilnost okoline ili genetičke varijacije unutar njenog genoma. Koncept se najčešće koristi u razvojnoj biologiji za tumačenje zapažanja da su razvojni putevi često oblikovani prirodnom selekcijom, tako da se ćelijske loze u razvoju "vode" ili "kanaliziraju" prema jednoj, određenoj sudbini, postajući progresivno otpornijim na bilo kakve manje perturbacije. To može preusmjeriti razvoj ćelija dalje od njihovog početnog toka. *[[Kandidatski gen]] Gen čija je lokacija na hromosomu povezana s određenim fenotipom (često vezanim za bolest),) i za koji se stoga sumnja da uzrokuje ili doprinosi fenotipu. Geni kandidati se često biraju za proučavanje na osnovu prethodnog znanja ili prognoza o njihovoj funkcijskalnojfunkcionalnoj relevantnosti za osobinu ili bolest koja se istražuje. *[[Kanonska sekvenca]] Vidi: [[Konsenzusna sekvenca]]. *[[Kariogram]] Prikaz hromosoma jedne vrste poredanih prema veličini i položaju centromera (primarnih suženja hromosoma). *[[Kariotip]] Kompletna [[hromosomska garnitura]] date vrste. Broj i izgled hromosoma unutar jedra eukariotske ćelije, posebno kako je prikazan na organiziranoj mikrosnimci poznatoj kao [[kariogram]] ili u idealiziranom [[idiogram]]u (u parovima i poredani po veličini i položaju centromere). Termin se također koristi za označavanje kompletnog skupa hromosoma u vrsti ili pojedinačnom organizmu ili za bilo koji test koji otkriva ovaj komplement ili mjeri broj hromosoma. *[[kaskadno testiranje|Kaskadni skrining]] (kaskadno testiranje) Sistemski postupak za identifikaciju osoba unutar porodice kod kojih postoji rizik od nasljednog stanja. Počinje pronalaskom [[patogen]]e/ vjerovatno patogene varijante, putem opsežnog testiranja (kao što je testiranje potpunog genoma ili multigenskog panela) kod jednog člana porodice, obično pogođenog ovim stanjem. Zatim se testiranje samo za određenu porodičnu varijantu proširuje na rizične biološke rođake. Ovaj se proces ponavlja kako se identificira više pogođenih pojedinaca ili nositelja patogene varijante. Kaskadni skrining ponekad se naziva i kaskadno testiranje (preferirani termin). Kaskadno ([[genetičko testiranje|genetičko]]) testiranje (kaskadni skrining) Proces proširenja genetičkog testiranja na pojedince s rizikom unutar porodice za [[nasljeđivanje]] patogene varijante prethodno identificirane kod biološkog srodnika. Ovaj se proces ponavlja kako se unutar porodice identificira više nositelja [[patogen]]e varijante. Kaskadno [[genetičko testiranje]] ponekad se naziva i kaskadni probir, iako je preferirani izraz kaskadno genetičko testiranje. Naziva se i kaskadnim testiranjem. *[[ekspresivnost (genetika)|Kasni ili varijabilni početak]] Odnosi se na dob u kojoj se fenotip bolesti izražava kod osobe koja nosi patogenu varijantu. Stanja s kasnim ili promjenjivim početkom općenito se manifestiraju kasnije u životu ili u neko određeno doba tokom života. *[[bazni par|Kilobaza]] Jedinica molekulske mase/ dužine [[nukleinske kiseline]] jednaka 1.000 parova baza u dupleksnim molekulama, kao što je dvolančana DNK ili 1.000 baza u jednolančanim molekulama. *[[Kinetohor]] Troslojna laminarna proteinska struktura kojom se hromosom prihvata za mikrotubule [[diobeno vreteno|diobenog vretena]]. *[[Klasična genetika]] Grana genetike koja se zasniva isključivo na posmatranju vidljivih rezultata reproduktivnih činova, za razliku od onoga što su omogućile moderne tehnike i metodimetode molekulske biologije. Kontrastna molekululskaKontrast je [[molekularna genetika|molekulska genetika]]. *[[genetičko testiranje|Klinička korisnost]] Pojam koji se odnosi na vjerovatnoću da će test, podsticanjem intervencije, rezultirati poboljšanim zdravstvenim ishodom. Klinička korisnost genetičkog testa temelji se na zdravstvenim dobrobitima povezanim s intervencijama koje se nude osobama s pozitivnim rezultatima testa. *[[genetičko testiranje|Klinička valjanost]] Termin koji se odnosi na prediktivnu vrijednost testa za određeni klinički ishod (npr. [[vjerovatnoća]] da će se rak razviti kod nekoga s pozitivnim testom). Primarno je određena osjetljivošću i specifičnošću kojom test identificira pojedince s definiranim kliničkim stanjem unutar određene populacije. Klinička valjanost genetičkog testa je vjerovatnoća da će se rak razviti u nekoga s pozitivnim rezultatom testa. *[[kloniranje|Klon]] Genetički identične ćelije bakterija nastale [[binarna dioba|binarnim diobama]]; populacija ćelija ili [[organizam]]a koji su genetički identični, a nastali su binarnom diobom ([[prokarioti]]) ili mitozom iz jedne ćelije ili vegetativnim razmnožavanjem zajedničkog pretka ([[eukarioti]]). *[[Kloniranje]] Proces proizvodnje, bilo prirodno ili umjetno, pojedinačnih organizama ili ćelija koje su genetički identične jedna drugoj. Klonovi su rezultat svih oblika aseksualne reprodukcije, a ćelije koje prolaze kroz mitozu proizvode ćelije kćeri koje su klonovi roditeljske ćelije i jedne druge. Kloniranje se također može odnositi na biotehnološke metode kojikoje vještački stvaraju kopije [[organizam]]a ili [[ćelija (biologija)|ćelija]], ili, u molekulskom kloniranju, kopije fragmenata DNK ili drugih molekula. Metod manipulacije genetičkim materijalom u cilju dobijanja genetički istovjetnih jedinki. Jedinke koje imaju istovjetan genetički materijal se nazivaju se klonovima. *[[ekspresija gena|Koaktivator]] Tip regulatora koji povećava ekspresiju jednog ili više gena vezivanjem za aktivator. *[[kodon|Kodiranje]] Također ([[smislenost (genetika)|smisleni lanac]], pozitivni (+) lanac i lanac bez šablona.) Lanac dvolančane molekule DNK čija nukleotidna sekvenca direktno odgovara sekvenci [[RNK]] transkripta proizvedenog tokom transkripcije (osim što su baze [[timin]]a supstituirane [[uracil]]skim bazama u molekuli RNK). Iako sam po sebi nije transkribiran, kodirajući lanac je po konvenciji lanac koji se koristi kada se prikazuje sekvenca DNK zbog direktne analogije između njene sekvence i kodona [[RNK]] proizvoda. Kontrast šablonske niti; vidi i smislenost. *[[kodominantnost|Kodominacija]] Osobena varijacija sudominacije dvajudva alela nad trećim. Manifestira u pojavi dase kad su [[heterozigot]]ne jedinke istovremeno obilježene produktima oba prisutna alela; specifična supstanca koju kodira svaki od njih strukturno je istovjetna u oba moguća [[genotip]]a (primjer [[krvna grupa]] AB). *[[Kodon]] [[Triplet]] u mRNK komplementaran tripletu (kod) u DNK. Serija od tri uzastopna nukleotida u kodirajućoj regiji sekvence nukleinske kiseline. Svaki od ovih tripleta kodira određenu aminokiselinu ili stop signal tokom sinteze proteina. Svaka molekula DNK i [[RNK]] napisana je jezikom nukleotida, koristeći četiri "slova" (četiri različite nukleobaze ), ali jezik koji se koristi za konstruiranje proteina uključuje 20 "slova" (20 različitih aminokiselina). [[Kodon]]i pružaju ključ koji omogućava da se ova dva jezika prevode jedan u drugi. Općenito, svaki kodon odgovara jednoj aminokiselini (ili stop signalu). Potpuni skup kodona naziva se [[genetički kod]]. *[[enzim|Kofaktor]] Bilo koji neproteinski [[organski spoj]] koji je vezan za [[enzim]]. Kofaktori su potrebni za pokretanje [[kataliza]]. *[[Kompenzacija doze]] Regulacijski sistem kojim se jedan X-hromosom kod ženki sisara inaktivira u ranom [[embriogeneza|embrijskom razvoju]] i ostaje inaktivan cijeli život Svaki mehanizam kojim organizmi neutraliziraju veliku razliku u doziranju gena uzrokovanu prisustvom različitog broja [[spolni hromosom|spolnih hromosoma]] kod različitih spolova, čime se izjednačava ekspresija spolno vezanih gena tako da pripadnici svakog spola primaju iste ili slične količine proizvoda takvih gena. Primjer je X-inaktivacija kod ženki sisara. *[[osobina|Kompleksna osobina]] Vidi: [[osobina|Kvantitativno svojstvo]]. *[[Komplementarna DNK]] (cDNK) DNK koja se sintetizira iz jednolančanog šablona [[RNK]] (obično [[iRNK]] ili [[miRNK]] ) u reakciji koju katalizira enzim [[reverzna transkriptaza]]. Proizvodi se i prirodno od strane [[retrovirus]]a i vještački u određenim laboratorijskim tehnikama, posebno molekulskim kloniranjem. U [[bioinformatika|bioinformatici]], termin se također može koristiti za označavanje sekvence transkripta [[iRNK]] izražene kao njegov dvojnik kodirajućeg lanca DNK (tj.[[timin]]om koji zamjenjuje [[uracil]]). *[[Komplementarni gen]]i Geni koji interakcijom daju učinak različit od učinka svakoga gena zasebno. *[[nukleinska kiselina|Komplementarnost]] Svojstvo biopolimernosti [[nukleinske kiseline]], pri čemu će dva [[polimer]]na lanca postavljena antiparalelno jedan prema drugom težiti formiranju parova baza koji se sastoje od [[vodikova veza|vodikovih veza]] između pojedinačnih [[nukleobaza]] koje čine svaki lanac. Pritom se svaki od četiri tipa nukleobaza uparuje isključivo s jednim drugim tipom nukleobaza; npr. u dvolančanoj molekuli DNK, A se pari samo sas T, a C parovi samo sa G. Za polulance koji su upareni na takav način, kao i za same baze, kaže se da su komplementarni. Stepen komplementarnosti između dva lanca snažno utiče na stabilnost dupleksnih molekula; određene sekvence također mogu biti interno komplementarne, što može rezultirati vezivanjem jednog lanca za sebe. Komplementarnost je fundamentalna za mehanizme koji upravljaju [[replikacija DNK|replikacijom DNK]], transkripcijom i [[popravka DNM|popravkom DNK]]. *[[Kondenzacija DNK]] Proces povećavanja stepena spiralizacije i približavanja namotaja dvostruke spirale DNK. *[[novorođenče|Kongenitalnost]] Stanje ili osobina prisutna pri rođenju. Može biti posljedica genetičkih ili negeničkih faktora. [[Fenotip]] ili [[osobina]] koja se češće javlja u određenoj porodici nego u općoj populaciji; porodične osobine mogu imati genetičku i/ili negenetičku [[etiologija|etiologiju]]. *[[bakterijska konjugacija|Konjugacija]] Prijenos DNK iz donora u recipijenta tokom spolnog razmnožavanja; mehanizam [[genetička rekombinacija|rekombinacije]] kod [[bakterija]]. *[[inbriding|Konsangvinitet]] Genetičko srodstvo između jedinki koje su potomci barem jednog zajedničkog pretka. *[[Konsenzusna sekvenca]] U molekulskoj biologiji i [[bioinformatika|bioinformatici]], izračunati redoslijed najčešćih ostataka, bilo nukleotida ili aminokiselina, pronađen na svakom položaju u poravnanju sekvenci. Predstavlja rezultate više [[poravnavanje sekvenci|poravnavanja sekvenci]], u kojima se srodne međusobno uspoređuju i izračunavaju se slični sekvencni sekventni motivi. *[[vrsta|Konspecifičnost]] Pripadnost istoj vrsti. *[[Konstitucijska DNK]] (DNK zametne linije) ]]Odnosi se na tkivo koje potoče iz reproduktivnih ćelija (jajna ćelija|jajne ćelije ili [[spermatozoid]]a) i koje se ugrađujuugrađuje u DNK svake ćelije u tijelu potomka. Mutacija germinativne linije može se prenijeti s roditelja na potomstvo. Naziva se i DNK zametne linije. *[[Konstitutucijska ekspresija]] Kontinuirana transkripcija gena, za razliku od fakultativne ekspresije, u kojoj se gen transkribujetranskribira samo prema potrebi. Gen koji se kontinuirano transkribujetranskribira naziva se konstitutivni gen. *Konsultant Osoba koja se javlja na [[genetičko savjetovanje]]. *[[Kontrastni početni kodon]] (linearnog hromosoma ili fragmenta hromosoma) (linearnog hromosoma ili fragmenta hromosoma) Pozicioniranje centromere blizu, ali ne tačno u sredini hromosoma, što rezultira kracima hromatida neznatno različite dužine. *[[Konverzija DNK]] Bilo koji mehanizam pomoću kojeg se DNK sekvence se razmjenjuju nerecipročno (npr. putem konverzije gena, transpozicije ili nejednakog križanja ) što uzrokuje stalne fluktuacije u broju kopija DNK motiva tokom života organizma. Takvi mehanizmi su često glavni pokretači specijacije među populacijama. *[[Konzervacijska genetika]] Interdisciplinarna grana populacijske genetike koja primjenjuje genetičke metode i koncepte u nastojanju da se razumije dinamika gena u [[populacija]]ma, s glavnim ciljem izbjegavanja izumiranja i očuvanja i obnavljanja biodiverziteta. *[[[Konzervativna replikacija]] Jedna je od trinačinatri načina replikacije DNK. Tokom ovog procesa stvara dvije zavojnice DNK iz jedne izvorne. Od dvije formirane zavojnice, jedna z sadrži potpuno staru DNK, dok druga sadrži potpuno novu DNK. *[[Konzervirana sekvenca]] ]]Sekvenca [[nukleinske kiseline]] ili proteina koji je vrlo sličan ili identičan u mnogim [[vrsta]]ma ili unutar [[genom]]a, što ukazuje na to da je ostao relativno nepromijenjen kroz dugi period evolucije. *[[transkripcijski faktor|Koregulator]] Protein koji djeluje zajedno sas jednim ili više faktora transkripcije, kako bi regulirao [[ekspresija gena|ekspresiju gena]]. *[[ekspresija gena|Korepresor]] Tip koregulatora koji smanjuje (potiskuje) ekspresiju jednog ili više gena vezivanjem i aktiviranjem represora. *[[vezabi geni|Kosegregacija]] Prijenos, zajedno, dva ili više gena na istom hromosomu, kao rezultat toga što su u vrlo bliskoj fizičkoj blizini jedan drugome (tj. povezani). *[[histon|Kovalentne modifikacije histona]] *[[Postranslacijske modifikacije]] koje dovode do aktivacije gena ili pak [[utišavanja gena]]. *[[hromosom|Kratki krak (p)]] Kraći [[hromosom]]ski krak, u odnosu na q krak datog hromosoma, prema položaju centromere. *[[Kratko tandemsko ponavljanje]] (STR) ili jednostavno ponavljanje sekvence (SSR) Tip satelitske DNK koja se sastoji od relativno kratke sekvence tandemskog ponavljanja, u kojoj se određeni motivi (u rasponu dužine od jedne do šest ili više baza) ponavljaju, obično 5–50 puta. [[Mikrosatelit]]i su široko rasprostranjeni u [[genom]]ima većine organizama i imaju tendenciju da imaju veće stope mutacija nego u drugim regijama. Klasifikovani su kao tandemsko ponavljanje DNK promenljivogpromjenljivog broja ([[VNTR]]), zajedno sas dužim minisatelitima. *[[Krosingover]] (krosing over) Vidi: Hromosomsko ukrštanje. *[[inbriding|Krvno srodstvo]] Genetički blisko srodne osobe koje dijele nedavnog zajedničkog pretka (obično udaljenog ne više od tri ili četiri generacije). Efekt srodnog parenja, takođetakođer poznatog kao inbriding, jest povećanje vjerovatnoće da će potomstvo biti [[homozigot]]no na bilo kom datom paru [[gemski lokus|genskih lokusa]]. *[[Kvantitativna genetika]] Grana [[populacijska genetika|populacijske genetike]] koja proučava [[fenotip]]ove koji kontinuirano variraju (kao što su [[visina]] ili [[masa]]), za razliku od onih koji spadaju u kategorije koje se mogu diskretno identifikovati (kao što je [[boja očiju]] ili prisustvo ili odsustvo određene osobine). [[Kvantitativna genetika]] koristi statističke metode i koncepte za povezivanje kontinuirano distribuiranih fenotipskih vrijednosti sa specifičnim [[genotip]]ovima i genskim proizvodima. *[[Kvantitativni PCR]] [[PCR]] u realnom vremenu ili kvantitativna polimerazna lančana reakcija (engengl. ''Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction''),, skraćeno RTPCR, je) laboratorijska je tehnika u molekulskoj biologiji koja je bazirana na polimeraznoj lančanoj reakciji (PCR). Primjenjuje se za umnožavanje i simultanu detekciju ili kvantifikaciju ciljane molekule DNK. Postupak slijedi opći princip polimerazne lančane reakcije, a ključno obilježje je karakteristika je da se umnožena DNK otkriva kako reakcija napreduje, u "“realnom vremenu". Ovo je novi pristup u odnosu na standardnu [[PCR]], gdje se detektira proizvod reakcije na svom kraju. *[[osobina|Kvantitativno svojstvo]] Također: Složena osobina.<ref name="hadzirifat"/> ==L== *[[Lac-operon|''Lac''-operon]] Inducibilni sistem regulacije gena kod Escherichia coli. *[[PCR|Polimerazns lančana reakcija]] (PCR) Postupak koji proizvodi milione kopija kratkog segmenta DNK kroz ponovljene cikluse: (1) denaturacije, (2) anelinga i (3) elongacije. Lančana reakcija polimerazom je vrlo čest postupak u molekulskogenetičkom testiranju i može se koristiti za generiranje dovoljne količine DNK za izvođenje testa (npr. amplifikacija specifična za alele, kvantifikacija ponavljanja trinukleotida). Naziva se i PCR. *[[Lateralni transfer gena]] (LGT) Vidi: Horizontalni prijenos gena. *[[lažna pozitivnost i lažna negativnost|Lažno pozitivni rezultat]] Rezultat testa koji pokazuje da je ispitanik zahvaćen i/ili ima određenu mutaciju gena kada on ili ona zapravo nije zahvaćen i/ili nema mutaciju; tj. pozitivan rezultat testa kod stvarno nepogođene osobe ili osobe s negativnom mutacijom. *[[LD *[[LD (neravnoteža povezivanja]]) Mjesto gdje se aleli (DNK markeri) pojavljuju zajedno češće nego što se to može slučajno objasniti zbog njihove fizičke blizine na hromosomu. Naziva se i neravnoteža povezivanja. *[[Leptoten]] Potfaza profaze mejoze I. U mejozi, prviprva od pet podfazapotfaza profaze I, nakon interfaze i prethode zigonemu, tokom kojeg se replicirani hromosomi kondenzuju iz difuznog hromatina u duge, tanke niti koje su mnogo vidljivije unutar jedra. *[[Letalna ekvivalentna vrijednost]] Prosječan broj recesivnih štetnih gena koji postoje u heterozigotnom stanju koje nosi član populacije diploidnih organizama, pomnožen prosječnom vjerovatnoćom da će svaki takav gen uzrokovati preranu smrtnost kada je homosigotan. Naprimjer, za organizam koji nosi osam recesivnih semiletalnih alela, od kojih svaki proizvodi samo 50% vjerovatnoće prerane smrti kada je homozigotan, kaže se da nosi genetički teret od četiri "smrtonosna ekvivalenta". *[[Letalna mutacija]] Svaka mutacija koja rezultira preranom smrću organizma koji je nosi. Recesivne letalne mutacije su fatalne samo za homosigote, dok su dominantne letalne mutacije fatalne čak i za heterozigote. *[[Ligaza]] Klasa [[enzim]]a koji kataliziraju spajanje velikih molekula kao što su [[nukleinske kiseline]], formiranjem jedne ili više [[hemijska veza|hemijskih veza]] između njih, tipski C–C, C–O, C–S ili C–N veza putem kondenzacijskih reakcija. Primjer je DNK-ligaza, koja katalizira stvaranje [[fosfodiesterska veza|fosfodiestarskih veza]] između susjednih [[nukleotid]]a na jednom ili oba lanca molekule DNK, reakcija poznata kao [[ligacija]]. *[[Lijonizacija]] Vidi: X-inaktivacija. *[[Lizogeni ciklus]] Ciklus bakterijskih virusa koji nakon infekcije izazivaju lizu (razgradnju) [[bakterije]]. Ima bakterijski virus sa ugrađenom [[fag]]nom (virusnom) DNK u genom bakterije *[[LOD-rezultat]] (Logaritamlogaritam kvotnih rezultata) Statistička procjena jesu li dva genetićkagenetička lokusa fizički dovoljno blizu jedan drugome (ili “povezana") na određenom [[hromosom]]u da se mogu zajedno naslijediti. Za LOD rezultat od 3 ili više općenito se podrazumijeva da znači da su dva gena smještena blizu jedan drugome na hromosomu. LOD rezultat od 3 znači da su izgledi 1000:1 da su dva gena povezana i stoga naslijeđena zajedno. Također se naziva LOD skor. *[[LOH]] Gubitak [[heterozigot]]nosti Ako postoji jedan normalan i jedan abnormalni alel na određenom lokusu, kao što se može vidjeti kod naslijeđenog autosomno dominantnog poremećaja osjetljivosti na rak, gubitak normalnog alela proizvodi lokus bez normalne funkcije. Kada gubitak heterozigotnosti uključuje normalni alel, stvara se ćelija koja će vjerovatnije pokazati maligni rast ako je promijenjeni gen tumor supresorski gen. Naziva se i gubitkom heterozigotnosti. *[[genski lokus|Lokus]] Fizičko mjesto ili mjesto specifičnog [[gen]]]a na hromosomu. *[[Lyonska teorija]] Teorija genetičarke Mary Lyon prema kojoj je inaktivacija hromosoma X kod ženki sisara slučajna i nasumična. ==M== *[[MAGE]] Grupa koja ima za cilj da obezbediobezbijedi standard za reprezentaciju [[DNK-mikromreža]] ; podaci o ekspresiji gena koji bi olakšali razmjenu informacija mikromreža između različitih sistema podataka. *[[Mikrohromosom]] *[[Majčinski efekt]] Učinak produkata majčinih gena na [[fenotip]] potomka. *[[Majčinsko nasljeđivanje]] Vidi: [[Citoplazmatskog nasljeđivanje]], nasljeđivanje DNK-organela jajnom ćelijom. *[[Mala jedarna ribonukleinska kiselina]] ([[miRNK]]/snRNK) Općenito poznata kao U-RNK, je klasa malih molekula RNK koje se nalaze u okviru srastanja krajeva [[egzon]]skih tijela [[prerada RNK|prerade RNK]] u jedrima [[eukariot]]skih ćelija. Prosječna dužina [[miRNK]] je oko 150 [[nukleotid]]a. *[[Mapiranje gena]] Bilo koja od različitih metoda koje se koriste za preciznu identifikaciju lokacije određenog gena unutar molekule DNK (kao što je hromosom) i/ili fizičke udaljenosti ili udaljenosti između njega i drugih gena. *[[Mapna jedinica]] (mu) Vidi: [[Centimorgan]] *[[Masivno paralelno sekvenciranje]] (sekvenciranje sljedeće generacije, NGS) Metod visoke propusnosti koja se koristi za određivanje dijela nukleotidne sekvence genoma pojedinca. Ova tehnika koristi tehnologije sekvenciranja DNK koje mogu paralelno obraditi više sekvenci DNK. Također se naziva sekvenciranje sljedeće generacije i NGS. *[[Matična ćelija]] Svaka biološka ćelija koja se još nije diferencirala u specijalizirani tip ćelija i koja se može podijeliti mitozom, kako bi proizvela više matičnih ćelija. *[[Medicinska genetika]] Grana medicine i [[nedicina|medicinske nauke]] koja uključuje proučavanje, dijagnozu i liječenje nasljednih poremećaja, i te širu primjenu znanja o ljudskoj genetici na medicinsku obradu. *[[Međugenski razmak]] (IGS) ili netranskribirani razmak (NTS).) Bilo koja sekvenca ili regija nekodirajuće DNK koja razdvaja susjedne gene, bilo da su transkribovanitranskribirani ili ne. Termin se posebno koristi za označavanje nekodirajućih regija između mnogih ponovljenih kopija gena ribosomske RNK.Viditakođer: Međugenska Vidi također: međugenska regija. *[[Mejoza]] Specijalizirana [[ćelijska dioba]] koja se javlja isključivo u seksualnom razmnožavanju eukariota, tokom kojeg replikaciju DNK prate dva uzastopna kruga diobe, kako bi se na kraju proizvele četiri genetički jedinstvene haploidne kćeri ćelije, svaka sa upola manjim brojem hromosoma od originalne diploidne roditeljske ćelije. Javlja se samo u ćelijama spolnih oragana i služi za stvaranje haploidnih [[gamet]]a, kao što su [[spermatozoid]]i, [[jajne ćelije]] ili [[spore]], koje se kasnije spajaju tokom [[oplodnja|oplodnje]]. Dvije mejotske podjele, poznate kao [[mejoza]] I i mejoza II, također mogu uključivati različite događaje genetičke rekombinacije između [[homologni hromosom|homolognih hromosoma]]. *[[Mendelovsko nasljeđivanje]] Teorija biološkog nasljeđivanja zasnovana na skupu principa koje je prvobitno predložio [[Gregor Mendel]] 1865. i 1866. Izveo je tri generalizirana zakona o genetičkoj osnovi nasljeđivanja koji se, zajedno s nekoliko teorija koje su razvili kasniji naučnici, smatraju temeljem [[klasična genetika|klasične genetike]]. Kontrast je nemendelovsko nasljeđivanje. *[[Merozigot]] ili parcijalni [[diploid]] Bakterija koja ima duplicirane dijelove [[genom]]a. *[[Metafaza]] Faza [[mitoza|mitoze]] i [[mejoza|mejoze]] koja nakon prometafaze i prije anafaze, tokom koje se centromere repliciranih hromosoma poravnavaju duž ekvatora ćelije, pri čemu je svaki kinetohor pričvršćen za mitotsko (diobeno) vreteno. *[[Metilacija DNK]] [[epigenetika|Epigenetička]] modifikacija DNK koja nastaje [[metiliranje]]m [[citozin]]a u CpG dinukleotidima, inhibira [[transkripcija gena|transkripciju gena]] . *[[Mikroevolucija]] Promjena frekvencije alela ili genotipova u populaciji, odnosno promjena genetičke strukture populacije tokom velikog broja generacija. *[[Mikrohromosom]] Tip vrlo malog hromosoma, obično veličine manje od 20.000 parova baza, prisutan u kariotipovima nekih organizama. *[[Mikromreža]] (MIAME) Komercijalni standard koji je razvio FGED i zasnovan na MAGE – kako bi se olakšalo skladištenje i dijeljenje podataka o ekspresiji gena. *[[MikroRNK]] (miRNK) Tip malih, jednolančanih, nekodirajućih molekula [[RNK]], koje funkcioniraju u posttranskripcijskim regulacijama ekspresije gena, posebno utišavanja RNK, uparivanje baza sas komplementarnim sekvencama u iRNK transkriptima, što obično rezultira cijepanjem ili destabilizacijom transkripta ili inhibira njegovu translaciju u ribosomima. *[[Mikrosatelit[[ Ponavljajući segmenti DNK razasuti po [[genom]]u u nekodirajućim regijama između gena ili unutar gena (introni). Često se koriste kao markeri za analizu povezanosti zbog njihove prirodne velike varijabilnosti u broju ponavljanja među jedinkama. Ove regije su inherentno genetički nestabilne i podložne mutacijama. *[[Mikrosatelitska nestabilnost]] (MSI) Karakteristika ćelija koje sadrže abnormalnosti u popravku nepodudarnosti DNK. Prisustvo nestabilnosti mikrosatelita može biti marker patogene varijante zametne linije u jednom od gena za popravak neusklađenosti DNK, kao u slučaju Lynchovog sindroma. Mikrosatelitska nestabilnost također se može pojaviti sporadično. Naziva se i MSI. *[[MINSEQE]] Komercijalni standard koji je razvio FGED za skladištenje i dijeljenje visokopropusnih sekvenciranje podataka. *[[Misens mutacija]] (varijanta) GenetićkaGenetička promjena u kojoj supstitucija jednog para baza mijenja genetikkigenetički kod tako da proizvodi aminokiselinu koja se razlikuje od uobičajene aminokiseline na datom položaju. Neke misens varijante (ili mutacije) promijenit će promijeniti funkciju proteina. Također se naziva misens varijanta. *[[Mitohondrijska DNK]] (mDNK) Zasebne molekule u genomu viših organizama, onih čije ćelije imaju organele. Prema teoriji endosimbioze, mitohondrije i hloroplasti su nastali od endosimbiontskihendosimbiotskih cijanobakterija. DNK koja se nalazi u ovim organelama ima više sličnosti sas bakterijskom DNK – cirkularna je, a geni su kontinuirani (nema introna). Međutim, i na ovoj DNK se nekada mogu dogoditi mutacije koje izazivaju ozbiljne poremećaje metabolizma. Nasljeđuje se mitohondrijsku DNK od majke, jer spermatozioidispermatozoidi pri oplodnji svoje mitohondrije, a time i mDNK, ostavljaju u repu, koji ne ulazi u jajnu ćeliju. *[[Mjera udaljenosti]] Bilo koja količina koja se koristi za mjerenje razlika između nivoa ekspresije gena različitih gena. *[[MLPA]] Laboratorijski metod kojiMLPA (pojačanje sonde zavisno od multipleksne ligacije) Laboratorijska metoda koja se obično koristi za otkrivanje neuobičajenih promjena broja kopija (insercijaainsercija ili delecija) [[genom]]skih sekvenci. Također se naziva pojačanje sonde ovisno o multipleksnoj ligaciji. *[[Molekulsko kloniranje]] Ugradnja stranog gena u [[genom]] prokariotske ili eukariotske ćelije uz pomoć vektora. *[[Monohibrid]] Heterozigotni organizam za jedan gen koji kodira svojstvo koje određuju dva alela. *[[Monohibridno ukrštanje]] Križanje dva heterozigota za jedan gen; samooplodnja mendelovske F1 generacije (Aa x Aa). *[[Monoploidi]] Haploidni organizmi s jednim setovasetom hromosoma. *[[Monosomija]] Tip aneuploidije, manjak jednog hromosoma, 2n-1. *[[Mozaicizam]] Pojava dvije ili više ćelijskih linija s različitim genetičkim ili hromosomskim sastavom unutar jedne jedinke ili tkiva. *[[MSI]] *MSI (mikrosatelitska nestabilnost) Karakteristika ćelija koje sadrže abnormalnost u popravku nepodudarnosti DNK. Prisustvo MSI može biti marker patogene varijante zametne linije u jednom od gena za popravak nepodudarnosti DNK, kao u slučaju Lynchovog sindroma. MSI se također može pojaviti sporadično. Naziva se mikrosatelitska nestabilnost. *[[Multigenski test]] (multipanelski multigenski test, test više gena, višegenski test) Genetički testovi koji koriste sekvenciranje sljedeće generacije za testiranje više gena istovremeno. Naziva se još i test više gena i višegenski test. Multipleks pojačanje sonde ovisno o ligacijizavisno od ligacije (MLPA) Laboratorijski metod kojiLaboratorijska metoda koja se obično koristi za otkrivanje neuobičajenih promjena broja kopija (insercija ili delecija) [[genom]]skih sekvenci. Naziva se i MLPA. *[[Multipleksno genomsko testiranje]] Metod za otkrivanje višestrukih genetičkih promjena (tj. mutacija gena ili jednonukleotidnih polimorfizama u jednom genu ili u cijelom [[genom]]u) istovremeno. *[[Multiplikacija gena]] (amplifikacija gena) Također i amplifikacija gena. Tip mutacije definiran kao bilo koja duplikacija regije DNK koja sadrži gen. UporediteUsporedite hromosomsku duplikaciju. *[[Mutacija]] Strukturna promjena u genetičkom materijalu. Može to biti promjena u samo jednom "slovu" genetičkog koda, a i promjena jednog većeg dijela genetičkog koda. Također, mutacije mogu biti [[genska mutacija|genske]], [[hromosomska mutacija|hromosomske]] i [[genomska mutacija|genomske]]. Obično su štetne, ali mogu imati velik evolucijski značaj kada ih prirodna selekcija favorizira. Pojam varijanta se ponekad koristi kao sinonim za mutaciju. Mutacija de novo (de novo mutacija, de novo varijanta, nova varijanta) Genetička promjena po prvi put u jednom članu porodice, kao rezultat varijante (ili mutacije) u zametnoj ćeliji (jajnoj ćeliji ili spermatozoidu) jednog od roditelja ili varijante koja nastaje u samom oplođenom jajetu tokom rane embriogeneze. Naziva se i de novo mutacija, de novo varijanta i nova varijanta. *[[Mutacija osnivača]] Genetička promjena uočena s velikom učestalošću u skupini koja je ili je bila geografski ili kulturno izolirana, u kojoj je jedan ili više predaka bio nositelj promijenjenog gena. Taj se fenomen često naziva učinkom osnivača. Naziva se i (varijanta osnivača.) Genetička promjena uočena s velikom učestalošću u skupini koja je ili je bila geografski ili kulturno izolirana, u kojoj je jedan ili više predaka bio nositelj promijenjenog gena. Taj se fenomen često naziva učinkom osnivača. *[[Mutacija pomaka okvira]] Umetanje (insercija) ili brisanje (delecija) koje uključuje broj parova baza koji nije višekratnik od tri, što posljedično remeti okvir čitanja tripleta DNK sekvence. Takve varijante (ili mutacije) obično dovode do stvaranja kodona prijevremenog završetka (zaustave) i rezultiraju skraćenim (kraćim od normalnog) proteinskim produktom. Naziva se i varijanta pomaka okvira. Zbog tripletne prirode po kojoj nukleotidi kodiraju aminokiseline, mutacija ovog tipa uzrokuje pomak u okviru čitanja nukleotidne sekvence, što rezultira time da je sekvenca kodona nizvodno od mjesta mutacije potpuno drugačija od originala. *[[Mutacija zametne linije]] (klicina varijanta) Promjena gena u reproduktivnoj ćeliji (jajnoj ćeliji ili spermatozoidu) koja se ugrađuje u DNK svake ćelije u tijelu potomka. Varijanta (ili mutacija) sadržana u germinalnoj liniji može se prenijeti s roditelja na potomstvo i stoga je nasljedna. Naziva se i klicina varijanta. *[[Mutagen]] Tvar iz okoliša (hemijska, fizička ili biološka) koja izaziva mutaciju. ==N== *[[nasljeđivanje|Način nasljeđivanja]] Način na koji se nasslljednanasljedna osobina, poremećaj ili rizik od poremećaja prenosi s jedne generacije na drugu. Postoje različiti načini nasljeđivanja, a svaki može rezultirati karakterističnim obrascem pogođenih, nezahvaćenih ili rizičnih pojedinaca unutar porodice. Primjeri su autosomno dominantno, autosomno recesivno, X-vezano dominantno, X-vezano recesivno i multifaktorsko (poligensko) nasljeđivanje. [[Naddominacija]] – selekcijska prednost Fenomen da heterozigotni genotip ima bolji reproduktivni uspjeh od homozigotnog. *[[interakcija gena|Naddominantnost]] Odnos između alela gena u kojem jedan alel proizvodi učinak na fenotip koji je nadjačan ili "maskiran" doprinosom drugog alela na istom lokusu; za prvi alel i njegova povezana fenotipska osobinanjegove povezane fenotipske osobine se kaže da su recesivni, a za drugi i njegova povezana osobinanjegove povezane osobine se kaže da su dominantni. Često recesivni aleli kodiraju neefikasne ili nefunkcijskalnenefunkcionalne proteine. Kao i dominacija, recesivnost nije inherentno svojstvo nijednog alela ili fenotipa, već jednostavno opisuje njegov odnos s jednim ili više drugih alela ili fenotipova. U genetičkoj stenografiji, recesivni aleli su često predstavljeni malim slovom (npr., za razliku od dominantnog A). *[[Nasljedna predispozicija]] (genetička predispozicija, genetička osjetljivost, nasljedna podložnost) Povećana šansa ili vjerovatnoća razvoja određene bolesti na temelju prisustva jedne ili više genetičkih varijanti i/ili porodične anamneze koja ukazuje na povećan rizik od bolesti. Nasljedna predispozicija ne znači da će pojedinac razviti bolest. Način života i okolišni faktori također mogu utjecatiuticati na rizik od bolesti osobe. *[[Nasljeđivanje]] Također se označava i kao genetička predispozicija, genetička osjetljivost i nasljedna podložnost. Proces međugeneracijskog prenošenja genetičkih uputa za sintezu gradivnih ili kontrolnih ([[enzim]]skih) proteina. *[[genetičko testiranje|Neaficirana osoba]] U genetici, opisuje osobu koja nema određenu fenotipsku osobinu ili bolest. *[[genetičko savjetovanje|Negativna prediktivna vrijednost]] (NPV) [[Vjerovatnoća]] da pojedinac s negativnim rezultatom testa uistinu nije pogođen i/ili da nema određenu gensku mutaciju o kojoj je riječ. Naziva se i NPV. *[[genetičko savjetovanje|Neinformativni rezultat]] (neuvjerljivi rezultat i neodređen rezultat) Negativan rezultat testa kod osobe kod koje nije jasno nije pronađena štetna mutacija ni u jednom članu porodice. Genetički rizični status takve osobe mora se tumačiti u kontekstu njegove ili njezine osobnelične i porodične povijesti. Također se naziva neuvjerljivi rezultat i neodređen rezultat. *[[Neklasificirana varijanta]] (varijanta nesigurnog značaja, varijanta nepoznatog značaja) Varijacija u genetičkoj sekvenci za koju je nejasna povezanost s rizikom od bolesti. Također se n aziva varijanta nesigurnog značaja, varijanta nepoznatog značaja. *[[nositelj (genetika)|Nenositelj]] Osoba koja ne nosi mutaciju prethodno identificiranu u njenoj ili njezinoj porodici. *[[genetičko testiranje|Neodređeni rezultat]] (neuvjerljivi rezultat, neinformativni rezultat) Negativan rezultat testa kod nekoga bez jasno uočene štetne mutacije ni u jednom članu porodice. Genetički rizični status takve osobe mora se tumačiti u kontekstu njegove ili njezine osobnelične i porodične povijesti. Također se naziva neuvjerljivi rezultat i neinformativni rezultat. *[[genska mutacija|Neomorf]] Mutirani alel sas novom ekspresijom u odnosu na iskodišniishodišni (divlji tip). *[[intermedijarnost|Nepotpuna dominantnost]] Slučaj interakcije alelnih gena kada dva alela heterozigotnog genotipa daju novi fenotip. Nepotpuna (smanjena) penetrabilnost Penetrabilnost se odnosi na vjerovatnoću da će se kliničko stanje pojaviti kada je prisutan određeni genotip. Stanje ima nepotpunu penetraciju kada neki nositelji patogene varijante izražavaju povezano svojstvo, dok drugi ne. Također se naziva smanjena penetrabilnost. *[[Neprobojnost]] Primjer u kojem osoba ima genetičku varijantu povezanu s osobinom ili koja uzrokuje bolest, ali nema fenotip ili stanje. Primjer nepenetracije je žena s [[patogen]]om varijantom BRCA1 koja doživi starost i nikad ne dobije rak dojke ili jajnikaNerazdvajanje jajnika *[[Nerazdvajanje]] (engl. nondisjunction) Nerazdvajanje homolognih hromosoma u anafazi I ili sestrinskih hromatida u anafazi II mejoze i sestrinskih hromatida u anafazi mitoze. *[[Nerastvorljiva RNK]] (sRNK).) Posebna klasa molekula RNK, tipski dužine 76 do 90 nukleotida, koja služi kao fizički adapter, omogućavajući transkriptima [[iRNK]] da se prevedu u sekvence aminokiselina tokom sinteze proteina. Svaka [[tRNK]] sadrži specifičan [[antikodon]]ski triplet koji odgovara]] aminokiselini koja je [[kovačentna veza|kovalentno vezana za suprotni kraj [[tRNK]]. Kako translacija napreduje, tRNK se regrutuju u ribosom, gdje je svaki kodon iRNK uparen sas tRNK koja sadrži komplementarni antikodon. U zavisnosti od organizma, ćelije mogu koristiti čak 41 različitu tRNK sas jedinstvenim antikodonima. Zbog degeneracije kodona unutar genetičkog koda, nekoliko [[tRNK]] koje sadrže različite antikodone nose istu aminokiselinu. *[[genetičko testiranje|Neuvjerljivi rezluau]] (neodređeni, neinformativni) rezultat Negativan rezultat testa osoba kod kojih nije jasno utvrđena štetna mutacija ni u jednom članu porodice. Genetički rizični status takve osobe mora se tumačiti u kontekstu njegove ili njezine osobnelične i porodične povijesti. Također se naziva neodređeni rezultat i neinformativni rezultat. *[[NGS]] *[[Nizvodnost (genetika)]] Prema ili bliže 3'- kraju lanca nukleotida, ili C-kraju peptidnog lanca. Kontrast uzvodnoje uzvodnost. *[[Nonsens mutacija]] Besmislena) mutacija (varijanta) Genetička promjena koja uzrokuje prijevremeni završetak sinteze proteina. Promijenjeni protein može biti djelimično ili potpuno inaktiviran, što dovodi do promjene ili gubitka njegove funkcije. Također se naziva besmislena mutacija. Metod (masivno paralelno sekvenciranje, sekvenciranje sljedeće generacije) Metoda visoke propusnosti kojikoja se koristi za određivanje dijela nukleotidne sekvence. Ova tehnika koristi tehnologije sekvenciranja DNK koje mogu paralelno obraditi više sekvenci DNK. Također se naziva masivno paralelno sekvenciranje i sekvenciranje sljedeće generacije. *[[Nokautiranje gena]] i [[nokaut miš]] Tehnika [[genetičko inženjerstvo|genetičkog inženjerstva]] u kojoj je organizam modificiran da nosi gene koji su postali neoperativni (“nokautirani“), tako da je njihova ekspresija poremećena u nekoj fazi na putu koji proizvodi njihove genske proizvode i organizam je lišen svog normalnog efekta. *[[nositelj (genetika)|Nositelj]] Jedinka koja je naslijedila recesivnu recesivni alel za genetičku osobinu ili mutaciju, ali kod koje ta osobina obično nije izražena ili vidljiva u fenotipu. Obično su takvi heterozigotni za recesivni alel i stoga još uvijek mogu prenijeti alel na svoje potomstvo, gdje se povezani fenotip može ponovo pojaviti ako potomstvo naslijedi drugu kopiju alela. Termin se obično koristi u medicinskoj genetici u kontekstu recesivnog alela koji uzrokuje bolest. *[[Nesinonimna supstitucija]] ili zamjenska mutacija Tip mutacije u kojoj supstitucija jedne nukleotidne baze drugom, nakon transkripcije i translacije, rezultira u sekvenci aminokiselina koja se razlikuje od one koju proizvodi originalni nemutirani gen. Budući da nesinonimne mutacije uvijek rezultiraju biološkom promjenom u organizmu, često su podložne jakom selekcijskom pritisku. Kontrastna je sinonimna mutacija. *[[frekvencija alela|Nosiva frekvencija]] (stopa nositelja) Udio jedinki u populaciji koje imaju jednu kopiju specifične recesivne genske varijante. Učestalost nositelja također se ponekad odnosi na prevalenciju varijanti u dominantno djelujućim genima, kao što su [[BRCA1]] i BRCA2. *[[Nova mutacija]] (varijanta) Novootkrivena, izrazita genetička promjena; nije isto što i nova ili de novo varijanta (ili mutacija). *[[NPV]] (negativna prediktivna vrijednost) [[Vjerovatnoća]] da osoba s negativnim rezultatom testa uistinu nije pogođena i/ili da nema određenu gensku mutaciju o kojoj je riječ. *[[Nukleinska kiselina]] Dugačka, polimerna makromolekula sastavljena od manjih monomera zvanih nukleotidi koji su hemijski povezani jedan s drugim u lancu. Dva specifična tipa nukleinske kiseline, DNK i [[RNK]], koriste se u biološkim sistemima za kodiranje genetičkih informacija koje upravljaju konstrukcijom, razvojem i uobičajenim procesima svih živih organizama. Redoslijed ili sekvenca nukleotida u molekulama DNK i [[RNK]] sadrži informacije koje se prevode u proteine za usmjeravanje svih biohemijskih reakcija neophodnih za život. Složene, dugolančane makromolekule, koje se nalaze u svim živim bićima, odgovorne su za pohranjivanje i realizaciju genetičkog koda za biosintezu proteina i prenošenje instrukcija o sintezi proteina s roditelja na potomke. *[[Nukleobaza]] Organska molekula koja se sastoji isključivo od dušične baze vezane za šećer od pet ugljika (bilo ribozu ili dezoksiribozu), za razliku od nukleotida, koji dodatno uključuje jednu ili više fosfatnih grupa. *[[Nukleoid]] Slična jedru, nepravilno oblikovana regija unutar prokariotske ćelije koja sadrži cijeli ili većinu genetičkog materijala. Za razliku od eukariotskog jedra, nije okružen jedarnom membranom. Prstenasta dvolančana molekula DNK prokariota pakirana s proteinima nalik histonima. *[[Nukleosom]] Osnovna gradivna jedinica hromatina, tj. dvolančana DNK omotana oko histonskog oktamera. *[[Nukleotid]] Gradivni element (jedinica) nukleinskih kiselina. Nukleotidi se u DNK sastoje od šećera dezoksiriboze, fosforne kiseline i neke od četiri dušične baze ([[adenin]], [[timin]], [[guanin]] ili citozin). Nukleotidi ribonukleinske kiseline sastoje se od šećera riboze, fosforne kiseline i jedne od četiri moguće dušične baze: [[adenin]], [[uracil]], [[guanin]] ili citozin (u odnosu na DNK – [[uracil]] je umjesto [[timin]]a). *[[Nukleotidna sekvenca]] Precizan redoslijed uzastopno povezanih nukleotida u molekuli nukleinske kiseline, kao što je DNK ili RNK. Duge sekvence nukleotida su glavno sredstvo pomoću kojeg biološki sistemi pohranjuju genetičke informacije i stoga je tačna replikacija, transkripcija i translacija takvih sekvenci od najveće važnosti da se informacije ne izgube ili pokvare. Sekvence nukleinskih kiselina mogu se ekvivalentno nazvati sekvencama dušičnih baza, nukleobaza, nukleotida ili baznih parova, i one direktno odgovaraju sekvencama kodona i aminokiselina. *[[Nukleozid]] U nukleinskim kiselinama, šećer i baza. *[[alel|Nulti alel]] Mutacija koja rezultira ili nedostatkom genskog produkta ili odsutnošću funkcije na [[fenotip]]skoj razini. *[[Nutrigenomika]] Proučavanje interakcije prehrambenih i genetičkih faktora i njen učinak na metabolizam, zdravstveno stanje i rizik od bolesti. *[[NVC]] (varijanta broja kopije) Odnosi se na genetičko svojstvo koje uključuje broj kopija određenog gena u [[genom]]u pojedinca. Genetičke varijante, uključujući insercije, delecije i duplikacije segmenata DNK, također se zajednički nazivaju CNV. CNV čine značajan udio međuindividualne genetičke varijacije.<ref name="hadzirifat"/> ==O== *[[Obrnuta genetika]] Metoda koja se koristi za razumijevanje funkcija gena analizom fenotipskih učinaka uzrokovanih inženjerstvom specifično sekvence nukleinskih kiselina unutar gena. Proces se odvija u suprotnom smjeru od klasične genetike. Dok unaprijedna [[genetika]] nastoji pronaći genetičku osnovu za fenotip ili osobinu, reverzna genetika pokušava pronaći ono što fenotipove kontrolira kao određene genetičke sekvence. *[[mutacija|Oker]] Jedan od tri stop kodona koja se koriste u standardnom genetičkom kodu; u [[RNK]], određen je nukleotidnim tripletom UAA. Druga dva stop kodona zovu se amber i opal. *[[Oligonukleotid]] Relativno kratki lanac aminokiselinskih ostataka nukleinske kiseline. [Oligonukleotidi se često koriste za otkrivanje prisustva većih [[iRNK molekula ili se sklapaju u dvodimenzijske mikronizove za analizu sekvenci visoke propusnosti. *[[Omnibus genske ekspresije]] (GEO) Baza podataka za ekspresiju gena kojom upravlja američki Nacionalni centar za biotehnološke informacije. Ovi visokopropusni funkcionalni [[genom]]ski podaci izvedeni su iz eksperimentalnih podataka iz čipova i sekvenciranja sljedeće generacije. *[[Onkogen]] Gen koji ima potencijal da izazove rak. U tumorskim ćelijama, takvi geni su često mutirani i/ili eksprimirani na abnormalno visokim nivoima. *[[Operator (genetika)]] Sekvenca DNK operona na koju se veže represorski protein. *[[Operon]] Više gena pod zajedničkom transkripcijskom kontrolom istog promotora i operatora. *[[Otvoreni okvir čitanja|ORF]] Dio orvorenog okvira čitanja koji ima sposobnost da se prevede iz DNK ili [[RNK]] u protein; bilo koji kontinuirani dio kodona koji sadrži početni i stop kodon. *[[ORI]] Jedan od skupa gena (ili, općenito, bilo koje sekvence DNK koja pokazuje homologiju) u različitim [[genom]]ima, direktno povezanih jedan s drugim vertikalnim spuštanjem od jednog gena ili sekvence u posljednjem zajedničkom pretku tih [[genom]]a. Za takve gene ili sekvence se kaže da su ortologni. Ortolozi potiču iz iste predačke sekvence i može se zaključiti da su povezani jedni s drugima na osnovu sličnosti njihovih sekvenci. Iako su možda evoluirali nezavisno unutar odvojenih [[genom]]a mutacijom i prirodnom selekcijom, njihovi proizvodi mogu i dalje zadržati slične strukture, funkcije ili nivoe ekspresije među vrstama i populacijama. Identifikacija ortologa se pokazala važnom u zaključivanju o filogenetskim odnosima između različitih organizama. Kontrastni paralog. *[[ekspresija gena|Osnovna linija]] Mjera nivoa ekspresije jednog ili više gena prije perturbacije u eksperimentu, kao u negativnoj kontroli. Osnovna ekspresija se također može odnositi na očekivanu ili historijsku mjeru ekspresije za [[gen]]. *[[Osobina]], [[svojstvo]], značajka, karakter(istika) Individue i grupe međusobno se biološki razlikuju po praktično beskonačnom nizu manje ili više uočljivih elemenata njihovog opisa, za koje se u bosanskom jeziku najčešće upotrebljavaju termini: osobina, svojstvo, odlika, značajka, obilježje, oznaka, karakter, karakteristika i dr. Svaka od tih komponenti opisa je, znači, opažajne prirode, tj. odabrani dio viđenja ili mjerenja stvarnog stanja organizma ili grupe.<ref name="hadzirifat"/> ==P== *[[Palindrom]](i) Obrnuto ponavljajuće sekvence [[DNK]] *[[Palindromska sekvenca]] Sekvenca nukleinske kiseline dvolančane molekule DNK ili RNK u kojoj se jednosmjerna sekvenca (npr. 5' do 3') nukleotida na jednom lancu poklapa sa sekvencom u istom smjeru (npr. 5' do 3') na komplementarnom lancu. Drugim riječima, za nukleotidnu sekvencu se kaže da je palindromska ako je jednaka njenom obrnutom komplementu. Palindromski motivi su uobičajeni u većini [[genom]]a i sposobni su za formiranje ukosnica. *[[Panmiksija]] – slučajno parenje Pojava da svaki član populacije ima jednaku šansu pariti se s bilo kojim drugim članom populacije suprotnoga spola. *[[Paracentrična inverzija]] Inverzija koja ne uključuje [[centromera|centromeru]]. *[[Paradoks C-vrijednosti]] Termin koji se koristi za opisivanje različitih pitanja u vezi s ogromnim varijacijama u jedarnoj [[C-vrijednost]]i ili veličini [[[[genom]]]]a među [[eukariot]]skim [[vrsta]]ma, posebno zapažanje da veličina [[genom]]a nije u korelaciji s percipiranom složenošću organizama, niti nužno s brojem gena. Naprimjer, mnogi jednoćelijski protisti imaju [[genom]]e koji sadrže hiljade puta više DNK od ljudskog genoma. Ovo se smatralo paradoksalnim sve do otkrića da se eukariotski [[genom]]i uglavnom sastoje od nekodirajuće DNK, kojoj u potpunosti nedostaju geni. Fokus enigme se od tada pomjerio na razumijevanje zašto i kako su [[genom]]i postali ispunjeni s toliko nekodirajuće DNK i zašto neki [[genom]]i imaju veći sadržaj gena od drugih. *[[Paralog]] Jedan od skupa gena (ili, općenitije, bilo koje DNK sekvence koje pokazuju homologiju), koji su direktno povezani jedni s drugima putem jednog ili više događaja genetičke duplikacije; za takve gene ili sekvence kaže se da su paralogni. Paralozi su rezultat umnožavanja jedne sekvence unutar jednog [[genom]]a, a zatim naknadne divergencije dupliciranih sekvenci, mutacijom i prirodnom selekcijom (bilo unutar originalnog [[genom]]a, ili tokom specijacije, u različitim [[genom]]ima). Kontrast je ortolog. [[Parazitska DNK]] Vidi: [[Sebični genetički element]]. *[[Autbriding|Parenje izvan srodstva]] (engl. outbreeding) Parenje jedinki koje nisu u srodstvu. *[[Parenje u srodstvu]] (engl. inbreeding) Parenje genetički srodnih jedinki. *[[Patogen]]a (štetna) [[mutacija]] (varijanta), predisponirajuća mutacija, mutacija gena za osjetljivost Genetička promjena koja povećava osjetljivost ili predispoziciju za određenu bolest ili poremećaj. Kada je takva varijanta (ili mutacija) naslijeđena, razvoj simptoma je vjerovatniji, ali nije siguran. *[[Patognomoničnost]] Nalazi koji su karakteristični ili obilježavajući za određenu bolest ili stanje i postavljaju dijagnozu. *[[PCR]] ([[lančana polimerazna reakcija]], lančana reakcija polimeraze) Postupak koji proizvodi milione kopija kratkog segmenta DNK kroz ponovljene cikluse: (1) denaturacije, (2) amplifikacije i (3) elongacije. PCR je vrlo čest postupak u molekulskom genetičkom testiranju i može se koristiti za generiranje dovoljne količine DNK za izvođenje testa (npr. amplifikacija specifična za alele, kvantifikacija ponavljanja trinukleotida). PCR u realnom vremenu (rtPCR) Vidi: kvantitativna PCR. *[[Genealoški metod|Pedigre (rodoslov, heredogram)]] Dijagram porodične povijesti koji koristi standardizirane simbole. Rodoslov pokazuje odnose između članova porodice i ukazuje na to koji članovi imaju određene genetičke patogene varijante, osobine i bolesti unutar porodice, kao i vitalni status. Rodoslov se može koristiti za određivanje obrazaca nasljeđivanja bolesti u porodici. Linearni evolucijski niz koji povezuje ćeliju predaka, organizam ili vrstu s određenim potomkom, organizmom ili vrstom, uključujući sve posredne organizme, i obuhvata bilo koji broj generacija; direktna progresija reproduktivnih događaja (tj. linija porijekla) između dvije individue, uključujući vertikalno povezane jedinke, npr. roditelj(e) i potomstvo, ali obično isključujući horizontalno povezane jedinke koje same nisu direktno doprinijele genetičkom materijalu nijednoj od uključenih osoba, npr. braću i sestre. *[[Penetrabilnost (genetika)|Penetreabilnst]] Udio pojedinaca s datim genotipom koji izražavaju povezani fenotip, obično se daje kao postotak. Zbog mnogih složenih interakcija koje upravljaju ekspresijom gena, isti alel može proizvesti uočljiv fenotip kod jedne osobe, ali ne i kod druge. Ako manje od 100% jedinki u populaciji koja nosi genotip od interesa također izražava povezani fenotip, može se reći da i genotip i fenotip pokazuju nepotpunu penetraciju. Penetracija kvantificira vjerovatnoću da će alel rezultirati ekspresijom pridruženog fenotipa u bilo kojem obliku, tj. u bilo kojoj mjeri koja čini individualnog nositelja drugačijim od individua bez alela. Uporedite ekspresivnost. *[[Penetrabilnost gena]] Izražajnost gena u fenotipu; ako se gen izražava u fenotipu svih jedinki populacije, on je 100% penetrabilan. *[[Peptid]] Kratki lanac aminokiselina; monomeri povezani kovalentnim peptidnim vezama. Peptidi su osnovni gradivni blokovi dužih polipeptidnih lanaca, a time i proteina. *[[Pericentričnost hromosoma]] Pozicioniranost blizu centromere hromosoma. *[[Pericentrična inverzija]] Inverzija koja uključuje centromeru. *[[Petočlana kapa]] Vidi: 5' kraj. *[[Pirimidin]] Jednoprstenasti heterociklični organski spoj koji je, uz purin, jedan od dva molekula iz kojih su izvedene sve dušične baze (uključujući one koje se koriste u DNK i [[RNK]]). [[citozin]] (C), [[timin]] (T) i [[uracil]] (U) su klasifikovani kao pirimidini. *[[Plazmid]] Svaka mala molekula DNK koja je fizički odvojena od većeg tijela hromosomske DNK i može se replicirati nezavisno. Plazmidi se najčešće nalaze kao male, kružne, dvolančane DNK molekule u prokariotima kao što su bakterije, iako su ponekad prisutni i kod arheja i jednoćelijskih eukariota. [[Plejotropija]] Fenomen kojim jedan gen utiče na ekspresiju dvije ili više naizgled nepovezanih fenotipskih osobina, bilo kojim od nekoliko različitih, ali potencijalno preklapajućih mehanizama. *[[plejotropija|Plejotropni učinak]] Sposobnost gena da izazove višestruke fenotipske učinke. *[[Ploidija]] Broj kompletnih setova hromosoma u ćeliji, a time i broj mogućih alela prisutnih u ćeliji na bilo kojem autosomnom lokusu. *[[Početni kodon]] [[Startni kodon]] je prvi kodon transkripta informacijske [[RNK]] ([[iRNK]]) prilikom translacije u [[ribosom]]u. Kod eukariota i arheja, početni kodon uvijek kodira metionin, a modificirani Met (fMet) u bakterijama, mitohondrijama i plastidima. Najčešći startni kodon je AUG (tj. ATG u odgovarajućoj sekvenci DNK). Startnom kodonu često prethodi 5' neprevedena regija (5' UTR). U prokariotima ovo uključuje mjesto vezanja ribosoma. *[[Podregulacija]] Bilo koji proces, prirodni ili vještački, koji smanjuje nivo ekspresije određenog gena. Termin za gen za koji je uočeno da je eksprimiran na relativno niskim nivoima (kao što je otkrivanje nižih nivoa njegovih i[ transkripata) u policistronskoj [[iRNK]]. *[[Pogođeni srodni par]] Bilo koji par organizama koji je genetički srodan i oba zahvaćena istom osobinom. Naprimjer, dva rođaka koji imaju plave oči su pogođeni srodni par jer su oboje pod uticajem alela koji kodira plave oči. *[[Pojačivač (genetika)]] Područje DNK u blizini gena koje može biti vezano aktivatorom za povećanje ekspresije gena ili represorom za smanjenje ekspresije. *[[poliadenilacija|Poli(A) rep]] ili [[poliadenilacija]] Dodavanje serije višestrukih adenozina ribonukleotidima, poznat i kao poli(A) rep, do 3' kraja primarnog [[RNK]] transkripta, obično iRNK. Klasa posttranskripcijskih modifikacija, poliadenilacija služi različitim svrhama u različitim tipovima ćelija i organizmima. Kod eukariota, dodavanje poli(A) repa je važan korak u procesuiranju sirovog transkripta u zrelu [[iRNK]], spremnu za transport u citoplazmu, gdje se događa translacija; u mnogim bakterijama, poliadenilacija ima suprotnu funkciju – umjesto toga promovira degradaciju RNK. *[[Polidimerizacija]] Tip molekulske lezije uzrokovane fotohemijskim oštećenjem DNK ili RNK, pri čemu izlaganje ultraljubičastom (UV) zračenju izaziva stvaranje kovalentnih veza između susjednih pirimidinskih baza u istom polinukleotidnom lancu, što zauzvrat može uzrokovati lokalne konformacijske promjene u sekundarnoj strukturi i spriječiti uparivanje baza sa suprotnim lancem. U DNK, reakcija dimerizacije se dešava između susjednih ostataka [[timin]]a i [[citozin]]a (T-T, C-C ili T-C). Može se pojaviti i između ostataka [[citozin]]a i [[uracil]]a u dvolančanoj RNK. Dimeri pirimidina obično se brzo korigiraju popravkom ekscizije nukleotida, ali nekorigirane lezije mogu inhibirati ili zaustaviti aktivnost polimeraze tokom transkripcije ili replikacije. *[[Poligen]] Više srodnih, fizički bliskih ili udaljenih gena koji kontroliraju isto kvantitativno svojstvo; svaki od gena u poligenskom bloku. *[[Poligensko svojstvo]] Bilo koja fenotipska osobina koja je pod direktnom kontrolom više od jednog gena. Poligenske osobine su obično kvantitativne osobine. *[[Polilinker]] Lančana reakcija polimeraze (PCR). Vidi: višestruko kloniranje. *[[Polimorfizam]] Redovna i istovremena pojava u istoj populaciji dva ili više alela (ili genotipova) na istom lokusu na frekvencijama koje se ne mogu objasniti samo ponavljajućom mutacijom (obično najmanje 1%), što implicira da se višestruki aleli u populaciji stabilno nasljeđuju. *[[Polipeptid]] Dugi, kontinuirani i nerazgranati polimerni lanac aminokiselina, monomeri povezani kovalentnim peptidnim vezama, obično dužim od peptida. Proteini se općenito sastoje od jednog ili više polipeptida raspoređenih na biološki funkcionalan način. *[[Poliploid]] [[Organizam]] s tri ili više setova hromosoma. *[[Poliploidija]] (ćelije ili organizma) Prisustvo više od dvije homologne kopije svakog hromosoma. Može se pojaviti kao normalno stanje hromosoma u određenim ćelijama ili čak cijelim organizmima, ili kao rezultat abnormalne diobe ćelija ili mutacije koja uzrokuje dupliciranje cijelog hromosomskog skupa. Kontrast haploidnog i diploidnog. *[[Polisom]] (poliribosom ili ergosom) Kompleks molekula iRNK i dva ili više ribosoma koji djeluju na prevođenje transkripta iRNK u polipeptid. *[[politenija|Politeni hromosom]]i Veliki hromosomi koji imaju hiljade DNK lanaca. Imaju visok nivo funkcije u određenim tkivima kao što su pljuvačne žlijezde insekata. Formiraju se kada višestruki krugovi replikacije proizvode mnoge sestrinske hromatide koje ostaju spojene zajedno. Sada se koriste za proučavanje funkcije gena u transkripciji. *Popravak/[[Popravka DNK]] Skup procesa pomoću kojih ćelija identificira i ispravlja strukturna oštećenja ili mutacije u molekulama DNK koji kodiraju njen [[genom]]. Sposobnost ćelije da popravi svoju DNK je vitalna za integritet [[genom]]a i normalnu funkcionalnost organizma. *[[Populacijska genetika]] Potpolje genetike i evolucijske biologije koje proučava genetičke razlike unutar i između populacija organizama. *[[Populacijski rizik]] Udio osoba u općoj populaciji koje su pogođene određenim poremećajem ili koje nose određeni gen. Često se o njemu raspravlja u procesu genetičkog savjetovanja, kao usporedba s pacijentovim ličnim rizikom s obzirom na njegovu ili njenu porodičnu povijest ili druge okolnosti. *[[Posttranslacijska modifikacija]] Ove i kotranskripcijske modifikacije su skupovi bioloških procesa zajedničkih većini eukariotskih ćelija pomoću kojih se primarni transkript RNK hemijski mijenja nakon transkripcije iz gena kako bi se proizvela zrela, funkcionalna molekula RNK, koja tada može napustiti jedro i izvesti bilo koju od različitih tipova raznih funkcija u ćeliji. Postoje mnogi tipovi posttranskripcijskih modifikacija postignutih raznovrsnom klasom molekulskih mehanizama. *[[Posttranskripcijska transformacija]] Vidi: [[posttranslacijska modifikacija]]. *[[Potpomognuta reprodukcija]] (ART) Postupci koji koriste jajne ćelije i spermu donora ili nedonora za stvaranje embrija in vitro. Primjeri potpomognute reproduktivne tehnologije uključuju in vitro oplodnju (IVF), prijenos gameta unutar jajovoda (GIFT) i prijenos zigota unutar jajovoda (ZIFT). Ovi se postupci mogu koristiti prije predimplantacijskog genetičkog testiranja (PGT). *[[letalnost|Potpuna letalnost]] Letalnost prije reproduktivne zrelosti organizma. *[[vezani geni|Potpuna vezanost]] Geni na istom hromosomu koji se nasljeđuju zajedno jer se između njih ne događa hromatidna razmjena ([[krosingover]]). *[[Pozitivna prediktivna vrijednost]] (PPV) [[Vjerovatnoća]] da osoba s pozitivnim rezultatom testa zaista ima određeni gen i/ili bolest o kojoj je riječ. *[[kodon|Pozitivni (+) lanac]] Vidi: [[kodirajuća sekvenca]]. *[[PPV]] (pozitivna prediktivna vrijednost) Vjerovatnoća da osoba s pozitivnim rezultatom testa zaista ima određeni gen i/ili bolest o kojoj je riječ. *[[Prajmer]] Predisponirajuća (štetna) mutacija (mutacija koja uzrokuje bolest, patogena varijanta), mutacija gena za osjetljivost. Vidi: začetnica. Genetička promjena koja povećava osjetljivost ili predispoziciju osobe za određenu bolest ili poremećaj. Kada je takva varijanta (ili mutacija) naslijeđena, razvoj simptoma je vjerovatniji, ali nije siguran. *[[nadekspresija|Prekomjerna ekspresija]] (nadekspresija) Nenormalno visok nivo [[ekspresija gena]] koji rezultira prevelikim brojem kopija jednog ili više genskih proizvoda. Prekomjerna ekspresija proizvodi izraženiji [[fenotip]] povezan s [[gen]]om. *[[nositelj (genetika)|Prenositelj]] U klasičnoj genetici, osoba koja nosi jedan štetan alel za autosomno recesivni poremećaj. U kliničkim raspravama, može se odnositi na osobu koja nosi štetan alel koji je predisponira za bolest. *[[transpozon|Prenosivi element]] (transposable element – TE, transpozon ili skakajući gen) Sekvenca DNK koja može promijeniti svoju poziciju unutar [[genom]]a, ponekad stvaranje ili unazadne mutacije i mijenjanje genetičkog identiteta ćelije i [[genom]]a veličine. Transponirani elementi čine veliki dio [[genom]]a i odgovorni su za veliki dio mase DNK u eukariotskoj ćeliji. Iako su TE sebični genetički elementi, mnogi su važni u funkciji i evoluciji [[genom]]a. Transpozoni su također vrlo korisni istraživačima kao sredstvo za promjenu DNK unutar živog organizma. *[[Presimptomsko testiranje]] [[Genetičko testiranje]] koje se provodi kod osobe koja ne pokazuje simptome poremećaja, ali postoji rizik od razvoja poremećaja. *[[Pretpostavljeni gen]] Specifična nukleotidna sekvenca za koju se sumnja da je funkcionalni gen na osnovu identifikacije njenog otvorenog okvira čitanja. Za gen se kaže da je “potpostavljen” u smislu da za njegove proizvode još nije opisana nijedna funkcija. *[[Primarni transkript]] Neprocesuirana (“sirova”), jednolančana [[RNK]] molekula proizvedena transkripcijom sekvence DNK kakva postoji prije posttranskripcijskih modifikacija kao što je alternativna prerada; pretvara se u zreli RNK proizvod kao što je i[[RNK]], [[tRNK]] ili [[rRNK]]. Prekursorska iRNK ili pre-iRNK, naprimjer, tip je primarnog transkripta koji nakon obrade postaje zrela iRNK spremna za translaciju. *[[Primaza]] Enzim koji sintetizira začetnicu ([[prajmer]]). *[[genetička analiza|Pripisivi rizik]] Udio bolesti kod izloženih pojedinaca koji se može pripisati izloženosti. U kontekstu genetičkih studija, “izloženost” je učestalost specifične genetičke varijante. *[[Pristrasnost kodona]] Preferencijalna upotreba određenog kodona za kodiranje određene aminokiseline umjesto alternativnih kodona koji su sinonimi za istu aminokiselinu, o čemu svjedoče razlike između organizama u frekvencijama sinonimnih kodona koje se javljaju u njihovoj kodirajućoj DNK. Budući da je genetički kod degeneriran, većina aminokiselina može biti specificirana s više kodona. Ipak, određeni kodoni imaju tendenciju da budu previše (a drugi nedovoljno) zastupljeni u različitim vrstama. *[[Proband]] Također prospositus za muškog subjekta i prosposita za ženskog subjekta. Termin koji se koristi u medicinskoj genetici i genealogiji za označavanje određenog svojstva koje se proučava ili o kojem se izvještava. Prva osoba u porodici koja je dobila genetičko savjetovanje i/ili testiranje za sumnju na nasljedni rizik. Proband može, ali i ne mora biti zahvaćen dotičnom bolešću. *[[Penetrabilnost (genetika)|Probojnost]] Penetrabilnost se odnosi na vjerovatnoću da će se kliničko stanje pojaviti kada je prisutan određeni genotip. Za bolesti s početkom u odrasloj dobi, penetracija se obično opisuje dobi, spolom i položajem organa pojedinog nositelja. Naprimjer, penetrabilnost za rak dojke kod žena nositeljica patogenih varijanti BRCA1 često se navodi prema dobi od 50 godina i prema dobi od 70 godina. *[[genetičko savjetovanje|Proces pristanka (informirani pristanak)]] Proces razmjene informacija između kliničara i pacijenta ili njegovog zakonskog opunomoćenika osmišljen kako bi se omogućilo samostalno donošenje odluka na temelju informacija. Proces informiranog pristanka za genetičko testiranje trebao bi uključivati objašnjenje medicinskih i psihosocijalnih rizika, dobrobiti, ograničenja i mogućih implikacija genetičke analize, raspravu o privatnosti, povjerljivosti, dokumentaciji i rukovanju rezultatima genetičkog testa, kao i mogućnostima za upravljanje rizikom od nasljednih bolesti. *[[genetičko savjetovanje|Procjena rizika]] Kvantitativna ili kvalitativna procjena rizika od nošenja određene genske mutacije, ili razvoja određenog poremećaja, ili rođenja djeteta s određenim poremećajem; ponekad se radi korištenjem matematičkih ili statističkih modela koji uključuju faktore kao što su lična zdravstvena povijest, porodična medicinska povijest i etničko porijeklo. *[[Profag]] Virusna DNK ugrađena u bakterijski hromosom. *[[Profaza]] Prva faza diobe ćelije i u mitozi i u mejozi, nakon interfaze i prije prometafaze, tokom koje se DNK hromosoma kondenzira u hromatin, jedarce se raspada i formira mitotsko (diobeno) vreteno. *[[Projekt ljudskog genoma]] (HGP) Human Genome Project (HGP) bio je projekt čiji je cilj bilo utvrđivanje hemijske sekvence baznih parova koji čine ljudski genom. Uključuje međunarodna naučna istraživanja DNK, uz identifikaciju i mapiranje svih gena ljudskog genoma, s fizičkog i funkcionalnog stanovišta. Bio je i ostaje najveći svjetski kolaborativni biološki projekt. *[[Prokariot]](i) Jednoćelijski organizam bez pravog jedra. *[[Prometafaza]] Prelazna potfaza mitoze i mejoze I između profaze i metafaze (I). *[[Promotor (genetika)|Promotor]] Sekvenca ili regija DNK na kojoj započinje gen na koju se veže [[RNK-polimeraza]], obično duga 100–1000 parova baza, za koju se vežu faktori transkripcije, kako bi regrutirali RNK polimerazu u sekvencu i pokrenuli transkripciju jednog ili više gena. Promotori se nalaze uzvodno od gena koje transkribiraju, blizu mjesta početka transkripcije. *[[sekvenciranje DNK|Propusnost]] Količina informacija, ljudi ili materijala koja je stavljena kroz proces u određenom vremenskom razdoblju. U medicini se može koristiti za opisivanje učinkovitosti laboratorijskih postupaka, poput genetičkog sekvencioniranja, ili broja pacijenata pregledanih u klinici u određenom vremenskom razdoblju. *[[Protein]]: Nesinonimna supstitucija ili zamjenska mutacija Tip mutacije u kojoj supstitucija jedne nukleotidne baze drugom rezultira, nakon transkripcije i translacije, u sekvenci aminokiselina koja se razlikuje od one koju proizvodi originalni nemutirani gen. Budući da nesinonimne mutacije uvijek rezultiraju biološkom promjenom u organizmu, često su podložne jakom selekcijskom pritisku. Kontrastna sinonimna mutacija. *[[frekvencija|Nosiva frekvencija]] Udio jedinki u populaciji koje imaju jednu kopiju specifične recesivne genske varijante. Učestalost nositelja također se ponekad odnosi na prevalenciju varijanti u dominantno djelujućim genima, kao što su BRCA1 i BRCA2. Naziva se i stopa nositelja. *[[Nova mutacija]] Novootkrivena, izrazita genetička promjena; nije isto što i nova ili ''[[de novo]]'' varijanta (ili mutacija). Također se zove nova varijanta. *[[NPV]] [[Vjerovatnoća]] da osoba s negativnim rezultatom testa uistinu nije pogođena i/ili da nema određenu gensku mutaciju o kojoj je riječ. Također se naziva negativna prediktivna vrijednost *[[Nukleinska kiselina]] Dugačka, polimerna makromolekula sastavljena od manjih monomera zvanih nukleotidi koji su hemijski povezani jedan s drugim u lancu. Dva specifična tipa nukleinske kiseline, DNK i RNK, koriste se u biološkim sistemima za kodiranje genetičkih informacija koje upravljaju konstrukcijom, razvojem i uobičajenim procesima svih živih organizama. Redoslijed ili sekvenca nukleotida u molekulama DNK i RNK sadrži informacije koje se prevode u proteine za usmjeravanje svih biohemijskih reakcija neophodnih za život. Složene, dugolančane makromolekule, koje se nalaze u svim živim bićim, odgoovorne su za pohranjivanje i realizaciju genetičkog koda za bioseintezu proteina i prenošenje instrukcija o sintezi proteina sa roditelja na potomke. *[[Nukleobaza]] Organska molekula koja se sastoji isključivo od dušične baze vezane za šećer od pet ugljika (bilo ribozu ili dezoksiribozu), za razliku od nukleotida, koji dodatno uključuje jednu ili više fosfatnih grupa *[[Nukleoid]] Znači sličan jedru, nepravilno oblikovana regija unutar prokariotske ćelije koja sadrži cijeli ili većinu genetićkog materijala. Za razliku od eukariotskog jedra, nije okružen jedarnom membranom. Prstenasta dvolančana molekula DNK prokariota pakirana sa proteinima nalik histonima. *[[Nukleosom]] Osnovna građevna jedinica hromatina tj. dvolančana DNK omotana oko histonskog oktamera. *[[Nukleotid]] Gradivni element (jedinica) nukleinskih kiselina. Nukleotidi se u DNK sastoje od šećera dezoksiriboze, fosforne kiseline i neke od četiri dušične baze ([[adenin]], [[timin]], [[guanin]] ili [[citozin]]). Nukleotidi ribonukleinske kiseline sastoje se od šećera riboze, fosforne kiseline i jedno od četiri moguće dušične baze: [[adenin]], [[uracil]], [[guanin]] ili [[citozin]]; u odnosu na DNK – [[uracil]] je umjesto [[timin]]a). *[[nukleotid|Nukleotidna sekvenca]] Precizan redosled uzastopno povezanih nukleotida u molekuli nukleinske kiseline, kao što je DNK ili [[RNK]]. Duge sekvence nukleotida su glavno sredstvo pomoću kojeg biološki sistemi pohranjuju genetićke informacije, i stoga je tačna replikacija, transkripcija i translacija takvih sekvenci od najveće važnosti, da se informacije ne izgube ili pokvare. Sekvence nukleinskih kiselina mogu se ekvivalentno nazvati sekvencama dušičnih baza, nukleobaza, nukleotida ili baznih parova, i one direktno odgovaraju sekvencama kodona i aminokiselina. *[[Nukleozid]] U nukleoinskim kiselinama, šećer i baza. *[[alel|Nulti alel]] Mutacija koja rezultira ili nedostatkom genskog produkta ili odsutnošću funkcije na fenotipskoj razini. *[[NVC]] Odnosi se na genetičko svojstvo koje uključuje broj kopija određenog gena u [[genom]]u pojedinca. Genetičke varijante, uključujući insercije, delecije i duplikacije segmenata DNK, također se zajednički nazivaju CNV. CNV čine značajan udio međuindividualne genetičke varijacije. Naziva se i varijanta broja kopije. Metod u koji se koristi za razumijevanje funkcija gena analizom fenotipskih učinaka uzrokovanih inženjerstvom specifično sekvence nukleinskih kiselina unutar gena. Proces se odvija u suprotnom smjeru od od klasične genetike. Dok unaprijedna [[genetika]] nastoji pronaći genetičku osnovu za fenotip ili osobinu, reverzna genetika pokušava pronaći ono što fenotipove kontroliraju određene genetičke sekvence. *[[kodon|Oker]] Jedan od tri stop kodona koja se koriste u standardnom genetičkom kodu; u [[RNK]], određen je nukleotidnim tripletom UAA. Druga dva stop kodona se zovu amber i opal. *[[Oligonukleotid]] Relativno kratki lanac aminokiselinskih ostataka nukleinske kiseline. Oligonukleotidi se često koriste za otkrivanje prisustva većih iRNK molekula ili se sklapaju u dvodimenzijskik mikronizova za analizu sekvenci visoke propusnosti. *[[Omnibus genske ekspresije]] (GEO) [[Baza podataka]] za ekspresiju gena kojom upravlja američni Nacionalni centar za biotehnološke informacije. Ovi visokopropusni funkcionalni [[genom]]ski podaci izvedeni su iz eksperimentalnih podataka iz čipova i sekvenciranja sljedeće generacije. *[[Onkogen]] Gen koji ima potencijal da izazove rak. U tumorskim ćelijama, takvi geni su često mutirani i/ili eksprimirani na abnormalno visokim nivoima. *[[Operator (genetika)]] Sekvenca DNK operona na koju se veže represorski protein. *[[Operon]] Više gena pod zajedničkom transkripcijskom kontrolom istog promotora i operatora. *[[Osobina|Osobina, svojstvo, značajka, karakter(istika)]] Individue i grupe međusobno se biološki razlikuju po praktično beskonačnom nizu manje ili više uočljivih elemenata njihovog opisa, za koje se u bosanskom jeziku najčešće upotrebljavaju termini: osobina, svojstvo, odlika, značajka, obilježje, oznaka, karakter, karakteristika i dr. Svaka od tih komponenti opisa je, znači, opažajne prirode, tj. odabrani dio viđenja ili mjerenja stvarnog stanja organizma ili grupe. *[[Palindrom]](i) Obrnuto ponavljajuće sekvencije DNK. *[[Palindromska sekvenca]] Sekvenca nukleinske kiseline dvolančane molekule DNK ili [[RNK]] u kojoj se jednosmjerna sekvenca (npr. 5' do 3') nukleotida na jednom lancu poklapa sa sekvencom u istom smjeru (npr. 5' do 3') na komplementarnom lancu. Drugim riječima, za nukleotidnu sekvencu se kaže da je palindromska ako je jednaka njenom obrnutom komplementu. Palindromski motivi su uobičajeni u većini [[genom]]a i sposobni su za formiranje ukosnica. *[[Panmiksija]] – slučajno parenje Pojava da svaki član populacije ima jednaku šansu pariti se s bilo kojim drugim članom populacije suprotnoga spola. *[[Paracentrična inverzija]] Inverzija koja ne uključuje centromeru. *[[Paradoks C-vrijednosti]] Termin koji se koristi za opisivanje različitih pitanja u vezi sa ogromnim varijacijama jedarnoj [[C-vrijednost]]i ili veličini genoma među eukariotskim vrstama, posebno zapažanje da veličina genoma nije u korelaciji s percipiranom složenošću organizama, niti nužno s brojem gena. Naprimjer, mnogi jednoćelijski protisti imaju genome koji sadrže hiljade puta više DNK od ljudskog genoma. Ovo se smatralo paradoksalnim sve do otkrića da se eukariotski genomi uglavnom sastoje od nekodirajuće DNK, kojoj u potpunosti nedostaju geni. Fokus enigme se od tada pomjerio na razumijevanje zašto i kako su [[genom]]i postali ispunjeni sa toliko nekodirajuće DNK i zašto neki genomi imaju veći sadržaj gena od drugih. *[[Paralog]] Jedan od skupa gena (ili, uopćenije, bilo koje DNK sekvence koje pokazuju homologiju, koji su direktno povezani jedni s drugima putem jednog ili više događaja genetičke duplikacije; za takve gene ili sekvence kaže se da su paralogni. Paralozi su rezultat umnožavanja jedne sekvence unutar jednog genoma, a zatim naknadne divergencije dupliciranih sekvenci, mutacijom i prirodnom selekcijom (bilo unutar originalnog genoma, ili, tokom specijacije, u različitim genomima). Kontrastno ortolog. *[[Parazitska DNK]] Vidi: Sebični genetički element. *[[autbriding|Parenje izvan srodstva]] (engl. outbreeding) Parenje jedinki koje nisu u srodstvu. *[[inbriding|Parenje u srodstvu]] (engl. inbreeding) Parenje genetički srodnih jedinki. Patogena mutacija (varijanta) Genetička promjena koja povećava osjetljivost ili predispoziciju za određenu bolest ili poremećaj. Kada je takva varijanta (ili [[mutacija]]) naslijeđena, razvoj simptoma je vjerovatniji, ali nije siguran. Također se naziva štetna mutacija, patogena varijanta, predisponirajuća mutacija i mutacija gena za osjetljivost. *[[Patognomoničnost]] Nalazi koji su karakteristični ili obilježavajući za određenu bolest ili stanje i postavljaju dijagnozu. *[[PCR]] Postupak koji proizvodi milione kopija kratkog segmenta DNK kroz ponovljene cikluse: (1) denaturacije, (2) amplifikacije i (3) elongacije. PCR je vrlo čest postupak u molekulskom genetičkom testiranju i može se koristiti za generiranje dovoljne količine DNK za izvođenje testa (npr. amplifikacija specifična za alele, kvantifikacija ponavljanja trinukleotida). Naziva se i lančana polimerazna reakcija i lančana reakcija polimeraze. *[[PCR u realnom vremenu]] (rtPCR) Vidi: kvantitativni PCR. *[[genealoški metod|Pedigre (rodoslov, heredogram)]] Dijagram porodične povijesti koji koristi standardizirane simbole. Rodoslov pokazuje odnose između članova porodice i ukazuje na to koji članovi imaju određene genetičke patogene varijante, osobine i bolesti unutar porodice kao i vitalni status. Rodoslov se može koristiti za određivanje obrazaca nasljeđivanja bolesti u porodici. Linearni evolucijski niz koji povezuje ćeliju predaka, [[organizam]] ili vrstu sa određenom potomkom, organizmom ili vrstom, uključujući sve posredne organizme i obuhvata bilo koji broj [[generacija]]; direktna progresija reproduktivnih događaja (tj. linija porijekla) između dvije individue, uključujući vertikalno povezane jedinke, npr. roditelj(e) i potomstvo, ali obično isključujući horizontalno povezane jedinke koje same nisu direktno doprinijele genetičkom materijalu nijednoj od uključenih osoba, npr. braća i sestre. *[[Penetrabilnost (genetika)|Penetrabilnost]] Udio pojedinaca sa datim genotipom koji izražavaju povezani fenotip, obično se daje kao postotak. Zbog mnogih složenih interakcija koje upravljaju ekspresijom gena, isti alel može proizvesti uočljiv [[fenotip]] kod jedne osobe, ali ne i kod druge. Ako manje od 100% jedinki u populaciji koja nosi genotip od interesa također izražava povezani fenotip, može se reći da i genotip i fenotip pokazuju nepotpunu penetraciju. Penetracija kvantificira vjerovatnoću da će alel rezultirati ekspresijom pridruženog fenotipa u bilo kojem obliku, tj. u bilo kojoj mjeri koja čini individualnog nositelja drugačijim od individua bez alela. Uporedite ekspresivnost. *[[Penetrabilnost gena]] Izražajnost gena u fenotipu; ako se gen izražava u fenotipu svih jedinki populacije on je 100 % penetrabilan. *[[Peptid]] Kratki lanac aminokiselina; monomeri povezani kovalentnim peptidnim vezama. Peptidi su osnovni gradivni blokovi dužih polipeptidnih lanaca, a time i proteina. *[[centromera|Pericentričnost hromosoma]] Pozicionirano blizu centromere hromosoma. *[[Pericentrična inverzija]] Inverzija koja uključuje centromeru. *[[Petočlana kapa]] Vidi: 5'-kraj. *[[Pirimidin]]] Jednoprstenasti heterociklični organski spoj koji je, uz purin, jedan od dva molekula iz kojih su izvedene sve dušične baze (uključujući one koje se koriste u DNK i [[RNK]] ). [[citozin]] (C), [[timin]] (T) i [[uracil]] (U) su klasifikovani kao [[pirimidin]]i. *[[Plazmid]] Svaka mala molekula DNK koja je fizički odvojena od većeg tijela hromosomske DNK i može se replicirati nezavisno. Plazmidi se najčešće nalaze kao male, kružne, dvolančane DNK molekule u prokariotima kao što su bakterije, iako su ponekad prisutni i kod arheja i jednoćelijskih eukariota. *[[Plejotropija]] Fenomen kojim jedan gen utječe na ekspresiju dvije ili više naizgled nepovezanih fenotipskih osobina, bilo kojim od nekoliko različitih, ali potencijalno preklapajućih mehanizama. *Plejotropni učinak Sposobnost gena da izazove višestruke fenotipske učinke. *[[Ploidija]] Broj kompletnih setova hromosoma u ćeliji, a time i broj mogućih alela prisutnih u ćeliji na bilo kojem autosomnom lokusu. *[[Početni kodon]] [[Startni kodon]] je prvi kodon transkripta informacijske [[RNK]] (iRNK) prilikom translacije u ribosomu. Kod eukariota i arheja, početni kodon uvijek kodira metionin, a modificirani Met (fMet) u bakterijama, mitohondrijama i plastidima. Najčešći startni kodon je AUG (tj. ATG u odgovarajućoj sekvenci DNK). Startnom kodonu često prethodi 5'neprevedena regija (5' UTR). U prokariotima ovo uključuje mjesto vezanja ribosoma. *[[Podregulacija]] Bilo koji proces, prirodni ili veštački, koji smanjuje nivo ekspresije gena određenog gena. Termin za gen za koji je uočeno da je eksprimiran na relativno niskim nivoima (kao što je otkrivanje nižih nivoa njegovih [[iRK]] transkripata) u policistronskoj iRNK. *Pogođeni srodni par Bilo koji par [[organizam]]a koji je genetički srodan i oba zahvaćena istom osobinom. Naprimjer, dva rođaka koji oboje imaju plave oči su pogođeni srodni par jer su oboje pod utjecajem alela koji kodira plave oči. *[[Pojačivač (genetika)]] Područje DNK u blizini gena koje može biti vezano aktivatorom za povećanje ekspresije gena ili represorom za smanjenje ekspresije. *[[poliadenilacija|Poli (A) rep]] ili [[poliadenilacija]] Dodavanje serije višestrukih adenozina ribonukleotidima, poznat i kao poli(A) rep, do 3'-kraja primarnog [[RNK]] transkripta, obično [[iRNK]]. Klasa posttranskripcijskih modifikacija, poli|Poliadenilacija služi različitim svrhama u različitim tipovima ćelija i organizmima. Kod eukariota, dodavanje poli(A) repa je važan korak u procesuiranju sirovog transkripta u zrelu iRNK, spremnu za transport u citoplazmu, gdje se događa translacija; u mnogim bakterijama, poliadenilacija ima suprotnu funkciju, umjesto toga promovira degradaciju RNK. *[[Polidimerizacija]] Tip molekulske lezije uzrokovane fotohemijskim oštećenjem DNK ili [[RNK]], pri čemu izlaganje ultraljubičastom (UV) zračenju izaziva stvaranje kovalentnih veza između susjednih pirimidinskih baza u istom polinukleotidnom lancu, što zauzvrat može uzrokovati lokalne konformacijske promjene u sekundarnoj strukturi i spriječiti uparivanje baza sa suprotnim lancem. U DNK, reakcija dimerizacije se dešava između susjednih ostataka [[timin]]a i [[citozin]]a (T-T, C-C ili T-C). Može se pojaviti i između ostataka [[citozin]]a i [[uracil]]a u dvolančanoj [[RNK]]. Dimeri pirimidina se obično brzo korigiraju popravkom ekscizije nukleotida, ali nekorigirane lezije mogu inhibirati ili zaustaviti aktivnost polimeraze tokom transkripcije ili replikacije. *[[Poligen]] Više srodnih, fizički bliskih ili udaljenih, gena koji kopntroliraju isto kvantitativno svojstvo; svaki od gena u poligenskom bloku. *[[poligen|Poligensko svojstvo]] Bilo koja fenotipska osobina koja je pod direktnom kontrolom više od jednog gena. Poligenske osobine su obično kvantitativne osobine. *[[kloniranje|Polilinker]] Vidi: Višestruko kloniranje. Lančana reakcija polimeraze (PCR). *[[genetički polimorfizam|Polimorfizam]] Redovna i istovremena pojava u istoj populaciji dva ili više alela (ili genotipova ) na istom lokusu na frekvencijama koje se ne mogu objasniti samo ponavljajućom mutacijom (obično najmanje 1%), što implicira da se višestruki aleli u populaciji stabilno nasljeđuju. *[[Polipeptid]] Dugi, kontinuirani i nerazgranati polimerni lanac aminokiselina, monomeri povezani kovalentnim peptidnim vezama, obično dužim od peptida. Proteini se općenito sastoje od jednog ili više polipeptida raspoređenih na biološki funkcijskalan način. *[[Poliploid]] Organizam s tri ili više setova hromosoma. *[[Poliploidija]] (ćelije ili organizma) Prisustvo više od dvije homologne kopije svakog hromosoma. Može pojaviti kao normalno stanje hromosoma u određenim ćelijama ili čak cijelim organizmima, ili kao rezultat abnormalne diobe ćelija ili mutacije koja uzrokuje dupliciranje cijelog hromosomskog skupa. Kontrast haploidnog i diploidnog. *[[Polisom]] Također poliribosom ili ergosom. Kompleks molekula[[iRNK]] i dva ili više [[ribosom]]a koji djeluju na prevođenje transkripta iRNK u polipeptid. *[[Politeni hromosom]]i Veliki hromosomi koji imaju hiljade DNK lanaca. Imaju visok nivo funkcije u određenim tkivima kao što su pljuvačne žlijezde insekata. Formiraju se kada višestruki krugovi replikacije proizvode mnoge sestrinske hromatide koje ostaju spojene zajedno. Sada se koriste za proučavanje funkcije gena u transkripciji. *[[Popravka DNK]] Skup procesa pomoću kojih ćelija identificira i ispravlja strukturna oštećenja ili mutacije u molekulama DNK koji kodiraju njen [[genom]]. Sposobnost ćelije da popravi svoju DNK je vitalna za integritet genoma i normalnu funkcijskalnost organizma. *[[Populacijska genetika]] Potpolje genetike i evolucijske biologije koje proučava genetičke razlike unutar i između populacija organizama. *[[genetičko savjetovanje|Populacijski rizik]] Udio osoba u općoj populaciji koji su pogođeni određenim poremećajem ili koji nose određeni gen. Često se raspravlja u procesu genetičkog savjetovanja, kao usporedba s pacijentovim osobnim rizikom s obzirom na njegovu ili njezinu porodičnu povijest ili druge okolnosti. *[[Posttranskacijska modifikacija]] Ove i kotranskripcijske modifikacije su skupovi bioloških procesa zajedničkih većini eukariotskih ćelija pomoću kojih se primarni transkript [[RNK]] hemijski mijenja nakon transkripcije iz gena kako bi se proizveo zrela, funkcionalna molekula RNK, koja tada može napustiti jedro i izvesti bilo koju od različitih tipova raznih funkcija u ćeliji. Postoje mnogi tipovi posttranskripcijskih modifikacija postignutih raznovrsnom klasom molekulskih mehanizama. *[[Posttranslacijska modifikacija|Posttranskripcijska transformacija]] Vidi: [[Posttranslacijska modifikacija]] *Potpomognuta reprodukcija Postupci koji koriste jajne ćelije i spermu donora ili nedonora za stvaranje embrija ''[[in vitro]]''. Primjeri potpomognute reproduktivne tehnologije uključuju in vitro oplodnju (IVF), prijenos gameta unutar jajovoda (GIFT) i prijenos zigota unutar jajovoda (ZIFT). Ovi se postupci mogu koristiti prije predimplantacijskog genetičkog testiranja (PGT). Također se naziva ART. *[[letalnost|Potpuna letalnost]] Letalnost prije reproduktivne zrelosti organizma. *[[vezani geni|Potpuna vezanost]] Geni na istom hromosomu koji se nasljeđuju zajedno jer se između njih ne događa hromatidna izmjena (krosingover). *[[genetička konsultacija|Pozitivna prediktivna vrijednost]] [[Vjerovatnoća]] da osoba s pozitivnim rezultatom testa doista ima određeni gen i/ili bolest o kojoj je riječ. Naziva se i PPV. *[[kodon|Pozitivni (+) lanac]] Vidi: [[Kodirajuća sekvenca]] *[[PPV]] [[Vjerovatnoća]] da osoba s pozitivnim rezultatom testa doista ima određeni gen i/ili bolest o kojoj je riječ. Također se naziva pozitivna prediktivna vrijednost. *[[Prajmer]] Vidi: Začetnica *[[Predisponirajuća mutacija]] Genetička promjena koja povećava osjetljivost ili predispoziciju osobe za određenu bolest ili poremećaj. Kada je takva varijanta (ili mutacija) naslijeđena, razvoj simptoma je vjerovatniji, ali nije siguran. Također se naziva štetna mutacija, mutacija koja uzrokuje bolest, patogena varijanta i mutacija gena za osjetljivost. *[[nadekspresija|Prekomjerna ekspresija (nadekspresija)]] Nenormalno visok nivo ekspresije gena koji rezultira prevelikim brojem kopija jednog ili više genskih proizvoda. Prekomjerna ekspresija proizvodi izraženiji fenotip povezan s genom. *[[Nositelj (genetika)|Prenositelj]] U klasičnoj genetici, osoba koja nosi jedan štetan alel za autosomno recesivni poremećaj. U kliničkim raspravama, može se odnositi na osobu koja nosi štetan alel koji predisponira za bolest. *[[transpozon|Prenosivi element]] Transposable element (TE, [[transpozon]] ili skakajući gen) je sekvenca DNK koja može promijeniti svoju poziciju unutar genoma , ponekad stvaranje ili unazadne mutacije i mijenjanje genetičkog identiteta ćelije i genoma veličine . Transponirani elementi čine veliki dio genoma i odgovorni su za veliki dio mase DNK u eukariotskoj ćeliji . Iako su TE sebični genetički elementi , mnogi su važni u funkciji i evoluciji genoma. Transpozoni su također vrlo korisni istraživačima kao sredstvo za promjenu DNK unutar živog organizma. *[[genetičko testiranje|Presimptomsko testiranje]] Genetičko testiranje koje se provodi kod osobe koja ne pokazuje simptome poremećaja, ali postoji rizik od razvoja poremećaja. *[[Pretpostavljeni gen]] Specifična nukleotidna sekvenca za koju se sumnja da je funkcijskalni gen na osnovu identifikacije njenog otvorenog okvira čitanja. Za gen se kaže da je „potpostavljen“ u smislu da za njegove proizvode još nije opisana nijedna funkcija. *[[Primarni transkript]] Neprocesuirana („sirova“), jednolančana [[RNK]] molekula proizvedena transkripcijom sekvence DNK kakva postoji prije posttranskripcijskih modifikacija kao što je alternativna prerada pretvara ga u zreli RNK proizvod kao što je [[iRNK]], [[tRNK]] ili [[rRNK]]. Prekursorska iRNK ili [[pre-iRNK]], naprimjer, je tip primarnog transkripta koji nakon obrade postaje zrela iRNK spremna za translaciju. *[[Primaza]] Enzim koji sintetizira začetnicu (prajmer). *[[genetičko testiranje|Pripisivi rizik]] Udio bolesti kod izloženih pojedinaca koji se može pripisati izloženosti. U kontekstu genetičkih studija, „izloženost“ je učestalost specifične genetičke varijante. *[[Pristranost kodona]] Preferencijalna upotreba određenog kodona za kodiranje određene aminokiseline umjesto alternativnih kodona koji su sinonimi za istu aminokiselinu, o čemu svjedoče razlike između organizama u frekvencijama sinonimnih kodona koje se javljaju u njihovoj kodirajućoj DNK. Budući da je genetički kod degeneriran, većina aminokiselina može biti specificirana s više kodona. Ipak, određeni kodoni imaju tendenciju da budu previše (a drugi nedovoljno) zastupljeni u različitim vrstama. *[[Proband]] Također prospositus za muškog subjekta i prosposita za ženskog subjekta. Termin koji se koristi u medicinskoj genetici i genealogiji za označavanje određenogsvojstva koje se proučava ili o kojem se izvještava. Prva osoba u porodici koja je dobila genetičko savjetovanje i/ili testiranje za sumnju na nasljedni rizik. Proband može, ali i ne mora biti zahvaćen dotičnom bolešću. *[[penetrabilnost (genetika)|Probojnost (penetrabilnost)]] Penetrabilnost se odnosi na vjerovatnoću da će se kliničko stanje pojaviti kada je prisutan određeni genotip. Za bolesti s početkom u odrasloj dobi, penetracija se obično opisuje dobi, spolom i položajem organa pojedinog nositelja. Naprimjer, penetrabilnost za rak dojke kod žena nositeljica patogenih varijanti BRCA1 često se navodi prema dobi od 50 godina i prema dobi od 70 godina. *[[genetičko savjetovanje|Proces pristanka]] Proces razmjene informacija između kliničara i pacijenta ili njegovog zakonskog opunomoćenika osmišljen kako bi se omogućilo samostalno donošenje odluka na temelju informacija. Proces informiranog pristanka za genetičko testiranje trebao bi uključivati objašnjenje medicinskih i psihosocijalnih rizika, dobrobiti, ograničenja i mogućih implikacija genetičke analize, raspravu o privatnosti, povjerljivosti, dokumentaciji i rukovanju rezultatima genetičkog testa, kao i mogućnostima za upravljanje rizikom od nasljednih bolesti. Također se naziva informirani pristanak. *[[genetičko testiranje|Procjena rizika]] Kvantitativna ili kvalitativna procjena rizika od nošenja određene genske mutacije, ili razvoja određenog poremećaja, ili rođenja djeteta s određenim poremećajem; ponekad se radi korištenjem matematičkih ili statističkih modela koji uključuju faktore kao što su osobna zdravstvena povijest, porodična medicinska povijest i etničko porijeklo. *[[Profag]] Virusna DNK ugrađena u bakterijski hromosom. *[[Profaza]] Prva faza diobe ćelije i u mitozi i u mejozi, nakon interfaze i prije prometafaze, tokom koje se DNK hromosoma kondenzira u hromatin, jedarce se raspada i formira mitotsko (diobeno) vreteno. *[[Projekt ljudskog genoma]] (HGP) Human Genome Project: HGP bio je projekt čiji je cilj utvrđivanje hemijske sekvence baznih parova koji čine ljudski [[genom]]. Uključuje međunarodna naučna istraživanja DNK, uz identifikaciju i mapiranje svih gena ljudskog genoma, sa fizičkog i funkcijskog stanovišta. Bio je i ostaje najveći svjetski kolaborativni biološki projekt. *[[Prokariot]](i) Jednoćelijski organizam bez pravog jedra. *[[mejoza|Prometafaza]] Prelazna podfaza mitoze i mejoze I između profaze i metafaze (I). *[[Promotor (genetika)|Promotor]] Sekvenca ili regija DNK kojoj započinje gen na koju se veže RNK-polimeraza, obično duga 100-1000 parova baza, za koju se vežu faktori transkripcije, kako bi regrutirali RNK polimerazu u sekvencu i pokrenuli transkripciju jednog ili više gena. Promotori se nalaze uzvodno od gena koje transkribiraju, blizu mjesta početka transkripcije. *Propusnost Količina informacija, ljudi ili materijala koja je stavljena kroz proces u određenom vremenskom razdoblju. U medicini se može koristiti za opisivanje učinkovitosti laboratorijskih postupaka, poput genetičkog sekvencijskiranja, ili broja pacijenata pregledanih u klinici u određenom vremenskom razdoblju. *[[Protein]] Linearna polimerna makromolekula sastavljena od niza aminokiselina povezanih peptidnim vezama. Proteini provode većinu hemijskih reakcija koje se dešavaju unutar živih ćelija. *[[Proteom]] Cjelokupni skup molekula [[iRNK]] koje su prevedene u određenim [[gemom|genomima]], [[ćelija (biologija)|ćelijama]], tkivima ili vrstama u određeno vrijeme ili pod određenim uvjetima. Poput [[transkriptom]]a, često se koristi kao zamjensko sredstvo za kvantifikaciju nivoa genske ekspresije, iako transkriptom uključuje i mnoge molekule RNK koje nikada nisu prevedene. *[[Protoonkogen]]i Geni koji kontroliraju ćelijski rast i diferencijaciju. *[[divlji tip|Prototrof]] ili [[divlji tip]] Bakterijska ćelija koja raste na minimalnoj podlozi. *[[PRS]] Linearna polimerna [[makromolekula]], sastavljena od niza [[aminokiselina]] povezanih peptidnim vezama. Proteini provode većinu hemijskih reakcija koje se dešavaju unutar živih ćelija. *[[Proteom]] Cjelokupni skup molekula iRNK koje su prevedene u određenim [[genom]]ima, ćelijama, tkivima ili vrstama u određeno vrijeme ili pod određenim uvjetima. Poput transkriptoma, često se koristi kao zamjensko sredstvo za kvantifikaciju nivoa genske ekspresije, iako transkriptom uključuje i mnoge molekule RNK koje nikada nisu prevedene. *[[Protoonkogen]]i Geni koji kontroliraju ćelijski rast i diferencijaciju. Bakterijska ćelija koja raste na minimalnoj podlozi. *[[PRS]] (poligenski rezultat rizika) Procjena rizika od specifičnog stanja na temelju zajedničkog uticaja mnogih genetičkih varijanti. Može uključivati varijante povezane s genima poznate funkcije i varijante za koje nije poznato da su povezane s genima relevantnim za stanje. Također se naziva poligenski rezultat rizika. *[[pseudogen|Pseudoalel]] Bilo koji od dva ili više različitih gena ili sekvenci koji imaju isti ili sličan doprinos fenotipu, pa se stoga čini da su pravi aleli, ali zapravo nisu strukturno alelni (tj. ne zauzimaju homologne lokuse na homolognim hromosomima ). *[[Pseudoautosomna regija]] (pseudoautosomno [[nasljeđivanje]]) PAR1, PAR2 , jesu međusobno homologne sekvence nukleotida na ljudskom [[hromosom X|X]] i [[hromosom Y|Y-hromosomu]]. Pseudoautosomne regije su dobile ime jer se bilo koji gen u njima nasljeđuje kao i svi [[autosom]]ni geni. PAR1 kod ljudi obuhvata 2,6 Mbp vrhova kratkih krakova X i Y-hromosoma i ostalih velikih majmuna (X i Y imaju ukupno 155 Mbp i 59 Mbp). PAR2 je na vrhovima dugih krakova, u rasponu od 320 kbp. *[[Pseudogen]] Nefunkcionalna sekvenca DNK koja podsjeća na funkcionalni gen. Pseudogeni su tipski suvišne kopije funkcijskalnihfunkcionalnih gena koji su duplicirani prirodnim procesima, osim što nemaju regulatorne sekvence neophodne za pravilnu transkripciju ili translaciju ili sadrže druge defekte kao što su mutacije pomaka okvira, preuranjeni [[stop kodon]]i ili nedostajući introni. Sekvenca DNK koja nalikuje genu, ali je mutirana u neaktivan oblik tokom evolucije. Često mu nedostaju introni i druge bitne sekvence DNK potrebne za funkcijskiranje.funkcioniranje. Iako su genetički slični izvornom funkcionalnom genu, pseudogeni ne rezultiraju funkcijskalnimfunkcionalnim proteinima, iako neki mogu imati regulatorne učinke. *[[Pseudopoliploidija]] Stanje u kojem je broj hromosoma u hromosomskom skupu udvostručen (ili utrostručen, itd.), ali bez odgovarajućeg povećanja stvarne količine genetičkog materijala (tj. nivoa ploidnosti). Ovo se događa kada se hromosomi normalnog hromosomskog komplementa (npr. diploidi) fragmentiraju na manje komade, povećavajući ukupan broj pojedinačnih hromosoma, ali ne stvarajući dodatne homologne kopije tih hromosoma (tako da ćelija ostaje diploidna). Bilo koji brojčani odnos između hromosomskih skupova u grupama srodnih organizama koji sugeriše da su neki od tih organizama poliploidi drugih, a zapravo nisu. *[[Punnettov kvadrat]] (Panetov kvadrat) Tabelarni dijagram koji se koristi za predviđanje mogućih [[genotip]]ova [[fenotip]]ova koje može naslijediti potomstvo određenog križanja ili uzgojnog eksperimenta sumiranjem svih različitih kombinacija majčinih s očevim alelima. Rezultirajuća tabela se zatim može koristiti za određivanje vjerovatnoće da će potomstvo imati određeni [[genotip]]. Korisnost Punnettovih kvadrata ograničena je na diskretne fenotipove naslijeđene prema jednostavnim mendelovskim obrascima. *[[Purin]] Dvoprstenasti heterociklični organski spoj koji je, uz pirimidin, jedna od dvije molekule iz kojih su izvedene sve dušične baze (uključujući i one koje se koriste u DNK i RNK ). Kao purini klasifikuju se [[adenin]] (A) i [[guanin]] (G). ==Q== *[[qPCR]] Također PCR u realnom vremenu (rtPCR). ==R== *[[genetički marker|RAD]] DNK markeri povezani sas restrikcijskim mjestom; tip genetičkih markera koj u asocijacijskom mapiranju, QTL miranju, populacijskogenetičkim, ekogenetičkim i evolucijskim istraživanjima. *[[RAPD]] Nasumična amplifikacija polimorfne DNK (engleski: (engl. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA/ / čita se "rapid") jest vid PCR reakcije u kojoj su umnožavajući segmenti DNK slučajni. Za RAPD proceduru stvara se nekoliko proizvoljnih, kratkih prajmera (začetnica), sas 8-–12 nukleotida, a zatim se nastavlja [[PCR]] procesuiranje koristeći veliki predložak [[genom]]ske DNK, očekujući amplifikaciju fragmenta. Na završetku obrade nastalih uzoraka iz RAPD reakcije, mogu se prikupiti polujedinstveni profili. *[[Rasa]] Nepriznata taksonomska kategorija pod kojom se podrazumijevaju populacije karakterističnog genetičkog sastava, koje se po njemu prepoznatljivo razlikuju od ostalih istovjernoi definiranih populacija. Uporedi sa [[sorta (botanika)|sorta]]. *[[Rastvorljiva RNK]] (sRNK) Vidi: Transportnatransportna RNK. *[[Razmnožavanje]] – reprodukcija Prokreacija ili propagacija je biološki proces u kojem roditeljske jedinke stvaraju potomstvo. Razmnožavanje je fundamentalno svojstvo sistema koji su poznati kao život. Ukratko, razmnožavanje je jedna od temeljnih diferencijalnih odrednica između žive i nežive supstance. Iako neki kristali također imaju sposobnost umnožavanja, za razliku od njih, živa bića ostvaruju samoobnovljivo i samoregulatorno autonomno potomstvo. Tako ostvaruju međugeneracijski genetički kontinuitet pripadajuće vrste. Svaki pojedinačni organizam postoji kao rezultat razmnožavanja. Postoje dva oblika reprodukcije: spolni (seksualni) i bespolni (aseksualni). *[[Recesivna letalnost]] Letalnost samo kod homozigotnog genotipa. *[[Recipročna balansirana translokacija]] Translokacija bez delecije ili adicije genetičkog materijala. *[[Recipročna nebalansirana translokacija]] Translokacija koja uzrokuje delecije ili adicije genetičkog materijala. *[[Recipročna translokacija]] Razmjenjivanje hromosomskih segmenata dva nehomologna hromosoma. *[[Regulacija gena]] Širok spektar mehanizama koje ćelije koriste ćelije za povećanje ili smanjenje proizvodnje ili ekspresije specifičnih genskih proizvoda, kao što su RNK ili proteini. Regulacija gena povećava svestranost i prilagodljivost organizma dopuštajući njegovim ćelijama da eksprimiraju različite genske proizvode kada to zahtijevaju promjene u njegovom okruženju. Kod višećelijskih organizama, regulacija ekspresije gena također pokreće ćelijsku diferencijaciju i morfogenezu u embriju, omogućavajući stvaranje raznolikog niza tipova ćelija iz istog [[genom]]a. *[[Rekombinantna DNK]] (rDNK) Molekule [[DNK]] koje su nastale primjenom laboratorijskih metoda genetičke rekombinacije genetičke rekombinacije (kao što je molekulsko kloniranje) molekulsko kloniranje) koje omogućavaju da se (genetičkim inženjerstvom) prikupi genetički materijal iz više izvora, stvarajući sekvence sekvence koje se inače ne bi mogle naći u biološkim organizmima. *[[generička rekombinacija|Rekombinantni vektor]] Vektor sas ugrađenom stranom DNK. *[[Repetitivna sekvenca]] Bilo koja ponavljajuća sekvenca nukleotida ili aminokiselina za koju se znaazna ili se pretpostavlja da je biološki značajna. Kod nukleinskih kiselina, motivi sekvenci su često kratki (tri do deset nukleotida dužine), visoko konzervirane sekvence koje se koriste kao mjesta prepoznavanja za enzime koji se vezuju za DNK ili RNK uključene u regulaciju ekspresije gena. *[[Replikacija DNK]] (autoreplikacija) Proces u kojem od jedne molekule DNK nastanu dvije, sa s identičnim redoslijedom dušičnih baza kao u početnoj molekuli. U ovoj enzimski kataliziranoj reakciji u polulanci DNK prvo se rastave, pa onda svaki od lanaca dogradi nedostajući komplementarni polulanac. *[[Replikacija RNK]] Proces kojim se određene biološke molekule, posebno nukleinske kiseline DNK i RNK, proizvode sopstvene kopije. Tehnika koja se koristi za procjenu tehničkih i bioloških varijacija u eksperimentima za statističku analizu podataka mikromreža. Replikacije mogu biti tehničke replike, kao što su zamjene broja ili ponovljene hibridizacije sekvence, ili biološke replike; biološki uzorci iz odvojenih eksperimenata koji testiraju efekte istih eksperimentalnih tretmana. *[[Replikacijska viljuška]] Struktura koja se formira unutar dugačke spiralne DNK tokom njene replikacije. Stvaraju se helikaze, koje razbijaju vodikove veze koje drže dva lanca DNK zajedno u spirali. Rezultirajuća struktura ima dva granasta zupca, od kojih je svaki sastavljen od po jednog lanca DNK. Ova dva lanca služe kao predložak za vodeći i zaostali lanac, koji će se stvoriti (kako DNK polimeraza uskladi) komplementarne nukleotide sa šablonima. Šabloni se mogu ispravno nazvati predloškom vodećih niti i šablonom zaostalih niti. *[[Replikon]] Bilo koja molekula ili regija DNK ili RNK koji se replicira iz jednog izvora replikacije. *[[Reporterski gen]] Reporterski gen (često jednostavno reporter) je gen koji istraživači vezuju za regulatornu sekvencu drugog gena od interesa za bakterije, ćelijsku kulturu, životinje ili biljke. Takvi geni se nazivaju reporterima jer se karakteristike koje daju organizmima koji ih eksprimiraju mogu lako identificirati i mjeriti ili zato što su markeri koji se mogu odabrati. Restrikcijske endonukleaze Enzimi koje bakterijska ćelija koristi za razgradnju strane DNK (virusna DNK); prepoznaju restrikcijsko mjesto i cijepaju dvolančanu DNK; koriste se u genetičkom inženjerstvu. *[[Restriktom]] Bilo koji fragment DNK koji je rezultat rezanja lanca DNK restrikcijskim enzimom, na jednom ili više restrikcijskih mjesta. *[[Retrotranspozon]]i ili [[transpozon|pokretni genetički elementi]] DNK sekvence koje se premještaju iz jednog mjesta u genomu na drugo preko RNK-intermedijara: DNK se kopira u RNK, a RNK se reverznom transkripcijom uz pomoć enzima reverzne transkriptaze kopira u DNK koja se ugrađuje na drugo mjesto u genomu (mehanizam copy/ / paste)). *[[Reverzna mutacija]] Mutacija koja preokreće učinak prethodne mutacije koja je inaktivirala gen, čime se vraća funkcija divljeg tipa. *Rezultat poligenskog rizika (PRS) Procjena rizika od specifičnog stanja na temelju zajedničkog uticaja mnogih genetičkih varijanti. To može uključivati varijante povezane s genima poznate funkcije i varijante za koje nije poznato da su Povezanepovezane s relevantnim genima za dato stanje. *[[RFLP]] Polimorfizam dužine restrikcijskih fragmenata (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism), u molekulskoj biologiji, predstavlja varijaciju u homolognim sekvencama DNK. Odnosi se na polimorfizam uzoraka homolognih DNK molekula iz različitih restrikcijskih lokacija, a koje se dobiju primjenom laboratorijske tehnike koja omogućuje njihovu identifikaciju. *[[RFLP|RFLP ograničenje]] Mapa ili dijagram poznatih restrikcijskih mjesta unutar poznate sekvence DNK, kao što je [[plazmid]]ni vektor, dobijen sistematskim izlaganjem sekvence različitim restrikcijskim enzimima, a zatim poređenjem dužina rezultujućih fragmenata, tehnika poznata kao restrikcijsko mapiranje. takođerTakođer prepoznavanje ograničenja na licu mjesta. Kratka, specifična sekvenca nukleotida (obično 4 do 8 baza dužine) koju pouzdano prepoznaje određeni restrikcijski enzim. Budući da se restrikcijski enzimi obično vežu kao homodimeri, restrikcijska mjesta su općenito palindromske sekvence koje obuhvataju oba lanca dvolančane molekule DNK. Restrikcijske endonukleaze cijepaju fosfatnu kičmu između dva nukleotida unutar same prepoznate sekvence, ali drugi tipovi restrikcijskih enzima prave svoje rezove na jednom kraju sekvence ili na obližnjoj sekvenci. *[[Ribonukleinska kiselina]] (RNK) Jednostruko spiralna makromolekula, građena od nukleotida. Sastoji se od šećera riboze, fosforne kiseline i jedne od četiri dušične baze ([[adenin]], [[uracil]], [[guanin]] ili [[citozin]]). Na nju se prepisuje genetička informacija sas DNK u procesu zvanom transkripcija. Poslije se ta šifra na RNK prevodi na jezik aminokiselinskog sastava proteina u procesu zvanom translacija. Grupe dušičnih (heterocikličnih) baza u RNK su šifre za uspostavljanje sekvence aminokiselina, molekula od kojih su sačinjeni proteini. Postoji nekoliko različitih tipova RNK, poput informacijske RNK (iRNK), transportne RNK (tRNK) i ribosomske RNK (rRNK). Svaki od njih ima posebnu funkciju u ćeliji. Ribonukleinska kiselina (RNK) je biološki važan tip molekula koje imaju značajnu ulogu u kodiranju, dekodiranju, regulaciji i ekspresiji gena. RNK i DNK predstavljaju dva tipa nukleinskih kiselina, koje sa s proteinima spadaju u esencijalne makromolekule svih živih bića. Kao i DNK, molekule RNK se sastoje od dugih kovalentno vezanih jedinica – nukleotida, s tim što su RNK molekule najčešće jednolančane. Za razliku od DNK, RNK se češće nalazi kao jedan lanac presavijen sam na samu sebe, a ne upareni dvostruki lanac. Različiti ntipovitipovi RNK molekula služe u širokom spektru bitnih bioloških uloga, uključujući kodiranje, dekodiranje, regulaciju i ekspresiju geni gena, kao i funkcijskiranjefunkcioniranje kao signalne molekule i, u određenim virusnim genomima, kao primarni genetički materijal. *[[Ribosom]] Ćelijske prganele – strukutre organele – strukture kojima se odvija biosinteza proteina. Molekulski kompleks koji služi kao mjesto sinteze proteina. Ribosomi se sastoje od dvije podjedinice (mala podjedinica, koja čita poruke kodirane u molekulama iRNK, i velika podjedinica, koja povezuje aminokiseline u nizu kako bi formirala polipeptidni lanac), od kojih se svaka sastoji od jednog ili više lanaca ribosomske RNK i raznih ribosomskih proteina. *[[nasljeđivanje|Rizik od ponavljanja]] Vjerovatnoća da će se nasljedna osobina ili poremećaj prisutan kod jednog člana oporodiceporodice ponovno pojaviti kod drugih članova. Ovo se razlikuje od rizika od recidiva raka, što je šansa da će se rak koji je liječen ponovno pojaviti. *[[RNK]] Vidi: Ribonukleinskaribonukleinska kiselina *[[RNK-polimeraza]] Glavni enzim transkripcije. *[[RNK-polimeraza I]] *[[RNK-polimeraza II]] *[[RNK-procesuiranje]] [[Posttranslacijska modifikacija]] [[primarni transkript|primarnog transkripta]] koja uključuje RNK-prekrajanje (engl. RNA-splicing) i zaštićivanje krajeva iRNK. *[[RNKi]] skraćeno RNKP ili RNKpol Bilo koji od klase enzima koji sintetizira RNK molekule iz DNK šablona. RNK polimeraze su neophodne za transkripciju i nalaze se u svim živim organizmima i mnogim virusima. Grade dugačke jednolančane polimere zvane transkripti, dodavanjem ribonukleotida jedan po jedan u smjeru 5' -do- 3', oslanjajući se na šablon koji obezbjeđuje komplementarni lanac za vjernu transkripciju nukleotidne sekvence. *[[hromosomska translokacija|ROB]] Tip hromosomske translokacije kojom se dvostruki lanac prekida na centromeru ili blizu centromera dvanjega. Dva akrocentrična hromosomi hromosoma uzrokuju recipročnu razmjenu segmenata koja dovodi do jednog velikog metacentričnog hromosoma (sastavljenog od dugih krakova) i jednog ekstremno malog hromosoma (sastavljenog od kratkih krakova ), od kojih se potonji često kasnije gubi iz ćelije sas malim efektom jer sadrži vrlo malo gena. Rezultirajući kariotip pokazuje jedan manje od očekivanog ukupnog broja hromosoma, jer su se dva prethodno različita hromosoma u suštini spojila. Nositelji robertsonovske translokacije općenito nisu povezani s bilo kakvim fenotipskim abnormalnostima, ali imaju povećan rizik od stvaranja mejotski neuravnoteženih gameta. *[[Robertsonovska translokacija]] Dva akrocentrična hromosoma recipročnom translokacijom dužih krakova (q) daju jedan metacentrični hromosom. *[[porodica|Rodbina]] Proširena porodica. Rođak prvog stupnjastepena (FDR) Roditelj, brat ili sestra ili dijete pojedinca. Također se zove FDR. *[[rRNK]] Ribosomska ribonukleinska kiselina (rRNK) je tip nekodirajuće RNK koja je primarna komponenta ribosoma, neophodna za sve ćelije. rRNK je ribozim koji vrši sintezu proteina u ribosomima. Transkribuje se iz ribosomske DNK (rDNK) i zatim vezuje za ribosomske proteine da bi formirala male i velike podjedinice *[[Replikacija RNK]] Proces kojim se određene biološke molekule, posebno nukleinske kiseline DNK i RNK, proizvode sopstvene kopije. Tehnika koja se koristi za procjenu tehničkih i bioloških varijacija u eksperimentima za statističku analizu podataka mikromreža. Replikacije mogu biti tehničke replike, kao što su zamjene broja ili ponovljene hibridizacije sekvence, ili biološke replike; biološki uzorci iz odvojenih eksperimenata koji testiraju efekte istih eksperimentalnih tretmana [[ribosom]]a. ==S== *Sadržaj [[guanin]]a-[[citozin]]a Također skraćeno ([[GC-sadržaj]].) Udio dušičnih baza u nukleinskoj kiselini koje su ili [[guanin]] (G) ili [[citozin]] (C), obično izražen kao postotak. Molekule DNK i RNK sas većim GC-sadržajem općenito su termostabilnije od onih sas nižim GC-sadržajem zbog molekulskih interakcija do kojih dolazi tokom slaganja baza. *[[Samoinkompatibilnost]] (autosterilnost) Oblik genske kontrole samooplodnje kod biljaka. *[[Sangerovsko sekvenciranje]] Metod sekvenciranja DNK zasnovanzasnovana na ''[[in vitro]]'' replikaciji sekvence šablona DNK, tokom koje se didezoksinukleotidi koji završavaju lanac, označeni fluorohromom, nasumično ugrađuju u produžujući lanac. Rezultirajući fragmenti se zatim sortiraju po veličini pomoću elektroforeze, a određeni fluorohrom koji završava svaki od po veličini sortiranih fragmenata se detektuje se laserskom hromatografijom, otkrivajući tako sekvencu originalnog DNK šablona preko redosledaredoslijeda fluorohromnih oznaka kako se čita iz malih od fragmenata veličine do velikih fragmenata. Iako je sangerovsko sekvenciranje u nekim kontekstima zamijenjeno metodimametodama sljedeće generacije, i dalje je široko korišteno zbog sposobnosti da proizvede relativno dugačka očitavanja sekvence (500+ nukleotida ) i vrlo niske stope greške. *[[SCNT]] Metod molekulske biologije koji se koristi za otkrivanje specifične sekvence u uzorcima DNK. Tehnika kombinuje odvajanje fragmenata DNK gel elektroforezom, transfer DNK na sintetsku membranu i naknadnu identifikaciju ciljnih fragmenata radio-obilježenimradioobilježenim ili fluorescentnim hibridizacijskim sondama. *[[scRNK]] [[iRNK]] (snRNK) nRNK . Vidi: [[mala jedarna RNK]]. *[[mala jedarna RNK|Sebični genetički element]] Povijesno također zvani sebičnimsebični geni, ultra-sebičnimultrasebični geni, sebična DNK, parazitska DNK i [[genom]]ska odmetnica, su genetički su segmenti koji mogu poboljšati vlastiti prijenos na račun drugih gena u [[genom]]u, čak i ako oni nemaju pozitivan ili neto negativan efekat na kondiciju organizma. [[genom]]i se tradicijskitradicionalno posmatraju kao kohezivne jedinice, pri čemu geni djeluju zajedno kako bi poboljšali adaptivnu vrijednost organizma. Međutim, kada geni imaju određenu kontrolu nad vlastitim prijenosom, pravila se mogu promijeniti, pa su, kao i sve društvene grupe, genomi ranjivi na sebično ponašanje svojih dijelova. *[[Sekvenciranje DNK|Sekvenciranje]] Određivanje redoslijeda baza [[adenin]]a, [[timin]]a, [[guanin]]a i [[citozin]]a, pomoću određenih tehnika, u cijelom genomu nekog organizma ili u samo jednom njegovom dijelu. Također, određivanje sekvenci aminokiselina u proteinima ili sastavnica ostalih složenih biomolekula. *[[WXS|Sekvenciranje cijelog]] [[egzom]]a ([[WES]], WXS) Laboratorijski postupak koji se koristi za određivanje nukleotidne sekvence primarno egzonskih (ili proteinski kodiranih) regija genoma osoba i srodnih sekvenci, što predstavlja približno 1% cjelokupne sekvence DNK. Također se naziva WES i WXS. *[[GWAS|Sekvenciranje cijelog genoma]] (GWAS, WGS) Laboratorijski postupak koji se koristi za određivanje gotovo svih od približno tri milijarde nukleotida kompletne individualne sekvence DNK, uključujući nekodirajuću sekvencu. Naziva se i WGS. *[[Sekvenciranje DNK]] Proces određivanja, bilo kojom od niza različitih metoda i tehnologija, redoslijeda baza u dugom lancu nukleotida koji čini sekvencu DNK. *[[Sekvenciranje naredne generacije]] (masivno paralelno sekvenciranje, NGS) Metod visoke propusnosti koja se koristi za određivanje dijela nukleotidne sekvence individualnog [[genom]]a. Ova tehnika koristi tehnologije sekvenciranja DNK koje mogu paralelno obraditi više sekvenci DNK. Također se naziva masivno paralelno sekvenciranje i NGS. *[[Sekvenciranje tumorske DNK]] Sekvenciranje somatskog tkiva, poput tumora, odnosi se na traženje varijanti u DNK koje se obično javljaju nakon začeća. Somatske mutacije mogu se pojaviti u bilo kojoj tjelesnoj ćeliji osim u zametnim ćelijama (spermatozoidu i jajnoj ćeliji) i stoga se ne prenose na djecu. Ove varijante mogu (ali ne uvijek) uzrokovati rak ili druge bolesti. *[[mitohondrija|Semiautonomne organele]] Organele sas DNK (mitohondriji i hloroplasti) koje ne mogu samostalno živjeti izvan eukariotske ćelije. *[[Semikonzervativna replikacija DNK]] Dva roditeljska polulanca DNK se odvajaju i svaki služi kao kalup za sintezu novog komplementarnog lanca. *[[Sestrinske hromatide]] Par identičnih kopija (hromatida) nastalih kao rezultat replikacije DNK hromosoma, posebno kada su obje kopije spojene zajedničkom centromerom; par sestrinskih hromatida naziva se dijada. Dvije sestrinske hromatide su na kraju odvojene jedna od druge u dvije različite ćelije tokom mitoze ili mejoze. Identične podjedinice hromosoma prije anafaze mitoze ili anafaze II mejoze, nastaju semikonzervativnom replikacijom u S-fazi, imaju zajedničku centromeru. *[[oligonukleotid|Set-sonda]] Kolekcija od dvije ili više sondi dizajniranih za mjerenje jednog tipa molekula, kao što je kolekcija [[oligonukleotid]]a [[dizaj]]niranih da se hibridiziraju s različitim dijelovima transkripta iRNK generiranih iz jednog gena. *[[SFP]] Jednoosobinski polimorfizmi (eng. (engl. Single Feature Polymorphism), polimorfne sekvence DNK koje se odnose na varijaciju jednog svojstva. Vrijedni su genetički markeri koji potencijalno nude neposrednije fizičke veze ka samim strukturama gena. Međutim, većina aktulelnihaktuelnih SFP predikcijskih metoda su razvijene su za sekvenciranjemsekvenciranje DNK proučavanih vrsta, iako su posebno pogodnipogodne za vrste sa složenim i nesekvenciranim [[genom]]ima. *[[transpozon|Skakanje gena]] Vidi: [[transpozon|Prenosivi element]]. *[[heterozigot|Složena heterozigotnost]] Prisustvo dva različita mutirana alela na određenom lokusu gena. *[[penetrabilnost (genetika)|Smanjena (nepotpuna) penetrabilnost]] Penetracija se odnosi na vjerojatnostvjerovatnoću da će se kliničko stanje pojaviti kada je prisutan određeni genotip. Za stanje se kaže da pokazuje nepotpunu penetraciju kada neki nositelji patogene varijante ispoljavaju povezano svojstvo, dok drugi ne. Također se naziva nepotpuna penetrabilnost. *[[Smislenost (genetika)|Smislenost]] U molekulskoj biologiji i genetici, odnosi se na molekule nukleinskih kiselina, posebno lanaca DNK ili RNK i prirodu uloga lanaca i njihove komplementarnosti u određivanju sekvenci aminokiselina. Ovisno o kontekstuU molekulskoj biologiji i genetici, odnosi se na molekule nukleinskih kiselina, posebno lanaca DNK ili RNK i prirodu uloga lanaca i njihove komplementarnosti u određivanju sekvenci aminokiselina. Zavisno od konteksta, smislenost može imati nešto različita značenja. Naprimjer, DNK je pozitivno smislena ako se RNK verzija iste sekvence prepiše ili prevede u protein, negativna ako nije. SNP (engl. single nucleotide polymorphism) Jednonukleotidni polimorfizam koji je posljedica supstitucije; tačkasta mutacija. *[[SNP|SNP-označavanje]] [[Jednonukleotidni polimorfizam]] (SNP), koji se koristi za označavanje određenog haplotipa u regiji [[genom]]a. Kao podskup svih SNP-ova u genomu, označavanje SNP-ova može biti iznimno korisno za testiranje povezanosti markerskih lokusa s lokusom kvalitativne ili kvantitativne osobine. Somatska (mitotska) hromatidna izmjena Hromatidna izmjena u somatskim ćelijama tokom mitoze. *[[Somatska ćelija]] Bilo koja biološka ćelija koja formira tijelo organizma, ili, u višećelijskim organizmima, bilo koja ćelija osim gameta, zametne ćelije ili nediferencirane matične ćelije. Somatske ćelije se teorjskiteorijski razlikuju od ćelija zametne linije, što znači da se mutacije kojima su podvrgnute nikada ne mogu prenijeti na potomke organizma, iako u praksi postoje izuzeci. Tjelesne ćelije (diploidne, 2n) ). *[[Sonda]] Reagens koji se koristi za jedno mjerenje u eksperimentu ekspresije gena. Uporedite reporter. *[[Sorta (botanika)|Sorta]] Biljni ili mikrobni organizmi sas dosljednim, predvidljivim i replicirjućimreplicirajućim osobinama u potomstvu koje su rezultat parenja bilo koja dva čistolinijska roditelja kojikoja pripadaju istojistom kultivaru ili varijetetu (a ne osobine drugih varijeteta koje su možda ranije ukrštane u lozu). Kod životinja, takve grupe organizama označavaju se kao rase. *[[SOS-odgovor]] Globalni odgovor na oštećenje DNK u kojem se zaustavlja ćelijski ciklus i inducira se popravak DNK i mutageneza. Sistem uključuje RecA protein (Rad51 kod eukariota). RecA protein, stimuliran jednolančanom DNK, uključen je u inaktivaciju represora (LexA) gena SOS odgovora i na taj način inducira odgovor. To je sistem popravke sklon greškama koji značajno doprinosi promjenama DNK uočenim u širokom spektru vrsta. *[[Specijacija]] Proces nastanka nove vrste. *[[DNK|Spojna DNK]] Bilo koja DNK sekvenca za koju se čini da nema poznatu biološku funkciju, ili koja služi svrsi koja nema pozitivan ili neto negativan učinak na sposobnost genoma u kojem se nalazi. Termin je još jednom bio šire korišten za označavanje svih nekodirajućih DNK, za koje je kasnije otkriveno da ih većina ima funkciju. U modernoj upotrebi tipski se odnosi na slomljene ili zaostale sekvence i sebične genetičke elemente, uključujući introne, pseudogene, intergensku DNK i fragmente [[transpozon]]a i [[retrovirus]]a, koji zajedno čine veliki dio [[genom]]a većine [[eukariot]]a. Uprkos tome što ne doprinose produktivno organizmu domaćina, ove sekvence mogu opstati neograničeno u genomima, jer su nedostaci njihovog nastavka kopiranja premali da bi na njih djelovala [[prirodna selekcija]]. *[[Spolni hromosom]]i Hromosomi sa spolno- determinirajućim genima. *[[Spolno ograničeno svojstvo]] Svojstvo koje se pojavljuje kod samo jednoga od dvaju spolova. *[[reverzija soila|Spolno-reverzne osobe]] XX muškarci koji na X-hromosomu imaju gen Sry i XY žene koje na Y-hromosomu nemaju gen [[SRY]]. *[[spolno uvjetovano nasljeđivanje|Spolno uvjetovano svojstvo]] Svojstva čija je ekspresija alela koji su na autosomima uvjetovana spolom nositelja. *[[Spolno-vezano nasljeđivanje]] Nasljeđivanje gena na X-hromosomu (X-vezano nasljeđivanje). *[[spolno vezani geni|Spolno vezano svojstvo]] Kao i spolno vezano nasljeđivanje, to su termini koji se, u najširem smislu, odnose na pojavu da ispoljavanje određenih individualnih svojstava kontroliraju geni koji su smješteni na spolnim hromosomima. Pri tome se – u najužem smislu – u tom okviru osobine obično diferenciraju u: parcijalno (nekompletno) i kompletno spolno vezane. Parcijalno spolno vezani geni nalaze se na homologimhomolognim segmentima X hromosoma i Y hromosoma, pa je apriorna vjerovatnoća pojave rekombinacija u heterosomalnim i autosomalnim hromosomima (teorijski) podjednaka. Stvarna frekvencija hijazmi između X i Y gonosoma je, ipak, relativno niska jer su njihovi homologihomologni segmenti sasvim kratki. *Srodnik trećeg koljena Vidi: [[TOR]] *[[SSB]] Gubitak kontinuiteta fosfatno-šećerne kičme u jednom lancu DNK dupleksa. *[[ssDNK]] Bilo koja molekula DNK kojekoja se sastoji od jednog nukleotidnog polimera, ili lanca, za razliku od para komplementarnih lanaca koji se drže zajedno vodikovim vezama ( dvolančana DNK). U većini slučajeva, DNK je stabilnija i češća u dvolančanom obliku, ali visoke temperature, niske koncentracije rastvorenih soli i vrlo visok ili nizak pH mogu uzrokovati razlaganje dvolančanih molekula u dvije jednolančane molekule, u procesu poznatom kao „“topljenje“;”; ovu reakciju koriste prirodni enzimi kao što su oni koji su uključeni u replikaciju DNK, kao i laboratorijske tehnike kao što je lančana reakcija polimeraze *[[SSLP]] Polimorfizam dužine jednostavne sekvence ( (engl. Simple Sequence Lenght Polimorphism) koristi se kao genetički marker, uz primjenu lančane polimerazne reakcije (PCR). SSLP je oblik polimorfizma, koji se ispoljava kao razlika u dužini DNK sekvenci među jedinkama. SSLP se su ponavljajuće sekvence po različitim dužinama u intergenenskimintergenskim regijama dezoksiribonukleinske kiseline (DNK). Varijanse u dužini SSLP mogu se koristiti za razumijevanje genetičke varijanse između dvije jedinke određene vrste. *Standardni [[genetički kod]] Genetički kod velike većine živih organizama za prevođenje sekvence nukleinskih kiselina u proteine. U ovom sistemu, od 64 moguće permutacije troslovnih kodona koji se mogu napraviti od četiri nukleotida, 61 kodira jednu od 20 aminokiselina, a preostale tri kodiraju stop signale. Naprimjer, [[kodon]] CAG kodira aminokiselinu [[glutamin]], a kodon TAA je [[stop kodon]]. Standardni genetički kod je opisan kao degenerisan ili suvišan jer jednu aminokiselinu može kodirati više od jednog kodona. To je prvi kodon preveden [[ribosom]]om iz zrelog transkripta iRNK, koji se koristi kao signal za iniciranje sinteze proteina. U standardnom genetičkom kodu, početni kodon uvijek kodira istu aminokiselinu, [[metionin]], kod eukariota i za modificirani metionin kod prokariota. Najčešći startni kodon je [[triplet]] AUG. KontrastniKontrast je stop kodon. *[[Statistička genetika]] Grana genetike koja se bavi razvojem statističkih metoda za izvlačenje zaključaka iz genetičkih podataka. Teorije i metodologije statističke genetike često podržavaju istraživanja u kvantitativnoj genetici, genetičkoj epidemiologiji i bioinformatici. *[[frekvencija|Stopa prenositelja]] (noseća frekvencija) Udio jedinki u populaciji koje imaju jednu kopiju specifične recesivne genetičke varijante. Stopa nosivosti također se ponekad odnosi na prevalenciju varijanti u dominantno djelujućim genima, kao što su BRCA1 i BRCA2. Naziva se i noseća frekvencija. *[[Studija neinferiornosti]] Istraživačka studija koja je osmišljena kako bi se utvrdilo nije li jedna intervencija gora od druge kontrolne intervencije za unaprijed određenu granicu. Intervencija koja daje rezultate koji su jednaki ili bolji od kontrolne intervencije smatra se neinferiornom u odnosu na kontrolnu intervenciju. Studije neinferiornosti često se provode kako bi se ispitalo nije li novi, eksperimentalni tretman lošiji od utvrđenog standarda opskrbe. *[[smrtnost|Subletalnost]] Pojava da do letalnosti dolazi nakon reprodukcije. *[[Supstitucija nukleotida]] Zamjena jednog nukleotida drugim u molekuli DNK. *[[SUV]] (neklasificirana varijanta, varijanta nesigurnog značaja, varijanta nepoznatog značaja) Varijacija u genetičkoj sekvenci za koju je nejasna povezanost s rizikom od bolesti. Također se naziva neklasificirana varijanta, varijanta nesigurnog značaja i varijanta nepoznatog značaja. *[[Suvišni gen]]i Različiti geni koji utječuutiču na isto svojstvo na isti način. ==Š== [[Štetna mutacija]] [[Mutacija]] koja uzrokuje bolest, patogena varijanta, predisponirajuća mutacija, mutacija gena za osjetljivost Genetička promjena koja povećava osjetljivost ili predispoziciju za određenu bolest ili poremećaj. Kada je takva varijanta (ili mutacija) naslijeđena, razvoj simptoma je vjerobatniji, ali nije siguran. Također se naziva mutacija koja uzrokuje bolest, patogena varijanta, predisponirajuća mutacija i mutacija gena za osjetljivostvjerovatniji, ali nije siguran. ==T== *[[Tačkasta mutacija]] Mutacija kojom se jedna nukleotidna baza mijenja, ubacuje ili briše iz sekvence DNK ili RNK. *[[Tačkasta-nonsens mutacija]] Tačkaste mutacijeTačkasta mutacija koja rezultira preranim stop kodonom u transkribiranom transkribiranoj iRNK sekvencomsekvenci, uzrokujući na taj način prijevremeni završetak translacije, što rezultira skraćenim, nekompletnim i često nefunkcijskalnimnefunkcionalnim proteinom. *[[Tandemsko ponavljanje]] Obrazac unutar sekvence nukleinske kiseline u kojoj se jedna ili više nukleobaza ponavlja, a ponavljanja su direktno susjedna (tj. tandemska) jedna uz drugu. Primjer je ATGACATGACATGAC, u kojem se sekvenca ATGAC ponavlja tri puta. *[[TATA-kutija]] Visoko konzervirana nekodirajuća DNK sekvenca koja sadrži konsenzus ponavljajućih parova baza T i A koji se obično nalazi u promotorskim regijama gena kod arheja i eukariota. TATA kutija često služi kao mjesto inicijacije transkripcije ili kao mjesto vezivanja za faktore transkripcije. *[[centromera|Telocentrik]] (linearnog hromosoma ili fragmenta hromosoma) Hromosom sa s centromerom na krajnjem kraju hromosoma (blizu ili unutar telomere), što rezultira samo jednim krakom. Uporedite akrocentrik. *[[Telofaza]] Završna faza ćelijske diobe u mitozi i mejozi, koja se javlja nakon anafaze i prije ili istovremeno sas citokinezom, tokom koje se oko svakog skupa hromatida sintetiše jedarna membrana. Jedra se ponovo sastavljaju, a mitotsko vreteno se rastavlja. Nakon citokineze, nove ćelije kćeri nastavljaju interfazu. *[[Telomera]] Terminalna regija ponavljajućih nukleotidnih sekvenci na svakom kraju linearnog eukariotskog hromosoma koji štiti njegov kraj od propadanja i spajanja sas drugim hromosomima. Budući da svaki krug replikacije rezultira skraćivanjem hromosoma, telomere se ponašaju kao puferi za jednokratnu upotrebu koji se žrtvuju trajnom skraćivanju umestoumjesto obližnjih gena. Telomere se također mogu produžiti enzimom, telomerazom. *[[Telomeraza]] Enzim replikacije telomernih krajeva. Terminacijska sekvenca DNK-sekvence na kraju gena. *[[Terminacijski kodon]] Kodon koji signalizira prekid sinteze proteina tokom translacije transkripta informacijske RNK. U standardnom genetičkom kodu, tri različita stop kodona se koriste se za odvajanje ribosoma od rastućeg lanca aminokiselina, čime se završava prevod: UAG (nadimak „“ćilibar“,”, UAA („(“oker“)”) i UGA („opal“). *[[Test-ukrštanje]] Križanje jedinke dominantnog fenotipa s recesivnim homozigotom u svrhu otkrivanja njegovog genotipa (dominantni homozigot ili heterozigot)). *[[Tiha mutacija]] Tip neutralne mutacije koja nema vidljiv učinak na fenotip organizma. Iako se termin tiha mutacija često koristi naizmjenično sa sinonimnom mutacijom, sinonimne mutacije nisu uvijek tihe, niti obrnuto. Misens mutacije koje rezultiraju različitim aminokiselinama, ali one sa sličnom funkcijskalnošćufunkcionalnošću (npr. leucin umjesto izoleucina), također se često klasifikuju kao tihe, budući da takve mutacije obično ne utiču značajno na funkciju proteina. *[[Timin]] Označen slovom (T) Jedna od pet primarnih ili kanonskih dušičnih baza – [[adenin]] (A), [[[[guanin]]n]] (G), [[citozin]] (C), [[timin]] (T) i [[uracil]] (U) – koje formiraju nukleozide i nukleotide, od kojih su potonji temeljna građevina blokoviblokova nukleinskih kiselina. Sposobnost ovih nukleobaza da formiraju bazne parove putem vodikove veze, kao i njihovi ravni, kompaktni trodimenzijskalnitrodimenzionalni profili, omogućavaju im da se slažu jedna na drugu i vode direktno do dugolančanih struktura DNK i RNK. *[[Tirozin]] Skraćenica T, jedna od dvije purinske baze u strukturi DNK (u RNK, umjesto njega je [[uracil]]). *[[Tirozinaza]] Prvi enzim koji sudjeluje u biosintetskom putu pigmenta melanina. *Tkivno specifična [[ekspresija gena]] Funkcija gena i ekspresija koja je ograničena na određeno tkivo ili tip ćelija. Ekspresija specifična za tkivo je obično je rezultat pojačivača koji se aktivira samo u odgovarajućem tipu ćelije. *[[TNBC]] TNBC (ER-negativni PR-negativni HER2/neu-negativni rak dojke i trostruko negativni rak dojke) Oznaka za nedostatak ekspresije estrogenog receptora (ER), progesteronskog receptora (PR) i receptora ljudskog epidermnog faktora rasta 2 (HER2/neu). Također se naziva ER-negativni PR-negativni HER2/neu-negativni rak dojke i trostruko negativni rak dojke. *[[TOR]] Srodnik trećeg stepena) Skraćenica za prvi rođak, prabaka, praujak/pradajdža, prastric/praamidža, pranećakinja, pranećak, praunuk, polutetkaprvog rođaka, prabaku, praujaka/pradajđu, prastrica, pranećakinju, pranećaka, praunuka, polutetku ili poluujakpoluujaka pojedinca. Naziva se i srodnik trećeg stupnja. *[[Totipotentnost]] KarakterakteristikaKarakteristika ćelije da zadrži embriogeni potencijal za stvaranje novog tkiva i organizma. *[[Transdukcija]] Prijenos DNK iz jedne bakterijske ćelije u drugu pomoću bakterijskih virusa (faga). Tačkasta mutacija u kojoj je purinski nukleotid zamijenjen drugim purinom ( A ↔ G ) ili je nukleotid pirimidina zamijenjen drugim pirimidinom ( C ↔ T ). Kontrast je transverzija. *[[Transfekcija]] MetodMetoda ubacivanja stranoga gena u eukariotsku ćeliju. Transfer ''[[de novo]]'' (de novo varijanta, nova mutacija, nova varijanta) Genetička promjena koja je prisutna po prvi put u jednom članu porodice kao rezultat varijante (ili mutacije) u zametnoj ćeliji (jajnoj ćeliji ili spermatozoidu) jednog od roditelja ili varijante koja nastaje u samom oplođenom jajetu tokom rane embriogeneze. Također se naziva de novo varijanta, nova mutacija i nova varijanta. *[[Transferna tačka]] (tačkasta varijanta) Genetička promjena uzrokovana zamjenom jednog nukleotida drugim nukleotidom. Naziva se i tačkasta varijanta. *[[Transformacija]] Mehanizam rekombinacije kod prokariota, izmjena genetičke informacije između gole DNK iz okoliša i DNK ćelije recipijenta (primatelj); kod eukariota: preobrazba normalne ćelije u tumorsku. *[[Transgen]] Bilo koji gen ili drugi segment genetičkog materijala koji je izolovan iz jednog organizma, a zatim prenijet bilo prirodno ili bilo kojom od niza tehnika genetičkog inženjerstva u drugi organizam, posebno u neku drugu vrstu. Transgeni se najčešće unose u zametnu liniju drugog organizma. Obično se koriste za proučavanje funkcije gena ili za davanje prednosti koja inače nije dostupna u nepromijenjenom organizmu. *[[Transgeni organizam]] Organizam s ugrađenim stranim [[genom]]. *[[Transkripcija (genetika)]] Prepisivanje genetičke upute sas DNK, odnosno sinteza iRNK. Proces sinteze informacijske RNK (iRNK) prema šablonu smislenog polulanca DNK. *[[Transkripcijski faktor]] Bilo koji protein koji kontrolira brzinu transkripcije genetičkih informacija iz DNK u iRNK, tako što se vezuje za specifičnu sekvencu DNK i promoviše ili blokira regrutaciju RNK-polimeraze u obližnje gene. Transkripcijski faktori mogu efikasno uključiti i isključiti specifične gene kako bi bili sigurni da su eksprimirani u pravo vrijeme i na pravim mjestima; iz tog razloga, oni su fundamentalni i sveprisutni mehanizam regulacije gena. *[[Transkriptom]] Set svih RNK molekula jednog organizma, kompletna RNK datog organizma. *[[Translacija (genetika)]] Ribosomsko prevođenje šifre sas iRNK na rječnik redoslijeda aminokiselina u datoj proteinskoj sekvenci. Drugi korak u procesu ekspresije gena, u kojem se transkript RNK koji se proizvodi tokom transkripcije čita ribosom, kako bi proizveo funkcijskalnifunkcionalni protein. Proces sintetiziranja aminokiselinske sekvence (proteinskog produkta) prema kodu informacijske RNK (iRNK). *[[Translokacija (genetika)]] Tip hromosomske mutacije uzrokovane strukturnim preuređenjem velikih dijelova jednog ili više hromosoma. Postoje dva glavna tipa: recipročna i robertsonovska. Hromosomska mutacija u kojoj se hromosom predidaprekida i njegov se dio ponovno pričvrsti na drugo mjesto u hromosomu. *[[Transportna RNK]] (tRNK, transfer RNK) Ima specifičnu ulogu u procesu translacije genetičke šifre, odnosno njenog prevođenja sas jezika iRNK na jezik gradivnih jedinica proteina, tj. aminokiselina. Aktivnost molekula tRNK se zasniva na osobenoj sposobnosti dva aktivna mjesta. Na jedno od njih ona veže specifičnu aminokiselinu, a na drugom je antikodon, koji je komplementaran odgovarajućem kodonu iRNK. *[[Transpozon]] Vidi: Prenosivi element. Mobilna sekvenca u [[genom]]u. Mogu „“skakati“ sa” s jednog mjesta na drugo i odgovorni su za pojavu određenih mutacija. Pokretni genetički elementi, DNK sekvence koje se premještaju po [[genom]]u mehanizmom izrezivanja i lijepljenja (mehanizam cut/paste)). Vidi: prenosivi element. *[[Transverzija]] Mutacijska zamjena purinske baze pirimidinskom. Tačkasta mutacija u kojoj je purinski nukleotid zamijenjen pirimidinskim nukleotidom, ili obrnuto (npr. A ↔ C ili A ↔ T ). Kontrast je translokacija. *[[Tranzicija]] Zamjena jedne purinske baze drugom purinskom. *[[Trihibridno ukrštanje]] Ukrštanje u kojem se prate rezultati nasljeđivanjenasljeđivanja tri gena. *[[Trinukleotidno ponavljanje]] Sekvence od po tri nukleotida koji se ponavljaju u tandemu na istom susjednom dijelu hromosoma. Obično se javlja određena količina normalne (polimorfne) varijacije u broju ponavljanja bez kliničkog značaja; međutim, broj ponavljanja iznad određenog praga može, u nekim slučajevima, dovesti do štetnih učinaka na funkciju gena, što rezultira genetičkom bolešću. *[[Triplet baza]] Grupa od po tri dušične baze, npr. [[adenin]]-[[timin]]-[[adenin]] ili [[timin]]-[[guanin]]-[[citozin]] koja je šifra za jednu aminokiselinu. [[citozin]]-[[timin]]-[[timin]] (CTT) je tako triplet za aminokiselinu leucin, a [[guanin]]-[[timin]]-[[guanin]] (GTG) za valin. *[[Trisomija]] Tip aneuploidije, višak jednog hromosoma, 2n+1. *[[Tročlani kraj]] Vidi: 3'- kraj. *[[Trp-operon]] Represivni sistem regulacije gena kod bakterija. *[[TUF]] Cjelokupni skup RNK molekula (često se odnosi na sve tipove RNK, ali ponekad isključivo na iRNK) koji je ili može biti izražen određenim [[genom]]om, ćelijom, populacijom ćelija ili vrstama u određeno vrijeme ili pod određenim uvjetima. Transkriptom se razlikuje od egzoma i translatoma. *[[Tumor supresorski gen]] Tip gena koji regulira rast ćelija. Kada je tumor supresorski gen mutiran, može doći do nekontroliranog rasta ćelija. To može pridonijeti razvoju raka. ==U== *[[UAA]] Kratke sekvence nukleotida koje se sintetiziraju diskontinuirano pomoću DNK polimeraze i kasnije povezuju zajedno pomoću DNK ligaze kako bi se stvorio lanac koji zaostaje tokom DNK replikacije. OkazakiOvakvi fragmenti su posljedica jednosmjernosti DNK polimeraze, koja djeluje samo u smjeru od 5' do 3'. *[[Ukrštanje]] Uzgoj čistolinijskih roditelja koji pripadaju dvije različite rase, sorte, varijantedvjema različitim rasama, sortama, varijantama ili populacijepopulacijama, često namjerno kao metod selektivnog uzgoja, s ciljem stvaranja potomstva koje dijeledijeli osobine obje roditeljske loze ili koje pokazuju heterozu. U uzgoju životinja, potomstvo ukrštanja između rasa iste vrste naziva se križanci ili mulati, dok se potomstvo ukrštanja različitih vrsta naziva hibridima ili bastardima. *[[autbriding|Ukrštanje van srodstva]] (autbriding) Seksualna reprodukcija između različitih rasa ili osoba, koja ima potencijal da poveća genetičku raznolikost uvođenjem nepovezanog genetičkog materijala u populaciju za razmnožavanje. Reproduktivni događaj i rezultirajuće potomstvo mogu se nazvati vanbridinškim, a potomstvo je vanbridinško.. Kontrast je inbriding. *[[Unakrsno povezivanje]] Nenormalna veza između dvije ili više nukleobaza na suprotnim lancima dvolančane molekule DNK (međulanca) ili između baza na istom lancu (intralančana), posebno putem formiranja kovalentnih veza koje su jače od vodikove veze uparivanja baza. Unakrsne veze mogu biti generisane raznim egzogenim i endogenim agensima, i imaju tendenciju da ometaju normalne ćelijske procese kao što su replikacija i transkripcija DNK; oni su uobičajene mete puteva popravke DNK. *[[Unatražno ukrštanje]] Ukrštanje hibridnog organizma s jednim od roditelja ili jedinkom genetički sličnom jednom od roditelja, često namjerno kao vrsta selektivnog uzgoja, s ciljem stvaranja potomstva s genetičkim identitetom koji je bliži roditeljskom. Reproduktivni događaj i rezultirajuće potomstvo se nazivaju povratnim ukrštanjem, često skraćeno u genetici sa simbolom BC. *[[Uracil]] Skraćeno slovom (U.) Jedna od četiri nukleobaze prisutne u molekulama RNK. [[uracil]] formira par baza sas [[adenin]]om. U DNK, [[uracil]] se uopće ne koristi, već je zamijenjen [[timin]]om. *[[Uravnoteženost baza]] Dvije baze (ili nukleotidi) koje sadržavaju dušik i koje se uparuju kako bi formirale strukturu DNK. Četiri baze u DNK su [[adenin]] (A), [[citozin]] (C), [[guanin]] (G) i [[timin]] (T). Ove baze tvore specifične parove (A-T i G-C). Par baza se također može odnositi na stvarni broj parova baza, kao što je osam parova baza, u nizu nukleotida. *[[Uslovna ekspresija]] Kontrolisana, inducibilna ekspresija transgena, bilo in vitro ili in vivo. *[[Utišavanje gena]] Svaki mehanizam regulacije gena koji drastično smanjuje ili potpuno sprečava ekspresiju određenog gena. Može se dogoditi prirodno tokom transkripcije ili translacije. Laboratorijske tehnike često iskorištavaju prirodne mehanizme utišavanja kako bi se postiglo uništavanje gena. *[[Uzvodnost (genetika)]] Prema ili bliže 5'- kraju lanca nukleotida, ili N-kraju peptidnog lanca. Kontrast nizvodno. *[[Uzvodna sekvenca aktiviranja]] (UAS) Uzvodna aktivacijska sekvenca (UAS) je regulatorna sekvenca koja djeluje u cis poziciji. Razlikuje se od promotora i povećava ekspresiju susjednog gena. Zbog svoje suštinske uloge u aktiviranju transkripcije, uzvodna aktivirajuća sekvenca se često se smatra analognom funkciji pojačivača kod višećelijskih eukariota. Uzvodne aktivacijske sekvence su ključni dio indukcije, poboljšavajući ekspresiju proteina od interesa kroz povećanu transkripcijsku aktivnost. Nalazi se uzvodno od minimalnog promotora (TATA kutija) i služi kao mjesto vezivanja za transaktivatore. Ako se transkripcijski transaktivator ne veže za UAS u pravilnoj orijentaciji, transkripcija ne može započeti. ==V== *[[Varijabilna ekspresija]] Varijacije u načinu na koji se osobina manifestira. Kada postoji varijabilna ekspresivnost, značajka može varirati u kliničkom izražaju od blage do teške. Naprimjer,Npr., stanje neurofibromatoza tipa 1 može biti blago, manifestirajući se samo u kožnim mrljama (zvanim café-au-lait), ili može biti teško, manifestirajući se neurofibromima i tumorima mozga. *[[Varijabilna ekspresivnost gena]] Način varijacije na koji se gen eksprimira u fenotipu. *[[Varijacija broja kopija]] (CNV) [[Fenomen]] u kojem se dijelovi [[genom]]a ponavljaju i broj ponavljanja varira između jedinki u populaciji, obično kao rezultat događaja duplikacije ili delecije koji utičuutiče na cijele gene ili dijelove hromosoma. Varijacije broja kopija imaju važnu ulogu u stvaranju genetičkih varijacija unutar populacije. *''[[Varijacija de novo]]'' (''[[de novo]]'' mutacija, nova mutacija, nova varijanta) Genetička promjena koja je prisutna po prvi put u jednom članu porodice kao rezultat varijante (ili mutacije) u zametnoj ćeliji (jajnoj ćeliji ili spermatozoidu) jednog od roditelja ili varijante koja nastaje u samom oplođenom jajetu tokom rane briogeneze. Naziva se i de novo mutacija, nova mutacija i nova varijanta. *[[Varijacija broja kopija]] (CNV) Odnosi se na genetičko svojstvo koje uključuje broj kopija određenog gena prisutnog u genomu pojedinca. Genetičke varijante, uključujući insercije, delecije i duplikacije segmenata DNK, također se zajednički nazivaju varijantama broja kopija. Varijante broja kopija čine značajan udio genetičke varijacije. Naziva se i CNV. *[[Varijanta germ-linije (mutacija germinativne linije) Promjena gena u reproduktivnoj ćeliji (jajnoj ćeliji ili spermatozoidu) koja se ugrađuje u DNK svake ćelije u tijelu potomka. Varijanta (ili mutacija) sadržana u germinalnoj liniji može se prenijeti s roditelja na potomstvo i stoga je nasljedna. Naziva se i mutacija germinativne linije. *[[VUS|Varijanta nepoznatog / neizvjesnog značenja]] (neklasificirana varijanta, varijanta nesigurnog značaja, VUS) Varijacija u genetičkoj sekvenci za koju je nejasna povezanost s rizikom od bolesti. Također se naziva neklasificirana varijanta, varijanta nepoznatog značaja i VUS. Varijanta nepoznatog značenja Varijacija u genetičkoj sekvenci za koju je nejasna povezanost s rizikom od bolesti. Također se naziva neklasificirana varijanta, varijanta nesigurnog značaja i VUS. *[[princip osnivača|Varijanta osnivača]] (Genetička promjena uočena s velikom učestalošću u skupini koja je ili je bila geografski ili kulturno izolirana, u kojoj je jedan ili više predaka bio nositelj promijenjenog gena. Taj se fenomen često naziva učinkom osnivača. Naziva se i osnivačka mutacija.) Genetička promjena uočena s velikom učestalošću u skupini koja je ili je bila geografski ili kulturno izolirana, u kojoj je jedan ili više predaka bio nositelj promijenjenog gena. Taj se fenomen često naziva učinkom osnivača. *[[Varirajući pomak okvira]] (mutacija pomaka okvira) Insercija ili delecija koje uključujujuključuju broj parova baza koji nije višekratnik od tri, što posljedično remeti okvir čitanja tripleta DNK sekvence. Takve varijante (ili mutacije) obično dovode do stvaranja kodona prijevremeneprijevremenog završetka (zaustave) i rezultiraju skraćenim (kraćim od normalnog) proteinskim produktom. Naziva se i mutacija pomaka okvira *[[Vektor]] Bilo koja molekula DNK koji se koristi kao sredstvo za umjetni transport stranog genetičkog materijala u drugu ćeliju, gdje se može replicirati i/ili eksprimirati. Vektori su tipično dizajnirane rekombinantne DNK sekvence koje se sastoje od inserta (često transgena) i duže "kičmene" sekvence koja sadrži ishodište replikacije, višestruko mjesto kloniranja i selektabilni marker. Vektori se široko koriste u laboratorijama molekulske biologije za izolaciju, kloniranje ili ekspresiju umetka u ciljnoj ćeliji. *[[Vektor ekspresije]] (konstrukcija ekspresije) Također konstrukcija ekspresije Tip vektora, obično plazmid ili virusni vektor, dizajniran posebno za ekspresiju transgena umetnuti, umetnut u ciljnu ćeliju, umjesto u neku drugu svrhu kao što je kloniranje. Plazmidna mapa od 3,756 bp je ekspresijski vektor koji se koristi u ekspresiji transgena koji stvara zeleni fluorescentni protein (GFP). Vektor takođetakođer uključuje gen za lac represor (lacI) i gen koji daje rezistenciju na antibiotik kanamicin (KanR), kao i različite promotere za pokretanje ekspresije ovih gena. *[[Veličina genoma]] Ukupna količina DNK sadržana u jednoj kopiji genoma, obično se mjeri masom (u pikogramima ili daltonima) ili ukupnim brojem parova baza (u kilobazama ili megabazama). Za diploidne organizme, veličina genoma se često koristi naizmjenično sas C-vrijednošću. *[[Vezani disekvilibrij]] (LD) Pojava da se aleli (DNK markeri) pojavljuju zajedno češće nego što se to može objasniti slučajnošću zbog njihove fizičke blizine na hromosomu. Naziva se i *[[Vezani geni]] (osobine) Geni za određene osobine, na istom hromosomu. Tendencija sekvenci DNK koje su fizički blizu jedna drugoj na istom hromosomu da se nasljeđuju zajedno tokom mejoze. Budući da je fizička udaljenost između njih relativno mala, šansa da će bilo koja dva obližnja dijela DNK sekvence (često lokusi ili genetički markeri ) biti razdvojena na različite hromatide tokom hromosomskog ukrštanja (krosingovera) je statistički vrlo mala, Tada se smatra da su takvi lokusi povezaniji od lokusa koji su udaljeniji i da su lokusi na potpuno različitim hromosomima savršeno nepovezani. Standardna jedinica za mjerenje genetičke povezanosti je centimorgan (cM). *Vezanost Tendencija da se geni ili segmenti DNK koji su usko smješteni duž hromosoma međusobno ne odvajaju u mejozi i stoga se zajedno nasljeđuju. *[[Vještački hromosom kvasca]] (YAC) YAC su genetički modificirani hromosomi izvedeni iz DNK kvasca, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, koji se zatim ligira u bakterijski plazmid. Insercijom velikih fragmenata DNK, od 100- do 1000 kb, umetnute sekvence se mogu klonirati i fizički mapirati korištenjem procesa koji se naziva hodanje hromosoma. *[[VNTR]] Varijabilnost broja tandemskih ponavljanja (eng. (engl. Variable Number Tandem Repeat) ogleda se u varijaciji većeg broja lokacija sas kratkim nukleotidnim sekvencama tandemskih ponavljanja, koje se u [[genom]]u višekratno ponavljaju. Mogu se naći na mnogim hromosomima, a često pokazuju međuindividualne varijacije u dužini. Svaka varijanta djeluje kao naslijedni nasljedni alel, što omogućava da se koristite za osobnuličnu ili roditeljsku identifikaciju. Njihova analiza je korisna u genetičkim i ostalim biološkim istraživanjima, forenzici i DNK profiliranju (fingerprinting). *[[Vodeća sekvenca]] Kod replikacije DNK, lanac u nastajanju za koji su i smjer sinteze DNK polimeraze i smjer cjelokupne elongacije lanca prema replikacijskoj viljušcviljušci, tj. oba se javljaju u smjeru 5' do 3', što rezultira jednim, kontinuiranim procesom elongacije sas malo ili bez prekida. Nasuprot tome, drugi lanac u nastajanju, poznat kao zaostali lanac, sastavlja se u diskontinuiranom procesu koji uključuje ligaciju kratkih fragmenata DNK koji se sintetiziraju u suprotnom smjeru, daleko od replikacijske viljuške. Također spoj za spajanje donatora ili mjesto za spajanje donatora. Granica između lijevog kraja (po konvenciji, 5' kraja ) introna i desnog ( 3' ) kraja susjednog egzona u pre-iRNK transkriptu. *[[Vodeći lanac]] Lanac nove DNK koji se sintetizira u istom smjeru kao rastuća replikacijska viljuška. Ovaj tip replikacije DNK je kontinuiran. *[[Vodikova veza]] Veza dva [[vodik]]ova atoma u [[hemijski spoj|hemijskom spoju]]. međumolekulska veza koja nastaje između [[molekul]]a u kojima je [[vodik]] vezan za [[atom]] visoke [[elektronegativnost]]i (F, O, N). Zajednički elektronski par u vezama H-F, H-O, H-N je toliko pomaknut na stranu elektronegativnog atoma, da dolazi do razdvajanja [[naboj]]a (dipol). Pozitivni dio molekule (H<sup>+</sup>) privlači negativan kraj druge molekule pritom stvarajući međumolekulske veze. Vodikova veza je slabija od [[ionska veza|ionske]] ili [[kovalentna veza|kovalentne]] veze. ==W== *[[WES]] (sekvenciranje cijelog egzoma, WXS) Laboratorijski postupak koji se koristi za određivanje nukleotidne sekvence primarno egzonskih (ili proteinski kodiranih) regija genoma i srodnih sekvenci, što predstavlja približno 1% cjelokupne sekvence DNK. Također se naziva sekvenciranje cijelog egzoma i WXS. *[[WGS]] (sekvenciranje cijelog genoma) Laboratorijski postupak koji se koristi za određivanje gotovo svih od približno tri milijarde nukleotida kompletne individualne sekvence DNK, uključujući nekodirajuće sekvence. Također se naziva sekvenciranje cijelog [[genom]]a. *[[WXS]] WXS (WES, sekvenciranje cijelog egzoma) Laboratorijski postupak koji se koristi za određivanje nukleotidne sekv encesekvence primarno egzonskih (ili proteinski kodiranih) regija [[genom]]a osobe i srodnih sekvenci, što predstavlja približno 1% cjelokupne DNK sekvence. Također se naziva WES i sekvenciranje cijelog egzoma. ==X== *[[hromosom X|X-hromosom]] Jedan od dva spolna hromosoma prisutna u organizmima sas XY sistemom za određivanje spola i jedini spolni hromosom u sistemu X0. X hromosom se nalazi i kod muškaraca i kod žena i obično sadrži mnogo više gena nego njegov pandan, Y hromosom. *[[X-inaktivacija]] Zvana i lajonizacija, ponegdje i lionizacija (prema engleskoj genetičarki Mary Lyon) je postupak kojim se jedna od kopija X-hromosoma inaktivira kod ženki sisara sas placentom. Neaktivni hromosom X se utišava pakovanjem u transkripcijski neaktivnu strukturu zvanu heterohromatin. Kako gotovo svi ženski sisari imaju dva X hromosoma, X-inaktivacija imih sprečava da imaju dvostruko više X-hromosomskih genskih proizvoda od mužjaka, koji imaju samo jednu kopiju X hromosoma. Izbor X hromosoma koji će se inaktivirati slučajan je kod placentnih sisara kao što su ljudi, ali nakon što se inaktivira, on će ostati neaktivan tokom života ćelije i njenih potomaka u organizmu (njegova ćelijska linija). Obično se javlja X-inaktivacija koja je neravnomjerno raspoređena po ćelijskim linijama unutar jednog organizma (slučajna X-inaktivacija). *X-vezana osobina Vidi: Spolnospolno vezana osobina. *[[X-vezano nasljeđivanje]] Nasljeđivanje genetičkih stanja povezanapovezanih s mutacijama u genima na X-hromosomu. Jedna kopija mutacije dovoljna je da izazove bolest i kod muškaraca (koji imaju jedan X hromosom) i kod žena (koje imaju dva X hromosoma). U nekim uvjetima, odsutnost funkcionalnog gena rezultira smrću oboljelih muškaraca. *[[X-vezano recesivno nasljeđivanje]] Nasljeđivanje koje se odnosi na genetička stanja povezana s mutacijama u genima na X-hromosomu. Muškarci koji nose takvu mutaciju će biti pogođeni, jer imaju samo jedan X-hromosom. Žena koja nosi mutaciju u jednom genu, s normalnim genom na drugom X-hromosomu, općenito je nepogođena. ==Y== *[[hromosom Y|Y-hromosom]] Jedan od dva spolna hromosoma prisutna u organizmima koji imaju XY sistem za određivanje spola. Y hromosom se nalazi samo kod muškaraca i obično je mnogo manji od svog dvojnika, X hromosoma. *[[Y-vezana osobina]] Vidi: Holandričnajolandrična osobina i Spolno vazanospolno vezano svojstvo. ==Z== *[[Zaostali lanac]] Lanac nove DNK čiji je smjer sinteze suprotan smjeru rastuće replikacijske viljuške. Zbog svoje orijentacije, replikacija zaostalog lanca je složenija u odnosu na onu vodećeg niza. Kao posljedica toga, vidi se da DNK-polimeraza na ovom lancu zaostaje za onom na drugom lancu. *[[Z-DNK]] Jedna od mnogih mogućih dvostrukih spiralnih struktura DNK. To je ljevoruka dvostruka spiralna struktura u kojoj se spirala vijuga ulijevo u cik-cak obrascu, umjesto udesno, kao uobičajeni oblik B-DNK. Smatra se da je Z-DNK jedna od tri biološki aktivne dvostruke spiralne strukture zajedno sas A-DNK i B-DNK. *[[Z-skor]] Rezultat koji pokazuje koliko je standardnih odstupanja vrijednost iznad ili ispod srednje vrijednosti. *[[Začetnica]] (prajmer) Kratka molekula RNK-nukleotida kojom započinje sinteza komplementarnog lanca DNK u replikaciji *[[Zakon nezavisne segregacije]] Jedan od tri osnovna principa mendelovskog nasljeđivanja, prema kojem se tokom mejoze aleli svakog gena odvajaju jedan od drugog tako da svakasvaki rezultirajući gamet nosi samo jedan alel svakog gena. *[[Zakon segregacije]] Pravilnost razdvajanjerazdvajanja jednoga para alela u anafazi mejoze. *[[Zakon uniformnosti]] Jedan od tri osnovna principa mendelovskog nasljeđivanja, po kojem različiti aleli istog gena mogu biti dominantni ili recesivni u odnosu na druge, tes tim da će organizam s barem jednim dominantnim alelom ujednačeno imati fenotip povezan s dominantnim alelom. *[[Zamjenska mutacija]] Vidi: Nesinonimnanesinonimna mutacija . *[[Zigot]] Tip eukariotske ćelije nastala kao direktan rezultat oplodnje između dva gameta. Kod višećelijskih organizama, zigot je najranija razvojna faza. Prva ćelija novonastalog organizma, nastala oplodnjom, tj. spajanjem jajne ćelije i spermatozoida. *[[Zigoten]] Potfaza profaze mejoze I. *[[Zigotnost]] Stepen do kojeg više kopija gena, hromosoma ili genoma imaju istu genetičku sekvencu; npr. u diploidnom organizmu sas dvije kompletne kopije njegovog genoma (jedna majčina i jedna očinska), stepen sličnosti alela prisutnih u svakoj kopiji. Za osobe koje nose dva različita alela za određeni gen smatra se da su heterozigoti za taj gen; osobe koje nose dva identična alela su homosigoti za taj gen. Zigositnost se takođe može posmatrati zajedno za grupu gena, ili za čitav skup gena i genetičkih lokusa koji čine [[genom]]. Preuzeto sa <ref>https://bastina.anubih.ba/items/a2e6e47d-5e00-4f99-9d52-eb91dafdb5dc</ref>[[ANUBiH]]/[[Institut za genetičko inženjerstvo Sarajevo|Ingeb]] ==Također pogledajte== *[[Genetika]] ==Reference== {{reflist}} [[Kategorija:Genetika]] [[Kategorija:Genetika čovjeka]] p674v6u81ckirqcsqky7mahon6ruxy0 3849348 3849346 2026-05-25T20:55:29Z GENETIČAR-2 181763 /* A */ 3849348 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Slika:Picture of my book.png|thumb|<center>Naslovnica izvornika ovog članka</center>]] ==3'- kraj== Također, (tri prim kraj.) Jedan od dva kraja istog linearnog lanca [[DNK]]ili [[RNK]], konkretno kraj na kojem se lanac [[nukleotid]]a završava na trećem atomu [[ugljik]]a u furanoznom prstenu [[dezoksiriboza|dezoksiriboze]] ili [[riboza|riboze]] (tj. kraj na kojem 3' ugljik nije vezan na drugi nukleotid preko [[fosfodiesterska veza|fosfodiesterske veze]]; ''[[in vivo]]'', 3' ugljik je često još uvijek vezan za [[hidroksilna grupa|hidroksilnu grupu]]). Po konvenciji, sekvence i strukture bliže 3'- kraju u odnosu na druge se nazivaju nizvodnonizvodnim. Kontrast je 5'- kraj. Prema, prema važećoj konvenciji, ribozni prsten s atomima ugljika označenim brojevima od 1' do 5'. Za 5' ugljik se kaže da je uzvodno; 3' ugljik je nizvodno. Također su prikazane veze za generičku bazu i fosfatnu grupu. *'''[[3'-neprevedena regija]] [[Tri prim netranslatirana regija]] (3′- (3' UTR) je dio [[informacijska RNK|informacijske RNK]] (iRNK) koji slijedi odmah nakon traslacije [[stop kodon|završnog kodona]]. 3'UTR (neprevedena/netranskatirana regija) često sadrži regulatorne regije koje posttranskripcijski utiču na [[ekspresija gena|ekspresiju gena]]. *'''5'- kraj''' [[Pet prim-kraj]] Jedan od dva kraja jednog linearnog lanca [[DNK]] ili [[RNK]], kraj na kojem se lanac [[nukleotid]]a završava na petom atomu ugljika u [[furanoza|furanoznom]] prstenu dezoksiriboze ili riboze (tj. kraj na kojem 5' ugljik nije vezan na drugi nukleotid preko fosfodiestarske veze; ''[[in vivo]]'', 5' ugljik je često još uvijek vezan za fosfatnu grupu). Po konvenciji, sekvence i strukture smještene bliže 5'-kraju u odnosu na druge se nazivaju uzvodno. Kontrast je *'''5'5' neprevedena regija''' Poznata i kao 5'UTR (vodeća sekvenca, vodeći transkript ili vodeća [[RNK]]) , ovo je regija informacijske [[RNK]] ([[iRNK]] neposredno uzvodno od inicijacijskog kodona. Ova sekvenca [[DNK]] je važna je za reguliranje translacije translacije transkripta različitim mehanizmima kod [[virus]]a, [[prokariot]]a i [[eukariot]]a. Iako se naziva neprevedenim, [[5'UTR]] ili njegov dio ponekad se prevodi u [[protein]]ski proizvod. Ovaj proizvod tada može regulirati translaciju glavne kodirajuće sekvence iRNK. U mnogim organizmima, međutim, 5′ UTR je potpuno nepreveden, a umjesto toga formira kompleks sekundarne strukture za regulaciju translacije.<ref name="hadzirifat">{{cite book |last=Hadžiselimović |first=Rifat|title=Ja i moja genetika|publisher=ANUBiH-Ingeb |isbn=978-9926-410 -88-9| edition=1th |place=Sarajevo}}</ref> ==A== *[[hromosom|Acentričnost]] (linearnog hromosoma ili fragmenta hromosoma) [[hromosom]]/fragment bez centromere. *[[Adaptivna radijacija]] [[Evolucija]] različito prilagođenih vrsta iz jednog [[zajednički predak|zajedničkog pretka]]. *[[Adenin]] (skr. A) Skraćeno slovom A. Jedna od četiri glavne nukleobaze u [[DNK]] i [[RNK]]. Formira par baza sa [[timin]]om u [[DNK]] i sa [[uracil]]om u RNK. *[[Aficirana jedinka]] U [[genetika|genetici]], opisuje osobu koja ima određenu [[fenotip]]sku osobinu ili bolest. Pojedinac izražava tu osobinu ili ima znakove i simptome bolesti. *[[AFLP]] Polimorfizam dužine amplificiranih fragmenata (eng. (engl. ''Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism)'' јedan јеje od značajnijih i najšire posmatranih genetičkih markera. Važan je u mnogim oblastima istraživanja, od molekulske biologije, [[genetika|genetike]] i [[genomika|genomike]], do [[mikrobiologija|mikrobiologije]], [[ekologija|ekologije i rekonstrukcije [[filogenetika|evolucijsko-filogenetičkih]] veza i odnosa. Proučavanje ovog polimorfizma posebno je značajno i u medicini, u procesima [[genotip]]izacije. *[[hromosom|Akrocentričnost]] (linearnog [[hromosom]]a ili hromosomskog fragmenta): Pozicija centromere vrlo blizu jednog krajajednom kraju [[hromosom]]a, za razliku od kraja ili u sredini. *[[transkripcijski faktor|Aktivator]] Tip [[transkripcijski faktor|transkripcijskog faktora]] koji povećava transkripciju gena ili skupa gena. Većina aktivatora djeluje tako što se vezuju za specifičnu sekvencu koja se nalazi unutar ili blizu pojačivača ili [[promotor (genetika)|promotora]] i olakšava vezivanje [[RNK-polimeraza|RNK-polimeraze]] i drugih transkripcijskih faktora u istoj regiji. Vidi također: koaktivator; kontrastni represor. *[[Alel]] Jedna od alternativnih varijanti [[gen]]a, nastala promjenom u slijedu nukleotida (genskom mutacijom). Nalaze se na stalnim mjestima ([[genski lokus|lokusima]]) na [[hromosom]]u, ali se razlikuju u [[nukleotid]]noj sekvenci [[genetička informacija|genetičke informacije]]. Ako se na jednom lokusu alternativno javlja više od dva alela, zovu se multipli aleli (primjer tri alela za [[krvna grupa|krvne grupe]]: IA, IB i Io ). IO). *[[Alelna heterogenost]] Prisustvo različitih varijanti na jednom genskom lokusu koje uzrokuju iste ili slične fenotipske ekspresije bolesti ili stanja. *[[Alosom]] Također ([[spolni hromosom]], [[heterohromosom]] ili [[idiohromosom]].) Svaki hromosom koji se razlikuje od običnog autosoma po veličini, obliku ili ponašanju i koji je odgovoran za određivanje spola organizma. Spolni hromosomi kod ljudi, su [[hromosom X]] i [[hromosom Y]]. *[[Alternativna prerada]] Regulirani [[fenomen]] [[ekspresija gena|ekspresije eukariotskih gena]] u kojem su specifični [[egzon]]i ili dijelovi egzona iz istog primarnog transkripta različito uključeni ili uklonjeni iz konačnog, zrelog informacijskog [[primarni transkript|transkripta RNK]]. Klasa [[posttranskripcijska modifikacija|posttranskripcijskih modifikacija]], [[alternativna prerada]] omogućava jednom genu da kodira više proteinskih izoformi i uveliko povećava raznolikost proteina koje može proizvesti pojedinačni genom. Vidi također: [[prerada RNK]]. *[[mutacija|Amber]] Jedan od tri [[stop kodon]]a koja se koriste u standardnom genetičkom kodu; u RNK, određen je nukleotidnim tripletom UAG. Druga dva stop kodona se zovu oker i opal. *[[Amesov test]] Bakterijski test [[mutagen]]osti koji koristi bakteriju ''[[Salmonella]] typhimurium'', auksotrofnu za [[histidin]]. *[[Aminokiselina]] Organski spoj koji sadrži funkcionalne grupe [[amin (hemija)|amin]] i [[karboksilna gropa|karboksil]], kao i [[bočni lanac]] specifičan za svaku pojedinačnu aminokiselinu. Od skoro 500 poznatih aminokiselina, skup od 20 je kodiran standardnim [[genetički kod|genetičkim kodom]] i ugrađeni su u sekvencu kao gradivni blokovi [[polipeptid]]a ([[protein]]a). Specifična sekvenca aminokiselina u polipeptidnim lancima koji formiraju protein u konačnici osobine različitih proteina te oblici molekula proteina ovise o tipu i redoslijedu sastavnih aminokiselina. *[[Amorf]] Bilo koji alel koji je postao nefunkcionalan zbog genetičke mutacije. Mutacija može dovesti do potpunog neuspjeha proizvodnje genskog proizvoda ili genskog proizvoda koji ne funkcijskirafunkcionira ispravno; u oba slučaja, [[alel]] se može smatrati nefunkcijskalnim. *[[Anafaza]] Faza [[mitoza|mitoze]] i [[mejoza|mejoze]] koja se javlja nakon metafaze i prije telofaze, kada se replicirani hromosomi odvoje i svaka od [[sestrinske hromatide|sestrinskih hromatida]] se pomjeri na suprotne strane ćelije. *[[Analiza mutacija]] Metoda [[genetičko testiranje|genetičkog testiranja]] zametne linije, usmjerena na otkrivanje specifične varijante ili mutacije (kao što je štetna varijanta MSH2 prethodno identificirana u porodici), panel varijanti (kao što su tri patogene varijante [[BRCA]] koje se sastoje od panela osnivačke mutacije za osobe [[Aškenazi|aškenaskog]] [[jevrej]]skog porijekla) ili tip varijante (kao što su velike [[delecija (genetika)|delecije]] ili [[insercija (genetika) insercije]] u genu [[BRCA1]] ). Ovaj tip testiranja razlikuje se od potpunog sekvenciranja gena ili skeniranja varijanti. Potonji su [[dizajn]]irani za otkrivanje većine varijanti u regiji koja se testira. Dosadašnja uporabaupotreba također primjenjuje ovaj termin na bilo koji [[genetički test]]. *[[Analiza vezanosti]] Tehnika lociranja gena koja prati obrasce bolesti u visokorizičnim porodicama. Pokušava locirati gen koji uzrokuje bolest identificiranjem [[genetički marker|genetičkih markera]] poznate [[hromosom]]ske lokacije koji su su [[nasljeđivanje|naslijeđeni]] sa značajkom od interesa. *[[Aneuploidija]] Pojava jednog ili više dodatnih [[hromosom]]a ili hromosoma koji nedostaju, što dovodi do neuravnoteženog [[hromosomski komplement|hromosomskog komplementa]] ili bilo kojeg broja hromosoma koji nije tačan višekratnik [[ploidija|haploidnog broja]] (koji je 23). Tip ploidije sas viškom ili manjkom jednog ili više hromosoma (različitim od n), isključujući abnormalni broj kompletnih setova [[hromosom]]a, koji je umjesto toga poznat kao [[euploidija]]. *[[Anticipacija]] [[Fenomen]] kojim simptomi [[genetički poremećaj|genetičkog poremećaja]] postaju očigledni (i često teži) u ranijoj dobi kod oboljelih osoba sa svakom [[generacija|generacijom]] koja naslijedi poremećaj. *[[Antigen]] Strana ili sopstvena tvar koja uzrokuje [[imunski odgovor]] organizma. *[[Antikodon]] Serija od tri uzastopna [[nukleotid]]a unutar [[tRNK|transferne RNK]] koji dopunjuju tri nukleotidna [[kodon]]a unutar transkripta iRNK. Tokom [[translacija (genetika)|translacije]], svaka [[tRNK]] regrutovana u [[ribosom]] sadrži jedan antikodonski triplet koji se uparuje sas jednim ili više komplementarnih kodona iz sekvence iRNK, omogućavajući svakom kodonu da specificira određenu aminokiselinu koja će se dodati rastućem peptidnom lancu. Antikodoni koji sadrže inozin na prvoj poziciji mogu se upariti s više od jednog kodona zbog fenomena poznatog kao uparivanje kolebljivih baza. [[alel|Antimorf]] Mutirani alel sa suprotnom ekspresijom u odnosu na iskodišni ([[divlji tip]]). *[[Antiparalelnost]] Orijentacija dva lanca dvolančane nukleinske kiseline (i općenito bilo kojeg para biopolimera) koji su međusobno paralelni, ali suprotne usmjerenosti. Npr., dva komplementa [[RNK]] lanca molekule [[DNK]] idu jedan pored drugog, ali u suprotnim smjerovima, pri čemu je jedan lanac orijentiran 5'- prema 3', a drugi 3' prema 5'. *Antisens lanac, negativni (–) i [[nekodirajuća RNK|nekodirajući lanac]] Lanac dvolančane [[DNK]] molekule koji se koristi kao šablon za sintezu RNK tokom [[transkripcija (genetija)|transkripcije]]. Sekvenca šablonskog lanca je komplementarna rezultirajućem [[RNK]] transkriptu. Kontrast nekodirajućeg je kodirajući lanac. *[[Antitijelo]] ([[GWAS]]) Opći naziv za [[imunoglobulin]]; protein koji se u stvara u odgovoru organizma na [[antigen]]. *[[GWAS|Asocijacija]] [[GWAS|Studija genomske povezanosti]] (GWAS) način je na koji znanstvenici identificiraju naslijeđene genetičke varijante povezane s rizikom od bolesti ili određenom osobinom. Ovaj metod ispituje cijeli genom radi [[genetički polimorfizam|genetičkih polimorfizama]], obično jednonukleotidnog polimorfizama ([[SNP]]-ovi) (izgovaraju se "isječci"), koji se češće javljaju u slučajevima ljudi s bolešću ili osobinom koja se procjenjuje, nego u kontrolnim skupinama (ljudi bez bolesti ili osobine, Naziva se i GWAS.). *[[Auksotrof]] (mutant) Bakterija s nefunkcionalnom mutacijom gena za [[enzim]] koji sudjeluje u nekom [[metabolizam|metaboličkom procesu]] *[[Autoimunost]] Pojava stvaranja [[antitijela]] na sopstvene [[antigen]]e *[[Autosom]] Svaki hromosom koji nije alosom i stoga nije uključen u određivanje spola organizma. Za razliku od spolnih [[hromosom]]a, autosomi u [[ploidija|diploidnoj]] ćeliji postoje u parovima, pri čemu članovi svakog para imaju istu strukturu, morfologiju i [[genski lokus|genske lokuse]]. *[[Autosomno nasljeđivanje|Autosomno dominantno nasljeđivanje]] Jedan od načina na koji se genetička osobina ili genetičko stanje može naslijediti. U autosomno dominantnom nasljeđivanju, genetičko stanje nastaje kada je varijanta prisutna samo u jednom alelu (kopiji) određenog gena. *[[Autosom]]no [[recesivni gen|recesivno]] [[nasljeđivanje]] Jedan od načina na koji se genetička osobina ili genetičko stanje može naslijediti. Kod autosomno recesivnog nasljeđivanja, genetičko stanje nastaje kada je jedna varijanta prisutna na oba alela *[[Autosom]]nost Prisustvo veze s bilo kojim od 22 numerirana para hromosoma koji se nalaze u većini ljudskih ćelija. Autosomni hromosomi označeni su brojevima od 1- do 22. Spolni hromosomi (X i Y hromosom) određuju spol osoba i ne smatraju se autosomnim hromosomima.<"ref name=Rifat">{{cite book|author=Hadžiselimović R. |title=Ja i moja genetika|year= 2024|publisher= [[ANUBiH]]-Ingeb|place=Sarejevo|isbn=978-9926-410-88-9|isbn=978-9958-083-12-9}}</ref> ==B== *[[Barkodiranje DNK]] Metod [[taksonomija|taksonomske]] identifikacije u kojoj se kratke sekvence [[DNK]] iz jednog ili više specifičnih gena izoluju iz neidentifikovanih uzoraka, a zatim se usklađuju sa sekvencama iz referentne biblioteke kako bi se jedinstveno identifikovala [[vrsta]] ili drugi [[takson]] iz kojeg su uzorci nastali. Sekvence korištene u usporedbipoređenju pažljivo su odabrane od gena koji su i široko [[konzervirana sekvenca|konzervirani]] i koji pokazuju veće varijacije između vrsta nego unutar vrsta, npr. gen [[citohrom]] c oksidaze za eukariote ili određeni geni [[ribosomska RNK|ribosomske RNK]] za [[prokariot]]e. Ovi geni su prisutni u gotovo svim živim organizmima, ali imaju tendenciju da evoluiraju različite mutacije u različitim vrstama, tako da se svaka varijanta sekvence može povezati s jednom određenom vrstom, efektivno stvarajući jedinstveni identifikator sličan maloprodajnom barkodu. DNK barkodiranje omogućava identifikaciju nepoznatih uzoraka iz inače nejasnih tkiva ili dijelova tijela, gdje bi identifikacija prema morfologiji bila teška ili nemoguća, a biblioteka bar-kodovabarkodova organizma sada je dovoljno sveobuhvatna da se čak i organizmi koji su ranije bili nepoznati nauci često mogu filogenetski pouzdano klasificirati. Istovremena identifikacija više različitih vrsta iz mješovitog uzorka poznata je kao metabarkodiranje. *[[Barrovo tjelešce]] Inaktivirani X-hromosom ili spolni hromatin. *[[G-pruganje|Bend]] Obojeni segmentSegmenti [[hromosom]]a obojeni specifičnim bojama u određenoj fazi ćelijske diobe. Postoji nekoliko laboratorijskih tehnika, u kojima se pojavljuje specifični obrazac svijetlih i tamnih pruga (traka) kada se hromosomi gledaju pod mikroskopom; uzorak pruganja pomaže u dodjeljivanju određenog rednog broja svakom [[hromosom]]u i procjeni njegove strukture. *[[alel|Bialelnost]] Oba alela jednog gena (očev i majčin). Naprimjer, nositelji bialelne mutacije imaju mutaciju (ne nužno istu) u obje kopije određenog gena (majčine i očeve). *[[Binarna dioba]] Dioba ćelije nakon replikacije [[DNK]], prostom diobom kod prokariota (nespolno razmnožavanje) *[[B-DNK]] Vidi: Dvostrukadvostruka spirala.<ref name="hadzirifat"/> ==C== *[[CAAT-kutija]] Također C Visoko konzrervirana konzervirana regulatorna sekvenca [[DNK]] locirana na otprilike 75 parova baza uzvodno (tj. –75 bp) od mjesta početka transkripcije za mnoge eukariotske gene. *[[cDNK]] Vidi: [[komplementarna DNK]]. *[[Centimorgan]] (cM) / mapna jedinica (mu) Također [[mapna jedinica]] (mu). Jedinica za mjerenje genetičke povezanosti definirana kao udaljenost između hromosomskih lokusa za koje je očekivani prosječan broj razmjenskih hromosomskih ukrštanja (krosingovera) u jednoj generaciji 0,01. Iako nije stvarna mjera fizičke udaljenosti, koristi se za procjenu stvarne udaljenosti između dva lokusa, na osnovu prividne vjerovatnoće da se između njih dogodi razmjena dijelova hromatida. *[[Centralna dogma molekularne biologije|Centralna dogma molekulske biologije]] Generalizirani okvir za razumijevanje protoka genetičkih informacija između makromolekula unutar bioloških sistema. Ističe fundamentalni princip da se informacije o sekvenci kodirane u tri glavne klase biopolimera – [[DNK]] → [[RNK]] → protein — mogu kopirati između ove tri klase samo na određene načine, a ne na druge: konkretno, prijenos informacija između nukleinske kiseline i sas nukleinske kiseline na protein je moguć, ali transfer sas proteina na protein, ili sas proteina nazad na bilo koji tip nukleinske kiseline, nije i ne dešava se prirodno. *[[Centromera]] Specijalizirana sekvenca [[DNK]] unutar [[hromosom]]a koja povezuje par sestrinskih hromatida. Primarna funkcija centromere je da djeluje kao mjesto sklapanja kinetohora, proteinskih kompleksa koji usmjeravaju vezivanje vlakana diobenog vretena za centromeru i olakšavaju segregaciju hromatida tokom ćelijske diobe (mitoze i mejoze). *[[CHIP]] *CHIP (klonska hematopoeza neodređenog potencijala) Prisustvo somatskih mutacija u hematopoetskim matičnim ćelijama kod osobaaosoba bez krvnog raka koji se može otkriti. Definicija CHIP-a zahtijeva da su mutacije prisutne s varijantnom učestalošću alela od 2% ili višom i da su u genima za koje je opisano da su pogođeni krvnim kancerima. Ovo stanje je češće kod starijih osoba i kod onih koji su bili liječeni od drugih tipova raka. Povezan je s povećanim rizikom od razvoja kardiovaskularnih bolesti i krvnog karcinoma. Naziva se i klonska hematopoeza neodređenog potencijala. *[[Cis pozicija]] Na istoj strani; susjedno; koji djeluju iz iste molekule. Kontrast je trans pozicija. *[[Cis-dominantna mutacija]] Mutacija koja se javlja unutar cis-regulatornog elementa (kao što je operator) mijenjajući funkcijskiranjefunkcioniranje obližnjeg gena ili gena na istom [[hromosom]]u. Cis-dominantne mutacije utiču na ekspresiju gena jer se javljaju na mjestima koja kontroliraju transkripciju, a ne unutar samih gena. *[[Cisgeneza]] Oznaka proizvoda za kategoriju genetički modificiranih biljaka. Predložene su različite sheme klasifikacije, koje kategoriziraju genetički modifikovane organizme na osnovu prirode unesenih genotipskih promjena, a ne procesa genetičkog inženjerstva. *[[Cis-regulatorni element]] (CRE) / cis-regulatorni modul (CRM) Također cis-regulatorni modul (CRM). Bilo koja sekvenca ili regija nekodirajuće [[DNK]] koja regulira transkripciju obližnjih gena (npr. promotor, operater, utišavač ili pojačivač ), obično služeći kao mjesto vezanja za jedan ili više faktora transkripcije. Kontrast je transregulatorni element. *[[Cistron]] Dio molekule [[DNK]] ili [[RNK]] koji kodira specifični polipeptid u sintezi proteina; zamjenski terimtermin za gen. *[[Citogenetika]] [[gnetikq]] pojava i procesa na ćelijskoj razini; proučava kako hromosomi utiču i odnose se na ponašanje i funkciju ćelije, posebno tokom mitoze i mejoze. *[[C-vrijednost]] Sveukupna količina ugljika u [[DNK]] haploidnog jedra (npr. gametu) određenog organizma ili vrste, izraženo u broju parova baza ili u jedinicama mase (obično pikogrami ); ili, ekvivalentno, polovinu količine u diploidnim somatskim ćelijama (2C-vrijednost). Za jednostavne diploidne eukariote termin se često koristi naizmjenično sas veličinom [[genom]]a, ali u određenim slučajevima, npr. u hibridnim poliploidima koji potiču od roditelja različitih vrsta (alopoliplodi), C-vrijednost može zapravo predstavljati dva ili više različitih [[genom]]a sadržanih u istom jedru. C-vrijednosti se odnose samo na [[genom]]sku DNK, isključuju vanjedarnu DNK. *[[Citološka mapa]] Mapa koja prikazuje precizna fizička mjesta gena na [[hromosom]]u. *[[Citozin]] Skraćeno slovom (skr. C. ) Jedna od četiri glavne nukleobaze u [[DNK]] i [[RNK]]. [[citozin]] formira bazni par sas [[guanin]]om. *[[cpDNK]] Vidi:[[hloroplastna DNK]] . ==Č== *[[Čista linija]] Jedinke homozigotnog genotipa za sva promatranaposmatrana svojstva. ==Ć== *[[Ćelijska dioba]] Podjela jedne ćelije na dvije ili više novih kćeri ćelija. Osnovni oblici su [[mitoza]] (somatske ćelije), [[mejoza]] (reproduktivne ćelije) i binarna dioba (uglavnom kod jednoćelijskih organizama). *[[Ćelijski ciklus]] Slijed ćelijskih pojava u procesu diobe, od poćetkapočetka do kraja mitoze. *[[Ćelijsko reprogramiranje]] Pretvaranje ćelije iz jednog tipa ćelije specifičnog za tkivo u drugi. Ovo uključuje dediferencijaciju do pluripotentnog stanja; primjer je pretvaranje somatskih ćelija miša u nediferencirano embrijskoembrionalno stanje, koje se oslanja na transkripcijske faktore Oct4, Sox2, Myc i Klf4. ==D== *[[Dalton (jedinica)|Dalton]] Jedinica molekulske mase. *[[DarT]] Diverzitet matričnih tehnologija (eng. (engl. Diversity Arrays Technology) je oznaka tehnologije koja se primjenjuje u molekulskoj genetici za razvoj markerskih sekvenci u genotipizaciji i drugim genetičkim analizama.DArT se temelji na hibridizacijama mikronizova (mikromatrica) za detekcujudetekciju prisustva ili nepostojanja pojedinih fragmenata u konstituciji genoma. *[[''De novo'' mutacija]] Spontana mutacija u [[genom]]u pojedinačnog organizma koja je nova za lozu tog organizma, koja se prvi put pojavila u zametnoj ćeliji jednog od roditelja ili u zigotu koji se razvija u organizam; mutacija koja nije bila prisutna u genomu nijednog od roditelja. *[[Degeneracija genetičkog koda]] Izlišnost genetičkog koda, prikazana kao mnoštvo različitih kodona koji specificiraju istu aminokiselinu. Naprimjer, u standardnom genetičkom kodu, aminokiselina serin je specificirana putem šest jedinstvenih kodona (UCA, UCG, UCC, UCU, AGU i AGC). Degeneracija kodona objašnjava postojanje sinonimnih mutacija. *[[Delecija (genetika)|Delecija (Δ)]] Označeno skraćeno simbolom Δ: Tip genetičke promjene koja uključuje odsutnost segmenta [[DNK]]; lom i gubitak hromosomskog segmenta. Može biti mala poput jedne baze ili hromosomskog segmenta, ali može značajno varirati u veličini. *[[Demetilacija DNK]]: Faktor selektivne aktivacije gena tokom procesa diferencijacije. *[[Desinapsa]] : Neuspjeh homolognih [[hromosom]]a koji su normalno sinapsirali tokom pahinena da ostanu upareni tokom diplotena. Desinapsa je obično uzrokovana nepravilnim formiranjem hijazme. Kontrast je asinapsa. *[[Dezoksiribonukleinska kiselina]] ([[DNK]]) DNK je glavni, ali ne jedini genetički materijal: dugačka, polimerna molekula koja se sastoji od gradivnih podjedinica kojikoje se zovu nukleotidi. Svaki nukleotid sastoji se iz po tri komponente: fosforne kiseline, šećera sas pet atoma ugljika (pentoza), zvanog dezoksiriboza i jedne od četiri heterociklične baze: [[adenin]] (A) [[timin]] (T), [[citozin]] (C) i [[guanin]] (G). Sekvenca ovih baza u molekuli [[DNK]] je šifra za biosintezu proteina koji određuje datu osobinu. Sadrži genetičke informacije odgovorne za razvoj i funkcijskiranjefunkcioniranje organizma. DNK se najčešće nalazi u dvolančanom obliku, koji se sastoji od dva komplementarna antiparalelna lanca nukleotida, molekule u kojima je svaka od nukleobaza na svakom pojedinačnom lancu uparena s onima na suprotnom lancu. Ova struktura se obično javlja u obliku dvostruke spirale. Naziva se i [[DNK]]. *[[Dezoksiriboza]], Također (2-dezoksiriboza.) Monosaharidni šećer koji se dobija iz riboze, gubitkom jednog atoma kisika. D-dezoksiriboza, u svom obliku pentoznog prstena, jedna je od primarnih funkcijskalnihfunkcionalnih grupa dezoksiribonukleotida, a time i molekula dezoksiribonukleinske kiseline (DNK). *[[centromera|Dicentričnost]] (linearnog hromosoma ili fragmenta [[hromosom]]a) (linearnog hromosoma ili fragmenta hromosoma) Prisustvo dvije centromere umesto normalno jedne. *[[tačkasta mutacija|Diferencirajuća tačka]] ([[tačkasta mutacija]]) Genetička promjena uzrokovana zamjenom jednog nukleotida drugim nukleotidom. Naziva se i tačkasta mutacija. *[[Dihibrid Heterozigotni organizam za dva gena, koji kodiraju dva različita svojstva, od kojih svaki ima po dva alela. *[[Dihibridno ukrštanje]] Ukrštanje dva heterozigota za dva gena; samooplodnja mendelovske F1 generacije (AaBb x AaBb) *[[mejoza|Dijada]] Vidi: [[Sestrinske hromatide]] *[[Dijakineza]] Potfaza profaze mejoze I. *[[Diploidija]] (diploidna hromosomska garnitura) Sadržaj dva haploidna kompleta hromosoma (po jedan od svakog roditelja): označava se sas 2n i predstavlja ukupan broj [[hromosom]]a u ćelijskom jedru. Ljudska vrsta ima 46 hromosoma, i to 23 od majke, 23 od oca. Parovi hromosoma nazivaju se [[homologni hromosom]]i. Pojava da ćelije ili organizmImajuorganizmi imaju dvije homologne kopije svakog hromosoma. Kontrast je haploidnog i poliploidnog. *[[Diploidni hromosomski broj]] (2n) Svaki [[hromosom]] predstavljen u dvije kopije; dva seta homolognih hromosoma (majčin i očev hromosom). *[[mrkoza|Diplonema]] ([[diploten]], diplotenski stadij); Također diplotenski stadij Potfaza mejoze I, tokom koje se sinaptonemski kompleks rastavlja i upareni [[homologni hromosom]]i počinju da se međusobno odvajaju, iako ostaju čvrsto vezani na hijazmama gde je došlo do razmjene dijelova homolognih hromatida (krosongover|krosingoverom). *[[Direktno ponavljanje]] Bilo koja dva ili više ponavljanja specifične nukleotidne sekvence koja se javljaju u istoj orijentaciji (tj. u potpuno istom redoslijedu, a ne obrnutimobrnutom) i na istom lancu, bilo razdvojenihrazdvojena interventnim nukleotidima ili ne. Primjer je sekvenca TACCGnnnnnnTACCG, u kojoj se TACCG pojavljuje dva puta, iako je odvojen sa šest nukleotida koji nisu dio ponovljene sekvence. Direktno ponavljanje u kojem su ponavljanja neposredno jedna uz drugu poznatapoznato je kao tandemsko ponavljanje. *[[Disperzivna replikacija]] Replikacija oko replikacijske viljuške čija brzina ovisizavisi od replikatora. Bilo koja molekula ili regija [[DNK]] ili [[RNK]] koja se replicira iz jednog polulanca DNK. *[[Divlji tip]] (WT) Fenotip tipskog oblika vrste kakva se javlja u prirodi; proizvod standardnog "“normalnog"” alela na datom lokusu, za razliku od onog koji proizvodi nestandardni mutantni alel. *[[vezani geni|Djelimična vezanost]] Geni na istom hromosomu između kojih se tokom mejoze događa hromatidna razmjena (krosingover) što uzrokuje nastanak rekombinantnih potomaka *[[DNK]] Vidi: [[dezoksiribonukleinska kiselina]]; DNK (engl. '' Deoxyribonucleic Acid'') – dvostruka uzvojnica koju čine dva polinukleotidna lanca omotana oko zajedničke osi. *[[DNK dupleks]] Vidi: Dvolančanadvolančana DNK. *[[DNK.mikromreža]] Tehnologija visoke propusnosti koja se koristi za mjerenje nivoa ekspresije transkripata [[iRNK]] ili za otkrivanje određenih promjena u nukleotidnoj sekvenci. Sastoji se od niza hiljada mikroskopskih mrlja [[DNK]] oligonukleotida, od kojih svaki sadrži pikomole specifične sekvence [[DNK]]. Ovo može biti kratak dio gena ili drugog DNK elementa koji se koristi kao sonda za hibridizaciju [[cDNK]], [[cRNK]] ili obrasca [[genom]]ske [[DNK]] (koji se naziva meta) pod visokim uvjetima. *[[DNK otisak prsta]] (fingerprint) ), DNK barkodiranje *[[DNK profiliranje je proces određivanja karakteristika individualnih [[DNK]]. DNK analiza namijenjena identifikaciji vrste, a ne pojedinca, naziva se DNK barkodiranje. *[[DNK-polimeraza]]: Glavni enzim replikacije [[DNK]]. Bilo koji od klase enzima koji sintetizira molekule DNK iz pojedinačnih dezoksiribonukleotida. [[DNK-polimeraza|DNK-polimeraze]] su neophodne za replikaciju DNK i obično djeluju u parovima, kako bi stvorile identične kopije dva lanca originalne dvolančane molekule. Oni grade dugačke lance DNK dodavanjem nukleotida jedan po jedan na 3'- kraj lanca DNK, obično se oslanjajući na šablon koji daje komplementarni lanac, kako bi vjerno kopirali sekvencu nukleotida. *[[DNK zametne linije]] (konstitutivna DNK) [[DNK]] tkiva koje potiče iz reproduktivnih ćelija (jajne ćelije ili spermatozoida) koje se ugrađuju u [[DNK]] svake ćelije u tijelu potomka. Mutacija klicinezametne linije može se prenijeti s roditelja na potomstvo. Naziva se i [[konstitutivna DNK]]. *[[Domaćinski gen]] Svaki konstitutivni gen koji se transkribujetranskribira na relativno konstantnom nivou u mnogim ili svim poznatim uslovima. Proizvodi takvog gena obično služe funkcijama koje su ključne za održavanje organizma. Pretpostavlja da na njihovu ekspresiju ne utiču eksperimentalni uslovi. *[[Domen (biologija)|Domen]] Specifična fizička regija ili sekvenca aminokiselina u proteinu koja je povezana s određenom funkcijom ili odgovarajućim segmentom DNK. *[[Dominantna letalnost]] Prisustvo samo jednog alela u genotipu uzrokuje smrt jedinke. *[[Dominantni alel]] Alel koji se eksprimira u fenotipu heterozigota. *[[Dominantnost alela]] Odnos između alela gena u kojem jedan alel proizvodi učinak na fenotip koji nadjača ili "maskira" doprinos drugog alela na istom lokusu; za prvi alel i njegova povezana fenotipska osobinanjegove povezane fenotipske osobine kaže se da je dominantan. Često dominantni alel kodira funkcionalni protein, dok njegov recesivni pandan ne uspijeva kontrolirati ekspresiju do krajnjeg proizvoda dominantnog alela. Dominacija nije inherentno svojstvo nijednog alela ili fenotipa, već jednostavno opisuje njegov odnos s jednim ili više drugih alela ili fenotipova; moguće je da jedan alel bude istovremeno dominantan nad drugim alelom, recesivan prema trećem i kodominatankodominantan prema četvrtom. Dominantni aleli su često predstavljeni jednim velikim slovom (npr. A, za razliku od recesivnog a). *[[Društvo za funkcijske genomske podatke]] (FGED, ranije MGED) Ranije poznat pod skraćenicom MGED. Organizacija koja radi s drugima "“na razvoju standarda za kvalitet podataka bioloških istraživanja, označavanje i razmjenu"”, kao i softverske alate koji olakšavaju njihovu upotrebu. *[[dsDNK]] Bilo koja molekula DNK koja se sastoji od dva antiparalelna, komplementarna dezoksiribonukleotidna polimerna lanca, koji su međusobno povezani vodikovim vezama između komplementarnih nukleobaza. Iako je moguće da DNK postoji kao jednostruki lanac, općenito je stabilniji i češći u dvolančanom obliku. U većini slučajeva, komplementarno uparivanje baza uzrokuje da se komplementarni polulanci namotavaju jedan oko drugog u obliku dvostruke spirale. *[[dsRNK]] Bilo koja molekula RNK koja se sastoji od dva antiparalelna, komplementarna ribonukleotidna polimerna lanca, koji su međusobno povezani vodikovim vezama između komplementarnih nukleobaza. Iako se [[RNK]] obično javlja u jednolančanom obliku, također formira i duplekse na isti način kao i DNK; primjer je uparivanje transkripta iRNK sas antisens verzijom istog transkripta, koji efikasno utišava gen sas kojeg je iRNK transkribovanatranskribirana sprečavanjem translacije. Kao i kod dsDNK, uparivanje baza u dsRNK često uzrokuje da se lanci namotavaju jedan oko drugog u obliku dvostruke spirale. *[[hromosom|Dugi krak]] (q) U kondenzovanim [[hromosom]]ima gdje pozicioniranje centromere stvara dva segmenta ili "“krake"” nejednake dužine, duži od dva kraka hromatide. Kontrast je kratki krak (p) ). *[[Duplikacija (genetika)|Duplikacija]] Tip mutacije u kojoj se neki gen /genski/[[hromosom]]ski segment (sekvenca DNK) u diploidnom organizmu javlja više od dva puta. *[[Dvostruka heterozigotnost]] (epigenetička varijanta, epimutacija) Prisustvo dva različita mutirana alela kod dvije odvojene epigenetičke varijacije; nasljedna promjena koja ne utječeutiče na sekvencu DNK, ali rezultira promjenom ekspresije gena. Primjeri uključuju metilaciju promotora i modifikacije histona. Također se naziva epigenetička varijanta i epimutacija. *[[Dvostruka spirala]] (heliks) Oblik koji najčešće imaju dvolančane molekule nukleinske kiseline, nalik merdevinama koje su uvijene oko svoje dugačke ose, sas prečkama koje se sastoje od uparenih nukleobaza. Ova sekundarna struktura je energetski najstabilnija konformacija dvolančanih oblika i DNK i [[RNK]] u najprirodnijim uslovima, koja nastaje kao posljedica primarne strukture fosfodiestarske kičme i slaganja nukleotida vezanih za nju. U B-DNK, najčešćoj varijanti DNK koja se nalazi u prirodi, dvostruka spirala ima desnu zavojnicu sas oko 10 parova baza po punom okretu, a molekulska geometrija rezultira naizmjeničnim uzorkom "“žlijebova"” različitih širina (glavni žlijeb i mali žljeb ) između paralelnih okosnica. *[[Dvostruki hromosom]] Hromosom sastavljen od dviju sestrinskih hromatida (svaka predstavlja jednu molekulu DNK), od S faze do metafaze (ili do metafaze II mejoze). *[[Dvostruki prekid ]](DSB) Gubitak kontinuiteta fosfatno-šećerne kičme u oba lanca dvolančane molekule DNK, posebno kada se dva prekida nastaju na mjestima koja su direktno preko putaprekoputa ili vrlo blizu jedno drugom na komplementarnim lancima. Kontrast: prekid jednog lanca (jednolančani prekid).<ref name="hadzirifat"/> ==E== *[[Egzom]] Čitav skup egzona unutar određenog [[genom]]a, uključujući neprevedene regije (UTR) zrelih iRNK, kao i kodirajuće regije. Sekvenca DNK u zreloj glasničkoj RNK, od kojih neke kodiraju aminokiseline proteina. Većina gena ima više egzona s intronima između njih. Kodirajući dio DNK, '''smisleni dio''' molekule DNK, koji je dio šifre za sintezu proteina. Slaganjem egzona i introna nastaje određeni gen. Egzoni ne postoje kod bakterija – njihova DNK ima kontinuiranu šifru, ali i nema mnogo gena. U procesu prepisivanja genetičke šifre, nekodirajući dijelovi DNK (introni) se izrezuju pa za transkripciju ostaje samo egzonska šifra. *[[Egzonukleaza]] Svaki enzim čija je aktivnost cijepanje fosfodiestarskih veza unutar lanca nukleotida, uključujući one koji se cijepaju samo nakon prepoznavanja specifične sekvence (tzv. restrikcijske egzonukleaze). Egzonukleaze prave svoje rezove na 3' ili 5'- kraju sekvence (a ne u sredini, kao endonukleaze). *[[Egzosomski kompleks]] Unutarćelijski multiproteinski kompleks koji služi za razgradnju različitih tipova [[RNK]] molekula. *[[Ekološka genetika]] Grana genetike koja se odnosi na ekologiju i sposobnost ekološkog prilagođavanja prirodnih populacija živih organizama. *[[Ekspresija gena]] Skup procesa u kojima se informacija kodirana u genu koristi u sintezi genskog proizvoda, kao što je protein ili nekodirajuća [[RNK]], ili se na drugi način utiče na jedan ili više fenotipova. Kanonski, prvi korak je transkripcija, koja proizvodi molekulu iRNK koja je komplementarna molekuli DNK u kojoj je gen kodiran. Za gene koji kodiraju proteine, drugi korak je translacija, u kojoj ribosom čita informacijsku RNK, kako bi proizveo protein. Informacije sadržane u sekvenci DNK ne moraju nužno biti transkribovanetranskribirane i prevedene da bi izvršile uticaj na molekulske događaje; šire definicije obuhvataju ogroman niz drugih modela na koje se genetičke informacije mogu eksprimirati. *[[Ekspresivnost (genetika)|Espresivnost]] Za dati genotip povezan s varijabilnim nebinarnim fenotipom, udio pojedinaca s tim genotipom koji pokazuju ili izražavaju fenotip u određenoj mjeri, obično se prikazuje u postocima. Zbog mnogih složenih interakcija koje upravljaju ekspresijom gena, isti alel može proizvesti širok spektar mogućih fenotipova različitih kvaliteta ili stupnjevastepena kod različitih individua. U takvim slučajevima može se reći da i fenotip i genotip pokazuju promjenjivu ekspresivnost. Ekspresivnost pokušava kvantificirati raspon mogućih nivoa fenotipskih varijacija u populaciji osoba koje eksprimiraju fenotip od interesa. Uporedite: penetrabilnostPenetrabilnost. *[[Ekstrahromosomska DNK]] Također (vanjedarna DNK ili [[citoplazmatska DNK]].) Bilo koja DNK koja se ne nalazi u [[hromosom]]ima ili u ćelijskom jedru i stoga nije [[genomska DNK]]. To može uključivati DNK sadržanu u [[plazmid]]ima ili [[organela]]ma kao što su [[mitohondrije]] ili [[hloroplast]]i, ili, u najširem smislu, DNK unesenu [[virus]]nom infekcijom. [[Vanhromosomska DNK]] obično pokazuje značajne strukturne razlike u odnosu na jedarnu DNK u istom organizmu. *[[Element odgovora]] Kratka sekvenca DNK unutar promotorske regije koja je u stanju da veže specifične transkripcijske faktore, kako bi regulirala transkripcija transkripciju specifičnih gena. *[[Emergeneza]] Kvalitet genetičkih osobina koji je rezultat specifične konfiguracije gena u interakciji, a ne samo njihove kombinacije. *[[Endonukleaza]] Svaki [[enzim]] čija je aktivnost cijepanje [[fosfodiestarskih veza]] unutar lanca nukleotida, uključujući one koji se cijepaju relativno nespecifično (bez obzira na sekvencu) i one koji se cijepaju samo na vrlo specifičnim sekvencama (tzv. restrikcijske endonukleaze). Kada je potrebno prepoznavanje specifične sekvence, prave rezove u sredini sekvence. Kontrast egzonukleazeje egzonukleaza. *[[Endosimbioza]] *[[Endosimbiotska teorija]] Pretpostavka da su mitohondrije i hloroplasti potomci drevnih jednoćelijskih simbiotskih organizama koji su se naselili u ćelijama drevnih eukariotskih domaćina. *[[Epigenetička varijanta]] (alteracija), epimutacija Nasljedna promjena koja ne utiče na sekvencu DNK, ali rezultira promjenom ekspresije gena. Primjeri uključuju metilaciju promotora i modifikacije histona. Naziva se i epigenetička alteracija i epimutacija. *[[Epigenetika]] Oblast genetike koja objašnjava mehanizme koji vode promjeni ekspresije gena, a koji se nasljeđuju, reverzibilni su i nisu posljedica promjene DNK-sekvence. Nauka o uticaju elemenata i faktora unutarćelijske sredine na fenotipsku ekspresiju gena. *[[Epimutacija]] (epigenetička promjena / varijanta) Nasljedna promjena koja ne utiče na sekvencu DNK, ali rezultira promjenom ekspresije gena. Primjeri uključuju metilaciju promotora i modifikacije histona. Također se naziva epigenetička promjena i epigenetička varijanta. *[[Episom]] Drugi naziv za plazmid, posebno onaj koji je sposoban da se integriše u hromosom. Kod eukariota, svaka neintegrirana vanhromosomska kružna molekula DNK koja se stabilno održava i replicira u jedru istovremeno sas ostatkom ćelije domaćina. Takve molekule mogu uključivati virusne genome, bakterijske plazmide i aberantne hromosomske fragmente. *[[Epistaza]] Međudjelovanje alela različitih gena kada ekspresija jednog gena sas jednog lokusa u genomu maskira (modificira/inhibira) ekspresiju gena sas drugog mjesta u genomu. Kolektivno djelovanje više gena u interakciji tokom ekspresije gena. OblikKao oblik djelovanja gena, epistaza može biti ili aditivna ili multiplikativna u svojim učincima na specifične fenotipske osobine. *[[Ergosom]] Vidi: [[Ribosom]] *[[Eukarioti]] Organizmi čije ćelije imaju pravo jedro obavijeno jedarnom ovojnicom, a u citoplazmi ćelije nalaze se brojne organele s vlastitom membranom. *[[Euploidija]] Ploidija (ćelije ili organizma) koji imaju abnormalan broj kompletnih setova [[hromosom]]a, možda isključujući [[spolni hromosom|spolne hromosome]]. Razlikuje se od aneuploidije, u kojoj ćelija ili organizam ima abnormalan broj jednog ili više specifičnih pojedinačnih hromosoma. *[[Evolucija]] Promjena nasljednih obilježja bioloških [[populacija]] tokom niza uzastopnih [[generacija]]. U najtradicijskalnijemU najtradicionalnijem smislu, javlja zbog promjena u frekvencijama alela u genskom fondu populacije. ==F== *[[Facijes]] Prepoznatljiva crta lica ili izraz koji je karakterističan za određeno stanje. *[[Fakultativna ekspresija]] [[Transkripcija gena]] samo prema potrebi, za razliku od konstitutivne ekspresije, u kojoj se gen transkribujetranskribira kontinuirano. Gen koji se transkribira po potrebi naziva se fakultativni gen. *[[Fakultativni heterohromatin]] ili spolni hromatin Inaktivirani X-hromosom ili Barrovo tjelešcetjelašce kod ženki sisara *[[Farmakogenetika]] Oblast genetike koja proučava učinak lijekova na genotip/ / fenotip pacijenata. *[[Favizam]]: Tip hemolitske anemije uzrokovan nedostatkom ili smanjenom funkcijom enzima G6PD koji sudjeluje u ćelijskoj odbrani od oksidacijskih procesa. *[[FDR]] (rođak prvog stepena) Roditelj, brat ili sestra ili dijete posmatrane osobe. Također se naziva i rođak prvog stupnja. *[[Fenokopija]] Fenotipsko svojstvo ili bolest koja nalikuje svojstvu izraženom određenim genotipom, ali kod jedinke koja nije nositelj tog genotipa. Naprimjer, rak dojke kod člana porodice s nasljednim sindromom raka dojke/ / jajnika koji ne nosi mutaciju [[BRCA1]] ili [[BRCA]]2 smatrat će se fenokopijom. Takva osoba nema porodičnu mutaciju povezanu s rakom i stoga nema rizik od [[kancer]]a povezan s tom specifičnom mutacijom. *[[fenotup|Fenotipsko zaostajanje]] Kašnjenje u fenotipskoj ekspresija ekspresiji genetičke mutacije zbog vremena potrebnog za ispoljavanje promjena u zahvaćenim biohemijskim putevima. *[[Fenotip]] Kombinacija vidljivih morfoloških, fizioloških i etoloških osobina organizma koje su rezultat ekspresije njegovog genotipa, kao i uticaja faktora sredine i interakcija između njih; skup uočljivih svojstava pojedinoga organizma koji nastaje interakcijom genotipa i okruženja. Svako brojljivobrojivo i/ili opisivo svojstvo osim genetičke informacije. *[[Fetusna eritroblastoza]] Bolest inkompatibilnosti krvi majke i [[fetus]]a. *[[Fiksacija gena]] Proces kojim se jedan alel određenog gena s više različitih alela povećava u učestalosti u datoj populaciji tako da postaje trajno uspostavljen na 100% učestalosti – to jest,tj., jedini alel na tom lokusu unutar [[genski fond|genskog fonda]] populacije. U nedostatku mutacije i prednosti heterozigota, bilo koji dati alel je na kraju predodređen da postane ili trajno fiksiran u odnosu na sve druge varijante ili potpuno izgubljen iz populacije, iako to koliko dugo će to trajati ovisi o pritiskuzavisi od pritiska selekcije i slučajnim fluktuacijamaslučajnih fluktuacija (genetičkog drifta) u frekvencijama alela. *[[Filogenetika]] Filogeneza na osnovu genetičkih pokazatelja. Proučavanje evolucijske historije i odnosa između jedinki ili grupa organizama, kao što su vrste ili populacije, metodima kojimetodama koje procjenjuju uočene nasljedne osobine, uključujući morfološke karakteristike i sekvence DNK. Rezultat takvih analiza poznat je kao filogenetsko stablo. *[[Filogeneza]] Evolucijski razvoj posmatrane grupe/ / populacije organizama. *[[Filogenija]] Nauka o filogenezi. *[[FISH]] Vidi: Fluorescentnafluorescentna hibridizacija in situ. *[[Fitnes]] [[Adaptivna vrijednost]] [[genotip]]a; mjera reproduktivnog uspjeha. *[[Fluorescentna in situ hibridizacija]] ([[FISH]] Tehnika koja se koristi za identifikaciju specifičnih hromosoma ili [[hromosom]]skih regija putem hibridizacije (pričvršćivanja) fluorescentno obilježenih DNK sondi na denaturiranu hromosomsku DNK. Ispitivanje mikroskopom, pod fluorescentnim osvjetljenjem otkriva obojene hibridizirane signale (a time i prisustvo hromosomskog materijala) ili odsutnost hibridiziranog signala (a time i odsutnost [[hromosom]]skog materijala). Također FISH. *[[Frekvencija alela]] Relativna učestalost s kojom se određeni alel datog gena (za razliku od drugih alela istog gena) javlja na određenom lokusu kod članova populacije; preciznije, to je udio svih hromosoma unutar populacije koji nose određeni alel, izražen kao dio, postotak ili proporcija. Frekvencija alela se razlikuje od učestalosti genotipa, iako su one povezane. *[[Fuzija gena]] Spajanje, bilo prirodnom mutacijom ili rekombinantnim laboratorijskim tehnikama, dva ili više prethodno nezavisnih gena koji kodiraju različite genske proizvode, tako da postaju predmet kontrole istih regulatornih sistema. Rezultirajuća hibridna sekvenca poznata je kao fuzijski gen.<ref name="hadzirifat"/> ==G== *[[Gamet]] Spolna (ženska ili muška) ćelija; skupni naziv za muške i ženske spolne ćelije. *[[gDNK]] Vidi: [[Genomska DNK]]. *[[Gen]] Svaki segment ili skup segmenata molekula nukleinske kiseline koji sadrži informacije potrebne za proizvodnju funkcijskalnogfunkcionalnog [[RNK]] transkripta na kontroliran način. U živim organizmima, geni se često smatraju osnovnim jedinicama naslijeđa i obično su kodirani u DNK. Određeni gen može imati više različitih verzija ili alela, a jedan gen može rezultirati genskim proizvodom koji utječeutiče na mnogo različitih fenotipova. Geni su kodirajuće sekvence. Gen je uputstvo za sitnezu tačno određenog proteina u nekom živom biću, neovisno o tomenezavisno od toga da li je taj protein gradivinigradivni (recimo miozin i/li hemoglobin)), ili ima ulogu katalize neke biohemijske reakcije, ili je svojevrstan oblik glasnika između ćelija. Geni ne sadrže kontinuiranu genetićkugenetičku informaciju, nego se kompletiraju od dijelova zovanihzvanih egzoni (koji su razdvojeni intronima). *[[Generacija]] U bilo kom datom organizmu, jedan reproduktivni ciklus ili faza između dva uzastopna reproduktivna događaja, tj. između reprodukcije pojedinačnog organizma i potomstva te reprodukcije; ili stvarna ili prosječna dužina vremena potrebnog da se završi jedan reproduktivni ciklus, bilo za određenu lozu ili za populaciju ili vrstu u cjelini. U datoj populaciji, one jedinke (često, ali ne nužno kojikoje žive istovremeno) kojikoje su podjednako udaljeniudaljene od datog zajedničkog pretka, na osnovu istog broja reproduktivnih događaja koji su se desili između njih i pretka. *[[Genetička anticipacija]] [[Fenomen]] u kojem znakovi i simptomi nekih genetičkih stanja postaju teži i/ili se pojavljuju u ranijoj dobi kako se poremećaj prenosi s jedne generacije na drugu. Huntingtonova bolest je primjer genetičkog poremećaja u kojem je biološki mehanizam za ovaj fenomen dobro dokumentiran. U drugim slučajevima to može biti posljedica faktora poput pojačanog nadzora ili drugih negenetičkih uzroka. *[[Genetička asocijacija]] Kopojava unutar populacije jednog ili više alela ili genotipova s određenim fenotipom osobina češće nego što se može očekivati samo slučajno; takva statistička korelacija se može koristiti da se zaključi da su aleli ili genotipovi odgovorni za proizvodnju datog fenotipa. *[[Genetička epidemiologija]] Proučavanje uloge koju imaju genetički faktori u određivanju zdravlja i bolesti, posebno kroz interakciju genetičkih faktora sas faktorima okoline, i tipično kako se to opaža kod genetički povezanih pojedinaca, često porodica ili loza, ali i populacija i subpopulacija. *[[Genetička genealogija]] Upotreba genealoškog testiranja DNK u kombinaciji sa tradicijskims tradicionalnim genealoškim metodima za zaključivanje nivoa i tipa genetičkih odnosa između jedinki, pronalaženje predaka i konstruisanje porodičnih stabala, genograma ili drugih genealoških mapa. *[[Genetička heterogenost]] Termin koji se koristi za opisivanje različitih genetičkih mehanizama koji proizvode iste ili slične fenotipove. Postoje dva tipa genetičke heterogenosti: alelna heterogenost i heterogenost lokusa. Alelna heterogenost se događa kada različite varijante na jednom genskom lokusu uzrokuju iste ili slične fenotipske ekspresije bolesti ili stanja. Heterogenost lokusa događa se kada varijante na različitim genskim lokusima uzrokuju iste ili slične fenotipske ekspresije bolesti ili stanja. *[[Genetička osjetljivost]] (podložnost)), genetička i nasljedna predispozicija Povećana šansa ili vjerojatnostvjerovatnoća razvoja određene bolesti na temelju prisustva jedne ili više genetičkih varijanti i/ili porodične anamneze koja ukazuje na povećan rizik od bolesti. Genetička predispozicija ne znači da će osoba razviti bolest. Način života i okolišni faktori također mogu uticati na rizik od bolesti jedinke. Također se naziva genetička predispozicija, nasljedna predispozicija i nasljedna predispozicija. *[[Genetička predispozicija]] Povećana šansa ili vjerojatnoćavjerovatnoća razvoja određene bolesti na temelju prisustva jedne ili više genetičkih varijanti i/ili porodične anamneze koja ukazuje na povećan rizik od bolesti. Postojanje genetičke predispozicije ne znači da će pojedinac razviti bolest. Način života i okolišni činioci također mogu uticati na rizik od bolesti. *[[Genetička raznolikost]] (genetička varijacija) Ponekad se koristi naizmenično sa genetičkom varijacijom. Ukupan broj genetičkih osobina u genetičkom sastavu populacije, vrste ili druge grupe organizama. Često se koristi kao mjera prilagodljivosti grupe promjenjivim okruženjima. Genetička raznolikost je slična genetičkoj varijabilnosti, iako se razlikuje od nje. *[[Genetička regulacijska mreža]] (GRN) Grafikon koji predstavlja regulatornu složenost ekspresije gena. Vrhovi (pikovi) su predstavljeni raznim regulatornim elementima i genskim proizvodima, a ivice (veze) njihovim interakcijama. Ove mrežne strukture također predstavljaju funkcijskalnefunkcionalne odnose aproksimirajući brzinu kojom se geni transkribiraju. *[[Genetička rekombinacija]] Svaki rearanžman ili razmjena genetičkog materijala unutar pojedinačnog organizma ili između jedinki iste ili različite vrste, posebno ono što stvara genetičke varijacije. U najširem smislu, pojam obuhvata raznoliku klasu prirodnih mehanizama pomoću kojih se sekvence nukleinskih kiselina kopiraju ili fizički prenose u različita genetička okruženja, uključujući homolognu rekombinaciju tokom mejoze ili mitoze ili kao normalan dio popravke DNK; horizontalni događaji prijenosa gena kao što su bakterijska konjugacija, virusna transdukcija ili transformacija; ili greške u replikaciji DNK ili diobi ćelije. Vještačka rekombinacija je centralna za mnoge tehnike genetičkog inženjerstva koje proizvode rekombinantnu DNK. *[[Genetička distanca]] (udaljenost) Mjera genetičke divergencije između vrsta, populacija unutar vrste ili jedinki, koja se posebno koristi u filogenetici za izražavanje ili vremena proteklog od postojanja zajedničkog pretka ili stepena diferencijacije u sekvencama DNK koje sadrže [[genom]]e svake populacije ili pojedinacpojedinca. *[[Genetička varijabilnost]] Ponekad se koristi naizmenično sa terminom (genetička varijacija.) Formiranje ili prisustvo jedinki koje se razlikuju po genotipu unutar populacije ili druge grupe organizama, za razliku od jedinki sas razlikama uzrokovanim okolišem, koje izazivaju samo privremene, nenasljedne promjene fenotipa. Izuzimajući druga ograničenja, populacija sas visokom genetičkom varijabilnosti ima veći potencijal za uspješnu adaptaciju na promjenjive uvjete okoline od populacije sas niskom genetičkom varijabilnošću. GenetićkaGenetička varijabilnost je slična, iako se razlikuje od genetičke raznolikosti. *[[Genetička varijacija]] Ponekad se koristi naizmjenično s genetičkom raznolikošću i genetičkom varijabilnosti. Genetičke razlike unutar i između populacija, vrsta ili drugih grupa organizama. Često se vizualizira kao raznolikost različitih alela u genskim fondovima različitih populacija. *[[Genetički drift]] (alelni drift ili efekat Sewalla Wrighta) Također alelni drift ili efekat Sewalla Wrighta, obično se Obično se javlja kada u formiranju genskog fonda naredne generacije ne učestvuje kompletna populacija nego samo njen manji ili večiveći dio. Promjena učestalosti s kojom se postojeći alel javlja u populaciji zbog nasumične varijacije u distribuciji alela iz jedne generacije u drugu. Genetički drift se često tumači kao posljedica slučajnosti u pojavi da li će dati alel postati više ili manje uobičajen sa svakom generacijom, bez obzira na uticaj prirodnog odabiranja. Takva slučajnost može uzrokovati da određeni aleli, čak i inače povoljni, potpuno nestanu iz genskog fonda, čime se smanjuju genetičke varijacije, ili može uzrokovati da u početku rijetki aleli, čak i neutralni ili štetni, postanu mnogo češći ili čak fiksirani. *[[Genetički kod]] Skup pravila po kojima se informacije kodirane unutar nukleinskih kiselina prevode u proteine u ribosomima živih ćelija. Ova pravila definiraju kako sekvence nukleotidnih tripleta koje se nazivaju kodoni određuju koja će aminokiselina biti sljedeća tokom sinteze proteina. Ogromna većina živih organizama ima isti genetički kod (koji se ponekad naziva i "“standardni"” genetički kod), ali postoje i varijantni kodovi. *[[Genetički marker]] Specifičan, lako prepoznatljiv i obično vrlo polimorfan dio gena ili druge DNK sekvenca sekvence s poznatom lokacijom na [[hromosom]]u koja se može koristiti za identifikaciju jedinki ili vrste kojekoji ga posjeduju. Sekvenca DNK s poznatim fizičkim položajem na [[hromosom]]u. [[Genetički marker]]i i geni koji su blizu jedan drugome na hromosomu imaju tendenciju da se nasljeđuju zajedno. Razlikuju se individualno do te mjere da se mogu koristiti za pronalaženje obližnjeg gena koji uzrokuje određenu bolest ili osobinu unutar porodica. Primjeri genetičkih markera su jednonukleotidni polimorfizammpolimorfizam (SNP), polimorfizmi dužine restrikcijskih fragmenata (RFLP), varijabilni broj tandemskih ponavljanja (VNTR), mikrosateliti i varijante broja kopija (CNV). Genetički markeri mogu, ali i ne moraju imati poznatu funkciju.] *[[Genetički modificirani organizam]] (GMO) Svaki organizam čiji je genetički materijal izmijenjen tehnikama genetičkog inženjerstva, posebno na način koji se ne javlja prirodno parenjem ili prirodnom genetičkom rekombinacijom. *[[Genetički poremećaj]] Nasljedno odstupanje od uobičajenog („(“normalnog“”) genotipa ili fenotipa).. *[[Genetičko autostopiranje]] Također (efekt stopiranja.) Tip povezane selekcije kojom pozitivna selekcija alela koji je podvrgnut selektivnom pritisku uzrokuje da aleli za različite gene na obližnjim lokusima također mijenjaju frekvenciju, omogućavajući im da "“stopiraju"” do fiksacije zajedno s pozitivno odabranim alelom. Ako je selekcija na prvom lokusu dovoljno jaka, neutralni ili čak blago štetni aleli unutar iste grupe veza mogu biti podvrgnuti istoj pozitivnoj selekciji jer je fizička udaljenost između obližnjih lokusa dovoljno mala da je malo vjerovatno da će se dogoditi rekombinacijski događaj između njih. *[[Genetičko inženjerstvo]] Obuhvata sve metode manipulacije genetičkim materijalom jednog organizma u kojima se neki dio [[genom]]a uklanja, ubacuje ili zamjenjuje (gen, [[hromosom]], hromosomska garnitura). Također genetička modifikacija ili genetička manipulacija. Direktna, namjenska manipulacija genetičkim materijalom organizma korištenjem bilo koje od raznih biotehnoloških metoda, uključujući umetanje ili uklanjanje gena, prijenos gena unutar i između vrsta, mutaciju postojećih sekvenci i izgradnju novih sekvenci korištenjem umjetnih sinteza gena. GenetičkiGenetičko inženjerstvo obuhvata širok skup tehnologija pomoću kojih se genetički sastav pojedinačnih ćelija, tkiva ili čitavih organizama može mijenjati u različite svrhe, obično kako bi se proučavale funkcije i ekspresija pojedinačnih gena, kako bi se proizveli hormoni, vakcine i druge droge i stvaranje genetički modificiranih organizama za upotrebu u istraživanju i poljoprivredi. *[[Genetičko savjetovanje]] Komunikacijski proces koji nastoji pomoći pogođenim ili rizičnim pojedincima i porodicama u razumijevanju prirodne povijesti, rizika od bolesti i načina prijenosa genetičkog poremećaja;. Treba olakšati informirani pristanak za genetičko testiranje kada je to prikladno;, raspravljati o mogućnostima upravljanja rizikom i planiranja porodice; te osigurati ili uputiti pojedince na psihosocijalnu podršku prema potrebi. Genetičko savjetovanje integrira genetičko testiranje, genetičku genealogiju i genetičku epidemiologiju. *[[Genetičko testiranje]] Također, DNK testiranje ili, genetički skrining. Široka klasa različitih procedura koje se koriste za identifikaciju osobina pojedinih hromosoma, gena ili osobnihličnih proteina, kako bi se utvrdilo porijeklo ili dijagnosticirala ranjivost na nasljedne bolesti ili otkriliotkrile mutantne alele povezane s povećanim rizikom od razvoja genetičkih poremećaja. Genetičko testiranje se široko koristi u medicini, poljoprivredi i biološkim istraživanjima. Proces testiranja pojedinaca u određenoj populaciji kako bi se identificirali oni koji imaju povećani rizik od pojave ili razvoja određenog genetičkog poremećaja ili nositelja genetičke varijante za određeni poremećaj. *[[Genetika]] Oblast biologije koja proučava gene, genetičke varijacije i procese naslijeđivanjanasljeđivanja u živim organizmima. *[[Genodermatoza]] Nasljedni sindrom koji uključuje dermatološki (kožni) fenotip. *[[Genom]] Obuhvata cjelokupnu nasljednu supstancu nekog organizma: jedarnu DNK, kodirajuće i nekodirajuće regije i genetički materijal mitohondrija i hloroplasta. Čitav komplet genetičkog materijala sadržan u hromosomima organizma, organele ili virusa. Termin se također koristi za označavanje kolektivnog skupa genskih lokusa koje dijeli svaki član populacije ili vrste, bez obzira na različite alele koji mogu biti prisutni na tim lokusima kod različitih jedinki. *[[Genomika]] Interdisciplinarno polje koje proučava strukturu, funkciju, evoluciju, mapiranje i uređivanje cijelih genoma, za razliku od pojedinačnih gena. Genomika okoliša, ekogenomika i genomika zajednice Proučavanje genetičkog materijala dobivenog direktno iz uzoraka okoliša, za razliku od organizama uzgajanih u laboratorijskim kulturama. *[[Genomska DNK]] (gDNK)), [[hromosomska DNK]] Također hromosomska DNK. DNK sadržana u hromosomima, za razliku od vanhromosomske DNK sadržane u zasebnim strukturama kao što su plazmidi ili organele kao što su mitohondrije ili hloroplasti. *[[genom|Genomski ispis]] koji rezultira inaktivacijom alela ovisno o tomezavisno od toga od kojeg je roditelja naslijeđen. Može imati kliničku važnost jer može utjecatiuticati na ekspresiju genske mutacije (tj. fenotipa) u potomstvu oboljelog roditelja, ovisno o tomezavisno od toga koji roditelj prenosi mutaciju. *[[Genomsko utiskivanje]] (imprinting) [[epigenetika|Epigenetički fenomen]] koji uzrokuje ekspresiju gena na način koji ovisi o određenom roditeljuzavisi od određenog roditelja od kojeg je gen naslijeđen. Javlja se kada se epigenetički znakovi kao što su DNK ili metilacija histona uspostave ili "“utisnu" (uštapmaju” (uštampaju) u zametne ćelije roditeljskog organizma i zatim se održavaju kroz ćelijske diobe u somatskim ćelijama potomstva organizma; kao rezultat, gen u potomstvu koji je naslijeđen od oca može biti izražen drugačije od druge kopije istog gena koja je naslijeđena od majke. *[[Genotip]] Cjelokupni komplement alela prisutan u genomu određene individue, što, u međudejstvu sameđudjelovanju s okolinskim faktorima i interakcijiinterakcijom gena dovodi do njenog fenotipa. Na najširoj razini, genotip uključuje cjelokupnu genetičku konstituciju pojedinca. Često se primjenjuje uže na skup alela prisutnih na jednom ili više specifičnih lokusa. *[[Genotip]]izacija Proces utvrđivanja razlika u genotipu pojedinca ispitivanjem sekvenci DNK u genomu, pomoću biotestova i poređenjem sa sekvencama druge osobe ili referentnom sekvencom. Laboratorijski proces u kojem se DNK zametne linije analizira na specifične nukleotide ili baze kako bi se utvrdilo jesu li prisutne određene varijante. Genotipizacija se razlikuje od sekvenciranja, u kojem se procjenjuju svi nukleotidi koji čine određenu duljinu DNK (npr. unutar gena, egzoma ili genoma). * [[Genotoksičnost]] Sposobnost određenih hemijskih i/ili fizičkih i bioloških agenasa da prouzrokuju oštećenje genetičkog materijala u živoj ćeliji (npr. kroz jednolančane ili dvolančane prekide, umrežavanje ili tačkaste mutacije), što može, ali ne mora da dovede do trajne mutacije. Iako su svi mutageni genotoksični, nisu svi genotoksični spojevi mutageni. *[[Genska doza]] Broj kopija određenog gena prisutnih u genomu. Doziranje gena direktno utiče na količinu genskog proizvoda koji ćelija može ekspromirati, iako su se razvile različite kontrole koje strogo regulišu ekspresija gena. Promjene u doziranju gena uzrokovane mutacijama, uključuju varijacije u broju kopija *[[Genska ravnoteža]] Mehanizam određivanja spola koji zavisi od omjera broja X-hromosoma (X) i broja skupova autosoma (A). Mužjaci se razvijaju kada je omjer X/A 0,5 ili manji, ženke kada je 1,0 ili više, a interseks se razvija kada je između 0,5 i 1,0. *[[Genska terapija]] Umetanje funkcionalnog ili divljeg tipa gena ili dijela gena u organizam (posebno pacijenta) s namjerom ispravljanja genetičkog defekta, bilo direktnom zamjenom defektnog gena ili suplementacijom drugom, funkcijskalnomfunkcionalnom verzijom. *[[Genski fond]] Zbir svih različitih alela koje dijele pripadnici jedne populacije. *[[Genski lokus]] Specifičan, fiksni položaj na [[hromosom]]u gdje se nalazi određeni gen ili genetički marker. *[[protein|Genski proizvod]] Bilo koji biohemijski materijal koji je rezultat ekspresije gena, koji se najčešće tumači kao funkcionalni transkriptom [[iRNK]], proizveden transkripcijom gena ili potpuno izgrađeni protein proizveden primarnim transkriptom, iako nekodirajuće, molekule RNK kao što su transferne [[RNK]] mogu također se smatraju genskim proizvodima. Mjerenje količine datog genskog proizvoda koji se može otkriti u ćeliji ili tkivu ponekad se koristi da se zaključi koliko je odgovarajući gen aktivan. *[[klicni list|Germ-ćelija]] (zametna ćelija) Svaka biološka ćelija koja stvara spolne ćelije organizma koji se seksualno razmnožava. Spolne ćelije su međugeneracijske veze za genetički materijal koji će se na kraju prenijeti na potomke organizma i obično se razlikuju od somatskih ćelija, koje su potpuno odvojene od zametne linije. *[[klicni list|Germ linija]] (zametna linija) Također: Zametna linija U višećelijskim organizmima, populacija ćelija koje su sposobne da prenesu svoj genetički materijal na potomstvo organizma i stoga se (barem teorijski) razlikuju od somatskih ćelija, koje ne mogu prenijeti svoj genetički materijal. Ćelije zametne linije nazivaju se zametne ćelije. Linija zametnih ćelija, koja se proteže kroz mnoge generacije, sadrži genetički materijal koji je na jedinku prenijet od njegovih predaka. *[[Glasnička RNK]] Vidi: [[Informacijsk RNK]]. *[[Goldberg-Hognessova kutija]] Vidi: [[TATA-kutija]]. *[[G-pruganje]] Također (Giemsa pruganje ili G-bendiranje) Tehnika koja se koristi u citogenetici za proizvodnju vidljivog kariotipa, bojenjem kondenziranih hromosoma Giemsa bojom. Bojenje proizvodi dosljedne i prepoznatljive uzorke tamnih i svijetlih "“traka"” u regijama hromatina, što omogućava da se specifični [[hromosom]]i lako razlikuju. [[gram pozitivna bakterija|Gram pozitivnost]] i [[gram negativna bakterija|Gram negativnost]] Prijemčivost/neprijemčivost [[mikroorganizam]]a (([[bakterija]]) ma Giemsa bojenje *[[Guanin]] Skraćeno slovom (skr. G.) Jedna od četiri glavne nukleobaze prisutne u DNK i [[RNK]]. [[Guanin]] formira bazni par sas [[citozin]]om. *[[Gubitak heterozigotnosti (LOH) Ako postoji jedan normalan i jedan abnormalni alel na određenom lokusu, kao što se može vidjeti kod naslijeđenog autosomno dominantnog poremećaja osjetljivosti na rak, gubitak normalnog alela proizvodi lokus bez normalne funkcije. Kada gubitak heterozigotnosti uključuje normalni alel, stvara se ćelija koja će vjerojatnijevjerovatnije pokazati maligni rast ako je promijenjeni gen tumor supresorski gen. Naziva se i LOH. *[[GWAS]] GWAS (studija povezanosti cijelog genoma) GWAS (genome-wide associatijskassociation study) je način na koji se identificiraju naslijeđene genetičke varijante povezane s rizikom od bolesti ili određenom osobinom. Oval metod ispituje cijeli genom radi genetičkih polimorfizama, obično polimorfizama jednog nukleotida ([[SNP]]), koji se češće javljaju u slučajevima (ljudi s bolešću ili osobinom koja se procjenjuje) nego u kontrolnim skupinama (ljudi bez bolesti ili osobine). Naziva se i studija povezanosti cijelog genoma.<ref name="hadzirifat"/> ==H== *[[Haplodiploidija]] Sistem određivanja spola u kojem je spol pojedinog organizma određen brojem hromosoma koje posjeduje: potomci koji se razvijaju iz oplođenih jaja su diploidni i ženski, dok su potomci koji se razvijaju iz neoplođenih jaja haploidni i muški, sas polovinom [[hromosom]]a koliko i žena. Haplodiploidija je zajednička za sve pripadnike reda insekata Hymenoptera i nekoliko drugih taksona insekata. *[[Haplogrupa]] Skupina sličnih haplotipova koji imaju zajedničkog pretka s istom [[SNP]] mutacijom. Pošto se sastoji od sličnih haplotipova, omogućava predviđanje haplogrupa prema haplotipovima. Haplogrupa se određuje i utvrđuje SNP testom. *[[Haploid]] (ćelije ili organizma) Imaju jednu kopiju svakog hromosoma, pri čemu svaka kopija nije dio para. Kontrast diploidnog i poliploidnog. Označava se stenografskim brojem n. *[[[Haploidna garnitura]] Jednostruka [[hromosomska garnitura]] označava se simbolom <big>''n''</big>. Kada se spolne ćelije – jajna ćelija i sprematozoidspermatozoid spoje, novonastala – prva ćelija novog živog bića imaćeimat će diploidan broj hromosoma. *[[Haploidni broj hromosoma]] čovjeka iznosi 23. *[[Haploinsuficijencija]] Model dominantnog djelovanja gena u diploidnim organizmima, u kojem je jedna kopija alel a alela divljeg tipa na lokusu u heterozigotnoj kombinaciji sas varijantnim alelom nije dovoljandovoljna za proizvodnju fenotipa divljeg tipa. Haploinsuficijencija može nastati zbog de novo ili naslijeđene mutacije gubitka funkcije u varijantnom alelu, tako da proizvodi malo ili nimalo genskog proizvoda (često protein). Situacija koja se događa kada je jedna kopija gena inaktivirana ili izbrisana, a preostala funkcijskalnafunkcionalna kopija gena nije primjerena za proizvodnju potrebnog genskog proizvoda za očuvanje normalne funkcije. *[[Haplotip]] Sažeti termin za haploidni genotip. To je skup specifičnih alela (pojedinačnih DNK sekvenci) u klasteru usko povezanih gena na istom hromosomu, koji se nasljeđuju zajedno. Jednostavnije rečeno, haplotip je grupa takvih gena koje potomstvo nasljeđuje od jednog roditelja. Skup usko povezanih genetičkih markera prisutnih na jednom [[hromosom]]u koji se nasljeđuju zajedno. *[[Hardy-Weinbergov zakon]] U velikoj populaciji u kojoj dolazi do slučajnog parenja, frekvencije gena i genotipova su stalne. *[[Helikaza]] Bilo koji iz klase motornih proteina zavisnih od ATP -a koji se kreću u smjeru duž DNK kičmu kičme i katalizuju razdvajanje dva[[komplementa RNK lanca dvostruke spirale, dozvoljavajući da se odvijajuodvija veliki broj vitalnih procesa, npr. transkripcija, replikacija i popravka. Enzim koji odmotava lance dvolančane uzvojnice. *[[Hemizigot]] U diploidnom organizmu, koji ima samo jedan alel na datom [[genski lokus|geneskom lokusu]] (gdje bi ih obično bilo dva). Hemizigotnost se može uočiti kada je samo jedna kopija [[hromosom]]a prisutna u normalno diploidnoj ćeliji ili organizmu, ili kada je obrisan segment [[hromosom]]a koji sadrži jednu kopiju alela, ili kada je gen lociran na [[spolni hromosomheterogamet]]nom spolu (u kojem polnispolni hromosomi ne postoje u parovima koji se podudaraju); naprimjer, kod muškaraca s normalnim hromosomima, za gotovo sve X-vezane gene se kaže da su hemizigoti jer postoji samo jedan X hromosom i nekoliko istih gena postoji na Y hromosomu. Muški spol koji samo na X-hromosomu nosi alel za spolno- vezano svojstvo i koji se uvijek eksprimira u [[fenotip]]u. *[[Hemiziogot]]nost Pojava samo jednog člana hromosomskog para ili segmenta hromosoma umjesto uobičajena dva. Hemizigotnost se često koristi za opisivanje X-vezanih gena kod muškaraca koji imaju samo jedan hromosom X. Ovaj se termin ponekad koristi u genetici somatskih ćelija gdje su ćelijske linije raka često hemizigotne za određene alele ili hromosomske regije. *[[Heritabilnost]] Također i (nasljedivost) Pohranjivanje, prijenos i izražavanje molekulskih informacija u biološkim organizmima, što se manifestira prenošenjem fenotipskih osobine sa osobina s roditelja na potomstvo, bilo kroz seksualnu ili aseksualnu reprodukciju. Za ćelije ili organizmiorganizme potomaka se kaže da nasljeđuju genetičke informacije svojih roditelja. *[[nasljeđivanje|Sposobnost nasljeđivanja]]: [[Statistika]] koja se koristi u [[kvantitativna genetika|kvantitativnoj genetici]]. koja procjenjuje proporciju varijacije unutar date [[fenotip]]ske osobine koja je posljedica genetičke varijacije između pojedinaca u određenoj populaciji. Nasljednost se procjenjuje poređenjem individualnih fenotipova blisko srodnih jedinki u populaciji. Udio varijacija u populacijskom svojstvu koji se može pripisati naslijeđenim genetičkim čniocimačiniocima. Procjene nasljednosti kreću se od 0 do 1 i često se izražavaju kao postotak. Broj blizak 1 može biti pokazatelj visoko nasljedne osobine unutar populacije. Ne smije se koristiti za procjenu rizika na individualnoj osnovi. *[[Heterodupleksna analiza]] Metod otkrivanja razlika u sekvencama između normalne DNK i DNK koja se testira. Obično se koristi kao metodmetoda za otkrivanje potencijalnih mutacija u genu. *[[Heterogametnost]] Stanje organizma koji stvara dva tipa gameta s obzirom na spolne hromosome (XY). Heterogenost logaritama odds skora (HLOD rezultat) Statistička procjena jesu li dva genetička lokusa fizički dovoljno blizu jedan drugome (ili "povezana") na određenom [[hromosom]]u da se vjerojatnovjerovatno nasljeđuju zajedno. Logaritam heterogenosti rezultata izgleda izračunava se u prisustvu heterogenosti lokusa (kada isti fenotip može biti uzrokovan mutacijama u genima na različitim hromosomskim lokusima). Naziva se i HLOD rezultat. *[[Heterogenost lokusa]] Prisustvo varijanti na različitim lokusima gena koje uzrokuju iste ili slične fenotipske ekspresije bolesti ili stanja. *[[Heterohromatin]] Kondenzirane regije hromatina koje najčešće nisu transkripcijski aktivne; mogu biti konstitutivne i fakultativne. *[[Heterohromosom]] Vidi: [[Alosom]] *[[Heterologna ekspresija]] Ekspresija stranog gena ili bilo koje druge strane sekvence DNK unutar organizma domaćina koji prirodno ne sadrži isti gen. Insercija stranih transgena u heterologne domaćine pomoću rekombinantnog vektori je uobičajeni biotehnološki metod vektora uobičajena je biotehnološka metoda za proučavanje strukture i funkcije gena. *[[Heteroplazmija]] Pojava kada je u citoplazmi više tipova hloroplasta ili mitohondrija. Heteroza, hibridna snaga i poboljšanje autbredinga Također hibridna snaga i poboljšanje autbredinga. Poboljšana ili povećana funkcija kvantiteta ili kvaliteta bilo koje biološke osobine u hibridu potomstvo potomstva, s obzirom na istu osobinu kod njegovih genetički različitih roditelja. Ako je bilo koja ili više osobina roditelja značajno poboljšana u potomstvu kao rezultat miješanja genetičkih doprinosa roditelja, potomstvo je heterotično. *[[Heterozigot]] U diploidnom organizmu, genotip koji ima dva različita alela na datom genskom lokusu. U genetičkoj stenografiji, heterozigotni genotipovi su predstavljeni parom nepodudarnih slova ili simbola, često velikim slovom (kojikoje označava dominantni alel) i malim slovom (koje označava recesivni [[alel]]), kao što su Aa ili Bb itd. Kontrast je homozigot. *[[heterozigot|Heterozigotni genotip]] Prisustvo dva različita alela na određenom genskom lokusu. Heterozigotni genotip može uključivati jedan normalni i jedan mutirani alel ili dva različita mutirana alela (složeni heterozigot). *[[Hibrid]] Jedinka nastala križanjem genetički različitih roditelja iste vrste; npr. mendelovski F1-potomci graška dominantnog fenotipa nastali križanjem dominantnog homozigota i recesivnog homozigota ili potomak nastao križanjem jedinki koje pripadaju različitim vrstama. Potomstvo koje nastaje spajanjem kvaliteta dvaju organizama različitih rodova, [[vrsta]], [[rasa]], [[sorta (botanika)|sorti]] ili varijeteta putem seksualnog razmnožavanja. Hibridi se mogu pojaviti prirodno ili umjetno, kao u toku selektivnog uzgoja domaćih životinja i biljaka. Reproduktivne barijere obično sprečavaju hibridizaciju između udaljenih organizama ili barem osiguravaju da hibridno potomstvo bude sterilno, ali plodni hibridi mogu dovesti do specijacije. *[[Hibridizacija]] Proces kojim se hibridni organizam proizvodi od dva organizma različitih rodova, vrsta, [[rasa{{ ili varijeteta. Proces kojim se jednolančani DNK ili [[RNK]] preparat dodaje na površinu sekvence, u rastvoru, i potencijalno pretvara u komplementarnu sonda sondu. U odnosu na test ekspresije gena, hibridizacija se odnosi na korak u eksperimentalnoj paradigmi, dok se u molekulskoj biologiji ili genetici termin odnosi na hemijski proces. *[[himera|Himerizam]] Prisustvo dvedvije ili više populacija ćelija sas različitim genotipovima u pojedinačnom organizmu, poznatom kao himera, koja se razvila fuzijom ćelija koje potiču iz odvojenih zigota. Svaka populacija ćelija zadržava svoj genom, tako da je organizam kao cjelina mješavina genetički neidentičnih tkiva. Genetički himerizam može biti naslijeđen (npr. fuzijom više embrija tokom trudnoće) ili stečen nakon rođenja (npr. alogenom transplantacijom ćelija, tkiva ili organa od genetički neidentičnog donora). Kod biljaka može biti rezultat kalemljenja ili grešaka u diobi ćelija. Sličan je mozaicizmu, ali se razlikuje od njega. *[[mutacija|Hipermorf]] Mutirani alel sas povećanom ekspresijom u odnosu na iskodišniishodišni ([[divlji tip]]). *[[Hipomelanoza]] Nedostatak melanina. *[[Hipomorf]] Mutirani alel sa smasnjenomsmanjenom ekspresijom u odnosu na iskodišniishodišni (divlji tip). *[[Histon]] Dio klase posebnih proteina u [[hromosom]]ima oko kojih se omotava molekula DNK. Bilo koji iz klase visoko alkalnih proteina odgovornih za pakovanje jedarne DNK u strukturne jedinice koje se nazivaju nukleosomi u eukariotskim ćelijama. Histoni su glavne proteinske komponente hromatina, gdje se povezuju u komplekse koji djeluju kao "kalemovi"“kalemi” oko kojih se vijuga linearna molekula DNK. Imaju glavnu ulogu u regulaciji i ekspresiji gena. *[[HLOD-rezultat]] ([[logaritam]] heterogenosti rezultata pojavljivanja) Statistička procjena dajesu li su dva genska lokusa fizički dovoljno blizu jedan drugome (ili "povezana") na određenom [[hromosom]]u da se vjerovatno nasljeđuju zajedno. HLOD rezultat izračunava se u prisustvu heterogenosti lokusa (kada isti fenotip može biti uzrokovan mutacijama u genima na različitim hromosomskim lokusima). Također se naziva logaritam heterogenosti rezultata pojavljivanja. *[[Hloroplastna DNK]] (cpDNK) Cirkularna molekula DNK u hloroplastima, nezavisna od jedarne, endosimbiotskog porijekla. *[[Holandrični gen]]o Geni na [[hromosom Y|Y-hromosomu]]. *[[hromosom|Holocentrik]] (linearnog hromosoma ili fragmenta [[hromosom]]a) (linearnog hromosoma ili fragmenta hromosoma) Bez jedne centromere, već više mjesta za sklapanje kinetohora raspoređenih duž cijele dužine [[hromosom]]a. Tokom diobe ćelije, hromatide holocentričnih hromosoma se paralelno pomiču i ne formiraju klasične strukture u obliku slova V, tipske za monocentrične [[hromosom]]e. *[[Homogametnost]] Organizam koji stvara jedan tip gameta s obzirom na [[spolni hromosom|spolne hromosome]] (XX)). *[[Homologna rekombinacija]] Tip genetičke rekombinacije u kojoj se nukleotidne sekvence razmjenjuju između dvije slične ili identične (“homologne") molekule DNK, posebno one koja se događa između homolognih hromosoma. Termin se može odnositi na rekombinaciju koja se javlja kao dio bilo kojeg od brojnih različitih ćelijskih procesa, najčešće popravke DNK ili hromosomskog ukrštanja tokom mejoze kod eukariota i [[horizontalni prenos gena|horizontalnog prijenosa gena]] kod prokariota. Kontrastna nehomologna rekombinacija. *[[Homologni hromosom]], homolozi Također homolozi. Skup od dva podudarna hromosoma, jednog majčinskog i jednog očinskog, koji se uparuju jedan s drugim unutar jedra tokom mejoze. Imaju iste gene na istim lokusima, ali mogu imati različite alele. *[[Homoplazmija]] Pojava kada u citoplazmi nalazimo samo jedan tip [[hloroplast]]a ili [[mitohondrija]]. *[[Homozigot]] U diploidnom organizmu, organizam koji ima dva identična alela na datom genskom lokusu. U genetičkoj stenografiji, homozigotni genotipovi su predstavljeni parom odgovarajućih slova ili simbola, kao što su AA ili aa. Kontrast je heterozigot. *[[homozigot|Homozigotni genotip]] Jedinka koja nosi dva identična alela (AA ili aa). Prisustvo dva identična alela na određenom lokusu gena. Homozigotni genotip može uključivati dva normalna alela ili dva alela koji imaju istu varijantu. *[[Horizontalni transfer gena]] (HGT) HGT ili lateralni prijenos gena (LGT) je kretanje genetičkog materijala između jednoćelijskih i/ili višećelijskih organizama osim ("(“vertikalnim")”) prijenosom DNK, od roditelja do potomstva ([[razmnožavanje]]). HGT je važan faktor u evoluciji mnogih organizama. Horizontalni prijenos gena je i izmjena genetičkog materijala između dvije homologne molekule DNK dviju različitih ćelija (jedinki) iste generacije. *[[Hromatida]] Jedna kopija novokopiranog [[hromosom]]a, koji je centromerom spojen sas originalnim hromosomom. *[[Hromatidna razmjena]] Razmjena dijelova nesestrinskih hromatida homolognih hromosoma u profazi I mejoze. *[[Hromatin]] [[hromosom]]ski dio jedra sas pojačanom prijemčivošću za boje koje se koriste za bojenje preparata za mikroskopiranje. :Kompleks DNK i proteina tzv. nukleoprotein; može biti euhromatin iIiili heterohromatin Kompleks DNK, [[RNK]] i proteina koji se nalazi u eukariotskim ćelijama, koji je primarna supstanca koja se sastoji od hromosoma. Hromatin funkcioirafunkcionira kao sredstvo za pakiranje vrlo dugih molekula DNK u visoko organizirane i gusto zbijene oblike, što sprečava zapetljavanje niti, jača DNK tokom ćelijske diobe, pomaže u sprečavanju oštećenja DNK i ima važnu ulogu u regulaciji ekspresije gena i DNK replikacija. *[[Hromosom]] Jedarna supramolekulska struktura, vidljiva tek u ćelijama koje se dijele. Tada se hromosomi kondenziraju i dobiju jasnije konture. Prije diobe liče na tanke niti sklupčane u jedru. Sastoje se iz DNK i specifičnih proteina, [[histon]]a, koji služe kao prstenovi oko kojih se obmotavaomotava DNK. Oblik i debljina [[hromosom]]a ovise o tomezavise od toga koliko je čvrsto DNK obmotanaomotana oko proteina. Ako je obmotanaomotana jako, onda se hromosomi bolje vide i to se dešava nešto prije same diobe ćelije. Na hromosomu se mogu uočiti njegobvinjegovi kraci (kratki – p i dugi – q) krajevi ([[telomere]]), primarna RNK ([[centromere]]) i sekundarna RNK (drške satelita) suženja. [[Hromosom]]i se mogu smatrati svojevrsnim tipom molekulskog “paketa" za DNK unutar ćelijskog jedra. Kod većine eukariota, sastoje se od dugih lanaca DNK umotanih s proteinima koji se vežu za niti i kondenziraju, kako bi spriječili da postanu neupravljivo zapetljani. Najlakše se razlikuju i proučavaju u njihovim potpuno kondenziranim oblicima, koji se javljaju samo tokom ćelijske diobe. Neki jednostavni organizmi imaju samo jedan hromosom od kružne DNK, dok većina eukariota ima više hromosoma sastavljenih od linearne DNK. Sastoji se od proteina i DNK organiziranih u gene. Svaka ljudska ćelija normalno sadrži 23 para [[hromosom]]a. *[[Hromosomska duplikacija]] Dvostrukost cijelog hromosoma ili njegovih određeni hsegmenataodređenih segmenata. *[[Hromosomska nestabilnost]] Genomska neravnoteža koja se javlja kada ćelija ima abnormalan broj hromosoma. Može biti uzrokovana neočekivanim hromosomskim križanjem ili prisutnošću malih, vanhromosomskih dijelova DNK.<ref name="hadzirifat"/> ==I== *[[Idiohromosom]] Vidi: [[Alosom]]. *[[Inbred linija]] Bilo koja loza određene vrste u kojoj su jedinke gotovo ili potpuno genetički identične jedna drugoj zbog duge historije ponovljenih inbridinga, bilo prirodnim ili vještačkim putem. Linije se obično smatraju ukrštanimukrštenim nakon najmanje 20 generacija inbridinga (npr. samooplodnjom ili parenjem u srodstvu), kada su gotovo svi lokusi u genomu homozigotni i sve jedinke se stoga mogu tretirati kao klonovi (uprkos činjenici da se još uvijek proizvode spolnom reprodukcijom). *[[Inbriding]] Također ukrštanje u srodstvu [[Spolno razmnožavanje]] između [[rasa]] ili jedinki koje su genetički blisko povezane. Inbriding rezultira [[homozigot|homosigotnošću]], što može povećati i vjerovatnoću da će potomstvo biti pogođeno štetnim recesivnim osobinama i vjerovatnoću fiksiranja korisnih osobina unutar reproduktivnog dijela populacije. Reproduktivni događaj i rezultirajuće potomstvo mogu se nazvati ukrštanjem, a za potomstvo se kaže da je inbredno. Kontrast je autbriding. *[[Incidencija]] Učestalost nove pojave genetičkog poremećaja (ili šire bilo kojeg genetičkog stanja ili osobine, štetnog ili drugog) među članovima određene populacije i u određenom vremenskom periodu. *[[Indel]] Termin koji se odnosi na inserciju ili deleciju jedne ili više baza u sekvenci [[nukleinske kiseline]]. *[[Inducibilni gen]] Gen čija [[ekspresija gena|ekspresija]] ili reaguje na promjenu okoline ili ovisi o položaji ćelije domaćina unutar [[ćelijski ciklus|ćelijskog ciklusa]]. *[[protein|Induktor]] Protein koji se vezuje za represor (da ga onemogući) ili za aktivator (da ga omogući). *[[Informacijska RNK]] [[RNK]] (iRNK, mRNK) su sve molekule RNK koje prenose genetičku informaciju iz njenog centra u [[ćelijsko jedro|jedru]], tj. u [[hromosom]]ima ili u drugim nositeljima DNK ([[mitohondrijska DNK]] ([[mitohondrije]] i [[plastid]]i) – do mjesta njene realizacije. Genetička kontrola svih pojava i procesa u organizmu odvija se putem sinteze regulacijskih ([[enzimi]]) i strukturnih proteina. *[[genetičko testiranje|Informativnost]] U [[genetičko testiranje|genetičkom testiranju]], rezultat testa koji definitivno otkriva prisustvo ili odsutnost genetičke promjene zametne linije povezane s nasljednim poremećajem koji se procjenjuje. U analizi povezanosti, sposobnost razlikovanja između majčinski i očinski naslijeđenih DNK-markera (polimorfizama) unutar ili u blizini određenog gena od interesa. *[[genetičko savjetovanje|Informirani pristanak]] (proces pristanka) Proces razmjene informacija između kliničara i pacijenta ili njegovog zakonskog opunomoćenika osmišljen kako bi se omogućilo samostalno donošenje odluka na temelju [[informacija]]. Trebao bi uključivati objašnjenje medicinskih i psihosocijalnih rizika, dobrobiti, ograničenja i mogućih implikacija [[genetička analiza|genetičke analize]], raspravu o privatnosti, povjerljivosti, dokumentaciji i rukovanju rezultatima genetičkog testa, kao i mogućnostima za upravljanje rizikom od nasljednih bolesti. Naziva se i proces pristanka. *[[Insercija (genetika)|Insercija]] Umetanje jednog ili više [[nukleotid]]a u lanac DNK, odnosno hromosom. Tip mutacije u kojoj se jedna ili više baza dodaje sekvenci nukleinske kiseline; može značajno varirati u veličini. *[[Inicijacijski kodon]] Pogledajte: Početnipočetni kodon (startni kodon). *[[Insercijska mutageneza]] Promjena sekvence DNK umetanjem jednog ili više nukleotida u sekvencu, bilo prirodno ili vještački. Ovisno o preciznoj lokacijiZavisno od precizne lokacije umetanja unutar ciljne sekvence, insercije mogu djelomično ili potpuno inaktivirati ili čak povećati regulaciju genskog proizvoda ili biohemijskog puta, ili mogu biti neutralne, ne dovodeći do suštinskih promjena. Mnoge tehnike genetičkog inženjerstvoainženjerstva oslanjaju se na umetanje egzogenog genetičkog materijala u ćelije domaćina, kako bi se proučavala funkcija i ekspresija gena. *[[Insercijska sekvenca]] Također, insercijski ili jednostavno umetnuti element Bilo koja nukleotidna sekvenca koja je prirodno ili umjetno umetnuta u drugu sekvencu. Termin se posebno koristi da se odnosi naza dio transpozibilnog elementa koji kodira one proteine koji su direktno uključeni u proces transpozicije, npr. enzim transpozaza. Kodirajuća regija u transposabilnoj sekvenci umetanja obično je flankirana kratkim obrnutim ponavljanjima, a struktura većih prenosivih elemenata obično uključuje par bočnih sekvenci umetanja koje su same invertirane. *''[[In silico]]'' Odnosi se na eksperimente na živim jedinkama van i unutar organizma, odnosno i kako su i nađeni in natura. *[[''In situ]]'' Na datom mjestu *[[Integron]] Mobilni genetički element koji se sastoji od genske kasete koja kodira rekombinazu specifičnu za mjesto i uključuje mjesta za prepoznavanje specifična za integrazu i promotor koji upravlja ekspresijom jednog ili više gena za adaptivne osobine na ćeliju domaćina. Integroni obično postoje u obliku kružnih episomnih DNK fragmenata kao što su plazmidi, preko kojih pomažu brzu adaptaciju i evoluciju bakterija, omogućavajući horizontalni prijenos gena otpornosti na antibiotike između različitih bakterijskih vrsta i sojeva. *[[Intein]] Bilo koja sekvenca jedne ili više aminokiselina unutar prekursorskog polipeptida koja je izrezana spajanjem proteina tokom posttranslacijske modifikacije i stoga je odsutna u zrelom proteinu, analogno intronima spojenim iz [[RNK]] transkripta. Kontrast je ekstein. *[[Intercistronska regija]] / međugenska regija Bilo koja sekvenca DNK koja se nalazi između stop kodona jednog gena i startnog kodona sljedećeg gena u policistronskoj transkripcijskoj jedinici. Također: međugenska regija. *[[Interfaza]] Sve faze ćelijskog ciklusa isključujući ćelijsku diobu. Tipska ćelija većinu života provodi u interfazi, tokom koje obavlja svakodnevne metaboličke aktivnosti, kao i potpunu replikaciju svog genoma u pripremi za mitozu ili mejozu. *[[Intergenski razmaknik]] (IGS) Regija nekodirajuće DNK između gena. Termini intergeni spejser (IGS) ili netranskribovaninetranskribirani razmak (NTS) koriste se posebno za razmaknicu DNK između mnogih tandemski ponovljenih kopija gena ribosomske RNK. *[[Intergenska regija]] (IGR) Bilo koja sekvenca nekodirajuće DNK koja se nalazi između funkcionalnih gena. *[[Interkalirajući agens]] Bilo koji hemijski spoj (npr. akridinske boje) kojekoji ometa poravnanje i uparivanje baza u komplementarnim lancima molekula DNK, umetanjem sesebe između baza. *[[Interkineza]] Skraćena pauza u aktivnostima vezanim za ćelijsku diobu koja se javlja tokom mejoze kod nekih vrsta, između prve i druge mejotske diobe (tj. mejoze I i mejoze II). Tokom interkineze ne dolazi do replikacije DNK, za razliku od normalne interfaze koja prethodi mejozi I i mitozi. IntragenskiIntragenska regija Vidi: Intronintron. *[[Introgresija]] Također, [[introgresivna hibridizacija]]. Premještanje gena iz genskog fonda jedne populacije ili vrste u onu druge populacije ponovnim ukrštanjem hibrida dvije populacije s jednom od roditeljskih populacija. Sveprisutan je i važan izvor genetičke varijacije u prirodnim populacijama, ali se također može namjerno izazvati u uzgoju pripitomljenih biljaka i životinja. *[[Intron]] Nekodirajuća sekvenca eukariotske DNK, između sekvenci DNK sa smislenom šifrom (egzonima). Sekvenca DNK između egzona koja se inicijalno kopira u RNK, ali je izrezana iz konačnog [[RNK]] prijepisa i stoga ne mijenja kodiranje aminokiseline. Poznato je da neke intronske sekvence utiču na ekspresiju gena. *[[Intron]]ski upad Rekombinacija posredovana intronom; tip abnormalnosti [[hromosom]]a u kojem su krakovi hromosoma ogledalske slike jedan drugog. *[[inverzija (genetika)|Inverzija]] [[Hromosomska mutacija]] u kojoj se segment hromosoma odlomi i ponovno pričvrsti u obrnutom smjeru. *[[Inverzijska omča]] Nastaje sparivanjem [[homologni hromosom|homolognih hromosoma]] kod inverzijskog [[heterozigot]]a. *''[[In vitro]]'' U staklenci. *''[[In vivo]]'' Uživo. *[[iRNK]] Vidi: [[Informacijska RNK]]. *[[Istosmislena mutacija]] Vidi: Sinonimnasinonimna mutacija. *[[Izohromosom]] (linearnog hromosoma ili fragmenta hromosoma) Hromosom sa s centromerom u sredini hromosoma, što rezultira kracima hromatide približno jednake dužine. Formiranje izohromosoma je ekvivalentno je istovremenim događajima umnožavanja i [[delecija (genetika)|delecije]], tako da dvije kopije ili dugog ili kratkog kraka čine rezultirajući hromosom. *[[Izolator]] Specifična sekvenca DNK koja sprečava da gen bude pod uticajem aktivacije ili potiskivanja obližnjih gena. *[[Izomerni gen]]i Dva ili više gena koji su ekvivalentni i redundantni u smislu da, uprkos [[kodon|kodiranju]] različitih genskih proizvoda, svaki od njih rezultira istim [[fenotip]]om kada je postavljen unutar iste genetičke pozadine. Ako je nekoliko izomernih gena prisutno u jednom genotipu, mogu biti kumulativni ili bez n-kumulativnog doprinosa fenotipu.<ref name="hadzirifat"/> ==J== *[[Jedarce]] (nukleolus) Jednostruka ili višestruka ćelijska [[organela]], odnosno jedrova suborganela. Glavna funkcija mu je stvaranje i organizacija komponenti ribosoma ([[rRNK]] i [[ribosom]]skih proteina). Organela jedra eukariotskih ćelija koja se sastoji od proteina, DNK i RNK i služi kao mjesto sinteze [[ribosom]]a. *[[Jednonukleotidni polimorfizam]] (SNP) U genetici odrednica za pojavu zamjene mjesta jednog od [[nukleotid]]a nekim drugim nukleotidom. Naprimjer, ako je posmatrana sekvenca na određenoj lokaciji gena posmatrane vrste sastavljena od niza nukleotida AAGCCTA, pa zatim nastane promjena redoslijeda nukleotida, kao AAGCCAA, postaje uočljivo da se početna i novonastala sekvenca međusobno razlikuju u jednom nukleotidu. Posljedice ovakvih izmjena (usljed ovakve "[[tačkasta mutacija|tačkaste mutacije]]“) mogu biti različitog obima i oblika u posmatranom [[genom]]u ili fenotipu. *[[Jednosmjerna translokacija – [[nerecipročna translokacija]] Premještanje segmenta jednog hromosoma, nakon loma, na drugi nehomologni hromosom. *[[hromatida|Jednostruki hromosom]] Hromatida koja ima svoju vlastitu centromeru, jedna molekula DNK. *[[ćelijsko jedro|Jedro]] Ćelijska [[organela]] u kojoj je pohranjena (isključivo ili djelimično) genetička informacija u hromosomima. ==K== *[[genom|Kanalizacija]] Sposobnost populacije da dosljedno proizvodi isti fenotip bez obzira na varijabilnost okoline ili genetičke varijacije unutar njenog genoma. Koncept se najčešće koristi u razvojnoj biologiji za tumačenje zapažanja da su razvojni putevi često oblikovani prirodnom selekcijom, tako da se ćelijske loze u razvoju "vode" ili "kanaliziraju" prema jednoj, određenoj sudbini, postajući progresivno otpornijim na bilo kakve manje perturbacije. To može preusmjeriti razvoj ćelija dalje od njihovog početnog toka. *[[Kandidatski gen]] Gen čija je lokacija na hromosomu povezana s određenim fenotipom (često vezanim za bolest),) i za koji se stoga sumnja da uzrokuje ili doprinosi fenotipu. Geni kandidati se često biraju za proučavanje na osnovu prethodnog znanja ili prognoza o njihovoj funkcijskalnojfunkcionalnoj relevantnosti za osobinu ili bolest koja se istražuje. *[[Kanonska sekvenca]] Vidi: [[Konsenzusna sekvenca]]. *[[Kariogram]] Prikaz hromosoma jedne vrste poredanih prema veličini i položaju centromera (primarnih suženja hromosoma). *[[Kariotip]] Kompletna [[hromosomska garnitura]] date vrste. Broj i izgled hromosoma unutar jedra eukariotske ćelije, posebno kako je prikazan na organiziranoj mikrosnimci poznatoj kao [[kariogram]] ili u idealiziranom [[idiogram]]u (u parovima i poredani po veličini i položaju centromere). Termin se također koristi za označavanje kompletnog skupa hromosoma u vrsti ili pojedinačnom organizmu ili za bilo koji test koji otkriva ovaj komplement ili mjeri broj hromosoma. *[[kaskadno testiranje|Kaskadni skrining]] (kaskadno testiranje) Sistemski postupak za identifikaciju osoba unutar porodice kod kojih postoji rizik od nasljednog stanja. Počinje pronalaskom [[patogen]]e/ vjerovatno patogene varijante, putem opsežnog testiranja (kao što je testiranje potpunog genoma ili multigenskog panela) kod jednog člana porodice, obično pogođenog ovim stanjem. Zatim se testiranje samo za određenu porodičnu varijantu proširuje na rizične biološke rođake. Ovaj se proces ponavlja kako se identificira više pogođenih pojedinaca ili nositelja patogene varijante. Kaskadni skrining ponekad se naziva i kaskadno testiranje (preferirani termin). Kaskadno ([[genetičko testiranje|genetičko]]) testiranje (kaskadni skrining) Proces proširenja genetičkog testiranja na pojedince s rizikom unutar porodice za [[nasljeđivanje]] patogene varijante prethodno identificirane kod biološkog srodnika. Ovaj se proces ponavlja kako se unutar porodice identificira više nositelja [[patogen]]e varijante. Kaskadno [[genetičko testiranje]] ponekad se naziva i kaskadni probir, iako je preferirani izraz kaskadno genetičko testiranje. Naziva se i kaskadnim testiranjem. *[[ekspresivnost (genetika)|Kasni ili varijabilni početak]] Odnosi se na dob u kojoj se fenotip bolesti izražava kod osobe koja nosi patogenu varijantu. Stanja s kasnim ili promjenjivim početkom općenito se manifestiraju kasnije u životu ili u neko određeno doba tokom života. *[[bazni par|Kilobaza]] Jedinica molekulske mase/ dužine [[nukleinske kiseline]] jednaka 1.000 parova baza u dupleksnim molekulama, kao što je dvolančana DNK ili 1.000 baza u jednolančanim molekulama. *[[Kinetohor]] Troslojna laminarna proteinska struktura kojom se hromosom prihvata za mikrotubule [[diobeno vreteno|diobenog vretena]]. *[[Klasična genetika]] Grana genetike koja se zasniva isključivo na posmatranju vidljivih rezultata reproduktivnih činova, za razliku od onoga što su omogućile moderne tehnike i metodimetode molekulske biologije. Kontrastna molekululskaKontrast je [[molekularna genetika|molekulska genetika]]. *[[genetičko testiranje|Klinička korisnost]] Pojam koji se odnosi na vjerovatnoću da će test, podsticanjem intervencije, rezultirati poboljšanim zdravstvenim ishodom. Klinička korisnost genetičkog testa temelji se na zdravstvenim dobrobitima povezanim s intervencijama koje se nude osobama s pozitivnim rezultatima testa. *[[genetičko testiranje|Klinička valjanost]] Termin koji se odnosi na prediktivnu vrijednost testa za određeni klinički ishod (npr. [[vjerovatnoća]] da će se rak razviti kod nekoga s pozitivnim testom). Primarno je određena osjetljivošću i specifičnošću kojom test identificira pojedince s definiranim kliničkim stanjem unutar određene populacije. Klinička valjanost genetičkog testa je vjerovatnoća da će se rak razviti u nekoga s pozitivnim rezultatom testa. *[[kloniranje|Klon]] Genetički identične ćelije bakterija nastale [[binarna dioba|binarnim diobama]]; populacija ćelija ili [[organizam]]a koji su genetički identični, a nastali su binarnom diobom ([[prokarioti]]) ili mitozom iz jedne ćelije ili vegetativnim razmnožavanjem zajedničkog pretka ([[eukarioti]]). *[[Kloniranje]] Proces proizvodnje, bilo prirodno ili umjetno, pojedinačnih organizama ili ćelija koje su genetički identične jedna drugoj. Klonovi su rezultat svih oblika aseksualne reprodukcije, a ćelije koje prolaze kroz mitozu proizvode ćelije kćeri koje su klonovi roditeljske ćelije i jedne druge. Kloniranje se također može odnositi na biotehnološke metode kojikoje vještački stvaraju kopije [[organizam]]a ili [[ćelija (biologija)|ćelija]], ili, u molekulskom kloniranju, kopije fragmenata DNK ili drugih molekula. Metod manipulacije genetičkim materijalom u cilju dobijanja genetički istovjetnih jedinki. Jedinke koje imaju istovjetan genetički materijal se nazivaju se klonovima. *[[ekspresija gena|Koaktivator]] Tip regulatora koji povećava ekspresiju jednog ili više gena vezivanjem za aktivator. *[[kodon|Kodiranje]] Također ([[smislenost (genetika)|smisleni lanac]], pozitivni (+) lanac i lanac bez šablona.) Lanac dvolančane molekule DNK čija nukleotidna sekvenca direktno odgovara sekvenci [[RNK]] transkripta proizvedenog tokom transkripcije (osim što su baze [[timin]]a supstituirane [[uracil]]skim bazama u molekuli RNK). Iako sam po sebi nije transkribiran, kodirajući lanac je po konvenciji lanac koji se koristi kada se prikazuje sekvenca DNK zbog direktne analogije između njene sekvence i kodona [[RNK]] proizvoda. Kontrast šablonske niti; vidi i smislenost. *[[kodominantnost|Kodominacija]] Osobena varijacija sudominacije dvajudva alela nad trećim. Manifestira u pojavi dase kad su [[heterozigot]]ne jedinke istovremeno obilježene produktima oba prisutna alela; specifična supstanca koju kodira svaki od njih strukturno je istovjetna u oba moguća [[genotip]]a (primjer [[krvna grupa]] AB). *[[Kodon]] [[Triplet]] u mRNK komplementaran tripletu (kod) u DNK. Serija od tri uzastopna nukleotida u kodirajućoj regiji sekvence nukleinske kiseline. Svaki od ovih tripleta kodira određenu aminokiselinu ili stop signal tokom sinteze proteina. Svaka molekula DNK i [[RNK]] napisana je jezikom nukleotida, koristeći četiri "slova" (četiri različite nukleobaze ), ali jezik koji se koristi za konstruiranje proteina uključuje 20 "slova" (20 različitih aminokiselina). [[Kodon]]i pružaju ključ koji omogućava da se ova dva jezika prevode jedan u drugi. Općenito, svaki kodon odgovara jednoj aminokiselini (ili stop signalu). Potpuni skup kodona naziva se [[genetički kod]]. *[[enzim|Kofaktor]] Bilo koji neproteinski [[organski spoj]] koji je vezan za [[enzim]]. Kofaktori su potrebni za pokretanje [[kataliza]]. *[[Kompenzacija doze]] Regulacijski sistem kojim se jedan X-hromosom kod ženki sisara inaktivira u ranom [[embriogeneza|embrijskom razvoju]] i ostaje inaktivan cijeli život Svaki mehanizam kojim organizmi neutraliziraju veliku razliku u doziranju gena uzrokovanu prisustvom različitog broja [[spolni hromosom|spolnih hromosoma]] kod različitih spolova, čime se izjednačava ekspresija spolno vezanih gena tako da pripadnici svakog spola primaju iste ili slične količine proizvoda takvih gena. Primjer je X-inaktivacija kod ženki sisara. *[[osobina|Kompleksna osobina]] Vidi: [[osobina|Kvantitativno svojstvo]]. *[[Komplementarna DNK]] (cDNK) DNK koja se sintetizira iz jednolančanog šablona [[RNK]] (obično [[iRNK]] ili [[miRNK]] ) u reakciji koju katalizira enzim [[reverzna transkriptaza]]. Proizvodi se i prirodno od strane [[retrovirus]]a i vještački u određenim laboratorijskim tehnikama, posebno molekulskim kloniranjem. U [[bioinformatika|bioinformatici]], termin se također može koristiti za označavanje sekvence transkripta [[iRNK]] izražene kao njegov dvojnik kodirajućeg lanca DNK (tj.[[timin]]om koji zamjenjuje [[uracil]]). *[[Komplementarni gen]]i Geni koji interakcijom daju učinak različit od učinka svakoga gena zasebno. *[[nukleinska kiselina|Komplementarnost]] Svojstvo biopolimernosti [[nukleinske kiseline]], pri čemu će dva [[polimer]]na lanca postavljena antiparalelno jedan prema drugom težiti formiranju parova baza koji se sastoje od [[vodikova veza|vodikovih veza]] između pojedinačnih [[nukleobaza]] koje čine svaki lanac. Pritom se svaki od četiri tipa nukleobaza uparuje isključivo s jednim drugim tipom nukleobaza; npr. u dvolančanoj molekuli DNK, A se pari samo sas T, a C parovi samo sa G. Za polulance koji su upareni na takav način, kao i za same baze, kaže se da su komplementarni. Stepen komplementarnosti između dva lanca snažno utiče na stabilnost dupleksnih molekula; određene sekvence također mogu biti interno komplementarne, što može rezultirati vezivanjem jednog lanca za sebe. Komplementarnost je fundamentalna za mehanizme koji upravljaju [[replikacija DNK|replikacijom DNK]], transkripcijom i [[popravka DNM|popravkom DNK]]. *[[Kondenzacija DNK]] Proces povećavanja stepena spiralizacije i približavanja namotaja dvostruke spirale DNK. *[[novorođenče|Kongenitalnost]] Stanje ili osobina prisutna pri rođenju. Može biti posljedica genetičkih ili negeničkih faktora. [[Fenotip]] ili [[osobina]] koja se češće javlja u određenoj porodici nego u općoj populaciji; porodične osobine mogu imati genetičku i/ili negenetičku [[etiologija|etiologiju]]. *[[bakterijska konjugacija|Konjugacija]] Prijenos DNK iz donora u recipijenta tokom spolnog razmnožavanja; mehanizam [[genetička rekombinacija|rekombinacije]] kod [[bakterija]]. *[[inbriding|Konsangvinitet]] Genetičko srodstvo između jedinki koje su potomci barem jednog zajedničkog pretka. *[[Konsenzusna sekvenca]] U molekulskoj biologiji i [[bioinformatika|bioinformatici]], izračunati redoslijed najčešćih ostataka, bilo nukleotida ili aminokiselina, pronađen na svakom položaju u poravnanju sekvenci. Predstavlja rezultate više [[poravnavanje sekvenci|poravnavanja sekvenci]], u kojima se srodne međusobno uspoređuju i izračunavaju se slični sekvencni sekventni motivi. *[[vrsta|Konspecifičnost]] Pripadnost istoj vrsti. *[[Konstitucijska DNK]] (DNK zametne linije) ]]Odnosi se na tkivo koje potoče iz reproduktivnih ćelija (jajna ćelija|jajne ćelije ili [[spermatozoid]]a) i koje se ugrađujuugrađuje u DNK svake ćelije u tijelu potomka. Mutacija germinativne linije može se prenijeti s roditelja na potomstvo. Naziva se i DNK zametne linije. *[[Konstitutucijska ekspresija]] Kontinuirana transkripcija gena, za razliku od fakultativne ekspresije, u kojoj se gen transkribujetranskribira samo prema potrebi. Gen koji se kontinuirano transkribujetranskribira naziva se konstitutivni gen. *Konsultant Osoba koja se javlja na [[genetičko savjetovanje]]. *[[Kontrastni početni kodon]] (linearnog hromosoma ili fragmenta hromosoma) (linearnog hromosoma ili fragmenta hromosoma) Pozicioniranje centromere blizu, ali ne tačno u sredini hromosoma, što rezultira kracima hromatida neznatno različite dužine. *[[Konverzija DNK]] Bilo koji mehanizam pomoću kojeg se DNK sekvence se razmjenjuju nerecipročno (npr. putem konverzije gena, transpozicije ili nejednakog križanja ) što uzrokuje stalne fluktuacije u broju kopija DNK motiva tokom života organizma. Takvi mehanizmi su često glavni pokretači specijacije među populacijama. *[[Konzervacijska genetika]] Interdisciplinarna grana populacijske genetike koja primjenjuje genetičke metode i koncepte u nastojanju da se razumije dinamika gena u [[populacija]]ma, s glavnim ciljem izbjegavanja izumiranja i očuvanja i obnavljanja biodiverziteta. *[[[Konzervativna replikacija]] Jedna je od trinačinatri načina replikacije DNK. Tokom ovog procesa stvara dvije zavojnice DNK iz jedne izvorne. Od dvije formirane zavojnice, jedna z sadrži potpuno staru DNK, dok druga sadrži potpuno novu DNK. *[[Konzervirana sekvenca]] ]]Sekvenca [[nukleinske kiseline]] ili proteina koji je vrlo sličan ili identičan u mnogim [[vrsta]]ma ili unutar [[genom]]a, što ukazuje na to da je ostao relativno nepromijenjen kroz dugi period evolucije. *[[transkripcijski faktor|Koregulator]] Protein koji djeluje zajedno sas jednim ili više faktora transkripcije, kako bi regulirao [[ekspresija gena|ekspresiju gena]]. *[[ekspresija gena|Korepresor]] Tip koregulatora koji smanjuje (potiskuje) ekspresiju jednog ili više gena vezivanjem i aktiviranjem represora. *[[vezabi geni|Kosegregacija]] Prijenos, zajedno, dva ili više gena na istom hromosomu, kao rezultat toga što su u vrlo bliskoj fizičkoj blizini jedan drugome (tj. povezani). *[[histon|Kovalentne modifikacije histona]] *[[Postranslacijske modifikacije]] koje dovode do aktivacije gena ili pak [[utišavanja gena]]. *[[hromosom|Kratki krak (p)]] Kraći [[hromosom]]ski krak, u odnosu na q krak datog hromosoma, prema položaju centromere. *[[Kratko tandemsko ponavljanje]] (STR) ili jednostavno ponavljanje sekvence (SSR) Tip satelitske DNK koja se sastoji od relativno kratke sekvence tandemskog ponavljanja, u kojoj se određeni motivi (u rasponu dužine od jedne do šest ili više baza) ponavljaju, obično 5–50 puta. [[Mikrosatelit]]i su široko rasprostranjeni u [[genom]]ima većine organizama i imaju tendenciju da imaju veće stope mutacija nego u drugim regijama. Klasifikovani su kao tandemsko ponavljanje DNK promenljivogpromjenljivog broja ([[VNTR]]), zajedno sas dužim minisatelitima. *[[Krosingover]] (krosing over) Vidi: Hromosomsko ukrštanje. *[[inbriding|Krvno srodstvo]] Genetički blisko srodne osobe koje dijele nedavnog zajedničkog pretka (obično udaljenog ne više od tri ili četiri generacije). Efekt srodnog parenja, takođetakođer poznatog kao inbriding, jest povećanje vjerovatnoće da će potomstvo biti [[homozigot]]no na bilo kom datom paru [[gemski lokus|genskih lokusa]]. *[[Kvantitativna genetika]] Grana [[populacijska genetika|populacijske genetike]] koja proučava [[fenotip]]ove koji kontinuirano variraju (kao što su [[visina]] ili [[masa]]), za razliku od onih koji spadaju u kategorije koje se mogu diskretno identifikovati (kao što je [[boja očiju]] ili prisustvo ili odsustvo određene osobine). [[Kvantitativna genetika]] koristi statističke metode i koncepte za povezivanje kontinuirano distribuiranih fenotipskih vrijednosti sa specifičnim [[genotip]]ovima i genskim proizvodima. *[[Kvantitativni PCR]] [[PCR]] u realnom vremenu ili kvantitativna polimerazna lančana reakcija (engengl. ''Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction''),, skraćeno RTPCR, je) laboratorijska je tehnika u molekulskoj biologiji koja je bazirana na polimeraznoj lančanoj reakciji (PCR). Primjenjuje se za umnožavanje i simultanu detekciju ili kvantifikaciju ciljane molekule DNK. Postupak slijedi opći princip polimerazne lančane reakcije, a ključno obilježje je karakteristika je da se umnožena DNK otkriva kako reakcija napreduje, u "“realnom vremenu". Ovo je novi pristup u odnosu na standardnu [[PCR]], gdje se detektira proizvod reakcije na svom kraju. *[[osobina|Kvantitativno svojstvo]] Također: Složena osobina.<ref name="hadzirifat"/> ==L== *[[Lac-operon|''Lac''-operon]] Inducibilni sistem regulacije gena kod Escherichia coli. *[[PCR|Polimerazns lančana reakcija]] (PCR) Postupak koji proizvodi milione kopija kratkog segmenta DNK kroz ponovljene cikluse: (1) denaturacije, (2) anelinga i (3) elongacije. Lančana reakcija polimerazom je vrlo čest postupak u molekulskogenetičkom testiranju i može se koristiti za generiranje dovoljne količine DNK za izvođenje testa (npr. amplifikacija specifična za alele, kvantifikacija ponavljanja trinukleotida). Naziva se i PCR. *[[Lateralni transfer gena]] (LGT) Vidi: Horizontalni prijenos gena. *[[lažna pozitivnost i lažna negativnost|Lažno pozitivni rezultat]] Rezultat testa koji pokazuje da je ispitanik zahvaćen i/ili ima određenu mutaciju gena kada on ili ona zapravo nije zahvaćen i/ili nema mutaciju; tj. pozitivan rezultat testa kod stvarno nepogođene osobe ili osobe s negativnom mutacijom. *[[LD *[[LD (neravnoteža povezivanja]]) Mjesto gdje se aleli (DNK markeri) pojavljuju zajedno češće nego što se to može slučajno objasniti zbog njihove fizičke blizine na hromosomu. Naziva se i neravnoteža povezivanja. *[[Leptoten]] Potfaza profaze mejoze I. U mejozi, prviprva od pet podfazapotfaza profaze I, nakon interfaze i prethode zigonemu, tokom kojeg se replicirani hromosomi kondenzuju iz difuznog hromatina u duge, tanke niti koje su mnogo vidljivije unutar jedra. *[[Letalna ekvivalentna vrijednost]] Prosječan broj recesivnih štetnih gena koji postoje u heterozigotnom stanju koje nosi član populacije diploidnih organizama, pomnožen prosječnom vjerovatnoćom da će svaki takav gen uzrokovati preranu smrtnost kada je homosigotan. Naprimjer, za organizam koji nosi osam recesivnih semiletalnih alela, od kojih svaki proizvodi samo 50% vjerovatnoće prerane smrti kada je homozigotan, kaže se da nosi genetički teret od četiri "smrtonosna ekvivalenta". *[[Letalna mutacija]] Svaka mutacija koja rezultira preranom smrću organizma koji je nosi. Recesivne letalne mutacije su fatalne samo za homosigote, dok su dominantne letalne mutacije fatalne čak i za heterozigote. *[[Ligaza]] Klasa [[enzim]]a koji kataliziraju spajanje velikih molekula kao što su [[nukleinske kiseline]], formiranjem jedne ili više [[hemijska veza|hemijskih veza]] između njih, tipski C–C, C–O, C–S ili C–N veza putem kondenzacijskih reakcija. Primjer je DNK-ligaza, koja katalizira stvaranje [[fosfodiesterska veza|fosfodiestarskih veza]] između susjednih [[nukleotid]]a na jednom ili oba lanca molekule DNK, reakcija poznata kao [[ligacija]]. *[[Lijonizacija]] Vidi: X-inaktivacija. *[[Lizogeni ciklus]] Ciklus bakterijskih virusa koji nakon infekcije izazivaju lizu (razgradnju) [[bakterije]]. Ima bakterijski virus sa ugrađenom [[fag]]nom (virusnom) DNK u genom bakterije *[[LOD-rezultat]] (Logaritamlogaritam kvotnih rezultata) Statistička procjena jesu li dva genetićkagenetička lokusa fizički dovoljno blizu jedan drugome (ili “povezana") na određenom [[hromosom]]u da se mogu zajedno naslijediti. Za LOD rezultat od 3 ili više općenito se podrazumijeva da znači da su dva gena smještena blizu jedan drugome na hromosomu. LOD rezultat od 3 znači da su izgledi 1000:1 da su dva gena povezana i stoga naslijeđena zajedno. Također se naziva LOD skor. *[[LOH]] Gubitak [[heterozigot]]nosti Ako postoji jedan normalan i jedan abnormalni alel na određenom lokusu, kao što se može vidjeti kod naslijeđenog autosomno dominantnog poremećaja osjetljivosti na rak, gubitak normalnog alela proizvodi lokus bez normalne funkcije. Kada gubitak heterozigotnosti uključuje normalni alel, stvara se ćelija koja će vjerovatnije pokazati maligni rast ako je promijenjeni gen tumor supresorski gen. Naziva se i gubitkom heterozigotnosti. *[[genski lokus|Lokus]] Fizičko mjesto ili mjesto specifičnog [[gen]]]a na hromosomu. *[[Lyonska teorija]] Teorija genetičarke Mary Lyon prema kojoj je inaktivacija hromosoma X kod ženki sisara slučajna i nasumična. ==M== *[[MAGE]] Grupa koja ima za cilj da obezbediobezbijedi standard za reprezentaciju [[DNK-mikromreža]] ; podaci o ekspresiji gena koji bi olakšali razmjenu informacija mikromreža između različitih sistema podataka. *[[Mikrohromosom]] *[[Majčinski efekt]] Učinak produkata majčinih gena na [[fenotip]] potomka. *[[Majčinsko nasljeđivanje]] Vidi: [[Citoplazmatskog nasljeđivanje]], nasljeđivanje DNK-organela jajnom ćelijom. *[[Mala jedarna ribonukleinska kiselina]] ([[miRNK]]/snRNK) Općenito poznata kao U-RNK, je klasa malih molekula RNK koje se nalaze u okviru srastanja krajeva [[egzon]]skih tijela [[prerada RNK|prerade RNK]] u jedrima [[eukariot]]skih ćelija. Prosječna dužina [[miRNK]] je oko 150 [[nukleotid]]a. *[[Mapiranje gena]] Bilo koja od različitih metoda koje se koriste za preciznu identifikaciju lokacije određenog gena unutar molekule DNK (kao što je hromosom) i/ili fizičke udaljenosti ili udaljenosti između njega i drugih gena. *[[Mapna jedinica]] (mu) Vidi: [[Centimorgan]] *[[Masivno paralelno sekvenciranje]] (sekvenciranje sljedeće generacije, NGS) Metod visoke propusnosti koja se koristi za određivanje dijela nukleotidne sekvence genoma pojedinca. Ova tehnika koristi tehnologije sekvenciranja DNK koje mogu paralelno obraditi više sekvenci DNK. Također se naziva sekvenciranje sljedeće generacije i NGS. *[[Matična ćelija]] Svaka biološka ćelija koja se još nije diferencirala u specijalizirani tip ćelija i koja se može podijeliti mitozom, kako bi proizvela više matičnih ćelija. *[[Medicinska genetika]] Grana medicine i [[nedicina|medicinske nauke]] koja uključuje proučavanje, dijagnozu i liječenje nasljednih poremećaja, i te širu primjenu znanja o ljudskoj genetici na medicinsku obradu. *[[Međugenski razmak]] (IGS) ili netranskribirani razmak (NTS).) Bilo koja sekvenca ili regija nekodirajuće DNK koja razdvaja susjedne gene, bilo da su transkribovanitranskribirani ili ne. Termin se posebno koristi za označavanje nekodirajućih regija između mnogih ponovljenih kopija gena ribosomske RNK.Viditakođer: Međugenska Vidi također: međugenska regija. *[[Mejoza]] Specijalizirana [[ćelijska dioba]] koja se javlja isključivo u seksualnom razmnožavanju eukariota, tokom kojeg replikaciju DNK prate dva uzastopna kruga diobe, kako bi se na kraju proizvele četiri genetički jedinstvene haploidne kćeri ćelije, svaka sa upola manjim brojem hromosoma od originalne diploidne roditeljske ćelije. Javlja se samo u ćelijama spolnih oragana i služi za stvaranje haploidnih [[gamet]]a, kao što su [[spermatozoid]]i, [[jajne ćelije]] ili [[spore]], koje se kasnije spajaju tokom [[oplodnja|oplodnje]]. Dvije mejotske podjele, poznate kao [[mejoza]] I i mejoza II, također mogu uključivati različite događaje genetičke rekombinacije između [[homologni hromosom|homolognih hromosoma]]. *[[Mendelovsko nasljeđivanje]] Teorija biološkog nasljeđivanja zasnovana na skupu principa koje je prvobitno predložio [[Gregor Mendel]] 1865. i 1866. Izveo je tri generalizirana zakona o genetičkoj osnovi nasljeđivanja koji se, zajedno s nekoliko teorija koje su razvili kasniji naučnici, smatraju temeljem [[klasična genetika|klasične genetike]]. Kontrast je nemendelovsko nasljeđivanje. *[[Merozigot]] ili parcijalni [[diploid]] Bakterija koja ima duplicirane dijelove [[genom]]a. *[[Metafaza]] Faza [[mitoza|mitoze]] i [[mejoza|mejoze]] koja nakon prometafaze i prije anafaze, tokom koje se centromere repliciranih hromosoma poravnavaju duž ekvatora ćelije, pri čemu je svaki kinetohor pričvršćen za mitotsko (diobeno) vreteno. *[[Metilacija DNK]] [[epigenetika|Epigenetička]] modifikacija DNK koja nastaje [[metiliranje]]m [[citozin]]a u CpG dinukleotidima, inhibira [[transkripcija gena|transkripciju gena]] . *[[Mikroevolucija]] Promjena frekvencije alela ili genotipova u populaciji, odnosno promjena genetičke strukture populacije tokom velikog broja generacija. *[[Mikrohromosom]] Tip vrlo malog hromosoma, obično veličine manje od 20.000 parova baza, prisutan u kariotipovima nekih organizama. *[[Mikromreža]] (MIAME) Komercijalni standard koji je razvio FGED i zasnovan na MAGE – kako bi se olakšalo skladištenje i dijeljenje podataka o ekspresiji gena. *[[MikroRNK]] (miRNK) Tip malih, jednolančanih, nekodirajućih molekula [[RNK]], koje funkcioniraju u posttranskripcijskim regulacijama ekspresije gena, posebno utišavanja RNK, uparivanje baza sas komplementarnim sekvencama u iRNK transkriptima, što obično rezultira cijepanjem ili destabilizacijom transkripta ili inhibira njegovu translaciju u ribosomima. *[[Mikrosatelit[[ Ponavljajući segmenti DNK razasuti po [[genom]]u u nekodirajućim regijama između gena ili unutar gena (introni). Često se koriste kao markeri za analizu povezanosti zbog njihove prirodne velike varijabilnosti u broju ponavljanja među jedinkama. Ove regije su inherentno genetički nestabilne i podložne mutacijama. *[[Mikrosatelitska nestabilnost]] (MSI) Karakteristika ćelija koje sadrže abnormalnosti u popravku nepodudarnosti DNK. Prisustvo nestabilnosti mikrosatelita može biti marker patogene varijante zametne linije u jednom od gena za popravak neusklađenosti DNK, kao u slučaju Lynchovog sindroma. Mikrosatelitska nestabilnost također se može pojaviti sporadično. Naziva se i MSI. *[[MINSEQE]] Komercijalni standard koji je razvio FGED za skladištenje i dijeljenje visokopropusnih sekvenciranje podataka. *[[Misens mutacija]] (varijanta) GenetićkaGenetička promjena u kojoj supstitucija jednog para baza mijenja genetikkigenetički kod tako da proizvodi aminokiselinu koja se razlikuje od uobičajene aminokiseline na datom položaju. Neke misens varijante (ili mutacije) promijenit će promijeniti funkciju proteina. Također se naziva misens varijanta. *[[Mitohondrijska DNK]] (mDNK) Zasebne molekule u genomu viših organizama, onih čije ćelije imaju organele. Prema teoriji endosimbioze, mitohondrije i hloroplasti su nastali od endosimbiontskihendosimbiotskih cijanobakterija. DNK koja se nalazi u ovim organelama ima više sličnosti sas bakterijskom DNK – cirkularna je, a geni su kontinuirani (nema introna). Međutim, i na ovoj DNK se nekada mogu dogoditi mutacije koje izazivaju ozbiljne poremećaje metabolizma. Nasljeđuje se mitohondrijsku DNK od majke, jer spermatozioidispermatozoidi pri oplodnji svoje mitohondrije, a time i mDNK, ostavljaju u repu, koji ne ulazi u jajnu ćeliju. *[[Mjera udaljenosti]] Bilo koja količina koja se koristi za mjerenje razlika između nivoa ekspresije gena različitih gena. *[[MLPA]] Laboratorijski metod kojiMLPA (pojačanje sonde zavisno od multipleksne ligacije) Laboratorijska metoda koja se obično koristi za otkrivanje neuobičajenih promjena broja kopija (insercijaainsercija ili delecija) [[genom]]skih sekvenci. Također se naziva pojačanje sonde ovisno o multipleksnoj ligaciji. *[[Molekulsko kloniranje]] Ugradnja stranog gena u [[genom]] prokariotske ili eukariotske ćelije uz pomoć vektora. *[[Monohibrid]] Heterozigotni organizam za jedan gen koji kodira svojstvo koje određuju dva alela. *[[Monohibridno ukrštanje]] Križanje dva heterozigota za jedan gen; samooplodnja mendelovske F1 generacije (Aa x Aa). *[[Monoploidi]] Haploidni organizmi s jednim setovasetom hromosoma. *[[Monosomija]] Tip aneuploidije, manjak jednog hromosoma, 2n-1. *[[Mozaicizam]] Pojava dvije ili više ćelijskih linija s različitim genetičkim ili hromosomskim sastavom unutar jedne jedinke ili tkiva. *[[MSI]] *MSI (mikrosatelitska nestabilnost) Karakteristika ćelija koje sadrže abnormalnost u popravku nepodudarnosti DNK. Prisustvo MSI može biti marker patogene varijante zametne linije u jednom od gena za popravak nepodudarnosti DNK, kao u slučaju Lynchovog sindroma. MSI se također može pojaviti sporadično. Naziva se mikrosatelitska nestabilnost. *[[Multigenski test]] (multipanelski multigenski test, test više gena, višegenski test) Genetički testovi koji koriste sekvenciranje sljedeće generacije za testiranje više gena istovremeno. Naziva se još i test više gena i višegenski test. Multipleks pojačanje sonde ovisno o ligacijizavisno od ligacije (MLPA) Laboratorijski metod kojiLaboratorijska metoda koja se obično koristi za otkrivanje neuobičajenih promjena broja kopija (insercija ili delecija) [[genom]]skih sekvenci. Naziva se i MLPA. *[[Multipleksno genomsko testiranje]] Metod za otkrivanje višestrukih genetičkih promjena (tj. mutacija gena ili jednonukleotidnih polimorfizama u jednom genu ili u cijelom [[genom]]u) istovremeno. *[[Multiplikacija gena]] (amplifikacija gena) Također i amplifikacija gena. Tip mutacije definiran kao bilo koja duplikacija regije DNK koja sadrži gen. UporediteUsporedite hromosomsku duplikaciju. *[[Mutacija]] Strukturna promjena u genetičkom materijalu. Može to biti promjena u samo jednom "slovu" genetičkog koda, a i promjena jednog većeg dijela genetičkog koda. Također, mutacije mogu biti [[genska mutacija|genske]], [[hromosomska mutacija|hromosomske]] i [[genomska mutacija|genomske]]. Obično su štetne, ali mogu imati velik evolucijski značaj kada ih prirodna selekcija favorizira. Pojam varijanta se ponekad koristi kao sinonim za mutaciju. Mutacija de novo (de novo mutacija, de novo varijanta, nova varijanta) Genetička promjena po prvi put u jednom članu porodice, kao rezultat varijante (ili mutacije) u zametnoj ćeliji (jajnoj ćeliji ili spermatozoidu) jednog od roditelja ili varijante koja nastaje u samom oplođenom jajetu tokom rane embriogeneze. Naziva se i de novo mutacija, de novo varijanta i nova varijanta. *[[Mutacija osnivača]] Genetička promjena uočena s velikom učestalošću u skupini koja je ili je bila geografski ili kulturno izolirana, u kojoj je jedan ili više predaka bio nositelj promijenjenog gena. Taj se fenomen često naziva učinkom osnivača. Naziva se i (varijanta osnivača.) Genetička promjena uočena s velikom učestalošću u skupini koja je ili je bila geografski ili kulturno izolirana, u kojoj je jedan ili više predaka bio nositelj promijenjenog gena. Taj se fenomen često naziva učinkom osnivača. *[[Mutacija pomaka okvira]] Umetanje (insercija) ili brisanje (delecija) koje uključuje broj parova baza koji nije višekratnik od tri, što posljedično remeti okvir čitanja tripleta DNK sekvence. Takve varijante (ili mutacije) obično dovode do stvaranja kodona prijevremenog završetka (zaustave) i rezultiraju skraćenim (kraćim od normalnog) proteinskim produktom. Naziva se i varijanta pomaka okvira. Zbog tripletne prirode po kojoj nukleotidi kodiraju aminokiseline, mutacija ovog tipa uzrokuje pomak u okviru čitanja nukleotidne sekvence, što rezultira time da je sekvenca kodona nizvodno od mjesta mutacije potpuno drugačija od originala. *[[Mutacija zametne linije]] (klicina varijanta) Promjena gena u reproduktivnoj ćeliji (jajnoj ćeliji ili spermatozoidu) koja se ugrađuje u DNK svake ćelije u tijelu potomka. Varijanta (ili mutacija) sadržana u germinalnoj liniji može se prenijeti s roditelja na potomstvo i stoga je nasljedna. Naziva se i klicina varijanta. *[[Mutagen]] Tvar iz okoliša (hemijska, fizička ili biološka) koja izaziva mutaciju. ==N== *[[nasljeđivanje|Način nasljeđivanja]] Način na koji se nasslljednanasljedna osobina, poremećaj ili rizik od poremećaja prenosi s jedne generacije na drugu. Postoje različiti načini nasljeđivanja, a svaki može rezultirati karakterističnim obrascem pogođenih, nezahvaćenih ili rizičnih pojedinaca unutar porodice. Primjeri su autosomno dominantno, autosomno recesivno, X-vezano dominantno, X-vezano recesivno i multifaktorsko (poligensko) nasljeđivanje. [[Naddominacija]] – selekcijska prednost Fenomen da heterozigotni genotip ima bolji reproduktivni uspjeh od homozigotnog. *[[interakcija gena|Naddominantnost]] Odnos između alela gena u kojem jedan alel proizvodi učinak na fenotip koji je nadjačan ili "maskiran" doprinosom drugog alela na istom lokusu; za prvi alel i njegova povezana fenotipska osobinanjegove povezane fenotipske osobine se kaže da su recesivni, a za drugi i njegova povezana osobinanjegove povezane osobine se kaže da su dominantni. Često recesivni aleli kodiraju neefikasne ili nefunkcijskalnenefunkcionalne proteine. Kao i dominacija, recesivnost nije inherentno svojstvo nijednog alela ili fenotipa, već jednostavno opisuje njegov odnos s jednim ili više drugih alela ili fenotipova. U genetičkoj stenografiji, recesivni aleli su često predstavljeni malim slovom (npr., za razliku od dominantnog A). *[[Nasljedna predispozicija]] (genetička predispozicija, genetička osjetljivost, nasljedna podložnost) Povećana šansa ili vjerovatnoća razvoja određene bolesti na temelju prisustva jedne ili više genetičkih varijanti i/ili porodične anamneze koja ukazuje na povećan rizik od bolesti. Nasljedna predispozicija ne znači da će pojedinac razviti bolest. Način života i okolišni faktori također mogu utjecatiuticati na rizik od bolesti osobe. *[[Nasljeđivanje]] Također se označava i kao genetička predispozicija, genetička osjetljivost i nasljedna podložnost. Proces međugeneracijskog prenošenja genetičkih uputa za sintezu gradivnih ili kontrolnih ([[enzim]]skih) proteina. *[[genetičko testiranje|Neaficirana osoba]] U genetici, opisuje osobu koja nema određenu fenotipsku osobinu ili bolest. *[[genetičko savjetovanje|Negativna prediktivna vrijednost]] (NPV) [[Vjerovatnoća]] da pojedinac s negativnim rezultatom testa uistinu nije pogođen i/ili da nema određenu gensku mutaciju o kojoj je riječ. Naziva se i NPV. *[[genetičko savjetovanje|Neinformativni rezultat]] (neuvjerljivi rezultat i neodređen rezultat) Negativan rezultat testa kod osobe kod koje nije jasno nije pronađena štetna mutacija ni u jednom članu porodice. Genetički rizični status takve osobe mora se tumačiti u kontekstu njegove ili njezine osobnelične i porodične povijesti. Također se naziva neuvjerljivi rezultat i neodređen rezultat. *[[Neklasificirana varijanta]] (varijanta nesigurnog značaja, varijanta nepoznatog značaja) Varijacija u genetičkoj sekvenci za koju je nejasna povezanost s rizikom od bolesti. Također se n aziva varijanta nesigurnog značaja, varijanta nepoznatog značaja. *[[nositelj (genetika)|Nenositelj]] Osoba koja ne nosi mutaciju prethodno identificiranu u njenoj ili njezinoj porodici. *[[genetičko testiranje|Neodređeni rezultat]] (neuvjerljivi rezultat, neinformativni rezultat) Negativan rezultat testa kod nekoga bez jasno uočene štetne mutacije ni u jednom članu porodice. Genetički rizični status takve osobe mora se tumačiti u kontekstu njegove ili njezine osobnelične i porodične povijesti. Također se naziva neuvjerljivi rezultat i neinformativni rezultat. *[[genska mutacija|Neomorf]] Mutirani alel sas novom ekspresijom u odnosu na iskodišniishodišni (divlji tip). *[[intermedijarnost|Nepotpuna dominantnost]] Slučaj interakcije alelnih gena kada dva alela heterozigotnog genotipa daju novi fenotip. Nepotpuna (smanjena) penetrabilnost Penetrabilnost se odnosi na vjerovatnoću da će se kliničko stanje pojaviti kada je prisutan određeni genotip. Stanje ima nepotpunu penetraciju kada neki nositelji patogene varijante izražavaju povezano svojstvo, dok drugi ne. Također se naziva smanjena penetrabilnost. *[[Neprobojnost]] Primjer u kojem osoba ima genetičku varijantu povezanu s osobinom ili koja uzrokuje bolest, ali nema fenotip ili stanje. Primjer nepenetracije je žena s [[patogen]]om varijantom BRCA1 koja doživi starost i nikad ne dobije rak dojke ili jajnikaNerazdvajanje jajnika *[[Nerazdvajanje]] (engl. nondisjunction) Nerazdvajanje homolognih hromosoma u anafazi I ili sestrinskih hromatida u anafazi II mejoze i sestrinskih hromatida u anafazi mitoze. *[[Nerastvorljiva RNK]] (sRNK).) Posebna klasa molekula RNK, tipski dužine 76 do 90 nukleotida, koja služi kao fizički adapter, omogućavajući transkriptima [[iRNK]] da se prevedu u sekvence aminokiselina tokom sinteze proteina. Svaka [[tRNK]] sadrži specifičan [[antikodon]]ski triplet koji odgovara]] aminokiselini koja je [[kovačentna veza|kovalentno vezana za suprotni kraj [[tRNK]]. Kako translacija napreduje, tRNK se regrutuju u ribosom, gdje je svaki kodon iRNK uparen sas tRNK koja sadrži komplementarni antikodon. U zavisnosti od organizma, ćelije mogu koristiti čak 41 različitu tRNK sas jedinstvenim antikodonima. Zbog degeneracije kodona unutar genetičkog koda, nekoliko [[tRNK]] koje sadrže različite antikodone nose istu aminokiselinu. *[[genetičko testiranje|Neuvjerljivi rezluau]] (neodređeni, neinformativni) rezultat Negativan rezultat testa osoba kod kojih nije jasno utvrđena štetna mutacija ni u jednom članu porodice. Genetički rizični status takve osobe mora se tumačiti u kontekstu njegove ili njezine osobnelične i porodične povijesti. Također se naziva neodređeni rezultat i neinformativni rezultat. *[[NGS]] *[[Nizvodnost (genetika)]] Prema ili bliže 3'- kraju lanca nukleotida, ili C-kraju peptidnog lanca. Kontrast uzvodnoje uzvodnost. *[[Nonsens mutacija]] Besmislena) mutacija (varijanta) Genetička promjena koja uzrokuje prijevremeni završetak sinteze proteina. Promijenjeni protein može biti djelimično ili potpuno inaktiviran, što dovodi do promjene ili gubitka njegove funkcije. Također se naziva besmislena mutacija. Metod (masivno paralelno sekvenciranje, sekvenciranje sljedeće generacije) Metoda visoke propusnosti kojikoja se koristi za određivanje dijela nukleotidne sekvence. Ova tehnika koristi tehnologije sekvenciranja DNK koje mogu paralelno obraditi više sekvenci DNK. Također se naziva masivno paralelno sekvenciranje i sekvenciranje sljedeće generacije. *[[Nokautiranje gena]] i [[nokaut miš]] Tehnika [[genetičko inženjerstvo|genetičkog inženjerstva]] u kojoj je organizam modificiran da nosi gene koji su postali neoperativni (“nokautirani“), tako da je njihova ekspresija poremećena u nekoj fazi na putu koji proizvodi njihove genske proizvode i organizam je lišen svog normalnog efekta. *[[nositelj (genetika)|Nositelj]] Jedinka koja je naslijedila recesivnu recesivni alel za genetičku osobinu ili mutaciju, ali kod koje ta osobina obično nije izražena ili vidljiva u fenotipu. Obično su takvi heterozigotni za recesivni alel i stoga još uvijek mogu prenijeti alel na svoje potomstvo, gdje se povezani fenotip može ponovo pojaviti ako potomstvo naslijedi drugu kopiju alela. Termin se obično koristi u medicinskoj genetici u kontekstu recesivnog alela koji uzrokuje bolest. *[[Nesinonimna supstitucija]] ili zamjenska mutacija Tip mutacije u kojoj supstitucija jedne nukleotidne baze drugom, nakon transkripcije i translacije, rezultira u sekvenci aminokiselina koja se razlikuje od one koju proizvodi originalni nemutirani gen. Budući da nesinonimne mutacije uvijek rezultiraju biološkom promjenom u organizmu, često su podložne jakom selekcijskom pritisku. Kontrastna je sinonimna mutacija. *[[frekvencija alela|Nosiva frekvencija]] (stopa nositelja) Udio jedinki u populaciji koje imaju jednu kopiju specifične recesivne genske varijante. Učestalost nositelja također se ponekad odnosi na prevalenciju varijanti u dominantno djelujućim genima, kao što su [[BRCA1]] i BRCA2. *[[Nova mutacija]] (varijanta) Novootkrivena, izrazita genetička promjena; nije isto što i nova ili de novo varijanta (ili mutacija). *[[NPV]] (negativna prediktivna vrijednost) [[Vjerovatnoća]] da osoba s negativnim rezultatom testa uistinu nije pogođena i/ili da nema određenu gensku mutaciju o kojoj je riječ. *[[Nukleinska kiselina]] Dugačka, polimerna makromolekula sastavljena od manjih monomera zvanih nukleotidi koji su hemijski povezani jedan s drugim u lancu. Dva specifična tipa nukleinske kiseline, DNK i [[RNK]], koriste se u biološkim sistemima za kodiranje genetičkih informacija koje upravljaju konstrukcijom, razvojem i uobičajenim procesima svih živih organizama. Redoslijed ili sekvenca nukleotida u molekulama DNK i [[RNK]] sadrži informacije koje se prevode u proteine za usmjeravanje svih biohemijskih reakcija neophodnih za život. Složene, dugolančane makromolekule, koje se nalaze u svim živim bićima, odgovorne su za pohranjivanje i realizaciju genetičkog koda za biosintezu proteina i prenošenje instrukcija o sintezi proteina s roditelja na potomke. *[[Nukleobaza]] Organska molekula koja se sastoji isključivo od dušične baze vezane za šećer od pet ugljika (bilo ribozu ili dezoksiribozu), za razliku od nukleotida, koji dodatno uključuje jednu ili više fosfatnih grupa. *[[Nukleoid]] Slična jedru, nepravilno oblikovana regija unutar prokariotske ćelije koja sadrži cijeli ili većinu genetičkog materijala. Za razliku od eukariotskog jedra, nije okružen jedarnom membranom. Prstenasta dvolančana molekula DNK prokariota pakirana s proteinima nalik histonima. *[[Nukleosom]] Osnovna gradivna jedinica hromatina, tj. dvolančana DNK omotana oko histonskog oktamera. *[[Nukleotid]] Gradivni element (jedinica) nukleinskih kiselina. Nukleotidi se u DNK sastoje od šećera dezoksiriboze, fosforne kiseline i neke od četiri dušične baze ([[adenin]], [[timin]], [[guanin]] ili citozin). Nukleotidi ribonukleinske kiseline sastoje se od šećera riboze, fosforne kiseline i jedne od četiri moguće dušične baze: [[adenin]], [[uracil]], [[guanin]] ili citozin (u odnosu na DNK – [[uracil]] je umjesto [[timin]]a). *[[Nukleotidna sekvenca]] Precizan redoslijed uzastopno povezanih nukleotida u molekuli nukleinske kiseline, kao što je DNK ili RNK. Duge sekvence nukleotida su glavno sredstvo pomoću kojeg biološki sistemi pohranjuju genetičke informacije i stoga je tačna replikacija, transkripcija i translacija takvih sekvenci od najveće važnosti da se informacije ne izgube ili pokvare. Sekvence nukleinskih kiselina mogu se ekvivalentno nazvati sekvencama dušičnih baza, nukleobaza, nukleotida ili baznih parova, i one direktno odgovaraju sekvencama kodona i aminokiselina. *[[Nukleozid]] U nukleinskim kiselinama, šećer i baza. *[[alel|Nulti alel]] Mutacija koja rezultira ili nedostatkom genskog produkta ili odsutnošću funkcije na [[fenotip]]skoj razini. *[[Nutrigenomika]] Proučavanje interakcije prehrambenih i genetičkih faktora i njen učinak na metabolizam, zdravstveno stanje i rizik od bolesti. *[[NVC]] (varijanta broja kopije) Odnosi se na genetičko svojstvo koje uključuje broj kopija određenog gena u [[genom]]u pojedinca. Genetičke varijante, uključujući insercije, delecije i duplikacije segmenata DNK, također se zajednički nazivaju CNV. CNV čine značajan udio međuindividualne genetičke varijacije.<ref name="hadzirifat"/> ==O== *[[Obrnuta genetika]] Metoda koja se koristi za razumijevanje funkcija gena analizom fenotipskih učinaka uzrokovanih inženjerstvom specifično sekvence nukleinskih kiselina unutar gena. Proces se odvija u suprotnom smjeru od klasične genetike. Dok unaprijedna [[genetika]] nastoji pronaći genetičku osnovu za fenotip ili osobinu, reverzna genetika pokušava pronaći ono što fenotipove kontrolira kao određene genetičke sekvence. *[[mutacija|Oker]] Jedan od tri stop kodona koja se koriste u standardnom genetičkom kodu; u [[RNK]], određen je nukleotidnim tripletom UAA. Druga dva stop kodona zovu se amber i opal. *[[Oligonukleotid]] Relativno kratki lanac aminokiselinskih ostataka nukleinske kiseline. [Oligonukleotidi se često koriste za otkrivanje prisustva većih [[iRNK molekula ili se sklapaju u dvodimenzijske mikronizove za analizu sekvenci visoke propusnosti. *[[Omnibus genske ekspresije]] (GEO) Baza podataka za ekspresiju gena kojom upravlja američki Nacionalni centar za biotehnološke informacije. Ovi visokopropusni funkcionalni [[genom]]ski podaci izvedeni su iz eksperimentalnih podataka iz čipova i sekvenciranja sljedeće generacije. *[[Onkogen]] Gen koji ima potencijal da izazove rak. U tumorskim ćelijama, takvi geni su često mutirani i/ili eksprimirani na abnormalno visokim nivoima. *[[Operator (genetika)]] Sekvenca DNK operona na koju se veže represorski protein. *[[Operon]] Više gena pod zajedničkom transkripcijskom kontrolom istog promotora i operatora. *[[Otvoreni okvir čitanja|ORF]] Dio orvorenog okvira čitanja koji ima sposobnost da se prevede iz DNK ili [[RNK]] u protein; bilo koji kontinuirani dio kodona koji sadrži početni i stop kodon. *[[ORI]] Jedan od skupa gena (ili, općenito, bilo koje sekvence DNK koja pokazuje homologiju) u različitim [[genom]]ima, direktno povezanih jedan s drugim vertikalnim spuštanjem od jednog gena ili sekvence u posljednjem zajedničkom pretku tih [[genom]]a. Za takve gene ili sekvence se kaže da su ortologni. Ortolozi potiču iz iste predačke sekvence i može se zaključiti da su povezani jedni s drugima na osnovu sličnosti njihovih sekvenci. Iako su možda evoluirali nezavisno unutar odvojenih [[genom]]a mutacijom i prirodnom selekcijom, njihovi proizvodi mogu i dalje zadržati slične strukture, funkcije ili nivoe ekspresije među vrstama i populacijama. Identifikacija ortologa se pokazala važnom u zaključivanju o filogenetskim odnosima između različitih organizama. Kontrastni paralog. *[[ekspresija gena|Osnovna linija]] Mjera nivoa ekspresije jednog ili više gena prije perturbacije u eksperimentu, kao u negativnoj kontroli. Osnovna ekspresija se također može odnositi na očekivanu ili historijsku mjeru ekspresije za [[gen]]. *[[Osobina]], [[svojstvo]], značajka, karakter(istika) Individue i grupe međusobno se biološki razlikuju po praktično beskonačnom nizu manje ili više uočljivih elemenata njihovog opisa, za koje se u bosanskom jeziku najčešće upotrebljavaju termini: osobina, svojstvo, odlika, značajka, obilježje, oznaka, karakter, karakteristika i dr. Svaka od tih komponenti opisa je, znači, opažajne prirode, tj. odabrani dio viđenja ili mjerenja stvarnog stanja organizma ili grupe.<ref name="hadzirifat"/> ==P== *[[Palindrom]](i) Obrnuto ponavljajuće sekvence [[DNK]] *[[Palindromska sekvenca]] Sekvenca nukleinske kiseline dvolančane molekule DNK ili RNK u kojoj se jednosmjerna sekvenca (npr. 5' do 3') nukleotida na jednom lancu poklapa sa sekvencom u istom smjeru (npr. 5' do 3') na komplementarnom lancu. Drugim riječima, za nukleotidnu sekvencu se kaže da je palindromska ako je jednaka njenom obrnutom komplementu. Palindromski motivi su uobičajeni u većini [[genom]]a i sposobni su za formiranje ukosnica. *[[Panmiksija]] – slučajno parenje Pojava da svaki član populacije ima jednaku šansu pariti se s bilo kojim drugim članom populacije suprotnoga spola. *[[Paracentrična inverzija]] Inverzija koja ne uključuje [[centromera|centromeru]]. *[[Paradoks C-vrijednosti]] Termin koji se koristi za opisivanje različitih pitanja u vezi s ogromnim varijacijama u jedarnoj [[C-vrijednost]]i ili veličini [[[[genom]]]]a među [[eukariot]]skim [[vrsta]]ma, posebno zapažanje da veličina [[genom]]a nije u korelaciji s percipiranom složenošću organizama, niti nužno s brojem gena. Naprimjer, mnogi jednoćelijski protisti imaju [[genom]]e koji sadrže hiljade puta više DNK od ljudskog genoma. Ovo se smatralo paradoksalnim sve do otkrića da se eukariotski [[genom]]i uglavnom sastoje od nekodirajuće DNK, kojoj u potpunosti nedostaju geni. Fokus enigme se od tada pomjerio na razumijevanje zašto i kako su [[genom]]i postali ispunjeni s toliko nekodirajuće DNK i zašto neki [[genom]]i imaju veći sadržaj gena od drugih. *[[Paralog]] Jedan od skupa gena (ili, općenitije, bilo koje DNK sekvence koje pokazuju homologiju), koji su direktno povezani jedni s drugima putem jednog ili više događaja genetičke duplikacije; za takve gene ili sekvence kaže se da su paralogni. Paralozi su rezultat umnožavanja jedne sekvence unutar jednog [[genom]]a, a zatim naknadne divergencije dupliciranih sekvenci, mutacijom i prirodnom selekcijom (bilo unutar originalnog [[genom]]a, ili tokom specijacije, u različitim [[genom]]ima). Kontrast je ortolog. [[Parazitska DNK]] Vidi: [[Sebični genetički element]]. *[[Autbriding|Parenje izvan srodstva]] (engl. outbreeding) Parenje jedinki koje nisu u srodstvu. *[[Parenje u srodstvu]] (engl. inbreeding) Parenje genetički srodnih jedinki. *[[Patogen]]a (štetna) [[mutacija]] (varijanta), predisponirajuća mutacija, mutacija gena za osjetljivost Genetička promjena koja povećava osjetljivost ili predispoziciju za određenu bolest ili poremećaj. Kada je takva varijanta (ili mutacija) naslijeđena, razvoj simptoma je vjerovatniji, ali nije siguran. *[[Patognomoničnost]] Nalazi koji su karakteristični ili obilježavajući za određenu bolest ili stanje i postavljaju dijagnozu. *[[PCR]] ([[lančana polimerazna reakcija]], lančana reakcija polimeraze) Postupak koji proizvodi milione kopija kratkog segmenta DNK kroz ponovljene cikluse: (1) denaturacije, (2) amplifikacije i (3) elongacije. PCR je vrlo čest postupak u molekulskom genetičkom testiranju i može se koristiti za generiranje dovoljne količine DNK za izvođenje testa (npr. amplifikacija specifična za alele, kvantifikacija ponavljanja trinukleotida). PCR u realnom vremenu (rtPCR) Vidi: kvantitativna PCR. *[[Genealoški metod|Pedigre (rodoslov, heredogram)]] Dijagram porodične povijesti koji koristi standardizirane simbole. Rodoslov pokazuje odnose između članova porodice i ukazuje na to koji članovi imaju određene genetičke patogene varijante, osobine i bolesti unutar porodice, kao i vitalni status. Rodoslov se može koristiti za određivanje obrazaca nasljeđivanja bolesti u porodici. Linearni evolucijski niz koji povezuje ćeliju predaka, organizam ili vrstu s određenim potomkom, organizmom ili vrstom, uključujući sve posredne organizme, i obuhvata bilo koji broj generacija; direktna progresija reproduktivnih događaja (tj. linija porijekla) između dvije individue, uključujući vertikalno povezane jedinke, npr. roditelj(e) i potomstvo, ali obično isključujući horizontalno povezane jedinke koje same nisu direktno doprinijele genetičkom materijalu nijednoj od uključenih osoba, npr. braću i sestre. *[[Penetrabilnost (genetika)|Penetreabilnst]] Udio pojedinaca s datim genotipom koji izražavaju povezani fenotip, obično se daje kao postotak. Zbog mnogih složenih interakcija koje upravljaju ekspresijom gena, isti alel može proizvesti uočljiv fenotip kod jedne osobe, ali ne i kod druge. Ako manje od 100% jedinki u populaciji koja nosi genotip od interesa također izražava povezani fenotip, može se reći da i genotip i fenotip pokazuju nepotpunu penetraciju. Penetracija kvantificira vjerovatnoću da će alel rezultirati ekspresijom pridruženog fenotipa u bilo kojem obliku, tj. u bilo kojoj mjeri koja čini individualnog nositelja drugačijim od individua bez alela. Uporedite ekspresivnost. *[[Penetrabilnost gena]] Izražajnost gena u fenotipu; ako se gen izražava u fenotipu svih jedinki populacije, on je 100% penetrabilan. *[[Peptid]] Kratki lanac aminokiselina; monomeri povezani kovalentnim peptidnim vezama. Peptidi su osnovni gradivni blokovi dužih polipeptidnih lanaca, a time i proteina. *[[Pericentričnost hromosoma]] Pozicioniranost blizu centromere hromosoma. *[[Pericentrična inverzija]] Inverzija koja uključuje centromeru. *[[Petočlana kapa]] Vidi: 5' kraj. *[[Pirimidin]] Jednoprstenasti heterociklični organski spoj koji je, uz purin, jedan od dva molekula iz kojih su izvedene sve dušične baze (uključujući one koje se koriste u DNK i [[RNK]]). [[citozin]] (C), [[timin]] (T) i [[uracil]] (U) su klasifikovani kao pirimidini. *[[Plazmid]] Svaka mala molekula DNK koja je fizički odvojena od većeg tijela hromosomske DNK i može se replicirati nezavisno. Plazmidi se najčešće nalaze kao male, kružne, dvolančane DNK molekule u prokariotima kao što su bakterije, iako su ponekad prisutni i kod arheja i jednoćelijskih eukariota. [[Plejotropija]] Fenomen kojim jedan gen utiče na ekspresiju dvije ili više naizgled nepovezanih fenotipskih osobina, bilo kojim od nekoliko različitih, ali potencijalno preklapajućih mehanizama. *[[plejotropija|Plejotropni učinak]] Sposobnost gena da izazove višestruke fenotipske učinke. *[[Ploidija]] Broj kompletnih setova hromosoma u ćeliji, a time i broj mogućih alela prisutnih u ćeliji na bilo kojem autosomnom lokusu. *[[Početni kodon]] [[Startni kodon]] je prvi kodon transkripta informacijske [[RNK]] ([[iRNK]]) prilikom translacije u [[ribosom]]u. Kod eukariota i arheja, početni kodon uvijek kodira metionin, a modificirani Met (fMet) u bakterijama, mitohondrijama i plastidima. Najčešći startni kodon je AUG (tj. ATG u odgovarajućoj sekvenci DNK). Startnom kodonu često prethodi 5' neprevedena regija (5' UTR). U prokariotima ovo uključuje mjesto vezanja ribosoma. *[[Podregulacija]] Bilo koji proces, prirodni ili vještački, koji smanjuje nivo ekspresije određenog gena. Termin za gen za koji je uočeno da je eksprimiran na relativno niskim nivoima (kao što je otkrivanje nižih nivoa njegovih i[ transkripata) u policistronskoj [[iRNK]]. *[[Pogođeni srodni par]] Bilo koji par organizama koji je genetički srodan i oba zahvaćena istom osobinom. Naprimjer, dva rođaka koji imaju plave oči su pogođeni srodni par jer su oboje pod uticajem alela koji kodira plave oči. *[[Pojačivač (genetika)]] Područje DNK u blizini gena koje može biti vezano aktivatorom za povećanje ekspresije gena ili represorom za smanjenje ekspresije. *[[poliadenilacija|Poli(A) rep]] ili [[poliadenilacija]] Dodavanje serije višestrukih adenozina ribonukleotidima, poznat i kao poli(A) rep, do 3' kraja primarnog [[RNK]] transkripta, obično iRNK. Klasa posttranskripcijskih modifikacija, poliadenilacija služi različitim svrhama u različitim tipovima ćelija i organizmima. Kod eukariota, dodavanje poli(A) repa je važan korak u procesuiranju sirovog transkripta u zrelu [[iRNK]], spremnu za transport u citoplazmu, gdje se događa translacija; u mnogim bakterijama, poliadenilacija ima suprotnu funkciju – umjesto toga promovira degradaciju RNK. *[[Polidimerizacija]] Tip molekulske lezije uzrokovane fotohemijskim oštećenjem DNK ili RNK, pri čemu izlaganje ultraljubičastom (UV) zračenju izaziva stvaranje kovalentnih veza između susjednih pirimidinskih baza u istom polinukleotidnom lancu, što zauzvrat može uzrokovati lokalne konformacijske promjene u sekundarnoj strukturi i spriječiti uparivanje baza sa suprotnim lancem. U DNK, reakcija dimerizacije se dešava između susjednih ostataka [[timin]]a i [[citozin]]a (T-T, C-C ili T-C). Može se pojaviti i između ostataka [[citozin]]a i [[uracil]]a u dvolančanoj RNK. Dimeri pirimidina obično se brzo korigiraju popravkom ekscizije nukleotida, ali nekorigirane lezije mogu inhibirati ili zaustaviti aktivnost polimeraze tokom transkripcije ili replikacije. *[[Poligen]] Više srodnih, fizički bliskih ili udaljenih gena koji kontroliraju isto kvantitativno svojstvo; svaki od gena u poligenskom bloku. *[[Poligensko svojstvo]] Bilo koja fenotipska osobina koja je pod direktnom kontrolom više od jednog gena. Poligenske osobine su obično kvantitativne osobine. *[[Polilinker]] Lančana reakcija polimeraze (PCR). Vidi: višestruko kloniranje. *[[Polimorfizam]] Redovna i istovremena pojava u istoj populaciji dva ili više alela (ili genotipova) na istom lokusu na frekvencijama koje se ne mogu objasniti samo ponavljajućom mutacijom (obično najmanje 1%), što implicira da se višestruki aleli u populaciji stabilno nasljeđuju. *[[Polipeptid]] Dugi, kontinuirani i nerazgranati polimerni lanac aminokiselina, monomeri povezani kovalentnim peptidnim vezama, obično dužim od peptida. Proteini se općenito sastoje od jednog ili više polipeptida raspoređenih na biološki funkcionalan način. *[[Poliploid]] [[Organizam]] s tri ili više setova hromosoma. *[[Poliploidija]] (ćelije ili organizma) Prisustvo više od dvije homologne kopije svakog hromosoma. Može se pojaviti kao normalno stanje hromosoma u određenim ćelijama ili čak cijelim organizmima, ili kao rezultat abnormalne diobe ćelija ili mutacije koja uzrokuje dupliciranje cijelog hromosomskog skupa. Kontrast haploidnog i diploidnog. *[[Polisom]] (poliribosom ili ergosom) Kompleks molekula iRNK i dva ili više ribosoma koji djeluju na prevođenje transkripta iRNK u polipeptid. *[[politenija|Politeni hromosom]]i Veliki hromosomi koji imaju hiljade DNK lanaca. Imaju visok nivo funkcije u određenim tkivima kao što su pljuvačne žlijezde insekata. Formiraju se kada višestruki krugovi replikacije proizvode mnoge sestrinske hromatide koje ostaju spojene zajedno. Sada se koriste za proučavanje funkcije gena u transkripciji. *Popravak/[[Popravka DNK]] Skup procesa pomoću kojih ćelija identificira i ispravlja strukturna oštećenja ili mutacije u molekulama DNK koji kodiraju njen [[genom]]. Sposobnost ćelije da popravi svoju DNK je vitalna za integritet [[genom]]a i normalnu funkcionalnost organizma. *[[Populacijska genetika]] Potpolje genetike i evolucijske biologije koje proučava genetičke razlike unutar i između populacija organizama. *[[Populacijski rizik]] Udio osoba u općoj populaciji koje su pogođene određenim poremećajem ili koje nose određeni gen. Često se o njemu raspravlja u procesu genetičkog savjetovanja, kao usporedba s pacijentovim ličnim rizikom s obzirom na njegovu ili njenu porodičnu povijest ili druge okolnosti. *[[Posttranslacijska modifikacija]] Ove i kotranskripcijske modifikacije su skupovi bioloških procesa zajedničkih većini eukariotskih ćelija pomoću kojih se primarni transkript RNK hemijski mijenja nakon transkripcije iz gena kako bi se proizvela zrela, funkcionalna molekula RNK, koja tada može napustiti jedro i izvesti bilo koju od različitih tipova raznih funkcija u ćeliji. Postoje mnogi tipovi posttranskripcijskih modifikacija postignutih raznovrsnom klasom molekulskih mehanizama. *[[Posttranskripcijska transformacija]] Vidi: [[posttranslacijska modifikacija]]. *[[Potpomognuta reprodukcija]] (ART) Postupci koji koriste jajne ćelije i spermu donora ili nedonora za stvaranje embrija in vitro. Primjeri potpomognute reproduktivne tehnologije uključuju in vitro oplodnju (IVF), prijenos gameta unutar jajovoda (GIFT) i prijenos zigota unutar jajovoda (ZIFT). Ovi se postupci mogu koristiti prije predimplantacijskog genetičkog testiranja (PGT). *[[letalnost|Potpuna letalnost]] Letalnost prije reproduktivne zrelosti organizma. *[[vezani geni|Potpuna vezanost]] Geni na istom hromosomu koji se nasljeđuju zajedno jer se između njih ne događa hromatidna razmjena ([[krosingover]]). *[[Pozitivna prediktivna vrijednost]] (PPV) [[Vjerovatnoća]] da osoba s pozitivnim rezultatom testa zaista ima određeni gen i/ili bolest o kojoj je riječ. *[[kodon|Pozitivni (+) lanac]] Vidi: [[kodirajuća sekvenca]]. *[[PPV]] (pozitivna prediktivna vrijednost) Vjerovatnoća da osoba s pozitivnim rezultatom testa zaista ima određeni gen i/ili bolest o kojoj je riječ. *[[Prajmer]] Predisponirajuća (štetna) mutacija (mutacija koja uzrokuje bolest, patogena varijanta), mutacija gena za osjetljivost. Vidi: začetnica. Genetička promjena koja povećava osjetljivost ili predispoziciju osobe za određenu bolest ili poremećaj. Kada je takva varijanta (ili mutacija) naslijeđena, razvoj simptoma je vjerovatniji, ali nije siguran. *[[nadekspresija|Prekomjerna ekspresija]] (nadekspresija) Nenormalno visok nivo [[ekspresija gena]] koji rezultira prevelikim brojem kopija jednog ili više genskih proizvoda. Prekomjerna ekspresija proizvodi izraženiji [[fenotip]] povezan s [[gen]]om. *[[nositelj (genetika)|Prenositelj]] U klasičnoj genetici, osoba koja nosi jedan štetan alel za autosomno recesivni poremećaj. U kliničkim raspravama, može se odnositi na osobu koja nosi štetan alel koji je predisponira za bolest. *[[transpozon|Prenosivi element]] (transposable element – TE, transpozon ili skakajući gen) Sekvenca DNK koja može promijeniti svoju poziciju unutar [[genom]]a, ponekad stvaranje ili unazadne mutacije i mijenjanje genetičkog identiteta ćelije i [[genom]]a veličine. Transponirani elementi čine veliki dio [[genom]]a i odgovorni su za veliki dio mase DNK u eukariotskoj ćeliji. Iako su TE sebični genetički elementi, mnogi su važni u funkciji i evoluciji [[genom]]a. Transpozoni su također vrlo korisni istraživačima kao sredstvo za promjenu DNK unutar živog organizma. *[[Presimptomsko testiranje]] [[Genetičko testiranje]] koje se provodi kod osobe koja ne pokazuje simptome poremećaja, ali postoji rizik od razvoja poremećaja. *[[Pretpostavljeni gen]] Specifična nukleotidna sekvenca za koju se sumnja da je funkcionalni gen na osnovu identifikacije njenog otvorenog okvira čitanja. Za gen se kaže da je “potpostavljen” u smislu da za njegove proizvode još nije opisana nijedna funkcija. *[[Primarni transkript]] Neprocesuirana (“sirova”), jednolančana [[RNK]] molekula proizvedena transkripcijom sekvence DNK kakva postoji prije posttranskripcijskih modifikacija kao što je alternativna prerada; pretvara se u zreli RNK proizvod kao što je i[[RNK]], [[tRNK]] ili [[rRNK]]. Prekursorska iRNK ili pre-iRNK, naprimjer, tip je primarnog transkripta koji nakon obrade postaje zrela iRNK spremna za translaciju. *[[Primaza]] Enzim koji sintetizira začetnicu ([[prajmer]]). *[[genetička analiza|Pripisivi rizik]] Udio bolesti kod izloženih pojedinaca koji se može pripisati izloženosti. U kontekstu genetičkih studija, “izloženost” je učestalost specifične genetičke varijante. *[[Pristrasnost kodona]] Preferencijalna upotreba određenog kodona za kodiranje određene aminokiseline umjesto alternativnih kodona koji su sinonimi za istu aminokiselinu, o čemu svjedoče razlike između organizama u frekvencijama sinonimnih kodona koje se javljaju u njihovoj kodirajućoj DNK. Budući da je genetički kod degeneriran, većina aminokiselina može biti specificirana s više kodona. Ipak, određeni kodoni imaju tendenciju da budu previše (a drugi nedovoljno) zastupljeni u različitim vrstama. *[[Proband]] Također prospositus za muškog subjekta i prosposita za ženskog subjekta. Termin koji se koristi u medicinskoj genetici i genealogiji za označavanje određenog svojstva koje se proučava ili o kojem se izvještava. Prva osoba u porodici koja je dobila genetičko savjetovanje i/ili testiranje za sumnju na nasljedni rizik. Proband može, ali i ne mora biti zahvaćen dotičnom bolešću. *[[Penetrabilnost (genetika)|Probojnost]] Penetrabilnost se odnosi na vjerovatnoću da će se kliničko stanje pojaviti kada je prisutan određeni genotip. Za bolesti s početkom u odrasloj dobi, penetracija se obično opisuje dobi, spolom i položajem organa pojedinog nositelja. Naprimjer, penetrabilnost za rak dojke kod žena nositeljica patogenih varijanti BRCA1 često se navodi prema dobi od 50 godina i prema dobi od 70 godina. *[[genetičko savjetovanje|Proces pristanka (informirani pristanak)]] Proces razmjene informacija između kliničara i pacijenta ili njegovog zakonskog opunomoćenika osmišljen kako bi se omogućilo samostalno donošenje odluka na temelju informacija. Proces informiranog pristanka za genetičko testiranje trebao bi uključivati objašnjenje medicinskih i psihosocijalnih rizika, dobrobiti, ograničenja i mogućih implikacija genetičke analize, raspravu o privatnosti, povjerljivosti, dokumentaciji i rukovanju rezultatima genetičkog testa, kao i mogućnostima za upravljanje rizikom od nasljednih bolesti. *[[genetičko savjetovanje|Procjena rizika]] Kvantitativna ili kvalitativna procjena rizika od nošenja određene genske mutacije, ili razvoja određenog poremećaja, ili rođenja djeteta s određenim poremećajem; ponekad se radi korištenjem matematičkih ili statističkih modela koji uključuju faktore kao što su lična zdravstvena povijest, porodična medicinska povijest i etničko porijeklo. *[[Profag]] Virusna DNK ugrađena u bakterijski hromosom. *[[Profaza]] Prva faza diobe ćelije i u mitozi i u mejozi, nakon interfaze i prije prometafaze, tokom koje se DNK hromosoma kondenzira u hromatin, jedarce se raspada i formira mitotsko (diobeno) vreteno. *[[Projekt ljudskog genoma]] (HGP) Human Genome Project (HGP) bio je projekt čiji je cilj bilo utvrđivanje hemijske sekvence baznih parova koji čine ljudski genom. Uključuje međunarodna naučna istraživanja DNK, uz identifikaciju i mapiranje svih gena ljudskog genoma, s fizičkog i funkcionalnog stanovišta. Bio je i ostaje najveći svjetski kolaborativni biološki projekt. *[[Prokariot]](i) Jednoćelijski organizam bez pravog jedra. *[[Prometafaza]] Prelazna potfaza mitoze i mejoze I između profaze i metafaze (I). *[[Promotor (genetika)|Promotor]] Sekvenca ili regija DNK na kojoj započinje gen na koju se veže [[RNK-polimeraza]], obično duga 100–1000 parova baza, za koju se vežu faktori transkripcije, kako bi regrutirali RNK polimerazu u sekvencu i pokrenuli transkripciju jednog ili više gena. Promotori se nalaze uzvodno od gena koje transkribiraju, blizu mjesta početka transkripcije. *[[sekvenciranje DNK|Propusnost]] Količina informacija, ljudi ili materijala koja je stavljena kroz proces u određenom vremenskom razdoblju. U medicini se može koristiti za opisivanje učinkovitosti laboratorijskih postupaka, poput genetičkog sekvencioniranja, ili broja pacijenata pregledanih u klinici u određenom vremenskom razdoblju. *[[Protein]]: Nesinonimna supstitucija ili zamjenska mutacija Tip mutacije u kojoj supstitucija jedne nukleotidne baze drugom rezultira, nakon transkripcije i translacije, u sekvenci aminokiselina koja se razlikuje od one koju proizvodi originalni nemutirani gen. Budući da nesinonimne mutacije uvijek rezultiraju biološkom promjenom u organizmu, često su podložne jakom selekcijskom pritisku. Kontrastna sinonimna mutacija. *[[frekvencija|Nosiva frekvencija]] Udio jedinki u populaciji koje imaju jednu kopiju specifične recesivne genske varijante. Učestalost nositelja također se ponekad odnosi na prevalenciju varijanti u dominantno djelujućim genima, kao što su BRCA1 i BRCA2. Naziva se i stopa nositelja. *[[Nova mutacija]] Novootkrivena, izrazita genetička promjena; nije isto što i nova ili ''[[de novo]]'' varijanta (ili mutacija). Također se zove nova varijanta. *[[NPV]] [[Vjerovatnoća]] da osoba s negativnim rezultatom testa uistinu nije pogođena i/ili da nema određenu gensku mutaciju o kojoj je riječ. Također se naziva negativna prediktivna vrijednost *[[Nukleinska kiselina]] Dugačka, polimerna makromolekula sastavljena od manjih monomera zvanih nukleotidi koji su hemijski povezani jedan s drugim u lancu. Dva specifična tipa nukleinske kiseline, DNK i RNK, koriste se u biološkim sistemima za kodiranje genetičkih informacija koje upravljaju konstrukcijom, razvojem i uobičajenim procesima svih živih organizama. Redoslijed ili sekvenca nukleotida u molekulama DNK i RNK sadrži informacije koje se prevode u proteine za usmjeravanje svih biohemijskih reakcija neophodnih za život. Složene, dugolančane makromolekule, koje se nalaze u svim živim bićim, odgoovorne su za pohranjivanje i realizaciju genetičkog koda za bioseintezu proteina i prenošenje instrukcija o sintezi proteina sa roditelja na potomke. *[[Nukleobaza]] Organska molekula koja se sastoji isključivo od dušične baze vezane za šećer od pet ugljika (bilo ribozu ili dezoksiribozu), za razliku od nukleotida, koji dodatno uključuje jednu ili više fosfatnih grupa *[[Nukleoid]] Znači sličan jedru, nepravilno oblikovana regija unutar prokariotske ćelije koja sadrži cijeli ili većinu genetićkog materijala. Za razliku od eukariotskog jedra, nije okružen jedarnom membranom. Prstenasta dvolančana molekula DNK prokariota pakirana sa proteinima nalik histonima. *[[Nukleosom]] Osnovna građevna jedinica hromatina tj. dvolančana DNK omotana oko histonskog oktamera. *[[Nukleotid]] Gradivni element (jedinica) nukleinskih kiselina. Nukleotidi se u DNK sastoje od šećera dezoksiriboze, fosforne kiseline i neke od četiri dušične baze ([[adenin]], [[timin]], [[guanin]] ili [[citozin]]). Nukleotidi ribonukleinske kiseline sastoje se od šećera riboze, fosforne kiseline i jedno od četiri moguće dušične baze: [[adenin]], [[uracil]], [[guanin]] ili [[citozin]]; u odnosu na DNK – [[uracil]] je umjesto [[timin]]a). *[[nukleotid|Nukleotidna sekvenca]] Precizan redosled uzastopno povezanih nukleotida u molekuli nukleinske kiseline, kao što je DNK ili [[RNK]]. Duge sekvence nukleotida su glavno sredstvo pomoću kojeg biološki sistemi pohranjuju genetićke informacije, i stoga je tačna replikacija, transkripcija i translacija takvih sekvenci od najveće važnosti, da se informacije ne izgube ili pokvare. Sekvence nukleinskih kiselina mogu se ekvivalentno nazvati sekvencama dušičnih baza, nukleobaza, nukleotida ili baznih parova, i one direktno odgovaraju sekvencama kodona i aminokiselina. *[[Nukleozid]] U nukleoinskim kiselinama, šećer i baza. *[[alel|Nulti alel]] Mutacija koja rezultira ili nedostatkom genskog produkta ili odsutnošću funkcije na fenotipskoj razini. *[[NVC]] Odnosi se na genetičko svojstvo koje uključuje broj kopija određenog gena u [[genom]]u pojedinca. Genetičke varijante, uključujući insercije, delecije i duplikacije segmenata DNK, također se zajednički nazivaju CNV. CNV čine značajan udio međuindividualne genetičke varijacije. Naziva se i varijanta broja kopije. Metod u koji se koristi za razumijevanje funkcija gena analizom fenotipskih učinaka uzrokovanih inženjerstvom specifično sekvence nukleinskih kiselina unutar gena. Proces se odvija u suprotnom smjeru od od klasične genetike. Dok unaprijedna [[genetika]] nastoji pronaći genetičku osnovu za fenotip ili osobinu, reverzna genetika pokušava pronaći ono što fenotipove kontroliraju određene genetičke sekvence. *[[kodon|Oker]] Jedan od tri stop kodona koja se koriste u standardnom genetičkom kodu; u [[RNK]], određen je nukleotidnim tripletom UAA. Druga dva stop kodona se zovu amber i opal. *[[Oligonukleotid]] Relativno kratki lanac aminokiselinskih ostataka nukleinske kiseline. Oligonukleotidi se često koriste za otkrivanje prisustva većih iRNK molekula ili se sklapaju u dvodimenzijskik mikronizova za analizu sekvenci visoke propusnosti. *[[Omnibus genske ekspresije]] (GEO) [[Baza podataka]] za ekspresiju gena kojom upravlja američni Nacionalni centar za biotehnološke informacije. Ovi visokopropusni funkcionalni [[genom]]ski podaci izvedeni su iz eksperimentalnih podataka iz čipova i sekvenciranja sljedeće generacije. *[[Onkogen]] Gen koji ima potencijal da izazove rak. U tumorskim ćelijama, takvi geni su često mutirani i/ili eksprimirani na abnormalno visokim nivoima. *[[Operator (genetika)]] Sekvenca DNK operona na koju se veže represorski protein. *[[Operon]] Više gena pod zajedničkom transkripcijskom kontrolom istog promotora i operatora. *[[Osobina|Osobina, svojstvo, značajka, karakter(istika)]] Individue i grupe međusobno se biološki razlikuju po praktično beskonačnom nizu manje ili više uočljivih elemenata njihovog opisa, za koje se u bosanskom jeziku najčešće upotrebljavaju termini: osobina, svojstvo, odlika, značajka, obilježje, oznaka, karakter, karakteristika i dr. Svaka od tih komponenti opisa je, znači, opažajne prirode, tj. odabrani dio viđenja ili mjerenja stvarnog stanja organizma ili grupe. *[[Palindrom]](i) Obrnuto ponavljajuće sekvencije DNK. *[[Palindromska sekvenca]] Sekvenca nukleinske kiseline dvolančane molekule DNK ili [[RNK]] u kojoj se jednosmjerna sekvenca (npr. 5' do 3') nukleotida na jednom lancu poklapa sa sekvencom u istom smjeru (npr. 5' do 3') na komplementarnom lancu. Drugim riječima, za nukleotidnu sekvencu se kaže da je palindromska ako je jednaka njenom obrnutom komplementu. Palindromski motivi su uobičajeni u većini [[genom]]a i sposobni su za formiranje ukosnica. *[[Panmiksija]] – slučajno parenje Pojava da svaki član populacije ima jednaku šansu pariti se s bilo kojim drugim članom populacije suprotnoga spola. *[[Paracentrična inverzija]] Inverzija koja ne uključuje centromeru. *[[Paradoks C-vrijednosti]] Termin koji se koristi za opisivanje različitih pitanja u vezi sa ogromnim varijacijama jedarnoj [[C-vrijednost]]i ili veličini genoma među eukariotskim vrstama, posebno zapažanje da veličina genoma nije u korelaciji s percipiranom složenošću organizama, niti nužno s brojem gena. Naprimjer, mnogi jednoćelijski protisti imaju genome koji sadrže hiljade puta više DNK od ljudskog genoma. Ovo se smatralo paradoksalnim sve do otkrića da se eukariotski genomi uglavnom sastoje od nekodirajuće DNK, kojoj u potpunosti nedostaju geni. Fokus enigme se od tada pomjerio na razumijevanje zašto i kako su [[genom]]i postali ispunjeni sa toliko nekodirajuće DNK i zašto neki genomi imaju veći sadržaj gena od drugih. *[[Paralog]] Jedan od skupa gena (ili, uopćenije, bilo koje DNK sekvence koje pokazuju homologiju, koji su direktno povezani jedni s drugima putem jednog ili više događaja genetičke duplikacije; za takve gene ili sekvence kaže se da su paralogni. Paralozi su rezultat umnožavanja jedne sekvence unutar jednog genoma, a zatim naknadne divergencije dupliciranih sekvenci, mutacijom i prirodnom selekcijom (bilo unutar originalnog genoma, ili, tokom specijacije, u različitim genomima). Kontrastno ortolog. *[[Parazitska DNK]] Vidi: Sebični genetički element. *[[autbriding|Parenje izvan srodstva]] (engl. outbreeding) Parenje jedinki koje nisu u srodstvu. *[[inbriding|Parenje u srodstvu]] (engl. inbreeding) Parenje genetički srodnih jedinki. Patogena mutacija (varijanta) Genetička promjena koja povećava osjetljivost ili predispoziciju za određenu bolest ili poremećaj. Kada je takva varijanta (ili [[mutacija]]) naslijeđena, razvoj simptoma je vjerovatniji, ali nije siguran. Također se naziva štetna mutacija, patogena varijanta, predisponirajuća mutacija i mutacija gena za osjetljivost. *[[Patognomoničnost]] Nalazi koji su karakteristični ili obilježavajući za određenu bolest ili stanje i postavljaju dijagnozu. *[[PCR]] Postupak koji proizvodi milione kopija kratkog segmenta DNK kroz ponovljene cikluse: (1) denaturacije, (2) amplifikacije i (3) elongacije. PCR je vrlo čest postupak u molekulskom genetičkom testiranju i može se koristiti za generiranje dovoljne količine DNK za izvođenje testa (npr. amplifikacija specifična za alele, kvantifikacija ponavljanja trinukleotida). Naziva se i lančana polimerazna reakcija i lančana reakcija polimeraze. *[[PCR u realnom vremenu]] (rtPCR) Vidi: kvantitativni PCR. *[[genealoški metod|Pedigre (rodoslov, heredogram)]] Dijagram porodične povijesti koji koristi standardizirane simbole. Rodoslov pokazuje odnose između članova porodice i ukazuje na to koji članovi imaju određene genetičke patogene varijante, osobine i bolesti unutar porodice kao i vitalni status. Rodoslov se može koristiti za određivanje obrazaca nasljeđivanja bolesti u porodici. Linearni evolucijski niz koji povezuje ćeliju predaka, [[organizam]] ili vrstu sa određenom potomkom, organizmom ili vrstom, uključujući sve posredne organizme i obuhvata bilo koji broj [[generacija]]; direktna progresija reproduktivnih događaja (tj. linija porijekla) između dvije individue, uključujući vertikalno povezane jedinke, npr. roditelj(e) i potomstvo, ali obično isključujući horizontalno povezane jedinke koje same nisu direktno doprinijele genetičkom materijalu nijednoj od uključenih osoba, npr. braća i sestre. *[[Penetrabilnost (genetika)|Penetrabilnost]] Udio pojedinaca sa datim genotipom koji izražavaju povezani fenotip, obično se daje kao postotak. Zbog mnogih složenih interakcija koje upravljaju ekspresijom gena, isti alel može proizvesti uočljiv [[fenotip]] kod jedne osobe, ali ne i kod druge. Ako manje od 100% jedinki u populaciji koja nosi genotip od interesa također izražava povezani fenotip, može se reći da i genotip i fenotip pokazuju nepotpunu penetraciju. Penetracija kvantificira vjerovatnoću da će alel rezultirati ekspresijom pridruženog fenotipa u bilo kojem obliku, tj. u bilo kojoj mjeri koja čini individualnog nositelja drugačijim od individua bez alela. Uporedite ekspresivnost. *[[Penetrabilnost gena]] Izražajnost gena u fenotipu; ako se gen izražava u fenotipu svih jedinki populacije on je 100 % penetrabilan. *[[Peptid]] Kratki lanac aminokiselina; monomeri povezani kovalentnim peptidnim vezama. Peptidi su osnovni gradivni blokovi dužih polipeptidnih lanaca, a time i proteina. *[[centromera|Pericentričnost hromosoma]] Pozicionirano blizu centromere hromosoma. *[[Pericentrična inverzija]] Inverzija koja uključuje centromeru. *[[Petočlana kapa]] Vidi: 5'-kraj. *[[Pirimidin]]] Jednoprstenasti heterociklični organski spoj koji je, uz purin, jedan od dva molekula iz kojih su izvedene sve dušične baze (uključujući one koje se koriste u DNK i [[RNK]] ). [[citozin]] (C), [[timin]] (T) i [[uracil]] (U) su klasifikovani kao [[pirimidin]]i. *[[Plazmid]] Svaka mala molekula DNK koja je fizički odvojena od većeg tijela hromosomske DNK i može se replicirati nezavisno. Plazmidi se najčešće nalaze kao male, kružne, dvolančane DNK molekule u prokariotima kao što su bakterije, iako su ponekad prisutni i kod arheja i jednoćelijskih eukariota. *[[Plejotropija]] Fenomen kojim jedan gen utječe na ekspresiju dvije ili više naizgled nepovezanih fenotipskih osobina, bilo kojim od nekoliko različitih, ali potencijalno preklapajućih mehanizama. *Plejotropni učinak Sposobnost gena da izazove višestruke fenotipske učinke. *[[Ploidija]] Broj kompletnih setova hromosoma u ćeliji, a time i broj mogućih alela prisutnih u ćeliji na bilo kojem autosomnom lokusu. *[[Početni kodon]] [[Startni kodon]] je prvi kodon transkripta informacijske [[RNK]] (iRNK) prilikom translacije u ribosomu. Kod eukariota i arheja, početni kodon uvijek kodira metionin, a modificirani Met (fMet) u bakterijama, mitohondrijama i plastidima. Najčešći startni kodon je AUG (tj. ATG u odgovarajućoj sekvenci DNK). Startnom kodonu često prethodi 5'neprevedena regija (5' UTR). U prokariotima ovo uključuje mjesto vezanja ribosoma. *[[Podregulacija]] Bilo koji proces, prirodni ili veštački, koji smanjuje nivo ekspresije gena određenog gena. Termin za gen za koji je uočeno da je eksprimiran na relativno niskim nivoima (kao što je otkrivanje nižih nivoa njegovih [[iRK]] transkripata) u policistronskoj iRNK. *Pogođeni srodni par Bilo koji par [[organizam]]a koji je genetički srodan i oba zahvaćena istom osobinom. Naprimjer, dva rođaka koji oboje imaju plave oči su pogođeni srodni par jer su oboje pod utjecajem alela koji kodira plave oči. *[[Pojačivač (genetika)]] Područje DNK u blizini gena koje može biti vezano aktivatorom za povećanje ekspresije gena ili represorom za smanjenje ekspresije. *[[poliadenilacija|Poli (A) rep]] ili [[poliadenilacija]] Dodavanje serije višestrukih adenozina ribonukleotidima, poznat i kao poli(A) rep, do 3'-kraja primarnog [[RNK]] transkripta, obično [[iRNK]]. Klasa posttranskripcijskih modifikacija, poli|Poliadenilacija služi različitim svrhama u različitim tipovima ćelija i organizmima. Kod eukariota, dodavanje poli(A) repa je važan korak u procesuiranju sirovog transkripta u zrelu iRNK, spremnu za transport u citoplazmu, gdje se događa translacija; u mnogim bakterijama, poliadenilacija ima suprotnu funkciju, umjesto toga promovira degradaciju RNK. *[[Polidimerizacija]] Tip molekulske lezije uzrokovane fotohemijskim oštećenjem DNK ili [[RNK]], pri čemu izlaganje ultraljubičastom (UV) zračenju izaziva stvaranje kovalentnih veza između susjednih pirimidinskih baza u istom polinukleotidnom lancu, što zauzvrat može uzrokovati lokalne konformacijske promjene u sekundarnoj strukturi i spriječiti uparivanje baza sa suprotnim lancem. U DNK, reakcija dimerizacije se dešava između susjednih ostataka [[timin]]a i [[citozin]]a (T-T, C-C ili T-C). Može se pojaviti i između ostataka [[citozin]]a i [[uracil]]a u dvolančanoj [[RNK]]. Dimeri pirimidina se obično brzo korigiraju popravkom ekscizije nukleotida, ali nekorigirane lezije mogu inhibirati ili zaustaviti aktivnost polimeraze tokom transkripcije ili replikacije. *[[Poligen]] Više srodnih, fizički bliskih ili udaljenih, gena koji kopntroliraju isto kvantitativno svojstvo; svaki od gena u poligenskom bloku. *[[poligen|Poligensko svojstvo]] Bilo koja fenotipska osobina koja je pod direktnom kontrolom više od jednog gena. Poligenske osobine su obično kvantitativne osobine. *[[kloniranje|Polilinker]] Vidi: Višestruko kloniranje. Lančana reakcija polimeraze (PCR). *[[genetički polimorfizam|Polimorfizam]] Redovna i istovremena pojava u istoj populaciji dva ili više alela (ili genotipova ) na istom lokusu na frekvencijama koje se ne mogu objasniti samo ponavljajućom mutacijom (obično najmanje 1%), što implicira da se višestruki aleli u populaciji stabilno nasljeđuju. *[[Polipeptid]] Dugi, kontinuirani i nerazgranati polimerni lanac aminokiselina, monomeri povezani kovalentnim peptidnim vezama, obično dužim od peptida. Proteini se općenito sastoje od jednog ili više polipeptida raspoređenih na biološki funkcijskalan način. *[[Poliploid]] Organizam s tri ili više setova hromosoma. *[[Poliploidija]] (ćelije ili organizma) Prisustvo više od dvije homologne kopije svakog hromosoma. Može pojaviti kao normalno stanje hromosoma u određenim ćelijama ili čak cijelim organizmima, ili kao rezultat abnormalne diobe ćelija ili mutacije koja uzrokuje dupliciranje cijelog hromosomskog skupa. Kontrast haploidnog i diploidnog. *[[Polisom]] Također poliribosom ili ergosom. Kompleks molekula[[iRNK]] i dva ili više [[ribosom]]a koji djeluju na prevođenje transkripta iRNK u polipeptid. *[[Politeni hromosom]]i Veliki hromosomi koji imaju hiljade DNK lanaca. Imaju visok nivo funkcije u određenim tkivima kao što su pljuvačne žlijezde insekata. Formiraju se kada višestruki krugovi replikacije proizvode mnoge sestrinske hromatide koje ostaju spojene zajedno. Sada se koriste za proučavanje funkcije gena u transkripciji. *[[Popravka DNK]] Skup procesa pomoću kojih ćelija identificira i ispravlja strukturna oštećenja ili mutacije u molekulama DNK koji kodiraju njen [[genom]]. Sposobnost ćelije da popravi svoju DNK je vitalna za integritet genoma i normalnu funkcijskalnost organizma. *[[Populacijska genetika]] Potpolje genetike i evolucijske biologije koje proučava genetičke razlike unutar i između populacija organizama. *[[genetičko savjetovanje|Populacijski rizik]] Udio osoba u općoj populaciji koji su pogođeni određenim poremećajem ili koji nose određeni gen. Često se raspravlja u procesu genetičkog savjetovanja, kao usporedba s pacijentovim osobnim rizikom s obzirom na njegovu ili njezinu porodičnu povijest ili druge okolnosti. *[[Posttranskacijska modifikacija]] Ove i kotranskripcijske modifikacije su skupovi bioloških procesa zajedničkih većini eukariotskih ćelija pomoću kojih se primarni transkript [[RNK]] hemijski mijenja nakon transkripcije iz gena kako bi se proizveo zrela, funkcionalna molekula RNK, koja tada može napustiti jedro i izvesti bilo koju od različitih tipova raznih funkcija u ćeliji. Postoje mnogi tipovi posttranskripcijskih modifikacija postignutih raznovrsnom klasom molekulskih mehanizama. *[[Posttranslacijska modifikacija|Posttranskripcijska transformacija]] Vidi: [[Posttranslacijska modifikacija]] *Potpomognuta reprodukcija Postupci koji koriste jajne ćelije i spermu donora ili nedonora za stvaranje embrija ''[[in vitro]]''. Primjeri potpomognute reproduktivne tehnologije uključuju in vitro oplodnju (IVF), prijenos gameta unutar jajovoda (GIFT) i prijenos zigota unutar jajovoda (ZIFT). Ovi se postupci mogu koristiti prije predimplantacijskog genetičkog testiranja (PGT). Također se naziva ART. *[[letalnost|Potpuna letalnost]] Letalnost prije reproduktivne zrelosti organizma. *[[vezani geni|Potpuna vezanost]] Geni na istom hromosomu koji se nasljeđuju zajedno jer se između njih ne događa hromatidna izmjena (krosingover). *[[genetička konsultacija|Pozitivna prediktivna vrijednost]] [[Vjerovatnoća]] da osoba s pozitivnim rezultatom testa doista ima određeni gen i/ili bolest o kojoj je riječ. Naziva se i PPV. *[[kodon|Pozitivni (+) lanac]] Vidi: [[Kodirajuća sekvenca]] *[[PPV]] [[Vjerovatnoća]] da osoba s pozitivnim rezultatom testa doista ima određeni gen i/ili bolest o kojoj je riječ. Također se naziva pozitivna prediktivna vrijednost. *[[Prajmer]] Vidi: Začetnica *[[Predisponirajuća mutacija]] Genetička promjena koja povećava osjetljivost ili predispoziciju osobe za određenu bolest ili poremećaj. Kada je takva varijanta (ili mutacija) naslijeđena, razvoj simptoma je vjerovatniji, ali nije siguran. Također se naziva štetna mutacija, mutacija koja uzrokuje bolest, patogena varijanta i mutacija gena za osjetljivost. *[[nadekspresija|Prekomjerna ekspresija (nadekspresija)]] Nenormalno visok nivo ekspresije gena koji rezultira prevelikim brojem kopija jednog ili više genskih proizvoda. Prekomjerna ekspresija proizvodi izraženiji fenotip povezan s genom. *[[Nositelj (genetika)|Prenositelj]] U klasičnoj genetici, osoba koja nosi jedan štetan alel za autosomno recesivni poremećaj. U kliničkim raspravama, može se odnositi na osobu koja nosi štetan alel koji predisponira za bolest. *[[transpozon|Prenosivi element]] Transposable element (TE, [[transpozon]] ili skakajući gen) je sekvenca DNK koja može promijeniti svoju poziciju unutar genoma , ponekad stvaranje ili unazadne mutacije i mijenjanje genetičkog identiteta ćelije i genoma veličine . Transponirani elementi čine veliki dio genoma i odgovorni su za veliki dio mase DNK u eukariotskoj ćeliji . Iako su TE sebični genetički elementi , mnogi su važni u funkciji i evoluciji genoma. Transpozoni su također vrlo korisni istraživačima kao sredstvo za promjenu DNK unutar živog organizma. *[[genetičko testiranje|Presimptomsko testiranje]] Genetičko testiranje koje se provodi kod osobe koja ne pokazuje simptome poremećaja, ali postoji rizik od razvoja poremećaja. *[[Pretpostavljeni gen]] Specifična nukleotidna sekvenca za koju se sumnja da je funkcijskalni gen na osnovu identifikacije njenog otvorenog okvira čitanja. Za gen se kaže da je „potpostavljen“ u smislu da za njegove proizvode još nije opisana nijedna funkcija. *[[Primarni transkript]] Neprocesuirana („sirova“), jednolančana [[RNK]] molekula proizvedena transkripcijom sekvence DNK kakva postoji prije posttranskripcijskih modifikacija kao što je alternativna prerada pretvara ga u zreli RNK proizvod kao što je [[iRNK]], [[tRNK]] ili [[rRNK]]. Prekursorska iRNK ili [[pre-iRNK]], naprimjer, je tip primarnog transkripta koji nakon obrade postaje zrela iRNK spremna za translaciju. *[[Primaza]] Enzim koji sintetizira začetnicu (prajmer). *[[genetičko testiranje|Pripisivi rizik]] Udio bolesti kod izloženih pojedinaca koji se može pripisati izloženosti. U kontekstu genetičkih studija, „izloženost“ je učestalost specifične genetičke varijante. *[[Pristranost kodona]] Preferencijalna upotreba određenog kodona za kodiranje određene aminokiseline umjesto alternativnih kodona koji su sinonimi za istu aminokiselinu, o čemu svjedoče razlike između organizama u frekvencijama sinonimnih kodona koje se javljaju u njihovoj kodirajućoj DNK. Budući da je genetički kod degeneriran, većina aminokiselina može biti specificirana s više kodona. Ipak, određeni kodoni imaju tendenciju da budu previše (a drugi nedovoljno) zastupljeni u različitim vrstama. *[[Proband]] Također prospositus za muškog subjekta i prosposita za ženskog subjekta. Termin koji se koristi u medicinskoj genetici i genealogiji za označavanje određenogsvojstva koje se proučava ili o kojem se izvještava. Prva osoba u porodici koja je dobila genetičko savjetovanje i/ili testiranje za sumnju na nasljedni rizik. Proband može, ali i ne mora biti zahvaćen dotičnom bolešću. *[[penetrabilnost (genetika)|Probojnost (penetrabilnost)]] Penetrabilnost se odnosi na vjerovatnoću da će se kliničko stanje pojaviti kada je prisutan određeni genotip. Za bolesti s početkom u odrasloj dobi, penetracija se obično opisuje dobi, spolom i položajem organa pojedinog nositelja. Naprimjer, penetrabilnost za rak dojke kod žena nositeljica patogenih varijanti BRCA1 često se navodi prema dobi od 50 godina i prema dobi od 70 godina. *[[genetičko savjetovanje|Proces pristanka]] Proces razmjene informacija između kliničara i pacijenta ili njegovog zakonskog opunomoćenika osmišljen kako bi se omogućilo samostalno donošenje odluka na temelju informacija. Proces informiranog pristanka za genetičko testiranje trebao bi uključivati objašnjenje medicinskih i psihosocijalnih rizika, dobrobiti, ograničenja i mogućih implikacija genetičke analize, raspravu o privatnosti, povjerljivosti, dokumentaciji i rukovanju rezultatima genetičkog testa, kao i mogućnostima za upravljanje rizikom od nasljednih bolesti. Također se naziva informirani pristanak. *[[genetičko testiranje|Procjena rizika]] Kvantitativna ili kvalitativna procjena rizika od nošenja određene genske mutacije, ili razvoja određenog poremećaja, ili rođenja djeteta s određenim poremećajem; ponekad se radi korištenjem matematičkih ili statističkih modela koji uključuju faktore kao što su osobna zdravstvena povijest, porodična medicinska povijest i etničko porijeklo. *[[Profag]] Virusna DNK ugrađena u bakterijski hromosom. *[[Profaza]] Prva faza diobe ćelije i u mitozi i u mejozi, nakon interfaze i prije prometafaze, tokom koje se DNK hromosoma kondenzira u hromatin, jedarce se raspada i formira mitotsko (diobeno) vreteno. *[[Projekt ljudskog genoma]] (HGP) Human Genome Project: HGP bio je projekt čiji je cilj utvrđivanje hemijske sekvence baznih parova koji čine ljudski [[genom]]. Uključuje međunarodna naučna istraživanja DNK, uz identifikaciju i mapiranje svih gena ljudskog genoma, sa fizičkog i funkcijskog stanovišta. Bio je i ostaje najveći svjetski kolaborativni biološki projekt. *[[Prokariot]](i) Jednoćelijski organizam bez pravog jedra. *[[mejoza|Prometafaza]] Prelazna podfaza mitoze i mejoze I između profaze i metafaze (I). *[[Promotor (genetika)|Promotor]] Sekvenca ili regija DNK kojoj započinje gen na koju se veže RNK-polimeraza, obično duga 100-1000 parova baza, za koju se vežu faktori transkripcije, kako bi regrutirali RNK polimerazu u sekvencu i pokrenuli transkripciju jednog ili više gena. Promotori se nalaze uzvodno od gena koje transkribiraju, blizu mjesta početka transkripcije. *Propusnost Količina informacija, ljudi ili materijala koja je stavljena kroz proces u određenom vremenskom razdoblju. U medicini se može koristiti za opisivanje učinkovitosti laboratorijskih postupaka, poput genetičkog sekvencijskiranja, ili broja pacijenata pregledanih u klinici u određenom vremenskom razdoblju. *[[Protein]] Linearna polimerna makromolekula sastavljena od niza aminokiselina povezanih peptidnim vezama. Proteini provode većinu hemijskih reakcija koje se dešavaju unutar živih ćelija. *[[Proteom]] Cjelokupni skup molekula [[iRNK]] koje su prevedene u određenim [[gemom|genomima]], [[ćelija (biologija)|ćelijama]], tkivima ili vrstama u određeno vrijeme ili pod određenim uvjetima. Poput [[transkriptom]]a, često se koristi kao zamjensko sredstvo za kvantifikaciju nivoa genske ekspresije, iako transkriptom uključuje i mnoge molekule RNK koje nikada nisu prevedene. *[[Protoonkogen]]i Geni koji kontroliraju ćelijski rast i diferencijaciju. *[[divlji tip|Prototrof]] ili [[divlji tip]] Bakterijska ćelija koja raste na minimalnoj podlozi. *[[PRS]] Linearna polimerna [[makromolekula]], sastavljena od niza [[aminokiselina]] povezanih peptidnim vezama. Proteini provode većinu hemijskih reakcija koje se dešavaju unutar živih ćelija. *[[Proteom]] Cjelokupni skup molekula iRNK koje su prevedene u određenim [[genom]]ima, ćelijama, tkivima ili vrstama u određeno vrijeme ili pod određenim uvjetima. Poput transkriptoma, često se koristi kao zamjensko sredstvo za kvantifikaciju nivoa genske ekspresije, iako transkriptom uključuje i mnoge molekule RNK koje nikada nisu prevedene. *[[Protoonkogen]]i Geni koji kontroliraju ćelijski rast i diferencijaciju. Bakterijska ćelija koja raste na minimalnoj podlozi. *[[PRS]] (poligenski rezultat rizika) Procjena rizika od specifičnog stanja na temelju zajedničkog uticaja mnogih genetičkih varijanti. Može uključivati varijante povezane s genima poznate funkcije i varijante za koje nije poznato da su povezane s genima relevantnim za stanje. Također se naziva poligenski rezultat rizika. *[[pseudogen|Pseudoalel]] Bilo koji od dva ili više različitih gena ili sekvenci koji imaju isti ili sličan doprinos fenotipu, pa se stoga čini da su pravi aleli, ali zapravo nisu strukturno alelni (tj. ne zauzimaju homologne lokuse na homolognim hromosomima ). *[[Pseudoautosomna regija]] (pseudoautosomno [[nasljeđivanje]]) PAR1, PAR2 , jesu međusobno homologne sekvence nukleotida na ljudskom [[hromosom X|X]] i [[hromosom Y|Y-hromosomu]]. Pseudoautosomne regije su dobile ime jer se bilo koji gen u njima nasljeđuje kao i svi [[autosom]]ni geni. PAR1 kod ljudi obuhvata 2,6 Mbp vrhova kratkih krakova X i Y-hromosoma i ostalih velikih majmuna (X i Y imaju ukupno 155 Mbp i 59 Mbp). PAR2 je na vrhovima dugih krakova, u rasponu od 320 kbp. *[[Pseudogen]] Nefunkcionalna sekvenca DNK koja podsjeća na funkcionalni gen. Pseudogeni su tipski suvišne kopije funkcijskalnihfunkcionalnih gena koji su duplicirani prirodnim procesima, osim što nemaju regulatorne sekvence neophodne za pravilnu transkripciju ili translaciju ili sadrže druge defekte kao što su mutacije pomaka okvira, preuranjeni [[stop kodon]]i ili nedostajući introni. Sekvenca DNK koja nalikuje genu, ali je mutirana u neaktivan oblik tokom evolucije. Često mu nedostaju introni i druge bitne sekvence DNK potrebne za funkcijskiranje.funkcioniranje. Iako su genetički slični izvornom funkcionalnom genu, pseudogeni ne rezultiraju funkcijskalnimfunkcionalnim proteinima, iako neki mogu imati regulatorne učinke. *[[Pseudopoliploidija]] Stanje u kojem je broj hromosoma u hromosomskom skupu udvostručen (ili utrostručen, itd.), ali bez odgovarajućeg povećanja stvarne količine genetičkog materijala (tj. nivoa ploidnosti). Ovo se događa kada se hromosomi normalnog hromosomskog komplementa (npr. diploidi) fragmentiraju na manje komade, povećavajući ukupan broj pojedinačnih hromosoma, ali ne stvarajući dodatne homologne kopije tih hromosoma (tako da ćelija ostaje diploidna). Bilo koji brojčani odnos između hromosomskih skupova u grupama srodnih organizama koji sugeriše da su neki od tih organizama poliploidi drugih, a zapravo nisu. *[[Punnettov kvadrat]] (Panetov kvadrat) Tabelarni dijagram koji se koristi za predviđanje mogućih [[genotip]]ova [[fenotip]]ova koje može naslijediti potomstvo određenog križanja ili uzgojnog eksperimenta sumiranjem svih različitih kombinacija majčinih s očevim alelima. Rezultirajuća tabela se zatim može koristiti za određivanje vjerovatnoće da će potomstvo imati određeni [[genotip]]. Korisnost Punnettovih kvadrata ograničena je na diskretne fenotipove naslijeđene prema jednostavnim mendelovskim obrascima. *[[Purin]] Dvoprstenasti heterociklični organski spoj koji je, uz pirimidin, jedna od dvije molekule iz kojih su izvedene sve dušične baze (uključujući i one koje se koriste u DNK i RNK ). Kao purini klasifikuju se [[adenin]] (A) i [[guanin]] (G). ==Q== *[[qPCR]] Također PCR u realnom vremenu (rtPCR). ==R== *[[genetički marker|RAD]] DNK markeri povezani sas restrikcijskim mjestom; tip genetičkih markera koj u asocijacijskom mapiranju, QTL miranju, populacijskogenetičkim, ekogenetičkim i evolucijskim istraživanjima. *[[RAPD]] Nasumična amplifikacija polimorfne DNK (engleski: (engl. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA/ / čita se "rapid") jest vid PCR reakcije u kojoj su umnožavajući segmenti DNK slučajni. Za RAPD proceduru stvara se nekoliko proizvoljnih, kratkih prajmera (začetnica), sas 8-–12 nukleotida, a zatim se nastavlja [[PCR]] procesuiranje koristeći veliki predložak [[genom]]ske DNK, očekujući amplifikaciju fragmenta. Na završetku obrade nastalih uzoraka iz RAPD reakcije, mogu se prikupiti polujedinstveni profili. *[[Rasa]] Nepriznata taksonomska kategorija pod kojom se podrazumijevaju populacije karakterističnog genetičkog sastava, koje se po njemu prepoznatljivo razlikuju od ostalih istovjernoi definiranih populacija. Uporedi sa [[sorta (botanika)|sorta]]. *[[Rastvorljiva RNK]] (sRNK) Vidi: Transportnatransportna RNK. *[[Razmnožavanje]] – reprodukcija Prokreacija ili propagacija je biološki proces u kojem roditeljske jedinke stvaraju potomstvo. Razmnožavanje je fundamentalno svojstvo sistema koji su poznati kao život. Ukratko, razmnožavanje je jedna od temeljnih diferencijalnih odrednica između žive i nežive supstance. Iako neki kristali također imaju sposobnost umnožavanja, za razliku od njih, živa bića ostvaruju samoobnovljivo i samoregulatorno autonomno potomstvo. Tako ostvaruju međugeneracijski genetički kontinuitet pripadajuće vrste. Svaki pojedinačni organizam postoji kao rezultat razmnožavanja. Postoje dva oblika reprodukcije: spolni (seksualni) i bespolni (aseksualni). *[[Recesivna letalnost]] Letalnost samo kod homozigotnog genotipa. *[[Recipročna balansirana translokacija]] Translokacija bez delecije ili adicije genetičkog materijala. *[[Recipročna nebalansirana translokacija]] Translokacija koja uzrokuje delecije ili adicije genetičkog materijala. *[[Recipročna translokacija]] Razmjenjivanje hromosomskih segmenata dva nehomologna hromosoma. *[[Regulacija gena]] Širok spektar mehanizama koje ćelije koriste ćelije za povećanje ili smanjenje proizvodnje ili ekspresije specifičnih genskih proizvoda, kao što su RNK ili proteini. Regulacija gena povećava svestranost i prilagodljivost organizma dopuštajući njegovim ćelijama da eksprimiraju različite genske proizvode kada to zahtijevaju promjene u njegovom okruženju. Kod višećelijskih organizama, regulacija ekspresije gena također pokreće ćelijsku diferencijaciju i morfogenezu u embriju, omogućavajući stvaranje raznolikog niza tipova ćelija iz istog [[genom]]a. *[[Rekombinantna DNK]] (rDNK) Molekule [[DNK]] koje su nastale primjenom laboratorijskih metoda genetičke rekombinacije genetičke rekombinacije (kao što je molekulsko kloniranje) molekulsko kloniranje) koje omogućavaju da se (genetičkim inženjerstvom) prikupi genetički materijal iz više izvora, stvarajući sekvence sekvence koje se inače ne bi mogle naći u biološkim organizmima. *[[generička rekombinacija|Rekombinantni vektor]] Vektor sas ugrađenom stranom DNK. *[[Repetitivna sekvenca]] Bilo koja ponavljajuća sekvenca nukleotida ili aminokiselina za koju se znaazna ili se pretpostavlja da je biološki značajna. Kod nukleinskih kiselina, motivi sekvenci su često kratki (tri do deset nukleotida dužine), visoko konzervirane sekvence koje se koriste kao mjesta prepoznavanja za enzime koji se vezuju za DNK ili RNK uključene u regulaciju ekspresije gena. *[[Replikacija DNK]] (autoreplikacija) Proces u kojem od jedne molekule DNK nastanu dvije, sa s identičnim redoslijedom dušičnih baza kao u početnoj molekuli. U ovoj enzimski kataliziranoj reakciji u polulanci DNK prvo se rastave, pa onda svaki od lanaca dogradi nedostajući komplementarni polulanac. *[[Replikacija RNK]] Proces kojim se određene biološke molekule, posebno nukleinske kiseline DNK i RNK, proizvode sopstvene kopije. Tehnika koja se koristi za procjenu tehničkih i bioloških varijacija u eksperimentima za statističku analizu podataka mikromreža. Replikacije mogu biti tehničke replike, kao što su zamjene broja ili ponovljene hibridizacije sekvence, ili biološke replike; biološki uzorci iz odvojenih eksperimenata koji testiraju efekte istih eksperimentalnih tretmana. *[[Replikacijska viljuška]] Struktura koja se formira unutar dugačke spiralne DNK tokom njene replikacije. Stvaraju se helikaze, koje razbijaju vodikove veze koje drže dva lanca DNK zajedno u spirali. Rezultirajuća struktura ima dva granasta zupca, od kojih je svaki sastavljen od po jednog lanca DNK. Ova dva lanca služe kao predložak za vodeći i zaostali lanac, koji će se stvoriti (kako DNK polimeraza uskladi) komplementarne nukleotide sa šablonima. Šabloni se mogu ispravno nazvati predloškom vodećih niti i šablonom zaostalih niti. *[[Replikon]] Bilo koja molekula ili regija DNK ili RNK koji se replicira iz jednog izvora replikacije. *[[Reporterski gen]] Reporterski gen (često jednostavno reporter) je gen koji istraživači vezuju za regulatornu sekvencu drugog gena od interesa za bakterije, ćelijsku kulturu, životinje ili biljke. Takvi geni se nazivaju reporterima jer se karakteristike koje daju organizmima koji ih eksprimiraju mogu lako identificirati i mjeriti ili zato što su markeri koji se mogu odabrati. Restrikcijske endonukleaze Enzimi koje bakterijska ćelija koristi za razgradnju strane DNK (virusna DNK); prepoznaju restrikcijsko mjesto i cijepaju dvolančanu DNK; koriste se u genetičkom inženjerstvu. *[[Restriktom]] Bilo koji fragment DNK koji je rezultat rezanja lanca DNK restrikcijskim enzimom, na jednom ili više restrikcijskih mjesta. *[[Retrotranspozon]]i ili [[transpozon|pokretni genetički elementi]] DNK sekvence koje se premještaju iz jednog mjesta u genomu na drugo preko RNK-intermedijara: DNK se kopira u RNK, a RNK se reverznom transkripcijom uz pomoć enzima reverzne transkriptaze kopira u DNK koja se ugrađuje na drugo mjesto u genomu (mehanizam copy/ / paste)). *[[Reverzna mutacija]] Mutacija koja preokreće učinak prethodne mutacije koja je inaktivirala gen, čime se vraća funkcija divljeg tipa. *Rezultat poligenskog rizika (PRS) Procjena rizika od specifičnog stanja na temelju zajedničkog uticaja mnogih genetičkih varijanti. To može uključivati varijante povezane s genima poznate funkcije i varijante za koje nije poznato da su Povezanepovezane s relevantnim genima za dato stanje. *[[RFLP]] Polimorfizam dužine restrikcijskih fragmenata (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism), u molekulskoj biologiji, predstavlja varijaciju u homolognim sekvencama DNK. Odnosi se na polimorfizam uzoraka homolognih DNK molekula iz različitih restrikcijskih lokacija, a koje se dobiju primjenom laboratorijske tehnike koja omogućuje njihovu identifikaciju. *[[RFLP|RFLP ograničenje]] Mapa ili dijagram poznatih restrikcijskih mjesta unutar poznate sekvence DNK, kao što je [[plazmid]]ni vektor, dobijen sistematskim izlaganjem sekvence različitim restrikcijskim enzimima, a zatim poređenjem dužina rezultujućih fragmenata, tehnika poznata kao restrikcijsko mapiranje. takođerTakođer prepoznavanje ograničenja na licu mjesta. Kratka, specifična sekvenca nukleotida (obično 4 do 8 baza dužine) koju pouzdano prepoznaje određeni restrikcijski enzim. Budući da se restrikcijski enzimi obično vežu kao homodimeri, restrikcijska mjesta su općenito palindromske sekvence koje obuhvataju oba lanca dvolančane molekule DNK. Restrikcijske endonukleaze cijepaju fosfatnu kičmu između dva nukleotida unutar same prepoznate sekvence, ali drugi tipovi restrikcijskih enzima prave svoje rezove na jednom kraju sekvence ili na obližnjoj sekvenci. *[[Ribonukleinska kiselina]] (RNK) Jednostruko spiralna makromolekula, građena od nukleotida. Sastoji se od šećera riboze, fosforne kiseline i jedne od četiri dušične baze ([[adenin]], [[uracil]], [[guanin]] ili [[citozin]]). Na nju se prepisuje genetička informacija sas DNK u procesu zvanom transkripcija. Poslije se ta šifra na RNK prevodi na jezik aminokiselinskog sastava proteina u procesu zvanom translacija. Grupe dušičnih (heterocikličnih) baza u RNK su šifre za uspostavljanje sekvence aminokiselina, molekula od kojih su sačinjeni proteini. Postoji nekoliko različitih tipova RNK, poput informacijske RNK (iRNK), transportne RNK (tRNK) i ribosomske RNK (rRNK). Svaki od njih ima posebnu funkciju u ćeliji. Ribonukleinska kiselina (RNK) je biološki važan tip molekula koje imaju značajnu ulogu u kodiranju, dekodiranju, regulaciji i ekspresiji gena. RNK i DNK predstavljaju dva tipa nukleinskih kiselina, koje sa s proteinima spadaju u esencijalne makromolekule svih živih bića. Kao i DNK, molekule RNK se sastoje od dugih kovalentno vezanih jedinica – nukleotida, s tim što su RNK molekule najčešće jednolančane. Za razliku od DNK, RNK se češće nalazi kao jedan lanac presavijen sam na samu sebe, a ne upareni dvostruki lanac. Različiti ntipovitipovi RNK molekula služe u širokom spektru bitnih bioloških uloga, uključujući kodiranje, dekodiranje, regulaciju i ekspresiju geni gena, kao i funkcijskiranjefunkcioniranje kao signalne molekule i, u određenim virusnim genomima, kao primarni genetički materijal. *[[Ribosom]] Ćelijske prganele – strukutre organele – strukture kojima se odvija biosinteza proteina. Molekulski kompleks koji služi kao mjesto sinteze proteina. Ribosomi se sastoje od dvije podjedinice (mala podjedinica, koja čita poruke kodirane u molekulama iRNK, i velika podjedinica, koja povezuje aminokiseline u nizu kako bi formirala polipeptidni lanac), od kojih se svaka sastoji od jednog ili više lanaca ribosomske RNK i raznih ribosomskih proteina. *[[nasljeđivanje|Rizik od ponavljanja]] Vjerovatnoća da će se nasljedna osobina ili poremećaj prisutan kod jednog člana oporodiceporodice ponovno pojaviti kod drugih članova. Ovo se razlikuje od rizika od recidiva raka, što je šansa da će se rak koji je liječen ponovno pojaviti. *[[RNK]] Vidi: Ribonukleinskaribonukleinska kiselina *[[RNK-polimeraza]] Glavni enzim transkripcije. *[[RNK-polimeraza I]] *[[RNK-polimeraza II]] *[[RNK-procesuiranje]] [[Posttranslacijska modifikacija]] [[primarni transkript|primarnog transkripta]] koja uključuje RNK-prekrajanje (engl. RNA-splicing) i zaštićivanje krajeva iRNK. *[[RNKi]] skraćeno RNKP ili RNKpol Bilo koji od klase enzima koji sintetizira RNK molekule iz DNK šablona. RNK polimeraze su neophodne za transkripciju i nalaze se u svim živim organizmima i mnogim virusima. Grade dugačke jednolančane polimere zvane transkripti, dodavanjem ribonukleotida jedan po jedan u smjeru 5' -do- 3', oslanjajući se na šablon koji obezbjeđuje komplementarni lanac za vjernu transkripciju nukleotidne sekvence. *[[hromosomska translokacija|ROB]] Tip hromosomske translokacije kojom se dvostruki lanac prekida na centromeru ili blizu centromera dvanjega. Dva akrocentrična hromosomi hromosoma uzrokuju recipročnu razmjenu segmenata koja dovodi do jednog velikog metacentričnog hromosoma (sastavljenog od dugih krakova) i jednog ekstremno malog hromosoma (sastavljenog od kratkih krakova ), od kojih se potonji često kasnije gubi iz ćelije sas malim efektom jer sadrži vrlo malo gena. Rezultirajući kariotip pokazuje jedan manje od očekivanog ukupnog broja hromosoma, jer su se dva prethodno različita hromosoma u suštini spojila. Nositelji robertsonovske translokacije općenito nisu povezani s bilo kakvim fenotipskim abnormalnostima, ali imaju povećan rizik od stvaranja mejotski neuravnoteženih gameta. *[[Robertsonovska translokacija]] Dva akrocentrična hromosoma recipročnom translokacijom dužih krakova (q) daju jedan metacentrični hromosom. *[[porodica|Rodbina]] Proširena porodica. Rođak prvog stupnjastepena (FDR) Roditelj, brat ili sestra ili dijete pojedinca. Također se zove FDR. *[[rRNK]] Ribosomska ribonukleinska kiselina (rRNK) je tip nekodirajuće RNK koja je primarna komponenta ribosoma, neophodna za sve ćelije. rRNK je ribozim koji vrši sintezu proteina u ribosomima. Transkribuje se iz ribosomske DNK (rDNK) i zatim vezuje za ribosomske proteine da bi formirala male i velike podjedinice *[[Replikacija RNK]] Proces kojim se određene biološke molekule, posebno nukleinske kiseline DNK i RNK, proizvode sopstvene kopije. Tehnika koja se koristi za procjenu tehničkih i bioloških varijacija u eksperimentima za statističku analizu podataka mikromreža. Replikacije mogu biti tehničke replike, kao što su zamjene broja ili ponovljene hibridizacije sekvence, ili biološke replike; biološki uzorci iz odvojenih eksperimenata koji testiraju efekte istih eksperimentalnih tretmana [[ribosom]]a. ==S== *Sadržaj [[guanin]]a-[[citozin]]a Također skraćeno ([[GC-sadržaj]].) Udio dušičnih baza u nukleinskoj kiselini koje su ili [[guanin]] (G) ili [[citozin]] (C), obično izražen kao postotak. Molekule DNK i RNK sas većim GC-sadržajem općenito su termostabilnije od onih sas nižim GC-sadržajem zbog molekulskih interakcija do kojih dolazi tokom slaganja baza. *[[Samoinkompatibilnost]] (autosterilnost) Oblik genske kontrole samooplodnje kod biljaka. *[[Sangerovsko sekvenciranje]] Metod sekvenciranja DNK zasnovanzasnovana na ''[[in vitro]]'' replikaciji sekvence šablona DNK, tokom koje se didezoksinukleotidi koji završavaju lanac, označeni fluorohromom, nasumično ugrađuju u produžujući lanac. Rezultirajući fragmenti se zatim sortiraju po veličini pomoću elektroforeze, a određeni fluorohrom koji završava svaki od po veličini sortiranih fragmenata se detektuje se laserskom hromatografijom, otkrivajući tako sekvencu originalnog DNK šablona preko redosledaredoslijeda fluorohromnih oznaka kako se čita iz malih od fragmenata veličine do velikih fragmenata. Iako je sangerovsko sekvenciranje u nekim kontekstima zamijenjeno metodimametodama sljedeće generacije, i dalje je široko korišteno zbog sposobnosti da proizvede relativno dugačka očitavanja sekvence (500+ nukleotida ) i vrlo niske stope greške. *[[SCNT]] Metod molekulske biologije koji se koristi za otkrivanje specifične sekvence u uzorcima DNK. Tehnika kombinuje odvajanje fragmenata DNK gel elektroforezom, transfer DNK na sintetsku membranu i naknadnu identifikaciju ciljnih fragmenata radio-obilježenimradioobilježenim ili fluorescentnim hibridizacijskim sondama. *[[scRNK]] [[iRNK]] (snRNK) nRNK . Vidi: [[mala jedarna RNK]]. *[[mala jedarna RNK|Sebični genetički element]] Povijesno također zvani sebičnimsebični geni, ultra-sebičnimultrasebični geni, sebična DNK, parazitska DNK i [[genom]]ska odmetnica, su genetički su segmenti koji mogu poboljšati vlastiti prijenos na račun drugih gena u [[genom]]u, čak i ako oni nemaju pozitivan ili neto negativan efekat na kondiciju organizma. [[genom]]i se tradicijskitradicionalno posmatraju kao kohezivne jedinice, pri čemu geni djeluju zajedno kako bi poboljšali adaptivnu vrijednost organizma. Međutim, kada geni imaju određenu kontrolu nad vlastitim prijenosom, pravila se mogu promijeniti, pa su, kao i sve društvene grupe, genomi ranjivi na sebično ponašanje svojih dijelova. *[[Sekvenciranje DNK|Sekvenciranje]] Određivanje redoslijeda baza [[adenin]]a, [[timin]]a, [[guanin]]a i [[citozin]]a, pomoću određenih tehnika, u cijelom genomu nekog organizma ili u samo jednom njegovom dijelu. Također, određivanje sekvenci aminokiselina u proteinima ili sastavnica ostalih složenih biomolekula. *[[WXS|Sekvenciranje cijelog]] [[egzom]]a ([[WES]], WXS) Laboratorijski postupak koji se koristi za određivanje nukleotidne sekvence primarno egzonskih (ili proteinski kodiranih) regija genoma osoba i srodnih sekvenci, što predstavlja približno 1% cjelokupne sekvence DNK. Također se naziva WES i WXS. *[[GWAS|Sekvenciranje cijelog genoma]] (GWAS, WGS) Laboratorijski postupak koji se koristi za određivanje gotovo svih od približno tri milijarde nukleotida kompletne individualne sekvence DNK, uključujući nekodirajuću sekvencu. Naziva se i WGS. *[[Sekvenciranje DNK]] Proces određivanja, bilo kojom od niza različitih metoda i tehnologija, redoslijeda baza u dugom lancu nukleotida koji čini sekvencu DNK. *[[Sekvenciranje naredne generacije]] (masivno paralelno sekvenciranje, NGS) Metod visoke propusnosti koja se koristi za određivanje dijela nukleotidne sekvence individualnog [[genom]]a. Ova tehnika koristi tehnologije sekvenciranja DNK koje mogu paralelno obraditi više sekvenci DNK. Također se naziva masivno paralelno sekvenciranje i NGS. *[[Sekvenciranje tumorske DNK]] Sekvenciranje somatskog tkiva, poput tumora, odnosi se na traženje varijanti u DNK koje se obično javljaju nakon začeća. Somatske mutacije mogu se pojaviti u bilo kojoj tjelesnoj ćeliji osim u zametnim ćelijama (spermatozoidu i jajnoj ćeliji) i stoga se ne prenose na djecu. Ove varijante mogu (ali ne uvijek) uzrokovati rak ili druge bolesti. *[[mitohondrija|Semiautonomne organele]] Organele sas DNK (mitohondriji i hloroplasti) koje ne mogu samostalno živjeti izvan eukariotske ćelije. *[[Semikonzervativna replikacija DNK]] Dva roditeljska polulanca DNK se odvajaju i svaki služi kao kalup za sintezu novog komplementarnog lanca. *[[Sestrinske hromatide]] Par identičnih kopija (hromatida) nastalih kao rezultat replikacije DNK hromosoma, posebno kada su obje kopije spojene zajedničkom centromerom; par sestrinskih hromatida naziva se dijada. Dvije sestrinske hromatide su na kraju odvojene jedna od druge u dvije različite ćelije tokom mitoze ili mejoze. Identične podjedinice hromosoma prije anafaze mitoze ili anafaze II mejoze, nastaju semikonzervativnom replikacijom u S-fazi, imaju zajedničku centromeru. *[[oligonukleotid|Set-sonda]] Kolekcija od dvije ili više sondi dizajniranih za mjerenje jednog tipa molekula, kao što je kolekcija [[oligonukleotid]]a [[dizaj]]niranih da se hibridiziraju s različitim dijelovima transkripta iRNK generiranih iz jednog gena. *[[SFP]] Jednoosobinski polimorfizmi (eng. (engl. Single Feature Polymorphism), polimorfne sekvence DNK koje se odnose na varijaciju jednog svojstva. Vrijedni su genetički markeri koji potencijalno nude neposrednije fizičke veze ka samim strukturama gena. Međutim, većina aktulelnihaktuelnih SFP predikcijskih metoda su razvijene su za sekvenciranjemsekvenciranje DNK proučavanih vrsta, iako su posebno pogodnipogodne za vrste sa složenim i nesekvenciranim [[genom]]ima. *[[transpozon|Skakanje gena]] Vidi: [[transpozon|Prenosivi element]]. *[[heterozigot|Složena heterozigotnost]] Prisustvo dva različita mutirana alela na određenom lokusu gena. *[[penetrabilnost (genetika)|Smanjena (nepotpuna) penetrabilnost]] Penetracija se odnosi na vjerojatnostvjerovatnoću da će se kliničko stanje pojaviti kada je prisutan određeni genotip. Za stanje se kaže da pokazuje nepotpunu penetraciju kada neki nositelji patogene varijante ispoljavaju povezano svojstvo, dok drugi ne. Također se naziva nepotpuna penetrabilnost. *[[Smislenost (genetika)|Smislenost]] U molekulskoj biologiji i genetici, odnosi se na molekule nukleinskih kiselina, posebno lanaca DNK ili RNK i prirodu uloga lanaca i njihove komplementarnosti u određivanju sekvenci aminokiselina. Ovisno o kontekstuU molekulskoj biologiji i genetici, odnosi se na molekule nukleinskih kiselina, posebno lanaca DNK ili RNK i prirodu uloga lanaca i njihove komplementarnosti u određivanju sekvenci aminokiselina. Zavisno od konteksta, smislenost može imati nešto različita značenja. Naprimjer, DNK je pozitivno smislena ako se RNK verzija iste sekvence prepiše ili prevede u protein, negativna ako nije. SNP (engl. single nucleotide polymorphism) Jednonukleotidni polimorfizam koji je posljedica supstitucije; tačkasta mutacija. *[[SNP|SNP-označavanje]] [[Jednonukleotidni polimorfizam]] (SNP), koji se koristi za označavanje određenog haplotipa u regiji [[genom]]a. Kao podskup svih SNP-ova u genomu, označavanje SNP-ova može biti iznimno korisno za testiranje povezanosti markerskih lokusa s lokusom kvalitativne ili kvantitativne osobine. Somatska (mitotska) hromatidna izmjena Hromatidna izmjena u somatskim ćelijama tokom mitoze. *[[Somatska ćelija]] Bilo koja biološka ćelija koja formira tijelo organizma, ili, u višećelijskim organizmima, bilo koja ćelija osim gameta, zametne ćelije ili nediferencirane matične ćelije. Somatske ćelije se teorjskiteorijski razlikuju od ćelija zametne linije, što znači da se mutacije kojima su podvrgnute nikada ne mogu prenijeti na potomke organizma, iako u praksi postoje izuzeci. Tjelesne ćelije (diploidne, 2n) ). *[[Sonda]] Reagens koji se koristi za jedno mjerenje u eksperimentu ekspresije gena. Uporedite reporter. *[[Sorta (botanika)|Sorta]] Biljni ili mikrobni organizmi sas dosljednim, predvidljivim i replicirjućimreplicirajućim osobinama u potomstvu koje su rezultat parenja bilo koja dva čistolinijska roditelja kojikoja pripadaju istojistom kultivaru ili varijetetu (a ne osobine drugih varijeteta koje su možda ranije ukrštane u lozu). Kod životinja, takve grupe organizama označavaju se kao rase. *[[SOS-odgovor]] Globalni odgovor na oštećenje DNK u kojem se zaustavlja ćelijski ciklus i inducira se popravak DNK i mutageneza. Sistem uključuje RecA protein (Rad51 kod eukariota). RecA protein, stimuliran jednolančanom DNK, uključen je u inaktivaciju represora (LexA) gena SOS odgovora i na taj način inducira odgovor. To je sistem popravke sklon greškama koji značajno doprinosi promjenama DNK uočenim u širokom spektru vrsta. *[[Specijacija]] Proces nastanka nove vrste. *[[DNK|Spojna DNK]] Bilo koja DNK sekvenca za koju se čini da nema poznatu biološku funkciju, ili koja služi svrsi koja nema pozitivan ili neto negativan učinak na sposobnost genoma u kojem se nalazi. Termin je još jednom bio šire korišten za označavanje svih nekodirajućih DNK, za koje je kasnije otkriveno da ih većina ima funkciju. U modernoj upotrebi tipski se odnosi na slomljene ili zaostale sekvence i sebične genetičke elemente, uključujući introne, pseudogene, intergensku DNK i fragmente [[transpozon]]a i [[retrovirus]]a, koji zajedno čine veliki dio [[genom]]a većine [[eukariot]]a. Uprkos tome što ne doprinose produktivno organizmu domaćina, ove sekvence mogu opstati neograničeno u genomima, jer su nedostaci njihovog nastavka kopiranja premali da bi na njih djelovala [[prirodna selekcija]]. *[[Spolni hromosom]]i Hromosomi sa spolno- determinirajućim genima. *[[Spolno ograničeno svojstvo]] Svojstvo koje se pojavljuje kod samo jednoga od dvaju spolova. *[[reverzija soila|Spolno-reverzne osobe]] XX muškarci koji na X-hromosomu imaju gen Sry i XY žene koje na Y-hromosomu nemaju gen [[SRY]]. *[[spolno uvjetovano nasljeđivanje|Spolno uvjetovano svojstvo]] Svojstva čija je ekspresija alela koji su na autosomima uvjetovana spolom nositelja. *[[Spolno-vezano nasljeđivanje]] Nasljeđivanje gena na X-hromosomu (X-vezano nasljeđivanje). *[[spolno vezani geni|Spolno vezano svojstvo]] Kao i spolno vezano nasljeđivanje, to su termini koji se, u najširem smislu, odnose na pojavu da ispoljavanje određenih individualnih svojstava kontroliraju geni koji su smješteni na spolnim hromosomima. Pri tome se – u najužem smislu – u tom okviru osobine obično diferenciraju u: parcijalno (nekompletno) i kompletno spolno vezane. Parcijalno spolno vezani geni nalaze se na homologimhomolognim segmentima X hromosoma i Y hromosoma, pa je apriorna vjerovatnoća pojave rekombinacija u heterosomalnim i autosomalnim hromosomima (teorijski) podjednaka. Stvarna frekvencija hijazmi između X i Y gonosoma je, ipak, relativno niska jer su njihovi homologihomologni segmenti sasvim kratki. *Srodnik trećeg koljena Vidi: [[TOR]] *[[SSB]] Gubitak kontinuiteta fosfatno-šećerne kičme u jednom lancu DNK dupleksa. *[[ssDNK]] Bilo koja molekula DNK kojekoja se sastoji od jednog nukleotidnog polimera, ili lanca, za razliku od para komplementarnih lanaca koji se drže zajedno vodikovim vezama ( dvolančana DNK). U većini slučajeva, DNK je stabilnija i češća u dvolančanom obliku, ali visoke temperature, niske koncentracije rastvorenih soli i vrlo visok ili nizak pH mogu uzrokovati razlaganje dvolančanih molekula u dvije jednolančane molekule, u procesu poznatom kao „“topljenje“;”; ovu reakciju koriste prirodni enzimi kao što su oni koji su uključeni u replikaciju DNK, kao i laboratorijske tehnike kao što je lančana reakcija polimeraze *[[SSLP]] Polimorfizam dužine jednostavne sekvence ( (engl. Simple Sequence Lenght Polimorphism) koristi se kao genetički marker, uz primjenu lančane polimerazne reakcije (PCR). SSLP je oblik polimorfizma, koji se ispoljava kao razlika u dužini DNK sekvenci među jedinkama. SSLP se su ponavljajuće sekvence po različitim dužinama u intergenenskimintergenskim regijama dezoksiribonukleinske kiseline (DNK). Varijanse u dužini SSLP mogu se koristiti za razumijevanje genetičke varijanse između dvije jedinke određene vrste. *Standardni [[genetički kod]] Genetički kod velike većine živih organizama za prevođenje sekvence nukleinskih kiselina u proteine. U ovom sistemu, od 64 moguće permutacije troslovnih kodona koji se mogu napraviti od četiri nukleotida, 61 kodira jednu od 20 aminokiselina, a preostale tri kodiraju stop signale. Naprimjer, [[kodon]] CAG kodira aminokiselinu [[glutamin]], a kodon TAA je [[stop kodon]]. Standardni genetički kod je opisan kao degenerisan ili suvišan jer jednu aminokiselinu može kodirati više od jednog kodona. To je prvi kodon preveden [[ribosom]]om iz zrelog transkripta iRNK, koji se koristi kao signal za iniciranje sinteze proteina. U standardnom genetičkom kodu, početni kodon uvijek kodira istu aminokiselinu, [[metionin]], kod eukariota i za modificirani metionin kod prokariota. Najčešći startni kodon je [[triplet]] AUG. KontrastniKontrast je stop kodon. *[[Statistička genetika]] Grana genetike koja se bavi razvojem statističkih metoda za izvlačenje zaključaka iz genetičkih podataka. Teorije i metodologije statističke genetike često podržavaju istraživanja u kvantitativnoj genetici, genetičkoj epidemiologiji i bioinformatici. *[[frekvencija|Stopa prenositelja]] (noseća frekvencija) Udio jedinki u populaciji koje imaju jednu kopiju specifične recesivne genetičke varijante. Stopa nosivosti također se ponekad odnosi na prevalenciju varijanti u dominantno djelujućim genima, kao što su BRCA1 i BRCA2. Naziva se i noseća frekvencija. *[[Studija neinferiornosti]] Istraživačka studija koja je osmišljena kako bi se utvrdilo nije li jedna intervencija gora od druge kontrolne intervencije za unaprijed određenu granicu. Intervencija koja daje rezultate koji su jednaki ili bolji od kontrolne intervencije smatra se neinferiornom u odnosu na kontrolnu intervenciju. Studije neinferiornosti često se provode kako bi se ispitalo nije li novi, eksperimentalni tretman lošiji od utvrđenog standarda opskrbe. *[[smrtnost|Subletalnost]] Pojava da do letalnosti dolazi nakon reprodukcije. *[[Supstitucija nukleotida]] Zamjena jednog nukleotida drugim u molekuli DNK. *[[SUV]] (neklasificirana varijanta, varijanta nesigurnog značaja, varijanta nepoznatog značaja) Varijacija u genetičkoj sekvenci za koju je nejasna povezanost s rizikom od bolesti. Također se naziva neklasificirana varijanta, varijanta nesigurnog značaja i varijanta nepoznatog značaja. *[[Suvišni gen]]i Različiti geni koji utječuutiču na isto svojstvo na isti način. ==Š== [[Štetna mutacija]] [[Mutacija]] koja uzrokuje bolest, patogena varijanta, predisponirajuća mutacija, mutacija gena za osjetljivost Genetička promjena koja povećava osjetljivost ili predispoziciju za određenu bolest ili poremećaj. Kada je takva varijanta (ili mutacija) naslijeđena, razvoj simptoma je vjerobatniji, ali nije siguran. Također se naziva mutacija koja uzrokuje bolest, patogena varijanta, predisponirajuća mutacija i mutacija gena za osjetljivostvjerovatniji, ali nije siguran. ==T== *[[Tačkasta mutacija]] Mutacija kojom se jedna nukleotidna baza mijenja, ubacuje ili briše iz sekvence DNK ili RNK. *[[Tačkasta-nonsens mutacija]] Tačkaste mutacijeTačkasta mutacija koja rezultira preranim stop kodonom u transkribiranom transkribiranoj iRNK sekvencomsekvenci, uzrokujući na taj način prijevremeni završetak translacije, što rezultira skraćenim, nekompletnim i često nefunkcijskalnimnefunkcionalnim proteinom. *[[Tandemsko ponavljanje]] Obrazac unutar sekvence nukleinske kiseline u kojoj se jedna ili više nukleobaza ponavlja, a ponavljanja su direktno susjedna (tj. tandemska) jedna uz drugu. Primjer je ATGACATGACATGAC, u kojem se sekvenca ATGAC ponavlja tri puta. *[[TATA-kutija]] Visoko konzervirana nekodirajuća DNK sekvenca koja sadrži konsenzus ponavljajućih parova baza T i A koji se obično nalazi u promotorskim regijama gena kod arheja i eukariota. TATA kutija često služi kao mjesto inicijacije transkripcije ili kao mjesto vezivanja za faktore transkripcije. *[[centromera|Telocentrik]] (linearnog hromosoma ili fragmenta hromosoma) Hromosom sa s centromerom na krajnjem kraju hromosoma (blizu ili unutar telomere), što rezultira samo jednim krakom. Uporedite akrocentrik. *[[Telofaza]] Završna faza ćelijske diobe u mitozi i mejozi, koja se javlja nakon anafaze i prije ili istovremeno sas citokinezom, tokom koje se oko svakog skupa hromatida sintetiše jedarna membrana. Jedra se ponovo sastavljaju, a mitotsko vreteno se rastavlja. Nakon citokineze, nove ćelije kćeri nastavljaju interfazu. *[[Telomera]] Terminalna regija ponavljajućih nukleotidnih sekvenci na svakom kraju linearnog eukariotskog hromosoma koji štiti njegov kraj od propadanja i spajanja sas drugim hromosomima. Budući da svaki krug replikacije rezultira skraćivanjem hromosoma, telomere se ponašaju kao puferi za jednokratnu upotrebu koji se žrtvuju trajnom skraćivanju umestoumjesto obližnjih gena. Telomere se također mogu produžiti enzimom, telomerazom. *[[Telomeraza]] Enzim replikacije telomernih krajeva. Terminacijska sekvenca DNK-sekvence na kraju gena. *[[Terminacijski kodon]] Kodon koji signalizira prekid sinteze proteina tokom translacije transkripta informacijske RNK. U standardnom genetičkom kodu, tri različita stop kodona se koriste se za odvajanje ribosoma od rastućeg lanca aminokiselina, čime se završava prevod: UAG (nadimak „“ćilibar“,”, UAA („(“oker“)”) i UGA („opal“). *[[Test-ukrštanje]] Križanje jedinke dominantnog fenotipa s recesivnim homozigotom u svrhu otkrivanja njegovog genotipa (dominantni homozigot ili heterozigot)). *[[Tiha mutacija]] Tip neutralne mutacije koja nema vidljiv učinak na fenotip organizma. Iako se termin tiha mutacija često koristi naizmjenično sa sinonimnom mutacijom, sinonimne mutacije nisu uvijek tihe, niti obrnuto. Misens mutacije koje rezultiraju različitim aminokiselinama, ali one sa sličnom funkcijskalnošćufunkcionalnošću (npr. leucin umjesto izoleucina), također se često klasifikuju kao tihe, budući da takve mutacije obično ne utiču značajno na funkciju proteina. *[[Timin]] Označen slovom (T) Jedna od pet primarnih ili kanonskih dušičnih baza – [[adenin]] (A), [[[[guanin]]n]] (G), [[citozin]] (C), [[timin]] (T) i [[uracil]] (U) – koje formiraju nukleozide i nukleotide, od kojih su potonji temeljna građevina blokoviblokova nukleinskih kiselina. Sposobnost ovih nukleobaza da formiraju bazne parove putem vodikove veze, kao i njihovi ravni, kompaktni trodimenzijskalnitrodimenzionalni profili, omogućavaju im da se slažu jedna na drugu i vode direktno do dugolančanih struktura DNK i RNK. *[[Tirozin]] Skraćenica T, jedna od dvije purinske baze u strukturi DNK (u RNK, umjesto njega je [[uracil]]). *[[Tirozinaza]] Prvi enzim koji sudjeluje u biosintetskom putu pigmenta melanina. *Tkivno specifična [[ekspresija gena]] Funkcija gena i ekspresija koja je ograničena na određeno tkivo ili tip ćelija. Ekspresija specifična za tkivo je obično je rezultat pojačivača koji se aktivira samo u odgovarajućem tipu ćelije. *[[TNBC]] TNBC (ER-negativni PR-negativni HER2/neu-negativni rak dojke i trostruko negativni rak dojke) Oznaka za nedostatak ekspresije estrogenog receptora (ER), progesteronskog receptora (PR) i receptora ljudskog epidermnog faktora rasta 2 (HER2/neu). Također se naziva ER-negativni PR-negativni HER2/neu-negativni rak dojke i trostruko negativni rak dojke. *[[TOR]] Srodnik trećeg stepena) Skraćenica za prvi rođak, prabaka, praujak/pradajdža, prastric/praamidža, pranećakinja, pranećak, praunuk, polutetkaprvog rođaka, prabaku, praujaka/pradajđu, prastrica, pranećakinju, pranećaka, praunuka, polutetku ili poluujakpoluujaka pojedinca. Naziva se i srodnik trećeg stupnja. *[[Totipotentnost]] KarakterakteristikaKarakteristika ćelije da zadrži embriogeni potencijal za stvaranje novog tkiva i organizma. *[[Transdukcija]] Prijenos DNK iz jedne bakterijske ćelije u drugu pomoću bakterijskih virusa (faga). Tačkasta mutacija u kojoj je purinski nukleotid zamijenjen drugim purinom ( A ↔ G ) ili je nukleotid pirimidina zamijenjen drugim pirimidinom ( C ↔ T ). Kontrast je transverzija. *[[Transfekcija]] MetodMetoda ubacivanja stranoga gena u eukariotsku ćeliju. Transfer ''[[de novo]]'' (de novo varijanta, nova mutacija, nova varijanta) Genetička promjena koja je prisutna po prvi put u jednom članu porodice kao rezultat varijante (ili mutacije) u zametnoj ćeliji (jajnoj ćeliji ili spermatozoidu) jednog od roditelja ili varijante koja nastaje u samom oplođenom jajetu tokom rane embriogeneze. Također se naziva de novo varijanta, nova mutacija i nova varijanta. *[[Transferna tačka]] (tačkasta varijanta) Genetička promjena uzrokovana zamjenom jednog nukleotida drugim nukleotidom. Naziva se i tačkasta varijanta. *[[Transformacija]] Mehanizam rekombinacije kod prokariota, izmjena genetičke informacije između gole DNK iz okoliša i DNK ćelije recipijenta (primatelj); kod eukariota: preobrazba normalne ćelije u tumorsku. *[[Transgen]] Bilo koji gen ili drugi segment genetičkog materijala koji je izolovan iz jednog organizma, a zatim prenijet bilo prirodno ili bilo kojom od niza tehnika genetičkog inženjerstva u drugi organizam, posebno u neku drugu vrstu. Transgeni se najčešće unose u zametnu liniju drugog organizma. Obično se koriste za proučavanje funkcije gena ili za davanje prednosti koja inače nije dostupna u nepromijenjenom organizmu. *[[Transgeni organizam]] Organizam s ugrađenim stranim [[genom]]. *[[Transkripcija (genetika)]] Prepisivanje genetičke upute sas DNK, odnosno sinteza iRNK. Proces sinteze informacijske RNK (iRNK) prema šablonu smislenog polulanca DNK. *[[Transkripcijski faktor]] Bilo koji protein koji kontrolira brzinu transkripcije genetičkih informacija iz DNK u iRNK, tako što se vezuje za specifičnu sekvencu DNK i promoviše ili blokira regrutaciju RNK-polimeraze u obližnje gene. Transkripcijski faktori mogu efikasno uključiti i isključiti specifične gene kako bi bili sigurni da su eksprimirani u pravo vrijeme i na pravim mjestima; iz tog razloga, oni su fundamentalni i sveprisutni mehanizam regulacije gena. *[[Transkriptom]] Set svih RNK molekula jednog organizma, kompletna RNK datog organizma. *[[Translacija (genetika)]] Ribosomsko prevođenje šifre sas iRNK na rječnik redoslijeda aminokiselina u datoj proteinskoj sekvenci. Drugi korak u procesu ekspresije gena, u kojem se transkript RNK koji se proizvodi tokom transkripcije čita ribosom, kako bi proizveo funkcijskalnifunkcionalni protein. Proces sintetiziranja aminokiselinske sekvence (proteinskog produkta) prema kodu informacijske RNK (iRNK). *[[Translokacija (genetika)]] Tip hromosomske mutacije uzrokovane strukturnim preuređenjem velikih dijelova jednog ili više hromosoma. Postoje dva glavna tipa: recipročna i robertsonovska. Hromosomska mutacija u kojoj se hromosom predidaprekida i njegov se dio ponovno pričvrsti na drugo mjesto u hromosomu. *[[Transportna RNK]] (tRNK, transfer RNK) Ima specifičnu ulogu u procesu translacije genetičke šifre, odnosno njenog prevođenja sas jezika iRNK na jezik gradivnih jedinica proteina, tj. aminokiselina. Aktivnost molekula tRNK se zasniva na osobenoj sposobnosti dva aktivna mjesta. Na jedno od njih ona veže specifičnu aminokiselinu, a na drugom je antikodon, koji je komplementaran odgovarajućem kodonu iRNK. *[[Transpozon]] Vidi: Prenosivi element. Mobilna sekvenca u [[genom]]u. Mogu „“skakati“ sa” s jednog mjesta na drugo i odgovorni su za pojavu određenih mutacija. Pokretni genetički elementi, DNK sekvence koje se premještaju po [[genom]]u mehanizmom izrezivanja i lijepljenja (mehanizam cut/paste)). Vidi: prenosivi element. *[[Transverzija]] Mutacijska zamjena purinske baze pirimidinskom. Tačkasta mutacija u kojoj je purinski nukleotid zamijenjen pirimidinskim nukleotidom, ili obrnuto (npr. A ↔ C ili A ↔ T ). Kontrast je translokacija. *[[Tranzicija]] Zamjena jedne purinske baze drugom purinskom. *[[Trihibridno ukrštanje]] Ukrštanje u kojem se prate rezultati nasljeđivanjenasljeđivanja tri gena. *[[Trinukleotidno ponavljanje]] Sekvence od po tri nukleotida koji se ponavljaju u tandemu na istom susjednom dijelu hromosoma. Obično se javlja određena količina normalne (polimorfne) varijacije u broju ponavljanja bez kliničkog značaja; međutim, broj ponavljanja iznad određenog praga može, u nekim slučajevima, dovesti do štetnih učinaka na funkciju gena, što rezultira genetičkom bolešću. *[[Triplet baza]] Grupa od po tri dušične baze, npr. [[adenin]]-[[timin]]-[[adenin]] ili [[timin]]-[[guanin]]-[[citozin]] koja je šifra za jednu aminokiselinu. [[citozin]]-[[timin]]-[[timin]] (CTT) je tako triplet za aminokiselinu leucin, a [[guanin]]-[[timin]]-[[guanin]] (GTG) za valin. *[[Trisomija]] Tip aneuploidije, višak jednog hromosoma, 2n+1. *[[Tročlani kraj]] Vidi: 3'- kraj. *[[Trp-operon]] Represivni sistem regulacije gena kod bakterija. *[[TUF]] Cjelokupni skup RNK molekula (često se odnosi na sve tipove RNK, ali ponekad isključivo na iRNK) koji je ili može biti izražen određenim [[genom]]om, ćelijom, populacijom ćelija ili vrstama u određeno vrijeme ili pod određenim uvjetima. Transkriptom se razlikuje od egzoma i translatoma. *[[Tumor supresorski gen]] Tip gena koji regulira rast ćelija. Kada je tumor supresorski gen mutiran, može doći do nekontroliranog rasta ćelija. To može pridonijeti razvoju raka. ==U== *[[UAA]] Kratke sekvence nukleotida koje se sintetiziraju diskontinuirano pomoću DNK polimeraze i kasnije povezuju zajedno pomoću DNK ligaze kako bi se stvorio lanac koji zaostaje tokom DNK replikacije. OkazakiOvakvi fragmenti su posljedica jednosmjernosti DNK polimeraze, koja djeluje samo u smjeru od 5' do 3'. *[[Ukrštanje]] Uzgoj čistolinijskih roditelja koji pripadaju dvije različite rase, sorte, varijantedvjema različitim rasama, sortama, varijantama ili populacijepopulacijama, često namjerno kao metod selektivnog uzgoja, s ciljem stvaranja potomstva koje dijeledijeli osobine obje roditeljske loze ili koje pokazuju heterozu. U uzgoju životinja, potomstvo ukrštanja između rasa iste vrste naziva se križanci ili mulati, dok se potomstvo ukrštanja različitih vrsta naziva hibridima ili bastardima. *[[autbriding|Ukrštanje van srodstva]] (autbriding) Seksualna reprodukcija između različitih rasa ili osoba, koja ima potencijal da poveća genetičku raznolikost uvođenjem nepovezanog genetičkog materijala u populaciju za razmnožavanje. Reproduktivni događaj i rezultirajuće potomstvo mogu se nazvati vanbridinškim, a potomstvo je vanbridinško.. Kontrast je inbriding. *[[Unakrsno povezivanje]] Nenormalna veza između dvije ili više nukleobaza na suprotnim lancima dvolančane molekule DNK (međulanca) ili između baza na istom lancu (intralančana), posebno putem formiranja kovalentnih veza koje su jače od vodikove veze uparivanja baza. Unakrsne veze mogu biti generisane raznim egzogenim i endogenim agensima, i imaju tendenciju da ometaju normalne ćelijske procese kao što su replikacija i transkripcija DNK; oni su uobičajene mete puteva popravke DNK. *[[Unatražno ukrštanje]] Ukrštanje hibridnog organizma s jednim od roditelja ili jedinkom genetički sličnom jednom od roditelja, često namjerno kao vrsta selektivnog uzgoja, s ciljem stvaranja potomstva s genetičkim identitetom koji je bliži roditeljskom. Reproduktivni događaj i rezultirajuće potomstvo se nazivaju povratnim ukrštanjem, često skraćeno u genetici sa simbolom BC. *[[Uracil]] Skraćeno slovom (U.) Jedna od četiri nukleobaze prisutne u molekulama RNK. [[uracil]] formira par baza sas [[adenin]]om. U DNK, [[uracil]] se uopće ne koristi, već je zamijenjen [[timin]]om. *[[Uravnoteženost baza]] Dvije baze (ili nukleotidi) koje sadržavaju dušik i koje se uparuju kako bi formirale strukturu DNK. Četiri baze u DNK su [[adenin]] (A), [[citozin]] (C), [[guanin]] (G) i [[timin]] (T). Ove baze tvore specifične parove (A-T i G-C). Par baza se također može odnositi na stvarni broj parova baza, kao što je osam parova baza, u nizu nukleotida. *[[Uslovna ekspresija]] Kontrolisana, inducibilna ekspresija transgena, bilo in vitro ili in vivo. *[[Utišavanje gena]] Svaki mehanizam regulacije gena koji drastično smanjuje ili potpuno sprečava ekspresiju određenog gena. Može se dogoditi prirodno tokom transkripcije ili translacije. Laboratorijske tehnike često iskorištavaju prirodne mehanizme utišavanja kako bi se postiglo uništavanje gena. *[[Uzvodnost (genetika)]] Prema ili bliže 5'- kraju lanca nukleotida, ili N-kraju peptidnog lanca. Kontrast nizvodno. *[[Uzvodna sekvenca aktiviranja]] (UAS) Uzvodna aktivacijska sekvenca (UAS) je regulatorna sekvenca koja djeluje u cis poziciji. Razlikuje se od promotora i povećava ekspresiju susjednog gena. Zbog svoje suštinske uloge u aktiviranju transkripcije, uzvodna aktivirajuća sekvenca se često se smatra analognom funkciji pojačivača kod višećelijskih eukariota. Uzvodne aktivacijske sekvence su ključni dio indukcije, poboljšavajući ekspresiju proteina od interesa kroz povećanu transkripcijsku aktivnost. Nalazi se uzvodno od minimalnog promotora (TATA kutija) i služi kao mjesto vezivanja za transaktivatore. Ako se transkripcijski transaktivator ne veže za UAS u pravilnoj orijentaciji, transkripcija ne može započeti. ==V== *[[Varijabilna ekspresija]] Varijacije u načinu na koji se osobina manifestira. Kada postoji varijabilna ekspresivnost, značajka može varirati u kliničkom izražaju od blage do teške. Naprimjer,Npr., stanje neurofibromatoza tipa 1 može biti blago, manifestirajući se samo u kožnim mrljama (zvanim café-au-lait), ili može biti teško, manifestirajući se neurofibromima i tumorima mozga. *[[Varijabilna ekspresivnost gena]] Način varijacije na koji se gen eksprimira u fenotipu. *[[Varijacija broja kopija]] (CNV) [[Fenomen]] u kojem se dijelovi [[genom]]a ponavljaju i broj ponavljanja varira između jedinki u populaciji, obično kao rezultat događaja duplikacije ili delecije koji utičuutiče na cijele gene ili dijelove hromosoma. Varijacije broja kopija imaju važnu ulogu u stvaranju genetičkih varijacija unutar populacije. *''[[Varijacija de novo]]'' (''[[de novo]]'' mutacija, nova mutacija, nova varijanta) Genetička promjena koja je prisutna po prvi put u jednom članu porodice kao rezultat varijante (ili mutacije) u zametnoj ćeliji (jajnoj ćeliji ili spermatozoidu) jednog od roditelja ili varijante koja nastaje u samom oplođenom jajetu tokom rane briogeneze. Naziva se i de novo mutacija, nova mutacija i nova varijanta. *[[Varijacija broja kopija]] (CNV) Odnosi se na genetičko svojstvo koje uključuje broj kopija određenog gena prisutnog u genomu pojedinca. Genetičke varijante, uključujući insercije, delecije i duplikacije segmenata DNK, također se zajednički nazivaju varijantama broja kopija. Varijante broja kopija čine značajan udio genetičke varijacije. Naziva se i CNV. *[[Varijanta germ-linije (mutacija germinativne linije) Promjena gena u reproduktivnoj ćeliji (jajnoj ćeliji ili spermatozoidu) koja se ugrađuje u DNK svake ćelije u tijelu potomka. Varijanta (ili mutacija) sadržana u germinalnoj liniji može se prenijeti s roditelja na potomstvo i stoga je nasljedna. Naziva se i mutacija germinativne linije. *[[VUS|Varijanta nepoznatog / neizvjesnog značenja]] (neklasificirana varijanta, varijanta nesigurnog značaja, VUS) Varijacija u genetičkoj sekvenci za koju je nejasna povezanost s rizikom od bolesti. Također se naziva neklasificirana varijanta, varijanta nepoznatog značaja i VUS. Varijanta nepoznatog značenja Varijacija u genetičkoj sekvenci za koju je nejasna povezanost s rizikom od bolesti. Također se naziva neklasificirana varijanta, varijanta nesigurnog značaja i VUS. *[[princip osnivača|Varijanta osnivača]] (Genetička promjena uočena s velikom učestalošću u skupini koja je ili je bila geografski ili kulturno izolirana, u kojoj je jedan ili više predaka bio nositelj promijenjenog gena. Taj se fenomen često naziva učinkom osnivača. Naziva se i osnivačka mutacija.) Genetička promjena uočena s velikom učestalošću u skupini koja je ili je bila geografski ili kulturno izolirana, u kojoj je jedan ili više predaka bio nositelj promijenjenog gena. Taj se fenomen često naziva učinkom osnivača. *[[Varirajući pomak okvira]] (mutacija pomaka okvira) Insercija ili delecija koje uključujujuključuju broj parova baza koji nije višekratnik od tri, što posljedično remeti okvir čitanja tripleta DNK sekvence. Takve varijante (ili mutacije) obično dovode do stvaranja kodona prijevremeneprijevremenog završetka (zaustave) i rezultiraju skraćenim (kraćim od normalnog) proteinskim produktom. Naziva se i mutacija pomaka okvira *[[Vektor]] Bilo koja molekula DNK koji se koristi kao sredstvo za umjetni transport stranog genetičkog materijala u drugu ćeliju, gdje se može replicirati i/ili eksprimirati. Vektori su tipično dizajnirane rekombinantne DNK sekvence koje se sastoje od inserta (često transgena) i duže "kičmene" sekvence koja sadrži ishodište replikacije, višestruko mjesto kloniranja i selektabilni marker. Vektori se široko koriste u laboratorijama molekulske biologije za izolaciju, kloniranje ili ekspresiju umetka u ciljnoj ćeliji. *[[Vektor ekspresije]] (konstrukcija ekspresije) Također konstrukcija ekspresije Tip vektora, obično plazmid ili virusni vektor, dizajniran posebno za ekspresiju transgena umetnuti, umetnut u ciljnu ćeliju, umjesto u neku drugu svrhu kao što je kloniranje. Plazmidna mapa od 3,756 bp je ekspresijski vektor koji se koristi u ekspresiji transgena koji stvara zeleni fluorescentni protein (GFP). Vektor takođetakođer uključuje gen za lac represor (lacI) i gen koji daje rezistenciju na antibiotik kanamicin (KanR), kao i različite promotere za pokretanje ekspresije ovih gena. *[[Veličina genoma]] Ukupna količina DNK sadržana u jednoj kopiji genoma, obično se mjeri masom (u pikogramima ili daltonima) ili ukupnim brojem parova baza (u kilobazama ili megabazama). Za diploidne organizme, veličina genoma se često koristi naizmjenično sas C-vrijednošću. *[[Vezani disekvilibrij]] (LD) Pojava da se aleli (DNK markeri) pojavljuju zajedno češće nego što se to može objasniti slučajnošću zbog njihove fizičke blizine na hromosomu. Naziva se i *[[Vezani geni]] (osobine) Geni za određene osobine, na istom hromosomu. Tendencija sekvenci DNK koje su fizički blizu jedna drugoj na istom hromosomu da se nasljeđuju zajedno tokom mejoze. Budući da je fizička udaljenost između njih relativno mala, šansa da će bilo koja dva obližnja dijela DNK sekvence (često lokusi ili genetički markeri ) biti razdvojena na različite hromatide tokom hromosomskog ukrštanja (krosingovera) je statistički vrlo mala, Tada se smatra da su takvi lokusi povezaniji od lokusa koji su udaljeniji i da su lokusi na potpuno različitim hromosomima savršeno nepovezani. Standardna jedinica za mjerenje genetičke povezanosti je centimorgan (cM). *Vezanost Tendencija da se geni ili segmenti DNK koji su usko smješteni duž hromosoma međusobno ne odvajaju u mejozi i stoga se zajedno nasljeđuju. *[[Vještački hromosom kvasca]] (YAC) YAC su genetički modificirani hromosomi izvedeni iz DNK kvasca, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, koji se zatim ligira u bakterijski plazmid. Insercijom velikih fragmenata DNK, od 100- do 1000 kb, umetnute sekvence se mogu klonirati i fizički mapirati korištenjem procesa koji se naziva hodanje hromosoma. *[[VNTR]] Varijabilnost broja tandemskih ponavljanja (eng. (engl. Variable Number Tandem Repeat) ogleda se u varijaciji većeg broja lokacija sas kratkim nukleotidnim sekvencama tandemskih ponavljanja, koje se u [[genom]]u višekratno ponavljaju. Mogu se naći na mnogim hromosomima, a često pokazuju međuindividualne varijacije u dužini. Svaka varijanta djeluje kao naslijedni nasljedni alel, što omogućava da se koristite za osobnuličnu ili roditeljsku identifikaciju. Njihova analiza je korisna u genetičkim i ostalim biološkim istraživanjima, forenzici i DNK profiliranju (fingerprinting). *[[Vodeća sekvenca]] Kod replikacije DNK, lanac u nastajanju za koji su i smjer sinteze DNK polimeraze i smjer cjelokupne elongacije lanca prema replikacijskoj viljušcviljušci, tj. oba se javljaju u smjeru 5' do 3', što rezultira jednim, kontinuiranim procesom elongacije sas malo ili bez prekida. Nasuprot tome, drugi lanac u nastajanju, poznat kao zaostali lanac, sastavlja se u diskontinuiranom procesu koji uključuje ligaciju kratkih fragmenata DNK koji se sintetiziraju u suprotnom smjeru, daleko od replikacijske viljuške. Također spoj za spajanje donatora ili mjesto za spajanje donatora. Granica između lijevog kraja (po konvenciji, 5' kraja ) introna i desnog ( 3' ) kraja susjednog egzona u pre-iRNK transkriptu. *[[Vodeći lanac]] Lanac nove DNK koji se sintetizira u istom smjeru kao rastuća replikacijska viljuška. Ovaj tip replikacije DNK je kontinuiran. *[[Vodikova veza]] Veza dva [[vodik]]ova atoma u [[hemijski spoj|hemijskom spoju]]. međumolekulska veza koja nastaje između [[molekul]]a u kojima je [[vodik]] vezan za [[atom]] visoke [[elektronegativnost]]i (F, O, N). Zajednički elektronski par u vezama H-F, H-O, H-N je toliko pomaknut na stranu elektronegativnog atoma, da dolazi do razdvajanja [[naboj]]a (dipol). Pozitivni dio molekule (H<sup>+</sup>) privlači negativan kraj druge molekule pritom stvarajući međumolekulske veze. Vodikova veza je slabija od [[ionska veza|ionske]] ili [[kovalentna veza|kovalentne]] veze. ==W== *[[WES]] (sekvenciranje cijelog egzoma, WXS) Laboratorijski postupak koji se koristi za određivanje nukleotidne sekvence primarno egzonskih (ili proteinski kodiranih) regija genoma i srodnih sekvenci, što predstavlja približno 1% cjelokupne sekvence DNK. Također se naziva sekvenciranje cijelog egzoma i WXS. *[[WGS]] (sekvenciranje cijelog genoma) Laboratorijski postupak koji se koristi za određivanje gotovo svih od približno tri milijarde nukleotida kompletne individualne sekvence DNK, uključujući nekodirajuće sekvence. Također se naziva sekvenciranje cijelog [[genom]]a. *[[WXS]] WXS (WES, sekvenciranje cijelog egzoma) Laboratorijski postupak koji se koristi za određivanje nukleotidne sekv encesekvence primarno egzonskih (ili proteinski kodiranih) regija [[genom]]a osobe i srodnih sekvenci, što predstavlja približno 1% cjelokupne DNK sekvence. Također se naziva WES i sekvenciranje cijelog egzoma. ==X== *[[hromosom X|X-hromosom]] Jedan od dva spolna hromosoma prisutna u organizmima sas XY sistemom za određivanje spola i jedini spolni hromosom u sistemu X0. X hromosom se nalazi i kod muškaraca i kod žena i obično sadrži mnogo više gena nego njegov pandan, Y hromosom. *[[X-inaktivacija]] Zvana i lajonizacija, ponegdje i lionizacija (prema engleskoj genetičarki Mary Lyon) je postupak kojim se jedna od kopija X-hromosoma inaktivira kod ženki sisara sas placentom. Neaktivni hromosom X se utišava pakovanjem u transkripcijski neaktivnu strukturu zvanu heterohromatin. Kako gotovo svi ženski sisari imaju dva X hromosoma, X-inaktivacija imih sprečava da imaju dvostruko više X-hromosomskih genskih proizvoda od mužjaka, koji imaju samo jednu kopiju X hromosoma. Izbor X hromosoma koji će se inaktivirati slučajan je kod placentnih sisara kao što su ljudi, ali nakon što se inaktivira, on će ostati neaktivan tokom života ćelije i njenih potomaka u organizmu (njegova ćelijska linija). Obično se javlja X-inaktivacija koja je neravnomjerno raspoređena po ćelijskim linijama unutar jednog organizma (slučajna X-inaktivacija). *X-vezana osobina Vidi: Spolnospolno vezana osobina. *[[X-vezano nasljeđivanje]] Nasljeđivanje genetičkih stanja povezanapovezanih s mutacijama u genima na X-hromosomu. Jedna kopija mutacije dovoljna je da izazove bolest i kod muškaraca (koji imaju jedan X hromosom) i kod žena (koje imaju dva X hromosoma). U nekim uvjetima, odsutnost funkcionalnog gena rezultira smrću oboljelih muškaraca. *[[X-vezano recesivno nasljeđivanje]] Nasljeđivanje koje se odnosi na genetička stanja povezana s mutacijama u genima na X-hromosomu. Muškarci koji nose takvu mutaciju će biti pogođeni, jer imaju samo jedan X-hromosom. Žena koja nosi mutaciju u jednom genu, s normalnim genom na drugom X-hromosomu, općenito je nepogođena. ==Y== *[[hromosom Y|Y-hromosom]] Jedan od dva spolna hromosoma prisutna u organizmima koji imaju XY sistem za određivanje spola. Y hromosom se nalazi samo kod muškaraca i obično je mnogo manji od svog dvojnika, X hromosoma. *[[Y-vezana osobina]] Vidi: Holandričnajolandrična osobina i Spolno vazanospolno vezano svojstvo. ==Z== *[[Zaostali lanac]] Lanac nove DNK čiji je smjer sinteze suprotan smjeru rastuće replikacijske viljuške. Zbog svoje orijentacije, replikacija zaostalog lanca je složenija u odnosu na onu vodećeg niza. Kao posljedica toga, vidi se da DNK-polimeraza na ovom lancu zaostaje za onom na drugom lancu. *[[Z-DNK]] Jedna od mnogih mogućih dvostrukih spiralnih struktura DNK. To je ljevoruka dvostruka spiralna struktura u kojoj se spirala vijuga ulijevo u cik-cak obrascu, umjesto udesno, kao uobičajeni oblik B-DNK. Smatra se da je Z-DNK jedna od tri biološki aktivne dvostruke spiralne strukture zajedno sas A-DNK i B-DNK. *[[Z-skor]] Rezultat koji pokazuje koliko je standardnih odstupanja vrijednost iznad ili ispod srednje vrijednosti. *[[Začetnica]] (prajmer) Kratka molekula RNK-nukleotida kojom započinje sinteza komplementarnog lanca DNK u replikaciji *[[Zakon nezavisne segregacije]] Jedan od tri osnovna principa mendelovskog nasljeđivanja, prema kojem se tokom mejoze aleli svakog gena odvajaju jedan od drugog tako da svakasvaki rezultirajući gamet nosi samo jedan alel svakog gena. *[[Zakon segregacije]] Pravilnost razdvajanjerazdvajanja jednoga para alela u anafazi mejoze. *[[Zakon uniformnosti]] Jedan od tri osnovna principa mendelovskog nasljeđivanja, po kojem različiti aleli istog gena mogu biti dominantni ili recesivni u odnosu na druge, tes tim da će organizam s barem jednim dominantnim alelom ujednačeno imati fenotip povezan s dominantnim alelom. *[[Zamjenska mutacija]] Vidi: Nesinonimnanesinonimna mutacija . *[[Zigot]] Tip eukariotske ćelije nastala kao direktan rezultat oplodnje između dva gameta. Kod višećelijskih organizama, zigot je najranija razvojna faza. Prva ćelija novonastalog organizma, nastala oplodnjom, tj. spajanjem jajne ćelije i spermatozoida. *[[Zigoten]] Potfaza profaze mejoze I. *[[Zigotnost]] Stepen do kojeg više kopija gena, hromosoma ili genoma imaju istu genetičku sekvencu; npr. u diploidnom organizmu sas dvije kompletne kopije njegovog genoma (jedna majčina i jedna očinska), stepen sličnosti alela prisutnih u svakoj kopiji. Za osobe koje nose dva različita alela za određeni gen smatra se da su heterozigoti za taj gen; osobe koje nose dva identična alela su homosigoti za taj gen. Zigositnost se takođe može posmatrati zajedno za grupu gena, ili za čitav skup gena i genetičkih lokusa koji čine [[genom]]. Preuzeto sa <ref>https://bastina.anubih.ba/items/a2e6e47d-5e00-4f99-9d52-eb91dafdb5dc</ref>[[ANUBiH]]/[[Institut za genetičko inženjerstvo Sarajevo|Ingeb]] ==Također pogledajte== *[[Genetika]] ==Reference== {{reflist}} [[Kategorija:Genetika]] [[Kategorija:Genetika čovjeka]] 8chgqo5ox2leewv7nxh7tmvh5o9cn2b 3849467 3849348 2026-05-26T11:56:59Z ~2026-31379-83 181785 /* A */ 3849467 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Slika:Picture of my book.png|thumb|<center>Naslovnica izvornika ovog članka</center>]] ==3'- kraj== Također, (tri prim kraj.) Jedan od dva kraja istog linearnog lanca [[DNK]]ili [[RNK]], konkretno kraj na kojem se lanac [[nukleotid]]a završava na trećem atomu [[ugljik]]a u furanoznom prstenu [[dezoksiriboza|dezoksiriboze]] ili [[riboza|riboze]] (tj. kraj na kojem 3' ugljik nije vezan na drugi nukleotid preko [[fosfodiesterska veza|fosfodiesterske veze]]; ''[[in vivo]]'', 3' ugljik je često još uvijek vezan za [[hidroksilna grupa|hidroksilnu grupu]]). Po konvenciji, sekvence i strukture bliže 3'- kraju u odnosu na druge se nazivaju nizvodnonizvodnim. Kontrast je 5'- kraj. Prema, prema važećoj konvenciji, ribozni prsten s atomima ugljika označenim brojevima od 1' do 5'. Za 5' ugljik se kaže da je uzvodno; 3' ugljik je nizvodno. Također su prikazane veze za generičku bazu i fosfatnu grupu. *'''[[3'-neprevedena regija]] [[Tri prim netranslatirana regija]] (3′- (3' UTR) je dio [[informacijska RNK|informacijske RNK]] (iRNK) koji slijedi odmah nakon traslacije [[stop kodon|završnog kodona]]. 3'UTR (neprevedena/netranskatirana regija) često sadrži regulatorne regije koje posttranskripcijski utiču na [[ekspresija gena|ekspresiju gena]]. *'''5'- kraj''' [[Pet prim-kraj]] Jedan od dva kraja jednog linearnog lanca [[DNK]] ili [[RNK]], kraj na kojem se lanac [[nukleotid]]a završava na petom atomu ugljika u [[furanoza|furanoznom]] prstenu dezoksiriboze ili riboze (tj. kraj na kojem 5' ugljik nije vezan na drugi nukleotid preko fosfodiestarske veze; ''[[in vivo]]'', 5' ugljik je često još uvijek vezan za fosfatnu grupu). Po konvenciji, sekvence i strukture smještene bliže 5'-kraju u odnosu na druge se nazivaju uzvodno. Kontrast je *'''5'5' neprevedena regija''' Poznata i kao 5'UTR (vodeća sekvenca, vodeći transkript ili vodeća [[RNK]]) , ovo je regija informacijske [[RNK]] ([[iRNK]] neposredno uzvodno od inicijacijskog kodona. Ova sekvenca [[DNK]] je važna je za reguliranje translacije translacije transkripta različitim mehanizmima kod [[virus]]a, [[prokariot]]a i [[eukariot]]a. Iako se naziva neprevedenim, [[5'UTR]] ili njegov dio ponekad se prevodi u [[protein]]ski proizvod. Ovaj proizvod tada može regulirati translaciju glavne kodirajuće sekvence iRNK. U mnogim organizmima, međutim, 5′ UTR je potpuno nepreveden, a umjesto toga formira kompleks sekundarne strukture za regulaciju translacije.<ref name="hadzirifat">{{cite book |last=Hadžiselimović |first=Rifat|title=Ja i moja genetika|publisher=ANUBiH-Ingeb |isbn=978-9926-410 -88-9| edition=1th |place=Sarajevo}}</ref> ==A== *[[hromosom|Acentričnost]] (linearnog hromosoma ili fragmenta hromosoma) [[hromosom]]/fragment bez centromere. *[[Adaptivna radijacija]] [[Evolucija]] različito prilagođenih vrsta iz jednog [[zajednički predak|zajedničkog pretka]]. *[[Adenin]] (skr. A) Skraćeno slovom A. Jedna od četiri glavne nukleobaze u [[DNK]] i [[RNK]]. Formira par baza sa [[timin]]om u [[DNK]] i sa [[uracil]]om u RNK. *[[Aficirana jedinka]] U [[genetika|genetici]], opisuje osobu koja ima određenu [[fenotip]]sku osobinu ili bolest. Pojedinac izražava tu osobinu ili ima znakove i simptome bolesti. *[[AFLP]] Polimorfizam dužine amplificiranih fragmenata (eng. (engl. ''Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism)'' јedan јеje od značajnijih i najšire posmatranih genetičkih markera. Važan je u mnogim oblastima istraživanja, od molekulske biologije, [[genetika|genetike]] i [[genomika|genomike]], do [[mikrobiologija|mikrobiologije]], [[ekologija|ekologije i rekonstrukcije [[filogenetika|evolucijsko-filogenetičkih]] veza i odnosa. Proučavanje ovog polimorfizma posebno je značajno i u medicini, u procesima [[genotip]]izacije. *[[hromosom|Akrocentričnost]] (linearnog [[hromosom]]a ili hromosomskog fragmenta): Pozicija centromere vrlo blizu jednog krajajednom kraju [[hromosom]]a, za razliku od kraja ili u sredini. *[[transkripcijski faktor|Aktivator]] Tip [[transkripcijski faktor|transkripcijskog faktora]] koji povećava transkripciju gena ili skupa gena. Većina aktivatora djeluje tako što se vezuju za specifičnu sekvencu koja se nalazi unutar ili blizu pojačivača ili [[promotor (genetika)|promotora]] i olakšava vezivanje [[RNK-polimeraza|RNK-polimeraze]] i drugih transkripcijskih faktora u istoj regiji. Vidi također: koaktivator; kontrastni represor. *[[Alel]] Jedna od alternativnih varijanti [[gen]]a, nastala promjenom u slijedu nukleotida (genskom mutacijom). Nalaze se na stalnim mjestima ([[genski lokus|lokusima]]) na [[hromosom]]u, ali se razlikuju u [[nukleotid]]noj sekvenci [[genetička informacija|genetičke informacije]]. Ako se na jednom lokusu alternativno javlja više od dva alela, zovu se multipli aleli (primjer tri alela za [[krvna grupa|krvne grupe]]: IA, IB i Io ). IO). *[[Alelna heterogenost]] Prisustvo različitih varijanti na jednom genskom lokusu koje uzrokuju iste ili slične fenotipske ekspresije bolesti ili stanja. *[[Alosom]] Također ([[spolni hromosom]], [[heterohromosom]] ili [[idiohromosom]].) Svaki hromosom koji se razlikuje od običnog autosoma po veličini, obliku ili ponašanju i koji je odgovoran za određivanje spola organizma. Spolni hromosomi kod ljudi, su [[hromosom X]] i [[hromosom Y]]. *[[Alternativna prerada]] Regulirani [[fenomen]] [[ekspresija gena|ekspresije eukariotskih gena]] u kojem su specifični [[egzon]]i ili dijelovi egzona iz istog primarnog transkripta različito uključeni ili uklonjeni iz konačnog, zrelog informacijskog [[primarni transkript|transkripta RNK]]. Klasa [[posttranskripcijska modifikacija|posttranskripcijskih modifikacija]], [[alternativna prerada]] omogućava jednom genu da kodira više proteinskih izoformi i uveliko povećava raznolikost proteina koje može proizvesti pojedinačni genom. Vidi također: [[prerada RNK]]. *[[mutacija|Amber]] Jedan od tri [[stop kodon]]a koja se koriste u standardnom genetičkom kodu; u RNK, određen je nukleotidnim tripletom UAG. Druga dva stop kodona se zovu oker i opal. *[[Amesov test]] Bakterijski test [[mutagen]]osti koji koristi bakteriju ''[[Salmonella]] typhimurium'', auksotrofnu za [[histidin]]. *[[Aminokiselina]] Organski spoj koji sadrži funkcionalne grupe [[amin (hemija)|amin]] i [[karboksilna gropa|karboksil]], kao i [[bočni lanac]] specifičan za svaku pojedinačnu aminokiselinu. Od skoro 500 poznatih aminokiselina, skup od 20 je kodiran standardnim [[genetički kod|genetičkim kodom]] i ugrađeni su u sekvencu kao gradivni blokovi [[polipeptid]]a ([[protein]]a). Specifična sekvenca aminokiselina u polipeptidnim lancima koji formiraju protein u konačnici osobine različitih proteina te oblici molekula proteina ovise o tipu i redoslijedu sastavnih aminokiselina. *[[Amorf]] Bilo koji alel koji je postao nefunkcionalan zbog genetičke mutacije. Mutacija može dovesti do potpunog neuspjeha proizvodnje genskog proizvoda ili genskog proizvoda koji ne funkcijskirafunkcionira ispravno; u oba slučaja, [[alel]] se može smatrati nefunkcijskalnim. *[[Anafaza]] Faza [[mitoza|mitoze]] i [[mejoza|mejoze]] koja se javlja nakon metafaze i prije telofaze, kada se replicirani hromosomi odvoje i svaka od [[sestrinske hromatide|sestrinskih hromatida]] se pomjeri na suprotne strane ćelije. *[[Analiza mutacija]] Metoda [[genetičko testiranje|genetičkog testiranja]] zametne linije, usmjerena na otkrivanje specifične varijante ili mutacije (kao što je štetna varijanta MSH2 prethodno identificirana u porodici), panel varijanti (kao što su tri patogene varijante [[BRCA]] koje se sastoje od panela osnivačke mutacije za osobe [[Aškenazi Jevreji|aškenaskog]] [[jevrej]]skog porijekla) ili tip varijante (kao što su velike [[delecija (genetika)|delecije]] ili [[insercija (genetika)| insercije]] u genu [[BRCA1]] ). Ovaj tip testiranja razlikuje se od potpunog sekvenciranja gena ili skeniranja varijanti. Potonji su [[dizajn]]irani za otkrivanje većine varijanti u regiji koja se testira. Dosadašnja uporabaupotreba također primjenjuje ovaj termin na bilo koji [[genetički test]]. *[[Analiza vezanosti]] Tehnika lociranja gena koja prati obrasce bolesti u visokorizičnim porodicama. Pokušava locirati gen koji uzrokuje bolest identificiranjem [[genetički marker|genetičkih markera]] poznate [[hromosom]]ske lokacije koji su su [[nasljeđivanje|naslijeđeni]] sa značajkom od interesa. *[[Aneuploidija]] Pojava jednog ili više dodatnih [[hromosom]]a ili hromosoma koji nedostaju, što dovodi do neuravnoteženog [[hromosomski komplement|hromosomskog komplementa]] ili bilo kojeg broja hromosoma koji nije tačan višekratnik [[ploidija|haploidnog broja]] (koji je 23). Tip ploidije sas viškom ili manjkom jednog ili više hromosoma (različitim od n), isključujući abnormalni broj kompletnih setova [[hromosom]]a, koji je umjesto toga poznat kao [[euploidija]]. *[[Anticipacija]] [[Fenomen]] kojim simptomi [[genetički poremećaj|genetičkog poremećaja]] postaju očigledni (i često teži) u ranijoj dobi kod oboljelih osoba sa svakom [[generacija|generacijom]] koja naslijedi poremećaj. *[[Antigen]] Strana ili sopstvena tvar koja uzrokuje [[imunski odgovor]] organizma. *[[Antikodon]] Serija od tri uzastopna [[nukleotid]]a unutar [[tRNK|transferne RNK]] koji dopunjuju tri nukleotidna [[kodon]]a unutar transkripta iRNK. Tokom [[translacija (genetika)|translacije]], svaka [[tRNK]] regrutovana u [[ribosom]] sadrži jedan antikodonski triplet koji se uparuje sas jednim ili više komplementarnih kodona iz sekvence iRNK, omogućavajući svakom kodonu da specificira određenu aminokiselinu koja će se dodati rastućem peptidnom lancu. Antikodoni koji sadrže inozin na prvoj poziciji mogu se upariti s više od jednog kodona zbog fenomena poznatog kao uparivanje kolebljivih baza. [[alel|Antimorf]] Mutirani alel sa suprotnom ekspresijom u odnosu na iskodišni ([[divlji tip]]). *[[Antiparalelnost]] Orijentacija dva lanca dvolančane nukleinske kiseline (i općenito bilo kojeg para biopolimera) koji su međusobno paralelni, ali suprotne usmjerenosti. Npr., dva komplementa [[RNK]] lanca molekule [[DNK]] idu jedan pored drugog, ali u suprotnim smjerovima, pri čemu je jedan lanac orijentiran 5'- prema 3', a drugi 3' prema 5'. *Antisens lanac, negativni (–) i [[nekodirajuća RNK|nekodirajući lanac]] Lanac dvolančane [[DNK]] molekule koji se koristi kao šablon za sintezu RNK tokom [[transkripcija (genetija)|transkripcije]]. Sekvenca šablonskog lanca je komplementarna rezultirajućem [[RNK]] transkriptu. Kontrast nekodirajućeg je kodirajući lanac. *[[Antitijelo]] ([[GWAS]]) Opći naziv za [[imunoglobulin]]; protein koji se u stvara u odgovoru organizma na [[antigen]]. *[[GWAS|Asocijacija]] [[GWAS|Studija genomske povezanosti]] (GWAS) način je na koji znanstvenici identificiraju naslijeđene genetičke varijante povezane s rizikom od bolesti ili određenom osobinom. Ovaj metod ispituje cijeli genom radi [[genetički polimorfizam|genetičkih polimorfizama]], obično jednonukleotidnog polimorfizama ([[SNP]]-ovi) (izgovaraju se "isječci"), koji se češće javljaju u slučajevima ljudi s bolešću ili osobinom koja se procjenjuje, nego u kontrolnim skupinama (ljudi bez bolesti ili osobine, Naziva se i GWAS.). *[[Auksotrof]] (mutant) Bakterija s nefunkcionalnom mutacijom gena za [[enzim]] koji sudjeluje u nekom [[metabolizam|metaboličkom procesu]] *[[Autoimunost]] Pojava stvaranja [[antitijela]] na sopstvene [[antigen]]e *[[Autosom]] Svaki hromosom koji nije alosom i stoga nije uključen u određivanje spola organizma. Za razliku od spolnih [[hromosom]]a, autosomi u [[ploidija|diploidnoj]] ćeliji postoje u parovima, pri čemu članovi svakog para imaju istu strukturu, morfologiju i [[genski lokus|genske lokuse]]. *[[Autosomno nasljeđivanje|Autosomno dominantno nasljeđivanje]] Jedan od načina na koji se genetička osobina ili genetičko stanje može naslijediti. U autosomno dominantnom nasljeđivanju, genetičko stanje nastaje kada je varijanta prisutna samo u jednom alelu (kopiji) određenog gena. *[[Autosom]]no [[recesivni gen|recesivno]] [[nasljeđivanje]] Jedan od načina na koji se genetička osobina ili genetičko stanje može naslijediti. Kod autosomno recesivnog nasljeđivanja, genetičko stanje nastaje kada je jedna varijanta prisutna na oba alela *[[Autosom]]nost Prisustvo veze s bilo kojim od 22 numerirana para hromosoma koji se nalaze u većini ljudskih ćelija. Autosomni hromosomi označeni su brojevima od 1- do 22. Spolni hromosomi (X i Y hromosom) određuju spol osoba i ne smatraju se autosomnim hromosomima.<"ref name=Rifat">{{cite book|author=Hadžiselimović R. |title=Ja i moja genetika|year= 2024|publisher= [[ANUBiH]]-Ingeb|place=Sarejevo|isbn=978-9926-410-88-9|isbn=978-9958-083-12-9}}</ref> ==B== *[[Barkodiranje DNK]] Metod [[taksonomija|taksonomske]] identifikacije u kojoj se kratke sekvence [[DNK]] iz jednog ili više specifičnih gena izoluju iz neidentifikovanih uzoraka, a zatim se usklađuju sa sekvencama iz referentne biblioteke kako bi se jedinstveno identifikovala [[vrsta]] ili drugi [[takson]] iz kojeg su uzorci nastali. Sekvence korištene u usporedbipoređenju pažljivo su odabrane od gena koji su i široko [[konzervirana sekvenca|konzervirani]] i koji pokazuju veće varijacije između vrsta nego unutar vrsta, npr. gen [[citohrom]] c oksidaze za eukariote ili određeni geni [[ribosomska RNK|ribosomske RNK]] za [[prokariot]]e. Ovi geni su prisutni u gotovo svim živim organizmima, ali imaju tendenciju da evoluiraju različite mutacije u različitim vrstama, tako da se svaka varijanta sekvence može povezati s jednom određenom vrstom, efektivno stvarajući jedinstveni identifikator sličan maloprodajnom barkodu. DNK barkodiranje omogućava identifikaciju nepoznatih uzoraka iz inače nejasnih tkiva ili dijelova tijela, gdje bi identifikacija prema morfologiji bila teška ili nemoguća, a biblioteka bar-kodovabarkodova organizma sada je dovoljno sveobuhvatna da se čak i organizmi koji su ranije bili nepoznati nauci često mogu filogenetski pouzdano klasificirati. Istovremena identifikacija više različitih vrsta iz mješovitog uzorka poznata je kao metabarkodiranje. *[[Barrovo tjelešce]] Inaktivirani X-hromosom ili spolni hromatin. *[[G-pruganje|Bend]] Obojeni segmentSegmenti [[hromosom]]a obojeni specifičnim bojama u određenoj fazi ćelijske diobe. Postoji nekoliko laboratorijskih tehnika, u kojima se pojavljuje specifični obrazac svijetlih i tamnih pruga (traka) kada se hromosomi gledaju pod mikroskopom; uzorak pruganja pomaže u dodjeljivanju određenog rednog broja svakom [[hromosom]]u i procjeni njegove strukture. *[[alel|Bialelnost]] Oba alela jednog gena (očev i majčin). Naprimjer, nositelji bialelne mutacije imaju mutaciju (ne nužno istu) u obje kopije određenog gena (majčine i očeve). *[[Binarna dioba]] Dioba ćelije nakon replikacije [[DNK]], prostom diobom kod prokariota (nespolno razmnožavanje) *[[B-DNK]] Vidi: Dvostrukadvostruka spirala.<ref name="hadzirifat"/> ==C== *[[CAAT-kutija]] Također C Visoko konzrervirana konzervirana regulatorna sekvenca [[DNK]] locirana na otprilike 75 parova baza uzvodno (tj. –75 bp) od mjesta početka transkripcije za mnoge eukariotske gene. *[[cDNK]] Vidi: [[komplementarna DNK]]. *[[Centimorgan]] (cM) / mapna jedinica (mu) Također [[mapna jedinica]] (mu). Jedinica za mjerenje genetičke povezanosti definirana kao udaljenost između hromosomskih lokusa za koje je očekivani prosječan broj razmjenskih hromosomskih ukrštanja (krosingovera) u jednoj generaciji 0,01. Iako nije stvarna mjera fizičke udaljenosti, koristi se za procjenu stvarne udaljenosti između dva lokusa, na osnovu prividne vjerovatnoće da se između njih dogodi razmjena dijelova hromatida. *[[Centralna dogma molekularne biologije|Centralna dogma molekulske biologije]] Generalizirani okvir za razumijevanje protoka genetičkih informacija između makromolekula unutar bioloških sistema. Ističe fundamentalni princip da se informacije o sekvenci kodirane u tri glavne klase biopolimera – [[DNK]] → [[RNK]] → protein — mogu kopirati između ove tri klase samo na određene načine, a ne na druge: konkretno, prijenos informacija između nukleinske kiseline i sas nukleinske kiseline na protein je moguć, ali transfer sas proteina na protein, ili sas proteina nazad na bilo koji tip nukleinske kiseline, nije i ne dešava se prirodno. *[[Centromera]] Specijalizirana sekvenca [[DNK]] unutar [[hromosom]]a koja povezuje par sestrinskih hromatida. Primarna funkcija centromere je da djeluje kao mjesto sklapanja kinetohora, proteinskih kompleksa koji usmjeravaju vezivanje vlakana diobenog vretena za centromeru i olakšavaju segregaciju hromatida tokom ćelijske diobe (mitoze i mejoze). *[[CHIP]] *CHIP (klonska hematopoeza neodređenog potencijala) Prisustvo somatskih mutacija u hematopoetskim matičnim ćelijama kod osobaaosoba bez krvnog raka koji se može otkriti. Definicija CHIP-a zahtijeva da su mutacije prisutne s varijantnom učestalošću alela od 2% ili višom i da su u genima za koje je opisano da su pogođeni krvnim kancerima. Ovo stanje je češće kod starijih osoba i kod onih koji su bili liječeni od drugih tipova raka. Povezan je s povećanim rizikom od razvoja kardiovaskularnih bolesti i krvnog karcinoma. Naziva se i klonska hematopoeza neodređenog potencijala. *[[Cis pozicija]] Na istoj strani; susjedno; koji djeluju iz iste molekule. Kontrast je trans pozicija. *[[Cis-dominantna mutacija]] Mutacija koja se javlja unutar cis-regulatornog elementa (kao što je operator) mijenjajući funkcijskiranjefunkcioniranje obližnjeg gena ili gena na istom [[hromosom]]u. Cis-dominantne mutacije utiču na ekspresiju gena jer se javljaju na mjestima koja kontroliraju transkripciju, a ne unutar samih gena. *[[Cisgeneza]] Oznaka proizvoda za kategoriju genetički modificiranih biljaka. Predložene su različite sheme klasifikacije, koje kategoriziraju genetički modifikovane organizme na osnovu prirode unesenih genotipskih promjena, a ne procesa genetičkog inženjerstva. *[[Cis-regulatorni element]] (CRE) / cis-regulatorni modul (CRM) Također cis-regulatorni modul (CRM). Bilo koja sekvenca ili regija nekodirajuće [[DNK]] koja regulira transkripciju obližnjih gena (npr. promotor, operater, utišavač ili pojačivač ), obično služeći kao mjesto vezanja za jedan ili više faktora transkripcije. Kontrast je transregulatorni element. *[[Cistron]] Dio molekule [[DNK]] ili [[RNK]] koji kodira specifični polipeptid u sintezi proteina; zamjenski terimtermin za gen. *[[Citogenetika]] [[gnetikq]] pojava i procesa na ćelijskoj razini; proučava kako hromosomi utiču i odnose se na ponašanje i funkciju ćelije, posebno tokom mitoze i mejoze. *[[C-vrijednost]] Sveukupna količina ugljika u [[DNK]] haploidnog jedra (npr. gametu) određenog organizma ili vrste, izraženo u broju parova baza ili u jedinicama mase (obično pikogrami ); ili, ekvivalentno, polovinu količine u diploidnim somatskim ćelijama (2C-vrijednost). Za jednostavne diploidne eukariote termin se često koristi naizmjenično sas veličinom [[genom]]a, ali u određenim slučajevima, npr. u hibridnim poliploidima koji potiču od roditelja različitih vrsta (alopoliplodi), C-vrijednost može zapravo predstavljati dva ili više različitih [[genom]]a sadržanih u istom jedru. C-vrijednosti se odnose samo na [[genom]]sku DNK, isključuju vanjedarnu DNK. *[[Citološka mapa]] Mapa koja prikazuje precizna fizička mjesta gena na [[hromosom]]u. *[[Citozin]] Skraćeno slovom (skr. C. ) Jedna od četiri glavne nukleobaze u [[DNK]] i [[RNK]]. [[citozin]] formira bazni par sas [[guanin]]om. *[[cpDNK]] Vidi:[[hloroplastna DNK]] . ==Č== *[[Čista linija]] Jedinke homozigotnog genotipa za sva promatranaposmatrana svojstva. ==Ć== *[[Ćelijska dioba]] Podjela jedne ćelije na dvije ili više novih kćeri ćelija. Osnovni oblici su [[mitoza]] (somatske ćelije), [[mejoza]] (reproduktivne ćelije) i binarna dioba (uglavnom kod jednoćelijskih organizama). *[[Ćelijski ciklus]] Slijed ćelijskih pojava u procesu diobe, od poćetkapočetka do kraja mitoze. *[[Ćelijsko reprogramiranje]] Pretvaranje ćelije iz jednog tipa ćelije specifičnog za tkivo u drugi. Ovo uključuje dediferencijaciju do pluripotentnog stanja; primjer je pretvaranje somatskih ćelija miša u nediferencirano embrijskoembrionalno stanje, koje se oslanja na transkripcijske faktore Oct4, Sox2, Myc i Klf4. ==D== *[[Dalton (jedinica)|Dalton]] Jedinica molekulske mase. *[[DarT]] Diverzitet matričnih tehnologija (eng. (engl. Diversity Arrays Technology) je oznaka tehnologije koja se primjenjuje u molekulskoj genetici za razvoj markerskih sekvenci u genotipizaciji i drugim genetičkim analizama.DArT se temelji na hibridizacijama mikronizova (mikromatrica) za detekcujudetekciju prisustva ili nepostojanja pojedinih fragmenata u konstituciji genoma. *[[''De novo'' mutacija]] Spontana mutacija u [[genom]]u pojedinačnog organizma koja je nova za lozu tog organizma, koja se prvi put pojavila u zametnoj ćeliji jednog od roditelja ili u zigotu koji se razvija u organizam; mutacija koja nije bila prisutna u genomu nijednog od roditelja. *[[Degeneracija genetičkog koda]] Izlišnost genetičkog koda, prikazana kao mnoštvo različitih kodona koji specificiraju istu aminokiselinu. Naprimjer, u standardnom genetičkom kodu, aminokiselina serin je specificirana putem šest jedinstvenih kodona (UCA, UCG, UCC, UCU, AGU i AGC). Degeneracija kodona objašnjava postojanje sinonimnih mutacija. *[[Delecija (genetika)|Delecija (Δ)]] Označeno skraćeno simbolom Δ: Tip genetičke promjene koja uključuje odsutnost segmenta [[DNK]]; lom i gubitak hromosomskog segmenta. Može biti mala poput jedne baze ili hromosomskog segmenta, ali može značajno varirati u veličini. *[[Demetilacija DNK]]: Faktor selektivne aktivacije gena tokom procesa diferencijacije. *[[Desinapsa]] : Neuspjeh homolognih [[hromosom]]a koji su normalno sinapsirali tokom pahinena da ostanu upareni tokom diplotena. Desinapsa je obično uzrokovana nepravilnim formiranjem hijazme. Kontrast je asinapsa. *[[Dezoksiribonukleinska kiselina]] ([[DNK]]) DNK je glavni, ali ne jedini genetički materijal: dugačka, polimerna molekula koja se sastoji od gradivnih podjedinica kojikoje se zovu nukleotidi. Svaki nukleotid sastoji se iz po tri komponente: fosforne kiseline, šećera sas pet atoma ugljika (pentoza), zvanog dezoksiriboza i jedne od četiri heterociklične baze: [[adenin]] (A) [[timin]] (T), [[citozin]] (C) i [[guanin]] (G). Sekvenca ovih baza u molekuli [[DNK]] je šifra za biosintezu proteina koji određuje datu osobinu. Sadrži genetičke informacije odgovorne za razvoj i funkcijskiranjefunkcioniranje organizma. DNK se najčešće nalazi u dvolančanom obliku, koji se sastoji od dva komplementarna antiparalelna lanca nukleotida, molekule u kojima je svaka od nukleobaza na svakom pojedinačnom lancu uparena s onima na suprotnom lancu. Ova struktura se obično javlja u obliku dvostruke spirale. Naziva se i [[DNK]]. *[[Dezoksiriboza]], Također (2-dezoksiriboza.) Monosaharidni šećer koji se dobija iz riboze, gubitkom jednog atoma kisika. D-dezoksiriboza, u svom obliku pentoznog prstena, jedna je od primarnih funkcijskalnihfunkcionalnih grupa dezoksiribonukleotida, a time i molekula dezoksiribonukleinske kiseline (DNK). *[[centromera|Dicentričnost]] (linearnog hromosoma ili fragmenta [[hromosom]]a) (linearnog hromosoma ili fragmenta hromosoma) Prisustvo dvije centromere umesto normalno jedne. *[[tačkasta mutacija|Diferencirajuća tačka]] ([[tačkasta mutacija]]) Genetička promjena uzrokovana zamjenom jednog nukleotida drugim nukleotidom. Naziva se i tačkasta mutacija. *[[Dihibrid Heterozigotni organizam za dva gena, koji kodiraju dva različita svojstva, od kojih svaki ima po dva alela. *[[Dihibridno ukrštanje]] Ukrštanje dva heterozigota za dva gena; samooplodnja mendelovske F1 generacije (AaBb x AaBb) *[[mejoza|Dijada]] Vidi: [[Sestrinske hromatide]] *[[Dijakineza]] Potfaza profaze mejoze I. *[[Diploidija]] (diploidna hromosomska garnitura) Sadržaj dva haploidna kompleta hromosoma (po jedan od svakog roditelja): označava se sas 2n i predstavlja ukupan broj [[hromosom]]a u ćelijskom jedru. Ljudska vrsta ima 46 hromosoma, i to 23 od majke, 23 od oca. Parovi hromosoma nazivaju se [[homologni hromosom]]i. Pojava da ćelije ili organizmImajuorganizmi imaju dvije homologne kopije svakog hromosoma. Kontrast je haploidnog i poliploidnog. *[[Diploidni hromosomski broj]] (2n) Svaki [[hromosom]] predstavljen u dvije kopije; dva seta homolognih hromosoma (majčin i očev hromosom). *[[mrkoza|Diplonema]] ([[diploten]], diplotenski stadij); Također diplotenski stadij Potfaza mejoze I, tokom koje se sinaptonemski kompleks rastavlja i upareni [[homologni hromosom]]i počinju da se međusobno odvajaju, iako ostaju čvrsto vezani na hijazmama gde je došlo do razmjene dijelova homolognih hromatida (krosongover|krosingoverom). *[[Direktno ponavljanje]] Bilo koja dva ili više ponavljanja specifične nukleotidne sekvence koja se javljaju u istoj orijentaciji (tj. u potpuno istom redoslijedu, a ne obrnutimobrnutom) i na istom lancu, bilo razdvojenihrazdvojena interventnim nukleotidima ili ne. Primjer je sekvenca TACCGnnnnnnTACCG, u kojoj se TACCG pojavljuje dva puta, iako je odvojen sa šest nukleotida koji nisu dio ponovljene sekvence. Direktno ponavljanje u kojem su ponavljanja neposredno jedna uz drugu poznatapoznato je kao tandemsko ponavljanje. *[[Disperzivna replikacija]] Replikacija oko replikacijske viljuške čija brzina ovisizavisi od replikatora. Bilo koja molekula ili regija [[DNK]] ili [[RNK]] koja se replicira iz jednog polulanca DNK. *[[Divlji tip]] (WT) Fenotip tipskog oblika vrste kakva se javlja u prirodi; proizvod standardnog "“normalnog"” alela na datom lokusu, za razliku od onog koji proizvodi nestandardni mutantni alel. *[[vezani geni|Djelimična vezanost]] Geni na istom hromosomu između kojih se tokom mejoze događa hromatidna razmjena (krosingover) što uzrokuje nastanak rekombinantnih potomaka *[[DNK]] Vidi: [[dezoksiribonukleinska kiselina]]; DNK (engl. '' Deoxyribonucleic Acid'') – dvostruka uzvojnica koju čine dva polinukleotidna lanca omotana oko zajedničke osi. *[[DNK dupleks]] Vidi: Dvolančanadvolančana DNK. *[[DNK.mikromreža]] Tehnologija visoke propusnosti koja se koristi za mjerenje nivoa ekspresije transkripata [[iRNK]] ili za otkrivanje određenih promjena u nukleotidnoj sekvenci. Sastoji se od niza hiljada mikroskopskih mrlja [[DNK]] oligonukleotida, od kojih svaki sadrži pikomole specifične sekvence [[DNK]]. Ovo može biti kratak dio gena ili drugog DNK elementa koji se koristi kao sonda za hibridizaciju [[cDNK]], [[cRNK]] ili obrasca [[genom]]ske [[DNK]] (koji se naziva meta) pod visokim uvjetima. *[[DNK otisak prsta]] (fingerprint) ), DNK barkodiranje *[[DNK profiliranje je proces određivanja karakteristika individualnih [[DNK]]. DNK analiza namijenjena identifikaciji vrste, a ne pojedinca, naziva se DNK barkodiranje. *[[DNK-polimeraza]]: Glavni enzim replikacije [[DNK]]. Bilo koji od klase enzima koji sintetizira molekule DNK iz pojedinačnih dezoksiribonukleotida. [[DNK-polimeraza|DNK-polimeraze]] su neophodne za replikaciju DNK i obično djeluju u parovima, kako bi stvorile identične kopije dva lanca originalne dvolančane molekule. Oni grade dugačke lance DNK dodavanjem nukleotida jedan po jedan na 3'- kraj lanca DNK, obično se oslanjajući na šablon koji daje komplementarni lanac, kako bi vjerno kopirali sekvencu nukleotida. *[[DNK zametne linije]] (konstitutivna DNK) [[DNK]] tkiva koje potiče iz reproduktivnih ćelija (jajne ćelije ili spermatozoida) koje se ugrađuju u [[DNK]] svake ćelije u tijelu potomka. Mutacija klicinezametne linije može se prenijeti s roditelja na potomstvo. Naziva se i [[konstitutivna DNK]]. *[[Domaćinski gen]] Svaki konstitutivni gen koji se transkribujetranskribira na relativno konstantnom nivou u mnogim ili svim poznatim uslovima. Proizvodi takvog gena obično služe funkcijama koje su ključne za održavanje organizma. Pretpostavlja da na njihovu ekspresiju ne utiču eksperimentalni uslovi. *[[Domen (biologija)|Domen]] Specifična fizička regija ili sekvenca aminokiselina u proteinu koja je povezana s određenom funkcijom ili odgovarajućim segmentom DNK. *[[Dominantna letalnost]] Prisustvo samo jednog alela u genotipu uzrokuje smrt jedinke. *[[Dominantni alel]] Alel koji se eksprimira u fenotipu heterozigota. *[[Dominantnost alela]] Odnos između alela gena u kojem jedan alel proizvodi učinak na fenotip koji nadjača ili "maskira" doprinos drugog alela na istom lokusu; za prvi alel i njegova povezana fenotipska osobinanjegove povezane fenotipske osobine kaže se da je dominantan. Često dominantni alel kodira funkcionalni protein, dok njegov recesivni pandan ne uspijeva kontrolirati ekspresiju do krajnjeg proizvoda dominantnog alela. Dominacija nije inherentno svojstvo nijednog alela ili fenotipa, već jednostavno opisuje njegov odnos s jednim ili više drugih alela ili fenotipova; moguće je da jedan alel bude istovremeno dominantan nad drugim alelom, recesivan prema trećem i kodominatankodominantan prema četvrtom. Dominantni aleli su često predstavljeni jednim velikim slovom (npr. A, za razliku od recesivnog a). *[[Društvo za funkcijske genomske podatke]] (FGED, ranije MGED) Ranije poznat pod skraćenicom MGED. Organizacija koja radi s drugima "“na razvoju standarda za kvalitet podataka bioloških istraživanja, označavanje i razmjenu"”, kao i softverske alate koji olakšavaju njihovu upotrebu. *[[dsDNK]] Bilo koja molekula DNK koja se sastoji od dva antiparalelna, komplementarna dezoksiribonukleotidna polimerna lanca, koji su međusobno povezani vodikovim vezama između komplementarnih nukleobaza. Iako je moguće da DNK postoji kao jednostruki lanac, općenito je stabilniji i češći u dvolančanom obliku. U većini slučajeva, komplementarno uparivanje baza uzrokuje da se komplementarni polulanci namotavaju jedan oko drugog u obliku dvostruke spirale. *[[dsRNK]] Bilo koja molekula RNK koja se sastoji od dva antiparalelna, komplementarna ribonukleotidna polimerna lanca, koji su međusobno povezani vodikovim vezama između komplementarnih nukleobaza. Iako se [[RNK]] obično javlja u jednolančanom obliku, također formira i duplekse na isti način kao i DNK; primjer je uparivanje transkripta iRNK sas antisens verzijom istog transkripta, koji efikasno utišava gen sas kojeg je iRNK transkribovanatranskribirana sprečavanjem translacije. Kao i kod dsDNK, uparivanje baza u dsRNK često uzrokuje da se lanci namotavaju jedan oko drugog u obliku dvostruke spirale. *[[hromosom|Dugi krak]] (q) U kondenzovanim [[hromosom]]ima gdje pozicioniranje centromere stvara dva segmenta ili "“krake"” nejednake dužine, duži od dva kraka hromatide. Kontrast je kratki krak (p) ). *[[Duplikacija (genetika)|Duplikacija]] Tip mutacije u kojoj se neki gen /genski/[[hromosom]]ski segment (sekvenca DNK) u diploidnom organizmu javlja više od dva puta. *[[Dvostruka heterozigotnost]] (epigenetička varijanta, epimutacija) Prisustvo dva različita mutirana alela kod dvije odvojene epigenetičke varijacije; nasljedna promjena koja ne utječeutiče na sekvencu DNK, ali rezultira promjenom ekspresije gena. Primjeri uključuju metilaciju promotora i modifikacije histona. Također se naziva epigenetička varijanta i epimutacija. *[[Dvostruka spirala]] (heliks) Oblik koji najčešće imaju dvolančane molekule nukleinske kiseline, nalik merdevinama koje su uvijene oko svoje dugačke ose, sas prečkama koje se sastoje od uparenih nukleobaza. Ova sekundarna struktura je energetski najstabilnija konformacija dvolančanih oblika i DNK i [[RNK]] u najprirodnijim uslovima, koja nastaje kao posljedica primarne strukture fosfodiestarske kičme i slaganja nukleotida vezanih za nju. U B-DNK, najčešćoj varijanti DNK koja se nalazi u prirodi, dvostruka spirala ima desnu zavojnicu sas oko 10 parova baza po punom okretu, a molekulska geometrija rezultira naizmjeničnim uzorkom "“žlijebova"” različitih širina (glavni žlijeb i mali žljeb ) između paralelnih okosnica. *[[Dvostruki hromosom]] Hromosom sastavljen od dviju sestrinskih hromatida (svaka predstavlja jednu molekulu DNK), od S faze do metafaze (ili do metafaze II mejoze). *[[Dvostruki prekid ]](DSB) Gubitak kontinuiteta fosfatno-šećerne kičme u oba lanca dvolančane molekule DNK, posebno kada se dva prekida nastaju na mjestima koja su direktno preko putaprekoputa ili vrlo blizu jedno drugom na komplementarnim lancima. Kontrast: prekid jednog lanca (jednolančani prekid).<ref name="hadzirifat"/> ==E== *[[Egzom]] Čitav skup egzona unutar određenog [[genom]]a, uključujući neprevedene regije (UTR) zrelih iRNK, kao i kodirajuće regije. Sekvenca DNK u zreloj glasničkoj RNK, od kojih neke kodiraju aminokiseline proteina. Većina gena ima više egzona s intronima između njih. Kodirajući dio DNK, '''smisleni dio''' molekule DNK, koji je dio šifre za sintezu proteina. Slaganjem egzona i introna nastaje određeni gen. Egzoni ne postoje kod bakterija – njihova DNK ima kontinuiranu šifru, ali i nema mnogo gena. U procesu prepisivanja genetičke šifre, nekodirajući dijelovi DNK (introni) se izrezuju pa za transkripciju ostaje samo egzonska šifra. *[[Egzonukleaza]] Svaki enzim čija je aktivnost cijepanje fosfodiestarskih veza unutar lanca nukleotida, uključujući one koji se cijepaju samo nakon prepoznavanja specifične sekvence (tzv. restrikcijske egzonukleaze). Egzonukleaze prave svoje rezove na 3' ili 5'- kraju sekvence (a ne u sredini, kao endonukleaze). *[[Egzosomski kompleks]] Unutarćelijski multiproteinski kompleks koji služi za razgradnju različitih tipova [[RNK]] molekula. *[[Ekološka genetika]] Grana genetike koja se odnosi na ekologiju i sposobnost ekološkog prilagođavanja prirodnih populacija živih organizama. *[[Ekspresija gena]] Skup procesa u kojima se informacija kodirana u genu koristi u sintezi genskog proizvoda, kao što je protein ili nekodirajuća [[RNK]], ili se na drugi način utiče na jedan ili više fenotipova. Kanonski, prvi korak je transkripcija, koja proizvodi molekulu iRNK koja je komplementarna molekuli DNK u kojoj je gen kodiran. Za gene koji kodiraju proteine, drugi korak je translacija, u kojoj ribosom čita informacijsku RNK, kako bi proizveo protein. Informacije sadržane u sekvenci DNK ne moraju nužno biti transkribovanetranskribirane i prevedene da bi izvršile uticaj na molekulske događaje; šire definicije obuhvataju ogroman niz drugih modela na koje se genetičke informacije mogu eksprimirati. *[[Ekspresivnost (genetika)|Espresivnost]] Za dati genotip povezan s varijabilnim nebinarnim fenotipom, udio pojedinaca s tim genotipom koji pokazuju ili izražavaju fenotip u određenoj mjeri, obično se prikazuje u postocima. Zbog mnogih složenih interakcija koje upravljaju ekspresijom gena, isti alel može proizvesti širok spektar mogućih fenotipova različitih kvaliteta ili stupnjevastepena kod različitih individua. U takvim slučajevima može se reći da i fenotip i genotip pokazuju promjenjivu ekspresivnost. Ekspresivnost pokušava kvantificirati raspon mogućih nivoa fenotipskih varijacija u populaciji osoba koje eksprimiraju fenotip od interesa. Uporedite: penetrabilnostPenetrabilnost. *[[Ekstrahromosomska DNK]] Također (vanjedarna DNK ili [[citoplazmatska DNK]].) Bilo koja DNK koja se ne nalazi u [[hromosom]]ima ili u ćelijskom jedru i stoga nije [[genomska DNK]]. To može uključivati DNK sadržanu u [[plazmid]]ima ili [[organela]]ma kao što su [[mitohondrije]] ili [[hloroplast]]i, ili, u najširem smislu, DNK unesenu [[virus]]nom infekcijom. [[Vanhromosomska DNK]] obično pokazuje značajne strukturne razlike u odnosu na jedarnu DNK u istom organizmu. *[[Element odgovora]] Kratka sekvenca DNK unutar promotorske regije koja je u stanju da veže specifične transkripcijske faktore, kako bi regulirala transkripcija transkripciju specifičnih gena. *[[Emergeneza]] Kvalitet genetičkih osobina koji je rezultat specifične konfiguracije gena u interakciji, a ne samo njihove kombinacije. *[[Endonukleaza]] Svaki [[enzim]] čija je aktivnost cijepanje [[fosfodiestarskih veza]] unutar lanca nukleotida, uključujući one koji se cijepaju relativno nespecifično (bez obzira na sekvencu) i one koji se cijepaju samo na vrlo specifičnim sekvencama (tzv. restrikcijske endonukleaze). Kada je potrebno prepoznavanje specifične sekvence, prave rezove u sredini sekvence. Kontrast egzonukleazeje egzonukleaza. *[[Endosimbioza]] *[[Endosimbiotska teorija]] Pretpostavka da su mitohondrije i hloroplasti potomci drevnih jednoćelijskih simbiotskih organizama koji su se naselili u ćelijama drevnih eukariotskih domaćina. *[[Epigenetička varijanta]] (alteracija), epimutacija Nasljedna promjena koja ne utiče na sekvencu DNK, ali rezultira promjenom ekspresije gena. Primjeri uključuju metilaciju promotora i modifikacije histona. Naziva se i epigenetička alteracija i epimutacija. *[[Epigenetika]] Oblast genetike koja objašnjava mehanizme koji vode promjeni ekspresije gena, a koji se nasljeđuju, reverzibilni su i nisu posljedica promjene DNK-sekvence. Nauka o uticaju elemenata i faktora unutarćelijske sredine na fenotipsku ekspresiju gena. *[[Epimutacija]] (epigenetička promjena / varijanta) Nasljedna promjena koja ne utiče na sekvencu DNK, ali rezultira promjenom ekspresije gena. Primjeri uključuju metilaciju promotora i modifikacije histona. Također se naziva epigenetička promjena i epigenetička varijanta. *[[Episom]] Drugi naziv za plazmid, posebno onaj koji je sposoban da se integriše u hromosom. Kod eukariota, svaka neintegrirana vanhromosomska kružna molekula DNK koja se stabilno održava i replicira u jedru istovremeno sas ostatkom ćelije domaćina. Takve molekule mogu uključivati virusne genome, bakterijske plazmide i aberantne hromosomske fragmente. *[[Epistaza]] Međudjelovanje alela različitih gena kada ekspresija jednog gena sas jednog lokusa u genomu maskira (modificira/inhibira) ekspresiju gena sas drugog mjesta u genomu. Kolektivno djelovanje više gena u interakciji tokom ekspresije gena. OblikKao oblik djelovanja gena, epistaza može biti ili aditivna ili multiplikativna u svojim učincima na specifične fenotipske osobine. *[[Ergosom]] Vidi: [[Ribosom]] *[[Eukarioti]] Organizmi čije ćelije imaju pravo jedro obavijeno jedarnom ovojnicom, a u citoplazmi ćelije nalaze se brojne organele s vlastitom membranom. *[[Euploidija]] Ploidija (ćelije ili organizma) koji imaju abnormalan broj kompletnih setova [[hromosom]]a, možda isključujući [[spolni hromosom|spolne hromosome]]. Razlikuje se od aneuploidije, u kojoj ćelija ili organizam ima abnormalan broj jednog ili više specifičnih pojedinačnih hromosoma. *[[Evolucija]] Promjena nasljednih obilježja bioloških [[populacija]] tokom niza uzastopnih [[generacija]]. U najtradicijskalnijemU najtradicionalnijem smislu, javlja zbog promjena u frekvencijama alela u genskom fondu populacije. ==F== *[[Facijes]] Prepoznatljiva crta lica ili izraz koji je karakterističan za određeno stanje. *[[Fakultativna ekspresija]] [[Transkripcija gena]] samo prema potrebi, za razliku od konstitutivne ekspresije, u kojoj se gen transkribujetranskribira kontinuirano. Gen koji se transkribira po potrebi naziva se fakultativni gen. *[[Fakultativni heterohromatin]] ili spolni hromatin Inaktivirani X-hromosom ili Barrovo tjelešcetjelašce kod ženki sisara *[[Farmakogenetika]] Oblast genetike koja proučava učinak lijekova na genotip/ / fenotip pacijenata. *[[Favizam]]: Tip hemolitske anemije uzrokovan nedostatkom ili smanjenom funkcijom enzima G6PD koji sudjeluje u ćelijskoj odbrani od oksidacijskih procesa. *[[FDR]] (rođak prvog stepena) Roditelj, brat ili sestra ili dijete posmatrane osobe. Također se naziva i rođak prvog stupnja. *[[Fenokopija]] Fenotipsko svojstvo ili bolest koja nalikuje svojstvu izraženom određenim genotipom, ali kod jedinke koja nije nositelj tog genotipa. Naprimjer, rak dojke kod člana porodice s nasljednim sindromom raka dojke/ / jajnika koji ne nosi mutaciju [[BRCA1]] ili [[BRCA]]2 smatrat će se fenokopijom. Takva osoba nema porodičnu mutaciju povezanu s rakom i stoga nema rizik od [[kancer]]a povezan s tom specifičnom mutacijom. *[[fenotup|Fenotipsko zaostajanje]] Kašnjenje u fenotipskoj ekspresija ekspresiji genetičke mutacije zbog vremena potrebnog za ispoljavanje promjena u zahvaćenim biohemijskim putevima. *[[Fenotip]] Kombinacija vidljivih morfoloških, fizioloških i etoloških osobina organizma koje su rezultat ekspresije njegovog genotipa, kao i uticaja faktora sredine i interakcija između njih; skup uočljivih svojstava pojedinoga organizma koji nastaje interakcijom genotipa i okruženja. Svako brojljivobrojivo i/ili opisivo svojstvo osim genetičke informacije. *[[Fetusna eritroblastoza]] Bolest inkompatibilnosti krvi majke i [[fetus]]a. *[[Fiksacija gena]] Proces kojim se jedan alel određenog gena s više različitih alela povećava u učestalosti u datoj populaciji tako da postaje trajno uspostavljen na 100% učestalosti – to jest,tj., jedini alel na tom lokusu unutar [[genski fond|genskog fonda]] populacije. U nedostatku mutacije i prednosti heterozigota, bilo koji dati alel je na kraju predodređen da postane ili trajno fiksiran u odnosu na sve druge varijante ili potpuno izgubljen iz populacije, iako to koliko dugo će to trajati ovisi o pritiskuzavisi od pritiska selekcije i slučajnim fluktuacijamaslučajnih fluktuacija (genetičkog drifta) u frekvencijama alela. *[[Filogenetika]] Filogeneza na osnovu genetičkih pokazatelja. Proučavanje evolucijske historije i odnosa između jedinki ili grupa organizama, kao što su vrste ili populacije, metodima kojimetodama koje procjenjuju uočene nasljedne osobine, uključujući morfološke karakteristike i sekvence DNK. Rezultat takvih analiza poznat je kao filogenetsko stablo. *[[Filogeneza]] Evolucijski razvoj posmatrane grupe/ / populacije organizama. *[[Filogenija]] Nauka o filogenezi. *[[FISH]] Vidi: Fluorescentnafluorescentna hibridizacija in situ. *[[Fitnes]] [[Adaptivna vrijednost]] [[genotip]]a; mjera reproduktivnog uspjeha. *[[Fluorescentna in situ hibridizacija]] ([[FISH]] Tehnika koja se koristi za identifikaciju specifičnih hromosoma ili [[hromosom]]skih regija putem hibridizacije (pričvršćivanja) fluorescentno obilježenih DNK sondi na denaturiranu hromosomsku DNK. Ispitivanje mikroskopom, pod fluorescentnim osvjetljenjem otkriva obojene hibridizirane signale (a time i prisustvo hromosomskog materijala) ili odsutnost hibridiziranog signala (a time i odsutnost [[hromosom]]skog materijala). Također FISH. *[[Frekvencija alela]] Relativna učestalost s kojom se određeni alel datog gena (za razliku od drugih alela istog gena) javlja na određenom lokusu kod članova populacije; preciznije, to je udio svih hromosoma unutar populacije koji nose određeni alel, izražen kao dio, postotak ili proporcija. Frekvencija alela se razlikuje od učestalosti genotipa, iako su one povezane. *[[Fuzija gena]] Spajanje, bilo prirodnom mutacijom ili rekombinantnim laboratorijskim tehnikama, dva ili više prethodno nezavisnih gena koji kodiraju različite genske proizvode, tako da postaju predmet kontrole istih regulatornih sistema. Rezultirajuća hibridna sekvenca poznata je kao fuzijski gen.<ref name="hadzirifat"/> ==G== *[[Gamet]] Spolna (ženska ili muška) ćelija; skupni naziv za muške i ženske spolne ćelije. *[[gDNK]] Vidi: [[Genomska DNK]]. *[[Gen]] Svaki segment ili skup segmenata molekula nukleinske kiseline koji sadrži informacije potrebne za proizvodnju funkcijskalnogfunkcionalnog [[RNK]] transkripta na kontroliran način. U živim organizmima, geni se često smatraju osnovnim jedinicama naslijeđa i obično su kodirani u DNK. Određeni gen može imati više različitih verzija ili alela, a jedan gen može rezultirati genskim proizvodom koji utječeutiče na mnogo različitih fenotipova. Geni su kodirajuće sekvence. Gen je uputstvo za sitnezu tačno određenog proteina u nekom živom biću, neovisno o tomenezavisno od toga da li je taj protein gradivinigradivni (recimo miozin i/li hemoglobin)), ili ima ulogu katalize neke biohemijske reakcije, ili je svojevrstan oblik glasnika između ćelija. Geni ne sadrže kontinuiranu genetićkugenetičku informaciju, nego se kompletiraju od dijelova zovanihzvanih egzoni (koji su razdvojeni intronima). *[[Generacija]] U bilo kom datom organizmu, jedan reproduktivni ciklus ili faza između dva uzastopna reproduktivna događaja, tj. između reprodukcije pojedinačnog organizma i potomstva te reprodukcije; ili stvarna ili prosječna dužina vremena potrebnog da se završi jedan reproduktivni ciklus, bilo za određenu lozu ili za populaciju ili vrstu u cjelini. U datoj populaciji, one jedinke (često, ali ne nužno kojikoje žive istovremeno) kojikoje su podjednako udaljeniudaljene od datog zajedničkog pretka, na osnovu istog broja reproduktivnih događaja koji su se desili između njih i pretka. *[[Genetička anticipacija]] [[Fenomen]] u kojem znakovi i simptomi nekih genetičkih stanja postaju teži i/ili se pojavljuju u ranijoj dobi kako se poremećaj prenosi s jedne generacije na drugu. Huntingtonova bolest je primjer genetičkog poremećaja u kojem je biološki mehanizam za ovaj fenomen dobro dokumentiran. U drugim slučajevima to može biti posljedica faktora poput pojačanog nadzora ili drugih negenetičkih uzroka. *[[Genetička asocijacija]] Kopojava unutar populacije jednog ili više alela ili genotipova s određenim fenotipom osobina češće nego što se može očekivati samo slučajno; takva statistička korelacija se može koristiti da se zaključi da su aleli ili genotipovi odgovorni za proizvodnju datog fenotipa. *[[Genetička epidemiologija]] Proučavanje uloge koju imaju genetički faktori u određivanju zdravlja i bolesti, posebno kroz interakciju genetičkih faktora sas faktorima okoline, i tipično kako se to opaža kod genetički povezanih pojedinaca, često porodica ili loza, ali i populacija i subpopulacija. *[[Genetička genealogija]] Upotreba genealoškog testiranja DNK u kombinaciji sa tradicijskims tradicionalnim genealoškim metodima za zaključivanje nivoa i tipa genetičkih odnosa između jedinki, pronalaženje predaka i konstruisanje porodičnih stabala, genograma ili drugih genealoških mapa. *[[Genetička heterogenost]] Termin koji se koristi za opisivanje različitih genetičkih mehanizama koji proizvode iste ili slične fenotipove. Postoje dva tipa genetičke heterogenosti: alelna heterogenost i heterogenost lokusa. Alelna heterogenost se događa kada različite varijante na jednom genskom lokusu uzrokuju iste ili slične fenotipske ekspresije bolesti ili stanja. Heterogenost lokusa događa se kada varijante na različitim genskim lokusima uzrokuju iste ili slične fenotipske ekspresije bolesti ili stanja. *[[Genetička osjetljivost]] (podložnost)), genetička i nasljedna predispozicija Povećana šansa ili vjerojatnostvjerovatnoća razvoja određene bolesti na temelju prisustva jedne ili više genetičkih varijanti i/ili porodične anamneze koja ukazuje na povećan rizik od bolesti. Genetička predispozicija ne znači da će osoba razviti bolest. Način života i okolišni faktori također mogu uticati na rizik od bolesti jedinke. Također se naziva genetička predispozicija, nasljedna predispozicija i nasljedna predispozicija. *[[Genetička predispozicija]] Povećana šansa ili vjerojatnoćavjerovatnoća razvoja određene bolesti na temelju prisustva jedne ili više genetičkih varijanti i/ili porodične anamneze koja ukazuje na povećan rizik od bolesti. Postojanje genetičke predispozicije ne znači da će pojedinac razviti bolest. Način života i okolišni činioci također mogu uticati na rizik od bolesti. *[[Genetička raznolikost]] (genetička varijacija) Ponekad se koristi naizmenično sa genetičkom varijacijom. Ukupan broj genetičkih osobina u genetičkom sastavu populacije, vrste ili druge grupe organizama. Često se koristi kao mjera prilagodljivosti grupe promjenjivim okruženjima. Genetička raznolikost je slična genetičkoj varijabilnosti, iako se razlikuje od nje. *[[Genetička regulacijska mreža]] (GRN) Grafikon koji predstavlja regulatornu složenost ekspresije gena. Vrhovi (pikovi) su predstavljeni raznim regulatornim elementima i genskim proizvodima, a ivice (veze) njihovim interakcijama. Ove mrežne strukture također predstavljaju funkcijskalnefunkcionalne odnose aproksimirajući brzinu kojom se geni transkribiraju. *[[Genetička rekombinacija]] Svaki rearanžman ili razmjena genetičkog materijala unutar pojedinačnog organizma ili između jedinki iste ili različite vrste, posebno ono što stvara genetičke varijacije. U najširem smislu, pojam obuhvata raznoliku klasu prirodnih mehanizama pomoću kojih se sekvence nukleinskih kiselina kopiraju ili fizički prenose u različita genetička okruženja, uključujući homolognu rekombinaciju tokom mejoze ili mitoze ili kao normalan dio popravke DNK; horizontalni događaji prijenosa gena kao što su bakterijska konjugacija, virusna transdukcija ili transformacija; ili greške u replikaciji DNK ili diobi ćelije. Vještačka rekombinacija je centralna za mnoge tehnike genetičkog inženjerstva koje proizvode rekombinantnu DNK. *[[Genetička distanca]] (udaljenost) Mjera genetičke divergencije između vrsta, populacija unutar vrste ili jedinki, koja se posebno koristi u filogenetici za izražavanje ili vremena proteklog od postojanja zajedničkog pretka ili stepena diferencijacije u sekvencama DNK koje sadrže [[genom]]e svake populacije ili pojedinacpojedinca. *[[Genetička varijabilnost]] Ponekad se koristi naizmenično sa terminom (genetička varijacija.) Formiranje ili prisustvo jedinki koje se razlikuju po genotipu unutar populacije ili druge grupe organizama, za razliku od jedinki sas razlikama uzrokovanim okolišem, koje izazivaju samo privremene, nenasljedne promjene fenotipa. Izuzimajući druga ograničenja, populacija sas visokom genetičkom varijabilnosti ima veći potencijal za uspješnu adaptaciju na promjenjive uvjete okoline od populacije sas niskom genetičkom varijabilnošću. GenetićkaGenetička varijabilnost je slična, iako se razlikuje od genetičke raznolikosti. *[[Genetička varijacija]] Ponekad se koristi naizmjenično s genetičkom raznolikošću i genetičkom varijabilnosti. Genetičke razlike unutar i između populacija, vrsta ili drugih grupa organizama. Često se vizualizira kao raznolikost različitih alela u genskim fondovima različitih populacija. *[[Genetički drift]] (alelni drift ili efekat Sewalla Wrighta) Također alelni drift ili efekat Sewalla Wrighta, obično se Obično se javlja kada u formiranju genskog fonda naredne generacije ne učestvuje kompletna populacija nego samo njen manji ili večiveći dio. Promjena učestalosti s kojom se postojeći alel javlja u populaciji zbog nasumične varijacije u distribuciji alela iz jedne generacije u drugu. Genetički drift se često tumači kao posljedica slučajnosti u pojavi da li će dati alel postati više ili manje uobičajen sa svakom generacijom, bez obzira na uticaj prirodnog odabiranja. Takva slučajnost može uzrokovati da određeni aleli, čak i inače povoljni, potpuno nestanu iz genskog fonda, čime se smanjuju genetičke varijacije, ili može uzrokovati da u početku rijetki aleli, čak i neutralni ili štetni, postanu mnogo češći ili čak fiksirani. *[[Genetički kod]] Skup pravila po kojima se informacije kodirane unutar nukleinskih kiselina prevode u proteine u ribosomima živih ćelija. Ova pravila definiraju kako sekvence nukleotidnih tripleta koje se nazivaju kodoni određuju koja će aminokiselina biti sljedeća tokom sinteze proteina. Ogromna većina živih organizama ima isti genetički kod (koji se ponekad naziva i "“standardni"” genetički kod), ali postoje i varijantni kodovi. *[[Genetički marker]] Specifičan, lako prepoznatljiv i obično vrlo polimorfan dio gena ili druge DNK sekvenca sekvence s poznatom lokacijom na [[hromosom]]u koja se može koristiti za identifikaciju jedinki ili vrste kojekoji ga posjeduju. Sekvenca DNK s poznatim fizičkim položajem na [[hromosom]]u. [[Genetički marker]]i i geni koji su blizu jedan drugome na hromosomu imaju tendenciju da se nasljeđuju zajedno. Razlikuju se individualno do te mjere da se mogu koristiti za pronalaženje obližnjeg gena koji uzrokuje određenu bolest ili osobinu unutar porodica. Primjeri genetičkih markera su jednonukleotidni polimorfizammpolimorfizam (SNP), polimorfizmi dužine restrikcijskih fragmenata (RFLP), varijabilni broj tandemskih ponavljanja (VNTR), mikrosateliti i varijante broja kopija (CNV). Genetički markeri mogu, ali i ne moraju imati poznatu funkciju.] *[[Genetički modificirani organizam]] (GMO) Svaki organizam čiji je genetički materijal izmijenjen tehnikama genetičkog inženjerstva, posebno na način koji se ne javlja prirodno parenjem ili prirodnom genetičkom rekombinacijom. *[[Genetički poremećaj]] Nasljedno odstupanje od uobičajenog („(“normalnog“”) genotipa ili fenotipa).. *[[Genetičko autostopiranje]] Također (efekt stopiranja.) Tip povezane selekcije kojom pozitivna selekcija alela koji je podvrgnut selektivnom pritisku uzrokuje da aleli za različite gene na obližnjim lokusima također mijenjaju frekvenciju, omogućavajući im da "“stopiraju"” do fiksacije zajedno s pozitivno odabranim alelom. Ako je selekcija na prvom lokusu dovoljno jaka, neutralni ili čak blago štetni aleli unutar iste grupe veza mogu biti podvrgnuti istoj pozitivnoj selekciji jer je fizička udaljenost između obližnjih lokusa dovoljno mala da je malo vjerovatno da će se dogoditi rekombinacijski događaj između njih. *[[Genetičko inženjerstvo]] Obuhvata sve metode manipulacije genetičkim materijalom jednog organizma u kojima se neki dio [[genom]]a uklanja, ubacuje ili zamjenjuje (gen, [[hromosom]], hromosomska garnitura). Također genetička modifikacija ili genetička manipulacija. Direktna, namjenska manipulacija genetičkim materijalom organizma korištenjem bilo koje od raznih biotehnoloških metoda, uključujući umetanje ili uklanjanje gena, prijenos gena unutar i između vrsta, mutaciju postojećih sekvenci i izgradnju novih sekvenci korištenjem umjetnih sinteza gena. GenetičkiGenetičko inženjerstvo obuhvata širok skup tehnologija pomoću kojih se genetički sastav pojedinačnih ćelija, tkiva ili čitavih organizama može mijenjati u različite svrhe, obično kako bi se proučavale funkcije i ekspresija pojedinačnih gena, kako bi se proizveli hormoni, vakcine i druge droge i stvaranje genetički modificiranih organizama za upotrebu u istraživanju i poljoprivredi. *[[Genetičko savjetovanje]] Komunikacijski proces koji nastoji pomoći pogođenim ili rizičnim pojedincima i porodicama u razumijevanju prirodne povijesti, rizika od bolesti i načina prijenosa genetičkog poremećaja;. Treba olakšati informirani pristanak za genetičko testiranje kada je to prikladno;, raspravljati o mogućnostima upravljanja rizikom i planiranja porodice; te osigurati ili uputiti pojedince na psihosocijalnu podršku prema potrebi. Genetičko savjetovanje integrira genetičko testiranje, genetičku genealogiju i genetičku epidemiologiju. *[[Genetičko testiranje]] Također, DNK testiranje ili, genetički skrining. Široka klasa različitih procedura koje se koriste za identifikaciju osobina pojedinih hromosoma, gena ili osobnihličnih proteina, kako bi se utvrdilo porijeklo ili dijagnosticirala ranjivost na nasljedne bolesti ili otkriliotkrile mutantne alele povezane s povećanim rizikom od razvoja genetičkih poremećaja. Genetičko testiranje se široko koristi u medicini, poljoprivredi i biološkim istraživanjima. Proces testiranja pojedinaca u određenoj populaciji kako bi se identificirali oni koji imaju povećani rizik od pojave ili razvoja određenog genetičkog poremećaja ili nositelja genetičke varijante za određeni poremećaj. *[[Genetika]] Oblast biologije koja proučava gene, genetičke varijacije i procese naslijeđivanjanasljeđivanja u živim organizmima. *[[Genodermatoza]] Nasljedni sindrom koji uključuje dermatološki (kožni) fenotip. *[[Genom]] Obuhvata cjelokupnu nasljednu supstancu nekog organizma: jedarnu DNK, kodirajuće i nekodirajuće regije i genetički materijal mitohondrija i hloroplasta. Čitav komplet genetičkog materijala sadržan u hromosomima organizma, organele ili virusa. Termin se također koristi za označavanje kolektivnog skupa genskih lokusa koje dijeli svaki član populacije ili vrste, bez obzira na različite alele koji mogu biti prisutni na tim lokusima kod različitih jedinki. *[[Genomika]] Interdisciplinarno polje koje proučava strukturu, funkciju, evoluciju, mapiranje i uređivanje cijelih genoma, za razliku od pojedinačnih gena. Genomika okoliša, ekogenomika i genomika zajednice Proučavanje genetičkog materijala dobivenog direktno iz uzoraka okoliša, za razliku od organizama uzgajanih u laboratorijskim kulturama. *[[Genomska DNK]] (gDNK)), [[hromosomska DNK]] Također hromosomska DNK. DNK sadržana u hromosomima, za razliku od vanhromosomske DNK sadržane u zasebnim strukturama kao što su plazmidi ili organele kao što su mitohondrije ili hloroplasti. *[[genom|Genomski ispis]] koji rezultira inaktivacijom alela ovisno o tomezavisno od toga od kojeg je roditelja naslijeđen. Može imati kliničku važnost jer može utjecatiuticati na ekspresiju genske mutacije (tj. fenotipa) u potomstvu oboljelog roditelja, ovisno o tomezavisno od toga koji roditelj prenosi mutaciju. *[[Genomsko utiskivanje]] (imprinting) [[epigenetika|Epigenetički fenomen]] koji uzrokuje ekspresiju gena na način koji ovisi o određenom roditeljuzavisi od određenog roditelja od kojeg je gen naslijeđen. Javlja se kada se epigenetički znakovi kao što su DNK ili metilacija histona uspostave ili "“utisnu" (uštapmaju” (uštampaju) u zametne ćelije roditeljskog organizma i zatim se održavaju kroz ćelijske diobe u somatskim ćelijama potomstva organizma; kao rezultat, gen u potomstvu koji je naslijeđen od oca može biti izražen drugačije od druge kopije istog gena koja je naslijeđena od majke. *[[Genotip]] Cjelokupni komplement alela prisutan u genomu određene individue, što, u međudejstvu sameđudjelovanju s okolinskim faktorima i interakcijiinterakcijom gena dovodi do njenog fenotipa. Na najširoj razini, genotip uključuje cjelokupnu genetičku konstituciju pojedinca. Često se primjenjuje uže na skup alela prisutnih na jednom ili više specifičnih lokusa. *[[Genotip]]izacija Proces utvrđivanja razlika u genotipu pojedinca ispitivanjem sekvenci DNK u genomu, pomoću biotestova i poređenjem sa sekvencama druge osobe ili referentnom sekvencom. Laboratorijski proces u kojem se DNK zametne linije analizira na specifične nukleotide ili baze kako bi se utvrdilo jesu li prisutne određene varijante. Genotipizacija se razlikuje od sekvenciranja, u kojem se procjenjuju svi nukleotidi koji čine određenu duljinu DNK (npr. unutar gena, egzoma ili genoma). * [[Genotoksičnost]] Sposobnost određenih hemijskih i/ili fizičkih i bioloških agenasa da prouzrokuju oštećenje genetičkog materijala u živoj ćeliji (npr. kroz jednolančane ili dvolančane prekide, umrežavanje ili tačkaste mutacije), što može, ali ne mora da dovede do trajne mutacije. Iako su svi mutageni genotoksični, nisu svi genotoksični spojevi mutageni. *[[Genska doza]] Broj kopija određenog gena prisutnih u genomu. Doziranje gena direktno utiče na količinu genskog proizvoda koji ćelija može ekspromirati, iako su se razvile različite kontrole koje strogo regulišu ekspresija gena. Promjene u doziranju gena uzrokovane mutacijama, uključuju varijacije u broju kopija *[[Genska ravnoteža]] Mehanizam određivanja spola koji zavisi od omjera broja X-hromosoma (X) i broja skupova autosoma (A). Mužjaci se razvijaju kada je omjer X/A 0,5 ili manji, ženke kada je 1,0 ili više, a interseks se razvija kada je između 0,5 i 1,0. *[[Genska terapija]] Umetanje funkcionalnog ili divljeg tipa gena ili dijela gena u organizam (posebno pacijenta) s namjerom ispravljanja genetičkog defekta, bilo direktnom zamjenom defektnog gena ili suplementacijom drugom, funkcijskalnomfunkcionalnom verzijom. *[[Genski fond]] Zbir svih različitih alela koje dijele pripadnici jedne populacije. *[[Genski lokus]] Specifičan, fiksni položaj na [[hromosom]]u gdje se nalazi određeni gen ili genetički marker. *[[protein|Genski proizvod]] Bilo koji biohemijski materijal koji je rezultat ekspresije gena, koji se najčešće tumači kao funkcionalni transkriptom [[iRNK]], proizveden transkripcijom gena ili potpuno izgrađeni protein proizveden primarnim transkriptom, iako nekodirajuće, molekule RNK kao što su transferne [[RNK]] mogu također se smatraju genskim proizvodima. Mjerenje količine datog genskog proizvoda koji se može otkriti u ćeliji ili tkivu ponekad se koristi da se zaključi koliko je odgovarajući gen aktivan. *[[klicni list|Germ-ćelija]] (zametna ćelija) Svaka biološka ćelija koja stvara spolne ćelije organizma koji se seksualno razmnožava. Spolne ćelije su međugeneracijske veze za genetički materijal koji će se na kraju prenijeti na potomke organizma i obično se razlikuju od somatskih ćelija, koje su potpuno odvojene od zametne linije. *[[klicni list|Germ linija]] (zametna linija) Također: Zametna linija U višećelijskim organizmima, populacija ćelija koje su sposobne da prenesu svoj genetički materijal na potomstvo organizma i stoga se (barem teorijski) razlikuju od somatskih ćelija, koje ne mogu prenijeti svoj genetički materijal. Ćelije zametne linije nazivaju se zametne ćelije. Linija zametnih ćelija, koja se proteže kroz mnoge generacije, sadrži genetički materijal koji je na jedinku prenijet od njegovih predaka. *[[Glasnička RNK]] Vidi: [[Informacijsk RNK]]. *[[Goldberg-Hognessova kutija]] Vidi: [[TATA-kutija]]. *[[G-pruganje]] Također (Giemsa pruganje ili G-bendiranje) Tehnika koja se koristi u citogenetici za proizvodnju vidljivog kariotipa, bojenjem kondenziranih hromosoma Giemsa bojom. Bojenje proizvodi dosljedne i prepoznatljive uzorke tamnih i svijetlih "“traka"” u regijama hromatina, što omogućava da se specifični [[hromosom]]i lako razlikuju. [[gram pozitivna bakterija|Gram pozitivnost]] i [[gram negativna bakterija|Gram negativnost]] Prijemčivost/neprijemčivost [[mikroorganizam]]a (([[bakterija]]) ma Giemsa bojenje *[[Guanin]] Skraćeno slovom (skr. G.) Jedna od četiri glavne nukleobaze prisutne u DNK i [[RNK]]. [[Guanin]] formira bazni par sas [[citozin]]om. *[[Gubitak heterozigotnosti (LOH) Ako postoji jedan normalan i jedan abnormalni alel na određenom lokusu, kao što se može vidjeti kod naslijeđenog autosomno dominantnog poremećaja osjetljivosti na rak, gubitak normalnog alela proizvodi lokus bez normalne funkcije. Kada gubitak heterozigotnosti uključuje normalni alel, stvara se ćelija koja će vjerojatnijevjerovatnije pokazati maligni rast ako je promijenjeni gen tumor supresorski gen. Naziva se i LOH. *[[GWAS]] GWAS (studija povezanosti cijelog genoma) GWAS (genome-wide associatijskassociation study) je način na koji se identificiraju naslijeđene genetičke varijante povezane s rizikom od bolesti ili određenom osobinom. Oval metod ispituje cijeli genom radi genetičkih polimorfizama, obično polimorfizama jednog nukleotida ([[SNP]]), koji se češće javljaju u slučajevima (ljudi s bolešću ili osobinom koja se procjenjuje) nego u kontrolnim skupinama (ljudi bez bolesti ili osobine). Naziva se i studija povezanosti cijelog genoma.<ref name="hadzirifat"/> ==H== *[[Haplodiploidija]] Sistem određivanja spola u kojem je spol pojedinog organizma određen brojem hromosoma koje posjeduje: potomci koji se razvijaju iz oplođenih jaja su diploidni i ženski, dok su potomci koji se razvijaju iz neoplođenih jaja haploidni i muški, sas polovinom [[hromosom]]a koliko i žena. Haplodiploidija je zajednička za sve pripadnike reda insekata Hymenoptera i nekoliko drugih taksona insekata. *[[Haplogrupa]] Skupina sličnih haplotipova koji imaju zajedničkog pretka s istom [[SNP]] mutacijom. Pošto se sastoji od sličnih haplotipova, omogućava predviđanje haplogrupa prema haplotipovima. Haplogrupa se određuje i utvrđuje SNP testom. *[[Haploid]] (ćelije ili organizma) Imaju jednu kopiju svakog hromosoma, pri čemu svaka kopija nije dio para. Kontrast diploidnog i poliploidnog. Označava se stenografskim brojem n. *[[[Haploidna garnitura]] Jednostruka [[hromosomska garnitura]] označava se simbolom <big>''n''</big>. Kada se spolne ćelije – jajna ćelija i sprematozoidspermatozoid spoje, novonastala – prva ćelija novog živog bića imaćeimat će diploidan broj hromosoma. *[[Haploidni broj hromosoma]] čovjeka iznosi 23. *[[Haploinsuficijencija]] Model dominantnog djelovanja gena u diploidnim organizmima, u kojem je jedna kopija alel a alela divljeg tipa na lokusu u heterozigotnoj kombinaciji sas varijantnim alelom nije dovoljandovoljna za proizvodnju fenotipa divljeg tipa. Haploinsuficijencija može nastati zbog de novo ili naslijeđene mutacije gubitka funkcije u varijantnom alelu, tako da proizvodi malo ili nimalo genskog proizvoda (često protein). Situacija koja se događa kada je jedna kopija gena inaktivirana ili izbrisana, a preostala funkcijskalnafunkcionalna kopija gena nije primjerena za proizvodnju potrebnog genskog proizvoda za očuvanje normalne funkcije. *[[Haplotip]] Sažeti termin za haploidni genotip. To je skup specifičnih alela (pojedinačnih DNK sekvenci) u klasteru usko povezanih gena na istom hromosomu, koji se nasljeđuju zajedno. Jednostavnije rečeno, haplotip je grupa takvih gena koje potomstvo nasljeđuje od jednog roditelja. Skup usko povezanih genetičkih markera prisutnih na jednom [[hromosom]]u koji se nasljeđuju zajedno. *[[Hardy-Weinbergov zakon]] U velikoj populaciji u kojoj dolazi do slučajnog parenja, frekvencije gena i genotipova su stalne. *[[Helikaza]] Bilo koji iz klase motornih proteina zavisnih od ATP -a koji se kreću u smjeru duž DNK kičmu kičme i katalizuju razdvajanje dva[[komplementa RNK lanca dvostruke spirale, dozvoljavajući da se odvijajuodvija veliki broj vitalnih procesa, npr. transkripcija, replikacija i popravka. Enzim koji odmotava lance dvolančane uzvojnice. *[[Hemizigot]] U diploidnom organizmu, koji ima samo jedan alel na datom [[genski lokus|geneskom lokusu]] (gdje bi ih obično bilo dva). Hemizigotnost se može uočiti kada je samo jedna kopija [[hromosom]]a prisutna u normalno diploidnoj ćeliji ili organizmu, ili kada je obrisan segment [[hromosom]]a koji sadrži jednu kopiju alela, ili kada je gen lociran na [[spolni hromosomheterogamet]]nom spolu (u kojem polnispolni hromosomi ne postoje u parovima koji se podudaraju); naprimjer, kod muškaraca s normalnim hromosomima, za gotovo sve X-vezane gene se kaže da su hemizigoti jer postoji samo jedan X hromosom i nekoliko istih gena postoji na Y hromosomu. Muški spol koji samo na X-hromosomu nosi alel za spolno- vezano svojstvo i koji se uvijek eksprimira u [[fenotip]]u. *[[Hemiziogot]]nost Pojava samo jednog člana hromosomskog para ili segmenta hromosoma umjesto uobičajena dva. Hemizigotnost se često koristi za opisivanje X-vezanih gena kod muškaraca koji imaju samo jedan hromosom X. Ovaj se termin ponekad koristi u genetici somatskih ćelija gdje su ćelijske linije raka često hemizigotne za određene alele ili hromosomske regije. *[[Heritabilnost]] Također i (nasljedivost) Pohranjivanje, prijenos i izražavanje molekulskih informacija u biološkim organizmima, što se manifestira prenošenjem fenotipskih osobine sa osobina s roditelja na potomstvo, bilo kroz seksualnu ili aseksualnu reprodukciju. Za ćelije ili organizmiorganizme potomaka se kaže da nasljeđuju genetičke informacije svojih roditelja. *[[nasljeđivanje|Sposobnost nasljeđivanja]]: [[Statistika]] koja se koristi u [[kvantitativna genetika|kvantitativnoj genetici]]. koja procjenjuje proporciju varijacije unutar date [[fenotip]]ske osobine koja je posljedica genetičke varijacije između pojedinaca u određenoj populaciji. Nasljednost se procjenjuje poređenjem individualnih fenotipova blisko srodnih jedinki u populaciji. Udio varijacija u populacijskom svojstvu koji se može pripisati naslijeđenim genetičkim čniocimačiniocima. Procjene nasljednosti kreću se od 0 do 1 i često se izražavaju kao postotak. Broj blizak 1 može biti pokazatelj visoko nasljedne osobine unutar populacije. Ne smije se koristiti za procjenu rizika na individualnoj osnovi. *[[Heterodupleksna analiza]] Metod otkrivanja razlika u sekvencama između normalne DNK i DNK koja se testira. Obično se koristi kao metodmetoda za otkrivanje potencijalnih mutacija u genu. *[[Heterogametnost]] Stanje organizma koji stvara dva tipa gameta s obzirom na spolne hromosome (XY). Heterogenost logaritama odds skora (HLOD rezultat) Statistička procjena jesu li dva genetička lokusa fizički dovoljno blizu jedan drugome (ili "povezana") na određenom [[hromosom]]u da se vjerojatnovjerovatno nasljeđuju zajedno. Logaritam heterogenosti rezultata izgleda izračunava se u prisustvu heterogenosti lokusa (kada isti fenotip može biti uzrokovan mutacijama u genima na različitim hromosomskim lokusima). Naziva se i HLOD rezultat. *[[Heterogenost lokusa]] Prisustvo varijanti na različitim lokusima gena koje uzrokuju iste ili slične fenotipske ekspresije bolesti ili stanja. *[[Heterohromatin]] Kondenzirane regije hromatina koje najčešće nisu transkripcijski aktivne; mogu biti konstitutivne i fakultativne. *[[Heterohromosom]] Vidi: [[Alosom]] *[[Heterologna ekspresija]] Ekspresija stranog gena ili bilo koje druge strane sekvence DNK unutar organizma domaćina koji prirodno ne sadrži isti gen. Insercija stranih transgena u heterologne domaćine pomoću rekombinantnog vektori je uobičajeni biotehnološki metod vektora uobičajena je biotehnološka metoda za proučavanje strukture i funkcije gena. *[[Heteroplazmija]] Pojava kada je u citoplazmi više tipova hloroplasta ili mitohondrija. Heteroza, hibridna snaga i poboljšanje autbredinga Također hibridna snaga i poboljšanje autbredinga. Poboljšana ili povećana funkcija kvantiteta ili kvaliteta bilo koje biološke osobine u hibridu potomstvo potomstva, s obzirom na istu osobinu kod njegovih genetički različitih roditelja. Ako je bilo koja ili više osobina roditelja značajno poboljšana u potomstvu kao rezultat miješanja genetičkih doprinosa roditelja, potomstvo je heterotično. *[[Heterozigot]] U diploidnom organizmu, genotip koji ima dva različita alela na datom genskom lokusu. U genetičkoj stenografiji, heterozigotni genotipovi su predstavljeni parom nepodudarnih slova ili simbola, često velikim slovom (kojikoje označava dominantni alel) i malim slovom (koje označava recesivni [[alel]]), kao što su Aa ili Bb itd. Kontrast je homozigot. *[[heterozigot|Heterozigotni genotip]] Prisustvo dva različita alela na određenom genskom lokusu. Heterozigotni genotip može uključivati jedan normalni i jedan mutirani alel ili dva različita mutirana alela (složeni heterozigot). *[[Hibrid]] Jedinka nastala križanjem genetički različitih roditelja iste vrste; npr. mendelovski F1-potomci graška dominantnog fenotipa nastali križanjem dominantnog homozigota i recesivnog homozigota ili potomak nastao križanjem jedinki koje pripadaju različitim vrstama. Potomstvo koje nastaje spajanjem kvaliteta dvaju organizama različitih rodova, [[vrsta]], [[rasa]], [[sorta (botanika)|sorti]] ili varijeteta putem seksualnog razmnožavanja. Hibridi se mogu pojaviti prirodno ili umjetno, kao u toku selektivnog uzgoja domaćih životinja i biljaka. Reproduktivne barijere obično sprečavaju hibridizaciju između udaljenih organizama ili barem osiguravaju da hibridno potomstvo bude sterilno, ali plodni hibridi mogu dovesti do specijacije. *[[Hibridizacija]] Proces kojim se hibridni organizam proizvodi od dva organizma različitih rodova, vrsta, [[rasa{{ ili varijeteta. Proces kojim se jednolančani DNK ili [[RNK]] preparat dodaje na površinu sekvence, u rastvoru, i potencijalno pretvara u komplementarnu sonda sondu. U odnosu na test ekspresije gena, hibridizacija se odnosi na korak u eksperimentalnoj paradigmi, dok se u molekulskoj biologiji ili genetici termin odnosi na hemijski proces. *[[himera|Himerizam]] Prisustvo dvedvije ili više populacija ćelija sas različitim genotipovima u pojedinačnom organizmu, poznatom kao himera, koja se razvila fuzijom ćelija koje potiču iz odvojenih zigota. Svaka populacija ćelija zadržava svoj genom, tako da je organizam kao cjelina mješavina genetički neidentičnih tkiva. Genetički himerizam može biti naslijeđen (npr. fuzijom više embrija tokom trudnoće) ili stečen nakon rođenja (npr. alogenom transplantacijom ćelija, tkiva ili organa od genetički neidentičnog donora). Kod biljaka može biti rezultat kalemljenja ili grešaka u diobi ćelija. Sličan je mozaicizmu, ali se razlikuje od njega. *[[mutacija|Hipermorf]] Mutirani alel sas povećanom ekspresijom u odnosu na iskodišniishodišni ([[divlji tip]]). *[[Hipomelanoza]] Nedostatak melanina. *[[Hipomorf]] Mutirani alel sa smasnjenomsmanjenom ekspresijom u odnosu na iskodišniishodišni (divlji tip). *[[Histon]] Dio klase posebnih proteina u [[hromosom]]ima oko kojih se omotava molekula DNK. Bilo koji iz klase visoko alkalnih proteina odgovornih za pakovanje jedarne DNK u strukturne jedinice koje se nazivaju nukleosomi u eukariotskim ćelijama. Histoni su glavne proteinske komponente hromatina, gdje se povezuju u komplekse koji djeluju kao "kalemovi"“kalemi” oko kojih se vijuga linearna molekula DNK. Imaju glavnu ulogu u regulaciji i ekspresiji gena. *[[HLOD-rezultat]] ([[logaritam]] heterogenosti rezultata pojavljivanja) Statistička procjena dajesu li su dva genska lokusa fizički dovoljno blizu jedan drugome (ili "povezana") na određenom [[hromosom]]u da se vjerovatno nasljeđuju zajedno. HLOD rezultat izračunava se u prisustvu heterogenosti lokusa (kada isti fenotip može biti uzrokovan mutacijama u genima na različitim hromosomskim lokusima). Također se naziva logaritam heterogenosti rezultata pojavljivanja. *[[Hloroplastna DNK]] (cpDNK) Cirkularna molekula DNK u hloroplastima, nezavisna od jedarne, endosimbiotskog porijekla. *[[Holandrični gen]]o Geni na [[hromosom Y|Y-hromosomu]]. *[[hromosom|Holocentrik]] (linearnog hromosoma ili fragmenta [[hromosom]]a) (linearnog hromosoma ili fragmenta hromosoma) Bez jedne centromere, već više mjesta za sklapanje kinetohora raspoređenih duž cijele dužine [[hromosom]]a. Tokom diobe ćelije, hromatide holocentričnih hromosoma se paralelno pomiču i ne formiraju klasične strukture u obliku slova V, tipske za monocentrične [[hromosom]]e. *[[Homogametnost]] Organizam koji stvara jedan tip gameta s obzirom na [[spolni hromosom|spolne hromosome]] (XX)). *[[Homologna rekombinacija]] Tip genetičke rekombinacije u kojoj se nukleotidne sekvence razmjenjuju između dvije slične ili identične (“homologne") molekule DNK, posebno one koja se događa između homolognih hromosoma. Termin se može odnositi na rekombinaciju koja se javlja kao dio bilo kojeg od brojnih različitih ćelijskih procesa, najčešće popravke DNK ili hromosomskog ukrštanja tokom mejoze kod eukariota i [[horizontalni prenos gena|horizontalnog prijenosa gena]] kod prokariota. Kontrastna nehomologna rekombinacija. *[[Homologni hromosom]], homolozi Također homolozi. Skup od dva podudarna hromosoma, jednog majčinskog i jednog očinskog, koji se uparuju jedan s drugim unutar jedra tokom mejoze. Imaju iste gene na istim lokusima, ali mogu imati različite alele. *[[Homoplazmija]] Pojava kada u citoplazmi nalazimo samo jedan tip [[hloroplast]]a ili [[mitohondrija]]. *[[Homozigot]] U diploidnom organizmu, organizam koji ima dva identična alela na datom genskom lokusu. U genetičkoj stenografiji, homozigotni genotipovi su predstavljeni parom odgovarajućih slova ili simbola, kao što su AA ili aa. Kontrast je heterozigot. *[[homozigot|Homozigotni genotip]] Jedinka koja nosi dva identična alela (AA ili aa). Prisustvo dva identična alela na određenom lokusu gena. Homozigotni genotip može uključivati dva normalna alela ili dva alela koji imaju istu varijantu. *[[Horizontalni transfer gena]] (HGT) HGT ili lateralni prijenos gena (LGT) je kretanje genetičkog materijala između jednoćelijskih i/ili višećelijskih organizama osim ("(“vertikalnim")”) prijenosom DNK, od roditelja do potomstva ([[razmnožavanje]]). HGT je važan faktor u evoluciji mnogih organizama. Horizontalni prijenos gena je i izmjena genetičkog materijala između dvije homologne molekule DNK dviju različitih ćelija (jedinki) iste generacije. *[[Hromatida]] Jedna kopija novokopiranog [[hromosom]]a, koji je centromerom spojen sas originalnim hromosomom. *[[Hromatidna razmjena]] Razmjena dijelova nesestrinskih hromatida homolognih hromosoma u profazi I mejoze. *[[Hromatin]] [[hromosom]]ski dio jedra sas pojačanom prijemčivošću za boje koje se koriste za bojenje preparata za mikroskopiranje. :Kompleks DNK i proteina tzv. nukleoprotein; može biti euhromatin iIiili heterohromatin Kompleks DNK, [[RNK]] i proteina koji se nalazi u eukariotskim ćelijama, koji je primarna supstanca koja se sastoji od hromosoma. Hromatin funkcioirafunkcionira kao sredstvo za pakiranje vrlo dugih molekula DNK u visoko organizirane i gusto zbijene oblike, što sprečava zapetljavanje niti, jača DNK tokom ćelijske diobe, pomaže u sprečavanju oštećenja DNK i ima važnu ulogu u regulaciji ekspresije gena i DNK replikacija. *[[Hromosom]] Jedarna supramolekulska struktura, vidljiva tek u ćelijama koje se dijele. Tada se hromosomi kondenziraju i dobiju jasnije konture. Prije diobe liče na tanke niti sklupčane u jedru. Sastoje se iz DNK i specifičnih proteina, [[histon]]a, koji služe kao prstenovi oko kojih se obmotavaomotava DNK. Oblik i debljina [[hromosom]]a ovise o tomezavise od toga koliko je čvrsto DNK obmotanaomotana oko proteina. Ako je obmotanaomotana jako, onda se hromosomi bolje vide i to se dešava nešto prije same diobe ćelije. Na hromosomu se mogu uočiti njegobvinjegovi kraci (kratki – p i dugi – q) krajevi ([[telomere]]), primarna RNK ([[centromere]]) i sekundarna RNK (drške satelita) suženja. [[Hromosom]]i se mogu smatrati svojevrsnim tipom molekulskog “paketa" za DNK unutar ćelijskog jedra. Kod većine eukariota, sastoje se od dugih lanaca DNK umotanih s proteinima koji se vežu za niti i kondenziraju, kako bi spriječili da postanu neupravljivo zapetljani. Najlakše se razlikuju i proučavaju u njihovim potpuno kondenziranim oblicima, koji se javljaju samo tokom ćelijske diobe. Neki jednostavni organizmi imaju samo jedan hromosom od kružne DNK, dok većina eukariota ima više hromosoma sastavljenih od linearne DNK. Sastoji se od proteina i DNK organiziranih u gene. Svaka ljudska ćelija normalno sadrži 23 para [[hromosom]]a. *[[Hromosomska duplikacija]] Dvostrukost cijelog hromosoma ili njegovih određeni hsegmenataodređenih segmenata. *[[Hromosomska nestabilnost]] Genomska neravnoteža koja se javlja kada ćelija ima abnormalan broj hromosoma. Može biti uzrokovana neočekivanim hromosomskim križanjem ili prisutnošću malih, vanhromosomskih dijelova DNK.<ref name="hadzirifat"/> ==I== *[[Idiohromosom]] Vidi: [[Alosom]]. *[[Inbred linija]] Bilo koja loza određene vrste u kojoj su jedinke gotovo ili potpuno genetički identične jedna drugoj zbog duge historije ponovljenih inbridinga, bilo prirodnim ili vještačkim putem. Linije se obično smatraju ukrštanimukrštenim nakon najmanje 20 generacija inbridinga (npr. samooplodnjom ili parenjem u srodstvu), kada su gotovo svi lokusi u genomu homozigotni i sve jedinke se stoga mogu tretirati kao klonovi (uprkos činjenici da se još uvijek proizvode spolnom reprodukcijom). *[[Inbriding]] Također ukrštanje u srodstvu [[Spolno razmnožavanje]] između [[rasa]] ili jedinki koje su genetički blisko povezane. Inbriding rezultira [[homozigot|homosigotnošću]], što može povećati i vjerovatnoću da će potomstvo biti pogođeno štetnim recesivnim osobinama i vjerovatnoću fiksiranja korisnih osobina unutar reproduktivnog dijela populacije. Reproduktivni događaj i rezultirajuće potomstvo mogu se nazvati ukrštanjem, a za potomstvo se kaže da je inbredno. Kontrast je autbriding. *[[Incidencija]] Učestalost nove pojave genetičkog poremećaja (ili šire bilo kojeg genetičkog stanja ili osobine, štetnog ili drugog) među članovima određene populacije i u određenom vremenskom periodu. *[[Indel]] Termin koji se odnosi na inserciju ili deleciju jedne ili više baza u sekvenci [[nukleinske kiseline]]. *[[Inducibilni gen]] Gen čija [[ekspresija gena|ekspresija]] ili reaguje na promjenu okoline ili ovisi o položaji ćelije domaćina unutar [[ćelijski ciklus|ćelijskog ciklusa]]. *[[protein|Induktor]] Protein koji se vezuje za represor (da ga onemogući) ili za aktivator (da ga omogući). *[[Informacijska RNK]] [[RNK]] (iRNK, mRNK) su sve molekule RNK koje prenose genetičku informaciju iz njenog centra u [[ćelijsko jedro|jedru]], tj. u [[hromosom]]ima ili u drugim nositeljima DNK ([[mitohondrijska DNK]] ([[mitohondrije]] i [[plastid]]i) – do mjesta njene realizacije. Genetička kontrola svih pojava i procesa u organizmu odvija se putem sinteze regulacijskih ([[enzimi]]) i strukturnih proteina. *[[genetičko testiranje|Informativnost]] U [[genetičko testiranje|genetičkom testiranju]], rezultat testa koji definitivno otkriva prisustvo ili odsutnost genetičke promjene zametne linije povezane s nasljednim poremećajem koji se procjenjuje. U analizi povezanosti, sposobnost razlikovanja između majčinski i očinski naslijeđenih DNK-markera (polimorfizama) unutar ili u blizini određenog gena od interesa. *[[genetičko savjetovanje|Informirani pristanak]] (proces pristanka) Proces razmjene informacija između kliničara i pacijenta ili njegovog zakonskog opunomoćenika osmišljen kako bi se omogućilo samostalno donošenje odluka na temelju [[informacija]]. Trebao bi uključivati objašnjenje medicinskih i psihosocijalnih rizika, dobrobiti, ograničenja i mogućih implikacija [[genetička analiza|genetičke analize]], raspravu o privatnosti, povjerljivosti, dokumentaciji i rukovanju rezultatima genetičkog testa, kao i mogućnostima za upravljanje rizikom od nasljednih bolesti. Naziva se i proces pristanka. *[[Insercija (genetika)|Insercija]] Umetanje jednog ili više [[nukleotid]]a u lanac DNK, odnosno hromosom. Tip mutacije u kojoj se jedna ili više baza dodaje sekvenci nukleinske kiseline; može značajno varirati u veličini. *[[Inicijacijski kodon]] Pogledajte: Početnipočetni kodon (startni kodon). *[[Insercijska mutageneza]] Promjena sekvence DNK umetanjem jednog ili više nukleotida u sekvencu, bilo prirodno ili vještački. Ovisno o preciznoj lokacijiZavisno od precizne lokacije umetanja unutar ciljne sekvence, insercije mogu djelomično ili potpuno inaktivirati ili čak povećati regulaciju genskog proizvoda ili biohemijskog puta, ili mogu biti neutralne, ne dovodeći do suštinskih promjena. Mnoge tehnike genetičkog inženjerstvoainženjerstva oslanjaju se na umetanje egzogenog genetičkog materijala u ćelije domaćina, kako bi se proučavala funkcija i ekspresija gena. *[[Insercijska sekvenca]] Također, insercijski ili jednostavno umetnuti element Bilo koja nukleotidna sekvenca koja je prirodno ili umjetno umetnuta u drugu sekvencu. Termin se posebno koristi da se odnosi naza dio transpozibilnog elementa koji kodira one proteine koji su direktno uključeni u proces transpozicije, npr. enzim transpozaza. Kodirajuća regija u transposabilnoj sekvenci umetanja obično je flankirana kratkim obrnutim ponavljanjima, a struktura većih prenosivih elemenata obično uključuje par bočnih sekvenci umetanja koje su same invertirane. *''[[In silico]]'' Odnosi se na eksperimente na živim jedinkama van i unutar organizma, odnosno i kako su i nađeni in natura. *[[''In situ]]'' Na datom mjestu *[[Integron]] Mobilni genetički element koji se sastoji od genske kasete koja kodira rekombinazu specifičnu za mjesto i uključuje mjesta za prepoznavanje specifična za integrazu i promotor koji upravlja ekspresijom jednog ili više gena za adaptivne osobine na ćeliju domaćina. Integroni obično postoje u obliku kružnih episomnih DNK fragmenata kao što su plazmidi, preko kojih pomažu brzu adaptaciju i evoluciju bakterija, omogućavajući horizontalni prijenos gena otpornosti na antibiotike između različitih bakterijskih vrsta i sojeva. *[[Intein]] Bilo koja sekvenca jedne ili više aminokiselina unutar prekursorskog polipeptida koja je izrezana spajanjem proteina tokom posttranslacijske modifikacije i stoga je odsutna u zrelom proteinu, analogno intronima spojenim iz [[RNK]] transkripta. Kontrast je ekstein. *[[Intercistronska regija]] / međugenska regija Bilo koja sekvenca DNK koja se nalazi između stop kodona jednog gena i startnog kodona sljedećeg gena u policistronskoj transkripcijskoj jedinici. Također: međugenska regija. *[[Interfaza]] Sve faze ćelijskog ciklusa isključujući ćelijsku diobu. Tipska ćelija većinu života provodi u interfazi, tokom koje obavlja svakodnevne metaboličke aktivnosti, kao i potpunu replikaciju svog genoma u pripremi za mitozu ili mejozu. *[[Intergenski razmaknik]] (IGS) Regija nekodirajuće DNK između gena. Termini intergeni spejser (IGS) ili netranskribovaninetranskribirani razmak (NTS) koriste se posebno za razmaknicu DNK između mnogih tandemski ponovljenih kopija gena ribosomske RNK. *[[Intergenska regija]] (IGR) Bilo koja sekvenca nekodirajuće DNK koja se nalazi između funkcionalnih gena. *[[Interkalirajući agens]] Bilo koji hemijski spoj (npr. akridinske boje) kojekoji ometa poravnanje i uparivanje baza u komplementarnim lancima molekula DNK, umetanjem sesebe između baza. *[[Interkineza]] Skraćena pauza u aktivnostima vezanim za ćelijsku diobu koja se javlja tokom mejoze kod nekih vrsta, između prve i druge mejotske diobe (tj. mejoze I i mejoze II). Tokom interkineze ne dolazi do replikacije DNK, za razliku od normalne interfaze koja prethodi mejozi I i mitozi. IntragenskiIntragenska regija Vidi: Intronintron. *[[Introgresija]] Također, [[introgresivna hibridizacija]]. Premještanje gena iz genskog fonda jedne populacije ili vrste u onu druge populacije ponovnim ukrštanjem hibrida dvije populacije s jednom od roditeljskih populacija. Sveprisutan je i važan izvor genetičke varijacije u prirodnim populacijama, ali se također može namjerno izazvati u uzgoju pripitomljenih biljaka i životinja. *[[Intron]] Nekodirajuća sekvenca eukariotske DNK, između sekvenci DNK sa smislenom šifrom (egzonima). Sekvenca DNK između egzona koja se inicijalno kopira u RNK, ali je izrezana iz konačnog [[RNK]] prijepisa i stoga ne mijenja kodiranje aminokiseline. Poznato je da neke intronske sekvence utiču na ekspresiju gena. *[[Intron]]ski upad Rekombinacija posredovana intronom; tip abnormalnosti [[hromosom]]a u kojem su krakovi hromosoma ogledalske slike jedan drugog. *[[inverzija (genetika)|Inverzija]] [[Hromosomska mutacija]] u kojoj se segment hromosoma odlomi i ponovno pričvrsti u obrnutom smjeru. *[[Inverzijska omča]] Nastaje sparivanjem [[homologni hromosom|homolognih hromosoma]] kod inverzijskog [[heterozigot]]a. *''[[In vitro]]'' U staklenci. *''[[In vivo]]'' Uživo. *[[iRNK]] Vidi: [[Informacijska RNK]]. *[[Istosmislena mutacija]] Vidi: Sinonimnasinonimna mutacija. *[[Izohromosom]] (linearnog hromosoma ili fragmenta hromosoma) Hromosom sa s centromerom u sredini hromosoma, što rezultira kracima hromatide približno jednake dužine. Formiranje izohromosoma je ekvivalentno je istovremenim događajima umnožavanja i [[delecija (genetika)|delecije]], tako da dvije kopije ili dugog ili kratkog kraka čine rezultirajući hromosom. *[[Izolator]] Specifična sekvenca DNK koja sprečava da gen bude pod uticajem aktivacije ili potiskivanja obližnjih gena. *[[Izomerni gen]]i Dva ili više gena koji su ekvivalentni i redundantni u smislu da, uprkos [[kodon|kodiranju]] različitih genskih proizvoda, svaki od njih rezultira istim [[fenotip]]om kada je postavljen unutar iste genetičke pozadine. Ako je nekoliko izomernih gena prisutno u jednom genotipu, mogu biti kumulativni ili bez n-kumulativnog doprinosa fenotipu.<ref name="hadzirifat"/> ==J== *[[Jedarce]] (nukleolus) Jednostruka ili višestruka ćelijska [[organela]], odnosno jedrova suborganela. Glavna funkcija mu je stvaranje i organizacija komponenti ribosoma ([[rRNK]] i [[ribosom]]skih proteina). Organela jedra eukariotskih ćelija koja se sastoji od proteina, DNK i RNK i služi kao mjesto sinteze [[ribosom]]a. *[[Jednonukleotidni polimorfizam]] (SNP) U genetici odrednica za pojavu zamjene mjesta jednog od [[nukleotid]]a nekim drugim nukleotidom. Naprimjer, ako je posmatrana sekvenca na određenoj lokaciji gena posmatrane vrste sastavljena od niza nukleotida AAGCCTA, pa zatim nastane promjena redoslijeda nukleotida, kao AAGCCAA, postaje uočljivo da se početna i novonastala sekvenca međusobno razlikuju u jednom nukleotidu. Posljedice ovakvih izmjena (usljed ovakve "[[tačkasta mutacija|tačkaste mutacije]]“) mogu biti različitog obima i oblika u posmatranom [[genom]]u ili fenotipu. *[[Jednosmjerna translokacija – [[nerecipročna translokacija]] Premještanje segmenta jednog hromosoma, nakon loma, na drugi nehomologni hromosom. *[[hromatida|Jednostruki hromosom]] Hromatida koja ima svoju vlastitu centromeru, jedna molekula DNK. *[[ćelijsko jedro|Jedro]] Ćelijska [[organela]] u kojoj je pohranjena (isključivo ili djelimično) genetička informacija u hromosomima. ==K== *[[genom|Kanalizacija]] Sposobnost populacije da dosljedno proizvodi isti fenotip bez obzira na varijabilnost okoline ili genetičke varijacije unutar njenog genoma. Koncept se najčešće koristi u razvojnoj biologiji za tumačenje zapažanja da su razvojni putevi često oblikovani prirodnom selekcijom, tako da se ćelijske loze u razvoju "vode" ili "kanaliziraju" prema jednoj, određenoj sudbini, postajući progresivno otpornijim na bilo kakve manje perturbacije. To može preusmjeriti razvoj ćelija dalje od njihovog početnog toka. *[[Kandidatski gen]] Gen čija je lokacija na hromosomu povezana s određenim fenotipom (često vezanim za bolest),) i za koji se stoga sumnja da uzrokuje ili doprinosi fenotipu. Geni kandidati se često biraju za proučavanje na osnovu prethodnog znanja ili prognoza o njihovoj funkcijskalnojfunkcionalnoj relevantnosti za osobinu ili bolest koja se istražuje. *[[Kanonska sekvenca]] Vidi: [[Konsenzusna sekvenca]]. *[[Kariogram]] Prikaz hromosoma jedne vrste poredanih prema veličini i položaju centromera (primarnih suženja hromosoma). *[[Kariotip]] Kompletna [[hromosomska garnitura]] date vrste. Broj i izgled hromosoma unutar jedra eukariotske ćelije, posebno kako je prikazan na organiziranoj mikrosnimci poznatoj kao [[kariogram]] ili u idealiziranom [[idiogram]]u (u parovima i poredani po veličini i položaju centromere). Termin se također koristi za označavanje kompletnog skupa hromosoma u vrsti ili pojedinačnom organizmu ili za bilo koji test koji otkriva ovaj komplement ili mjeri broj hromosoma. *[[kaskadno testiranje|Kaskadni skrining]] (kaskadno testiranje) Sistemski postupak za identifikaciju osoba unutar porodice kod kojih postoji rizik od nasljednog stanja. Počinje pronalaskom [[patogen]]e/ vjerovatno patogene varijante, putem opsežnog testiranja (kao što je testiranje potpunog genoma ili multigenskog panela) kod jednog člana porodice, obično pogođenog ovim stanjem. Zatim se testiranje samo za određenu porodičnu varijantu proširuje na rizične biološke rođake. Ovaj se proces ponavlja kako se identificira više pogođenih pojedinaca ili nositelja patogene varijante. Kaskadni skrining ponekad se naziva i kaskadno testiranje (preferirani termin). Kaskadno ([[genetičko testiranje|genetičko]]) testiranje (kaskadni skrining) Proces proširenja genetičkog testiranja na pojedince s rizikom unutar porodice za [[nasljeđivanje]] patogene varijante prethodno identificirane kod biološkog srodnika. Ovaj se proces ponavlja kako se unutar porodice identificira više nositelja [[patogen]]e varijante. Kaskadno [[genetičko testiranje]] ponekad se naziva i kaskadni probir, iako je preferirani izraz kaskadno genetičko testiranje. Naziva se i kaskadnim testiranjem. *[[ekspresivnost (genetika)|Kasni ili varijabilni početak]] Odnosi se na dob u kojoj se fenotip bolesti izražava kod osobe koja nosi patogenu varijantu. Stanja s kasnim ili promjenjivim početkom općenito se manifestiraju kasnije u životu ili u neko određeno doba tokom života. *[[bazni par|Kilobaza]] Jedinica molekulske mase/ dužine [[nukleinske kiseline]] jednaka 1.000 parova baza u dupleksnim molekulama, kao što je dvolančana DNK ili 1.000 baza u jednolančanim molekulama. *[[Kinetohor]] Troslojna laminarna proteinska struktura kojom se hromosom prihvata za mikrotubule [[diobeno vreteno|diobenog vretena]]. *[[Klasična genetika]] Grana genetike koja se zasniva isključivo na posmatranju vidljivih rezultata reproduktivnih činova, za razliku od onoga što su omogućile moderne tehnike i metodimetode molekulske biologije. Kontrastna molekululskaKontrast je [[molekularna genetika|molekulska genetika]]. *[[genetičko testiranje|Klinička korisnost]] Pojam koji se odnosi na vjerovatnoću da će test, podsticanjem intervencije, rezultirati poboljšanim zdravstvenim ishodom. Klinička korisnost genetičkog testa temelji se na zdravstvenim dobrobitima povezanim s intervencijama koje se nude osobama s pozitivnim rezultatima testa. *[[genetičko testiranje|Klinička valjanost]] Termin koji se odnosi na prediktivnu vrijednost testa za određeni klinički ishod (npr. [[vjerovatnoća]] da će se rak razviti kod nekoga s pozitivnim testom). Primarno je određena osjetljivošću i specifičnošću kojom test identificira pojedince s definiranim kliničkim stanjem unutar određene populacije. Klinička valjanost genetičkog testa je vjerovatnoća da će se rak razviti u nekoga s pozitivnim rezultatom testa. *[[kloniranje|Klon]] Genetički identične ćelije bakterija nastale [[binarna dioba|binarnim diobama]]; populacija ćelija ili [[organizam]]a koji su genetički identični, a nastali su binarnom diobom ([[prokarioti]]) ili mitozom iz jedne ćelije ili vegetativnim razmnožavanjem zajedničkog pretka ([[eukarioti]]). *[[Kloniranje]] Proces proizvodnje, bilo prirodno ili umjetno, pojedinačnih organizama ili ćelija koje su genetički identične jedna drugoj. Klonovi su rezultat svih oblika aseksualne reprodukcije, a ćelije koje prolaze kroz mitozu proizvode ćelije kćeri koje su klonovi roditeljske ćelije i jedne druge. Kloniranje se također može odnositi na biotehnološke metode kojikoje vještački stvaraju kopije [[organizam]]a ili [[ćelija (biologija)|ćelija]], ili, u molekulskom kloniranju, kopije fragmenata DNK ili drugih molekula. Metod manipulacije genetičkim materijalom u cilju dobijanja genetički istovjetnih jedinki. Jedinke koje imaju istovjetan genetički materijal se nazivaju se klonovima. *[[ekspresija gena|Koaktivator]] Tip regulatora koji povećava ekspresiju jednog ili više gena vezivanjem za aktivator. *[[kodon|Kodiranje]] Također ([[smislenost (genetika)|smisleni lanac]], pozitivni (+) lanac i lanac bez šablona.) Lanac dvolančane molekule DNK čija nukleotidna sekvenca direktno odgovara sekvenci [[RNK]] transkripta proizvedenog tokom transkripcije (osim što su baze [[timin]]a supstituirane [[uracil]]skim bazama u molekuli RNK). Iako sam po sebi nije transkribiran, kodirajući lanac je po konvenciji lanac koji se koristi kada se prikazuje sekvenca DNK zbog direktne analogije između njene sekvence i kodona [[RNK]] proizvoda. Kontrast šablonske niti; vidi i smislenost. *[[kodominantnost|Kodominacija]] Osobena varijacija sudominacije dvajudva alela nad trećim. Manifestira u pojavi dase kad su [[heterozigot]]ne jedinke istovremeno obilježene produktima oba prisutna alela; specifična supstanca koju kodira svaki od njih strukturno je istovjetna u oba moguća [[genotip]]a (primjer [[krvna grupa]] AB). *[[Kodon]] [[Triplet]] u mRNK komplementaran tripletu (kod) u DNK. Serija od tri uzastopna nukleotida u kodirajućoj regiji sekvence nukleinske kiseline. Svaki od ovih tripleta kodira određenu aminokiselinu ili stop signal tokom sinteze proteina. Svaka molekula DNK i [[RNK]] napisana je jezikom nukleotida, koristeći četiri "slova" (četiri različite nukleobaze ), ali jezik koji se koristi za konstruiranje proteina uključuje 20 "slova" (20 različitih aminokiselina). [[Kodon]]i pružaju ključ koji omogućava da se ova dva jezika prevode jedan u drugi. Općenito, svaki kodon odgovara jednoj aminokiselini (ili stop signalu). Potpuni skup kodona naziva se [[genetički kod]]. *[[enzim|Kofaktor]] Bilo koji neproteinski [[organski spoj]] koji je vezan za [[enzim]]. Kofaktori su potrebni za pokretanje [[kataliza]]. *[[Kompenzacija doze]] Regulacijski sistem kojim se jedan X-hromosom kod ženki sisara inaktivira u ranom [[embriogeneza|embrijskom razvoju]] i ostaje inaktivan cijeli život Svaki mehanizam kojim organizmi neutraliziraju veliku razliku u doziranju gena uzrokovanu prisustvom različitog broja [[spolni hromosom|spolnih hromosoma]] kod različitih spolova, čime se izjednačava ekspresija spolno vezanih gena tako da pripadnici svakog spola primaju iste ili slične količine proizvoda takvih gena. Primjer je X-inaktivacija kod ženki sisara. *[[osobina|Kompleksna osobina]] Vidi: [[osobina|Kvantitativno svojstvo]]. *[[Komplementarna DNK]] (cDNK) DNK koja se sintetizira iz jednolančanog šablona [[RNK]] (obično [[iRNK]] ili [[miRNK]] ) u reakciji koju katalizira enzim [[reverzna transkriptaza]]. Proizvodi se i prirodno od strane [[retrovirus]]a i vještački u određenim laboratorijskim tehnikama, posebno molekulskim kloniranjem. U [[bioinformatika|bioinformatici]], termin se također može koristiti za označavanje sekvence transkripta [[iRNK]] izražene kao njegov dvojnik kodirajućeg lanca DNK (tj.[[timin]]om koji zamjenjuje [[uracil]]). *[[Komplementarni gen]]i Geni koji interakcijom daju učinak različit od učinka svakoga gena zasebno. *[[nukleinska kiselina|Komplementarnost]] Svojstvo biopolimernosti [[nukleinske kiseline]], pri čemu će dva [[polimer]]na lanca postavljena antiparalelno jedan prema drugom težiti formiranju parova baza koji se sastoje od [[vodikova veza|vodikovih veza]] između pojedinačnih [[nukleobaza]] koje čine svaki lanac. Pritom se svaki od četiri tipa nukleobaza uparuje isključivo s jednim drugim tipom nukleobaza; npr. u dvolančanoj molekuli DNK, A se pari samo sas T, a C parovi samo sa G. Za polulance koji su upareni na takav način, kao i za same baze, kaže se da su komplementarni. Stepen komplementarnosti između dva lanca snažno utiče na stabilnost dupleksnih molekula; određene sekvence također mogu biti interno komplementarne, što može rezultirati vezivanjem jednog lanca za sebe. Komplementarnost je fundamentalna za mehanizme koji upravljaju [[replikacija DNK|replikacijom DNK]], transkripcijom i [[popravka DNM|popravkom DNK]]. *[[Kondenzacija DNK]] Proces povećavanja stepena spiralizacije i približavanja namotaja dvostruke spirale DNK. *[[novorođenče|Kongenitalnost]] Stanje ili osobina prisutna pri rođenju. Može biti posljedica genetičkih ili negeničkih faktora. [[Fenotip]] ili [[osobina]] koja se češće javlja u određenoj porodici nego u općoj populaciji; porodične osobine mogu imati genetičku i/ili negenetičku [[etiologija|etiologiju]]. *[[bakterijska konjugacija|Konjugacija]] Prijenos DNK iz donora u recipijenta tokom spolnog razmnožavanja; mehanizam [[genetička rekombinacija|rekombinacije]] kod [[bakterija]]. *[[inbriding|Konsangvinitet]] Genetičko srodstvo između jedinki koje su potomci barem jednog zajedničkog pretka. *[[Konsenzusna sekvenca]] U molekulskoj biologiji i [[bioinformatika|bioinformatici]], izračunati redoslijed najčešćih ostataka, bilo nukleotida ili aminokiselina, pronađen na svakom položaju u poravnanju sekvenci. Predstavlja rezultate više [[poravnavanje sekvenci|poravnavanja sekvenci]], u kojima se srodne međusobno uspoređuju i izračunavaju se slični sekvencni sekventni motivi. *[[vrsta|Konspecifičnost]] Pripadnost istoj vrsti. *[[Konstitucijska DNK]] (DNK zametne linije) ]]Odnosi se na tkivo koje potoče iz reproduktivnih ćelija (jajna ćelija|jajne ćelije ili [[spermatozoid]]a) i koje se ugrađujuugrađuje u DNK svake ćelije u tijelu potomka. Mutacija germinativne linije može se prenijeti s roditelja na potomstvo. Naziva se i DNK zametne linije. *[[Konstitutucijska ekspresija]] Kontinuirana transkripcija gena, za razliku od fakultativne ekspresije, u kojoj se gen transkribujetranskribira samo prema potrebi. Gen koji se kontinuirano transkribujetranskribira naziva se konstitutivni gen. *Konsultant Osoba koja se javlja na [[genetičko savjetovanje]]. *[[Kontrastni početni kodon]] (linearnog hromosoma ili fragmenta hromosoma) (linearnog hromosoma ili fragmenta hromosoma) Pozicioniranje centromere blizu, ali ne tačno u sredini hromosoma, što rezultira kracima hromatida neznatno različite dužine. *[[Konverzija DNK]] Bilo koji mehanizam pomoću kojeg se DNK sekvence se razmjenjuju nerecipročno (npr. putem konverzije gena, transpozicije ili nejednakog križanja ) što uzrokuje stalne fluktuacije u broju kopija DNK motiva tokom života organizma. Takvi mehanizmi su često glavni pokretači specijacije među populacijama. *[[Konzervacijska genetika]] Interdisciplinarna grana populacijske genetike koja primjenjuje genetičke metode i koncepte u nastojanju da se razumije dinamika gena u [[populacija]]ma, s glavnim ciljem izbjegavanja izumiranja i očuvanja i obnavljanja biodiverziteta. *[[[Konzervativna replikacija]] Jedna je od trinačinatri načina replikacije DNK. Tokom ovog procesa stvara dvije zavojnice DNK iz jedne izvorne. Od dvije formirane zavojnice, jedna z sadrži potpuno staru DNK, dok druga sadrži potpuno novu DNK. *[[Konzervirana sekvenca]] ]]Sekvenca [[nukleinske kiseline]] ili proteina koji je vrlo sličan ili identičan u mnogim [[vrsta]]ma ili unutar [[genom]]a, što ukazuje na to da je ostao relativno nepromijenjen kroz dugi period evolucije. *[[transkripcijski faktor|Koregulator]] Protein koji djeluje zajedno sas jednim ili više faktora transkripcije, kako bi regulirao [[ekspresija gena|ekspresiju gena]]. *[[ekspresija gena|Korepresor]] Tip koregulatora koji smanjuje (potiskuje) ekspresiju jednog ili više gena vezivanjem i aktiviranjem represora. *[[vezabi geni|Kosegregacija]] Prijenos, zajedno, dva ili više gena na istom hromosomu, kao rezultat toga što su u vrlo bliskoj fizičkoj blizini jedan drugome (tj. povezani). *[[histon|Kovalentne modifikacije histona]] *[[Postranslacijske modifikacije]] koje dovode do aktivacije gena ili pak [[utišavanja gena]]. *[[hromosom|Kratki krak (p)]] Kraći [[hromosom]]ski krak, u odnosu na q krak datog hromosoma, prema položaju centromere. *[[Kratko tandemsko ponavljanje]] (STR) ili jednostavno ponavljanje sekvence (SSR) Tip satelitske DNK koja se sastoji od relativno kratke sekvence tandemskog ponavljanja, u kojoj se određeni motivi (u rasponu dužine od jedne do šest ili više baza) ponavljaju, obično 5–50 puta. [[Mikrosatelit]]i su široko rasprostranjeni u [[genom]]ima većine organizama i imaju tendenciju da imaju veće stope mutacija nego u drugim regijama. Klasifikovani su kao tandemsko ponavljanje DNK promenljivogpromjenljivog broja ([[VNTR]]), zajedno sas dužim minisatelitima. *[[Krosingover]] (krosing over) Vidi: Hromosomsko ukrštanje. *[[inbriding|Krvno srodstvo]] Genetički blisko srodne osobe koje dijele nedavnog zajedničkog pretka (obično udaljenog ne više od tri ili četiri generacije). Efekt srodnog parenja, takođetakođer poznatog kao inbriding, jest povećanje vjerovatnoće da će potomstvo biti [[homozigot]]no na bilo kom datom paru [[gemski lokus|genskih lokusa]]. *[[Kvantitativna genetika]] Grana [[populacijska genetika|populacijske genetike]] koja proučava [[fenotip]]ove koji kontinuirano variraju (kao što su [[visina]] ili [[masa]]), za razliku od onih koji spadaju u kategorije koje se mogu diskretno identifikovati (kao što je [[boja očiju]] ili prisustvo ili odsustvo određene osobine). [[Kvantitativna genetika]] koristi statističke metode i koncepte za povezivanje kontinuirano distribuiranih fenotipskih vrijednosti sa specifičnim [[genotip]]ovima i genskim proizvodima. *[[Kvantitativni PCR]] [[PCR]] u realnom vremenu ili kvantitativna polimerazna lančana reakcija (engengl. ''Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction''),, skraćeno RTPCR, je) laboratorijska je tehnika u molekulskoj biologiji koja je bazirana na polimeraznoj lančanoj reakciji (PCR). Primjenjuje se za umnožavanje i simultanu detekciju ili kvantifikaciju ciljane molekule DNK. Postupak slijedi opći princip polimerazne lančane reakcije, a ključno obilježje je karakteristika je da se umnožena DNK otkriva kako reakcija napreduje, u "“realnom vremenu". Ovo je novi pristup u odnosu na standardnu [[PCR]], gdje se detektira proizvod reakcije na svom kraju. *[[osobina|Kvantitativno svojstvo]] Također: Složena osobina.<ref name="hadzirifat"/> ==L== *[[Lac-operon|''Lac''-operon]] Inducibilni sistem regulacije gena kod Escherichia coli. *[[PCR|Polimerazns lančana reakcija]] (PCR) Postupak koji proizvodi milione kopija kratkog segmenta DNK kroz ponovljene cikluse: (1) denaturacije, (2) anelinga i (3) elongacije. Lančana reakcija polimerazom je vrlo čest postupak u molekulskogenetičkom testiranju i može se koristiti za generiranje dovoljne količine DNK za izvođenje testa (npr. amplifikacija specifična za alele, kvantifikacija ponavljanja trinukleotida). Naziva se i PCR. *[[Lateralni transfer gena]] (LGT) Vidi: Horizontalni prijenos gena. *[[lažna pozitivnost i lažna negativnost|Lažno pozitivni rezultat]] Rezultat testa koji pokazuje da je ispitanik zahvaćen i/ili ima određenu mutaciju gena kada on ili ona zapravo nije zahvaćen i/ili nema mutaciju; tj. pozitivan rezultat testa kod stvarno nepogođene osobe ili osobe s negativnom mutacijom. *[[LD *[[LD (neravnoteža povezivanja]]) Mjesto gdje se aleli (DNK markeri) pojavljuju zajedno češće nego što se to može slučajno objasniti zbog njihove fizičke blizine na hromosomu. Naziva se i neravnoteža povezivanja. *[[Leptoten]] Potfaza profaze mejoze I. U mejozi, prviprva od pet podfazapotfaza profaze I, nakon interfaze i prethode zigonemu, tokom kojeg se replicirani hromosomi kondenzuju iz difuznog hromatina u duge, tanke niti koje su mnogo vidljivije unutar jedra. *[[Letalna ekvivalentna vrijednost]] Prosječan broj recesivnih štetnih gena koji postoje u heterozigotnom stanju koje nosi član populacije diploidnih organizama, pomnožen prosječnom vjerovatnoćom da će svaki takav gen uzrokovati preranu smrtnost kada je homosigotan. Naprimjer, za organizam koji nosi osam recesivnih semiletalnih alela, od kojih svaki proizvodi samo 50% vjerovatnoće prerane smrti kada je homozigotan, kaže se da nosi genetički teret od četiri "smrtonosna ekvivalenta". *[[Letalna mutacija]] Svaka mutacija koja rezultira preranom smrću organizma koji je nosi. Recesivne letalne mutacije su fatalne samo za homosigote, dok su dominantne letalne mutacije fatalne čak i za heterozigote. *[[Ligaza]] Klasa [[enzim]]a koji kataliziraju spajanje velikih molekula kao što su [[nukleinske kiseline]], formiranjem jedne ili više [[hemijska veza|hemijskih veza]] između njih, tipski C–C, C–O, C–S ili C–N veza putem kondenzacijskih reakcija. Primjer je DNK-ligaza, koja katalizira stvaranje [[fosfodiesterska veza|fosfodiestarskih veza]] između susjednih [[nukleotid]]a na jednom ili oba lanca molekule DNK, reakcija poznata kao [[ligacija]]. *[[Lijonizacija]] Vidi: X-inaktivacija. *[[Lizogeni ciklus]] Ciklus bakterijskih virusa koji nakon infekcije izazivaju lizu (razgradnju) [[bakterije]]. Ima bakterijski virus sa ugrađenom [[fag]]nom (virusnom) DNK u genom bakterije *[[LOD-rezultat]] (Logaritamlogaritam kvotnih rezultata) Statistička procjena jesu li dva genetićkagenetička lokusa fizički dovoljno blizu jedan drugome (ili “povezana") na određenom [[hromosom]]u da se mogu zajedno naslijediti. Za LOD rezultat od 3 ili više općenito se podrazumijeva da znači da su dva gena smještena blizu jedan drugome na hromosomu. LOD rezultat od 3 znači da su izgledi 1000:1 da su dva gena povezana i stoga naslijeđena zajedno. Također se naziva LOD skor. *[[LOH]] Gubitak [[heterozigot]]nosti Ako postoji jedan normalan i jedan abnormalni alel na određenom lokusu, kao što se može vidjeti kod naslijeđenog autosomno dominantnog poremećaja osjetljivosti na rak, gubitak normalnog alela proizvodi lokus bez normalne funkcije. Kada gubitak heterozigotnosti uključuje normalni alel, stvara se ćelija koja će vjerovatnije pokazati maligni rast ako je promijenjeni gen tumor supresorski gen. Naziva se i gubitkom heterozigotnosti. *[[genski lokus|Lokus]] Fizičko mjesto ili mjesto specifičnog [[gen]]]a na hromosomu. *[[Lyonska teorija]] Teorija genetičarke Mary Lyon prema kojoj je inaktivacija hromosoma X kod ženki sisara slučajna i nasumična. ==M== *[[MAGE]] Grupa koja ima za cilj da obezbediobezbijedi standard za reprezentaciju [[DNK-mikromreža]] ; podaci o ekspresiji gena koji bi olakšali razmjenu informacija mikromreža između različitih sistema podataka. *[[Mikrohromosom]] *[[Majčinski efekt]] Učinak produkata majčinih gena na [[fenotip]] potomka. *[[Majčinsko nasljeđivanje]] Vidi: [[Citoplazmatskog nasljeđivanje]], nasljeđivanje DNK-organela jajnom ćelijom. *[[Mala jedarna ribonukleinska kiselina]] ([[miRNK]]/snRNK) Općenito poznata kao U-RNK, je klasa malih molekula RNK koje se nalaze u okviru srastanja krajeva [[egzon]]skih tijela [[prerada RNK|prerade RNK]] u jedrima [[eukariot]]skih ćelija. Prosječna dužina [[miRNK]] je oko 150 [[nukleotid]]a. *[[Mapiranje gena]] Bilo koja od različitih metoda koje se koriste za preciznu identifikaciju lokacije određenog gena unutar molekule DNK (kao što je hromosom) i/ili fizičke udaljenosti ili udaljenosti između njega i drugih gena. *[[Mapna jedinica]] (mu) Vidi: [[Centimorgan]] *[[Masivno paralelno sekvenciranje]] (sekvenciranje sljedeće generacije, NGS) Metod visoke propusnosti koja se koristi za određivanje dijela nukleotidne sekvence genoma pojedinca. Ova tehnika koristi tehnologije sekvenciranja DNK koje mogu paralelno obraditi više sekvenci DNK. Također se naziva sekvenciranje sljedeće generacije i NGS. *[[Matična ćelija]] Svaka biološka ćelija koja se još nije diferencirala u specijalizirani tip ćelija i koja se može podijeliti mitozom, kako bi proizvela više matičnih ćelija. *[[Medicinska genetika]] Grana medicine i [[nedicina|medicinske nauke]] koja uključuje proučavanje, dijagnozu i liječenje nasljednih poremećaja, i te širu primjenu znanja o ljudskoj genetici na medicinsku obradu. *[[Međugenski razmak]] (IGS) ili netranskribirani razmak (NTS).) Bilo koja sekvenca ili regija nekodirajuće DNK koja razdvaja susjedne gene, bilo da su transkribovanitranskribirani ili ne. Termin se posebno koristi za označavanje nekodirajućih regija između mnogih ponovljenih kopija gena ribosomske RNK.Viditakođer: Međugenska Vidi također: međugenska regija. *[[Mejoza]] Specijalizirana [[ćelijska dioba]] koja se javlja isključivo u seksualnom razmnožavanju eukariota, tokom kojeg replikaciju DNK prate dva uzastopna kruga diobe, kako bi se na kraju proizvele četiri genetički jedinstvene haploidne kćeri ćelije, svaka sa upola manjim brojem hromosoma od originalne diploidne roditeljske ćelije. Javlja se samo u ćelijama spolnih oragana i služi za stvaranje haploidnih [[gamet]]a, kao što su [[spermatozoid]]i, [[jajne ćelije]] ili [[spore]], koje se kasnije spajaju tokom [[oplodnja|oplodnje]]. Dvije mejotske podjele, poznate kao [[mejoza]] I i mejoza II, također mogu uključivati različite događaje genetičke rekombinacije između [[homologni hromosom|homolognih hromosoma]]. *[[Mendelovsko nasljeđivanje]] Teorija biološkog nasljeđivanja zasnovana na skupu principa koje je prvobitno predložio [[Gregor Mendel]] 1865. i 1866. Izveo je tri generalizirana zakona o genetičkoj osnovi nasljeđivanja koji se, zajedno s nekoliko teorija koje su razvili kasniji naučnici, smatraju temeljem [[klasična genetika|klasične genetike]]. Kontrast je nemendelovsko nasljeđivanje. *[[Merozigot]] ili parcijalni [[diploid]] Bakterija koja ima duplicirane dijelove [[genom]]a. *[[Metafaza]] Faza [[mitoza|mitoze]] i [[mejoza|mejoze]] koja nakon prometafaze i prije anafaze, tokom koje se centromere repliciranih hromosoma poravnavaju duž ekvatora ćelije, pri čemu je svaki kinetohor pričvršćen za mitotsko (diobeno) vreteno. *[[Metilacija DNK]] [[epigenetika|Epigenetička]] modifikacija DNK koja nastaje [[metiliranje]]m [[citozin]]a u CpG dinukleotidima, inhibira [[transkripcija gena|transkripciju gena]] . *[[Mikroevolucija]] Promjena frekvencije alela ili genotipova u populaciji, odnosno promjena genetičke strukture populacije tokom velikog broja generacija. *[[Mikrohromosom]] Tip vrlo malog hromosoma, obično veličine manje od 20.000 parova baza, prisutan u kariotipovima nekih organizama. *[[Mikromreža]] (MIAME) Komercijalni standard koji je razvio FGED i zasnovan na MAGE – kako bi se olakšalo skladištenje i dijeljenje podataka o ekspresiji gena. *[[MikroRNK]] (miRNK) Tip malih, jednolančanih, nekodirajućih molekula [[RNK]], koje funkcioniraju u posttranskripcijskim regulacijama ekspresije gena, posebno utišavanja RNK, uparivanje baza sas komplementarnim sekvencama u iRNK transkriptima, što obično rezultira cijepanjem ili destabilizacijom transkripta ili inhibira njegovu translaciju u ribosomima. *[[Mikrosatelit[[ Ponavljajući segmenti DNK razasuti po [[genom]]u u nekodirajućim regijama između gena ili unutar gena (introni). Često se koriste kao markeri za analizu povezanosti zbog njihove prirodne velike varijabilnosti u broju ponavljanja među jedinkama. Ove regije su inherentno genetički nestabilne i podložne mutacijama. *[[Mikrosatelitska nestabilnost]] (MSI) Karakteristika ćelija koje sadrže abnormalnosti u popravku nepodudarnosti DNK. Prisustvo nestabilnosti mikrosatelita može biti marker patogene varijante zametne linije u jednom od gena za popravak neusklađenosti DNK, kao u slučaju Lynchovog sindroma. Mikrosatelitska nestabilnost također se može pojaviti sporadično. Naziva se i MSI. *[[MINSEQE]] Komercijalni standard koji je razvio FGED za skladištenje i dijeljenje visokopropusnih sekvenciranje podataka. *[[Misens mutacija]] (varijanta) GenetićkaGenetička promjena u kojoj supstitucija jednog para baza mijenja genetikkigenetički kod tako da proizvodi aminokiselinu koja se razlikuje od uobičajene aminokiseline na datom položaju. Neke misens varijante (ili mutacije) promijenit će promijeniti funkciju proteina. Također se naziva misens varijanta. *[[Mitohondrijska DNK]] (mDNK) Zasebne molekule u genomu viših organizama, onih čije ćelije imaju organele. Prema teoriji endosimbioze, mitohondrije i hloroplasti su nastali od endosimbiontskihendosimbiotskih cijanobakterija. DNK koja se nalazi u ovim organelama ima više sličnosti sas bakterijskom DNK – cirkularna je, a geni su kontinuirani (nema introna). Međutim, i na ovoj DNK se nekada mogu dogoditi mutacije koje izazivaju ozbiljne poremećaje metabolizma. Nasljeđuje se mitohondrijsku DNK od majke, jer spermatozioidispermatozoidi pri oplodnji svoje mitohondrije, a time i mDNK, ostavljaju u repu, koji ne ulazi u jajnu ćeliju. *[[Mjera udaljenosti]] Bilo koja količina koja se koristi za mjerenje razlika između nivoa ekspresije gena različitih gena. *[[MLPA]] Laboratorijski metod kojiMLPA (pojačanje sonde zavisno od multipleksne ligacije) Laboratorijska metoda koja se obično koristi za otkrivanje neuobičajenih promjena broja kopija (insercijaainsercija ili delecija) [[genom]]skih sekvenci. Također se naziva pojačanje sonde ovisno o multipleksnoj ligaciji. *[[Molekulsko kloniranje]] Ugradnja stranog gena u [[genom]] prokariotske ili eukariotske ćelije uz pomoć vektora. *[[Monohibrid]] Heterozigotni organizam za jedan gen koji kodira svojstvo koje određuju dva alela. *[[Monohibridno ukrštanje]] Križanje dva heterozigota za jedan gen; samooplodnja mendelovske F1 generacije (Aa x Aa). *[[Monoploidi]] Haploidni organizmi s jednim setovasetom hromosoma. *[[Monosomija]] Tip aneuploidije, manjak jednog hromosoma, 2n-1. *[[Mozaicizam]] Pojava dvije ili više ćelijskih linija s različitim genetičkim ili hromosomskim sastavom unutar jedne jedinke ili tkiva. *[[MSI]] *MSI (mikrosatelitska nestabilnost) Karakteristika ćelija koje sadrže abnormalnost u popravku nepodudarnosti DNK. Prisustvo MSI može biti marker patogene varijante zametne linije u jednom od gena za popravak nepodudarnosti DNK, kao u slučaju Lynchovog sindroma. MSI se također može pojaviti sporadično. Naziva se mikrosatelitska nestabilnost. *[[Multigenski test]] (multipanelski multigenski test, test više gena, višegenski test) Genetički testovi koji koriste sekvenciranje sljedeće generacije za testiranje više gena istovremeno. Naziva se još i test više gena i višegenski test. Multipleks pojačanje sonde ovisno o ligacijizavisno od ligacije (MLPA) Laboratorijski metod kojiLaboratorijska metoda koja se obično koristi za otkrivanje neuobičajenih promjena broja kopija (insercija ili delecija) [[genom]]skih sekvenci. Naziva se i MLPA. *[[Multipleksno genomsko testiranje]] Metod za otkrivanje višestrukih genetičkih promjena (tj. mutacija gena ili jednonukleotidnih polimorfizama u jednom genu ili u cijelom [[genom]]u) istovremeno. *[[Multiplikacija gena]] (amplifikacija gena) Također i amplifikacija gena. Tip mutacije definiran kao bilo koja duplikacija regije DNK koja sadrži gen. UporediteUsporedite hromosomsku duplikaciju. *[[Mutacija]] Strukturna promjena u genetičkom materijalu. Može to biti promjena u samo jednom "slovu" genetičkog koda, a i promjena jednog većeg dijela genetičkog koda. Također, mutacije mogu biti [[genska mutacija|genske]], [[hromosomska mutacija|hromosomske]] i [[genomska mutacija|genomske]]. Obično su štetne, ali mogu imati velik evolucijski značaj kada ih prirodna selekcija favorizira. Pojam varijanta se ponekad koristi kao sinonim za mutaciju. Mutacija de novo (de novo mutacija, de novo varijanta, nova varijanta) Genetička promjena po prvi put u jednom članu porodice, kao rezultat varijante (ili mutacije) u zametnoj ćeliji (jajnoj ćeliji ili spermatozoidu) jednog od roditelja ili varijante koja nastaje u samom oplođenom jajetu tokom rane embriogeneze. Naziva se i de novo mutacija, de novo varijanta i nova varijanta. *[[Mutacija osnivača]] Genetička promjena uočena s velikom učestalošću u skupini koja je ili je bila geografski ili kulturno izolirana, u kojoj je jedan ili više predaka bio nositelj promijenjenog gena. Taj se fenomen često naziva učinkom osnivača. Naziva se i (varijanta osnivača.) Genetička promjena uočena s velikom učestalošću u skupini koja je ili je bila geografski ili kulturno izolirana, u kojoj je jedan ili više predaka bio nositelj promijenjenog gena. Taj se fenomen često naziva učinkom osnivača. *[[Mutacija pomaka okvira]] Umetanje (insercija) ili brisanje (delecija) koje uključuje broj parova baza koji nije višekratnik od tri, što posljedično remeti okvir čitanja tripleta DNK sekvence. Takve varijante (ili mutacije) obično dovode do stvaranja kodona prijevremenog završetka (zaustave) i rezultiraju skraćenim (kraćim od normalnog) proteinskim produktom. Naziva se i varijanta pomaka okvira. Zbog tripletne prirode po kojoj nukleotidi kodiraju aminokiseline, mutacija ovog tipa uzrokuje pomak u okviru čitanja nukleotidne sekvence, što rezultira time da je sekvenca kodona nizvodno od mjesta mutacije potpuno drugačija od originala. *[[Mutacija zametne linije]] (klicina varijanta) Promjena gena u reproduktivnoj ćeliji (jajnoj ćeliji ili spermatozoidu) koja se ugrađuje u DNK svake ćelije u tijelu potomka. Varijanta (ili mutacija) sadržana u germinalnoj liniji može se prenijeti s roditelja na potomstvo i stoga je nasljedna. Naziva se i klicina varijanta. *[[Mutagen]] Tvar iz okoliša (hemijska, fizička ili biološka) koja izaziva mutaciju. ==N== *[[nasljeđivanje|Način nasljeđivanja]] Način na koji se nasslljednanasljedna osobina, poremećaj ili rizik od poremećaja prenosi s jedne generacije na drugu. Postoje različiti načini nasljeđivanja, a svaki može rezultirati karakterističnim obrascem pogođenih, nezahvaćenih ili rizičnih pojedinaca unutar porodice. Primjeri su autosomno dominantno, autosomno recesivno, X-vezano dominantno, X-vezano recesivno i multifaktorsko (poligensko) nasljeđivanje. [[Naddominacija]] – selekcijska prednost Fenomen da heterozigotni genotip ima bolji reproduktivni uspjeh od homozigotnog. *[[interakcija gena|Naddominantnost]] Odnos između alela gena u kojem jedan alel proizvodi učinak na fenotip koji je nadjačan ili "maskiran" doprinosom drugog alela na istom lokusu; za prvi alel i njegova povezana fenotipska osobinanjegove povezane fenotipske osobine se kaže da su recesivni, a za drugi i njegova povezana osobinanjegove povezane osobine se kaže da su dominantni. Često recesivni aleli kodiraju neefikasne ili nefunkcijskalnenefunkcionalne proteine. Kao i dominacija, recesivnost nije inherentno svojstvo nijednog alela ili fenotipa, već jednostavno opisuje njegov odnos s jednim ili više drugih alela ili fenotipova. U genetičkoj stenografiji, recesivni aleli su često predstavljeni malim slovom (npr., za razliku od dominantnog A). *[[Nasljedna predispozicija]] (genetička predispozicija, genetička osjetljivost, nasljedna podložnost) Povećana šansa ili vjerovatnoća razvoja određene bolesti na temelju prisustva jedne ili više genetičkih varijanti i/ili porodične anamneze koja ukazuje na povećan rizik od bolesti. Nasljedna predispozicija ne znači da će pojedinac razviti bolest. Način života i okolišni faktori također mogu utjecatiuticati na rizik od bolesti osobe. *[[Nasljeđivanje]] Također se označava i kao genetička predispozicija, genetička osjetljivost i nasljedna podložnost. Proces međugeneracijskog prenošenja genetičkih uputa za sintezu gradivnih ili kontrolnih ([[enzim]]skih) proteina. *[[genetičko testiranje|Neaficirana osoba]] U genetici, opisuje osobu koja nema određenu fenotipsku osobinu ili bolest. *[[genetičko savjetovanje|Negativna prediktivna vrijednost]] (NPV) [[Vjerovatnoća]] da pojedinac s negativnim rezultatom testa uistinu nije pogođen i/ili da nema određenu gensku mutaciju o kojoj je riječ. Naziva se i NPV. *[[genetičko savjetovanje|Neinformativni rezultat]] (neuvjerljivi rezultat i neodređen rezultat) Negativan rezultat testa kod osobe kod koje nije jasno nije pronađena štetna mutacija ni u jednom članu porodice. Genetički rizični status takve osobe mora se tumačiti u kontekstu njegove ili njezine osobnelične i porodične povijesti. Također se naziva neuvjerljivi rezultat i neodređen rezultat. *[[Neklasificirana varijanta]] (varijanta nesigurnog značaja, varijanta nepoznatog značaja) Varijacija u genetičkoj sekvenci za koju je nejasna povezanost s rizikom od bolesti. Također se n aziva varijanta nesigurnog značaja, varijanta nepoznatog značaja. *[[nositelj (genetika)|Nenositelj]] Osoba koja ne nosi mutaciju prethodno identificiranu u njenoj ili njezinoj porodici. *[[genetičko testiranje|Neodređeni rezultat]] (neuvjerljivi rezultat, neinformativni rezultat) Negativan rezultat testa kod nekoga bez jasno uočene štetne mutacije ni u jednom članu porodice. Genetički rizični status takve osobe mora se tumačiti u kontekstu njegove ili njezine osobnelične i porodične povijesti. Također se naziva neuvjerljivi rezultat i neinformativni rezultat. *[[genska mutacija|Neomorf]] Mutirani alel sas novom ekspresijom u odnosu na iskodišniishodišni (divlji tip). *[[intermedijarnost|Nepotpuna dominantnost]] Slučaj interakcije alelnih gena kada dva alela heterozigotnog genotipa daju novi fenotip. Nepotpuna (smanjena) penetrabilnost Penetrabilnost se odnosi na vjerovatnoću da će se kliničko stanje pojaviti kada je prisutan određeni genotip. Stanje ima nepotpunu penetraciju kada neki nositelji patogene varijante izražavaju povezano svojstvo, dok drugi ne. Također se naziva smanjena penetrabilnost. *[[Neprobojnost]] Primjer u kojem osoba ima genetičku varijantu povezanu s osobinom ili koja uzrokuje bolest, ali nema fenotip ili stanje. Primjer nepenetracije je žena s [[patogen]]om varijantom BRCA1 koja doživi starost i nikad ne dobije rak dojke ili jajnikaNerazdvajanje jajnika *[[Nerazdvajanje]] (engl. nondisjunction) Nerazdvajanje homolognih hromosoma u anafazi I ili sestrinskih hromatida u anafazi II mejoze i sestrinskih hromatida u anafazi mitoze. *[[Nerastvorljiva RNK]] (sRNK).) Posebna klasa molekula RNK, tipski dužine 76 do 90 nukleotida, koja služi kao fizički adapter, omogućavajući transkriptima [[iRNK]] da se prevedu u sekvence aminokiselina tokom sinteze proteina. Svaka [[tRNK]] sadrži specifičan [[antikodon]]ski triplet koji odgovara]] aminokiselini koja je [[kovačentna veza|kovalentno vezana za suprotni kraj [[tRNK]]. Kako translacija napreduje, tRNK se regrutuju u ribosom, gdje je svaki kodon iRNK uparen sas tRNK koja sadrži komplementarni antikodon. U zavisnosti od organizma, ćelije mogu koristiti čak 41 različitu tRNK sas jedinstvenim antikodonima. Zbog degeneracije kodona unutar genetičkog koda, nekoliko [[tRNK]] koje sadrže različite antikodone nose istu aminokiselinu. *[[genetičko testiranje|Neuvjerljivi rezluau]] (neodređeni, neinformativni) rezultat Negativan rezultat testa osoba kod kojih nije jasno utvrđena štetna mutacija ni u jednom članu porodice. Genetički rizični status takve osobe mora se tumačiti u kontekstu njegove ili njezine osobnelične i porodične povijesti. Također se naziva neodređeni rezultat i neinformativni rezultat. *[[NGS]] *[[Nizvodnost (genetika)]] Prema ili bliže 3'- kraju lanca nukleotida, ili C-kraju peptidnog lanca. Kontrast uzvodnoje uzvodnost. *[[Nonsens mutacija]] Besmislena) mutacija (varijanta) Genetička promjena koja uzrokuje prijevremeni završetak sinteze proteina. Promijenjeni protein može biti djelimično ili potpuno inaktiviran, što dovodi do promjene ili gubitka njegove funkcije. Također se naziva besmislena mutacija. Metod (masivno paralelno sekvenciranje, sekvenciranje sljedeće generacije) Metoda visoke propusnosti kojikoja se koristi za određivanje dijela nukleotidne sekvence. Ova tehnika koristi tehnologije sekvenciranja DNK koje mogu paralelno obraditi više sekvenci DNK. Također se naziva masivno paralelno sekvenciranje i sekvenciranje sljedeće generacije. *[[Nokautiranje gena]] i [[nokaut miš]] Tehnika [[genetičko inženjerstvo|genetičkog inženjerstva]] u kojoj je organizam modificiran da nosi gene koji su postali neoperativni (“nokautirani“), tako da je njihova ekspresija poremećena u nekoj fazi na putu koji proizvodi njihove genske proizvode i organizam je lišen svog normalnog efekta. *[[nositelj (genetika)|Nositelj]] Jedinka koja je naslijedila recesivnu recesivni alel za genetičku osobinu ili mutaciju, ali kod koje ta osobina obično nije izražena ili vidljiva u fenotipu. Obično su takvi heterozigotni za recesivni alel i stoga još uvijek mogu prenijeti alel na svoje potomstvo, gdje se povezani fenotip može ponovo pojaviti ako potomstvo naslijedi drugu kopiju alela. Termin se obično koristi u medicinskoj genetici u kontekstu recesivnog alela koji uzrokuje bolest. *[[Nesinonimna supstitucija]] ili zamjenska mutacija Tip mutacije u kojoj supstitucija jedne nukleotidne baze drugom, nakon transkripcije i translacije, rezultira u sekvenci aminokiselina koja se razlikuje od one koju proizvodi originalni nemutirani gen. Budući da nesinonimne mutacije uvijek rezultiraju biološkom promjenom u organizmu, često su podložne jakom selekcijskom pritisku. Kontrastna je sinonimna mutacija. *[[frekvencija alela|Nosiva frekvencija]] (stopa nositelja) Udio jedinki u populaciji koje imaju jednu kopiju specifične recesivne genske varijante. Učestalost nositelja također se ponekad odnosi na prevalenciju varijanti u dominantno djelujućim genima, kao što su [[BRCA1]] i BRCA2. *[[Nova mutacija]] (varijanta) Novootkrivena, izrazita genetička promjena; nije isto što i nova ili de novo varijanta (ili mutacija). *[[NPV]] (negativna prediktivna vrijednost) [[Vjerovatnoća]] da osoba s negativnim rezultatom testa uistinu nije pogođena i/ili da nema određenu gensku mutaciju o kojoj je riječ. *[[Nukleinska kiselina]] Dugačka, polimerna makromolekula sastavljena od manjih monomera zvanih nukleotidi koji su hemijski povezani jedan s drugim u lancu. Dva specifična tipa nukleinske kiseline, DNK i [[RNK]], koriste se u biološkim sistemima za kodiranje genetičkih informacija koje upravljaju konstrukcijom, razvojem i uobičajenim procesima svih živih organizama. Redoslijed ili sekvenca nukleotida u molekulama DNK i [[RNK]] sadrži informacije koje se prevode u proteine za usmjeravanje svih biohemijskih reakcija neophodnih za život. Složene, dugolančane makromolekule, koje se nalaze u svim živim bićima, odgovorne su za pohranjivanje i realizaciju genetičkog koda za biosintezu proteina i prenošenje instrukcija o sintezi proteina s roditelja na potomke. *[[Nukleobaza]] Organska molekula koja se sastoji isključivo od dušične baze vezane za šećer od pet ugljika (bilo ribozu ili dezoksiribozu), za razliku od nukleotida, koji dodatno uključuje jednu ili više fosfatnih grupa. *[[Nukleoid]] Slična jedru, nepravilno oblikovana regija unutar prokariotske ćelije koja sadrži cijeli ili većinu genetičkog materijala. Za razliku od eukariotskog jedra, nije okružen jedarnom membranom. Prstenasta dvolančana molekula DNK prokariota pakirana s proteinima nalik histonima. *[[Nukleosom]] Osnovna gradivna jedinica hromatina, tj. dvolančana DNK omotana oko histonskog oktamera. *[[Nukleotid]] Gradivni element (jedinica) nukleinskih kiselina. Nukleotidi se u DNK sastoje od šećera dezoksiriboze, fosforne kiseline i neke od četiri dušične baze ([[adenin]], [[timin]], [[guanin]] ili citozin). Nukleotidi ribonukleinske kiseline sastoje se od šećera riboze, fosforne kiseline i jedne od četiri moguće dušične baze: [[adenin]], [[uracil]], [[guanin]] ili citozin (u odnosu na DNK – [[uracil]] je umjesto [[timin]]a). *[[Nukleotidna sekvenca]] Precizan redoslijed uzastopno povezanih nukleotida u molekuli nukleinske kiseline, kao što je DNK ili RNK. Duge sekvence nukleotida su glavno sredstvo pomoću kojeg biološki sistemi pohranjuju genetičke informacije i stoga je tačna replikacija, transkripcija i translacija takvih sekvenci od najveće važnosti da se informacije ne izgube ili pokvare. Sekvence nukleinskih kiselina mogu se ekvivalentno nazvati sekvencama dušičnih baza, nukleobaza, nukleotida ili baznih parova, i one direktno odgovaraju sekvencama kodona i aminokiselina. *[[Nukleozid]] U nukleinskim kiselinama, šećer i baza. *[[alel|Nulti alel]] Mutacija koja rezultira ili nedostatkom genskog produkta ili odsutnošću funkcije na [[fenotip]]skoj razini. *[[Nutrigenomika]] Proučavanje interakcije prehrambenih i genetičkih faktora i njen učinak na metabolizam, zdravstveno stanje i rizik od bolesti. *[[NVC]] (varijanta broja kopije) Odnosi se na genetičko svojstvo koje uključuje broj kopija određenog gena u [[genom]]u pojedinca. Genetičke varijante, uključujući insercije, delecije i duplikacije segmenata DNK, također se zajednički nazivaju CNV. CNV čine značajan udio međuindividualne genetičke varijacije.<ref name="hadzirifat"/> ==O== *[[Obrnuta genetika]] Metoda koja se koristi za razumijevanje funkcija gena analizom fenotipskih učinaka uzrokovanih inženjerstvom specifično sekvence nukleinskih kiselina unutar gena. Proces se odvija u suprotnom smjeru od klasične genetike. Dok unaprijedna [[genetika]] nastoji pronaći genetičku osnovu za fenotip ili osobinu, reverzna genetika pokušava pronaći ono što fenotipove kontrolira kao određene genetičke sekvence. *[[mutacija|Oker]] Jedan od tri stop kodona koja se koriste u standardnom genetičkom kodu; u [[RNK]], određen je nukleotidnim tripletom UAA. Druga dva stop kodona zovu se amber i opal. *[[Oligonukleotid]] Relativno kratki lanac aminokiselinskih ostataka nukleinske kiseline. [Oligonukleotidi se često koriste za otkrivanje prisustva većih [[iRNK molekula ili se sklapaju u dvodimenzijske mikronizove za analizu sekvenci visoke propusnosti. *[[Omnibus genske ekspresije]] (GEO) Baza podataka za ekspresiju gena kojom upravlja američki Nacionalni centar za biotehnološke informacije. Ovi visokopropusni funkcionalni [[genom]]ski podaci izvedeni su iz eksperimentalnih podataka iz čipova i sekvenciranja sljedeće generacije. *[[Onkogen]] Gen koji ima potencijal da izazove rak. U tumorskim ćelijama, takvi geni su često mutirani i/ili eksprimirani na abnormalno visokim nivoima. *[[Operator (genetika)]] Sekvenca DNK operona na koju se veže represorski protein. *[[Operon]] Više gena pod zajedničkom transkripcijskom kontrolom istog promotora i operatora. *[[Otvoreni okvir čitanja|ORF]] Dio orvorenog okvira čitanja koji ima sposobnost da se prevede iz DNK ili [[RNK]] u protein; bilo koji kontinuirani dio kodona koji sadrži početni i stop kodon. *[[ORI]] Jedan od skupa gena (ili, općenito, bilo koje sekvence DNK koja pokazuje homologiju) u različitim [[genom]]ima, direktno povezanih jedan s drugim vertikalnim spuštanjem od jednog gena ili sekvence u posljednjem zajedničkom pretku tih [[genom]]a. Za takve gene ili sekvence se kaže da su ortologni. Ortolozi potiču iz iste predačke sekvence i može se zaključiti da su povezani jedni s drugima na osnovu sličnosti njihovih sekvenci. Iako su možda evoluirali nezavisno unutar odvojenih [[genom]]a mutacijom i prirodnom selekcijom, njihovi proizvodi mogu i dalje zadržati slične strukture, funkcije ili nivoe ekspresije među vrstama i populacijama. Identifikacija ortologa se pokazala važnom u zaključivanju o filogenetskim odnosima između različitih organizama. Kontrastni paralog. *[[ekspresija gena|Osnovna linija]] Mjera nivoa ekspresije jednog ili više gena prije perturbacije u eksperimentu, kao u negativnoj kontroli. Osnovna ekspresija se također može odnositi na očekivanu ili historijsku mjeru ekspresije za [[gen]]. *[[Osobina]], [[svojstvo]], značajka, karakter(istika) Individue i grupe međusobno se biološki razlikuju po praktično beskonačnom nizu manje ili više uočljivih elemenata njihovog opisa, za koje se u bosanskom jeziku najčešće upotrebljavaju termini: osobina, svojstvo, odlika, značajka, obilježje, oznaka, karakter, karakteristika i dr. Svaka od tih komponenti opisa je, znači, opažajne prirode, tj. odabrani dio viđenja ili mjerenja stvarnog stanja organizma ili grupe.<ref name="hadzirifat"/> ==P== *[[Palindrom]](i) Obrnuto ponavljajuće sekvence [[DNK]] *[[Palindromska sekvenca]] Sekvenca nukleinske kiseline dvolančane molekule DNK ili RNK u kojoj se jednosmjerna sekvenca (npr. 5' do 3') nukleotida na jednom lancu poklapa sa sekvencom u istom smjeru (npr. 5' do 3') na komplementarnom lancu. Drugim riječima, za nukleotidnu sekvencu se kaže da je palindromska ako je jednaka njenom obrnutom komplementu. Palindromski motivi su uobičajeni u većini [[genom]]a i sposobni su za formiranje ukosnica. *[[Panmiksija]] – slučajno parenje Pojava da svaki član populacije ima jednaku šansu pariti se s bilo kojim drugim članom populacije suprotnoga spola. *[[Paracentrična inverzija]] Inverzija koja ne uključuje [[centromera|centromeru]]. *[[Paradoks C-vrijednosti]] Termin koji se koristi za opisivanje različitih pitanja u vezi s ogromnim varijacijama u jedarnoj [[C-vrijednost]]i ili veličini [[[[genom]]]]a među [[eukariot]]skim [[vrsta]]ma, posebno zapažanje da veličina [[genom]]a nije u korelaciji s percipiranom složenošću organizama, niti nužno s brojem gena. Naprimjer, mnogi jednoćelijski protisti imaju [[genom]]e koji sadrže hiljade puta više DNK od ljudskog genoma. Ovo se smatralo paradoksalnim sve do otkrića da se eukariotski [[genom]]i uglavnom sastoje od nekodirajuće DNK, kojoj u potpunosti nedostaju geni. Fokus enigme se od tada pomjerio na razumijevanje zašto i kako su [[genom]]i postali ispunjeni s toliko nekodirajuće DNK i zašto neki [[genom]]i imaju veći sadržaj gena od drugih. *[[Paralog]] Jedan od skupa gena (ili, općenitije, bilo koje DNK sekvence koje pokazuju homologiju), koji su direktno povezani jedni s drugima putem jednog ili više događaja genetičke duplikacije; za takve gene ili sekvence kaže se da su paralogni. Paralozi su rezultat umnožavanja jedne sekvence unutar jednog [[genom]]a, a zatim naknadne divergencije dupliciranih sekvenci, mutacijom i prirodnom selekcijom (bilo unutar originalnog [[genom]]a, ili tokom specijacije, u različitim [[genom]]ima). Kontrast je ortolog. [[Parazitska DNK]] Vidi: [[Sebični genetički element]]. *[[Autbriding|Parenje izvan srodstva]] (engl. outbreeding) Parenje jedinki koje nisu u srodstvu. *[[Parenje u srodstvu]] (engl. inbreeding) Parenje genetički srodnih jedinki. *[[Patogen]]a (štetna) [[mutacija]] (varijanta), predisponirajuća mutacija, mutacija gena za osjetljivost Genetička promjena koja povećava osjetljivost ili predispoziciju za određenu bolest ili poremećaj. Kada je takva varijanta (ili mutacija) naslijeđena, razvoj simptoma je vjerovatniji, ali nije siguran. *[[Patognomoničnost]] Nalazi koji su karakteristični ili obilježavajući za određenu bolest ili stanje i postavljaju dijagnozu. *[[PCR]] ([[lančana polimerazna reakcija]], lančana reakcija polimeraze) Postupak koji proizvodi milione kopija kratkog segmenta DNK kroz ponovljene cikluse: (1) denaturacije, (2) amplifikacije i (3) elongacije. PCR je vrlo čest postupak u molekulskom genetičkom testiranju i može se koristiti za generiranje dovoljne količine DNK za izvođenje testa (npr. amplifikacija specifična za alele, kvantifikacija ponavljanja trinukleotida). PCR u realnom vremenu (rtPCR) Vidi: kvantitativna PCR. *[[Genealoški metod|Pedigre (rodoslov, heredogram)]] Dijagram porodične povijesti koji koristi standardizirane simbole. Rodoslov pokazuje odnose između članova porodice i ukazuje na to koji članovi imaju određene genetičke patogene varijante, osobine i bolesti unutar porodice, kao i vitalni status. Rodoslov se može koristiti za određivanje obrazaca nasljeđivanja bolesti u porodici. Linearni evolucijski niz koji povezuje ćeliju predaka, organizam ili vrstu s određenim potomkom, organizmom ili vrstom, uključujući sve posredne organizme, i obuhvata bilo koji broj generacija; direktna progresija reproduktivnih događaja (tj. linija porijekla) između dvije individue, uključujući vertikalno povezane jedinke, npr. roditelj(e) i potomstvo, ali obično isključujući horizontalno povezane jedinke koje same nisu direktno doprinijele genetičkom materijalu nijednoj od uključenih osoba, npr. braću i sestre. *[[Penetrabilnost (genetika)|Penetreabilnst]] Udio pojedinaca s datim genotipom koji izražavaju povezani fenotip, obično se daje kao postotak. Zbog mnogih složenih interakcija koje upravljaju ekspresijom gena, isti alel može proizvesti uočljiv fenotip kod jedne osobe, ali ne i kod druge. Ako manje od 100% jedinki u populaciji koja nosi genotip od interesa također izražava povezani fenotip, može se reći da i genotip i fenotip pokazuju nepotpunu penetraciju. Penetracija kvantificira vjerovatnoću da će alel rezultirati ekspresijom pridruženog fenotipa u bilo kojem obliku, tj. u bilo kojoj mjeri koja čini individualnog nositelja drugačijim od individua bez alela. Uporedite ekspresivnost. *[[Penetrabilnost gena]] Izražajnost gena u fenotipu; ako se gen izražava u fenotipu svih jedinki populacije, on je 100% penetrabilan. *[[Peptid]] Kratki lanac aminokiselina; monomeri povezani kovalentnim peptidnim vezama. Peptidi su osnovni gradivni blokovi dužih polipeptidnih lanaca, a time i proteina. *[[Pericentričnost hromosoma]] Pozicioniranost blizu centromere hromosoma. *[[Pericentrična inverzija]] Inverzija koja uključuje centromeru. *[[Petočlana kapa]] Vidi: 5' kraj. *[[Pirimidin]] Jednoprstenasti heterociklični organski spoj koji je, uz purin, jedan od dva molekula iz kojih su izvedene sve dušične baze (uključujući one koje se koriste u DNK i [[RNK]]). [[citozin]] (C), [[timin]] (T) i [[uracil]] (U) su klasifikovani kao pirimidini. *[[Plazmid]] Svaka mala molekula DNK koja je fizički odvojena od većeg tijela hromosomske DNK i može se replicirati nezavisno. Plazmidi se najčešće nalaze kao male, kružne, dvolančane DNK molekule u prokariotima kao što su bakterije, iako su ponekad prisutni i kod arheja i jednoćelijskih eukariota. [[Plejotropija]] Fenomen kojim jedan gen utiče na ekspresiju dvije ili više naizgled nepovezanih fenotipskih osobina, bilo kojim od nekoliko različitih, ali potencijalno preklapajućih mehanizama. *[[plejotropija|Plejotropni učinak]] Sposobnost gena da izazove višestruke fenotipske učinke. *[[Ploidija]] Broj kompletnih setova hromosoma u ćeliji, a time i broj mogućih alela prisutnih u ćeliji na bilo kojem autosomnom lokusu. *[[Početni kodon]] [[Startni kodon]] je prvi kodon transkripta informacijske [[RNK]] ([[iRNK]]) prilikom translacije u [[ribosom]]u. Kod eukariota i arheja, početni kodon uvijek kodira metionin, a modificirani Met (fMet) u bakterijama, mitohondrijama i plastidima. Najčešći startni kodon je AUG (tj. ATG u odgovarajućoj sekvenci DNK). Startnom kodonu često prethodi 5' neprevedena regija (5' UTR). U prokariotima ovo uključuje mjesto vezanja ribosoma. *[[Podregulacija]] Bilo koji proces, prirodni ili vještački, koji smanjuje nivo ekspresije određenog gena. Termin za gen za koji je uočeno da je eksprimiran na relativno niskim nivoima (kao što je otkrivanje nižih nivoa njegovih i[ transkripata) u policistronskoj [[iRNK]]. *[[Pogođeni srodni par]] Bilo koji par organizama koji je genetički srodan i oba zahvaćena istom osobinom. Naprimjer, dva rođaka koji imaju plave oči su pogođeni srodni par jer su oboje pod uticajem alela koji kodira plave oči. *[[Pojačivač (genetika)]] Područje DNK u blizini gena koje može biti vezano aktivatorom za povećanje ekspresije gena ili represorom za smanjenje ekspresije. *[[poliadenilacija|Poli(A) rep]] ili [[poliadenilacija]] Dodavanje serije višestrukih adenozina ribonukleotidima, poznat i kao poli(A) rep, do 3' kraja primarnog [[RNK]] transkripta, obično iRNK. Klasa posttranskripcijskih modifikacija, poliadenilacija služi različitim svrhama u različitim tipovima ćelija i organizmima. Kod eukariota, dodavanje poli(A) repa je važan korak u procesuiranju sirovog transkripta u zrelu [[iRNK]], spremnu za transport u citoplazmu, gdje se događa translacija; u mnogim bakterijama, poliadenilacija ima suprotnu funkciju – umjesto toga promovira degradaciju RNK. *[[Polidimerizacija]] Tip molekulske lezije uzrokovane fotohemijskim oštećenjem DNK ili RNK, pri čemu izlaganje ultraljubičastom (UV) zračenju izaziva stvaranje kovalentnih veza između susjednih pirimidinskih baza u istom polinukleotidnom lancu, što zauzvrat može uzrokovati lokalne konformacijske promjene u sekundarnoj strukturi i spriječiti uparivanje baza sa suprotnim lancem. U DNK, reakcija dimerizacije se dešava između susjednih ostataka [[timin]]a i [[citozin]]a (T-T, C-C ili T-C). Može se pojaviti i između ostataka [[citozin]]a i [[uracil]]a u dvolančanoj RNK. Dimeri pirimidina obično se brzo korigiraju popravkom ekscizije nukleotida, ali nekorigirane lezije mogu inhibirati ili zaustaviti aktivnost polimeraze tokom transkripcije ili replikacije. *[[Poligen]] Više srodnih, fizički bliskih ili udaljenih gena koji kontroliraju isto kvantitativno svojstvo; svaki od gena u poligenskom bloku. *[[Poligensko svojstvo]] Bilo koja fenotipska osobina koja je pod direktnom kontrolom više od jednog gena. Poligenske osobine su obično kvantitativne osobine. *[[Polilinker]] Lančana reakcija polimeraze (PCR). Vidi: višestruko kloniranje. *[[Polimorfizam]] Redovna i istovremena pojava u istoj populaciji dva ili više alela (ili genotipova) na istom lokusu na frekvencijama koje se ne mogu objasniti samo ponavljajućom mutacijom (obično najmanje 1%), što implicira da se višestruki aleli u populaciji stabilno nasljeđuju. *[[Polipeptid]] Dugi, kontinuirani i nerazgranati polimerni lanac aminokiselina, monomeri povezani kovalentnim peptidnim vezama, obično dužim od peptida. Proteini se općenito sastoje od jednog ili više polipeptida raspoređenih na biološki funkcionalan način. *[[Poliploid]] [[Organizam]] s tri ili više setova hromosoma. *[[Poliploidija]] (ćelije ili organizma) Prisustvo više od dvije homologne kopije svakog hromosoma. Može se pojaviti kao normalno stanje hromosoma u određenim ćelijama ili čak cijelim organizmima, ili kao rezultat abnormalne diobe ćelija ili mutacije koja uzrokuje dupliciranje cijelog hromosomskog skupa. Kontrast haploidnog i diploidnog. *[[Polisom]] (poliribosom ili ergosom) Kompleks molekula iRNK i dva ili više ribosoma koji djeluju na prevođenje transkripta iRNK u polipeptid. *[[politenija|Politeni hromosom]]i Veliki hromosomi koji imaju hiljade DNK lanaca. Imaju visok nivo funkcije u određenim tkivima kao što su pljuvačne žlijezde insekata. Formiraju se kada višestruki krugovi replikacije proizvode mnoge sestrinske hromatide koje ostaju spojene zajedno. Sada se koriste za proučavanje funkcije gena u transkripciji. *Popravak/[[Popravka DNK]] Skup procesa pomoću kojih ćelija identificira i ispravlja strukturna oštećenja ili mutacije u molekulama DNK koji kodiraju njen [[genom]]. Sposobnost ćelije da popravi svoju DNK je vitalna za integritet [[genom]]a i normalnu funkcionalnost organizma. *[[Populacijska genetika]] Potpolje genetike i evolucijske biologije koje proučava genetičke razlike unutar i između populacija organizama. *[[Populacijski rizik]] Udio osoba u općoj populaciji koje su pogođene određenim poremećajem ili koje nose određeni gen. Često se o njemu raspravlja u procesu genetičkog savjetovanja, kao usporedba s pacijentovim ličnim rizikom s obzirom na njegovu ili njenu porodičnu povijest ili druge okolnosti. *[[Posttranslacijska modifikacija]] Ove i kotranskripcijske modifikacije su skupovi bioloških procesa zajedničkih većini eukariotskih ćelija pomoću kojih se primarni transkript RNK hemijski mijenja nakon transkripcije iz gena kako bi se proizvela zrela, funkcionalna molekula RNK, koja tada može napustiti jedro i izvesti bilo koju od različitih tipova raznih funkcija u ćeliji. Postoje mnogi tipovi posttranskripcijskih modifikacija postignutih raznovrsnom klasom molekulskih mehanizama. *[[Posttranskripcijska transformacija]] Vidi: [[posttranslacijska modifikacija]]. *[[Potpomognuta reprodukcija]] (ART) Postupci koji koriste jajne ćelije i spermu donora ili nedonora za stvaranje embrija in vitro. Primjeri potpomognute reproduktivne tehnologije uključuju in vitro oplodnju (IVF), prijenos gameta unutar jajovoda (GIFT) i prijenos zigota unutar jajovoda (ZIFT). Ovi se postupci mogu koristiti prije predimplantacijskog genetičkog testiranja (PGT). *[[letalnost|Potpuna letalnost]] Letalnost prije reproduktivne zrelosti organizma. *[[vezani geni|Potpuna vezanost]] Geni na istom hromosomu koji se nasljeđuju zajedno jer se između njih ne događa hromatidna razmjena ([[krosingover]]). *[[Pozitivna prediktivna vrijednost]] (PPV) [[Vjerovatnoća]] da osoba s pozitivnim rezultatom testa zaista ima određeni gen i/ili bolest o kojoj je riječ. *[[kodon|Pozitivni (+) lanac]] Vidi: [[kodirajuća sekvenca]]. *[[PPV]] (pozitivna prediktivna vrijednost) Vjerovatnoća da osoba s pozitivnim rezultatom testa zaista ima određeni gen i/ili bolest o kojoj je riječ. *[[Prajmer]] Predisponirajuća (štetna) mutacija (mutacija koja uzrokuje bolest, patogena varijanta), mutacija gena za osjetljivost. Vidi: začetnica. Genetička promjena koja povećava osjetljivost ili predispoziciju osobe za određenu bolest ili poremećaj. Kada je takva varijanta (ili mutacija) naslijeđena, razvoj simptoma je vjerovatniji, ali nije siguran. *[[nadekspresija|Prekomjerna ekspresija]] (nadekspresija) Nenormalno visok nivo [[ekspresija gena]] koji rezultira prevelikim brojem kopija jednog ili više genskih proizvoda. Prekomjerna ekspresija proizvodi izraženiji [[fenotip]] povezan s [[gen]]om. *[[nositelj (genetika)|Prenositelj]] U klasičnoj genetici, osoba koja nosi jedan štetan alel za autosomno recesivni poremećaj. U kliničkim raspravama, može se odnositi na osobu koja nosi štetan alel koji je predisponira za bolest. *[[transpozon|Prenosivi element]] (transposable element – TE, transpozon ili skakajući gen) Sekvenca DNK koja može promijeniti svoju poziciju unutar [[genom]]a, ponekad stvaranje ili unazadne mutacije i mijenjanje genetičkog identiteta ćelije i [[genom]]a veličine. Transponirani elementi čine veliki dio [[genom]]a i odgovorni su za veliki dio mase DNK u eukariotskoj ćeliji. Iako su TE sebični genetički elementi, mnogi su važni u funkciji i evoluciji [[genom]]a. Transpozoni su također vrlo korisni istraživačima kao sredstvo za promjenu DNK unutar živog organizma. *[[Presimptomsko testiranje]] [[Genetičko testiranje]] koje se provodi kod osobe koja ne pokazuje simptome poremećaja, ali postoji rizik od razvoja poremećaja. *[[Pretpostavljeni gen]] Specifična nukleotidna sekvenca za koju se sumnja da je funkcionalni gen na osnovu identifikacije njenog otvorenog okvira čitanja. Za gen se kaže da je “potpostavljen” u smislu da za njegove proizvode još nije opisana nijedna funkcija. *[[Primarni transkript]] Neprocesuirana (“sirova”), jednolančana [[RNK]] molekula proizvedena transkripcijom sekvence DNK kakva postoji prije posttranskripcijskih modifikacija kao što je alternativna prerada; pretvara se u zreli RNK proizvod kao što je i[[RNK]], [[tRNK]] ili [[rRNK]]. Prekursorska iRNK ili pre-iRNK, naprimjer, tip je primarnog transkripta koji nakon obrade postaje zrela iRNK spremna za translaciju. *[[Primaza]] Enzim koji sintetizira začetnicu ([[prajmer]]). *[[genetička analiza|Pripisivi rizik]] Udio bolesti kod izloženih pojedinaca koji se može pripisati izloženosti. U kontekstu genetičkih studija, “izloženost” je učestalost specifične genetičke varijante. *[[Pristrasnost kodona]] Preferencijalna upotreba određenog kodona za kodiranje određene aminokiseline umjesto alternativnih kodona koji su sinonimi za istu aminokiselinu, o čemu svjedoče razlike između organizama u frekvencijama sinonimnih kodona koje se javljaju u njihovoj kodirajućoj DNK. Budući da je genetički kod degeneriran, većina aminokiselina može biti specificirana s više kodona. Ipak, određeni kodoni imaju tendenciju da budu previše (a drugi nedovoljno) zastupljeni u različitim vrstama. *[[Proband]] Također prospositus za muškog subjekta i prosposita za ženskog subjekta. Termin koji se koristi u medicinskoj genetici i genealogiji za označavanje određenog svojstva koje se proučava ili o kojem se izvještava. Prva osoba u porodici koja je dobila genetičko savjetovanje i/ili testiranje za sumnju na nasljedni rizik. Proband može, ali i ne mora biti zahvaćen dotičnom bolešću. *[[Penetrabilnost (genetika)|Probojnost]] Penetrabilnost se odnosi na vjerovatnoću da će se kliničko stanje pojaviti kada je prisutan određeni genotip. Za bolesti s početkom u odrasloj dobi, penetracija se obično opisuje dobi, spolom i položajem organa pojedinog nositelja. Naprimjer, penetrabilnost za rak dojke kod žena nositeljica patogenih varijanti BRCA1 često se navodi prema dobi od 50 godina i prema dobi od 70 godina. *[[genetičko savjetovanje|Proces pristanka (informirani pristanak)]] Proces razmjene informacija između kliničara i pacijenta ili njegovog zakonskog opunomoćenika osmišljen kako bi se omogućilo samostalno donošenje odluka na temelju informacija. Proces informiranog pristanka za genetičko testiranje trebao bi uključivati objašnjenje medicinskih i psihosocijalnih rizika, dobrobiti, ograničenja i mogućih implikacija genetičke analize, raspravu o privatnosti, povjerljivosti, dokumentaciji i rukovanju rezultatima genetičkog testa, kao i mogućnostima za upravljanje rizikom od nasljednih bolesti. *[[genetičko savjetovanje|Procjena rizika]] Kvantitativna ili kvalitativna procjena rizika od nošenja određene genske mutacije, ili razvoja određenog poremećaja, ili rođenja djeteta s određenim poremećajem; ponekad se radi korištenjem matematičkih ili statističkih modela koji uključuju faktore kao što su lična zdravstvena povijest, porodična medicinska povijest i etničko porijeklo. *[[Profag]] Virusna DNK ugrađena u bakterijski hromosom. *[[Profaza]] Prva faza diobe ćelije i u mitozi i u mejozi, nakon interfaze i prije prometafaze, tokom koje se DNK hromosoma kondenzira u hromatin, jedarce se raspada i formira mitotsko (diobeno) vreteno. *[[Projekt ljudskog genoma]] (HGP) Human Genome Project (HGP) bio je projekt čiji je cilj bilo utvrđivanje hemijske sekvence baznih parova koji čine ljudski genom. Uključuje međunarodna naučna istraživanja DNK, uz identifikaciju i mapiranje svih gena ljudskog genoma, s fizičkog i funkcionalnog stanovišta. Bio je i ostaje najveći svjetski kolaborativni biološki projekt. *[[Prokariot]](i) Jednoćelijski organizam bez pravog jedra. *[[Prometafaza]] Prelazna potfaza mitoze i mejoze I između profaze i metafaze (I). *[[Promotor (genetika)|Promotor]] Sekvenca ili regija DNK na kojoj započinje gen na koju se veže [[RNK-polimeraza]], obično duga 100–1000 parova baza, za koju se vežu faktori transkripcije, kako bi regrutirali RNK polimerazu u sekvencu i pokrenuli transkripciju jednog ili više gena. Promotori se nalaze uzvodno od gena koje transkribiraju, blizu mjesta početka transkripcije. *[[sekvenciranje DNK|Propusnost]] Količina informacija, ljudi ili materijala koja je stavljena kroz proces u određenom vremenskom razdoblju. U medicini se može koristiti za opisivanje učinkovitosti laboratorijskih postupaka, poput genetičkog sekvencioniranja, ili broja pacijenata pregledanih u klinici u određenom vremenskom razdoblju. *[[Protein]]: Nesinonimna supstitucija ili zamjenska mutacija Tip mutacije u kojoj supstitucija jedne nukleotidne baze drugom rezultira, nakon transkripcije i translacije, u sekvenci aminokiselina koja se razlikuje od one koju proizvodi originalni nemutirani gen. Budući da nesinonimne mutacije uvijek rezultiraju biološkom promjenom u organizmu, često su podložne jakom selekcijskom pritisku. Kontrastna sinonimna mutacija. *[[frekvencija|Nosiva frekvencija]] Udio jedinki u populaciji koje imaju jednu kopiju specifične recesivne genske varijante. Učestalost nositelja također se ponekad odnosi na prevalenciju varijanti u dominantno djelujućim genima, kao što su BRCA1 i BRCA2. Naziva se i stopa nositelja. *[[Nova mutacija]] Novootkrivena, izrazita genetička promjena; nije isto što i nova ili ''[[de novo]]'' varijanta (ili mutacija). Također se zove nova varijanta. *[[NPV]] [[Vjerovatnoća]] da osoba s negativnim rezultatom testa uistinu nije pogođena i/ili da nema određenu gensku mutaciju o kojoj je riječ. Također se naziva negativna prediktivna vrijednost *[[Nukleinska kiselina]] Dugačka, polimerna makromolekula sastavljena od manjih monomera zvanih nukleotidi koji su hemijski povezani jedan s drugim u lancu. Dva specifična tipa nukleinske kiseline, DNK i RNK, koriste se u biološkim sistemima za kodiranje genetičkih informacija koje upravljaju konstrukcijom, razvojem i uobičajenim procesima svih živih organizama. Redoslijed ili sekvenca nukleotida u molekulama DNK i RNK sadrži informacije koje se prevode u proteine za usmjeravanje svih biohemijskih reakcija neophodnih za život. Složene, dugolančane makromolekule, koje se nalaze u svim živim bićim, odgoovorne su za pohranjivanje i realizaciju genetičkog koda za bioseintezu proteina i prenošenje instrukcija o sintezi proteina sa roditelja na potomke. *[[Nukleobaza]] Organska molekula koja se sastoji isključivo od dušične baze vezane za šećer od pet ugljika (bilo ribozu ili dezoksiribozu), za razliku od nukleotida, koji dodatno uključuje jednu ili više fosfatnih grupa *[[Nukleoid]] Znači sličan jedru, nepravilno oblikovana regija unutar prokariotske ćelije koja sadrži cijeli ili većinu genetićkog materijala. Za razliku od eukariotskog jedra, nije okružen jedarnom membranom. Prstenasta dvolančana molekula DNK prokariota pakirana sa proteinima nalik histonima. *[[Nukleosom]] Osnovna građevna jedinica hromatina tj. dvolančana DNK omotana oko histonskog oktamera. *[[Nukleotid]] Gradivni element (jedinica) nukleinskih kiselina. Nukleotidi se u DNK sastoje od šećera dezoksiriboze, fosforne kiseline i neke od četiri dušične baze ([[adenin]], [[timin]], [[guanin]] ili [[citozin]]). Nukleotidi ribonukleinske kiseline sastoje se od šećera riboze, fosforne kiseline i jedno od četiri moguće dušične baze: [[adenin]], [[uracil]], [[guanin]] ili [[citozin]]; u odnosu na DNK – [[uracil]] je umjesto [[timin]]a). *[[nukleotid|Nukleotidna sekvenca]] Precizan redosled uzastopno povezanih nukleotida u molekuli nukleinske kiseline, kao što je DNK ili [[RNK]]. Duge sekvence nukleotida su glavno sredstvo pomoću kojeg biološki sistemi pohranjuju genetićke informacije, i stoga je tačna replikacija, transkripcija i translacija takvih sekvenci od najveće važnosti, da se informacije ne izgube ili pokvare. Sekvence nukleinskih kiselina mogu se ekvivalentno nazvati sekvencama dušičnih baza, nukleobaza, nukleotida ili baznih parova, i one direktno odgovaraju sekvencama kodona i aminokiselina. *[[Nukleozid]] U nukleoinskim kiselinama, šećer i baza. *[[alel|Nulti alel]] Mutacija koja rezultira ili nedostatkom genskog produkta ili odsutnošću funkcije na fenotipskoj razini. *[[NVC]] Odnosi se na genetičko svojstvo koje uključuje broj kopija određenog gena u [[genom]]u pojedinca. Genetičke varijante, uključujući insercije, delecije i duplikacije segmenata DNK, također se zajednički nazivaju CNV. CNV čine značajan udio međuindividualne genetičke varijacije. Naziva se i varijanta broja kopije. Metod u koji se koristi za razumijevanje funkcija gena analizom fenotipskih učinaka uzrokovanih inženjerstvom specifično sekvence nukleinskih kiselina unutar gena. Proces se odvija u suprotnom smjeru od od klasične genetike. Dok unaprijedna [[genetika]] nastoji pronaći genetičku osnovu za fenotip ili osobinu, reverzna genetika pokušava pronaći ono što fenotipove kontroliraju određene genetičke sekvence. *[[kodon|Oker]] Jedan od tri stop kodona koja se koriste u standardnom genetičkom kodu; u [[RNK]], određen je nukleotidnim tripletom UAA. Druga dva stop kodona se zovu amber i opal. *[[Oligonukleotid]] Relativno kratki lanac aminokiselinskih ostataka nukleinske kiseline. Oligonukleotidi se često koriste za otkrivanje prisustva većih iRNK molekula ili se sklapaju u dvodimenzijskik mikronizova za analizu sekvenci visoke propusnosti. *[[Omnibus genske ekspresije]] (GEO) [[Baza podataka]] za ekspresiju gena kojom upravlja američni Nacionalni centar za biotehnološke informacije. Ovi visokopropusni funkcionalni [[genom]]ski podaci izvedeni su iz eksperimentalnih podataka iz čipova i sekvenciranja sljedeće generacije. *[[Onkogen]] Gen koji ima potencijal da izazove rak. U tumorskim ćelijama, takvi geni su često mutirani i/ili eksprimirani na abnormalno visokim nivoima. *[[Operator (genetika)]] Sekvenca DNK operona na koju se veže represorski protein. *[[Operon]] Više gena pod zajedničkom transkripcijskom kontrolom istog promotora i operatora. *[[Osobina|Osobina, svojstvo, značajka, karakter(istika)]] Individue i grupe međusobno se biološki razlikuju po praktično beskonačnom nizu manje ili više uočljivih elemenata njihovog opisa, za koje se u bosanskom jeziku najčešće upotrebljavaju termini: osobina, svojstvo, odlika, značajka, obilježje, oznaka, karakter, karakteristika i dr. Svaka od tih komponenti opisa je, znači, opažajne prirode, tj. odabrani dio viđenja ili mjerenja stvarnog stanja organizma ili grupe. *[[Palindrom]](i) Obrnuto ponavljajuće sekvencije DNK. *[[Palindromska sekvenca]] Sekvenca nukleinske kiseline dvolančane molekule DNK ili [[RNK]] u kojoj se jednosmjerna sekvenca (npr. 5' do 3') nukleotida na jednom lancu poklapa sa sekvencom u istom smjeru (npr. 5' do 3') na komplementarnom lancu. Drugim riječima, za nukleotidnu sekvencu se kaže da je palindromska ako je jednaka njenom obrnutom komplementu. Palindromski motivi su uobičajeni u većini [[genom]]a i sposobni su za formiranje ukosnica. *[[Panmiksija]] – slučajno parenje Pojava da svaki član populacije ima jednaku šansu pariti se s bilo kojim drugim članom populacije suprotnoga spola. *[[Paracentrična inverzija]] Inverzija koja ne uključuje centromeru. *[[Paradoks C-vrijednosti]] Termin koji se koristi za opisivanje različitih pitanja u vezi sa ogromnim varijacijama jedarnoj [[C-vrijednost]]i ili veličini genoma među eukariotskim vrstama, posebno zapažanje da veličina genoma nije u korelaciji s percipiranom složenošću organizama, niti nužno s brojem gena. Naprimjer, mnogi jednoćelijski protisti imaju genome koji sadrže hiljade puta više DNK od ljudskog genoma. Ovo se smatralo paradoksalnim sve do otkrića da se eukariotski genomi uglavnom sastoje od nekodirajuće DNK, kojoj u potpunosti nedostaju geni. Fokus enigme se od tada pomjerio na razumijevanje zašto i kako su [[genom]]i postali ispunjeni sa toliko nekodirajuće DNK i zašto neki genomi imaju veći sadržaj gena od drugih. *[[Paralog]] Jedan od skupa gena (ili, uopćenije, bilo koje DNK sekvence koje pokazuju homologiju, koji su direktno povezani jedni s drugima putem jednog ili više događaja genetičke duplikacije; za takve gene ili sekvence kaže se da su paralogni. Paralozi su rezultat umnožavanja jedne sekvence unutar jednog genoma, a zatim naknadne divergencije dupliciranih sekvenci, mutacijom i prirodnom selekcijom (bilo unutar originalnog genoma, ili, tokom specijacije, u različitim genomima). Kontrastno ortolog. *[[Parazitska DNK]] Vidi: Sebični genetički element. *[[autbriding|Parenje izvan srodstva]] (engl. outbreeding) Parenje jedinki koje nisu u srodstvu. *[[inbriding|Parenje u srodstvu]] (engl. inbreeding) Parenje genetički srodnih jedinki. Patogena mutacija (varijanta) Genetička promjena koja povećava osjetljivost ili predispoziciju za određenu bolest ili poremećaj. Kada je takva varijanta (ili [[mutacija]]) naslijeđena, razvoj simptoma je vjerovatniji, ali nije siguran. Također se naziva štetna mutacija, patogena varijanta, predisponirajuća mutacija i mutacija gena za osjetljivost. *[[Patognomoničnost]] Nalazi koji su karakteristični ili obilježavajući za određenu bolest ili stanje i postavljaju dijagnozu. *[[PCR]] Postupak koji proizvodi milione kopija kratkog segmenta DNK kroz ponovljene cikluse: (1) denaturacije, (2) amplifikacije i (3) elongacije. PCR je vrlo čest postupak u molekulskom genetičkom testiranju i može se koristiti za generiranje dovoljne količine DNK za izvođenje testa (npr. amplifikacija specifična za alele, kvantifikacija ponavljanja trinukleotida). Naziva se i lančana polimerazna reakcija i lančana reakcija polimeraze. *[[PCR u realnom vremenu]] (rtPCR) Vidi: kvantitativni PCR. *[[genealoški metod|Pedigre (rodoslov, heredogram)]] Dijagram porodične povijesti koji koristi standardizirane simbole. Rodoslov pokazuje odnose između članova porodice i ukazuje na to koji članovi imaju određene genetičke patogene varijante, osobine i bolesti unutar porodice kao i vitalni status. Rodoslov se može koristiti za određivanje obrazaca nasljeđivanja bolesti u porodici. Linearni evolucijski niz koji povezuje ćeliju predaka, [[organizam]] ili vrstu sa određenom potomkom, organizmom ili vrstom, uključujući sve posredne organizme i obuhvata bilo koji broj [[generacija]]; direktna progresija reproduktivnih događaja (tj. linija porijekla) između dvije individue, uključujući vertikalno povezane jedinke, npr. roditelj(e) i potomstvo, ali obično isključujući horizontalno povezane jedinke koje same nisu direktno doprinijele genetičkom materijalu nijednoj od uključenih osoba, npr. braća i sestre. *[[Penetrabilnost (genetika)|Penetrabilnost]] Udio pojedinaca sa datim genotipom koji izražavaju povezani fenotip, obično se daje kao postotak. Zbog mnogih složenih interakcija koje upravljaju ekspresijom gena, isti alel može proizvesti uočljiv [[fenotip]] kod jedne osobe, ali ne i kod druge. Ako manje od 100% jedinki u populaciji koja nosi genotip od interesa također izražava povezani fenotip, može se reći da i genotip i fenotip pokazuju nepotpunu penetraciju. Penetracija kvantificira vjerovatnoću da će alel rezultirati ekspresijom pridruženog fenotipa u bilo kojem obliku, tj. u bilo kojoj mjeri koja čini individualnog nositelja drugačijim od individua bez alela. Uporedite ekspresivnost. *[[Penetrabilnost gena]] Izražajnost gena u fenotipu; ako se gen izražava u fenotipu svih jedinki populacije on je 100 % penetrabilan. *[[Peptid]] Kratki lanac aminokiselina; monomeri povezani kovalentnim peptidnim vezama. Peptidi su osnovni gradivni blokovi dužih polipeptidnih lanaca, a time i proteina. *[[centromera|Pericentričnost hromosoma]] Pozicionirano blizu centromere hromosoma. *[[Pericentrična inverzija]] Inverzija koja uključuje centromeru. *[[Petočlana kapa]] Vidi: 5'-kraj. *[[Pirimidin]]] Jednoprstenasti heterociklični organski spoj koji je, uz purin, jedan od dva molekula iz kojih su izvedene sve dušične baze (uključujući one koje se koriste u DNK i [[RNK]] ). [[citozin]] (C), [[timin]] (T) i [[uracil]] (U) su klasifikovani kao [[pirimidin]]i. *[[Plazmid]] Svaka mala molekula DNK koja je fizički odvojena od većeg tijela hromosomske DNK i može se replicirati nezavisno. Plazmidi se najčešće nalaze kao male, kružne, dvolančane DNK molekule u prokariotima kao što su bakterije, iako su ponekad prisutni i kod arheja i jednoćelijskih eukariota. *[[Plejotropija]] Fenomen kojim jedan gen utječe na ekspresiju dvije ili više naizgled nepovezanih fenotipskih osobina, bilo kojim od nekoliko različitih, ali potencijalno preklapajućih mehanizama. *Plejotropni učinak Sposobnost gena da izazove višestruke fenotipske učinke. *[[Ploidija]] Broj kompletnih setova hromosoma u ćeliji, a time i broj mogućih alela prisutnih u ćeliji na bilo kojem autosomnom lokusu. *[[Početni kodon]] [[Startni kodon]] je prvi kodon transkripta informacijske [[RNK]] (iRNK) prilikom translacije u ribosomu. Kod eukariota i arheja, početni kodon uvijek kodira metionin, a modificirani Met (fMet) u bakterijama, mitohondrijama i plastidima. Najčešći startni kodon je AUG (tj. ATG u odgovarajućoj sekvenci DNK). Startnom kodonu često prethodi 5'neprevedena regija (5' UTR). U prokariotima ovo uključuje mjesto vezanja ribosoma. *[[Podregulacija]] Bilo koji proces, prirodni ili veštački, koji smanjuje nivo ekspresije gena određenog gena. Termin za gen za koji je uočeno da je eksprimiran na relativno niskim nivoima (kao što je otkrivanje nižih nivoa njegovih [[iRK]] transkripata) u policistronskoj iRNK. *Pogođeni srodni par Bilo koji par [[organizam]]a koji je genetički srodan i oba zahvaćena istom osobinom. Naprimjer, dva rođaka koji oboje imaju plave oči su pogođeni srodni par jer su oboje pod utjecajem alela koji kodira plave oči. *[[Pojačivač (genetika)]] Područje DNK u blizini gena koje može biti vezano aktivatorom za povećanje ekspresije gena ili represorom za smanjenje ekspresije. *[[poliadenilacija|Poli (A) rep]] ili [[poliadenilacija]] Dodavanje serije višestrukih adenozina ribonukleotidima, poznat i kao poli(A) rep, do 3'-kraja primarnog [[RNK]] transkripta, obično [[iRNK]]. Klasa posttranskripcijskih modifikacija, poli|Poliadenilacija služi različitim svrhama u različitim tipovima ćelija i organizmima. Kod eukariota, dodavanje poli(A) repa je važan korak u procesuiranju sirovog transkripta u zrelu iRNK, spremnu za transport u citoplazmu, gdje se događa translacija; u mnogim bakterijama, poliadenilacija ima suprotnu funkciju, umjesto toga promovira degradaciju RNK. *[[Polidimerizacija]] Tip molekulske lezije uzrokovane fotohemijskim oštećenjem DNK ili [[RNK]], pri čemu izlaganje ultraljubičastom (UV) zračenju izaziva stvaranje kovalentnih veza između susjednih pirimidinskih baza u istom polinukleotidnom lancu, što zauzvrat može uzrokovati lokalne konformacijske promjene u sekundarnoj strukturi i spriječiti uparivanje baza sa suprotnim lancem. U DNK, reakcija dimerizacije se dešava između susjednih ostataka [[timin]]a i [[citozin]]a (T-T, C-C ili T-C). Može se pojaviti i između ostataka [[citozin]]a i [[uracil]]a u dvolančanoj [[RNK]]. Dimeri pirimidina se obično brzo korigiraju popravkom ekscizije nukleotida, ali nekorigirane lezije mogu inhibirati ili zaustaviti aktivnost polimeraze tokom transkripcije ili replikacije. *[[Poligen]] Više srodnih, fizički bliskih ili udaljenih, gena koji kopntroliraju isto kvantitativno svojstvo; svaki od gena u poligenskom bloku. *[[poligen|Poligensko svojstvo]] Bilo koja fenotipska osobina koja je pod direktnom kontrolom više od jednog gena. Poligenske osobine su obično kvantitativne osobine. *[[kloniranje|Polilinker]] Vidi: Višestruko kloniranje. Lančana reakcija polimeraze (PCR). *[[genetički polimorfizam|Polimorfizam]] Redovna i istovremena pojava u istoj populaciji dva ili više alela (ili genotipova ) na istom lokusu na frekvencijama koje se ne mogu objasniti samo ponavljajućom mutacijom (obično najmanje 1%), što implicira da se višestruki aleli u populaciji stabilno nasljeđuju. *[[Polipeptid]] Dugi, kontinuirani i nerazgranati polimerni lanac aminokiselina, monomeri povezani kovalentnim peptidnim vezama, obično dužim od peptida. Proteini se općenito sastoje od jednog ili više polipeptida raspoređenih na biološki funkcijskalan način. *[[Poliploid]] Organizam s tri ili više setova hromosoma. *[[Poliploidija]] (ćelije ili organizma) Prisustvo više od dvije homologne kopije svakog hromosoma. Može pojaviti kao normalno stanje hromosoma u određenim ćelijama ili čak cijelim organizmima, ili kao rezultat abnormalne diobe ćelija ili mutacije koja uzrokuje dupliciranje cijelog hromosomskog skupa. Kontrast haploidnog i diploidnog. *[[Polisom]] Također poliribosom ili ergosom. Kompleks molekula[[iRNK]] i dva ili više [[ribosom]]a koji djeluju na prevođenje transkripta iRNK u polipeptid. *[[Politeni hromosom]]i Veliki hromosomi koji imaju hiljade DNK lanaca. Imaju visok nivo funkcije u određenim tkivima kao što su pljuvačne žlijezde insekata. Formiraju se kada višestruki krugovi replikacije proizvode mnoge sestrinske hromatide koje ostaju spojene zajedno. Sada se koriste za proučavanje funkcije gena u transkripciji. *[[Popravka DNK]] Skup procesa pomoću kojih ćelija identificira i ispravlja strukturna oštećenja ili mutacije u molekulama DNK koji kodiraju njen [[genom]]. Sposobnost ćelije da popravi svoju DNK je vitalna za integritet genoma i normalnu funkcijskalnost organizma. *[[Populacijska genetika]] Potpolje genetike i evolucijske biologije koje proučava genetičke razlike unutar i između populacija organizama. *[[genetičko savjetovanje|Populacijski rizik]] Udio osoba u općoj populaciji koji su pogođeni određenim poremećajem ili koji nose određeni gen. Često se raspravlja u procesu genetičkog savjetovanja, kao usporedba s pacijentovim osobnim rizikom s obzirom na njegovu ili njezinu porodičnu povijest ili druge okolnosti. *[[Posttranskacijska modifikacija]] Ove i kotranskripcijske modifikacije su skupovi bioloških procesa zajedničkih većini eukariotskih ćelija pomoću kojih se primarni transkript [[RNK]] hemijski mijenja nakon transkripcije iz gena kako bi se proizveo zrela, funkcionalna molekula RNK, koja tada može napustiti jedro i izvesti bilo koju od različitih tipova raznih funkcija u ćeliji. Postoje mnogi tipovi posttranskripcijskih modifikacija postignutih raznovrsnom klasom molekulskih mehanizama. *[[Posttranslacijska modifikacija|Posttranskripcijska transformacija]] Vidi: [[Posttranslacijska modifikacija]] *Potpomognuta reprodukcija Postupci koji koriste jajne ćelije i spermu donora ili nedonora za stvaranje embrija ''[[in vitro]]''. Primjeri potpomognute reproduktivne tehnologije uključuju in vitro oplodnju (IVF), prijenos gameta unutar jajovoda (GIFT) i prijenos zigota unutar jajovoda (ZIFT). Ovi se postupci mogu koristiti prije predimplantacijskog genetičkog testiranja (PGT). Također se naziva ART. *[[letalnost|Potpuna letalnost]] Letalnost prije reproduktivne zrelosti organizma. *[[vezani geni|Potpuna vezanost]] Geni na istom hromosomu koji se nasljeđuju zajedno jer se između njih ne događa hromatidna izmjena (krosingover). *[[genetička konsultacija|Pozitivna prediktivna vrijednost]] [[Vjerovatnoća]] da osoba s pozitivnim rezultatom testa doista ima određeni gen i/ili bolest o kojoj je riječ. Naziva se i PPV. *[[kodon|Pozitivni (+) lanac]] Vidi: [[Kodirajuća sekvenca]] *[[PPV]] [[Vjerovatnoća]] da osoba s pozitivnim rezultatom testa doista ima određeni gen i/ili bolest o kojoj je riječ. Također se naziva pozitivna prediktivna vrijednost. *[[Prajmer]] Vidi: Začetnica *[[Predisponirajuća mutacija]] Genetička promjena koja povećava osjetljivost ili predispoziciju osobe za određenu bolest ili poremećaj. Kada je takva varijanta (ili mutacija) naslijeđena, razvoj simptoma je vjerovatniji, ali nije siguran. Također se naziva štetna mutacija, mutacija koja uzrokuje bolest, patogena varijanta i mutacija gena za osjetljivost. *[[nadekspresija|Prekomjerna ekspresija (nadekspresija)]] Nenormalno visok nivo ekspresije gena koji rezultira prevelikim brojem kopija jednog ili više genskih proizvoda. Prekomjerna ekspresija proizvodi izraženiji fenotip povezan s genom. *[[Nositelj (genetika)|Prenositelj]] U klasičnoj genetici, osoba koja nosi jedan štetan alel za autosomno recesivni poremećaj. U kliničkim raspravama, može se odnositi na osobu koja nosi štetan alel koji predisponira za bolest. *[[transpozon|Prenosivi element]] Transposable element (TE, [[transpozon]] ili skakajući gen) je sekvenca DNK koja može promijeniti svoju poziciju unutar genoma , ponekad stvaranje ili unazadne mutacije i mijenjanje genetičkog identiteta ćelije i genoma veličine . Transponirani elementi čine veliki dio genoma i odgovorni su za veliki dio mase DNK u eukariotskoj ćeliji . Iako su TE sebični genetički elementi , mnogi su važni u funkciji i evoluciji genoma. Transpozoni su također vrlo korisni istraživačima kao sredstvo za promjenu DNK unutar živog organizma. *[[genetičko testiranje|Presimptomsko testiranje]] Genetičko testiranje koje se provodi kod osobe koja ne pokazuje simptome poremećaja, ali postoji rizik od razvoja poremećaja. *[[Pretpostavljeni gen]] Specifična nukleotidna sekvenca za koju se sumnja da je funkcijskalni gen na osnovu identifikacije njenog otvorenog okvira čitanja. Za gen se kaže da je „potpostavljen“ u smislu da za njegove proizvode još nije opisana nijedna funkcija. *[[Primarni transkript]] Neprocesuirana („sirova“), jednolančana [[RNK]] molekula proizvedena transkripcijom sekvence DNK kakva postoji prije posttranskripcijskih modifikacija kao što je alternativna prerada pretvara ga u zreli RNK proizvod kao što je [[iRNK]], [[tRNK]] ili [[rRNK]]. Prekursorska iRNK ili [[pre-iRNK]], naprimjer, je tip primarnog transkripta koji nakon obrade postaje zrela iRNK spremna za translaciju. *[[Primaza]] Enzim koji sintetizira začetnicu (prajmer). *[[genetičko testiranje|Pripisivi rizik]] Udio bolesti kod izloženih pojedinaca koji se može pripisati izloženosti. U kontekstu genetičkih studija, „izloženost“ je učestalost specifične genetičke varijante. *[[Pristranost kodona]] Preferencijalna upotreba određenog kodona za kodiranje određene aminokiseline umjesto alternativnih kodona koji su sinonimi za istu aminokiselinu, o čemu svjedoče razlike između organizama u frekvencijama sinonimnih kodona koje se javljaju u njihovoj kodirajućoj DNK. Budući da je genetički kod degeneriran, većina aminokiselina može biti specificirana s više kodona. Ipak, određeni kodoni imaju tendenciju da budu previše (a drugi nedovoljno) zastupljeni u različitim vrstama. *[[Proband]] Također prospositus za muškog subjekta i prosposita za ženskog subjekta. Termin koji se koristi u medicinskoj genetici i genealogiji za označavanje određenogsvojstva koje se proučava ili o kojem se izvještava. Prva osoba u porodici koja je dobila genetičko savjetovanje i/ili testiranje za sumnju na nasljedni rizik. Proband može, ali i ne mora biti zahvaćen dotičnom bolešću. *[[penetrabilnost (genetika)|Probojnost (penetrabilnost)]] Penetrabilnost se odnosi na vjerovatnoću da će se kliničko stanje pojaviti kada je prisutan određeni genotip. Za bolesti s početkom u odrasloj dobi, penetracija se obično opisuje dobi, spolom i položajem organa pojedinog nositelja. Naprimjer, penetrabilnost za rak dojke kod žena nositeljica patogenih varijanti BRCA1 često se navodi prema dobi od 50 godina i prema dobi od 70 godina. *[[genetičko savjetovanje|Proces pristanka]] Proces razmjene informacija između kliničara i pacijenta ili njegovog zakonskog opunomoćenika osmišljen kako bi se omogućilo samostalno donošenje odluka na temelju informacija. Proces informiranog pristanka za genetičko testiranje trebao bi uključivati objašnjenje medicinskih i psihosocijalnih rizika, dobrobiti, ograničenja i mogućih implikacija genetičke analize, raspravu o privatnosti, povjerljivosti, dokumentaciji i rukovanju rezultatima genetičkog testa, kao i mogućnostima za upravljanje rizikom od nasljednih bolesti. Također se naziva informirani pristanak. *[[genetičko testiranje|Procjena rizika]] Kvantitativna ili kvalitativna procjena rizika od nošenja određene genske mutacije, ili razvoja određenog poremećaja, ili rođenja djeteta s određenim poremećajem; ponekad se radi korištenjem matematičkih ili statističkih modela koji uključuju faktore kao što su osobna zdravstvena povijest, porodična medicinska povijest i etničko porijeklo. *[[Profag]] Virusna DNK ugrađena u bakterijski hromosom. *[[Profaza]] Prva faza diobe ćelije i u mitozi i u mejozi, nakon interfaze i prije prometafaze, tokom koje se DNK hromosoma kondenzira u hromatin, jedarce se raspada i formira mitotsko (diobeno) vreteno. *[[Projekt ljudskog genoma]] (HGP) Human Genome Project: HGP bio je projekt čiji je cilj utvrđivanje hemijske sekvence baznih parova koji čine ljudski [[genom]]. Uključuje međunarodna naučna istraživanja DNK, uz identifikaciju i mapiranje svih gena ljudskog genoma, sa fizičkog i funkcijskog stanovišta. Bio je i ostaje najveći svjetski kolaborativni biološki projekt. *[[Prokariot]](i) Jednoćelijski organizam bez pravog jedra. *[[mejoza|Prometafaza]] Prelazna podfaza mitoze i mejoze I između profaze i metafaze (I). *[[Promotor (genetika)|Promotor]] Sekvenca ili regija DNK kojoj započinje gen na koju se veže RNK-polimeraza, obično duga 100-1000 parova baza, za koju se vežu faktori transkripcije, kako bi regrutirali RNK polimerazu u sekvencu i pokrenuli transkripciju jednog ili više gena. Promotori se nalaze uzvodno od gena koje transkribiraju, blizu mjesta početka transkripcije. *Propusnost Količina informacija, ljudi ili materijala koja je stavljena kroz proces u određenom vremenskom razdoblju. U medicini se može koristiti za opisivanje učinkovitosti laboratorijskih postupaka, poput genetičkog sekvencijskiranja, ili broja pacijenata pregledanih u klinici u određenom vremenskom razdoblju. *[[Protein]] Linearna polimerna makromolekula sastavljena od niza aminokiselina povezanih peptidnim vezama. Proteini provode većinu hemijskih reakcija koje se dešavaju unutar živih ćelija. *[[Proteom]] Cjelokupni skup molekula [[iRNK]] koje su prevedene u određenim [[gemom|genomima]], [[ćelija (biologija)|ćelijama]], tkivima ili vrstama u određeno vrijeme ili pod određenim uvjetima. Poput [[transkriptom]]a, često se koristi kao zamjensko sredstvo za kvantifikaciju nivoa genske ekspresije, iako transkriptom uključuje i mnoge molekule RNK koje nikada nisu prevedene. *[[Protoonkogen]]i Geni koji kontroliraju ćelijski rast i diferencijaciju. *[[divlji tip|Prototrof]] ili [[divlji tip]] Bakterijska ćelija koja raste na minimalnoj podlozi. *[[PRS]] Linearna polimerna [[makromolekula]], sastavljena od niza [[aminokiselina]] povezanih peptidnim vezama. Proteini provode većinu hemijskih reakcija koje se dešavaju unutar živih ćelija. *[[Proteom]] Cjelokupni skup molekula iRNK koje su prevedene u određenim [[genom]]ima, ćelijama, tkivima ili vrstama u određeno vrijeme ili pod određenim uvjetima. Poput transkriptoma, često se koristi kao zamjensko sredstvo za kvantifikaciju nivoa genske ekspresije, iako transkriptom uključuje i mnoge molekule RNK koje nikada nisu prevedene. *[[Protoonkogen]]i Geni koji kontroliraju ćelijski rast i diferencijaciju. Bakterijska ćelija koja raste na minimalnoj podlozi. *[[PRS]] (poligenski rezultat rizika) Procjena rizika od specifičnog stanja na temelju zajedničkog uticaja mnogih genetičkih varijanti. Može uključivati varijante povezane s genima poznate funkcije i varijante za koje nije poznato da su povezane s genima relevantnim za stanje. Također se naziva poligenski rezultat rizika. *[[pseudogen|Pseudoalel]] Bilo koji od dva ili više različitih gena ili sekvenci koji imaju isti ili sličan doprinos fenotipu, pa se stoga čini da su pravi aleli, ali zapravo nisu strukturno alelni (tj. ne zauzimaju homologne lokuse na homolognim hromosomima ). *[[Pseudoautosomna regija]] (pseudoautosomno [[nasljeđivanje]]) PAR1, PAR2 , jesu međusobno homologne sekvence nukleotida na ljudskom [[hromosom X|X]] i [[hromosom Y|Y-hromosomu]]. Pseudoautosomne regije su dobile ime jer se bilo koji gen u njima nasljeđuje kao i svi [[autosom]]ni geni. PAR1 kod ljudi obuhvata 2,6 Mbp vrhova kratkih krakova X i Y-hromosoma i ostalih velikih majmuna (X i Y imaju ukupno 155 Mbp i 59 Mbp). PAR2 je na vrhovima dugih krakova, u rasponu od 320 kbp. *[[Pseudogen]] Nefunkcionalna sekvenca DNK koja podsjeća na funkcionalni gen. Pseudogeni su tipski suvišne kopije funkcijskalnihfunkcionalnih gena koji su duplicirani prirodnim procesima, osim što nemaju regulatorne sekvence neophodne za pravilnu transkripciju ili translaciju ili sadrže druge defekte kao što su mutacije pomaka okvira, preuranjeni [[stop kodon]]i ili nedostajući introni. Sekvenca DNK koja nalikuje genu, ali je mutirana u neaktivan oblik tokom evolucije. Često mu nedostaju introni i druge bitne sekvence DNK potrebne za funkcijskiranje.funkcioniranje. Iako su genetički slični izvornom funkcionalnom genu, pseudogeni ne rezultiraju funkcijskalnimfunkcionalnim proteinima, iako neki mogu imati regulatorne učinke. *[[Pseudopoliploidija]] Stanje u kojem je broj hromosoma u hromosomskom skupu udvostručen (ili utrostručen, itd.), ali bez odgovarajućeg povećanja stvarne količine genetičkog materijala (tj. nivoa ploidnosti). Ovo se događa kada se hromosomi normalnog hromosomskog komplementa (npr. diploidi) fragmentiraju na manje komade, povećavajući ukupan broj pojedinačnih hromosoma, ali ne stvarajući dodatne homologne kopije tih hromosoma (tako da ćelija ostaje diploidna). Bilo koji brojčani odnos između hromosomskih skupova u grupama srodnih organizama koji sugeriše da su neki od tih organizama poliploidi drugih, a zapravo nisu. *[[Punnettov kvadrat]] (Panetov kvadrat) Tabelarni dijagram koji se koristi za predviđanje mogućih [[genotip]]ova [[fenotip]]ova koje može naslijediti potomstvo određenog križanja ili uzgojnog eksperimenta sumiranjem svih različitih kombinacija majčinih s očevim alelima. Rezultirajuća tabela se zatim može koristiti za određivanje vjerovatnoće da će potomstvo imati određeni [[genotip]]. Korisnost Punnettovih kvadrata ograničena je na diskretne fenotipove naslijeđene prema jednostavnim mendelovskim obrascima. *[[Purin]] Dvoprstenasti heterociklični organski spoj koji je, uz pirimidin, jedna od dvije molekule iz kojih su izvedene sve dušične baze (uključujući i one koje se koriste u DNK i RNK ). Kao purini klasifikuju se [[adenin]] (A) i [[guanin]] (G). ==Q== *[[qPCR]] Također PCR u realnom vremenu (rtPCR). ==R== *[[genetički marker|RAD]] DNK markeri povezani sas restrikcijskim mjestom; tip genetičkih markera koj u asocijacijskom mapiranju, QTL miranju, populacijskogenetičkim, ekogenetičkim i evolucijskim istraživanjima. *[[RAPD]] Nasumična amplifikacija polimorfne DNK (engleski: (engl. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA/ / čita se "rapid") jest vid PCR reakcije u kojoj su umnožavajući segmenti DNK slučajni. Za RAPD proceduru stvara se nekoliko proizvoljnih, kratkih prajmera (začetnica), sas 8-–12 nukleotida, a zatim se nastavlja [[PCR]] procesuiranje koristeći veliki predložak [[genom]]ske DNK, očekujući amplifikaciju fragmenta. Na završetku obrade nastalih uzoraka iz RAPD reakcije, mogu se prikupiti polujedinstveni profili. *[[Rasa]] Nepriznata taksonomska kategorija pod kojom se podrazumijevaju populacije karakterističnog genetičkog sastava, koje se po njemu prepoznatljivo razlikuju od ostalih istovjernoi definiranih populacija. Uporedi sa [[sorta (botanika)|sorta]]. *[[Rastvorljiva RNK]] (sRNK) Vidi: Transportnatransportna RNK. *[[Razmnožavanje]] – reprodukcija Prokreacija ili propagacija je biološki proces u kojem roditeljske jedinke stvaraju potomstvo. Razmnožavanje je fundamentalno svojstvo sistema koji su poznati kao život. Ukratko, razmnožavanje je jedna od temeljnih diferencijalnih odrednica između žive i nežive supstance. Iako neki kristali također imaju sposobnost umnožavanja, za razliku od njih, živa bića ostvaruju samoobnovljivo i samoregulatorno autonomno potomstvo. Tako ostvaruju međugeneracijski genetički kontinuitet pripadajuće vrste. Svaki pojedinačni organizam postoji kao rezultat razmnožavanja. Postoje dva oblika reprodukcije: spolni (seksualni) i bespolni (aseksualni). *[[Recesivna letalnost]] Letalnost samo kod homozigotnog genotipa. *[[Recipročna balansirana translokacija]] Translokacija bez delecije ili adicije genetičkog materijala. *[[Recipročna nebalansirana translokacija]] Translokacija koja uzrokuje delecije ili adicije genetičkog materijala. *[[Recipročna translokacija]] Razmjenjivanje hromosomskih segmenata dva nehomologna hromosoma. *[[Regulacija gena]] Širok spektar mehanizama koje ćelije koriste ćelije za povećanje ili smanjenje proizvodnje ili ekspresije specifičnih genskih proizvoda, kao što su RNK ili proteini. Regulacija gena povećava svestranost i prilagodljivost organizma dopuštajući njegovim ćelijama da eksprimiraju različite genske proizvode kada to zahtijevaju promjene u njegovom okruženju. Kod višećelijskih organizama, regulacija ekspresije gena također pokreće ćelijsku diferencijaciju i morfogenezu u embriju, omogućavajući stvaranje raznolikog niza tipova ćelija iz istog [[genom]]a. *[[Rekombinantna DNK]] (rDNK) Molekule [[DNK]] koje su nastale primjenom laboratorijskih metoda genetičke rekombinacije genetičke rekombinacije (kao što je molekulsko kloniranje) molekulsko kloniranje) koje omogućavaju da se (genetičkim inženjerstvom) prikupi genetički materijal iz više izvora, stvarajući sekvence sekvence koje se inače ne bi mogle naći u biološkim organizmima. *[[generička rekombinacija|Rekombinantni vektor]] Vektor sas ugrađenom stranom DNK. *[[Repetitivna sekvenca]] Bilo koja ponavljajuća sekvenca nukleotida ili aminokiselina za koju se znaazna ili se pretpostavlja da je biološki značajna. Kod nukleinskih kiselina, motivi sekvenci su često kratki (tri do deset nukleotida dužine), visoko konzervirane sekvence koje se koriste kao mjesta prepoznavanja za enzime koji se vezuju za DNK ili RNK uključene u regulaciju ekspresije gena. *[[Replikacija DNK]] (autoreplikacija) Proces u kojem od jedne molekule DNK nastanu dvije, sa s identičnim redoslijedom dušičnih baza kao u početnoj molekuli. U ovoj enzimski kataliziranoj reakciji u polulanci DNK prvo se rastave, pa onda svaki od lanaca dogradi nedostajući komplementarni polulanac. *[[Replikacija RNK]] Proces kojim se određene biološke molekule, posebno nukleinske kiseline DNK i RNK, proizvode sopstvene kopije. Tehnika koja se koristi za procjenu tehničkih i bioloških varijacija u eksperimentima za statističku analizu podataka mikromreža. Replikacije mogu biti tehničke replike, kao što su zamjene broja ili ponovljene hibridizacije sekvence, ili biološke replike; biološki uzorci iz odvojenih eksperimenata koji testiraju efekte istih eksperimentalnih tretmana. *[[Replikacijska viljuška]] Struktura koja se formira unutar dugačke spiralne DNK tokom njene replikacije. Stvaraju se helikaze, koje razbijaju vodikove veze koje drže dva lanca DNK zajedno u spirali. Rezultirajuća struktura ima dva granasta zupca, od kojih je svaki sastavljen od po jednog lanca DNK. Ova dva lanca služe kao predložak za vodeći i zaostali lanac, koji će se stvoriti (kako DNK polimeraza uskladi) komplementarne nukleotide sa šablonima. Šabloni se mogu ispravno nazvati predloškom vodećih niti i šablonom zaostalih niti. *[[Replikon]] Bilo koja molekula ili regija DNK ili RNK koji se replicira iz jednog izvora replikacije. *[[Reporterski gen]] Reporterski gen (često jednostavno reporter) je gen koji istraživači vezuju za regulatornu sekvencu drugog gena od interesa za bakterije, ćelijsku kulturu, životinje ili biljke. Takvi geni se nazivaju reporterima jer se karakteristike koje daju organizmima koji ih eksprimiraju mogu lako identificirati i mjeriti ili zato što su markeri koji se mogu odabrati. Restrikcijske endonukleaze Enzimi koje bakterijska ćelija koristi za razgradnju strane DNK (virusna DNK); prepoznaju restrikcijsko mjesto i cijepaju dvolančanu DNK; koriste se u genetičkom inženjerstvu. *[[Restriktom]] Bilo koji fragment DNK koji je rezultat rezanja lanca DNK restrikcijskim enzimom, na jednom ili više restrikcijskih mjesta. *[[Retrotranspozon]]i ili [[transpozon|pokretni genetički elementi]] DNK sekvence koje se premještaju iz jednog mjesta u genomu na drugo preko RNK-intermedijara: DNK se kopira u RNK, a RNK se reverznom transkripcijom uz pomoć enzima reverzne transkriptaze kopira u DNK koja se ugrađuje na drugo mjesto u genomu (mehanizam copy/ / paste)). *[[Reverzna mutacija]] Mutacija koja preokreće učinak prethodne mutacije koja je inaktivirala gen, čime se vraća funkcija divljeg tipa. *Rezultat poligenskog rizika (PRS) Procjena rizika od specifičnog stanja na temelju zajedničkog uticaja mnogih genetičkih varijanti. To može uključivati varijante povezane s genima poznate funkcije i varijante za koje nije poznato da su Povezanepovezane s relevantnim genima za dato stanje. *[[RFLP]] Polimorfizam dužine restrikcijskih fragmenata (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism), u molekulskoj biologiji, predstavlja varijaciju u homolognim sekvencama DNK. Odnosi se na polimorfizam uzoraka homolognih DNK molekula iz različitih restrikcijskih lokacija, a koje se dobiju primjenom laboratorijske tehnike koja omogućuje njihovu identifikaciju. *[[RFLP|RFLP ograničenje]] Mapa ili dijagram poznatih restrikcijskih mjesta unutar poznate sekvence DNK, kao što je [[plazmid]]ni vektor, dobijen sistematskim izlaganjem sekvence različitim restrikcijskim enzimima, a zatim poređenjem dužina rezultujućih fragmenata, tehnika poznata kao restrikcijsko mapiranje. takođerTakođer prepoznavanje ograničenja na licu mjesta. Kratka, specifična sekvenca nukleotida (obično 4 do 8 baza dužine) koju pouzdano prepoznaje određeni restrikcijski enzim. Budući da se restrikcijski enzimi obično vežu kao homodimeri, restrikcijska mjesta su općenito palindromske sekvence koje obuhvataju oba lanca dvolančane molekule DNK. Restrikcijske endonukleaze cijepaju fosfatnu kičmu između dva nukleotida unutar same prepoznate sekvence, ali drugi tipovi restrikcijskih enzima prave svoje rezove na jednom kraju sekvence ili na obližnjoj sekvenci. *[[Ribonukleinska kiselina]] (RNK) Jednostruko spiralna makromolekula, građena od nukleotida. Sastoji se od šećera riboze, fosforne kiseline i jedne od četiri dušične baze ([[adenin]], [[uracil]], [[guanin]] ili [[citozin]]). Na nju se prepisuje genetička informacija sas DNK u procesu zvanom transkripcija. Poslije se ta šifra na RNK prevodi na jezik aminokiselinskog sastava proteina u procesu zvanom translacija. Grupe dušičnih (heterocikličnih) baza u RNK su šifre za uspostavljanje sekvence aminokiselina, molekula od kojih su sačinjeni proteini. Postoji nekoliko različitih tipova RNK, poput informacijske RNK (iRNK), transportne RNK (tRNK) i ribosomske RNK (rRNK). Svaki od njih ima posebnu funkciju u ćeliji. Ribonukleinska kiselina (RNK) je biološki važan tip molekula koje imaju značajnu ulogu u kodiranju, dekodiranju, regulaciji i ekspresiji gena. RNK i DNK predstavljaju dva tipa nukleinskih kiselina, koje sa s proteinima spadaju u esencijalne makromolekule svih živih bića. Kao i DNK, molekule RNK se sastoje od dugih kovalentno vezanih jedinica – nukleotida, s tim što su RNK molekule najčešće jednolančane. Za razliku od DNK, RNK se češće nalazi kao jedan lanac presavijen sam na samu sebe, a ne upareni dvostruki lanac. Različiti ntipovitipovi RNK molekula služe u širokom spektru bitnih bioloških uloga, uključujući kodiranje, dekodiranje, regulaciju i ekspresiju geni gena, kao i funkcijskiranjefunkcioniranje kao signalne molekule i, u određenim virusnim genomima, kao primarni genetički materijal. *[[Ribosom]] Ćelijske prganele – strukutre organele – strukture kojima se odvija biosinteza proteina. Molekulski kompleks koji služi kao mjesto sinteze proteina. Ribosomi se sastoje od dvije podjedinice (mala podjedinica, koja čita poruke kodirane u molekulama iRNK, i velika podjedinica, koja povezuje aminokiseline u nizu kako bi formirala polipeptidni lanac), od kojih se svaka sastoji od jednog ili više lanaca ribosomske RNK i raznih ribosomskih proteina. *[[nasljeđivanje|Rizik od ponavljanja]] Vjerovatnoća da će se nasljedna osobina ili poremećaj prisutan kod jednog člana oporodiceporodice ponovno pojaviti kod drugih članova. Ovo se razlikuje od rizika od recidiva raka, što je šansa da će se rak koji je liječen ponovno pojaviti. *[[RNK]] Vidi: Ribonukleinskaribonukleinska kiselina *[[RNK-polimeraza]] Glavni enzim transkripcije. *[[RNK-polimeraza I]] *[[RNK-polimeraza II]] *[[RNK-procesuiranje]] [[Posttranslacijska modifikacija]] [[primarni transkript|primarnog transkripta]] koja uključuje RNK-prekrajanje (engl. RNA-splicing) i zaštićivanje krajeva iRNK. *[[RNKi]] skraćeno RNKP ili RNKpol Bilo koji od klase enzima koji sintetizira RNK molekule iz DNK šablona. RNK polimeraze su neophodne za transkripciju i nalaze se u svim živim organizmima i mnogim virusima. Grade dugačke jednolančane polimere zvane transkripti, dodavanjem ribonukleotida jedan po jedan u smjeru 5' -do- 3', oslanjajući se na šablon koji obezbjeđuje komplementarni lanac za vjernu transkripciju nukleotidne sekvence. *[[hromosomska translokacija|ROB]] Tip hromosomske translokacije kojom se dvostruki lanac prekida na centromeru ili blizu centromera dvanjega. Dva akrocentrična hromosomi hromosoma uzrokuju recipročnu razmjenu segmenata koja dovodi do jednog velikog metacentričnog hromosoma (sastavljenog od dugih krakova) i jednog ekstremno malog hromosoma (sastavljenog od kratkih krakova ), od kojih se potonji često kasnije gubi iz ćelije sas malim efektom jer sadrži vrlo malo gena. Rezultirajući kariotip pokazuje jedan manje od očekivanog ukupnog broja hromosoma, jer su se dva prethodno različita hromosoma u suštini spojila. Nositelji robertsonovske translokacije općenito nisu povezani s bilo kakvim fenotipskim abnormalnostima, ali imaju povećan rizik od stvaranja mejotski neuravnoteženih gameta. *[[Robertsonovska translokacija]] Dva akrocentrična hromosoma recipročnom translokacijom dužih krakova (q) daju jedan metacentrični hromosom. *[[porodica|Rodbina]] Proširena porodica. Rođak prvog stupnjastepena (FDR) Roditelj, brat ili sestra ili dijete pojedinca. Također se zove FDR. *[[rRNK]] Ribosomska ribonukleinska kiselina (rRNK) je tip nekodirajuće RNK koja je primarna komponenta ribosoma, neophodna za sve ćelije. rRNK je ribozim koji vrši sintezu proteina u ribosomima. Transkribuje se iz ribosomske DNK (rDNK) i zatim vezuje za ribosomske proteine da bi formirala male i velike podjedinice *[[Replikacija RNK]] Proces kojim se određene biološke molekule, posebno nukleinske kiseline DNK i RNK, proizvode sopstvene kopije. Tehnika koja se koristi za procjenu tehničkih i bioloških varijacija u eksperimentima za statističku analizu podataka mikromreža. Replikacije mogu biti tehničke replike, kao što su zamjene broja ili ponovljene hibridizacije sekvence, ili biološke replike; biološki uzorci iz odvojenih eksperimenata koji testiraju efekte istih eksperimentalnih tretmana [[ribosom]]a. ==S== *Sadržaj [[guanin]]a-[[citozin]]a Također skraćeno ([[GC-sadržaj]].) Udio dušičnih baza u nukleinskoj kiselini koje su ili [[guanin]] (G) ili [[citozin]] (C), obično izražen kao postotak. Molekule DNK i RNK sas većim GC-sadržajem općenito su termostabilnije od onih sas nižim GC-sadržajem zbog molekulskih interakcija do kojih dolazi tokom slaganja baza. *[[Samoinkompatibilnost]] (autosterilnost) Oblik genske kontrole samooplodnje kod biljaka. *[[Sangerovsko sekvenciranje]] Metod sekvenciranja DNK zasnovanzasnovana na ''[[in vitro]]'' replikaciji sekvence šablona DNK, tokom koje se didezoksinukleotidi koji završavaju lanac, označeni fluorohromom, nasumično ugrađuju u produžujući lanac. Rezultirajući fragmenti se zatim sortiraju po veličini pomoću elektroforeze, a određeni fluorohrom koji završava svaki od po veličini sortiranih fragmenata se detektuje se laserskom hromatografijom, otkrivajući tako sekvencu originalnog DNK šablona preko redosledaredoslijeda fluorohromnih oznaka kako se čita iz malih od fragmenata veličine do velikih fragmenata. Iako je sangerovsko sekvenciranje u nekim kontekstima zamijenjeno metodimametodama sljedeće generacije, i dalje je široko korišteno zbog sposobnosti da proizvede relativno dugačka očitavanja sekvence (500+ nukleotida ) i vrlo niske stope greške. *[[SCNT]] Metod molekulske biologije koji se koristi za otkrivanje specifične sekvence u uzorcima DNK. Tehnika kombinuje odvajanje fragmenata DNK gel elektroforezom, transfer DNK na sintetsku membranu i naknadnu identifikaciju ciljnih fragmenata radio-obilježenimradioobilježenim ili fluorescentnim hibridizacijskim sondama. *[[scRNK]] [[iRNK]] (snRNK) nRNK . Vidi: [[mala jedarna RNK]]. *[[mala jedarna RNK|Sebični genetički element]] Povijesno također zvani sebičnimsebični geni, ultra-sebičnimultrasebični geni, sebična DNK, parazitska DNK i [[genom]]ska odmetnica, su genetički su segmenti koji mogu poboljšati vlastiti prijenos na račun drugih gena u [[genom]]u, čak i ako oni nemaju pozitivan ili neto negativan efekat na kondiciju organizma. [[genom]]i se tradicijskitradicionalno posmatraju kao kohezivne jedinice, pri čemu geni djeluju zajedno kako bi poboljšali adaptivnu vrijednost organizma. Međutim, kada geni imaju određenu kontrolu nad vlastitim prijenosom, pravila se mogu promijeniti, pa su, kao i sve društvene grupe, genomi ranjivi na sebično ponašanje svojih dijelova. *[[Sekvenciranje DNK|Sekvenciranje]] Određivanje redoslijeda baza [[adenin]]a, [[timin]]a, [[guanin]]a i [[citozin]]a, pomoću određenih tehnika, u cijelom genomu nekog organizma ili u samo jednom njegovom dijelu. Također, određivanje sekvenci aminokiselina u proteinima ili sastavnica ostalih složenih biomolekula. *[[WXS|Sekvenciranje cijelog]] [[egzom]]a ([[WES]], WXS) Laboratorijski postupak koji se koristi za određivanje nukleotidne sekvence primarno egzonskih (ili proteinski kodiranih) regija genoma osoba i srodnih sekvenci, što predstavlja približno 1% cjelokupne sekvence DNK. Također se naziva WES i WXS. *[[GWAS|Sekvenciranje cijelog genoma]] (GWAS, WGS) Laboratorijski postupak koji se koristi za određivanje gotovo svih od približno tri milijarde nukleotida kompletne individualne sekvence DNK, uključujući nekodirajuću sekvencu. Naziva se i WGS. *[[Sekvenciranje DNK]] Proces određivanja, bilo kojom od niza različitih metoda i tehnologija, redoslijeda baza u dugom lancu nukleotida koji čini sekvencu DNK. *[[Sekvenciranje naredne generacije]] (masivno paralelno sekvenciranje, NGS) Metod visoke propusnosti koja se koristi za određivanje dijela nukleotidne sekvence individualnog [[genom]]a. Ova tehnika koristi tehnologije sekvenciranja DNK koje mogu paralelno obraditi više sekvenci DNK. Također se naziva masivno paralelno sekvenciranje i NGS. *[[Sekvenciranje tumorske DNK]] Sekvenciranje somatskog tkiva, poput tumora, odnosi se na traženje varijanti u DNK koje se obično javljaju nakon začeća. Somatske mutacije mogu se pojaviti u bilo kojoj tjelesnoj ćeliji osim u zametnim ćelijama (spermatozoidu i jajnoj ćeliji) i stoga se ne prenose na djecu. Ove varijante mogu (ali ne uvijek) uzrokovati rak ili druge bolesti. *[[mitohondrija|Semiautonomne organele]] Organele sas DNK (mitohondriji i hloroplasti) koje ne mogu samostalno živjeti izvan eukariotske ćelije. *[[Semikonzervativna replikacija DNK]] Dva roditeljska polulanca DNK se odvajaju i svaki služi kao kalup za sintezu novog komplementarnog lanca. *[[Sestrinske hromatide]] Par identičnih kopija (hromatida) nastalih kao rezultat replikacije DNK hromosoma, posebno kada su obje kopije spojene zajedničkom centromerom; par sestrinskih hromatida naziva se dijada. Dvije sestrinske hromatide su na kraju odvojene jedna od druge u dvije različite ćelije tokom mitoze ili mejoze. Identične podjedinice hromosoma prije anafaze mitoze ili anafaze II mejoze, nastaju semikonzervativnom replikacijom u S-fazi, imaju zajedničku centromeru. *[[oligonukleotid|Set-sonda]] Kolekcija od dvije ili više sondi dizajniranih za mjerenje jednog tipa molekula, kao što je kolekcija [[oligonukleotid]]a [[dizaj]]niranih da se hibridiziraju s različitim dijelovima transkripta iRNK generiranih iz jednog gena. *[[SFP]] Jednoosobinski polimorfizmi (eng. (engl. Single Feature Polymorphism), polimorfne sekvence DNK koje se odnose na varijaciju jednog svojstva. Vrijedni su genetički markeri koji potencijalno nude neposrednije fizičke veze ka samim strukturama gena. Međutim, većina aktulelnihaktuelnih SFP predikcijskih metoda su razvijene su za sekvenciranjemsekvenciranje DNK proučavanih vrsta, iako su posebno pogodnipogodne za vrste sa složenim i nesekvenciranim [[genom]]ima. *[[transpozon|Skakanje gena]] Vidi: [[transpozon|Prenosivi element]]. *[[heterozigot|Složena heterozigotnost]] Prisustvo dva različita mutirana alela na određenom lokusu gena. *[[penetrabilnost (genetika)|Smanjena (nepotpuna) penetrabilnost]] Penetracija se odnosi na vjerojatnostvjerovatnoću da će se kliničko stanje pojaviti kada je prisutan određeni genotip. Za stanje se kaže da pokazuje nepotpunu penetraciju kada neki nositelji patogene varijante ispoljavaju povezano svojstvo, dok drugi ne. Također se naziva nepotpuna penetrabilnost. *[[Smislenost (genetika)|Smislenost]] U molekulskoj biologiji i genetici, odnosi se na molekule nukleinskih kiselina, posebno lanaca DNK ili RNK i prirodu uloga lanaca i njihove komplementarnosti u određivanju sekvenci aminokiselina. Ovisno o kontekstuU molekulskoj biologiji i genetici, odnosi se na molekule nukleinskih kiselina, posebno lanaca DNK ili RNK i prirodu uloga lanaca i njihove komplementarnosti u određivanju sekvenci aminokiselina. Zavisno od konteksta, smislenost može imati nešto različita značenja. Naprimjer, DNK je pozitivno smislena ako se RNK verzija iste sekvence prepiše ili prevede u protein, negativna ako nije. SNP (engl. single nucleotide polymorphism) Jednonukleotidni polimorfizam koji je posljedica supstitucije; tačkasta mutacija. *[[SNP|SNP-označavanje]] [[Jednonukleotidni polimorfizam]] (SNP), koji se koristi za označavanje određenog haplotipa u regiji [[genom]]a. Kao podskup svih SNP-ova u genomu, označavanje SNP-ova može biti iznimno korisno za testiranje povezanosti markerskih lokusa s lokusom kvalitativne ili kvantitativne osobine. Somatska (mitotska) hromatidna izmjena Hromatidna izmjena u somatskim ćelijama tokom mitoze. *[[Somatska ćelija]] Bilo koja biološka ćelija koja formira tijelo organizma, ili, u višećelijskim organizmima, bilo koja ćelija osim gameta, zametne ćelije ili nediferencirane matične ćelije. Somatske ćelije se teorjskiteorijski razlikuju od ćelija zametne linije, što znači da se mutacije kojima su podvrgnute nikada ne mogu prenijeti na potomke organizma, iako u praksi postoje izuzeci. Tjelesne ćelije (diploidne, 2n) ). *[[Sonda]] Reagens koji se koristi za jedno mjerenje u eksperimentu ekspresije gena. Uporedite reporter. *[[Sorta (botanika)|Sorta]] Biljni ili mikrobni organizmi sas dosljednim, predvidljivim i replicirjućimreplicirajućim osobinama u potomstvu koje su rezultat parenja bilo koja dva čistolinijska roditelja kojikoja pripadaju istojistom kultivaru ili varijetetu (a ne osobine drugih varijeteta koje su možda ranije ukrštane u lozu). Kod životinja, takve grupe organizama označavaju se kao rase. *[[SOS-odgovor]] Globalni odgovor na oštećenje DNK u kojem se zaustavlja ćelijski ciklus i inducira se popravak DNK i mutageneza. Sistem uključuje RecA protein (Rad51 kod eukariota). RecA protein, stimuliran jednolančanom DNK, uključen je u inaktivaciju represora (LexA) gena SOS odgovora i na taj način inducira odgovor. To je sistem popravke sklon greškama koji značajno doprinosi promjenama DNK uočenim u širokom spektru vrsta. *[[Specijacija]] Proces nastanka nove vrste. *[[DNK|Spojna DNK]] Bilo koja DNK sekvenca za koju se čini da nema poznatu biološku funkciju, ili koja služi svrsi koja nema pozitivan ili neto negativan učinak na sposobnost genoma u kojem se nalazi. Termin je još jednom bio šire korišten za označavanje svih nekodirajućih DNK, za koje je kasnije otkriveno da ih većina ima funkciju. U modernoj upotrebi tipski se odnosi na slomljene ili zaostale sekvence i sebične genetičke elemente, uključujući introne, pseudogene, intergensku DNK i fragmente [[transpozon]]a i [[retrovirus]]a, koji zajedno čine veliki dio [[genom]]a većine [[eukariot]]a. Uprkos tome što ne doprinose produktivno organizmu domaćina, ove sekvence mogu opstati neograničeno u genomima, jer su nedostaci njihovog nastavka kopiranja premali da bi na njih djelovala [[prirodna selekcija]]. *[[Spolni hromosom]]i Hromosomi sa spolno- determinirajućim genima. *[[Spolno ograničeno svojstvo]] Svojstvo koje se pojavljuje kod samo jednoga od dvaju spolova. *[[reverzija soila|Spolno-reverzne osobe]] XX muškarci koji na X-hromosomu imaju gen Sry i XY žene koje na Y-hromosomu nemaju gen [[SRY]]. *[[spolno uvjetovano nasljeđivanje|Spolno uvjetovano svojstvo]] Svojstva čija je ekspresija alela koji su na autosomima uvjetovana spolom nositelja. *[[Spolno-vezano nasljeđivanje]] Nasljeđivanje gena na X-hromosomu (X-vezano nasljeđivanje). *[[spolno vezani geni|Spolno vezano svojstvo]] Kao i spolno vezano nasljeđivanje, to su termini koji se, u najširem smislu, odnose na pojavu da ispoljavanje određenih individualnih svojstava kontroliraju geni koji su smješteni na spolnim hromosomima. Pri tome se – u najužem smislu – u tom okviru osobine obično diferenciraju u: parcijalno (nekompletno) i kompletno spolno vezane. Parcijalno spolno vezani geni nalaze se na homologimhomolognim segmentima X hromosoma i Y hromosoma, pa je apriorna vjerovatnoća pojave rekombinacija u heterosomalnim i autosomalnim hromosomima (teorijski) podjednaka. Stvarna frekvencija hijazmi između X i Y gonosoma je, ipak, relativno niska jer su njihovi homologihomologni segmenti sasvim kratki. *Srodnik trećeg koljena Vidi: [[TOR]] *[[SSB]] Gubitak kontinuiteta fosfatno-šećerne kičme u jednom lancu DNK dupleksa. *[[ssDNK]] Bilo koja molekula DNK kojekoja se sastoji od jednog nukleotidnog polimera, ili lanca, za razliku od para komplementarnih lanaca koji se drže zajedno vodikovim vezama ( dvolančana DNK). U većini slučajeva, DNK je stabilnija i češća u dvolančanom obliku, ali visoke temperature, niske koncentracije rastvorenih soli i vrlo visok ili nizak pH mogu uzrokovati razlaganje dvolančanih molekula u dvije jednolančane molekule, u procesu poznatom kao „“topljenje“;”; ovu reakciju koriste prirodni enzimi kao što su oni koji su uključeni u replikaciju DNK, kao i laboratorijske tehnike kao što je lančana reakcija polimeraze *[[SSLP]] Polimorfizam dužine jednostavne sekvence ( (engl. Simple Sequence Lenght Polimorphism) koristi se kao genetički marker, uz primjenu lančane polimerazne reakcije (PCR). SSLP je oblik polimorfizma, koji se ispoljava kao razlika u dužini DNK sekvenci među jedinkama. SSLP se su ponavljajuće sekvence po različitim dužinama u intergenenskimintergenskim regijama dezoksiribonukleinske kiseline (DNK). Varijanse u dužini SSLP mogu se koristiti za razumijevanje genetičke varijanse između dvije jedinke određene vrste. *Standardni [[genetički kod]] Genetički kod velike većine živih organizama za prevođenje sekvence nukleinskih kiselina u proteine. U ovom sistemu, od 64 moguće permutacije troslovnih kodona koji se mogu napraviti od četiri nukleotida, 61 kodira jednu od 20 aminokiselina, a preostale tri kodiraju stop signale. Naprimjer, [[kodon]] CAG kodira aminokiselinu [[glutamin]], a kodon TAA je [[stop kodon]]. Standardni genetički kod je opisan kao degenerisan ili suvišan jer jednu aminokiselinu može kodirati više od jednog kodona. To je prvi kodon preveden [[ribosom]]om iz zrelog transkripta iRNK, koji se koristi kao signal za iniciranje sinteze proteina. U standardnom genetičkom kodu, početni kodon uvijek kodira istu aminokiselinu, [[metionin]], kod eukariota i za modificirani metionin kod prokariota. Najčešći startni kodon je [[triplet]] AUG. KontrastniKontrast je stop kodon. *[[Statistička genetika]] Grana genetike koja se bavi razvojem statističkih metoda za izvlačenje zaključaka iz genetičkih podataka. Teorije i metodologije statističke genetike često podržavaju istraživanja u kvantitativnoj genetici, genetičkoj epidemiologiji i bioinformatici. *[[frekvencija|Stopa prenositelja]] (noseća frekvencija) Udio jedinki u populaciji koje imaju jednu kopiju specifične recesivne genetičke varijante. Stopa nosivosti također se ponekad odnosi na prevalenciju varijanti u dominantno djelujućim genima, kao što su BRCA1 i BRCA2. Naziva se i noseća frekvencija. *[[Studija neinferiornosti]] Istraživačka studija koja je osmišljena kako bi se utvrdilo nije li jedna intervencija gora od druge kontrolne intervencije za unaprijed određenu granicu. Intervencija koja daje rezultate koji su jednaki ili bolji od kontrolne intervencije smatra se neinferiornom u odnosu na kontrolnu intervenciju. Studije neinferiornosti često se provode kako bi se ispitalo nije li novi, eksperimentalni tretman lošiji od utvrđenog standarda opskrbe. *[[smrtnost|Subletalnost]] Pojava da do letalnosti dolazi nakon reprodukcije. *[[Supstitucija nukleotida]] Zamjena jednog nukleotida drugim u molekuli DNK. *[[SUV]] (neklasificirana varijanta, varijanta nesigurnog značaja, varijanta nepoznatog značaja) Varijacija u genetičkoj sekvenci za koju je nejasna povezanost s rizikom od bolesti. Također se naziva neklasificirana varijanta, varijanta nesigurnog značaja i varijanta nepoznatog značaja. *[[Suvišni gen]]i Različiti geni koji utječuutiču na isto svojstvo na isti način. ==Š== [[Štetna mutacija]] [[Mutacija]] koja uzrokuje bolest, patogena varijanta, predisponirajuća mutacija, mutacija gena za osjetljivost Genetička promjena koja povećava osjetljivost ili predispoziciju za određenu bolest ili poremećaj. Kada je takva varijanta (ili mutacija) naslijeđena, razvoj simptoma je vjerobatniji, ali nije siguran. Također se naziva mutacija koja uzrokuje bolest, patogena varijanta, predisponirajuća mutacija i mutacija gena za osjetljivostvjerovatniji, ali nije siguran. ==T== *[[Tačkasta mutacija]] Mutacija kojom se jedna nukleotidna baza mijenja, ubacuje ili briše iz sekvence DNK ili RNK. *[[Tačkasta-nonsens mutacija]] Tačkaste mutacijeTačkasta mutacija koja rezultira preranim stop kodonom u transkribiranom transkribiranoj iRNK sekvencomsekvenci, uzrokujući na taj način prijevremeni završetak translacije, što rezultira skraćenim, nekompletnim i često nefunkcijskalnimnefunkcionalnim proteinom. *[[Tandemsko ponavljanje]] Obrazac unutar sekvence nukleinske kiseline u kojoj se jedna ili više nukleobaza ponavlja, a ponavljanja su direktno susjedna (tj. tandemska) jedna uz drugu. Primjer je ATGACATGACATGAC, u kojem se sekvenca ATGAC ponavlja tri puta. *[[TATA-kutija]] Visoko konzervirana nekodirajuća DNK sekvenca koja sadrži konsenzus ponavljajućih parova baza T i A koji se obično nalazi u promotorskim regijama gena kod arheja i eukariota. TATA kutija često služi kao mjesto inicijacije transkripcije ili kao mjesto vezivanja za faktore transkripcije. *[[centromera|Telocentrik]] (linearnog hromosoma ili fragmenta hromosoma) Hromosom sa s centromerom na krajnjem kraju hromosoma (blizu ili unutar telomere), što rezultira samo jednim krakom. Uporedite akrocentrik. *[[Telofaza]] Završna faza ćelijske diobe u mitozi i mejozi, koja se javlja nakon anafaze i prije ili istovremeno sas citokinezom, tokom koje se oko svakog skupa hromatida sintetiše jedarna membrana. Jedra se ponovo sastavljaju, a mitotsko vreteno se rastavlja. Nakon citokineze, nove ćelije kćeri nastavljaju interfazu. *[[Telomera]] Terminalna regija ponavljajućih nukleotidnih sekvenci na svakom kraju linearnog eukariotskog hromosoma koji štiti njegov kraj od propadanja i spajanja sas drugim hromosomima. Budući da svaki krug replikacije rezultira skraćivanjem hromosoma, telomere se ponašaju kao puferi za jednokratnu upotrebu koji se žrtvuju trajnom skraćivanju umestoumjesto obližnjih gena. Telomere se također mogu produžiti enzimom, telomerazom. *[[Telomeraza]] Enzim replikacije telomernih krajeva. Terminacijska sekvenca DNK-sekvence na kraju gena. *[[Terminacijski kodon]] Kodon koji signalizira prekid sinteze proteina tokom translacije transkripta informacijske RNK. U standardnom genetičkom kodu, tri različita stop kodona se koriste se za odvajanje ribosoma od rastućeg lanca aminokiselina, čime se završava prevod: UAG (nadimak „“ćilibar“,”, UAA („(“oker“)”) i UGA („opal“). *[[Test-ukrštanje]] Križanje jedinke dominantnog fenotipa s recesivnim homozigotom u svrhu otkrivanja njegovog genotipa (dominantni homozigot ili heterozigot)). *[[Tiha mutacija]] Tip neutralne mutacije koja nema vidljiv učinak na fenotip organizma. Iako se termin tiha mutacija često koristi naizmjenično sa sinonimnom mutacijom, sinonimne mutacije nisu uvijek tihe, niti obrnuto. Misens mutacije koje rezultiraju različitim aminokiselinama, ali one sa sličnom funkcijskalnošćufunkcionalnošću (npr. leucin umjesto izoleucina), također se često klasifikuju kao tihe, budući da takve mutacije obično ne utiču značajno na funkciju proteina. *[[Timin]] Označen slovom (T) Jedna od pet primarnih ili kanonskih dušičnih baza – [[adenin]] (A), [[[[guanin]]n]] (G), [[citozin]] (C), [[timin]] (T) i [[uracil]] (U) – koje formiraju nukleozide i nukleotide, od kojih su potonji temeljna građevina blokoviblokova nukleinskih kiselina. Sposobnost ovih nukleobaza da formiraju bazne parove putem vodikove veze, kao i njihovi ravni, kompaktni trodimenzijskalnitrodimenzionalni profili, omogućavaju im da se slažu jedna na drugu i vode direktno do dugolančanih struktura DNK i RNK. *[[Tirozin]] Skraćenica T, jedna od dvije purinske baze u strukturi DNK (u RNK, umjesto njega je [[uracil]]). *[[Tirozinaza]] Prvi enzim koji sudjeluje u biosintetskom putu pigmenta melanina. *Tkivno specifična [[ekspresija gena]] Funkcija gena i ekspresija koja je ograničena na određeno tkivo ili tip ćelija. Ekspresija specifična za tkivo je obično je rezultat pojačivača koji se aktivira samo u odgovarajućem tipu ćelije. *[[TNBC]] TNBC (ER-negativni PR-negativni HER2/neu-negativni rak dojke i trostruko negativni rak dojke) Oznaka za nedostatak ekspresije estrogenog receptora (ER), progesteronskog receptora (PR) i receptora ljudskog epidermnog faktora rasta 2 (HER2/neu). Također se naziva ER-negativni PR-negativni HER2/neu-negativni rak dojke i trostruko negativni rak dojke. *[[TOR]] Srodnik trećeg stepena) Skraćenica za prvi rođak, prabaka, praujak/pradajdža, prastric/praamidža, pranećakinja, pranećak, praunuk, polutetkaprvog rođaka, prabaku, praujaka/pradajđu, prastrica, pranećakinju, pranećaka, praunuka, polutetku ili poluujakpoluujaka pojedinca. Naziva se i srodnik trećeg stupnja. *[[Totipotentnost]] KarakterakteristikaKarakteristika ćelije da zadrži embriogeni potencijal za stvaranje novog tkiva i organizma. *[[Transdukcija]] Prijenos DNK iz jedne bakterijske ćelije u drugu pomoću bakterijskih virusa (faga). Tačkasta mutacija u kojoj je purinski nukleotid zamijenjen drugim purinom ( A ↔ G ) ili je nukleotid pirimidina zamijenjen drugim pirimidinom ( C ↔ T ). Kontrast je transverzija. *[[Transfekcija]] MetodMetoda ubacivanja stranoga gena u eukariotsku ćeliju. Transfer ''[[de novo]]'' (de novo varijanta, nova mutacija, nova varijanta) Genetička promjena koja je prisutna po prvi put u jednom članu porodice kao rezultat varijante (ili mutacije) u zametnoj ćeliji (jajnoj ćeliji ili spermatozoidu) jednog od roditelja ili varijante koja nastaje u samom oplođenom jajetu tokom rane embriogeneze. Također se naziva de novo varijanta, nova mutacija i nova varijanta. *[[Transferna tačka]] (tačkasta varijanta) Genetička promjena uzrokovana zamjenom jednog nukleotida drugim nukleotidom. Naziva se i tačkasta varijanta. *[[Transformacija]] Mehanizam rekombinacije kod prokariota, izmjena genetičke informacije između gole DNK iz okoliša i DNK ćelije recipijenta (primatelj); kod eukariota: preobrazba normalne ćelije u tumorsku. *[[Transgen]] Bilo koji gen ili drugi segment genetičkog materijala koji je izolovan iz jednog organizma, a zatim prenijet bilo prirodno ili bilo kojom od niza tehnika genetičkog inženjerstva u drugi organizam, posebno u neku drugu vrstu. Transgeni se najčešće unose u zametnu liniju drugog organizma. Obično se koriste za proučavanje funkcije gena ili za davanje prednosti koja inače nije dostupna u nepromijenjenom organizmu. *[[Transgeni organizam]] Organizam s ugrađenim stranim [[genom]]. *[[Transkripcija (genetika)]] Prepisivanje genetičke upute sas DNK, odnosno sinteza iRNK. Proces sinteze informacijske RNK (iRNK) prema šablonu smislenog polulanca DNK. *[[Transkripcijski faktor]] Bilo koji protein koji kontrolira brzinu transkripcije genetičkih informacija iz DNK u iRNK, tako što se vezuje za specifičnu sekvencu DNK i promoviše ili blokira regrutaciju RNK-polimeraze u obližnje gene. Transkripcijski faktori mogu efikasno uključiti i isključiti specifične gene kako bi bili sigurni da su eksprimirani u pravo vrijeme i na pravim mjestima; iz tog razloga, oni su fundamentalni i sveprisutni mehanizam regulacije gena. *[[Transkriptom]] Set svih RNK molekula jednog organizma, kompletna RNK datog organizma. *[[Translacija (genetika)]] Ribosomsko prevođenje šifre sas iRNK na rječnik redoslijeda aminokiselina u datoj proteinskoj sekvenci. Drugi korak u procesu ekspresije gena, u kojem se transkript RNK koji se proizvodi tokom transkripcije čita ribosom, kako bi proizveo funkcijskalnifunkcionalni protein. Proces sintetiziranja aminokiselinske sekvence (proteinskog produkta) prema kodu informacijske RNK (iRNK). *[[Translokacija (genetika)]] Tip hromosomske mutacije uzrokovane strukturnim preuređenjem velikih dijelova jednog ili više hromosoma. Postoje dva glavna tipa: recipročna i robertsonovska. Hromosomska mutacija u kojoj se hromosom predidaprekida i njegov se dio ponovno pričvrsti na drugo mjesto u hromosomu. *[[Transportna RNK]] (tRNK, transfer RNK) Ima specifičnu ulogu u procesu translacije genetičke šifre, odnosno njenog prevođenja sas jezika iRNK na jezik gradivnih jedinica proteina, tj. aminokiselina. Aktivnost molekula tRNK se zasniva na osobenoj sposobnosti dva aktivna mjesta. Na jedno od njih ona veže specifičnu aminokiselinu, a na drugom je antikodon, koji je komplementaran odgovarajućem kodonu iRNK. *[[Transpozon]] Vidi: Prenosivi element. Mobilna sekvenca u [[genom]]u. Mogu „“skakati“ sa” s jednog mjesta na drugo i odgovorni su za pojavu određenih mutacija. Pokretni genetički elementi, DNK sekvence koje se premještaju po [[genom]]u mehanizmom izrezivanja i lijepljenja (mehanizam cut/paste)). Vidi: prenosivi element. *[[Transverzija]] Mutacijska zamjena purinske baze pirimidinskom. Tačkasta mutacija u kojoj je purinski nukleotid zamijenjen pirimidinskim nukleotidom, ili obrnuto (npr. A ↔ C ili A ↔ T ). Kontrast je translokacija. *[[Tranzicija]] Zamjena jedne purinske baze drugom purinskom. *[[Trihibridno ukrštanje]] Ukrštanje u kojem se prate rezultati nasljeđivanjenasljeđivanja tri gena. *[[Trinukleotidno ponavljanje]] Sekvence od po tri nukleotida koji se ponavljaju u tandemu na istom susjednom dijelu hromosoma. Obično se javlja određena količina normalne (polimorfne) varijacije u broju ponavljanja bez kliničkog značaja; međutim, broj ponavljanja iznad određenog praga može, u nekim slučajevima, dovesti do štetnih učinaka na funkciju gena, što rezultira genetičkom bolešću. *[[Triplet baza]] Grupa od po tri dušične baze, npr. [[adenin]]-[[timin]]-[[adenin]] ili [[timin]]-[[guanin]]-[[citozin]] koja je šifra za jednu aminokiselinu. [[citozin]]-[[timin]]-[[timin]] (CTT) je tako triplet za aminokiselinu leucin, a [[guanin]]-[[timin]]-[[guanin]] (GTG) za valin. *[[Trisomija]] Tip aneuploidije, višak jednog hromosoma, 2n+1. *[[Tročlani kraj]] Vidi: 3'- kraj. *[[Trp-operon]] Represivni sistem regulacije gena kod bakterija. *[[TUF]] Cjelokupni skup RNK molekula (često se odnosi na sve tipove RNK, ali ponekad isključivo na iRNK) koji je ili može biti izražen određenim [[genom]]om, ćelijom, populacijom ćelija ili vrstama u određeno vrijeme ili pod određenim uvjetima. Transkriptom se razlikuje od egzoma i translatoma. *[[Tumor supresorski gen]] Tip gena koji regulira rast ćelija. Kada je tumor supresorski gen mutiran, može doći do nekontroliranog rasta ćelija. To može pridonijeti razvoju raka. ==U== *[[UAA]] Kratke sekvence nukleotida koje se sintetiziraju diskontinuirano pomoću DNK polimeraze i kasnije povezuju zajedno pomoću DNK ligaze kako bi se stvorio lanac koji zaostaje tokom DNK replikacije. OkazakiOvakvi fragmenti su posljedica jednosmjernosti DNK polimeraze, koja djeluje samo u smjeru od 5' do 3'. *[[Ukrštanje]] Uzgoj čistolinijskih roditelja koji pripadaju dvije različite rase, sorte, varijantedvjema različitim rasama, sortama, varijantama ili populacijepopulacijama, često namjerno kao metod selektivnog uzgoja, s ciljem stvaranja potomstva koje dijeledijeli osobine obje roditeljske loze ili koje pokazuju heterozu. U uzgoju životinja, potomstvo ukrštanja između rasa iste vrste naziva se križanci ili mulati, dok se potomstvo ukrštanja različitih vrsta naziva hibridima ili bastardima. *[[autbriding|Ukrštanje van srodstva]] (autbriding) Seksualna reprodukcija između različitih rasa ili osoba, koja ima potencijal da poveća genetičku raznolikost uvođenjem nepovezanog genetičkog materijala u populaciju za razmnožavanje. Reproduktivni događaj i rezultirajuće potomstvo mogu se nazvati vanbridinškim, a potomstvo je vanbridinško.. Kontrast je inbriding. *[[Unakrsno povezivanje]] Nenormalna veza između dvije ili više nukleobaza na suprotnim lancima dvolančane molekule DNK (međulanca) ili između baza na istom lancu (intralančana), posebno putem formiranja kovalentnih veza koje su jače od vodikove veze uparivanja baza. Unakrsne veze mogu biti generisane raznim egzogenim i endogenim agensima, i imaju tendenciju da ometaju normalne ćelijske procese kao što su replikacija i transkripcija DNK; oni su uobičajene mete puteva popravke DNK. *[[Unatražno ukrštanje]] Ukrštanje hibridnog organizma s jednim od roditelja ili jedinkom genetički sličnom jednom od roditelja, često namjerno kao vrsta selektivnog uzgoja, s ciljem stvaranja potomstva s genetičkim identitetom koji je bliži roditeljskom. Reproduktivni događaj i rezultirajuće potomstvo se nazivaju povratnim ukrštanjem, često skraćeno u genetici sa simbolom BC. *[[Uracil]] Skraćeno slovom (U.) Jedna od četiri nukleobaze prisutne u molekulama RNK. [[uracil]] formira par baza sas [[adenin]]om. U DNK, [[uracil]] se uopće ne koristi, već je zamijenjen [[timin]]om. *[[Uravnoteženost baza]] Dvije baze (ili nukleotidi) koje sadržavaju dušik i koje se uparuju kako bi formirale strukturu DNK. Četiri baze u DNK su [[adenin]] (A), [[citozin]] (C), [[guanin]] (G) i [[timin]] (T). Ove baze tvore specifične parove (A-T i G-C). Par baza se također može odnositi na stvarni broj parova baza, kao što je osam parova baza, u nizu nukleotida. *[[Uslovna ekspresija]] Kontrolisana, inducibilna ekspresija transgena, bilo in vitro ili in vivo. *[[Utišavanje gena]] Svaki mehanizam regulacije gena koji drastično smanjuje ili potpuno sprečava ekspresiju određenog gena. Može se dogoditi prirodno tokom transkripcije ili translacije. Laboratorijske tehnike često iskorištavaju prirodne mehanizme utišavanja kako bi se postiglo uništavanje gena. *[[Uzvodnost (genetika)]] Prema ili bliže 5'- kraju lanca nukleotida, ili N-kraju peptidnog lanca. Kontrast nizvodno. *[[Uzvodna sekvenca aktiviranja]] (UAS) Uzvodna aktivacijska sekvenca (UAS) je regulatorna sekvenca koja djeluje u cis poziciji. Razlikuje se od promotora i povećava ekspresiju susjednog gena. Zbog svoje suštinske uloge u aktiviranju transkripcije, uzvodna aktivirajuća sekvenca se često se smatra analognom funkciji pojačivača kod višećelijskih eukariota. Uzvodne aktivacijske sekvence su ključni dio indukcije, poboljšavajući ekspresiju proteina od interesa kroz povećanu transkripcijsku aktivnost. Nalazi se uzvodno od minimalnog promotora (TATA kutija) i služi kao mjesto vezivanja za transaktivatore. Ako se transkripcijski transaktivator ne veže za UAS u pravilnoj orijentaciji, transkripcija ne može započeti. ==V== *[[Varijabilna ekspresija]] Varijacije u načinu na koji se osobina manifestira. Kada postoji varijabilna ekspresivnost, značajka može varirati u kliničkom izražaju od blage do teške. Naprimjer,Npr., stanje neurofibromatoza tipa 1 može biti blago, manifestirajući se samo u kožnim mrljama (zvanim café-au-lait), ili može biti teško, manifestirajući se neurofibromima i tumorima mozga. *[[Varijabilna ekspresivnost gena]] Način varijacije na koji se gen eksprimira u fenotipu. *[[Varijacija broja kopija]] (CNV) [[Fenomen]] u kojem se dijelovi [[genom]]a ponavljaju i broj ponavljanja varira između jedinki u populaciji, obično kao rezultat događaja duplikacije ili delecije koji utičuutiče na cijele gene ili dijelove hromosoma. Varijacije broja kopija imaju važnu ulogu u stvaranju genetičkih varijacija unutar populacije. *''[[Varijacija de novo]]'' (''[[de novo]]'' mutacija, nova mutacija, nova varijanta) Genetička promjena koja je prisutna po prvi put u jednom članu porodice kao rezultat varijante (ili mutacije) u zametnoj ćeliji (jajnoj ćeliji ili spermatozoidu) jednog od roditelja ili varijante koja nastaje u samom oplođenom jajetu tokom rane briogeneze. Naziva se i de novo mutacija, nova mutacija i nova varijanta. *[[Varijacija broja kopija]] (CNV) Odnosi se na genetičko svojstvo koje uključuje broj kopija određenog gena prisutnog u genomu pojedinca. Genetičke varijante, uključujući insercije, delecije i duplikacije segmenata DNK, također se zajednički nazivaju varijantama broja kopija. Varijante broja kopija čine značajan udio genetičke varijacije. Naziva se i CNV. *[[Varijanta germ-linije (mutacija germinativne linije) Promjena gena u reproduktivnoj ćeliji (jajnoj ćeliji ili spermatozoidu) koja se ugrađuje u DNK svake ćelije u tijelu potomka. Varijanta (ili mutacija) sadržana u germinalnoj liniji može se prenijeti s roditelja na potomstvo i stoga je nasljedna. Naziva se i mutacija germinativne linije. *[[VUS|Varijanta nepoznatog / neizvjesnog značenja]] (neklasificirana varijanta, varijanta nesigurnog značaja, VUS) Varijacija u genetičkoj sekvenci za koju je nejasna povezanost s rizikom od bolesti. Također se naziva neklasificirana varijanta, varijanta nepoznatog značaja i VUS. Varijanta nepoznatog značenja Varijacija u genetičkoj sekvenci za koju je nejasna povezanost s rizikom od bolesti. Također se naziva neklasificirana varijanta, varijanta nesigurnog značaja i VUS. *[[princip osnivača|Varijanta osnivača]] (Genetička promjena uočena s velikom učestalošću u skupini koja je ili je bila geografski ili kulturno izolirana, u kojoj je jedan ili više predaka bio nositelj promijenjenog gena. Taj se fenomen često naziva učinkom osnivača. Naziva se i osnivačka mutacija.) Genetička promjena uočena s velikom učestalošću u skupini koja je ili je bila geografski ili kulturno izolirana, u kojoj je jedan ili više predaka bio nositelj promijenjenog gena. Taj se fenomen često naziva učinkom osnivača. *[[Varirajući pomak okvira]] (mutacija pomaka okvira) Insercija ili delecija koje uključujujuključuju broj parova baza koji nije višekratnik od tri, što posljedično remeti okvir čitanja tripleta DNK sekvence. Takve varijante (ili mutacije) obično dovode do stvaranja kodona prijevremeneprijevremenog završetka (zaustave) i rezultiraju skraćenim (kraćim od normalnog) proteinskim produktom. Naziva se i mutacija pomaka okvira *[[Vektor]] Bilo koja molekula DNK koji se koristi kao sredstvo za umjetni transport stranog genetičkog materijala u drugu ćeliju, gdje se može replicirati i/ili eksprimirati. Vektori su tipično dizajnirane rekombinantne DNK sekvence koje se sastoje od inserta (često transgena) i duže "kičmene" sekvence koja sadrži ishodište replikacije, višestruko mjesto kloniranja i selektabilni marker. Vektori se široko koriste u laboratorijama molekulske biologije za izolaciju, kloniranje ili ekspresiju umetka u ciljnoj ćeliji. *[[Vektor ekspresije]] (konstrukcija ekspresije) Također konstrukcija ekspresije Tip vektora, obično plazmid ili virusni vektor, dizajniran posebno za ekspresiju transgena umetnuti, umetnut u ciljnu ćeliju, umjesto u neku drugu svrhu kao što je kloniranje. Plazmidna mapa od 3,756 bp je ekspresijski vektor koji se koristi u ekspresiji transgena koji stvara zeleni fluorescentni protein (GFP). Vektor takođetakođer uključuje gen za lac represor (lacI) i gen koji daje rezistenciju na antibiotik kanamicin (KanR), kao i različite promotere za pokretanje ekspresije ovih gena. *[[Veličina genoma]] Ukupna količina DNK sadržana u jednoj kopiji genoma, obično se mjeri masom (u pikogramima ili daltonima) ili ukupnim brojem parova baza (u kilobazama ili megabazama). Za diploidne organizme, veličina genoma se često koristi naizmjenično sas C-vrijednošću. *[[Vezani disekvilibrij]] (LD) Pojava da se aleli (DNK markeri) pojavljuju zajedno češće nego što se to može objasniti slučajnošću zbog njihove fizičke blizine na hromosomu. Naziva se i *[[Vezani geni]] (osobine) Geni za određene osobine, na istom hromosomu. Tendencija sekvenci DNK koje su fizički blizu jedna drugoj na istom hromosomu da se nasljeđuju zajedno tokom mejoze. Budući da je fizička udaljenost između njih relativno mala, šansa da će bilo koja dva obližnja dijela DNK sekvence (često lokusi ili genetički markeri ) biti razdvojena na različite hromatide tokom hromosomskog ukrštanja (krosingovera) je statistički vrlo mala, Tada se smatra da su takvi lokusi povezaniji od lokusa koji su udaljeniji i da su lokusi na potpuno različitim hromosomima savršeno nepovezani. Standardna jedinica za mjerenje genetičke povezanosti je centimorgan (cM). *Vezanost Tendencija da se geni ili segmenti DNK koji su usko smješteni duž hromosoma međusobno ne odvajaju u mejozi i stoga se zajedno nasljeđuju. *[[Vještački hromosom kvasca]] (YAC) YAC su genetički modificirani hromosomi izvedeni iz DNK kvasca, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, koji se zatim ligira u bakterijski plazmid. Insercijom velikih fragmenata DNK, od 100- do 1000 kb, umetnute sekvence se mogu klonirati i fizički mapirati korištenjem procesa koji se naziva hodanje hromosoma. *[[VNTR]] Varijabilnost broja tandemskih ponavljanja (eng. (engl. Variable Number Tandem Repeat) ogleda se u varijaciji većeg broja lokacija sas kratkim nukleotidnim sekvencama tandemskih ponavljanja, koje se u [[genom]]u višekratno ponavljaju. Mogu se naći na mnogim hromosomima, a često pokazuju međuindividualne varijacije u dužini. Svaka varijanta djeluje kao naslijedni nasljedni alel, što omogućava da se koristite za osobnuličnu ili roditeljsku identifikaciju. Njihova analiza je korisna u genetičkim i ostalim biološkim istraživanjima, forenzici i DNK profiliranju (fingerprinting). *[[Vodeća sekvenca]] Kod replikacije DNK, lanac u nastajanju za koji su i smjer sinteze DNK polimeraze i smjer cjelokupne elongacije lanca prema replikacijskoj viljušcviljušci, tj. oba se javljaju u smjeru 5' do 3', što rezultira jednim, kontinuiranim procesom elongacije sas malo ili bez prekida. Nasuprot tome, drugi lanac u nastajanju, poznat kao zaostali lanac, sastavlja se u diskontinuiranom procesu koji uključuje ligaciju kratkih fragmenata DNK koji se sintetiziraju u suprotnom smjeru, daleko od replikacijske viljuške. Također spoj za spajanje donatora ili mjesto za spajanje donatora. Granica između lijevog kraja (po konvenciji, 5' kraja ) introna i desnog ( 3' ) kraja susjednog egzona u pre-iRNK transkriptu. *[[Vodeći lanac]] Lanac nove DNK koji se sintetizira u istom smjeru kao rastuća replikacijska viljuška. Ovaj tip replikacije DNK je kontinuiran. *[[Vodikova veza]] Veza dva [[vodik]]ova atoma u [[hemijski spoj|hemijskom spoju]]. međumolekulska veza koja nastaje između [[molekul]]a u kojima je [[vodik]] vezan za [[atom]] visoke [[elektronegativnost]]i (F, O, N). Zajednički elektronski par u vezama H-F, H-O, H-N je toliko pomaknut na stranu elektronegativnog atoma, da dolazi do razdvajanja [[naboj]]a (dipol). Pozitivni dio molekule (H<sup>+</sup>) privlači negativan kraj druge molekule pritom stvarajući međumolekulske veze. Vodikova veza je slabija od [[ionska veza|ionske]] ili [[kovalentna veza|kovalentne]] veze. ==W== *[[WES]] (sekvenciranje cijelog egzoma, WXS) Laboratorijski postupak koji se koristi za određivanje nukleotidne sekvence primarno egzonskih (ili proteinski kodiranih) regija genoma i srodnih sekvenci, što predstavlja približno 1% cjelokupne sekvence DNK. Također se naziva sekvenciranje cijelog egzoma i WXS. *[[WGS]] (sekvenciranje cijelog genoma) Laboratorijski postupak koji se koristi za određivanje gotovo svih od približno tri milijarde nukleotida kompletne individualne sekvence DNK, uključujući nekodirajuće sekvence. Također se naziva sekvenciranje cijelog [[genom]]a. *[[WXS]] WXS (WES, sekvenciranje cijelog egzoma) Laboratorijski postupak koji se koristi za određivanje nukleotidne sekv encesekvence primarno egzonskih (ili proteinski kodiranih) regija [[genom]]a osobe i srodnih sekvenci, što predstavlja približno 1% cjelokupne DNK sekvence. Također se naziva WES i sekvenciranje cijelog egzoma. ==X== *[[hromosom X|X-hromosom]] Jedan od dva spolna hromosoma prisutna u organizmima sas XY sistemom za određivanje spola i jedini spolni hromosom u sistemu X0. X hromosom se nalazi i kod muškaraca i kod žena i obično sadrži mnogo više gena nego njegov pandan, Y hromosom. *[[X-inaktivacija]] Zvana i lajonizacija, ponegdje i lionizacija (prema engleskoj genetičarki Mary Lyon) je postupak kojim se jedna od kopija X-hromosoma inaktivira kod ženki sisara sas placentom. Neaktivni hromosom X se utišava pakovanjem u transkripcijski neaktivnu strukturu zvanu heterohromatin. Kako gotovo svi ženski sisari imaju dva X hromosoma, X-inaktivacija imih sprečava da imaju dvostruko više X-hromosomskih genskih proizvoda od mužjaka, koji imaju samo jednu kopiju X hromosoma. Izbor X hromosoma koji će se inaktivirati slučajan je kod placentnih sisara kao što su ljudi, ali nakon što se inaktivira, on će ostati neaktivan tokom života ćelije i njenih potomaka u organizmu (njegova ćelijska linija). Obično se javlja X-inaktivacija koja je neravnomjerno raspoređena po ćelijskim linijama unutar jednog organizma (slučajna X-inaktivacija). *X-vezana osobina Vidi: Spolnospolno vezana osobina. *[[X-vezano nasljeđivanje]] Nasljeđivanje genetičkih stanja povezanapovezanih s mutacijama u genima na X-hromosomu. Jedna kopija mutacije dovoljna je da izazove bolest i kod muškaraca (koji imaju jedan X hromosom) i kod žena (koje imaju dva X hromosoma). U nekim uvjetima, odsutnost funkcionalnog gena rezultira smrću oboljelih muškaraca. *[[X-vezano recesivno nasljeđivanje]] Nasljeđivanje koje se odnosi na genetička stanja povezana s mutacijama u genima na X-hromosomu. Muškarci koji nose takvu mutaciju će biti pogođeni, jer imaju samo jedan X-hromosom. Žena koja nosi mutaciju u jednom genu, s normalnim genom na drugom X-hromosomu, općenito je nepogođena. ==Y== *[[hromosom Y|Y-hromosom]] Jedan od dva spolna hromosoma prisutna u organizmima koji imaju XY sistem za određivanje spola. Y hromosom se nalazi samo kod muškaraca i obično je mnogo manji od svog dvojnika, X hromosoma. *[[Y-vezana osobina]] Vidi: Holandričnajolandrična osobina i Spolno vazanospolno vezano svojstvo. ==Z== *[[Zaostali lanac]] Lanac nove DNK čiji je smjer sinteze suprotan smjeru rastuće replikacijske viljuške. Zbog svoje orijentacije, replikacija zaostalog lanca je složenija u odnosu na onu vodećeg niza. Kao posljedica toga, vidi se da DNK-polimeraza na ovom lancu zaostaje za onom na drugom lancu. *[[Z-DNK]] Jedna od mnogih mogućih dvostrukih spiralnih struktura DNK. To je ljevoruka dvostruka spiralna struktura u kojoj se spirala vijuga ulijevo u cik-cak obrascu, umjesto udesno, kao uobičajeni oblik B-DNK. Smatra se da je Z-DNK jedna od tri biološki aktivne dvostruke spiralne strukture zajedno sas A-DNK i B-DNK. *[[Z-skor]] Rezultat koji pokazuje koliko je standardnih odstupanja vrijednost iznad ili ispod srednje vrijednosti. *[[Začetnica]] (prajmer) Kratka molekula RNK-nukleotida kojom započinje sinteza komplementarnog lanca DNK u replikaciji *[[Zakon nezavisne segregacije]] Jedan od tri osnovna principa mendelovskog nasljeđivanja, prema kojem se tokom mejoze aleli svakog gena odvajaju jedan od drugog tako da svakasvaki rezultirajući gamet nosi samo jedan alel svakog gena. *[[Zakon segregacije]] Pravilnost razdvajanjerazdvajanja jednoga para alela u anafazi mejoze. *[[Zakon uniformnosti]] Jedan od tri osnovna principa mendelovskog nasljeđivanja, po kojem različiti aleli istog gena mogu biti dominantni ili recesivni u odnosu na druge, tes tim da će organizam s barem jednim dominantnim alelom ujednačeno imati fenotip povezan s dominantnim alelom. *[[Zamjenska mutacija]] Vidi: Nesinonimnanesinonimna mutacija . *[[Zigot]] Tip eukariotske ćelije nastala kao direktan rezultat oplodnje između dva gameta. Kod višećelijskih organizama, zigot je najranija razvojna faza. Prva ćelija novonastalog organizma, nastala oplodnjom, tj. spajanjem jajne ćelije i spermatozoida. *[[Zigoten]] Potfaza profaze mejoze I. *[[Zigotnost]] Stepen do kojeg više kopija gena, hromosoma ili genoma imaju istu genetičku sekvencu; npr. u diploidnom organizmu sas dvije kompletne kopije njegovog genoma (jedna majčina i jedna očinska), stepen sličnosti alela prisutnih u svakoj kopiji. Za osobe koje nose dva različita alela za određeni gen smatra se da su heterozigoti za taj gen; osobe koje nose dva identična alela su homosigoti za taj gen. Zigositnost se takođe može posmatrati zajedno za grupu gena, ili za čitav skup gena i genetičkih lokusa koji čine [[genom]]. Preuzeto sa <ref>https://bastina.anubih.ba/items/a2e6e47d-5e00-4f99-9d52-eb91dafdb5dc</ref>[[ANUBiH]]/[[Institut za genetičko inženjerstvo Sarajevo|Ingeb]] ==Također pogledajte== *[[Genetika]] ==Reference== {{reflist}} [[Kategorija:Genetika]] [[Kategorija:Genetika čovjeka]] 0ok2ua2ud48x2i9m8qnzoh2fbhxlcq4 Korisnik:Tulum387/Igralište2 2 530372 3849452 3839771 2026-05-26T11:30:05Z CommonsDelinker 1478 Zamjenjujem datoteku President_Richard_Nixon_using_Chopsticks_during_a_Chinese_Banquet_with_Premier_Chou_En-lai_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China.jpg datotekom [[:File:President_Richard_Nixon_using_Chopsticks_during_a_Chinese_Banquet_with_Premier_Chou_En- 3849452 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sudbina neupućenih''', poznata i kao '''sudbina neevangelizovanih''', eshatološko je pitanje o konačnoj sudbini ljudi koji nisu bili izloženi određenoj teologiji ili doktrini i stoga nisu imali priliku da je prihvate. Pitanje glasi: da li će oni koji nikada nisu čuli za zahtjeve postavljene kroz božanska otkrivenja biti kažnjeni zbog toga što se nisu pridržavali tih zahtjeva. Ovo pitanje se ponekad razmatra zajedno sa sličnim pitanjem o sudbini nevjernika. Različite vjerske tradicije daju različite odgovore; u zapadnom kršćanstvu sudbina neupućenih povezana je sa pitanjem prvobitnog grijeha. Pošto neki tvrde da stroga tumačenja vjerskih tekstova zahtijevaju oštru kaznu za one koji nikada nisu čuli za tu religiju, ovo pitanje se ponekad koristi kao argument protiv postojanja Boga i generalno se smatra proširenjem ili podtemom problema zla. == Kršćanstvo == U Bibliji, sv. Pavao uči da "paganima možda ne pripada Zakon, ali Zakon je ipak utkan u njihova srca, i da Isus sudi ljudima prema onome što je u njihovim srcima".<ref>Rimljanima, 2:10-15. A slava i čast i mir svakome, koji čini dobro, najprije Židovu, onda i Grku. Jer Bog ne gleda, tko je tko. Kojigod bez zakona sagriješiše, bez zakona će i propasti, i kojigod sagriješiše pod zakonom, po zakonu će se suditi. Jer pred Bogom nijesu pravedni oni, koji slušaju zakon, nego će se oni proglasiti pravedni, koji vrše zakon. Jer kad neznabošci, koji nemaju zakona, po naravi čine ono, što je po zakonu, onda su oni, koji nemaju zakona, sami sebi zakon. Oni dokazuju, da je ono, što zakon zapovijeda, napisano u srcima njihovim. Savjest njihova svjedoči im, i misli, koje se među sobom tuže ili i brane..."</ref> U ranoj Crkvi, Justin Mučenik je učio da su oni koji žive prema '''logosu''' hrišćani, iako možda ne znaju za Isusa Hrista. Tertulijan je tvrdio da je Hristos sišao u Had da prenese Dobru Vijest, dok su Klement Aleksandrijski, Origen i Atanazije tvrdili da je "Isus oslobodio iz pakla Jevreje i nejevreje koji su prihvatili evanđelje i da se evangelizacija nakon smrti nastavlja i danas". Augustin Hiponski je vjerovao da su neevangelizovani osuđeni na pakao, dok je Toma Akvinski smatrao da oni "odgajani u šumi ili među vukovima" dobijaju "evanđeosku poruku čudesnim putem". Teolog Džon Sanders je primjetio da "iako je Božija odluka po ovom pitanju konačna, Crkva se nikada nije slagala o prirodi te odluke". Sanders i Klark Pinok zagovaraju poziciju poznatu kao '''inkluzivizam''', prema kojoj mnogi neevangelizovani dobijaju spasenje jer imaju vjeru u Boga onako kako ga poznaju (na primjer kao Hindusi ili Muslimani), i oni su spašeni Hristovim djelom. === Rimokatoličanstvo === Rimokatolička Crkva uči da Bog spašava nekrštene kroz sredstvo poznato samo njemu. Što se tiče djece koja umru bez krštenja, Vatikan ističe da postoji opravdana nada da će nekrštena djeca biti spašena i uživati u blaženom viđenju Boga. Naglašava se da je obični put spasenja kroz sakrament krštenja, ali Božija milost može djelovati i izvan tog sredstva. Katolička Crkva vjeruje da je Isus Hristos stekao spasenje "za sve ljude svojom smrću na krstu, ali da neki mogu odbiti da ga prihvate". Spasenje dolazi od Boga, ali Crkva je "majka" i "učiteljica" vjernika. Sve spasenje dolazi kroz Crkvu, koja posreduje Hristovo spasenje kroz sakramente. Kršćansko krštenje je potrebno za spasenje, a u odsustvu ritualnog krštenja moguće je spasenje kroz '''krštenje želje ili krštenje krvi''' (mučeništvo). Potrebni su i iskrena vjera i ljubav, kao i smrt u stanju milosti. Katoličko učenje dopušta spasenje onima koji su u iskrenoj neznanju o Crkvi, ali "traže istinu i vrše Božiju volju po svom razumevanju". Tradicionalno, katolički teolozi navode četiri tačke potrebne za spasenje, sa posljednje dvije koje su neophodne ako je Evangđelje propovijedano u toj zemlji: # Postoji samo jedan Bog. # Bog nagrađuje dobre i kažnjava zle. # Bog je Sveta Trojica: Otac, Sin i Sveti Duh. # Bog Sin, Isus Hristos, postao je čovjek, bio razapet, umro i vaskrsao. Neokršteni katekumeni mogu biti spašeni ako žele da prime krštenje, iskreno se kaju i imaju pravu vjeru. === Reformirano hrišćanstvo === U reformisanom hrišćanstvu pitanje je da li oni koji nisu čuli za Evangđelje dobijaju spasenje ili osudu. Crkva Hrišćanskih Reformisanih, u sahranama, moli za one koji su živjeli grešno, kao i za one koji nisu poznati kao hrišćani, preporučujući ih Božijoj milosti. === Anglikanstvo === Crkva Engleske, majka Anglikanske zajednice, ima molitvu za preminule neupućene: "Bože beskrajne milosti i pravde, koji si stvorio čovjeka na svoj lik i ništa što si stvorio ne mrziš, radujemo se tvojoj ljubavi prema svim stvorenjima i preporučujemo čovječanstvo tebi, da u njima bude izvršena tvoja volja". === Metodizam === Metodistički biskup Vilard Frensis Malaliju je pisao da spasenje postoji za sve koji su dovoljno moralno odgovorni i koji su čuli za spas, ali i da su djeca i neodgovorni spašeni Božijom milošću kroz Hristovo djelo. Metodistička Crkva moli za nekrštenu djecu i one koji nisu ispovjedali hrišćansku vjeru, tražeći Božiju milost za njih. === Baptističke crkve === Generalni baptisti vjeruju da sva mala djeca koja umru prije nego što su sposobna da biraju između dobra i zla, bez obzira na vjeru roditelja, bivaju spašena Božijom milošću i Hristovim zaslugama. === Crkva Isusa Hrista svetaca posljednjih dana (Mormoni) === Mormoni vjeruju da oni koji umru bez znanja o njihovoj teologiji dobijaju priliku da spoznaju evanđelje u duhovnom svijetu. Bog je omogućio da svi ljudi imaju priliku da čuju evanđelje i da izaberu da li će ga prihvatiti. Djeca ne rađaju sa krivicom, jer je Isus Hristos iskupio "prvobitni grijeh". Svi su odgovorni samo za sopstvene grijehe nakon dostizanja dobi odgovornosti. Samo "sinovi propasti" koji odbiju Isusa nakon što ga upoznaju sigurno, idu u oblik pakla zvan '''spoljašnja tama'''. === Jehovini svjedoci === Vjeruju da su ljudi nasledili grijeh i smrt od Adama i da je Isus poslat da ih iskupljuje. Vjeruju da je vjera u Isusa jedini put spasenja, ali oni koji nisu imali priliku da čuju njihovu poruku neće automatski biti kažnjeni; njihova sudbina je u Božijoj ruci. Djeca Jehovinih svjedoka mogu biti spašena i bez krštenja. === Hrišćanski univerzalizam === Hrišćanski univerzalizam uči da će svi ljudi biti spašeni i obnovljeni u ispravnom odnosu sa Bogom. Ova škola teologije smatra da će konačno svako biti pomiren s Bogom. === Islam === U islamu postoji slično pitanje. Opšte je prihvaćeno da oni koji nisu čuli za Objavu u Kur'anu neće automatski biti kažnjeni. Osnovni kriterijumi spasenja su vjera u jednog Boga, Sudnji dan, prihvatanje i poslušnost onome što je u Kur'anu i dobra djela. Jedan stav je da će Allah testirati takve osobe na Dan vaskrsenja: ako poslušaju, ući će u Raj, a ako ne poslušaju, ući će u Pakao. Drugi stav je da oni koji nisu čuli poruku odgovaraju moralnom zakonu: oni koji ne postupaju po zdravom razumu neće biti kažnjeni, dok će oni koji svjesno krše Božje zakone biti kažnjeni. Takođe se razmatra i slučaj onih koji su neispravno evangelizovani – ljudi koji su dobili iskrivljenu verziju vjere – koji će biti suđeni kao da nikada nisu čuli pravu poruku. === Budizam === U budizmu se vjeruje da će sva bića, evangelizovana ili ne, nastaviti da se reinkarniraju dok ne dostignu Nirvanu. Međutim, smatra se nevjerovatnim da će neko odmah postići prosvjetljenje bez ikakvog prethodnog znanja o budizmu. == Reference == Atrioventricular septal defect - Atrioventrikularni septalni defekt - pretkomorsko-komorski? Ovo je lista fotografija koje se smatraju najvažnijim u istraživanjima gdje mjerodavni izvori preispituju historiju ovog medija, bez ograničenja na vremenski period, regiju, žanr, temu ili druge specifične kriterije. Ove slike se mogu nazivati najvažnijim, najikoničnijim ili najuticajnijim, te smatraju se za ključne slike u historiji fotografije. ==19. vijek== === Prije 1850. === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Fotografija !Izvorni naziv !Prevod na bosanski !Datum !Autor !Mjesto !Format !Bilješke !Citirana/e studija/e |- |[[File:Untitled (point de vue), Niépce 1827 — HRC 2020 (cropped).jpg|border|frameless]] |''Point de vue du Gras'' |''Pogled s prozora na Le Gras'' |1826. |[[Nicéphore Niépce]] |[[Saint-Loup-de-Varennes]], [[Francuska]] |[[Kalaj|Kalajna]] ploča premazana [[Bitumen|bitumenom]] |Smatra se za najstariju sačuvanu fotografiju snimljenu kamerom.<ref name="fCzsh" /> |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /><ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:William Henry Fox Talbot, Windows From Inside South Gallery, Lacock Abbey, 1835 (cropped).jpg|border|frameless]] |''Windows From Inside South Gallery'' |''Prozori iz unutrašnjosti Južne galerije{{Efn|Talbot's 1835 photograph has also been referred to as ''Lacock Oriel Window (Latticed Window)''<ref group="s" name="oxford-companion"/> or simply ''Latticed Window''.<ref name="5cK1y"/>||name=}}'' |Avgust 1835. |[[Henry Fox Talbot|William Henry Fox Talbot]] |[[Lacock]], [[Engleska]], [[Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo]] |Negativ fotogeničkog crteža |Najraniji zabilježeni fotografski negativ i najranija sačuvana fotografija na papiru.<ref name="oriel-window" /><ref name="Windows From Inside" /> |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /><ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Daguerreotype Daguerre Atelier 1837.jpg|frameless]] |''The Artist's Studio'' |''Umjetnički studio'' |1837. |[[Louis Daguerre]] |[[Pariz]], Francuska |[[Dagerotipija]] | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Boulevard du Temple by Daguerre.jpg|border|frameless|220x220px]] |''Boulevard du Temple'' |''[[Boulevard du Temple (photograph)|Boulevard du Temple]]'' |1838. |Louis Daguerre |[[Pariz]], Francuska |Dagerotipija |Najranija sačuvana fotografija na kojoj su prikazani ljudi: osoba koja radi kao čistač cipela i mušterija.<ref name="birth of the daguerrotype" /> |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /><ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Hippolyte Bayard - Drownedman 1840.jpg|border|frameless]] |''Self‐Portrait as a Drowned Man'' |''Autoportret utopljenika''{{Efn|Also known as ''Le Noyé'' ({{Lit|The drowned man}}).}} |18. oktobar 1840. |[[Hippolyte Bayard]] |Pariz, Francuska<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lerner |first=Jullian |title=Experimental self-portraits in early French photography |date=2021 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-5013-4495-4 |series=Routledge history of photography |location=Abingdon, Oxon New York |pages=27}}</ref> |Direktni pozitiv |Vjerovatno najranija stažirana fotografija, koja je napravljena kao protest protiv očiglednog ignorisanja francuske vlade prema izumu njegovog fotografskog procesa.<ref>{{Citation |last=Fletcher |first=Jane |editor-first1=Angela |editor-last1=Nicholson |title=staged photography |date=2005 |work=The Oxford Companion to the Photograph |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198662716.001.0001/acref-9780198662716-e-1462 |access-date=2024-02-16 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198662716.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-866271-6|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Keeler |first=Nancy B. |editor-first1=Angela |editor-last1=Nicholson |title=Bayard, Hippolyte |date=2005 |work=The Oxford Companion to the Photograph |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198662716.001.0001/acref-9780198662716-e-136 |access-date=2024-02-24 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198662716.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-866271-6|url-access=subscription }}</ref> |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |- |[[File:William Henry Fox Talbot, The Haystack, 1844.jpg|border|frameless|220x220px]] |''The Haystack'' |''Sijeno'' |1844.{{Efn|The [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] dates their copy of Talbot's Haystack as "probably 1841".<ref name="William Henry Fox Talbot"/> The [[National Gallery of Canada]] dates it to April 1844.<ref name="National Gallery of Canada"/>||name=}} |William Henry Fox Talbot |Lacock, Engleska, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Haystack (The J. Paul Getty Museum Collection) |url=https://www.getty.edu/art/collection/object/108GH7 |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=The J. Paul Getty Museum Collection |language=en}}</ref> |Kalotipija |Fotografija iz knjige ''[[The Pencil of Nature]]'', prve komercijalno objavljene knjige ilustrovane fotografijama.<ref>Glasgow University Library, Special Collections Department. [http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/exhibns/month/Feb2007.html Book of the month. February 2007. William Henry Fox Talbot. ''The Pencil of Nature''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611071313/https://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/exhibns/month/Feb2007.html|date=2011-06-11}} Retrieved 6 October 2008.</ref> |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |} === 1850e === {| class="wikitable" !Fotografija !Izvorni naziv !Date !Autor !Mjesto !Format !Bilješke !Citirana/e studija/e |- |[[File:Pierrot Laughing MET DT1166.jpg|border|frameless]] |''Mim [[Charles Deburau]] kao [[Pierrot]]'' |1854. |[[Nadar]] |Pariz, Francuska |Solni otisak |Fotografija je dio serije koja je snimljena 1850-ih.{{Efn|[[c:Category:Photographs of Charles Deburau by Nadar|View full collection of photographs at Wikimedia Commons]].}} |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Fenton, Roger - Küche der 8. Hussareneinheit (Zeno Fotografie).jpg|frameless]] |''Kuhinja 8. husarske pukovnije'' |April 1855. |[[Roger Fenton]] |Krim |Solni otisak | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Valley of the shadow of death.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[Valley of the Shadow of Death (Roger Fenton)|Valley of the Shadow of Death]]'' |23. april 1855. |Roger Fenton |Sevastopolj, Krim |Mokri kolodijski negativ |Fentonove slike tokom Krimskog rata bile su prve zabilježene u ratnoj fotografiji, a Valley of the Shadow of Death The Oxford Companion to the Photograph smatra najelokventnijom metaforom ratovanja.<ref>{{Citation |last=Travis |first=David |title=The Valley of the Shadow of Death |date=2003 |url=https://www.artic.edu/artworks/123407/the-valley-of-the-shadow-of-death |access-date=2024-02-25}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Taylor |first=Roger |editor-first1=Angela |editor-last1=Nicholson |title=Fenton, Roger |date=2005 |work=The Oxford Companion to the Photograph |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198662716.001.0001/acref-9780198662716-e-530 |access-date=2024-02-25 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198662716.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-866271-6|url-access=subscription }}</ref> |<ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:John Mayall, Sergeant Dawson and his Daughter, 1855.jpg|border|frameless]] |''Pukovnik Dawson i njegova kćerka'' |1855. |Nepoznat; pripisuje se [[John Jabez Edwin Mayall|Johnu Jabezu Edwinu Mayallu]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bogre |first=Michelle Bogre, Michelle |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780240812762/photography-activism-michelle-bogre-michelle-bogre |title=Photography as Activism: Images for Social Change |date=2011-09-11 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-240-81276-2 |location=London |pages=20 |doi=10.4324/9780240812762}}</ref> |Nepoznat{{Efn|If the photographer is Mayall, then the location would be London, England as he was present there at the time.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hannavy |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kd5cAgAAQBAJ |title=Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography |date=2013-12-16 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-87327-1 |pages=907 |language=en}}</ref>}} |Nepoznat (vjerovatno albuminski otisak) | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Gustave Le Gray - Brig upon the Water - Google Art Project.jpg|border|frameless]] |''Zatvor{{Efn|Gustave Le Grey's ''The Brig'' is also referred to as ''Brig on the Water''<ref name="Heilbrunn Timeline of Art"/><ref name="Brig on the Water"/> and ''The Brig in Moonlight.''<ref name="Gustave Le Gray"/>|name=|group=}}'' |1856. |[[Gustave Le Gray]] |Normandija, Francuska |[[Albumen print]] | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Daguerreotype of Shimazu Nariakira.jpg|border|frameless]] |''Portrait of [[Nariakira Shimazu]]'' |17 September 1857 |[[Shiro Ichiki]] |[[Satsuma Domain]], Japan |[[Daguerreotype]] |Oldest [[daguerreotype]] by a Japanese author;<ref name="yokoe">Fuminori Yokoe ({{nihongo2|横江 文憲}}, ''Yokoe Fuminori''), "Ichiki Shirō", ''Nihon shashinka jiten'' ({{nihongo2|日本写真家事典}}) / ''328 Outstanding Japanese Photographers'' (Kyoto: Tankōsha, 2000; {{ISBN|4-473-01750-8}}), p.41. {{in lang|ja}} (In Japanese only, despite the English title.)</ref> first photo designated an [[Important Cultural Property (Japan)|Important Cultural Property]] by the [[government of Japan]] in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ono |first=Philbert |date=2002 |title=PhotoHistory 1999 – PHOTOGUIDE.JP |url=https://photoguide.jp/txt/PhotoHistory_1999 |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=photoguide.jp}}</ref> |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Robert Howlett (Isambard Kingdom Brunel Standing Before the Launching Chains of the Great Eastern), The Metropolitan Museum of Art - restoration1.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[Isambard Kingdom Brunel Standing Before the Launching Chains of the Great Eastern]]{{Efn|Robert Howlett's image is referred to as ''Isambard Kingdom Brunel before the Launch of the Leviathan'' in ''The Oxford Companion to the Photograph''.}}'' |November 1857 |[[Robert Howlett]] |London, England |[[Photographic plate|Glass plate]] |Landmark [[environmental portraiture]] and iconography of the [[Industrial Revolution]] and 19th century. |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Oscar-gustave-rejlander two ways of life.jpg|border|frameless]] |''Two Ways of Life'' |1857 |[[Oscar Gustave Rejlander]] |Wolverhampton, England<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.historywebsite.co.uk/articles/photos/Rejlander/Rejlander2.htm|title=Oscar Gustav: The Early Years at Wolverhampton Rejlander|website=www.historywebsite.co.uk}}</ref> |[[Albumen print]] | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Camille Silvy, La Vallée de l'Huisne (River Scene), 1857.png|border|frameless]] |''La Vallée de l'Huisne (River Scene)'' |1857 |[[Camille Silvy]] |[[Nogent-le-Rotrou]], France |[[Albumen print]] | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Fading Away.jpg|border|frameless]] |''Fading Away'' |1858 |[[Henry Peach Robinson]] |[[Warwickshire]], England, United Kingdom<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fading Away (x1984-1) |url=https://artmuseum.princeton.edu/collections/objects/15529 |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=artmuseum.princeton.edu |language=en}}</ref> |[[Albumen print]] | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |} === 1860s === {| class="wikitable" !Fotografija !Izvorni naziv !Date !Photographer !Location !Format !Notes !Cited survey(s) |- |[[File:Abraham Lincoln 1860.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[Abraham Lincoln]]'' |27 February 1860 |[[Mathew Brady]] |New York City, United States |[[Gelatin silver print]] |Taken shortly before Lincoln's [[Cooper Institute speech]]. Widely used in his campaign during the [[1860 presidential election]], both Brady's photo and the speech helped him become president.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date= |title=Abraham Lincoln {{!}} 100 Photographs |url=http://100photos.time.com/photos/abraham-lincoln-mathew-brady |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203023115/http://100photos.time.com/photos/abraham-lincoln-mathew-brady |archive-date=3 February 2020 |access-date=6 March 2024 |magazine=TIME}}</ref> |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="the-atlantic" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Biddend meisje en een beschermengel The Guardian Angels (titel op object), RP-F-F10713.jpg|frameless]] |''Guardian Angel, One Person Praying'' |c. 1860 |Unknown |[[London]], England, United Kingdom |Albumen print | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:1860 aerial Boston byJWBlack BPL 5060829306.jpg|frameless]] |''Boston, As the Eagle and the Wild Goose See It'' |13 October 1860 |James Walice Black |Boston, Massachusetts, United States |Glass plate | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Cathedral Rock by Carleton Watkins, 1861.jpg|border|frameless]] |''Cathedral Rock'' |1861 |[[Carleton Watkins]] |[[Yosemite National Park]], California, United States |Albumen print | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Bodies on the battlefield at antietam.jpg|border|frameless]] |''The Dead of Antietam{{Efn|Alexander Gardener's 1862 ''The Dead of Antietam'' is also referred to as ''Civil War Battlefield'' or ''Bodies on the battlefield at Antietam''.||name=}}'' |1862 |[[Alexander Gardner (photographer)|Alexander Gardner]] |[[Antietam, Maryland|Antietam]], Maryland, United States |Large-format glass plate | Showing the aftermath of the [[Battle of Antietam]]—the deadliest single day in the [[American Civil War]] |<ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Scourged back by McPherson & Oliver, 1863, retouched.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[The Scourged Back]]'' |{{Circa|2 April 1863}} |[[McPherson & Oliver]] |[[Baton Rouge, Louisiana|Baton Rouge]], Louisiana, United States |Albumen print |One of the most widely distributed photos of the [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionist movement]]. |<ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Schneider MET DP356073.jpg|frameless]] |[[Carte de visite|''Cartes de Visite'']] |May - August 1863 |[[André-Adolphe-Eugène Disdéri|Andre Adolphe Disderi]] |Paris, France |Albumen print | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Alexander Gardner - Home of a Rebel Sharpshooter, Gettysburg - Google Art Project.jpg|frameless]] |''[[Home of a Rebel Sharpshooter|The Home of a Rebel Sharpshooter, Gettysburg]]'' |July 1863 |Alexander Gardner |[[Gettysburg, Pennsylvania|Gettysburg]], Pennsylvania, United States |Large-format glass plate | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Nadar 2.jpg|frameless]] |''[[Sarah Bernhardt]]'' |1864 |[[Nadar]] |Paris, France |Glass plate | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:John Wilkes Booth wanted poster new.jpg|frameless]] |''[[Wanted poster|Wanted Poster]]'' |20 April 1865 |Unknown |United States |Unknown |[[Broadside (printing)|Broadside]] advertising reward for capture of [[Lincoln assassination]] conspirators, illustrated with photographic prints of [[John Surratt|John H. Surratt]], [[John Wilkes Booth]], and [[David Herold|David E. Herold]]. |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Execution of the Conspirators MET DP274826.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[Execution of the Lincoln conspirators|Execution of the Lincoln Conspirators]] at [[Washington Arsenal]]'' |7 July 1865 |[[Alexander Gardner (photographer)|Alexander Gardner]] |Washington, D.C., United States |Albumen print | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Portrait of Sir John Herschel by Julia Margaret Cameron, 1867.jpg|border|frameless]] |''Portrait of [[John Herschel|Sir John Herschel]]'' |1867 |[[Julia Margaret Cameron]] |[[Hawkhurst]], England, United Kingdom |[[Carbon print]] |Herschel would later be the godfather to Cameron's firstborn.<ref name="The Complete Photographs">{{Cite book |last1=Cox |first1=Julian |url=https://archive.org/details/juliamargaretcam0000coxj |title=Julia Margaret Cameron: The Complete Photographs |last2=Ford |first2=Colin |date=2003 |publisher=Getty Publications |isbn=0-89236-681-8 |location=Los Angeles, CA |pages=15 |url-access=registration}}</ref> |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Call, I Follow, I Follow, Let Me Die, by Julia Margaret Cameron.jpg|frameless]] |''Call, I Follow, I Follow, Let Me Die!'' |1867 |[[Julia Margaret Cameron]] |Hawkhurst, England, United Kingdom |Carbon print | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Close No. 193 High Street (-9) LACMA M.2008.40.98.9.jpg|frameless]] |''Close No. 193 High Street'' |1868 |[[Thomas Annan]] |[[Glasgow|Glasgow, Scotland]], United Kingdom |[[Photogravure]] | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:East and West Shaking hands at the laying of last rail Union Pacific Railroad - Restoration.jpg|border|frameless]] |''East and West Shaking Hands at Laying Last Rail'' |10 May 1869 |[[Andrew J. Russell]] |[[Promontory, Utah|Promontory]], Utah, United States |Glass plate |The ceremony for the driving of the golden spike at Promontory Summit, Utah, on May 10, 1869; completion of the [[First transcontinental railroad|First Transcontinental Railroad]]. [[Central Pacific Railroad]] (left), meets [[Union Pacific Railroad]] (right) and exchange bottles of water from the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] and [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic Oceans]]. |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |} === 1870s === {| class="wikitable" !Fotografija !Izvorni naziv !Date !Photographer !Location !Format !Notes !Cited survey(s) |- |[[File:Old Faithful, William Henry Jackson.jpg|frameless]] |''[[Old Faithful]]'' |1870 |[[William Henry Jackson]] |[[Yellowstone National Park]], Wyoming, United States |Mammoth-format plate | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:LowerFallsJackson1871.jpg|border|frameless]] |''Great Falls of the [[Yellowstone River]]'' |1871 |William Henry Jackson |Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, United States |Albumen print | |<ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Great-chicago-fire-photos-1871 (19).jpg|frameless]] |''[[Great Chicago Fire|Chicago Fire]]'' |October 1871 |Unknown |Chicago, Illinois, United States |Unknown | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Ancient Ruins in the Cañon de Chelle, N.M. by Timothy O’Sullivan, 1873.jpg|border|frameless]] |''Ancient Ruins in the Canyon de Chelly'' |1873 |[[Timothy H. O'Sullivan|Timothy O'Sullivan]] |[[Canyon de Chelly National Monument]], Arizona, United States |Albumen print | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Steinway hall 1873.jpg|frameless]] |''[[Steinway Hall]]'' |2 December 1873 |Unknown |New York City, United States |[[Halftone|Halftone print]] |Steinway Hall on East [[14th Street (Manhattan)|14th Street]], between [[University Place (Manhattan)|University Place]] and [[Fifth Avenue]] in [[Manhattan]]. The first halftone print of a photo used in a periodical in the United States. |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Francis-Galton-1877-Composite-Portraits-of-Criminal-Types-The-Galton-Archive.png|frameless]] |''Composite Portraits of Criminal Types'' |1877 |[[Francis Galton]] |London, England, United Kingdom |Unknown | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Eadweard Muybridge-Sallie Gardner 1878.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[The Horse in Motion]]'' |June 1878 |[[Eadweard Muybridge]] |[[Palo Alto, California|Palo Alto]], California, United States |Composite from multiple glass plates |Series of [[cabinet cards]] regarded as a precursor to motion pictures. Pictured left is the variant ''Sallie Gardner at a Gallop'', which further captured a horse's motion. |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |} === 1880s === {| class="wikitable" !Fotografija !Izvorni naziv !Date !Photographer !Location !Format !Notes !Cited survey(s) |- |[[File:Sleeping, homeless children - Jacob Riis.jpg|frameless]] |''[[Street Arabs in the Area of Mulberry Street]]'' |1880 |[[Jacob Riis]] |New York City, United States |[[Gelatin silver print]] | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Water Rats by Frank Meadow Sutcliffe, 1886, printed ca. 1891.png|border|frameless]] |''Water Rats'' |1886 |[[Frank Meadow Sutcliffe]] |[[Whitby]], England, United Kingdom |Albumen print | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Bandits Roost, 59 and a half Mulberry Street.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[Bandits' Roost, 59 1/2 Mulberry Street]]'' |1888 |[[Jacob Riis]] |[[Mulberry Bend]], New York City, United States |Gelatin silver print |Part of ''[[How the Other Half Lives]]'', an early [[photojournalist]] publication pursuing better conditions for the lower class of New York City. The photo and publication's impact was such that they contributed to the crime-ridden Bend's replacement with [[Columbus Park (Manhattan)|Columbus Park]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jacob Riis Paintings, Bio, Ideas |url=https://www.theartstory.org/artist/riis-jacob/ |website=The Art Story}}</ref><ref name=":1">Michael Burgan, ''Exposing Hidden Worlds: How Jacob Riis' Photos Became Tools for Social Reform'', Compass Point Books, 2018, pp. 8–9</ref> |<ref name="time100" group="s" /> |} === 1890s === {| class="wikitable" !Fotografija !Izvorni naziv !Date !Photographer !Location !Format !Notes !Cited survey(s) |- |[[File:First medical X-ray by Wilhelm Röntgen of his wife Anna Bertha Ludwig's hand - 18951222.jpg|border|frameless]] |''The Hand of Mrs. Wilhelm Röntgen'' |1895 |[[Wilhelm Röntgen|Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen]] |[[Würzburg]], [[Kingdom of Bavaria]], Germany |X-ray |The first [[X-ray]], taken by its inventor, featured his wife's hand and ring. |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Secundo Pia Turinske platno 1898.jpg|frameless]] |[[Shroud of Turin|Shroud of Turin negative]] |1898 |[[Secondo Pia]] |Turin, Italy |[[Negative (photography)|Negative]] |Photographic negative of an ancient cloth relic shows details of a [[Scourge|scourged]] and [[Crucifixion|crucified]] human body |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Bismarck_auf_dem_Totenbett.jpg|frameless]] |''Otto von Bismarck on His Deathbed'' |30 July 1898 |Max Priester and Willy Wicke |[[Friedrichsruh]], German Empire |Photograph |Post-mortem photograph of [[Otto von Bismarck]] taken shortly after his death |<ref name="TheDeadBismarck" /> |- |[[File:Eugène Atget, Street Musicians, 1898–99.jpg|frameless]] |''Organ Player and Singing Girl'' |1898 |[[Eugène Atget]] |Paris, France |Gelatin silver print | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Raco-Boutang.jpg|border|frameless]] |''Portrait of [[Emil Racoviță]]'' |1899 |[[Louis Boutan]] |[[Banyuls-sur-Mer]], France |Glass plate |First underwater portrait, and the first taken by a camera designed for [[underwater photography]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cade |first=DL |date=2 September 2016 |title=This is the World's First Underwater Portrait, Taken in 1899 |url=https://petapixel.com/2016/09/02/worlds-first-underwater-portrait-taken-1899 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=[[PetaPixel]]}}</ref> |<ref name="life100" group="s" /> |} ==20th century== ===1900s=== {| class="wikitable" !Fotografija !Izvorni naziv !Date !Photographer !Location !Format !Notes !Cited survey(s) |- |[[File:A Sea Of Steps -- Wells Cathedral LACMA M.2008.40.736 (1 of 3).jpg|border|frameless]] |''A Sea of Steps'' |1903 |[[Frederick H. Evans]] |[[Wells Cathedral]], England, United Kingdom |[[Large format|Large Format]] |One of Evans's finest works in [[architectural photography]]. |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |- |[[File:First flight2.jpg|border|frameless]] |''First Flight'' |17 December 1903 |[[John T. Daniels]] |[[Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina|Kill Devil Hills]], North Carolina, United States |Glass plate |Captured flight of the first airplane, the ''[[Wright Flyer]]'', flown by inventors [[Orville and Wilbur Wright]]. |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:The Vanishing Race - Navaho (2838786563).jpg|border|frameless]] |''The Vanishing Race–Navaho'' |1904 |[[Edward S. Curtis]] |Arizona, United States<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/photographictime4419unse |title=The Photographic times |date=1905 |publisher=New York : Photographic Times Pub. Assn. |others=Getty Research Institute |pages=125}}</ref> |[[Photogravure]] |Taken during the [[cultural assimilation of Native Americans]] while also popularizing the [[Vanishing Indian]] stereotype. |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /><ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Steichen flatiron.jpg|frameless]] |''[[The Flatiron (photograph)|The Flatiron]]'' |1904 |[[Edward Steichen]] |New York City, United States |Blue-green pigment [[Gum printing|gum bichromate]] over platinum print |A print of this photograph became the second most expensive photograph ever sold on 9 November, 2022, when it sold for $11,840,000, at Christie's New York, well above the estimate of $2,000,000–3,000,000. |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:ThePondMoonlight.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[The Pond—Moonlight]]'' |1904 |[[Edward Steichen]] |[[Mamaroneck, New York|Mamaroneck]], New York, United States |Multiple gum bichromate print over platinum |[[Pictorialist]] [[hand-colored]] photograph; only three versions exist. In 2006, a print became [[List of most expensive photographs|the most expensive photo sold]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Important Photographs from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Including Works from the Gilman Paper Company Collection / Lot 6 |url=https://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2006/important-photographs-from-the-metropolitan-museum-of-art-including-works-from-the-gilman-paper-company-collection-n08165/lot.6.html |access-date=April 17, 2022 |website=Sotheby's}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Tooth |first=Roger |date=February 15, 2006 |title=At $2.9m, Pond-Moonlight becomes world's most expensive photograph |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/feb/15/usa.arts |work=The Guardian}}</ref> |<ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:An Oasis in the Badlands, South Dakota (5711515700).jpg|frameless]] |''An Oasis in the Badlands'' |1905 |[[Edward S. Curtis]] |[[South Dakota]], United States |Glass plate | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Cousin “Bichonnade” in Flight.jpg|frameless]] |''Bichonnade in Flight'' |1905 |[[Jacques Henri Lartigue]] |Paris, France |Gelatin silver print | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:San francisco.fire.18.April.1906.jpg|frameless]] |''[[1906 San Francisco earthquake|San Francisco Earthquake]]'' |18 April 1906 |[[Arnold Genthe]] |[[San Francisco]], California, United States |Unknown (likely gelatin silver print) | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Alfred Stieglitz (American - The Steerage - Google Art Project.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[The Steerage]]'' |1907 |[[Alfred Stieglitz]] |Aboard the [[SS Kaiser Wilhelm II|SS ''Kaiser Wilhelm II'']], possibly anchored at [[Plymouth]], England, United Kingdom<ref>{{Citation |last=Stieglitz |first=Alfred |title=The Steerage |date=1907 |url=https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.204623.html |access-date=2024-02-18}}</ref> |Glass plate |Landmark [[modernist]] photo depicting immigrants on the [[SS Kaiser Wilhelm II|SS ''Kaiser Wilhelm II'']].<ref name="viNVF" /> |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /><ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Child laborer.jpg|border|frameless]] |''Child Laborer in Newberry, South Carolina Cotton Mill{{Efn|Also titled ''Cotton Mill Girl''. The collection item for the Library of Congress gives a much longer title that includes commentary from the photographer: ''A little spinner in the Mollahan Mills, Newberry, S.C. She was tending her "sides" like a veteran, but after I took the photo, the overseer came up and said in an apologetic tone that was pathetic, "She just happened in." Then a moment later he repeated the information. The mills appear to be full of youngsters that "just happened in," or " are helping sister." Dec. 3, 08. Witness Sara R. Hine. Location: Newberry, South Carolina''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A little spinner in the Mollahan Mills, Newberry, S.C. She was tending her "sides" like a veteran, but after I took the photo, the overseer came up and said in an apologetic tone that was pathetic, "She just happened in." Then a moment later he repeated the information. The mills appear to be full of youngsters that "just happened in," or " are helping sister." Dec. 3, 08. Witness Sara R. Hine. Location: Newberry, South Carolina / Photo by Lewis W. Hine.|url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/nclc.01451/|access-date=2021-03-06|website=Library of Congress}}</ref>}}'' |1908 |[[Lewis Hine]] |[[Newberry, South Carolina|Newberry]], South Carolina, United States |Glass plate |[[c:Category:Photographs of child laborers by Lewis Hine|Part of a series]] by the [[National Child Labor Committee]] to have [[Child labor laws in the United States|child labor laws]] passed. |<ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:BML Le Lointain partie 1 31 128037 Le Triomphe.jpg|frameless]] |''The North Pole'' |6 April 1909 |[[Robert Peary|Robert E. Perry]] |Arctic Ocean | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Hot-air-balloon-Paris 1914.jpg|border|frameless]] |''Cactus Hot Air Balloon'' |1909 |[[Léon Gimpel]] |Paris, France |[[Autochrome Lumière|Autochrome]] | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |} ===1910s=== {| class="wikitable" !Fotografija !Izvorni naziv !Date !Photographer !Location !Format !Notes !Cited survey(s) |- |[[File:Breaker Boys 1.jpg|border|frameless]] |''Breaker Boys'' |1911 |Lewis Hine |[[Pittston, Pennsylvania|Pittston]], Pennsylvania, United States |Unknown (likely gelatin silver print) |Part of a series by the National Child Labor Committee to have child labor laws passed. |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:TriangleFire 25March1911 BodiesOnSidewalk.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[Triangle Shirtwaist Fire]]'' |25 March 1911 |Brown Brothers |New York City, United States | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Taking hold of the camera at the South Pole, 14th December, 1911 (26544158928).jpg|frameless]] |''The South Pole'' |14 December 1911 |Bjorn Finstad |[[South Pole]], Antarctica | |[[Amundsen's South Pole expedition]] |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Girl with Mirror by Clarence H. White, 1912.jpg|border|frameless]] |''Girl with a Mirror'' |1912<ref>{{Cite book |last1=McCauley |first1=Elizabeth Anne |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/982652289 |title=Clarence H. White and his world: the art & craft of photography, 1895–1925 |last2=Bunnell |first2=Peter C. |last3=White |first3=Clarence H. |date=2017 |publisher=Princeton University Art Museum |others=Princeton University, Davis Museum and Cultural Center, Portland Museum of Art, Cleveland Museum of Art |isbn=978-0-300-22908-0 |location=Princeton, New Jersey |oclc=982652289}}</ref> |[[Clarence Hudson White|Clarence H. White]] |New York City, United States |Platinum print | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |- | {{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.nga.gov/artworks/92401-storyville-portrait Pogledaj fotografiju]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Storyville Portrait'' |1912 |[[E. J. Bellocq|E.J. Bellocq]] |[[Storyville, New Orleans]], Louisiana, United States |Gelatin Silver Print | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Jacques-Henri Lartigue, Grand Prix of the Automobile Club of France, Course at Dieppe, 1912, from MoMA.jpg|border|frameless]] |''Une Delage au Grand Prix de l'Automobile Club de France de 1912'' |1912 |[[Jacques Henri Lartigue|Jacques-Henri Lartigue]] |[[Dieppe]], France |Large Format |This photo depicts {{Ill|René Croquet|fr}}, with his [[riding mechanic]].{{Efn|Also titled ''Grand Prix of the Automobile Club de France, 1912'' or ''Automobile Delage, Grand Prix de l'Automobile-Club de France, Le Tréport, 26 juin 1912'' Sources including the Oxford University Press, erroneously claimed this photograph to be taken in [[1912 French Grand Prix|1912]] (as dated by Lartique himself later) when it took place in [[1913 French Grand Prix|1913]]. The driver, identified as René Croquet, raced as No. 20 in 1912; he was driving a [[Th. Schneider|Théophile Schneider]] in both races, neither in a [[Delage]]. There was no No. 6 in the 1912 race. }}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-31 |title=[5] Le Grand Prix Automobile de l'ACF 1913 à Amiens – Les publicités d'antan |url=http://pubdantan.canalblog.com/archives/2013/08/04/27780157.html |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=pubdantan.canalblog.com |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jacques-Henri Lartigue {{!}} Le Grand Prix A.C.F. |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/283256 |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-18 |title=The story of a photography |url=http://www.diptyqueparis-memento.com/en/the-story-of-a-photography/ |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=memento |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sothebys.com/en/buy/auction/2021/classic-photographs/automobile-delage-grand-prix-de-lautomobile-club|title=Automobile Delage, Grand Prix de l'Automobile-Club de France, Le Tréport, 26 juin 1912 &#124; Classic Photographs &#124; 2021|website=Sotheby's}}</ref> |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney Adolph de Meyer.jpg|frameless]] |''[[Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney]]'' |15 January 1913 |[[Adolph de Meyer|Baron Adolphe de Meyer]] |New York City, United States | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Emily davison killed 1913.jpg|frameless]] |''Trampled by the Kings Horse'' |4 June 1913 |Arthur Barrett |United Kingdom | |[[Emily Davison]] is struck by King George's horse, Anmer, and knocked unconscious. She died four days later from a fractured skull. |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Paul Strand. Abstraction, Twin Lakes, Connecticut. 1916.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[Abstraction, Porch Shadows]]{{Efn|Also referred to as ''Abstraction, Porch Shadows, Connecticut'' and ''Abstraction, Shadows of a Veranda, Connecticut''.}}'' |1916{{Efn|Also dated to 1913 and 1915.}} |[[Paul Strand]] |[[Salisbury, Connecticut|Salisbury]], Connecticut, United States |Silver-platinum print | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Duncan passport.png|frameless]] |''Passport of [[Isadora Duncan]]'' |1916 |Copied by Brad Trent |United States | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Blind Woman.jpg|border|frameless]] |''Blind Woman, New York'' |1916 |Paul Strand |New York City, United States |Large format camera with trick lens and right-angle mirror | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Cottingley Fairies 1.jpg|frameless]] |''[[Cottingley Fairies]]'' |1917 |Elsie Wright |[[Cottingley, Bradford|Cottingley]], [[West Yorkshire]], England, United Kingdom |Glass plate | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Julien Bryan - Ambulance 646 - 80.jpg|frameless]] |''German Trenches Near Reims'' |1918 |[[Julien Bryan]] |[[Reims]], France | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |} ===1920s=== {| class="wikitable" !Fotografija !Izvorni naziv !Date !Photographer !Location !Format !Notes !Cited survey(s) |- |[[File:Edward Weston, Armco Steel, Ohio, 1922, MoMA.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[Armco Steel]]'' |1922 |[[Edward Weston]] |[[Middletown, Ohio|Middletown]], Ohio, United States |Gelatin silver print | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Le Violon d'Ingres.png|border|frameless]] |''[[Le Violon d'Ingres]]'' |1924 |[[Man Ray]] |Paris, France |Unknown |The photograph depicts [[Alice Prin]], known as Kiki de Montparnasse, from the back and nude to below her waist. Two [[Sound hole|f-holes]] are painted on her back to make her body resemble a violin. |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Bewegungsstudie (Movement Study) 1925, black and white photograph by Rudolf Koppitz.jpg|border|frameless]] |''Movement Study'' |1926 |[[Rudolf Koppitz]] |[[Vienna]], Austria |Gelatin silver print on carte-postale | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |- |[[File:May Ray Kiki with African mask.jpg|frameless]] |''Kiki with African Mask'' |1926 |[[Man Ray]] |Paris, France |Gelatin silver print | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Charles Lindbergh arrived at Croydon Field, Surrey, England, May 29, 1927 Getty 1698853868.jpg|frameless]] |''[[Charles Lindbergh]], [[Croydon Aerodrome]]'' |29 May 1927 |Pacific and Atlantic photos inc. |London, England, United Kingdom | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Ansel-adams-monolith-the-face-of-half-dome - edit1.jpg|frameless]] |''[[Monolith, the Face of Half Dome]]'' |1927 |[[Ansel Adams]] |Yosemite National Park, California, United States |Glass plate | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Bricklayer by August Sander.jpg|frameless]] |''[[Bricklayer (photograph)|Bricklayer]]'' |1928 |[[August Sander]] |[[Cologne]], Germany |Gelatin silver print | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:The Pastry Cook.jpg|frameless]] |''[[The Pastry Cook]]'' |1928 |August Sander |Cologne, Germany |Large format | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Woman of Tehuantepec - Tina Modotti, Getty.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[Woman of Tehuantepec (Modotti)|Woman of Tehuantapec]]'' |1929 |[[Tina Modotti]] |[[Tehuantepec]], Mexico | | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |} ===1930s=== {| class="wikitable" !Fotografija !Title !Date !Photographer !Location !Format !Notes !Cited survey(s) |- |[[File:The Hague Reparation Conference night session.png|border|frameless]] |''The Hague'' |3 January 1930 |[[Erich Salomon]] |[[The Hague]], the Netherlands | | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Al Capone in Florida.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[Al Capone]] [[Mug shot|Mug Shot]]'' |8 May 1930 |[[Miami Police Department]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=[Two "mug shots" of Al Capone made by the Miami police; head-and-shoulders portrait facing right and head-and-shoulders portrait facing front] |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/99404655/ |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref> |Miami, United States | | |<ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Pepper No. 30.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[Pepper No. 30]]'' |2 August 1930 |[[Edward Weston]] |[[Carmel-by-the-Sea, California|Carmel-by-the-Sea]], California, United States |8x10 large format view camera |With carefully crafted tones of light, this photo of a pepper emphasizes third-dimensional depth while defying conventional interpretations of form. |<ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Lynching of two African American men in Marion Indiana on 7 August 1930 detail, "Marion, Ind, Aug. 7, 1930" (NBY 3117) (cropped).jpg|frameless]] |[[Lynching of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith|''Lynching'']] |7 August 1930 |[[Lynching of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith|Lawrence Beitier]] |[[Marion, Indiana]], United States | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |See article |''[[Larmes]]'' |1930 |Man Ray |Paris, France |Gelatin silver print |The photograph is an extreme close-up of a woman's upturned face with glass droplets placed on her cheeks to imitate tears. |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Sleeping woman.png|frameless]] |''Sleeping Woman'' |1930 |Man Ray |Paris, France |Gelatin Silver Print | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |See article |''[[Behind the Gare Saint-Lazare]]'' |1932 |[[Henri Cartier-Bresson]] |Paris, France |[[35 mm movie film|35 mm]] | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /><ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/285813 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Brussels'' |1932 |Henri Cartier-Bresson |[[Brussels]], Belgium | | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.moma.org/collection/works/180240 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Couple in Raccoon Coats'' |1932 |[[James Van Der Zee]] |New York City, United States |Unknown | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.moma.org/interactives/objectphoto/artists/24577.html View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Io + gatto (I + Cat)'' |1932 |[[Wanda Wulz]] |[[Trieste]], Italy |Gelatin silver print | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Lunch atop a Skyscraper - Charles Clyde Ebbets.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[Lunch atop a Skyscraper]]'' |20 September 1932 |Photographer cannot be attributed with certainty – see article |New York City, United States | | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Bonnie and Clyde fooling around Getty 514872400.jpg|frameless]] |''[[Bonnie and Clyde]]'' |1933 | [[W. D. Jones]] |United States | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.moma.org/collection/works/83882 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Girl with a [[Leica Camera|Leica]]'' |1934 |[[Alexander Rodchenko]] |Moscow, [[Moscow Oblast]], Russia | | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150921110122/http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205194981 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Hitler at a Nazi Party Rally'' |1934 |[[Heinrich Hoffmann (photographer)|Heinrich Hoffmann]] |[[Bückeburg]], Germany | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Loch Ness Monster Surgeon's photograph.jpg|frameless]] |''[[Surgeon's photograph|Surgeon's Photograph]]'' |1934 |Ian Wetherell |[[Loch Ness]], Scotland, United Kingdom | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:First_wirephoto.jpg|frameless]] |''First AP [[Wirephoto]]'' |1 January 1935 |Thomas Sande |[[Adirondack Mountains]], New York, United States | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20240222221246/https://visualarts.britishcouncil.org/collection/portfolios/goddesses/object/the-lady-milbanke-as-penthesilea-queen-of-the-amazons-yevonde-1935-goddesses-p6979/view/portfolio/initial/a/page/1 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''[[Sheila Chisholm|Lady Milbanke]] as 'Queen of the Amazons''' |1935 |[[Yevonde Middleton]] |London, England | | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[Migrant Mother]]'' |6 March 1936 |[[Dorothea Lange]] |[[Nipomo, California|Nipomo]], California, United States |Large format |The photograph depicts [[Florence Owens Thompson]], a destitute mother during the [[Great Depression]].<ref name="FXjma" /> |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /><ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /><ref name="the-atlantic" group="s" /><ref name="cnn-photos" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Jesse_Owens_Salute.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[Jesse Owens|Jesse Owens]] Salute'' |August 1936 |Heinrich Hoffmann |[[Berlin]], Germany |Gelatin silver print | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |See article |''[[The Falling Soldier]]'' |1936 |[[Robert Capa]] |[[Espejo, Spain|Espejo]], Spain |35&nbsp;mm |The photograph depicts the death of [[Spanish Republican Army|Republican]] soldier [[Federico Borrell García]] in the [[Spanish Civil War]].<ref name="OHQpm" /> |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /><ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /><ref name="cnn-photos" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.artic.edu/artworks/5526/fort-peck-dam-montana View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Fort Peck Dam'' |1936 |[[Margaret Bourke-White]] |[[Fort Peck, Montana|Fort Peck]], Montana, United States | | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/265321 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Goldfish Bowl'' |1937 |[[Herbert List]] |[[Santorini]], Greece | | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://whitney.org/collection/works/8061 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''The Louisville Flood'' |1937 |Margaret Bourke-White |[[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]], Kentucky, United States |Large format | |<ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://billbrandtarchive.photoshelter.com/image/I0000QrLKA3aiZQk View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''The [[Lambeth Walk]]'' |1937 |[[Bill Brandt]] |London, United Kingdom | | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Hindenburg disaster.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[Hindenburg disaster|The Hindenburg Disaster]]'' |6 May 1937 |Sam Shere |[[Manchester Township, New Jersey|Manchester Township]], New Jersey, United States |Unknown |The photograph depicts the [[LZ 129 Hindenburg|''Hindenburg'' Zeppelin]] on fire at the mooring mast of [[Lakehurst, New Jersey|Lakehurst]].<ref name="GgcMS" /> |<ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="cnn-photos" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Bloody Saturday, Shanghai.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[Bloody Saturday (photograph)|Bloody Saturday]]'' |28 August 1937 |[[H. S. Wong]] |[[Shanghai]], China |35&nbsp;mm |The photograph depicts a baby in bombed-out ruins in Shanghai.<ref name="fZUrY" /> |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- |See article |''[[Juvisy, France]]'' |1938 |[[Henri Cartier-Bresson|Henri Cartier‐Bresson]] |[[Juvisy-sur-Orge]], France |Gelatin silver print | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Joe_Louis_knocks_out_Max_Schmeling.jpg|frameless]] |''Louis Knocks Out Schmeling'' |1938 |Unknown photographer for the Associated Press |[[The Bronx|Bronx]], New York, United States | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O143940/mainbocher-corset-photograph-horst/ View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Mainbocher Corset'' |1939 |[[Horst P. Horst]] |Paris, France |Large format | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.sothebys.com/en/buy/auction/2020/classic-photographs/margaret-bourke-white-a-dc-4-flying-over-new-york View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Aerial View of Manhattan'' |1939 |[[Margaret Bourke-White]] |New York City, United States | | |<ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.icp.org/browse/archive/objects/fiesta-turns-into-tragedy-body-of-dead-man-lies-on-street-mulberry-st-little View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''[[Mulberry Street (Manhattan)|Mulberry Street]]'' |1939 |[[Weegee]] |New York City, United States | | |<ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Anne Frank, 1939 - 32036884646.jpg|frameless]] |''[[Anne Frank]]'' |May 1939 |Polyfoto |[[Amsterdam]], Netherlands | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |} ===1940s=== {| class="wikitable" !Fotografija !Izvorni naziv !Date !Photographer !Location !Format !Notes !Cited survey(s) |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/anti-jewish-henry-guttmann/3wHcmuRkhVCy4g?hl=en View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Aryan Race Determination Tests'' |1940 |Henry Guttman |Germany | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |See article |''[[St Paul's Survives]]'' |July 1940 |Herbert Mason |London, England, United Kingdom |35&nbsp;mm | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://mapi.associatedpress.com/v2/items/a4b75003b242453d8d423459c56180ec/preview/AP4009101199.jpg View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Buckingham Palace'' |13 September 1940 |[[Cecil Beaton]] |London, England, United Kingdom | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Moonrise, Hernandez, New Mexico (cropped).jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[Moonrise, Hernandez, New Mexico]]'' |1 November 1941 |Ansel Adams |[[Hernandez, New Mexico|Hernandez]], New Mexico, United States |Gelatin silver print, large format | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Sir Winston Churchill - 19086236948.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[The Roaring Lion]]'' |30 December 1941 |[[Yousuf Karsh]] |[[Ottawa]], Canada |Large format |[[Winston Churchill]] |<ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="cnn-photos" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.moma.org/collection/works/135035 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Grief'' |1942 |[[Dmitri Baltermants]] |[[Kerch]], Ukraine |35&nbsp;mm | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Adams The Tetons and the Snake River.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[The Tetons and the Snake River]]'' |1942 |Ansel Adams |[[Grand Teton National Park]], Wyoming, United States | | |<ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Gordon Parks - American Gothic.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[American Gothic (photograph)|American Gothic]]'' |August 1942 |[[Gordon Parks]] |[[Washington, D.C.]], United States |35&nbsp;mm | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /><ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Betty Grable 20th Century Fox.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[Betty Grable#Frank Powolny poster and stardom: 1943–1949|Betty Grable]]'' |1943 |Frank Powolny |[[Los Angeles]], California, United States | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:The Critic by Weegee.jpg|border|frameless]] |''The Critic'' |1943 |Weegee |New York City, United States |Unknown | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /><ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 06b.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[Warsaw Ghetto boy]]'' |1943 |Unknown |[[Warsaw]], Poland |35&nbsp;mm |Originally titled {{lang|de|Mit Gewalt aus Bunkern hervorgeholt}} ('Forcibly pulled out of bunkers') |<ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.icp.org/browse/archive/objects/bodies-of-three-dead-american-soldiers-lying-in-the-sand-on-shoreline-near View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Three American Soldiers Ambushed on Buna Beach'' |20 September 1943 |[[George Strock]] |[[Buna, Papua New Guinea|Buna]], Papua New Guinea |Unknown (likely medium format) | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /><ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Into the Jaws of Death 23-0455M edit.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[Into the Jaws of Death]]'' |6 June 1944 |[[Robert F. Sargent]] |[[Omaha Beach]], France | | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Collection restricted due to copyright|image1=[https://www.atlasgallery.com/exhibition/magnificent-11-robert-capa View slideshow]|width=220px|float=center}} |''[[The Magnificent Eleven]]'' (collection of 11 photographs) |6 June 1944 |[[Robert Capa]] |[[Normandy]], France |35&nbsp;mm | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://image.jimcdn.com/app/cms/image/transf/dimension=1024x2048:format=jpg/path/s588cea5197e7bf48/image/id74eaf50b93333fb/version/1629228942/image.jpg View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Prisoners' Hand Marks'' |1944 |[[Roger Schall]] |Paris, France | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://content.magnumphotos.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/cortex/par46057-teaser-story-big.jpg View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Saipan'' |1944 |[[W. Eugene Smith]] |[[Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands|Saipan]], [[Northern Mariana Islands]] | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Douglas MacArthur lands Leyte1.jpg|frameless]] |''MacArthur Returns'' | 20 October 1944 |[[Gaetano Faillace]] |[[Leyte]], Philippines | |General [[Douglas MacArthur]] and staff, accompanied by Philippine president [[Sergio Osmeña]] (left), land at Red Beach, [[Leyte Island|Leyte]] | |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.moma.org/collection/works/53410 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''[[Tide pool|Tide Pool]], Point Lobos'' |1945<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tide pool, Point Lobos / EW. |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/89715186/ |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref> |Edward Weston |[[Point Lobos]], California, United States | | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Jalta 1945.jpg|frameless]] |''[[Yalta Conference]]'' |February 1945 |[[United States Army Signal Corps|U.S. Army Signal Corps]] |[[Yalta]], Crimea | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima, larger - edit1.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima]]'' |23 February 1945 |[[Joe Rosenthal]] |[[Iwo Jima]], Japan |Large format |The photograph depicts the raising of the [[Flag of the United States|U.S. flag]] on [[Mount Suribachi]] during the [[Battle of Iwo Jima]].<ref name="UQmtw" /> |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /><ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /><ref name="cnn-photos" group="s" /> |- | |''Buchenwald'' |15 April 1945 |Margaret Bourke-White |[[Ettersberg]], Germany | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Buchenwald Slave Laborers Liberation.jpg|border|frameless]] |''Inside Buchenwald'' |16 April 1945 |Private H. Miller |Ettersberg, Germany | | |<ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |See article |''[[Gestapo Informer Recognized by a Woman She Had Denounced]]'' |April 1945 |[[Henri Cartier-Bresson|Henri Cartier‐Bresson]] |[[Dessau]], Germany |35&nbsp;mm | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Mussolini e Petacci a Piazzale Loreto, 1945.jpg|frameless]] |''[[Benito Mussolini]]'' |29 April 1945 |Vincenzo Carrese |[[Milan]], Italy | |The dead body of Benito Mussolini next to his mistress [[Claretta Petacci]] and those of other executed [[Italian fascism|fascists]], on display in [[Piazzale Loreto]], the same place that the fascists had displayed the bodies of fifteen Milanese civilians a year earlier after executing them in retaliation for resistance activity. |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Raising a flag over the Reichstag - Restoration.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[Raising a Flag over the Reichstag]]'' |2 May 1945 |[[Yevgeny Khaldei]] |[[Berlin]], Germany |35&nbsp;mm |The photograph depicts the raising of the [[Flag of the Soviet Union|Soviet flag]] during [[Battle of Berlin]].<ref name="ewEs8" /> |<ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Nagasakibomb.jpg|border|frameless]] |''Atomic Cloud Rises Over Nagasaki'' |9 August 1945 |Charles Levy |[[Nagasaki]], Japan |Unknown | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="the-atlantic" group="s" /> |- | [[File:Kissing the War Goodbye.jpg|border|frameless|picture of the same event taken by Victor Jorgensen]] |''[[V-J Day in Times Square]]'' |14 August 1945 |[[Alfred Eisenstaedt]] (pictured: same event taken by [[Victor Jorgensen]]) |New York City, United States |35&nbsp;mm |The photograph depicts a [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] sailor embracing and kissing a total stranger on [[Victory over Japan Day]].<ref name="V3ZBl" /> |<ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /><ref name="cnn-photos" group="s" /> |- | |''Hiroshima, Three Weeks After the Bomb'' |1945 |[[George Silk]] |[[Hiroshima]], Japan | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.icp.org/browse/archive/objects/residents-wander-cleared-streets-bisecting-the-ruins-of-buildings-reduced-to View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Atomic Destruction'' |1945 |[[Bernard Hoffman]] |Hiroshima, Japan | |The photograph was in the first collection depicting the aftermath of the [[nuclear bombing of Hiroshima]]. |<ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.artic.edu/artworks/5514/mahatma-gandhi-spinning View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Gandhi at his Spinning Wheel'' |1946 |Margaret Bourke-White |India | |The photograph depicts [[Mahatma Gandhi]] reading beside his [[spinning wheel]].<ref name="Ujbig" /> |<ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20240225125435/https://books.google.be/books?id=3pI-DgAAQBAJ&lpg=PT29&ots=YDlLRewiL7&dq=AMIT%20SHABI%20the%20great%20isaiah%20scroll&pg=PT29#v=onepage&q&f=false View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''The Dead Sea Scrolls'' |1947 |Amit Shabi |[[Israel]] | |The photograph depicts the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]], the most important collection of [[Biblical manuscript]]s.<ref>{{Citation |last=Silberman |first=Neil Asher |title=Dead Sea Scrolls |date=1996 |work=The Oxford Companion to Archaeology |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195076189.001.0001/acref-9780195076189-e-0116 |access-date=2024-02-24 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195076189.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-507618-9|url-access=subscription }}</ref> |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://time.com/36709/route-66-and-the-american-dream-the-road-goes-ever-on/ View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Route 66'' |1947 |[[Andreas Feininger]] |[[U.S. Route 66 in Arizona|Route 66]] in [[Arizona]], United States | | |<ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://erichoskingtrust.com/wp-content/gallery/erics-photographs-2/BArn-Owl-03.jpg View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Barn Owl with Vole'' |1947 |[[Eric Hosking]] |[[Suffolk]], England, United Kingdom | | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Babe Ruth Bows Out.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[Babe Ruth Bows Out]]'' |13 June 1948 |[[Nat Fein]] |New York City, United States | | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Dalí Atomicus (final version).jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[Dalí Atomicus]]'' |1948 |[[Philippe Halsman]] |New York City, United States |Unknown | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /><ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- | |''[[Juris Upatnieks]] Demonstrating the Hologram'' |1948 |[[Fritz Goro]] |Michigan, United States | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.getty.edu/art/collection/object/106H3K View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Country Doctor'' |1948 |[[W. Eugene Smith]] |[[Kremmling, Colorado|Kremmling]], Colorado, United States | | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://books.google.com/books?id=20gEAAAAMBAJ&dq=Gwyned+Filling&pg=PA103 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Career Girl'' |1948 |[[Leonard McCombe]] |New York City, United States | | |<ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.rencontres-arles.com/fr/expositions/view/840/willy-ronis#gallery-5 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Provençal Nude'' |1949 |[[Willy Ronis]] |[[Gordes]], France | | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://static.life.com/wp-content/uploads/migrated/2014/11/141113-vintage-television-photos-05-1024x705.jpg View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Nuns Watching Television'' |1949 |[[Ralph Morse]] |[[Erie, Pennsylvania|Erie]], Pennsylvania, United States | | |<ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-5374520 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Clarence Hailey Long'' |1949 |[[Leonard McCombe]] |[[Texas]], United States | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |} ===1950s=== {| class="wikitable" !Fotografija !Izvorni naziv !Date !Photographer !Location !Format !Notes !Cited survey(s) |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.moma.org/collection/works/52534 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''The Kiss at the Hôtel de Ville (''{{Langx|fr|Les Amants de l'Hôtel de Ville|links=no}}) |1950 |[[Robert Doisneau]] |Paris, France |35&nbsp;mm | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Iron Lung ward-Rancho Los Amigos Hospital GettyImages-515505698.jpg|frameless]] |''[[Iron lung|Iron Lung]] Polio Patients'' |1950 |Unknown |[[Downey, California|Downey]], California, United States | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Albert Einstein sticks his tongue.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[Albert Einstein in popular culture|Albert Einstein]]'' |1951 |[[Arthur Sasse]] |New York City, United States |35&nbsp;mm | |<ref name="cnn-photos" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Photo 51 x-ray diffraction image.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[Photo 51]]'' |May 1952 |[[Raymond Gosling]] and [[Rosalind Franklin]] |London, England | |The photograph depicts an [[X-ray diffraction]] image providing key to [[DNA structure]].<ref name="XqRiZ" /> |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /><ref name="the-atlantic" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20240725045132/https://lifephotostore.com/featured/los-angeles-development-boom-jr-eyerman.html View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Moving to the Suburbs'' |1952 |[[J. R. Eyerman|J.R. Eyerman]] |[[Lakewood, California|Lakewood]], California, United States | | |<ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.clevelandart.org/art/2018.444.3 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''The Announcement of [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]]'s Death'' |6 March 1953 |[[Dmitri Baltermants]] |Moscow, Moscow Oblast, Russia | | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.icp.org/browse/archive/objects/jacqueline-bouvier-sitting-with-her-fiance-john-f-kennedy-on-deck-of-sailboat View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Camelot'' |1953 |[[Hy Peskin]] |[[Cape Cod]], Massachusetts, United States | | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- | |''Everest'' |23 May 1953 |[[Edmund Hillary|Sir Edmund Hillary]] |[[Mount Everest]], Koshi Province, Nepal | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.alfredgregoryphotographs.com/Ev25.html View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Atop Mount Everest'' |23 May 1953 |[[Alfred Gregory]] |Mount Everest, Koshi Province, Nepal | | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- | |''Roger Bannister'' |6 May 1954 |[[Norman Potter]] |[[Oxford]], England, United Kingdom |35&nbsp;mm | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Marilyn Monroe photo pose Seven Year Itch.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[White dress of Marilyn Monroe|Monroe]]'' |9 September 1954 |Matty Zimmerman |New York City, United States | |The photograph depicts [[Marilyn Monroe]] while her white dress blows upwards during a shot for a scene in the 1955 film ''[[The Seven Year Itch]]''. |<ref name="cnn-photos" group="s" /> |- | |''Jackie Robinson'' |1955 |Ralph Morse |Bronx, New York, United States | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Emmett Till parents at funeral.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[Emmett Till]]'s mother at his funeral.'' |1955 |David Jackson |[[Chicago]], Illinois, United States<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2016-07-10 |title=The Photo That Changed the Civil Rights Movement |url=https://time.com/4399793/emmett-till-civil-rights-photography/ |access-date=2024-02-25 |magazine=TIME |language=en}}</ref> | | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="the-atlantic" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.artic.edu/artworks/221681/dovima-with-elephants-evening-dress-by-dior-cirque-d-hiver-paris View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Dovima with Elephants'' |1955 |[[Richard Avedon]] |Paris, France | | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.moma.org/collection/works/54484 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Trolley{{Spaced en dash}}New Orleans'' |1955 |[[Robert Frank]] |New Orleans, Louisiana, United States |35&nbsp;mm | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.moma.org/collection/works/49823 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Hot Shot Eastbound at Iaeger Drive‐In'' |1956 |[[O. Winston Link]] |[[Iaeger, West Virginia|Iaeger]], West Virginia, United States |Large format | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.newsmuseum.pt/en/fotojornalismo/elvis-stage View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''The New King'' |1956 |Charles Trainor |Miami, Florida, United States | | |<ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Milk Drop Coronet, 1957.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[Milk Drop Coronet]]'' |1957 |[[Harold Eugene Edgerton|Harold E. Edgerton]] |[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]], Massachusetts, United States |35&nbsp;mm |Two drops of milk imaged by fast-film [[Stroboscopic effect|stroboscopic]] photography |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:NBSFirstScanImageRestored.jpg|border|frameless]] |''First Digital Photo'' |1957 |[[Russell Kirsch]] |[[Gaithersburg, Maryland|Gaithersburg]], Maryland, United States |Photo composite of two binary scans | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Elizabeth Eckford.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[Elizabeth Eckford]]'' |4 September 1957 |[[Will Counts]] |[[Little Rock, Arkansas|Little Rock]], Arkansas, United States | |Eckford as one of the [[Little Rock Nine]] who faced opposition while attending a formerly [[School segregation in the United States|segregated]] high school. |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /><ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.moma.org/collection/works/53646 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''[[Aspens, Northern New Mexico]]'' |1958 |[[Ansel Adams]] |New Mexico, United States |Gelatin silver print | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |- | |''The Integrated Circuit'' |1959 |[[Robert Noyce]] |United States | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:First satellite photo - Explorer VI.jpg|frameless]] |''First Satellite Image'' |14 August 1959 |[[Explorer 6|Explorer VI]] |17000 miles above Mexico | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |} ===1960s=== {| class="wikitable" !Fotografija !Izvorni naziv !Date !Photographer !Location !Format !Notes !Cited survey(s) |- |[[File:Che Guevara - Guerrillero Heroico by Alberto Korda.jpg|frameless|border]] |''[[Guerrillero Heroico]]'' |5 March 1960 |[[Alberto Korda]] |[[Havana]], Cuba |35&nbsp;mm |The photograph depicts [[Che Guevara]] at a funeral for the victims of the [[La Coubre explosion|''La Coubre'' explosion]]. The portrait is commonly displayed as a symbol of [[student protest]] and [[revolutionary movement]]s, and has appeared on clothing and other [[Merchandising|merchandise]].<ref name="tjD9l" /><ref>{{Citation |last=Hopkinson |first=Amanda |editor-first1=Angela |editor-last1=Nicholson |title=Korda, Alberto |date=2005 |work=The Oxford Companion to the Photograph |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198662716.001.0001/acref-9780198662716-e-860 |access-date=2024-02-26 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198662716.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-866271-6|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Harambour |first=Alberto|title=Guevara, Che, as Icon |date=2008-01-01 |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195176322.001.0001/acref-9780195176322-e-672 |access-date=2024-02-26 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195176322.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-517632-2|url-access=subscription }}</ref> |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /><ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /><ref name="cnn-photos" group="s" /> |- | |''Massacre at Sharpeville'' |21 March 1960 |[[Ian Berry (photojournalist)|Ian Berry]] |[[Sharpeville]], South Africa | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.lempertz.com/en/catalogues/lot/1142-1/17-julius-shulman.html View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Case Study House no. 22, Los Angeles'' |1960 |[[Julius Shulman]] |Los Angeles, California, United States |Large format | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- | |''Nixon Vs Kennedy TV Debate'' |26 September 1960 |[[Paul Schutzer]] |Chicago, Illinois, United States |35 mm | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- | |''American Spy Pilot [[Francis Gary Powers]]'' |16 November 1960 |[[Carl Mydans]] |Moscow, Russia | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- | |''Flavio da Silva'' |1961 |[[Gordon Parks]] |[[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Leap into Freedom.jpeg|border|frameless]] |''Leap into Freedom'' |15 August 1961 |[[Peter Leibing]] |[[Berlin]], Germany |35 mm |The photograph depicts [[Hans Conrad Schumann]], an [[East Germany|East German]] soldier running away over [[Barbed wire|barbed-wire]] in Berlin.<ref name="qMVjN" /> |<ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- | |''Thalidomide'' |1962 |Stan Wayman |{{Where|date=February 2024}} | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Adlai Stevenson shows missiles to UN Security Council with David Parker standing.jpg|frameless]] |''[[Cuban Missile Crisis]]'' |25 October 1962 |[[Neal Boenzi]] |New York City, United States | |[[Adlai Stevenson II]] shows aerial photos of [[Cuban Missile Crisis|Russian missiles in Cuba]] to the [[United Nations Security Council]] in the presence of [[USSR]] ambassador [[Valerian Zorin]]. |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.icp.org/browse/archive/objects/firefighters-aiming-high-pressure-water-hoses-at-civil-rights-demonstrators-0 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Birmingham, Alabama'' |3 May 1963 |[[Charles Moore (photographer)|Charles Moore]] |[[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]], Alabama, United States | |Nonviolent civil rights movement student activists sprayed by high-pressure fire hoses during the [[Birmingham campaign]]'s [[Children's Crusade (1963)|Children's Crusade]]. |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- | |''Woolworth Sit-In'' |28, May, 1963 |Fred Blackwell |[[Jackson, Mississippi]], United States | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/10485 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Nuit de Noël (Happy Club)'' |1963 |[[Malick Sidibé]] |[[Bamako]], Mali | | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Thích Quảng Đức self-immolation.jpg|border|frameless]] |''The Burning Monk'' |11 June 1963 |[[Malcolm Browne]] |[[Ho Chi Minh City]], Vietnam |35 mm |The photograph depicts the Vietnamese Buddhist monk [[Thích Quảng Đức]] protesting the [[Buddhist crisis|persecution of Buddhists]] under the government of [[Ngo Dinh Diem]] by committing [[self-immolation]]. |<ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /><ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Martin Luther King Jr National Historic Site (36233249121).jpg|border|frameless]] |''I Have a Dream'' |28 August 1963 |[[Agence France-Presse]] |Washington, D.C., United States |35 mm |The photograph depicts [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] waving to supporters during the [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom|March on Washington]], where he gave his "[[I Have a Dream]]" speech, considered the most famous American oration of the twentieth century.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Miller |first1=Keith D. |title="I Have a Dream." |date=2002-01-01 |work=The Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195138832.001.0001/acref-9780195138832-e-292 |access-date=2024-02-26 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195138832.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-513883-2 |last2=Lewis |first2=Emily M.|url-access=subscription }}</ref> |<ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[http://emuseum.jfk.org/view/objects/asitem/items@:32274 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''[[Zapruder film]]'' |22 November 1963 |[[Abraham Zapruder]] |[[Dallas]], Texas, United States |35 mm internegative |The film depicts the most complete view of the [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|assassination of US president John F. Kennedy]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-29 |title=What Happened to the Zapruder Film? |url=https://www.history.com/news/what-happened-to-the-zapruder-film |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}</ref> |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Lyndon B. Johnson taking the oath of office, November 1963.jpg|frameless]] |''Johnson Is Sworn In'' |22 November 1963 |[[Cecil W. Stoughton]] |[[Dallas]], Texas, United States | |[[Lyndon B. Johnson]] taking the oath of office aboard [[Air Force One]] at [[Love Field Airport]] two hours and eight minutes after the [[assassination of John F. Kennedy]], Dallas, Texas. Jackie Kennedy (right), still in her blood-soaked clothes, looks on. |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Ruby shoots Oswald.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[Jack Ruby Shoots Lee Harvey Oswald]]'' |24 November 1963 |[[Robert H. Jackson (photographer)|Robert H. Jackson]] |[[Dallas]], Texas, United States |35 mm |The photograph depicts the [[murder of Lee Harvey Oswald]] by [[Jack Ruby]] while Oswald was being escorted by police two days after he had [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|assassinated US president John F. Kennedy]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-06-30 |title=Photographer snapped Oswald's murder a hair too soon, lost Pulitzer, place in history to rival |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/2002/06/30/photographer-snapped-oswald-s-murder-a-hair-too-soon-lost-pulitzer-place-in-history-to-rival/ |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=Dallas News |language=en}}</ref> |<ref name="life100" group="s" /><ref name="cnn-photos" group="s" /> |- |[[File:The Beatles arrive at JFK Airport (cropped) (b).jpg|thumb]] |''The Beatles Arrive'' |1964 |[[Harry Benson]] |New York City, United States | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://worcester.emuseum.com/objects/47151/beatles-pillow-fight-george-v-hotel-paris View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Pillow Fight'' |1964 |[[Harry Benson]] |Paris, France | | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- | |''Selma March'' |7 March 1965 |[[James Karales|James H. Karales]] |[[Alabama]], United States | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://books.google.com/books?id=UVMEAAAAMBAJ View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''New View of Life, Fetus 18 Weeks'' |1965 |[[Lennart Nilsson]] |[[Stockholm]], Sweden<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jansen |first=Charlotte |date=2019-11-18 |title=Foetus 18 Weeks: the greatest photograph of the 20th century? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/nov/18/foetus-images-lennart-nilsson-photojournalist |access-date=2024-02-26 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> |Unknown | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Muhammad Ali standing over Sonny Liston.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[Muhammad Ali vs. Sonny Liston II]]'' |1965 |[[Neil Leifer]] |[[Lewiston, Maine|Lewiston]], Maine, United States |Medium format | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /><ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20230623-how-jane-goodall-chimp-iconic-photo-changed-our-view-of-nature View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''[[Jane Goodall]] Greets Baby Chimp'' |1965 |[[Hugo van Lawick]] |[[Gombe Stream National Park]], Tanzania | | |<ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Chairman Mao Swims in the Yangtze.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[Mao Zedong|Chairman Mao]] Swims in the [[Yangtze]]'' |1966 |[[Hou Bo]] |[[Wuhan]], Hubei, China<ref>{{Cite news |date=1966-07-29 |title=Chairman Mao Swims in the Yangtse |url=https://www.marxists.org/subject/china/peking-review/1966/PR1966-31.pdf#page=3 |access-date=2024-02-26 |work=[[Peking Review]] |pages=3}}</ref> | | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /><ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://artmuseum.princeton.edu/collections/objects/135671 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Reaching Out'' |5 October 1966 |[[Larry Burrows]] |[[Mutter's Ridge]], Vietnam |35&nbsp;mm | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/571928947 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''The Mini Moment'' |3 December 1966 |[[Popperfoto]] |{{Where|date=February 2024}} | | |<ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Kathrine Switzer, Boston Marathon.jpg|frameless]] |''The Boston Marathon'' |19 May 1967 |[[Harry Trask]] |Boston, Massachusetts, United States | |Runner [[Kathrine Switzer]] attacked by race official [[Jock Semple]] while running in the 1967 [[Boston Marathon]]. |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.jimmarshallphotographyllc.com/sites/default/files/styles/d12/public/2021-08/_0000_montereypop-hendrix-fire-1967.jpg.jpg View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''[[Jimi Hendrix#Monterey Pop Festival|The Jimi Hendrix Experience]]'' |18 June 1967 |[[Jim Marshall (photographer)|Jim Marshall]] |[[Monterey, California|Monterey]], California, United States | | |<ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- | |''Twiggy'' |1 March 1967 |[[Bernard Gotfryd]] |London, England, United Kingdom | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- | |''Unidentified Flying Object'' |1967 |Ralph Ditter |[[Zanesville, Ohio|Zanesville]], Ohio, United States | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Patterson Gimlin Bigfoot (cropped).jpg|frameless]] |[[Patterson–Gimlin film|''Patterson-Gimlin Film'']] |20 October 1967 |Roger Patterson |[[Pacific Northwest]], United States |16&nbsp;mm | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |See article |[[Flower Power (photograph)|''Flower Power'']] |21 October 1967 |[[Bernie Boston]] |Washington, D.C., United States |35&nbsp;mm | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Execution of Nguyen Van Lem.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[Saigon Execution]]'' |1 February 1968 |[[Eddie Adams (photographer)|Eddie Adams]] |[[Ho Chi Minh City]], Vietnam |Unknown | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /><ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /><ref name="cnn-photos" group="s" /><ref name="the-atlantic" group="s" /><ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |[[File:My Lai massacre.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[My Lai massacre|Massacre of Villagers in My Lai]]'' |16 March 1968 |[[Ronald L. Haeberle]] |[[Sơn Mỹ]], Vietnam | | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |- |[[File:My Lai war crime photograph by Ronald L. Haeberle (4).jpg|frameless]] |''My Lai'' |16 March 1968 |Ronald L. Haeberle |Sơn Mỹ, Vietnam |35&nbsp;mm |A group of civilian women and children before being killed by the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]]. |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.icp.org/browse/archive/objects/body-of-martin-luther-king-jr-lorraine-motel-memphis-tennessee View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''[[Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.]]'' |4 April 1968 |Joseph Louw |[[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]], Tennessee, United States | | |<ref name="life100" group="s" /><ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |See article |''[[Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy]]'' |5 June 1968 |[[Bill Eppridge]] |Los Angeles, California, United States |35&nbsp;mm | |<ref name="life100" group="s" /><ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- | |''Chicago Democratic Convention Protest'' |August 1968 |Perry C. Riddle |United States | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://content.magnumphotos.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/cortex/par65493-teaser-story-big.jpg View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Invasion of Prague'' |August 1968 |[[Josef Koudelka]] |[[Prague]], Czechia | | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.webumenia.sk/en/dielo/SVK:SNG.UP-DK_1531-k View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Bratislava Tank Man'' |August 1968 |Ladislav Bielik |[[Bratislava]], Slovakia | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:John Carlos, Tommie Smith, Peter Norman 1968cr.jpg|frameless]] |''[[1968 Olympics Black Power salute|1968 Olympics Black Power Salute]]'' |16 October 1968 |[[John Dominis]] |[[Mexico City]], Mexico | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /><ref name="cnn-photos" group="s" /><ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |[[File:NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[Earthrise]]'' |24 December 1968 |[[William Anders]] |The [[Moon]] |Medium format |The photograph depicts the Earth and Moon's surface from [[Apollo 8]].<ref name="1Tsbw" /> |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /><ref name="the-atlantic" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/130206/biafra View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Albino Boy, Biafra'' |1969 |[[Don McCullin]] |[[Biafra]], West Africa | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- | |''Canadian Seal Hunt'' |1969 |[[Duncan Cameron (photographer)|Duncan Cameron]] |[[Northumberland Strait]], Canada | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- | |''One Week's Dead'' |28 May - 3 June 1969 |[[Life (magazine)|Life Magazine]] |Various | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- | |''Aerial View of [[Woodstock|Woodstock Festival]]'' |August 1969 |[[Burk Uzzle]] |[[Bethel, New York|Bethel]], New York, United States | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://lifephotostore.com/featured/1-woodstock-festival-bill-eppridge.html View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Woodstock'' |August 1969 |[[Bill Eppridge]] |[[Bethel, New York|Bethel]], New York, United States | | |<ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:A Man on the Moon, AS11-40-5903 (cropped).jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[Apollo 11|Buzz Aldrin on the Moon]]'' |21 July 1969 |[[Neil Armstrong]] |[[Mare Tranquillitatis|Sea of Tranquility]], the Moon |70&nbsp;mm lunar surface camera |[[Buzz Aldrin]] during [[Apollo 11]], the first crewed Moon landing |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /><ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Buzz Aldrin's bootprint on the Moon, AS11-40-5877.jpg | border | frameless]] |''Apollo 11 Bootprint'' |21 July 1969 |[[Buzz Aldrin]] |Sea of Tranquility, the Moon |70&nbsp;mm lunar surface camera | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /><ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:"Altamont".jpg| border | frameless]] |''[[Altamont Free Concert|Altamont]]'' |6 December 1969 |Unknown photographer for the Associated Press |[[Altamont Speedway]], California, United States | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |} ===1970s=== {| class="wikitable" !Fotografija !Izvorni naziv !Date !Photographer !Location !Format !Notes !Cited survey(s) |- |See article (cropped) |''[[Kent State Shootings]]'' |4 May 1970 |[[John Filo|John Paul Filo]] |[[Kent, Ohio|Kent]], Ohio, United States |Unknown | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /><ref name="the-atlantic" group="s" /><ref name="cnn-photos" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Elvis-nixon.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[Elvis]] Meets [[Nixon]]'' |21 December 1970 |[[Oliver F. Atkins]] |Washington, D.C., United States | | |<ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |See article |''[[Tomoko and Mother in the Bath]]'' |1971 |W. Eugene Smith |[[Kyushu|Kyūshū]], Japan | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.moma.org/collection/works/110036 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Windblown Jackie'' |1971 |[[Ron Galella]] |New York City, United States | | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:President Richard Nixon and Mao Zedong.jpg|frameless]] |''President Richard Nixon and Mao Zedong'' |21 February 1972 |Unknown |[[Beijing]], China | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:President Richard Nixon using Chopsticks during a Chinese Banquet with Premier Chou En-lai of the People's Republic of China - DPLA - ff3a43d6286b26f6c1e5e700a8601ff9.jpg|border|frameless]] |''Nixon in China'' |26 February 1972 |Oliver F. Atkins |Beijing, China | | |<ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:The Terror of War.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[The Terror of War]]'' |8 June 1972 |[[The Terror of War#Authorship dispute|Disputed]]: either [[Nick Ut]], Nguyễn Thành Nghệ, or Huỳnh Công Phúc |[[Trảng Bàng]], Vietnam |35&nbsp;mm |The photograph depicts a crowd of Vietnamese people running from [[napalm]], among them a girl (later identified as [[Phan Thi Kim Phuc]]) who survived by tearing off her burning clothes.<ref name="ztz63" /> |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /><ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="the-atlantic" group="s" /><ref name="cnn-photos" group="s" /><ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Germany Israel Olympics Attack.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[Munich massacre|Munich Massacre]]'' |5 September 1972 |Kurt Strumpf |[[Munich]], Germany |35&nbsp;mm | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.artic.edu/artworks/146189/bullet-through-candle-flame View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Bullet Passing through a Candle Flame'' |1973 |[[Doc Edgerton]] |United States | | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.worldpressphoto.org/collection/photo-contest/1974/orlando-lagos/1 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''[[Salvador Allende|Allende]]'s Last Stand'' |11 September 1973 |[[Orlando Lagos]] |Chile |35&nbsp;mm | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Patty Hearst- Hibernia bank robbery.jpg|frameless]] |''Patty Hearst Surveillance'' |15 April 1974 |Hibernia Bank Surveillance Camera |San Francisco, California, United States |Surveillance camera still |[[Patty Hearst]], during the April 1974 [[Hibernia National Bank|Hibernia bank]] robbery. |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/80752499 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Nixon Resignation'' |9 August 1974 |Rolls Press |Washington, D.C., United States | | |<ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/500 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Water‐Towers'' |1974{{Ndash}}2009 |[[Bernd and Hilla Becher]] |Various locations across Europe and the United States<ref>{{Cite web |last=Emma |first=Lewis |date=March 2014 |title=Water Towers |url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/bernd-becher-and-hilla-becher-water-towers-p81238 |access-date=2024-02-27}}</ref> |Large format | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.portrait.gov.au/portraits/2001.8/prime-minister-gough-whitlam-pours-soil-into-the-hand-of-traditional-land-owner-vincent View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Prime Minister [[Gough Whitlam]] Pours Soil into the Hand of Traditional [[Gurindji people|Gurindji]] Landowner Vincent Lingiari'' |1975 |[[Mervyn Bishop]] |[[Daguragu, Northern Territory|Daguragu]], Northern Territory, Australia | | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Nha Trang, April 1975.jpg|frameless]] |''Helicopter [[Fall of Saigon|Evacuation of the US Embassy, Saigon]]'' |April 1975 |Thai Khac Chuong |[[Nha Trang]], Vietnam |35&nbsp;mm | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |See article |''[[Fire Escape Collapse]]'' |22 July 1975 |[[Stanley Forman]] |[[Boston]], Massachusetts, United States | | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.saha.org.za/youth/the_death_of_hector_pieterson.htm View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''[[Soweto uprising|Soweto Uprising]]'' |16 June 1976 |[[Sam Nzima]] |[[Soweto]], Gauteng, South Africa |35&nbsp;mm | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:PIA00563-Viking1-FirstColorImage-19760721.jpg|border|frameless]] |''The Red Planet'' |21 July 1976 |''[[Viking 1]]'' |[[Chryse Planitia]], Mars<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stooke |first=Philip J. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/international-atlas-of-mars-exploration/8D4BF2F656438ED6C7FBE9EBA866FB7F |title=The International Atlas of Mars Exploration: The First Five Decades: Volume 1: 1953 to 2003 |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-76553-4 |volume=1 |location=Cambridge |doi=10.1017/cbo9781139028301}}</ref> | |First color photograph taken from the surface of Mars |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Boat of No Smiles, sick child.jpg|border|frameless]] |''Boat of No Smiles'' |1977 |[[Eddie Adams (photographer)|Eddie Adams]] |[[Gulf of Siam]] | | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.christies.com/lot/lot-cindy-sherman-untitled-film-stills-5846068/ View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''[[Untitled Film Stills]]'' |1977–1980 |[[Cindy Sherman]] |New York City, United States<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gaylord |first=Kristen |date=2016 |title=Cindy Sherman |url=https://www.moma.org/artists/5392 |access-date=2024-02-27}}</ref> |Unknown | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="the-atlantic" group="s" /> |- | |''Cambodia'' |1979 |Jay Ullal |[[Cambodia]] | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.getty.edu/art/collection/object/10A1TY View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Brian Ridley and Lyle Heeter'' |1979 |[[Robert Mapplethorpe]] |New York City, United States<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brian Ridley and Lyle Heeter {{!}} LACMA Collections |url=https://collections.lacma.org/node/2155762 |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=collections.lacma.org}}</ref> | | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - THE TRIPLE HANDSHAKE IN THE PEACE TREATY SIGNING BETWEEN ISRAEL AND EGYPT.jpg|frameless]] |''Peace Treaty'' |26 March 1979 |Yaakov Saar |Washington, D.C., United States | |The triple handshake in the peace treaty signing between Israel and Egypt on the [[White House]] lawn |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |See article |''[[Molotov Man]]'' |16 July 1979<ref>{{Cite web |title=Object Highlight {{!}} The Life of an Image: "Molotov Man," 1979–2009 {{!}} Princeton University Art Museum |url=https://artmuseum.princeton.edu/art/stories-perspectives/object-highlight-life-image-molotov-man-1979-2009 |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=artmuseum.princeton.edu}}</ref> |[[Susan Meiselas]] |[[Estelí]], Nicaragua<ref>{{Cite web |title=Object Highlight {{!}} The Life of an Image: "Molotov Man," 1979–2009 {{!}} Princeton University Art Museum |url=https://artmuseum.princeton.edu/art/stories-perspectives/object-highlight-life-image-molotov-man-1979-2009 |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=artmuseum.princeton.edu}}</ref> | | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Firing Squad in Iran.jpg|border|frameless]] |''Firing Squad in Iran'' |27 August 1979 |[[Jahangir Razmi]] |[[Kurdistan province]], Iran<ref>{{Cite news |last=Byrd |first=Joann |title='Anonymous' no more |url=https://www.pulitzer.org/article/anonymous-no-more |access-date=2024-02-27}}</ref> | | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /> |} ===1980s=== {| class="wikitable" !Fotografija !Izvorni naziv !Date !Photographer !Location !Format !Notes !Cited survey(s) |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw09608/Yoko-Ono-John-Lennon View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''[[Annie Leibovitz#John Lennon|John Lennon]] and [[Yoko Ono]]'' |1980 |[[Annie Leibovitz|Annie Leibowitz]] |New York City, United States | |[[Murder of John Lennon|Lennon was murdered]] hours after the photograph was taken by Leibovitz |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://sicovers.com/featured/usa-hockey-1980-winter-olympics-march-03-1980-sports-illustrated-cover.html View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Miracle on Ice'' |1980 |[[Heinz Kluetmeier]] |[[Lake Placid, New York|Lake Placid]], New York, United States | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- | |''Starving Boy and Missionary'' |1980 |Mike Wells |[[Uganda]] | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-5551801 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Self‐Portrait with Wife and Model'' |1981 |[[Helmut Newton]] |Paris, France | | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/the-princess-of-wales-with-hm-the-queen-and-her-bridesmaids-news-photo/77494753 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''[[Diana, Princess of Wales|Diana]] with Bridesmaids in Buckingham Palace'' |1981 |[[Patrick Anson, 5th Earl of Lichfield]] |London, England | | |<ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://emuseum.delart.org/objects/22381/bengt-hits-elisabeth-for-being-a-disobedient-wife-and-hiding View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Behind Closed Doors'' |1982 |[[Donna Ferrato]] |[[Saddle River, New Jersey|Saddle River]], New Jersey, United States | | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.clevelandart.org/art/2020.72 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Androgyny (6 Men + 6 Women)'' |1982 |[[Nancy Burson]] |[[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], United States{{Citation needed|date=February 2024|reason=Unsure of where the photo was created; sources say it was merely 'made with MIT engineers'.}} | | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- | |''Ken Moody and Robert Sherman'' |1984 |Robert Mapplethorpe |New York City, United States | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- | |''[[Missing-children milk carton|Milk Carton]]'' |1984 |Robert Frieder |[[Detroit]], Michigan, United States | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://static.life.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/03153915/01117171-1024x945.jpeg View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''[[Michael Jordan]]'' |1984 |[[Co Rentmeester]] |[[Chapel Hill, North Carolina|Chapel Hill]], North Carolina, United States | | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Maximum Ozone Hole Area for 1985.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[Hole in the ozone|Hole in the Ozone]]'' |3 October 1985 |[[NASA]] |[[Greenbelt, Maryland|Greenbelt]], Maryland, United States | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Challenger explosion.jpg|frameless]] |[[Space Shuttle Challenger disaster|''Challenger Disaster'']] |28 January 1986 |Michele McDonald |[[Cape Canaveral]], Florida, United States | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.worldpressphoto.org/collection/photo-contest/1987/alon-reininger/1 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Ken Meeks, Patient with [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]], Being Cared for by a Friend, San Francisco, California'' |1986 |Alon Reininger |San Francisco, California, United States | | |<ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.worldpressphoto.org/collection/photo-contest/1988/james-l-stanfield/1 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''The First [[Heart transplantation|Heart Transplant]] in Poland'' |1 January 1987 |James L. Stanfield |[[Zabrze]], Poland | | |<ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |See article |''[[Immersion (Piss Christ)]]'' |1987 |[[Andres Serrano]] |United States |Medium format | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /><ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/3010242 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Monkey Business'' |1987 |[[National Enquirer]] |[[Bimini]], the Bahamas<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fallows |first=James |date=2018-10-16 |title=Was Gary Hart Set Up? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/11/was-gary-hart-set-up/570802/ |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |See article |''[[Willie Horton]]'' |1987 |Unknown |[[Maryland]], United States | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Dukakis_and_the_Tank,_1988_press_photo.jpg|frameless]] |''Dukakis and the Tank'' |1988 |Michael E. Samojeden |[[Detroit]], Michigan, United States | |The infamous photo of [[Michael Dukakis]] taken as part of his presidential campaign. |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/basketball-nba-slam-dunk-contest-chicago-bulls-michael-news-photo/81802459?adppopup=true View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Air Jordan'' |1988 |[[Walter Iooss]] |Chicago, Illinois, United States |Medium format | |<ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/283742 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Untitled (Cowboy)'' |1989 |[[Richard Prince]] |United States |Composite | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://response.restoration.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/images/ashley.braun/oiled-cormorant-rocky-oiled-shore_exxon-valdez-oil-spill-trustee-council_0.jpg View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Exxon Valdez Oil Spill'' |24 March 1989 |John S. Lough |Alaska, United States | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |See article |''[[Tank Man]]'' |5 June 1989 |[[Jeff Widener]] |Beijing, China | |The photograph depicts an unidentified protestor confronting column of Chinese military tanks. |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /><ref name="cnn-photos" group="s" /><ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20240725045121/https://www.robertmaass.com/image/I0000BiTAW7y5oTQ View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''[[Fall of the Berlin Wall|The Wall Falls]]'' |November 1989 |Robert Maass |Berlin, Germany | | |<ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/romanian-communist-dictator-nicolae-ceausescu-after-his-news-photo/106282416 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''[[Trial and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu|Nicolae Ceausescu]]'' |December 1989 |Christopher Pillitz |[[Romania]] | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |} ===1990s=== {| class="wikitable" !Fotografija !Izvorni naziv !Date !Photographer !Location !Format !Notes !Cited survey(s) |- |See article |''[[David Kirby (activist)|The Face of AIDS]]'' |1990 |Therese Frare |[[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], Ohio, United States | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.worldpressphoto.org/collection/photo-contest/1992/david-turnley/1 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''[[Gulf War|Operation Desert Storm]]'' |27 February 1991 |[[David C. Turnley|David Turnley]] |[[Iraq]] |35 mm | |<ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.worldpressphoto.org/collection/photo-contest/1992/steve-mccurry-gns/1 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Camels in the Oil Fields'' |1 March 1991 |[[Steve McCurry]] |[[Burgan field]], Kuwait<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-14 |title=Conflict — Steve McCurry |url=https://www.stevemccurry.com/conflict |access-date=2024-02-29 |archive-date=14 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114205816/https://www.stevemccurry.com/conflict |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> | | |<ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |See article |''[[Rodney King#Holliday's video|L.A. Police Beating Rodney King]]'' |3 March 1991 |[[Rodney King|George Holiday]] |Los Angeles, California, United States | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |See article |''[[More Demi Moore]]'' |1991 |[[Annie Leibovitz]] |[[Culver City, California|Culver City]], California, United States<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wexler |first=Laura |year=2011 |title=More Pregnant Pictures |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2752/175145211X13068409556763 |journal=Photography and Culture |language=en |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=309–320 |doi=10.2752/175145211X13068409556763 |s2cid=191476282 |issn=1751-4517|url-access=subscription }}</ref> | | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200220182410/http://100photos.time.com/photos/james-nachtwey-famine-in-somalia View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Famine in Somalia'' |1992 |[[James Nachtwey]] |[[Baidoa]], Somalia<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nachtwey |first=James |date=1992-12-06 |title=SOMALIA 1992: The Casualties |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/06/magazine/somalia-1992-the-casualties.html |access-date=2024-02-29 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> | | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- |See article |''[[Dead Troops Talk]]'' |1992 |[[Jeff Wall]] |[[Muqur District, Ghazni]], Afghanistan |Large format lightbox transparency | |<ref name="oxford-companion" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://investigation.rollingstone.com/dj-photo-war-crimes-bosnia/archive/the-photograph/ View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Bosnia'' |2 April 1992 |[[Ron Haviv]] |[[Bijeljina]], Bosnia and Herzegovina |35 mm | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- |See article |''[[The Vulture and the Little Girl]]'' |March 1993 |[[Kevin Carter]] |[[Ayod]], Sudan (now South Sudan) |35 mm | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="cnn-photos" group="s" /><ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Beauty Out of Damage, 1993.jpg|frameless]] |''Beauty Out of Damage'' |1993 |[[Matuschka]] |United States | |Matuschka's controversial [[Self-portrait|self portrait]] baring her [[mastectomy]] combined with her face. The photo covered the ''[[New York Times Sunday Magazine]]'' and helped spark debate about [[breast cancer]] around the US and the world |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- | |''Rwandan Children'' |1994 |Seamus Conlan and Tara Farrell |[[Rwanda]] | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/charles-porter-iv View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''[[Oklahoma City Bombing]]'' |19 April 1995 |[[Charles Porter IV]] |[[Oklahoma City]], Oklahoma, United States | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="cnn-photos" group="s" /><ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://i.media.fi/incoming/d5zp00-112778_.JPG/alternates/FREE_1440/112778_.JPG View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Giant Iceberg'' |1995 |Dr. Hans Oerter |[[Antarctic Peninsula]], [[Antarctica]] | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Eagle nebula pillars.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[Pillars of Creation]]'' |1995 |[[Hubble Space Telescope]] / [[NASA]] |[[Low Earth orbit]] |Wide field and planetary camera |The photograph depicts a region of star formation.<ref name="Q0AnX" /> |<ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://npg.si.edu/object/npg_NPG.99.TC22.1 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''[[Bill Clinton]] hugs [[Monica Lewinsky]]'' |1996 |[[Dirck Halstead]] |Washington, D.C., United States |35 mm | |<ref name="life100" group="s" /><ref name="cnn-photos" group="s" /> |- |[[File:First camera phone picture.gif|border|frameless]] |''First Cell-Phone Picture'' |11 June 1997 |[[Philippe Kahn]] |[[Santa Cruz, California|Santa Cruz]], California, United States |[[Camera phone]] |The subject is Sophie, the daughter of [[Philippe Kahn]] |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- | |''Chinese Baby'' |1997 |Jeff Abelin |[[Fuyang]], [[Anhui]], China | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |See article |''[[99 Cent (photograph)|99 Cent]]'' |1999 |[[Andreas Gursky]] |Los Angeles, California, United States |[[chromogenic print]] face-mounted to acrylic | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.commarts.com/project/34809/agim-shala View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''[[Kosovo refugees in Albania|Kosovo Refugees]]'' |3 May 1999 |[[Carol Guzy]] |[[Kukës]], Albania<ref>{{Cite web |title=1999 — Kosovo's Sorrow |url=https://www.carolguzy.com/pulitzer-prize-images/project-one-ffpfd |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=Carol Guzy – photojournalist |language=en-US}}</ref> | | |<ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/world-cup-usa-brandi-chastain-victorious-after-scoring-news-photo/81447170 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''[[1999 FIFA Women's World Cup final|World Cup Winners]]'' |1999 |Robert Beck |[[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]], California, United States | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |} ==21st century== ===2000s=== {| class="wikitable" !Fotografija !Izvorni naziv !Date !Photographer !Location !Format !Notes !Cited survey(s) |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.worldpressphoto.org/collection/photo-contest/2001/alan-diaz/1 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''[[Elián González|Elian Gonzalez]] Federal Raid'' |2000 |[[Alan Diaz]] |Miami, Florida, United States | | |<ref name="cnn-photos" group="s" /><ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200217185420/http://100photos.time.com/photos/michael-nichols-surfing-hippos View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Surfing Hippos'' |2000 |[[Michael Nichols (photographer)|Michael Nichols]] |[[Loango National Park]], Gabon | | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- | |''The First Plane Hits the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]]'' |11 September 2001 |[[Jules and Gédéon Naudet|Jules Naudet]] |New York City, United States | |A screenshot of the Jules Naudet footage that is included in the Naudet brothers' [[documentary film]] ''[[9/11 (2002 film)|9/11]]'', originally broadcast on March 10, 2002, on [[CBS]], and later released on DVD. |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://newsroom.ap.org/editorial-photos-videos/detail?itemid=dbff2088eccc4c788262dda98fd7aed8&mediatype=photo View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''[[George W. Bush|President George W. Bush]] Learns of the September 11th Attacks'' |11 September 2001 |[[Doug Mills (photographer)|Doug Mills]] |[[Sarasota, Florida|Sarasota]], Florida, United States<ref>{{Cite web |last=Handelman |first=Jay |title=The 9/11 classroom: Booker Elementary students, now 27, recall President Bush's visit in CNN special |url=https://www.heraldtribune.com/story/news/2021/09/01/cnn-911-documentary-2021-booker-elementary-students-recall-president-george-w-bushs-sarasota-visit/5674790001/ |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=Sarasota Herald-Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> | | |<ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |See article |''[[The Falling Man]]'' |11 September 2001 9:41:15 A.M. |[[Richard Drew (photographer)|Richard Drew]] |New York City, United States | | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="cnn-photos" group="s" /><ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://time.com/3802205/help-identify-this-photo-the-moment-the-towers-fell/ View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''New Yorkers watch the collapse of the South Tower of the World Trade Center'' |11 September 2001 |Patrick Witty |New York City, United States | | |<ref name="life100" group="s" /><ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[http://shannonstapleton.com/911/sept4/ View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Father Judge'' |11 September 2001 |Shannon Stapleton |New York City, United States | | |<ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |See article |''[[Raising the Flag at Ground Zero]]'' |11 September 2001 |[[Thomas E. Franklin]] |New York City, United States | | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="cnn-photos" group="s" /><ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |[[File:SaddamStatue.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[Saddam Hussein statue destruction|Toppling the Statue of Saddam Hussein]]'' |9 April 2003 |[[Goran Tomasevic]] |[[Baghdad]], Iraq |35 mm | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Pencil hst big.jpg|frameless]] |[[NGC 2736|''The Pencil Nebula'']] |5 June 2003 |[[Hubble Space Telescope]] / [[NASA]] |Low Earth orbit |Wide field and planetary camera | |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:AbuGhraibAbuse-standing-on-box.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[The Hooded Man]]'' |4 November 2003 |[[Ivan Frederick]] |[[Abu Ghraib]], Iraq | |The photograph depicts Abdou Hussain Saad Faleh, an [[Abu Ghraib Prison|Abu Ghraib]] prisoner, being subjected to torture.<ref name="urZxv" /> |<ref name="LIFE100" group="s" /><ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /><ref name="cnn-photos" group="s" /> |- ||[[File:SaddamSpiderHole.jpg|border|frameless]] | ''[[Capture of Saddam Hussein]]'' |13 December 2003 |Unknown |[[Ad-Dawr]], Iraq | |Photo depicts Samir, a 34-year-old Iraqi-American military interpreter, capturing former Iraqi president Saddam Hussein. |<ref>{{cite web |title=Saddam Hussein Captured |url=https://www.famouspictures.org/saddam-hussein-captured/ |website=The Famous Pictures Collection |publisher=FamousPictures.org |date=May 13, 2013 |accessdate=December 28, 2025 |location=Adwar, Iraq (near Tikrit) }}</ref> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.marcusbleasdale.com/new-gallery/xkmh9vpp30pcmk22247v95ws62wljk View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Sakura Lisi'' |2004 |[[Marcus Bleasdale]] |[[Mongbwalu]], Ituri Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo | | |<ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200228051103/http://100photos.time.com/photos/tami-silicio-coffin-ban View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Coffin Ban'' |2004 |Tami Silicio |[[Kuwait International Airport]], [[Farwaniya Governorate]], Kuwait<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tribune |first=Chicago |date=2004-04-23 |title=Photo of GIs' caskets costs worker her job |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2004/04/23/photo-of-gis-caskets-costs-worker-her-job/ |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=Chicago Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> | | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/52018179 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Iraqi Girl'' |18 January 2005 |[[Chris Hondros]] |[[Tal Afar]], Iraq | | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://newsroom.ap.org/editorial-photos-videos/detail?itemid=9d36d0cc5af445c9a85a6a9c9d8df258&mediatype=photo View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Hurricane Katrina Evacuation'' |3 September 2005 |Eric Gay |[[New Orleans]], Louisiana, United States | | |<ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.fac.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Image-copyright-Reuters-Photography-by-Robert-Galbraith-WEB.jpg View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''[[Hurricane Katrina]]'' |4 September 2005 |Robert Galbraith |New Orleans, Louisiana, United States | | |<ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/53982266 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Hurricane Katrina'' |2005 |David Phillip |New Orleans, Louisiana, United States | | |<ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://todd-heisler.squarespace.com/final-salute View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Jim Comes Home'' |2005 |[[Todd Heisler]] |[[Aurora, Colorado|Aurora]], Colorado, United States<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sheeler |first=Jim |date=2005-11-11 |title=Final salute |url=https://digital.denverlibrary.org/digital/collection/p16079coll49/id/273 |access-date=2024-03-02 |work=[[Rocky Mountain News]] |pages=2}}</ref> | | |<ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/oded-balilty View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''The Power of One'' |1 February 2006 |[[Oded Balilty|Oded Bality]] |[[Amona, Mateh Binyamin|Amona]], West Bank |35 mm | |<ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.worldpressphoto.org/collection/photo-contest/2008/brent-stirton/1 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Gorilla in the Congo'' |July 2007 |[[Brent Stirton]] |[[Virunga National Park]], [[North Kivu]], Democratic Republic of the Congo<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Andreasson |first1=Karin |last2=Andreasson |first2=Interview by Karin |date=2015-10-22 |title=Brent Stirton's best photograph – Congo wildlife rangers carry a dead silverback |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/oct/22/brent-stirton-best-photograph-dead-silverback-gorilla-congo-virunga |access-date=2024-03-02 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> |35 mm | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.poy.org/65/08/ae02.php View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Memorial Day at Arlington National Cemetery'' |27 May 2007 |[[John Moore (photographer)|John Moore]] |[[Arlington County, Virginia|Arlington]], [[Virginia]], United States | | |<ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://newsroom.ap.org/editorial-photos-videos/detail?itemid=e14ec03d7bc146f188f9a8401abdf6b6&mediatype=photo View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Homecoming'' |2007 |Louie Favorite |[[Atlanta]], Georgia, United States | | |<ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/summer-olympics-underwater-view-of-usa-michael-phelps-and-news-photo/82470013 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Photo Finish'' |16 August 2008 |[[Heinz Kluetmeier]] |Beijing, China |35 mm | |<ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://newsroom.ap.org/editorial-photos-videos/detail?itemid=1edcd8ee262445d09a4dcea31b495064&mediatype=photo View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Married at Last'' |2008 |Marcio Sanchez |San Francisco, California, United States | | See [[Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon]] |<ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/83564607 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''The New First Family'' |2008 |Win McNamee |Chicago, Illinois, United States | | |<ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/june-26-09-at-new-journey-ministries-church-in-hawthorne-news-photo/566029635 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Funeral of Edwin Cobbin'' |2009 |Barbara Davidson |[[Hawthorne, California|Hawthorne]], California, United States | | |<ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |See article |''[[Diego Frazão Torquato]]'' |2009 |Marcos Tristao |[[Rio de Janeiro]], Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | | |<ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |[[File:United States President Barack Obama bends down to allow the son of a White House staff member to touch his head.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[Hair Like Mine]]'' |2009 |[[Pete Souza]] |Washington, D.C., United States | | |<ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200214133523/http://100photos.time.com/photos/death-of-neda View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''[[Killing of Neda Agha-Soltan|The Death of Neda]]'' |2009 |Unknown |[[Tehran]], Iran | | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /> |} ===2010s=== {| class="wikitable" !Fotografija !Izvorni naziv !Date !Photographer !Location !Format !Notes !Cited survey(s) |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140717162757/https://www.instagram.com/p/C/ View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''First Instagram Photo''{{Efn|Originally captioned "test".}} |16 July 2010 |[[Kevin Systrom]] |Mexico |Cell phone |Kevin Systrom (co-founder of [[Instagram]]), the [[BBC]], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', and [[Life (magazine)|''Life'' magazine]] claim the photograph to be the first shared on Instagram,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-09-25 |title=Instagram: The dog that launched a social media giant |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-45640386 |access-date=2024-03-07 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2015-10-06 |title=This is Instagram's first photo ever |url=https://time.com/4061227/instagram-first-photo/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |magazine=TIME |language=en}}</ref> however ''[[The Economic Times]]'' and ''[[The Guardian]]'' claim the first photograph posted to the social media to be a picture of San Francisco's [[South Beach (San Francisco)|South Beach]] harbor by [[Mike Krieger]], also co-founder.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cartner-Morley |first=Jess |date=2020-09-20 |title=Instagram at 10: how sharing photos has entertained us, upset us – and changed our sense of self |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/sep/20/instagram-at-10-how-sharing-photos-has-entertained-us-upset-us-and-changed-our-sense-of-self |access-date=2024-03-07 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=10 years of Instagram: Here are some interesting facts about the world's most loved photo-sharing app – Creators |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/10-years-of-instagram-here-are-some-interesting-facts-about-the-worlds-most-loved-photo-sharing-app/the-first-photo/slideshow/78486849.cms |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> ''Time'' later claimed the post of the harbor was the first shared.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2016-07-16 |title=Take a Look Back at Instagram's First Posts, Six Years Ago |url=https://time.com/4408374/instagram-anniversary/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |magazine=TIME |language=en}}</ref> |<ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Obama and Biden await updates on bin Laden.jpg|border|frameless]] |''[[Situation Room (photograph)|The Situation Room]]'' |1 May 2011 |Pete Souza |Washington, D.C., United States |35 mm |[[Barack Obama]] and his national security team, in the [[Situation Room|White House Situation Room]] during the [[killing of Osama bin Laden]] |<ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /><ref name="cnn-photos" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://u.afp.com/5fBx View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''9/11 Memorial'' |11 September 2011 |Justin Lane |New York City, United States | | |<ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://newsroom.ap.org/editorial-photos-videos/detail?itemid=ddf2476729a34b57a5c785965dbb7756&mediatype=photo View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Aida'' |12 March 2012 |[[Rodrigo Abd]] |[[Idlib]], Syria | | |<ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.reuters.com/resizer/v2/https%3A%2F%2Farchive-images.prod.global.a201836.reutersmedia.net%2F2012%2F12%2F19%2F2012-12-19T171105Z_02_GM1E8980LNH01_RTRRPP_0_FASHION-NEWYORK.JPG?auth=b1cda26ed1fc88087dd8ebcf29c6b7a3055e005c3d800abefc8ccf9406aef963&width=1920&quality=80 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Fashion Week'' |7 September 2012 |Lucas Jackson |New York City, United States | | |<ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://newsroom.ap.org/editorial-photos-videos/detail?itemid=851085a8d53243d09d661a8f31500cea&mediatype=photo View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Shootings as Routine'' |[[Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting|14 December 2012]] |Jessica Hill |[[Newtown, Connecticut|Newtown]], Connecticut, United States | |The photograph shows Carlee Soto using a phone to ask about her sister, [[Victoria Leigh Soto|Victoria Soto]], a teacher at the [[Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting|Sandy Hook Elementary School]], after gunman Adam Lanza opened fire on the school, killing 26, including Victoria.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hill |first=Jessica |date=December 14, 2012 |title=Shootings As Routine |url=https://newsroom.ap.org/editorial-photos-videos/detail?itemid=851085a8d53243d09d661a8f31500cea&mediatype=photo |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=newsroom.ap.org}}</ref> |<ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://time.com/5160171/newtown-sandy-hook-parkland-school-shootings/ View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Sandy Hook'' |14 December 2012 |Shannon Hicks |Newtown, Connecticut, United States | | |<ref name="life100" group="s" /><ref name="cnn-photos" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://u.afp.com/5fBe View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''China Social Suicide'' |27 February 2013 |Agence France-Presse |[[Wuhan]], Hubei, China | | |<ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200214135005/http://100photos.time.com/photos/david-guttenfelder-north-korea View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''North Korea'' |2013 |[[David Guttenfelder]] |[[Pyongyang]], North Korea | | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/police-officers-with-their-guns-drawn-hear-the-second-news-photo/166665581 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''[[Boston Marathon bombing|Boston Marathon Bombing]]'' |2013 |John Tlumacki |Boston, Massachusetts, United States | | |<ref name="cnn-photos" group="s" /><ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |See article |''[[Final Embrace]]'' |April 2013 |[[Taslima Akhter]] |[[Savar Upazila]], Bangladesh | | |<ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.worldpressphoto.org/collection/photo-contest/2014/tyler-hicks/1 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''[[Westgate shopping mall attack|Nairobi Mall Attack]]'' |21 September 2013 |[[Tyler Hicks]] |[[Nairobi]], Kenya | | |<ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |See article |''[[Oscar Selfie]]'' |2 March 2014 |[[Bradley Cooper]] |Los Angeles, California, United States |Cell phone |The photograph is a selfie taken at the [[86th Academy Awards|2014 Oscars]]. The image shows [[Ellen DeGeneres]], [[Meryl Streep]], [[Bradley Cooper]], [[Jennifer Lawrence]], [[Julia Roberts]], [[Kevin Spacey]], [[Channing Tatum]], [[Brad Pitt]], [[Angelina Jolie]], [[Lupita Nyong'o]], and her brother, Peter Nyong'o. |<ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/490187415 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Turkey Mine Blast'' |13 May 2014 |[[Bülent Kılıç]] |[[Soma, Manisa|Soma]], Manisa Province, Turkey | | |<ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |See article |''[[Death of Alan Kurdi|Alan Kurdi]]'' |2 September 2015 |[[Nilüfer Demir|Nilufer Demir]] |[[Bodrum]], [[Muğla Province]], Turkey |Unknown | |<ref name="time100" group="s" /><ref name="life100" group="s" /><ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/506234020 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Turkish Coast Guard Rescue'' |2016 |Emin Menguarslan |[[Aydın]], [[Aydın Province]], Turkey | | |<ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- | {{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2014/02/28/syria_aid_custom-4ebf37af7537c464cac5046821f3c2e0182b713c.jpg View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Yarmouk Refugees'' |26 January 2017 |[[UNRWA]] |[[Damascus]], Syria | | |<ref name="esquire-photos" group="s" /> |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.pitamitz.com/portfolio/G0000lDxMNeelAJM/I0000Vdoq0MycdqM View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Klimatske promjene'' |2018 |Sergio Pitamitz |[[Svalbard]], Norveška | |Fotografija prikazuje polarnog medveda kako stoji na ledenoj ploči koja se topi. |<ref name="life100" group="s" /> |} ===2020s=== {| class="wikitable" !Fotografija !Izvorni naziv !Date !Photographer !Location !Format !Subject !Cited survey(s) |- |{{External media|title=|topic=Pristup slici ograničen|image1=[https://www.anadoluimages.com/p/abdde-trump-destekcileri-polis-barikatini-asarak-kongre-binasina-girdi/21117766 View photograph]|width=220px|float=center}} |''Kapitol pod napadom'' |6 January 2021 |Tayfun Coşkun |Washington, D.C., SAD | |Napad na Kapitol 6. januara |<ref name="life100" group="s" /> |- |[[File:Last American Soldier leaves Afghanistan.jpg|border|frameless]] |''Van Afganistana'' |29. avgust 2021. |Alexander Burnett |[[Kabul]], Afganistan |telefon<ref>{{Cite web |last=Britzky |first=Haley |date=2021-10-25 |title=The inside story behind the photo of the last soldier to leave Afghanistan |url=https://taskandpurpose.com/military-life/army-photo-last-soldier-afghanistan-alex-burnett/ |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=Task & Purpose |language=en-US}}</ref> |Chris Donahue, zadnji američki vojnik koji napušta Afganistan prije pada Kabula |<ref name="life100" group="s" /> |} <!-- Do not add the "Donald Trump raised-fist photographs" here; see article talk page and its archives. Get consensus to add before adding --> ==See also== * [[List of most expensive photographs]] * ''[[100 Photographs that Changed the World]]'', 2003 book by the editors of ''Life'' * [[Fine-art photography]] * [[History of the camera]] * [[History of photography]] * [[Monkey selfie copyright dispute]] * [[Pulitzer Prize for Photography]] * [[Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography]] * [[Pulitzer Prize for Breaking News Photography]] * [[Timeline of first images of Earth from space]] * [[World Press Photo of the Year]] * [[List of notable media in the field of meteorology]] ==Notes== {{Notelist|colwidth=30em}} ==Sources== These surveys of the history of photography determine which images are included in the list. {{reflist|group=s|colwidth=30em|refs= <ref name="oxford-companion" group="s">{{Cite book| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0-19-866271-6| title = Oxford Companion to the Photograph| chapter = Chronology| access-date = 21 February 2020|editor-last=Lenman|editor-first=Robin| date = 2005| chapter-url = https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662716.001.0001/acref-9780198662716-miscMatter-0009| url-access = registration| url = https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_f1h1}}</ref> <ref name="LIFE100" group="s">{{Cite magazine| title = 100 photographs that changed the world| magazine = Life| access-date = 29 December 2024|url=https://digitaljournalist.org/issue0309/lm_index.html}}</ref> <ref name="time100" group="s">{{Cite magazine| title = 100 Photographs| magazine = Time| access-date = 21 February 2020|url=http://100photos.time.com/ |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219213527/http://100photos.time.com/|archive-date=2020-02-19}}</ref> <ref name="life100" group="s">{{Cite magazine| title = The 100 Most Important Photos Ever| magazine = Life| access-date = 3 January 2022|url=https://www.life.com/history/the-100-most-important-photos-ever/}}</ref> <ref name="the-atlantic" group="s">{{Cite web| title = What Was the Most Influential Photograph in History?| work = The Atlantic| date = 9 December 2017| access-date = 21 February 2020|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/01/what-was-the-most-influential-photograph-in-history/546596/}}</ref> <ref name="cnn-photos" group="s">{{Cite web| title = 25 of the most iconic photographs| work = CNN| date = September 27, 2016| access-date = 13 March 2024|url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/09/01/world/gallery/iconic-images/index.html}}</ref> <ref name="esquire-photos" group="s">{{Cite web| last = Griffin| first = Elizabeth| title = 50 of the World's Most Remarkable Photographs| work = Esquire| access-date = 21 February 2020| date = 28 March 2016|url=https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/news/gmp2689/most-powerful-photos/}}</ref> }} ==Additional references== {{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs= <ref name="oriel-window">{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/282004|title=[The Oriel Window, South Gallery, Lacock Abbey]|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|access-date=2020-02-23}}</ref> <ref name="fCzsh">{{cite web |url=http://www.digitaljournalist.org/issue0309/lm21.html | title = 100 Photographs that Changed the World | publisher = The Digital Journalist | access-date = 14 January 2012}}</ref> <ref name="5cK1y">{{Cite book| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0-19-284200-8| last = Clarke| first = Graham| title = The Photograph| location = Oxford; New York| date = 1997-05-08| page = [https://archive.org/details/photograph00clar/page/16 16]| url = https://archive.org/details/photograph00clar/page/16}}</ref> <ref name="viNVF">{{cite news |url=http://observer.com/2015/11/the-truth-behind-alfred-stieglitzs-iconic-photograph-the-steerage-revealed/ | title = Who Were They? The Truth Behind Stieglitz's Iconic Photograph 'The Steerage' Revealed | last1 = Arikoglu | first1 = Lale | date = 5 November 2015 | work = Observer | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211002937/http://observer.com/2015/11/the-truth-behind-alfred-stieglitzs-iconic-photograph-the-steerage-revealed/ | archive-date = 11 February 2017 | url-status = live}}</ref> <ref name="FXjma">{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/LIVING/12/02/dustbowl.photo/index.html | title = Girl from iconic Great Depression photo: 'We were ashamed' | date = 3 December 2008 | access-date = 4 December 2008 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081205000558/http://www.cnn.com/2008/LIVING/12/02/dustbowl.photo/index.html | archive-date = 5 December 2008 | url-status = live | publisher = CNN}}</ref> <ref name="OHQpm">{{cite news | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/3042469/Robert-Capa-faked-war-photo-new-evidence-produced.html | title = Robert Capa 'faked' war photo new evidence produced | last = Jamieson | first = Alastair | date = 21 September 2008 | work = [[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] | access-date = 26 July 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090605173542/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/3042469/Robert-Capa-faked-war-photo-new-evidence-produced.html | archive-date = 5 June 2009 | url-status = live | location = London | quote = Looking at the photos it is clear that it is not the heat of battle. It is likely the soldiers were carrying out an exercise either for Capa or themselves.}}</ref> <ref name="GgcMS">{{Cite web | url = http://100photos.time.com/photos/sam-shere-hindenburg-disaster | title = See The Photo That Forever Changed Air Travel | website = 100 Photographs &#124; The Most Influential Images of All Time | access-date = 30 July 2018 | archive-date = 23 July 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180723194727/http://100photos.time.com/photos/sam-shere-hindenburg-disaster | url-status = dead }}</ref> <ref name="fZUrY">{{cite magazine | date = 4 October 1937 | title = The Camera Overseas: 136,000,000 People See This Picture of Shanghai's South Station | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wkQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA102 | magazine = Life | publisher = Time, Inc. | volume = 3 | issue = 14 | pages = 102–103 | issn = 0024-3019}}</ref> <ref name="UQmtw">{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JtPHXBAJMVgC&pg=PA104 | title = Uncommon Valor, Common Virtue: Iwo Jima and the Photograph that Captured America | last = Buell | first = Hal | publisher = Berkeley Publishing Group/Penguin Group | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-0-425-20980-6 | location = Berkeley, California | pages = 104, 221 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140708143031/http://books.google.com/books?id=JtPHXBAJMVgC&pg=PA104 | archive-date = 8 July 2014 | url-status = live}}</ref> <ref name="ewEs8">{{cite magazine | url = http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,551972,00.html | title = The Art of Soviet Propaganda: Iconic Red Army Reichstag Photo Faked | last = Sontheimer | first = Michael | date = 5 July 2008 | magazine = [[Der Spiegel]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080913155744/http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0%2C1518%2C551972%2C00.html | archive-date = 13 September 2008 | url-status = live | access-date = 3 June 2011}}</ref> <ref name="V3ZBl">{{cite web | url = http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/sep/11/greta-zimmer-friedman-dies-kissed-sailor-world-war/ | title = Greta Zimmer Friedman dies; kissed sailor in World War II iconic photo | date = 11 September 2016 | website = The Washington Times | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160913164951/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/sep/11/greta-zimmer-friedman-dies-kissed-sailor-world-war/ | archive-date = 13 September 2016 | url-status = live | access-date = 14 September 2016}}</ref> <ref name="Ujbig">{{Cite web | url = http://100photos.time.com/photos/margaret-bourke-white-gandhi-spinning-wheel | title = How One Photo Turned Gandhi Into An Icon | website = 100 Photographs &#124; The Most Influential Images of All Time | access-date = 30 July 2018 | archive-date = 20 July 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180720204534/http://100photos.time.com/photos/margaret-bourke-white-gandhi-spinning-wheel | url-status = dead }}</ref> <ref name="XqRiZ">{{cite web | url = https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/photo51/anat-flash.html | title = Anatomy of Photo 51 | last = Krock | first = Lexi | work = NOVA online | publisher = [[PBS]] | date = 22 April 2003 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100729050654/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/photo51/anat-flash.html | archive-date = 29 July 2010}}</ref> <!--<ref name="FDr2n">{{cite news | url = https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2007/09/littlerock200709 | title = Through a Lens, Darkly | last1 = Margolick | first1 = David | date = September 2007 | work = The Hive | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170113134220/http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2007/09/littlerock200709 | archive-date = 13 January 2017 | url-status = live | language = en}}</ref> --> <ref name="tjD9l">[http://edition.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/books/05/05/argentina.che.photo/ Communists, Capitalists still buy into Iconic Che Photo, Author says] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604015606/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/books/05/05/argentina.che.photo/|date=4 June 2011}} by Brian Byrnes, ''[[CNN]]'', 5 May 2009</ref> <ref name="qMVjN">{{Cite web | url = http://100photos.time.com/photos/peter-leibing-leap-into-freedon | title = How A Photographer Captured The Line Between Freedom and Repression | website = 100 Photographs &#124; The Most Influential Images of All Time | access-date = 30 July 2018 | archive-date = 22 July 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180722072743/http://100photos.time.com/photos/peter-leibing-leap-into-freedon | url-status = dead }}</ref> <ref name="1Tsbw">{{cite news | url = http://www.abc.net.au/science/moon/earthrise.htm | title = The Earthrise Photograph | author = Rowell, Galen | work = ABC | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130826091444/http://www.abc.net.au/science/moon/earthrise.htm | archive-date = 26 August 2013 | url-status = live}}</ref> <ref name="ztz63">{{cite news | url = https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/oct/26/vietnam-wars-napalm-girl-kim-phuc-has-laser-treatment-to-heal-wounds | title = Vietnam war's 'napalm girl' Kim Phuc has laser treatment to heal wounds | date = 25 October 2015 | newspaper = [[The Guardian]] | access-date = 4 June 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160612151812/http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/oct/26/vietnam-wars-napalm-girl-kim-phuc-has-laser-treatment-to-heal-wounds | archive-date = 12 June 2016 | url-status = live | agency = [[Associated Press]]}}</ref> <!--<ref name="pI6Rq">{{cite news | url = https://www.cbsnews.com/news/tank-man-the-picture-that-almost-wasnt/ | title="Tank Man": The Picture That Almost Wasn't | last = Alfano | first = Sean | date = 4 June 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110609013341/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/06/02/world/main5057008.shtml | archive-date = 9 June 2011 | url-status = live | publisher = [[CBS News]]}}</ref> --> <ref name="Q0AnX">{{cite journal | last1 = Moskowitz | first1 = Clara | title = An Origin Story, How the Iconic Pillars of Creation Arose | url = https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-the-iconic-pillars-of-creation-arose/ | website = Scientific American | pages = 21 | language = en | doi = 10.1038/scientificamerican0914-21 | date = 1 September 2014 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160420172118/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-the-iconic-pillars-of-creation-arose/ | archive-date = 20 April 2016| url-access = subscription }}</ref> <ref name="urZxv">[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/06/18/AR2008061800336_2.html "Former detainee blames trauma on US captors"], [[The Washington Post]]; accessed 5 January 2019.</ref> <ref name="Windows From Inside">{{Cite web|url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co17291/windows-from-inside-south-gallery-lacock-abbey-photograph-paper-negative|title=Windows From Inside South Gallery, Lacock Abbey. 1937-361. Science Museum Group Collection Online.|website=Science Museum Group|language=en|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref> <ref name="birth of the daguerrotype">{{Cite news|last=Dhaliwal|first=Ranjit|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/picture/2013/jan/09/photography|title=The birth of the daguerrotype – picture of the day|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-02-23|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> <ref name="William Henry Fox Talbot">{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/289179|title=William Henry Fox Talbot {{!}} The Haystack|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref> <ref name="National Gallery of Canada">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gallery.ca/collection/artwork/the-haystack|title=William Henry Fox Talbot {{!}} The Haystack|website=National Gallery of Canada|language=en|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref> <ref name="Heilbrunn Timeline of Art">{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1976.645.1/|title=Brig on the Water|website=Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History|access-date=2020-03-16}}</ref> <ref name="Brig on the Water">{{Cite web|url=https://artmuseum.princeton.edu/collections/objects/15941|title=Brig on the Water|website=Princeton University Art Museum|language=en|access-date=2020-03-16}}</ref> <ref name="Gustave Le Gray">{{Cite web|url=https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/collections/works-in-focus/photography/commentaire_id/the-brig-23329.html?tx_commentaire_pi1%5BpidLi%5D=847&tx_commentaire_pi1%5Bfrom%5D=844&cHash=25c5a153d3|title=Gustave Le Gray, The Brig|website=Musée d'Orsay|access-date=2020-03-16}}</ref> <ref name="TheDeadBismarck"> {{Cite web |url=https://varioussmallfires.co.uk/2014/01/13/one-photograph-20-the-dead-bismarck-by-daniel-mcclean/ |title=One Photograph #20: The Dead Bismarck |author=Daniel McClean |website=Various Small Fires |date=2014-01-13 |access-date=2026-01-02 }} </ref> }} hn9xyy27b6ud9c6y563zt4zqk0cc3nn Eukariotski ribosom (80S) 0 531723 3849380 3836832 2026-05-26T03:46:21Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849380 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Slika:80S 2XZM 4A17 4A19.png|thumb|Prikaz [[kristalna struktura|kristalne structure]]: '''Eukariotski ribosom''': Podjedinica [[40S]] je lijevo, podjedinica [[60S]] desno. Jezgro ribosomske RNK ([[rRNK]]) je predstavljeno kao siva cijev, segmenti ekspanzije su prikazani crvenom bojom. Univerzalno konzervirani proteini su prikazani plavom bojom. Ovi proteini imaju homologe kod [[eukariot]]a, [[arheja]] i [[bakterija]]. Proteini koje dijele samo eukarioti i arheje prikazani su narandžastom bojom, a proteini specifični za eukariote prikazani su crvenom bojom. PDB identifikatori 4a17, 4A19, 2XZM poravnati su sa 3U5B, 3U5C, 3U5D, 3U5E]] [[Ribosomi]] su velika i složena molekularna mašina koja katalizira [[sinteza proteina|sintezu proteina]], poznatu kao [[Translacija (biologija)|translacija]]. Ribosom odabira aminoacilirane [[tRNK|transferne RNK]] (tRNK), na osnovu sekvence proteina koji kodira [[iRNK|informacijsku RNK]] (iRNK) i [[kovalentna veza|kovalentno povezuje]] [[aminokiseline]] u [[peptid|polipeptidni]] lanac. Ribosomi svih organizama dijele [[konzervirana sekvenca|visoko konzervirani]] [[peptidil-transferaza|katalitski centar]]. Međutim, ribosomi [[eukariot]]a ([[životinja]], [[biljke|biljaka]], [[gljiva]] i velikog broja jednoćelijskih [[organizam]]a, svi sa [[ćelijsko jedro|jedrom]]) su mnogo veći od [[prokarioti|prokariotskih]] ([[bakterija]]l i [[arheja]]l) ribosoma i podložni su složenijoj regulaciji i putevima [[biogeneza|biogeneze]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.microbiologyprocedure.com/ribosomes/difference-between-70S-and-80S-ribosomes.htm |title=Difference Between 70S Ribosomes and 80S Ribosomes, RNA, Micromolecules |publisher=www.microbiologyprocedure.com |access-date=6. 8. 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905232545/http://www.microbiologyprocedure.com/ribosomes/difference-between-70S-and-80S-ribosomes.htm |archive-date=5. 9. 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.microbiologyprocedure.com/ribosomes/80S-ribosomes.htm |title=80S Ribosomes, Eukaryotic Ribosomes, Prokaryotic Ribosomes, Nucleic Acids, Sedimentation Coefficient |publisher=www.microbiologyprocedure.com |access-date=6. 8. 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090623063232/http://www.microbiologyprocedure.com/ribosomes/80S-ribosomes.htm |archive-date=23. 6. 2009 }}</ref> '''Eukariotski ribosomi''' su također poznati kao '''80S''' ribosomi, što se odnosi na njihove [[koeficijent sedimentacije]] u [[Svedberg|Svedberg jedinicama]], jer se sedimentiraju brže od prokariotskih ([[70S]]) ribosoma. Eukariotski ribosomi imaju dvije nejednake podjedinice, označene kao [[eukariotska mala ribosomska podjedinica (40S)|mala podjedinica]] (40S) i [[eukariotska velika ribosomska podjedinica (60S)|velika podjedinica]] (60S) prema njihovim koeficijentima sedimentacije. Obje podjedinice sadrže desetine [[ribosomski protein|ribosomskih proteina]] raspoređenih na skeli sastavljenoj od [[ribosomska RNK|ribosomske RNK]] (rRNK). Mala podjedinica prati [[komplementarnost (molekularna biologija)|komplementarnost]] između tRNK [[antikodon]]a i iRNK, dok velika podjedinica katalizira formiranje [[peptidne veze]]. ==Sastav== U poređenju sa svojim prokariotskim homolozima, mnogi eukariotski ribosomski proteini su uvećani insercijama ili ekstenzijama u konzervirano jezgro. Nadalje, nekoliko dodatnih proteina se nalazi u malim i velikim podjedinicama eukariotskih ribosoma, koje nemaju prokariotske homologe. Podjedinica 40S sadrži [[18S ribosomsku RNK]] (skraćeno 18S rRNA), koja je homologna prokariotskoj [[16S ribosomsku RNK|16S rRNA]]. Podjedinica 60S sadrži 28S rRNA koja je homologna prokariotskoj [[23S ribosomsku RNK]]. Osim toga, sadrži 5.8S rRNA koja odgovara 5' kraju 23S rRNA i kratku 5S rRNA. I 18S i 28S imaju višestruke insercije u nabor jezgra rRNA svojih prokariotskih pandana, koje se nazivaju ekspanzijski segmenti. Za detaljan popis proteina, uključujući arhealne i bakterijske homologe, molimo pogledajte odvojene članke o podjedinicama [[40S]] i [[60S]]. Nedavna istraživanja ukazuju na heterogenost u sastavu [[ribosom]]a, tj. da [[stehiometrija]] među osnovnim ribosomskim proteinima u divljim [[vrsta]]ma [[kvasci|kvasnih ćelija]] i embrionskim [[matične ćelije|matičnim ćelijama]] zavisi i od uslova rasta i od broja ribosoma vezanih po iRNK.<ref name="SlavovSemrau2015">{{cite journal|last1=Slavov|first1=Nikolai|last2=Semrau|first|last3=Airoldi|first3=Edoardo|last4=Budnik|first4=Bogdan|last5=van Oudenaarden|first5=Alexander|title=Differential Stoichiometry among Core Ribosomal Proteins|journal=Cell Reports|volume=13|issue=5|year=2015|pages=865–873|issn=2211-1247|doi=10.1016/j.celrep.2015.09.056|pmid=26565899|pmc=4644233}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left" ! ! ! [[Eukariot]]ski<ref name="ribostat">Values are based on the ribosomes of ''Tetrahymena thermophila'' (PDB: 4V8P) and ''Thermus thermophilus'' (PDB: 4V5D). The exact size, weight and number of proteins varies from organism to organism.</ref> ! [[bakterije|Bakterijski]]<ref name="ribostat" /> |- ! rowspan="3" | [[Ribosom]] | Koeficijent sedimentacije | 80 S | 70 S |- | [[Molekularna masa]] | ~3,2 miliona [[jedinica atomske mase|Da]] | ~2,0 miliona Da |- | [[Prečnik]] | ~250–300 [[Angstrom|Å]] | ~200 Å |- ! rowspan="4" | Velika podjedinica | Koeficijent sedimentacije | 60 S | 50 S |- | Molekularna masa | ~2,0 miliona Da | ~1,3 miliona Da |- | Proteini | 46 | 33 |- |- | [[rRNK]] | *25/28 S rRNK (3354 [[nukleotid]]a) *5 S rRNK (120 nukleotida) *5,8 S rRNK (154 nukleotida) | * 23S rRNK (2839 nukleotida) * 5S rRNK (122 nukleotida) |- ! rowspan="4" | Mala podjedinica | Koeficijent sedimentacije | 40 S | 30 S |- | Molekularna masa | ~1,2 miliona Da | ~0,7 miliona Da |- | Proteini | 33 | 20 |- |- | rRNK | *18S rRNK (1753 nukleotida) | *16S [[rRNK]] (1504 nukleotida) |- |} ==Određivanje strukture== Početne strukture eukariotskih ribosoma određene su [[elektronski mikroskop|elektronskom mikroskopijom]]. Prve 3D strukture dobijene su pri rezoluciji od 30–40 Å za [[kvasac|kvaščeve]]<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Verschoor | first1 = A | last2 = Warner | first2 = JR | last3 = Srivastava | first3 = S | last4 = Grassucci | first4 = RA | last5 = Frank | first5 = J | date = Jan 1998 | title = Three-dimensional structure of the yeast ribosome | journal = Nucleic Acids Res. | volume = 26 | issue = 2| pages = 655–661 | pmid = 9421530 | doi=10.1093/nar/26.2.655 | pmc=147289}}</ref> I [[sisar]]ske ribosome.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Verschoor | first1 = A | last2 = Frank | first2 = J | date = Aug 1990 | title = Three-dimensional structure of the mammalian cytoplasmic ribosome | journal = J Mol Biol | volume = 214 | issue = 3| pages = 737–749 | doi = 10.1016/0022-2836(90)90289-X | pmid = 2388265 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 9551559 | volume=6 | issue=3 | title=The 80S rat liver ribosome at 25 A resolution by electron cryomicroscopy and angular reconstitution. | date=Mar 1998 | journal=Structure | pages=389–399 | doi=10.1016/s0969-2126(98)00040-9 | last1 = Dube | first1 = P | last2 = Wieske | first2 = M | last3 = Stark | first3 = H | last4 = Schatz | first4 = M | last5 = Stahl | first5 = J | last6 = Zemlin | first6 = F | last7 = Lutsch | first7 = G | last8 = van Heel | first8 = M| doi-access = free }}</ref> Strukture veće rezolucije ribosoma kvasca pomoću [[krioelektronski mikroskop|krioelektronske mikroskopija]] omogućile su identifikaciju strukturnih elemenata proteina i RNK.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 11701127 | volume=107 | issue=3 | title=Structure of the 80S ribosome from Saccharomyces cerevisiae--tRNA-ribosome and subunit-subunit interactions. | date=Nov 2001 | journal=Cell | pages=373–386 | doi=10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00539-6 | last1 = Spahn | first1 = CM | last2 = Beckmann | first2 = R | last3 = Eswar | first3 = N | last4 = Penczek | first4 = PA | last5 = Sali | first5 = A | last6 = Blobel | first6 = G | last7 = Frank | first7 = J| doi-access = free }}</ref> Zatim su dobijene strukture sa subnanometarskom rezolucijom za komplekse ribosoma i faktora uključenih u translaciju.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Halic | first1 = M | last2 = Gartmann | first2 = M | last3 = Schlenker | first3 = O | last4 = Mielke | first4 = T | last5 = Pool | first5 = MR | last6 = Sinning | first6 = I | last7 = Beckmann | first7 = R | date = maj 2006 | title = Signal recognition particle receptor exposes the ribosomal translocon binding site | url = http://edoc.mpg.de/307710| journal = Science | volume = 312 | issue = 5774| pages = 745–747 | doi = 10.1126/science.1124864 | pmid = 16675701 | bibcode = 2006Sci...312..745H | hdl = 11858/00-001M-0000-0010-842E-9 | s2cid = 7237420 | hdl-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Becker | first1 = T | last2 = Bhushan | first2 = S | last3 = Jarasch | first3 = A | last4 = Armache | first4 = JP | last5 = Funes | first5 = S | last6 = Jossinet | first6 = F | last7 = Gumbart | first7 = J | last8 = Mielke | first8 = T | last9 = Berninghausen | first9 = O | last10 = Schulten | first10 = K | last11 = Westhof | first11 = E | last12 = Gilmore | first12 = R | last13 = Mandon | first13 = EC | last14 = Beckmann | first14 = R | date = Dec 2009 | title = Structure of monomeric yeast and mammalian Sec61 complexes interacting with the translating ribosome | journal = Science | volume = 326 | issue = 5958| pages = 1369–1373 | doi = 10.1126/science.1178535 | pmid = 19933108 | pmc=2920595| bibcode = 2009Sci...326.1369B }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Schüler | first1 = M | last2 = Connell | first2 = SR | last3 = Lescoute | first3 = A | last4 = Giesebrecht | first4 = J | last5 = Dabrowski | first5 = M | last6 = Schroeer | first6 = B | last7 = Mielke | first7 = T | last8 = Penczek | first8 = PA | last9 = Westhof | first9 = E | last10 = Spahn | first10 = CM | date = Dec 2006 | title = Structure of the ribosome-bound cricket paralysis virus IRES RNA | url = http://edoc.mpg.de/312991| journal = Nat Struct Mol Biol | volume = 13 | issue = 12| pages = 1092–1096 | doi = 10.1038/nsmb1177 | pmid = 17115051 | hdl = 11858/00-001M-0000-0010-8321-7 | s2cid = 8243970 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> Nakon određivanja prve [[bakterije|bakterijske]] <ref name="Clemons">{{cite journal | last1 = Clemons | first1 = WM Jr | last2 = May | first2 = JL | last3 = Wimberly | first3 = BT | last4 = McCutcheon | first4 = JP | last5 = Capel | first5 = MS | last6 = Ramakrishnan | first6 = V | date = Aug 1999 | title = Structure of a bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit at 5.5 A resolution | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1999-08-26_400_6747/page/832 | journal = Nature | volume = 400 | issue = 6747| pages = 833–840 | doi = 10.1038/23631 | pmid = 10476960 | bibcode = 1999Natur.400..833C | s2cid = 14808559 }}</ref><ref name="Cate">{{cite journal | pmid = 10497122 | volume=285 | issue=5436 | title=X-ray crystal structures of 70S ribosome functional complexes. | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1999-09-24_285_5436/page/n75 | date=Sep 1999 | journal=Science | pages=2095–2104 | doi=10.1126/science.285.5436.2095 | last1 = Cate | first1 = JH | last2 = Yusupov | first2 = MM | last3 = Yusupova | first3 = GZ | last4 = Earnest | first4 = TN | last5 = Noller | first5 = HF}}</ref><ref name="Yusupov">{{cite journal | last1 = Yusupov | first1 = MM | last2 = Yusupova | first2 = GZ | last3 = Baucom | first3 = A | last4 = Lieberman | first4 = K | last5 = Earnest | first5 = TN | last6 = Cate | first6 = JH | last7 = Noller | first7 = HF | s2cid = 39505192 | date = maj 2001 | title = Crystal structure of the ribosome at 5.5 A resolution | journal = Science | volume = 292 | issue = 5518| pages = 883–896 | doi = 10.1126/science.1060089 | pmid = 11283358 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2001Sci...292..883Y }}</ref> i [[Arheje|arhejske]]<ref name="Ban">{{cite journal | last1 = Ban | first1 = N | last2 = Nissen | first2 = P | last3 = Hansen | first3 = J | last4 = Moore | first4 = PB | last5 = Steitz | first5 = TA | s2cid = 14056415 | date = Aug 2000 | title = The complete atomic structure of the large ribosomal subunit at 2.4 A resolution | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2000-08-11_289_5481/page/904 | journal = Science | volume = 289 | issue = 5481| pages = 905–920 | doi = 10.1126/science.289.5481.905 | pmid = 10937989 | bibcode = 2000Sci...289..905B }}</ref> strukture ribosoma pri atomskoj rezoluciji 1990-ih, trebalo je još jedno desetljeće dok 2011. godine nisu dobivene strukture visoke rezolucije eukariotskih ribosoma pomoću [[rendgenska kristalografija|rendgenske kristalografije]], uglavnom zbog poteškoća u [[kristalizacija proteina|dobivanju kristala dovoljnog kvaliteta]].<ref name="Rabl">{{cite journal | last1 = Rabl | first1 = J | last2 = Leibundgut | first2 = M | last3 = Ataide | first3 = SF | last4 = Haag | first4 = A | last5 = Ban | first5 = N | date = Feb 2011 | title = Crystal structure of the eukaryotic 40S ribosomal subunit in complex with initiation factor 1 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2011-02-11_331_6018/page/730 | journal = Science | volume = 331 | issue = 6018| pages = 730–736 | doi = 10.1126/science.1198308 | pmid = 21205638 | bibcode = 2011Sci...331..730R | hdl = 20.500.11850/153130 | s2cid = 24771575 | hdl-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Klinge">{{cite journal | last1 = Klinge | first1 = S | last2 = Voigts-Hoffmann | first2 = F | last3 = Leibundgut | first3 = M | last4 = Arpagaus | first4 = S | last5 = Ban | first5 = N | s2cid = 206536444 | date = Nov 2011 | title = Crystal structure of the eukaryotic 60S ribosomal subunit in complex with initiation factor 6 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2011-11-18_334_6058/page/940 | journal = Science | volume = 334 | issue = 6058| pages = 941–948 | doi = 10.1126/science.1211204 | pmid = 22052974 | bibcode = 2011Sci...334..941K }}</ref><ref name="Ben-Shem_2011">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ben-Shem A, Garreau de Loubresse N, Melnikov S, Jenner L, Yusupova G, Yusupov M |title= The structure of the eukaryotic ribosome at 3.0 Å resolution. |journal=Science |volume=334|issue=6062|pages= 1524–1529|date=februar 2011 |doi= 10.1126/science.1212642|pmid= 22096102|bibcode= 2011Sci...334.1524B |s2cid= 9099683 |doi-access= free }}</ref> Kompletna struktura eukariotske 40S ribosomske strukture kod ''[[Tetrahymena thermophila]]'' objavljena je i opisana, kao i mnogo toga o interakciji 40S podjedinice sa [[eIF1]] tokom inicijacije translacije.<ref name="Rabl"/> Struktura eukariotske podjedinice 60S je također određena iz ''T. thermophila'' u kompleksu sa [[eIF6]].<ref name="Klinge"/> Kompletna struktura eukariotske 80S ribosomske strukture iz kvasca ''[[Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]'' dobijena je kristalografijom pri rezoluciji od 3,0 Å.<ref name="Ben-Shem_2011"/> Ove strukture otkrivaju preciznu arhitekturu eukariotski specifičnih elemenata, njihovu interakciju sa univerzalno konzerviranim jedrom i sve eukariotski specifične mostove između dvije ribosomske podjedinice. Atomske koordinate [[proteinska banka podataka (format datoteke)|(PDB datoteke)]] i [[faktor strukture]] eukariotskog ribosoma su deponovani u [[proteinska banka podataka|proteinsku banku podataka (PDB)]] pod sljedećim pristupnim kodovima: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Kompleks !Izvorni organizam !Rezolucija ![[PDB]] identifikator<ref>Zbog ograničenja veličine, strukture ribosoma su često podijeljene u nekoliko koordinatnih datoteka</ref> |- | 80S:Stm1 | ''[[S. cerevisiae]]'' | 3,0 Å | *[http://www.pdb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=3U5B 3U5B na www.PDB.org]{{Mrtav link}} *[http://www.pdb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=3U5C 3U5C na www.PDB.org]{{Mrtav link}} *[http://www.pdb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=3U5D 3U5D na www.PDB.org]{{Mrtav link}} *[http://www.pdb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=3U5E 3U5E na www.PDB.org]{{Mrtav link}} |- | 40S:eIF1 | ''T. thermophila'' | 3,9 Å | *[http://www.pdb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=2xzm 2XZM na www.PDB.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826172535/http://www.pdb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=2XZM |date=26. 8. 2014 }} |- |- | 60S:eIF6 | ''[[Tetrahimena|T. thermophila]]'' | 3,5 Å | *[http://www.pdb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=4a17 4A17 na www.PDB.org]{{Mrtav link}} *[http://www.pdb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=4a19 4A19 na www.PDB.org]{{Mrtav link}} |- |} ==Arhitektura== ===Opće karakteristike=== Neke opšte arhitektonske karakteristike ribosoma su očuvane u svim [[carstvo (biologija)|carstvima]]:<ref name="Melnikov">{{cite journal | last1 = Melnikov | first1 = S | last2 = Ben-Shem | first2 = A | last3 = Garreau | last4 = de Loubresse | first4 = N | last5 = Jenner | first5 = L | last6 = Yusupova | first6 = G | last7 = Yusupov | first7 = M | date = Jun 2012 | title = One core, two shells: bacterial and eukaryotic ribosomes | journal = Nat Struct Mol Biol | volume = 19 | issue = 6| pages = 560–567 | doi = 10.1038/nsmb.2313 | pmid = 22664983 | s2cid = 6267832 }}</ref> Struktura male podjedinice može se podijeliti na dva velika segmenta, glavu i tijelo. Karakteristične osobine tijela uključuju lijevo i desno stopalo, rame i platformu. Glava ima šiljastu izbočinu koja podsjeća na ptičji kljun. U karakterističnom "izgledu krune" velike podjedinice, strukturne znamenitosti uključuju centralnu izbočinu, L1- i P-peteljiku.<ref name="TIBS">{{cite journal | last1 = Klinge | first1 = S | last2 = Voigts-Hoffmann | first2 = F | last3 = Leibundgut | first3 = M | last4 = Ban | first4 = N | date = maj 2012 | title = Atomic structures of the eukaryotic ribosome | journal = Trends Biochem Sci | volume = 37 | issue = 5| pages = 189–198 | doi = 10.1016/j.tibs.2012.02.007 | pmid = 22436288 }}</ref><ref name="Jenner">{{cite journal | last1 = Jenner | first1 = L | last2 = Melnikov | first2 = S | last3 = de Loubresse | first3 = NG | last4 = Ben-Shem | first4 = A | last5 = Iskakova | first5 = M | last6 = Urzhumtsev | first6 = A | last7 = Meskauskas | first7 = A | last8 = Dinman | first8 = J | last9 = Yusupova | first9 = G | last10 = Yusupov | first10 = M | date = Dec 2012 | title = Crystal structure of the 80S yeast ribosome | journal = Curr Opin Struct Biol | volume = 22 | issue = 6| pages = 759–767 | doi = 10.1016/j.sbi.2012.07.013 | pmid = 22884264 }}</ref> Većina eukariotski specifičnih RNK i proteinskih elemenata nalazi se na stranama 40S <ref name="Rabl" /> i 60S<ref name="Klinge" /> podjedinica izloženim rastvaraču. Interfejs podjedinica, kao i važne funkcionalne regije poput centra peptidil transferaze i mjesta dekodiranja, uglavnom su očuvane, s nekim razlikama uočenim u okolnim regijama. Za razliku od prokariotskih ribosomskih proteina, koji primarno interaguju s RNK, eukariotski specifični proteinski segmenti sudjeluju u mnoštvu [[interakcija protein-protein]]. Interakcije na velike udaljenosti posredovane su eukariotski specifičnim [[Alfa-heliks|heliksnim]] produžecima ribosomskih proteina i nekoliko eukariotskih ribosomskih proteina zajedno formirajući interproteinske [[beta-list]]ove. {{Gallery |title= [[Kristalne strukture]] eukariotskih ribosomskih podjedinica iz ''T. thermophila''''T. thermophila'' |width=300 |height=300 |align=center |Slika:40S_interface_2XZM.png|Podjedinica [[40S]], gledana sa strane interfejsa podjedinice, [[PDB]] identifikator 2XZM |Slika:40S_solvent_2XZM.png| Podjedinica [[40S]], gledana sa strane izložene rastvaraču, PDB identifikator 2XZM |Slika:60S_interface_4A17_4A19.png|Podjedinica [[60S]], gledana sa strane interfejsa podjedinice, PDB identifikatori 4A17, 4A19 |Slika:60S_solvent_4A17_4A19.png|Podjedinica [[60S]], gledana sa strane izložene rastvaraču, PDB identifikatori 4A17, 4A19 }} Jezgro ribosomske RNK predstavljeno je kao siva cijev, ekspanzijski segmenti su prikazani crvenom bojom. Univerzalno konzervirani proteini prikazani su plavom bojom. Ovi proteini imaju homologe kod [[eukariot]]a, [[arheja]] i [[bakterija]]. Proteini koje dijele samo eukarioti i arheje prikazani su narandžastom bojom, a proteini specifični za eukariote prikazani su crvenom bojom. ===[[Koevolucija]] rRNK i proteina=== Struktura 40S podjedinice otkrila je da se proteini specifični za eukariote (rpS7, rpS10, rpS12 i RACK1), kao i brojni eukariotski specifični ekstenzije proteina, nalaze na strani male podjedinice izloženoj [[rastvarač]]u.<ref name="Rabl"/> Ovdje oni učestvuju u stabilizaciji ekspanzijskih segmenata [[rRNK]]. Štaviše, kljun 40S podjedinice je remodeliran, jer je rRNK zamijenjena proteinima rpS10 i rpS12.<ref name="Rabl"/> Kao što je uočeno za 40S podjedinicu, svi eukariotski specifični proteini 60S podjedinice (RPL6, RPL22, RPL27, RPL28, RPL29 i RPL36) i mnogi ekstenzije nalaze se na strani izloženoj rastvaraču, formirajući složenu mrežu interakcija sa eukariotski specifičnim segmentima RNK ekspanzije. RPL6, RPL27 i RPL29 posreduju u kontaktima između ES setova ES7–ES39, ES31–ES20–ES26, odnosno ES9–ES12, i RPL28 stabiliziranog ekspanzionog segmenta ES7A.<ref name="Klinge"/> ===Ubikvitinski fuzijski proteini=== Kod eukariota, protein male podjedinice [[RPS27A|RPS27A (ili eS31)]] i protein velike podjedinice [[ostatak ubikvitina A-52 ribosomskpg fuzijskog produkta proteina 1|RPL40 (ili eL40)]] su obrađeni polipeptidi, koji se prevode kao [[fuzijski proteini]] koji nose N-terminalni [[ubikvitin]]skog [[proteinski domen|domena]]. Oba proteina se nalaze pored važnih funkcionalnih centara ribosoma: necijepani ubikvitinski domeni eS31) i eL40 bili bi pozicionirani na mjestu dekodiranja i blizu mjesta vezivanja, odnosno faktora translacije. Ovi stavovi ukazuju na to da je [[proteoliza|proteolitsko]] cijepanje bitan korak u proizvodnji funkcionalnih ribosoma.<ref name="Rabl"/><ref name="Klinge"/> Zaista, mutacije linkera između jezgra eS31 i ubikvitinskog domena su letalne kod [[kvasac]]a.<ref name="Lacombe">{{cite journal | last1 = Lacombe | first1 = T | last2 = García-Gómez | first2 = JJ | last3 = de la Cruz | first3 = J | last4 = Roser | first4 = D | last5 = Hurt | first5 = E | last6 = Linder | first6 = P | last7 = Kressler | first7 = D | s2cid = 33924290 | date = Apr 2009 | title = Linear ubiquitin fusion to Rps31 and its subsequent cleavage are required for the efficient production and functional integrity of 40S ribosomal subunits | journal = Mol Microbiol | volume = 72 | issue = 1| pages = 69–84 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06622.x | pmid = 19210616 | doi-access = }}</ref> ===Aktivno mjesto=== Poređenja između bakterijskih, arhejskih i eukariotskih ribosomskih struktura otkrivaju vrlo visok stepen [[konzervirana sekvenca|konzerviranosti]] u području [[aktivno mjesto|aktivnog mjesta]] — centra [[peptidil-transferaza|peptidil-transferaze]] (PTC). Nijedan od proteinskih elemenata specifičnih za eukariote nije dovoljno blizu da bi direktno učestvovao u katalizi.<ref name="Klinge"/> Međutim, RPL29 se projicira unutar 18 Å aktivnog mjesta kod ''T. thermophila'', a eukariotski specifični ekstenzije međusobno povezuju nekoliko proteina u blizini podjedinice 60S PTC-a,<ref name="Klinge"/><ref name="TIBS"/> dok su odgovarajući 50S proteini singularni entiteti.<ref name="Ban"/> ===Međupodjedinični mostovi=== Kontakti preko dvije ribosomske podjedinice poznati su kao međupodjedinični mostovi. U eukariotskom ribosomu, dodatne kontakte ostvaruju 60S ekspanzijski segmenti i proteini.<ref name="Ben-Shem">{{cite journal | last1 = Ben-Shem | first1 = A | last2 = Garreau | last3 = de Loubresse | first3 = N | last4 = Melnikov | first4 = S | last5 = Jenner | first5 = L | last6 = Yusupova | first6 = G | last7 = Yusupov | first7 = M | s2cid = 9099683 | date = Dec 2011 | title = The structure of the eukaryotic ribosome at 3.0 Ã resolution | journal = Science | volume = 334 | issue = 6062| pages = 1524–1529 | doi = 10.1126/science.1212642 | pmid = 22096102 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2011Sci...334.1524B }}</ref> Konkretno, [[C-terminal]]ni nastavak 60S proteina RPL19 interraguje sa ES6E 40S [[rRNK]], a C-terminalni nastavak 60S proteina RPL24 interraguje sa 40S rpS6 i rRNK heliksom h10. Štaviše, ekspanzijski segmenti 60S ES31 i ES41 interraguju sa rpS3A(S1) i rpS8 40S podjedinice, a osnovni peptid RPL41 od 25 [[aminokiselina]] pozicioniran je na granici podjedinice u 80S ribosomu, interragujući sa rRNK elementima obje podjedinice.<ref name="TIBS"/><ref name="Ben-Shem"/> ===Ribosomski proteini s ulogama u signalizaciji=== Dva 40S ribosomska proteina ([[RACK1]] i [[RPS6|RPS6 (ili eS6)]]) su uključena u [[ćelijska signalizacija|ćelijsku signalizaciju]]: RACK1, prvi put opisan kao receptor [[Protein-kinaza C|aktivirane protein kinaze C (PKC)]], sastavni je dio eukariotskog ribosoma i nalazi se na stražnjem dijelu glave.<ref name="Rabl"/> Može direktno povezivati puteve prenosa signala sa ribosomom, iako također ima ulogu u višestrukim translacijski procesi koji izgledaju nepovezano (pregledano u <ref name="Nilsson">{{cite journal | last1 = Nilsson | first1 = J | last2 = Sengupta | first2 = J | last3 = Frank | first3 = J | last4 = Nissen | first4 = P | date = Dec 2004 | title = Regulation of eukaryotic translation by the RACK1 protein: a platform for signalling molecules on the ribosome | journal = EMBO Rep | volume = 5 | issue = 12| pages = 1137–1141 | doi=10.1038/sj.embor.7400291| pmid = 15577927 | pmc = 1299186 }}</ref>). Ribosomski protein eS6 nalazi se na desnom dnu podjedinice 40S <ref name="Rabl"/> i [[fosforilacija|fosforilira]] se kao odgovor na [[cilj rapamicina kod sisara|cilj rapamicina kod sisara (mTOR)]].<ref name="Palm">{{cite journal | pmid = 7890730 | volume=270 | issue=11 | title=The phosphorylated ribosomal protein S7 in Tetrahymena is homologous with mammalian S4 and the phosphorylated residues are located in the C-terminal region. Structural characterization of proteins separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-biological-chemistry_1995-03-17_270_11/page/6000 | date=Mar 1995 | journal=J Biol Chem | pages=6000–6005 | doi=10.1074/jbc.270.11.6000 | last1 = Palm | first1 = L | last2 = Andersen | first2 = J | last3 = Rahbek-Nielsen | first3 = H | last4 = Hansen | first4 = TS | last5 = Kristiansen | first5 = K | last6 = Højrup | first6 = P| doi-access = free }}</ref> ==Funkcionalni aspekti== ===Inicijacija translacije=== [[Sinteza proteina]] je prvenstveno regulisana u fazi [[Eukariotska translacija|inicijacije translacije]]. Kod eukariota, kanonski put inicijacije zahtijeva najmanje 12 proteinskih [[Eukariotski faktor inicijacije|faktora inicijacije]], od kojih su neki i sami veliki kompleksi.<ref name="Hinnebusch">{{cite journal | last1 = Hinnebusch | first1 = AG | last2 = Lorsch | first2 = JR | date = Oct 2012 | title = The mechanism of eukaryotic translation initiation: new insights and challenges | journal = Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol | volume = 4 | issue = 10| doi = 10.1101/cshperspect.a011544 | pmid = 22815232 | pmc=3475172}}</ref> Strukture kompleksa 40S:eIF1 <ref name="Rabl"/> i 60S:eIF6 <ref name="Klinge"/> pružaju prvi detaljan uvid u atomske interakcije između eukariotskog ribosoma i regulatornih faktora. eIF1 je uključen u selekciju [[startni kodon|početnog kodona]], a eIF6 sterički sprječava spajanje podjedinica. Međutim, strukturne informacije o eukariotskim faktorima inicijacije i njihovim interakcijama s ribosomom su ograničene i uglavnom potiču iz homolognih modela ili analiza niske rezolucije.<ref name="COSB">{{cite journal | last1 = Voigts-Hoffmann | first1 = F | last2 = Klinge | first2 = S | last3 = Ban | first3 = N | date = Dec 2012 | title = Structural insights into eukaryotic ribosomes and the initiation of translation | journal = Curr Opin Struct Biol | volume = 22 | issue = 6| pages = 768–777 | doi = 10.1016/j.sbi.2012.07.010 | pmid = 22889726 }}</ref> Razjašnjenje interakcija između eukariotskog ribosoma i inicijacijskih faktora na atomskom nivou je ključno za mehanističko razumijevanje regulatornih procesa, ali predstavlja značajan tehnički izazov zbog inherentne dinamike i fleksibilnosti inicijacijskih kompleksa. Prva struktura sisarskog preinicijacijskog kompleksa urađena je krioelektronskom mikroskopijom.<ref name="Hashem">{{cite journal | last1 = Hashem | first1 = Y. | last2 = Georges | first2 = A. | last3 = Dhote | first3 = V. | last4 = Langlois | first4 = R. | last5 = Liao | first5 = H. Y. | last6 = Grassucci | first6 = R. A. | last7 = Frank | first7 = J. | year = 2013 | title = Structure of the mammalian ribosomal 43S preinitiation complex bound to the scanning factor DHX29 | journal = Cell | volume = 153 | issue = 5| pages = 1108–1119 | doi=10.1016/j.cell.2013.04.036| pmid = 23706745 | pmc = 3730827 }}</ref> Ubrzo su uslijedile i druge strukture inicijacijskih kompleksa, potaknute tehničkim poboljšanjima krio-EM tehnologije.<ref name="Hashemb">Hashem, Y., Des Georges, A., Dhote, V., Langlois, R., Liao, H. Y., Grassucci, R. A., ... & Frank, J. (2013). Hepatitis-C-virus-like internal ribosome entry sites displace eIF3 to gain access to the 40S subunit. [[Nature]].</ref><ref name="Fernandez">{{cite journal | last1 = Fernández | first1 = I. S. | last2 = Bai | first2 = X. C. | last3 = Hussain | first3 = T. | last4 = Kelley | first4 = A. C. | last5 = Lorsch | first5 = J. R. | last6 = Ramakrishnan | first6 = V. | last7 = Scheres | first7 = S. H. | author-link7=Sjors Scheres | year = 2013 | title = Molecular architecture of a eukaryotic translational initiation complex | journal = Science | volume = 342 | issue = 6160| doi=10.1126/science.1240585| pmid = 24200810 | pmc = 3836175 }}</ref> Te strukture će pomoći u boljem razumijevanju procesa inicijacije translacije kod eukariota. ===Regulatorne uloge ribosomskih proteina=== Nedavni genetički dokazi su interpretirani tako da sugeriraju da pojedinačni proteini eukariotskog ribosoma direktno doprinose regulaciji translacije.<ref name="Gilbert2011">{{cite journal|last1=Gilbert|first1=Wendy V.|title=Functional specialization of ribosomes?|journal=Trends in Biochemical Sciences|volume=36|issue=3|year=2011|pages=127–132|issn=0968-0004|doi=10.1016/j.tibs.2010.12.002|pmid=21242088|pmc=3056915}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Topisirovic | first1 = I | last2 = Sonenberg | first2 = N | date = Apr 2011 | title = Translational control by the eukaryotic ribosome | journal = Cell | volume = 145 | issue = 3 | pages = 333–334 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2011.04.006 | pmid = 21529706 | doi-access = free | url = http://escholarship.mcgill.ca/downloads/2514nr279 }}{{Mrtav link}}</ref><ref name="Preiss2015">{{cite journal|last1=Preiss|first1=Thomas|title=All Ribosomes Are Created Equal. Really?|journal=Trends in Biochemical Sciences|volume=41|issue=2|pages=121–123|year=2015|issn=0968-0004|doi=10.1016/j.tibs.2015.11.009|pmid=26682497}}</ref> Međutim, ovo tumačenje je kontroverzno i neki istraživači su predložili da genetičke promjene gena ribosomskih proteina indirektno utiču na ukupan broj ribosoma ili procese njihove biogeneze.<ref name="Ferretti Karbstein pp. 521–538">{{cite journal | last1=Ferretti | first1=Max B. | last2=Karbstein | first2=Katrin | title=Does functional specialization of ribosomes really exist? | journal=RNA | publisher=Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory | volume=25 | issue=5 | date=7. 2. 2019 | issn=1355-8382 | doi=10.1261/rna.069823.118 | pages=521–538| pmid=30733326 | pmc=6467006 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Farley-Barnes Ogawa Baserga 2019 pp. 754–767">{{cite journal | last1=Farley-Barnes | first1=Katherine I. | last2=Ogawa | first2=Lisa M. | last3=Baserga | first3=Susan J. | author-link3=Susan J. Baserga | title=Ribosomopathies: Old Concepts, New Controversies | journal=Trends in Genetics | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=35 | issue=10 | year=2019 | issn=0168-9525 | doi=10.1016/j.tig.2019.07.004 | pages=754–767| pmid=31376929 | pmc=6852887 }}</ref> ===Translokacija i ciljanje proteina=== Da bi vršili svoje funkcije u ćeliji, novosintetizirani proteini moraju biti usmjereni na odgovarajuću lokaciju u ćeliji, što se postiže sistemima [[ciljanje proteina|ciljanja]] i [[translokacija proteina|translokacije proteina]].<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Boehringer | first1 = Daniel | last2 = Greber | first2 = Basil | last3 = Ban | first3 = Nenad | chapter = Mechanistic insight into co-translational protein processing, folding, targeting, and membrane insertion | year = 2011 | title = Ribosomes | pages = 405–418| doi = 10.1007/978-3-7091-0215-2_32 | isbn = 978-3-7091-0214-5 }}</ref> Rastući polipeptid napušta ribosom kroz uski tunel u velikoj podjedinici. Regija oko izlaznog tunela 60S podjedinice vrlo je slična bakterijskim i arhealnim 50S podjedinicama. Dodatni elementi su ograničeni na drugi sloj proteina oko izlaza tunela, moguće zbog [[konzervirana sekvenca|konzerviranih interakcija]] s komponentama translokacijskog mehanizma.<ref name="Klinge"/> Mehanizam ciljanja i translokacije je mnogo složeniji kod eukariota.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bohnsack | first1 = Markus T. | last2 = Schleiff | first2 = Enrico | year = 2010| title = The evolution of protein targeting and translocation systems | journal = Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research | volume = 1803 | issue = 10| pages = 1115–1130 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.06.005 | pmid = 20600359 | doi-access = }}</ref> ===Ribosomske bolesti i rak=== [[Ribosomopatija|Ribosomopatije]] su [[Kongenitalni poremećaj|kongenitalne ljudske bolesti]] koje nastaju zbog defekata u genima ribosomskih proteina ili [[rRNK]], ili drugih gena čiji su produkti uključeni u biogenezu ribosoma.<ref name="Narla2">{{cite journal | last1 = Narla | first1 = A | last2 = Ebert | first2 = BL | date = Apr 2010 | title = Ribosomopathies: human disorders of ribosome dysfunction | journal = Blood | volume = 115 | issue = 16| pages = 3196–3205 | doi = 10.1182/blood-2009-10-178129 | pmid = 20194897 | pmc=2858486}}</ref> Primjeri uključuju [[Dyskeratosis congenita|X-vezanu ''dyskeratosis congenita'' (X-DC)]],<ref name="Stumpf">{{cite journal | last1 = Stumpf | first1 = CR | last2 = Ruggero | first2 = D | date = Aug 2011 | title = The cancerous translation apparatus | journal = Curr Opin Genet Dev | volume = 21 | issue = 4| pages = 474–483 | doi = 10.1016/j.gde.2011.03.007 | pmid = 21543223 | pmc=3481834}}</ref> [[Diamond-Blackfanova anemija|Diamond–Blackfanovu anemiju]],<ref name="Narla">{{cite journal | last1 = Narla | first1 = A | last2 = Ebert | first2 = BL | date = Oct 2011 | title = Translational medicine: ribosomopathies | journal = Blood | volume = 118 | issue = 16| pages = 4300–1 | doi = 10.1182/blood-2011-08-372250 | pmid = 22021450 }}</ref> [[Treacher Collinsov sindrom|Treacher Collinsov sindrom (TCS)]]<ref name="Narla" /><ref name="Dauwerse">{{cite journal | last1 = Dauwerse | first1 = JG | last2 = Dixon | first2 = J | last3 = Seland | first3 = S | last4 = Ruivenkamp | first4 = CA | last5 = van Haeringen | first5 = A | last6 = Hoefsloot | first6 = LH | last7 = Peters | first7 = DJ | last8 = Boers | first8 = AC | last9 = Daumer-Haas | first9 = C | last10 = Maiwald | first10 = R | last11 = Zweier | first11 = C | last12 = Kerr | first12 = B | last13 = Cobo | first13 = AM | last14 = Toral | first14 = JF | last15 = Hoogeboom | first15 = AJ | last16 = Lohmann | first16 = DR | last17 = Hehr | first17 = U | last18 = Dixon | first18 = MJ | last19 = Breuning | first19 = MH | last20 = Wieczorek | first20 = D | date = Jan 2011 | title = Mutations in genes encoding subunits of RNA polymerases I and III cause Treacher Collins syndrome | journal = Nat Genet | volume = 43 | issue = 1| pages = 20–22 | doi = 10.1038/ng.724 | pmid = 21131976 | s2cid = 205357102 }}</ref> i [[Shwachman-Bodian-Diamondov sindrom|Shwachman–Bodian–Diamondov sindrom (SBDS)]].<ref name="Narla2"/> SBDS je uzrokovan [[mutacija]]ma u SBDS proteinu koje utiču na njegovu sposobnost da spoji GTP hidrolizu putem GTPaze EFL1 sa oslobađanjem [[eIF6]] iz podjedinice 60S.<ref name="Finch">{{cite journal | last1 = Finch | first1 = AJ | last2 = Hilcenko | first2 = C | last3 = Basse | first3 = N | last4 = Drynan | first4 = LF | last5 = Goyenechea | first5 = B | last6 = Menne | first6 = TF | last7 = González Fernández | first7 = A | last8 = Simpson | first8 = P | last9 = D'Santos | first9 = CS | last10 = Arends | first10 = MJ | last11 = Donadieu | first11 = J | last12 = Bellanné-Chantelot | first12 = C | last13 = Costanzo | first13 = M | last14 = Boone | first14 = C | last15 = McKenzie | first15 = AN| last16 = Freund | first16 = SM | last17 = Warren | first17 = AJ | date = maj 2011 | title = Uncoupling of GTP hydrolysis from eIF6 release on the ribosome causes Shwachman-Diamond syndrome | journal = Genes & Developmen| volume = 25 | issue = 9| pages = 917–929 | doi = 10.1101/gad.623011 | pmid = 21536732 | pmc=3084026}}</ref> ===Terapijske mogućnosti=== Ribosom je istaknuta meta lijekova za [[antibakterijski lijek|antibakterijske lijekove]], koji ometaju translaciju u različitim fazama elongacijskog ciklusa<ref name="Blanchard">{{cite journal | last1 = Blanchard | first1 = SC | last2 = Cooperman | first2 = BS | last3 = Wilson | first3 = DN | date = Jun 2010 | title = Probing translation with small-molecule inhibitors | journal = Chem. Biol.| volume = 17 | issue = 6| pages = 633–645 | doi = 10.1016/j.chembiol.2010.06.003 | pmid = 20609413 | pmc=2914516}}</ref> Većina klinički relevantnih translacijskih spojeva su inhibitori bakterijske translacije, ali inhibitori eukariotske translacije mogu imati i terapijski potencijal za primjenu u anti[[kancer]]skoj ili antigljivičnoj [[hemoterapija|emoterapiji]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Pelletier | first1 = J. [| last2 = Peltz | first2 = S.W. | year = 2007 | title = Therapeutic Opportunities in Translation | journal = Cold Spring Harbor Monograph Archive | volume = 48 | pages = 855–895 }}</ref> Inhibitori elongacije pokazuju antitumorsku aktivnost ''[[in vivo]]'' i ''[[in vitro]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Schneider- | last2 = Poetsch | first2 = T. | last3 = Usui | first3 = T. | display-authors = etal | year = 2010a | title = Garbled messages and corrupted translations | journal = Nature Methods | volume = 6 | issue = 3| pages = 189–198 | doi=10.1038/nchembio.326 | pmid=20154667}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Schneider | last2 = Poetsch | first2 = T. | last3 = Ju | first3 = J. | display-authors = etal | year = 2010| title = 2010b. Inhibition of eukaryotic translation elongation by cycloheximide and lactimidomycin | journal = Nat Chem Biol | volume = 6 | issue = 3| pages = 209–217 | doi=10.1038/nchembio.304 | pmid=20118940 | pmc=2831214}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Dang | first1 = Y. | display-authors = etal | year = 2011 | title = Inhibition of eukaryotic translation elongation by the antitumor natural product Mycalamide B. | journal = RNA | volume = 17 | issue = 8| pages = 1578–1588 | doi=10.1261/rna.2624511 | pmid=21693620 | pmc=3153980}}</ref> Jedan toksični inhibitor eukariotskog produžavanja translacije je [[glutarimid]], [[antibiotic]] [[cikloheksimid]] (CHX), koji je kokristaliziran s eukariotskom podjedinicom 60S <ref name="Klinge"/> i veže se na mjesto E-ribosoma. Strukturna karakterizacija eukariotskog ribosoma <ref name="Rabl"/><ref name="Klinge"/><ref name="Ben-Shem"/> može omogućiti upotrebu [[Dizajn lijekova|metoda zasnovanih na strukturi]] za [[dizajn]]iranje novih antibakterijskih sredstava, pri čemu se razlike između eukariotskih i bakterijskih ribosoma mogu iskoristiti za poboljšanje selektivnosti lijekova i time smanjenje [[nuspojava|neželjenih efekata]]. ==Mehanizam formiranja== Eukariotski ribosomi se proizvode i sastavljaju u [[jedarce]]tu. Ribosomski proteini ulaze u nukleolus i kombiniraju se s četiri lanca rRNK, kako bi stvorili dvije ribosomske podjedinice (jednu malu i jednu veliku) koje će činiti kompletan ribosom. Ribosomske jedinice napuštaju jedro kroz [[jedarna pora|jedarne pore]] i ujedinjuju se jednom u citoplazmi radi [[sinteza proteina|sinteze proteina]]. ==Reference== {{reflist}} ==Napomene== * {{cite web |url=http://emnavi.protein.osaka-u.ac.jp/emnavi_detail.php?id=1067 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121219065521/http://emnavi.protein.osaka-u.ac.jp/emnavi_detail.php?id=1067 |archive-date=19. 12. 2012 |title=EMDB-1067: Ribosomal 80S-eEF2-sordarin complex from S. cerevisiae - EM Navigator |publisher=emnavi.protein.osaka-u.ac.jp |access-date=6. 8. 2009 }} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Giavalisco P, Wilson D, Kreitler T |title=High heterogeneity within the ribosomal proteins of the Arabidopsis thaliana 80S ribosome |journal=Plant Mol. Biol. |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=577–591 |date=mart 2005 |pmid=15821981 |doi=10.1007/s11103-005-0699-3 |url=http://edoc.mpg.de/271230|display-authors=etal|bibcode=2005PMolB..57..577G |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0010-86C6-1 |s2cid=14500573 |hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }} * {{cite web |url=http://www.cs.stedwards.edu/chem/Chemistry/CHEM43/CHEM43/Ribosomes/Ribosome.HTML |title=Ribosomes |publisher=www.cs.stedwards.edu |access-date=6. 8. 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320163538/http://www.cs.stedwards.edu/chem/Chemistry/CHEM43/CHEM43/Ribosomes/Ribosome.HTML |archive-date=20. 3. 2009 }} {{Ribosomske podjedinice}} [[Kategorija:Ribosomska RNK]] [[Kategorija:RNK]] [[Kategorija:Ribosomi]] dmtogkkvkpe27q096dfp7olxq7k3hg4 Džemal Čelić 0 532150 3849351 3822843 2026-05-25T21:34:56Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 0 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija arhitekt | ime = Džemal Čelić | slika = | opis = bosanskohercegovački arhitekt, historičar arhitekture i konzervator | datum_rođenja = 1922. | mjesto_rođenja = [[Sarajevo]], [[Kraljevina SHS]] | datum_smrti = 3. august 1991. | mjesto_smrti = [[Mostar]], [[Socijalistička Republika Bosna i Hercegovina|SR Bosna i Hercegovina]], [[SFR Jugoslavija]] | zanimanje = arhitekt, historičar arhitekture, konzervator, univerzitetski profesor | obrazovanje = studij arhitekture u [[Zagreb]]u | poznat_po = istraživanju i zaštiti graditeljskog naslijeđa [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosne i Hercegovine]], naročito [[Počitelj]]a, [[Stari most|Starog mosta u Mostaru]] i historijskih mostova }} '''Džemal Čelić''' ([[Sarajevo]], 1922. – [[Mostar]], 3. august 1991.) bio je [[Bosna i Hercegovina|bosanskohercegovački]] i [[Jugoslavija|jugoslavenski]] [[arhitekt]], historičar arhitekture, konzervator i univerzitetski profesor. Pripadao je krugu stručnjaka koji su u drugoj polovini 20. stoljeća bitno doprinijeli istraživanju, zaštiti i tumačenju graditeljskog naslijeđa Bosne i Hercegovine, posebno [[Mostar]]a, [[Počitelj]]a, [[Blagaj]]a i historijskih mostova širom zemlje.<ref name="Džemal Čelić">{{cite web |title=Džemal Čelić |url=https://www.moma.org/artists/50008-dzemal-celic |website=The Museum of Modern Art |access-date=23. 3. 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Univerzitet u Sarajevu: Arhitektonski fakultet 1949–2024 |url=https://af.unsa.ba/publikacije/Univerzitet.u.Sarajevu_Arhitektonski.fakultet.1949.2024.pdf |publisher=Arhitektonski fakultet Univerziteta u Sarajevu |access-date=23. 3. 2026}}</ref> == Život i obrazovanje == Rođen je 1922. u Sarajevu.<ref name="Džemal Čelić"/> Studij arhitekture završio je u Zagrebu, a potom je djelovao u Sarajevu, gdje je predavao na [[Arhitektonski fakultet u Sarajevu|Arhitektonskom fakultetu Univerziteta u Sarajevu]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Univerzitet u Sarajevu: Arhitektonski fakultet 1949–2024 |url=https://af.unsa.ba/publikacije/Univerzitet.u.Sarajevu_Arhitektonski.fakultet.1949.2024.pdf |publisher=Arhitektonski fakultet Univerziteta u Sarajevu |access-date=23. 3. 2026}}</ref> U stručnim publikacijama iz 1950-ih i 1960-ih javlja se kao saradnik i arhitekt tadašnjeg Zemaljskog zavoda za zaštitu spomenika kulture Bosne i Hercegovine, što pokazuje da je rano bio uključen u istraživanje i obnovu spomenika kulture.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rad zavoda u 1953 godini |url=https://www.fmks.gov.ba/download/zzs/1954/24-1954.pdf |publisher=Federalno ministarstvo kulture i sporta |access-date=23. 3. 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Konzervacija Starog mosta u Mostaru |url=https://fmks.gov.ba/download/zzs/1959-II/18.pdf |publisher=Federalno ministarstvo kulture i sporta |access-date=23. 3. 2026}}</ref> Umro je 3. augusta 1991. u Mostaru.<ref name="Džemal Čelić"/> == Stručni i naučni rad == Čelićev rad bio je usmjeren na više međusobno povezanih oblasti: historiju arhitekture, konzervaciju i restauraciju spomenika, urbanističku zaštitu historijskih cjelina te dokumentiranje tradicionalnog graditeljstva u Bosni i Hercegovini.<ref>{{cite web |title=Spomenici kulture i urbanizam: neka iskustva i zapažanja |url=https://fmks.gov.ba/download/zzs/1954/3-1954.pdf |publisher=Federalno ministarstvo kulture i sporta |access-date=23. 3. 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Problematika zaštite urbanističkih cjelina s osvrtom na prilike u Bosni i Hercegovini |url=https://fmks.gov.ba/download/zzs/1959-II/19.pdf |publisher=Federalno ministarstvo kulture i sporta |access-date=23. 3. 2026}}</ref> Među njegovim ranim i važnim radovima ističu se studije o [[Stari most|Starom mostu u Mostaru]], [[Blagajska tekija|Blagajskoj tekiji]] i Počitelju. U radu ''Stari most u Mostaru'', koji je objavljen uz ime [[Juraj Neidhardt|Juraja Neidhardta]] i uz Čelićevu saradnju, razmatrana su pitanja konzerviranja i restauriranja mosta i njegove urbanističke okoline.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stari most u Mostaru |url=https://fmks.gov.ba/download/zzs/1953/6-1953.pdf |publisher=Federalno ministarstvo kulture i sporta |access-date=23. 3. 2026}}</ref> U tekstu ''Musafirhana blagajske tekije'' analizirao je jedan od najpoznatijih sklopova osmanske arhitekture u Hercegovini.<ref>{{cite web |title=Musafirhana blagajske tekije |url=https://fmks.gov.ba/download/zzs/1953/14-1953.pdf |publisher=Federalno ministarstvo kulture i sporta |access-date=23. 3. 2026}}</ref> Posebno mjesto u njegovu opusu zauzima Počitelj. Njegova opsežna studija ''Počitelj na Neretvi – urbanističko-arhitektonska studija s osvrtom na problematiku održavanja'' pripadala je među temeljne stručne radove o tom historijskom urbanom sklopu; redakcijska napomena pri objavi navodi da su osnovne koncepcije studije bile prihvaćene na raznim forumima i da su služile kao orijentacija cjelokupnoj djelatnosti u Počitelju.<ref>{{cite web |title=Počitelj na Neretvi – urbanističko-arhitektonska studija s osvrtom na problematiku održavanja |url=https://fmks.gov.ba/download/zzs/1959-II/1.pdf |publisher=Federalno ministarstvo kulture i sporta |access-date=23. 3. 2026}}</ref> Kasnije je Počitelju posvetio i zasebnu knjigu ''Počitelj: grad muzej''.<ref name="Počitelj: grad muzej">{{cite web |title=Počitelj: grad muzej |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Po%C4%8Ditelj.html?id=LQpn0AEACAAJ |website=Google Books |access-date=23. 3. 2026}}</ref> U svojim radovima Čelić je dosljedno zastupao shvatanje da zaštita spomenika ne može biti odvojena od urbanističkog konteksta, ambijenta i života historijske cjeline. Zbog toga je bio važan i kao teoretičar konzervacije, a ne samo kao istraživač pojedinačnih objekata.<ref>{{cite web |title=Spomenici kulture i urbanizam: neka iskustva i zapažanja |url=https://fmks.gov.ba/download/zzs/1954/3-1954.pdf |publisher=Federalno ministarstvo kulture i sporta |access-date=23. 3. 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Problematika zaštite urbanističkih cjelina s osvrtom na prilike u Bosni i Hercegovini |url=https://fmks.gov.ba/download/zzs/1959-II/19.pdf |publisher=Federalno ministarstvo kulture i sporta |access-date=23. 3. 2026}}</ref> == Arhitektonski projekti == Pored naučnog i konzervatorskog rada, Čelić je djelovao i kao projektant. Široj javnosti naročito je poznat kao jedan od autora [[Islamski centar Zagreb|zagrebačke džamije i Islamskog centra u Zagrebu]], koje je projektirao zajedno s Mirzom Gološem. Taj kompleks ubraja se u najvažnija ostvarenja islamske sakralne arhitekture na prostoru bivše Jugoslavije u drugoj polovini 20. stoljeća.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prva gradska džamija u Hrvatskoj |url=https://casopis-gradjevinar.hr/assets/Uploads/JCE652013611Vremeplov.pdf |website=Građevinar |access-date=23. 3. 2026 }}{{Mrtav link}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Džemal Čelić |url=https://www.arhitektura-zagreba.com/arhitekti/dzemal-celic |website=Arhitektura Zagreba |access-date=23. 3. 2026}}</ref> Njegovo ime pojavljuje se i među autorima projektnih i studijskih materijala vezanih za zgradu Skupštine Bosne i Hercegovine, u saradnji s Jurajem Neidhardtom i drugim arhitektima.<ref name="Džemal Čelić"/> == Bibliografija i tematska područja == Čelić je objavljivao stručne i naučne radove o mostovima, gradovima, urbanim cjelinama i tradicionalnoj arhitekturi. Među njegovim poznatijim naslovima jesu: * ''Počitelj na Neretvi – urbanističko-arhitektonska studija s osvrtom na problematiku održavanja''<ref>{{cite web |title=Počitelj na Neretvi – urbanističko-arhitektonska studija s osvrtom na problematiku održavanja |url=https://fmks.gov.ba/download/zzs/1959-II/1.pdf |publisher=Federalno ministarstvo kulture i sporta |access-date=23. 3. 2026}}</ref> * ''Musafirhana blagajske tekije''<ref>{{cite web |title=Musafirhana blagajske tekije |url=https://fmks.gov.ba/download/zzs/1953/14-1953.pdf |publisher=Federalno ministarstvo kulture i sporta |access-date=23. 3. 2026}}</ref> * ''Spomenici kulture i urbanizam''<ref>{{cite web |title=Spomenici kulture i urbanizam: neka iskustva i zapažanja |url=https://fmks.gov.ba/download/zzs/1954/3-1954.pdf |publisher=Federalno ministarstvo kulture i sporta |access-date=23. 3. 2026}}</ref> * ''Problematika zaštite urbanističkih cjelina s osvrtom na prilike u Bosni i Hercegovini''<ref>{{cite web |title=Problematika zaštite urbanističkih cjelina s osvrtom na prilike u Bosni i Hercegovini |url=https://fmks.gov.ba/download/zzs/1959-II/19.pdf |publisher=Federalno ministarstvo kulture i sporta |access-date=23. 3. 2026}}</ref> * ''Počitelj: grad muzej''<ref name="Počitelj: grad muzej"/> * ''Sarajevo i okolica''<ref>{{cite web |title=Sarajevo i okolica |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000760969 |website=HathiTrust Digital Library |access-date=23. 3. 2026}}</ref> * ''Stari mostovi u Bosni i Hercegovini'' (s [[Mehmed Mujezinović|Mehmedom Mujezinovićem]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Stari mostovi u Bosni i Hercegovini |url=https://www.cidom.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/D%C5%BEemal-%C4%8Celi%C4%87-i-Mehmed-Mujezinovi%C4%87-Stari-mostovi-u-BiH-1998-1.pdf |access-date=23. 3. 2026}}</ref> Knjiga ''Stari mostovi u Bosni i Hercegovini'', nastala u koautorstvu s Mehmedom Mujezinovićem, smatra se jednim od najvažnijih pregleda historijskih mostova u zemlji i predstavlja spoj arhitektonske, historijske i kulturne interpretacije.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stari mostovi u Bosni i Hercegovini |url=https://www.cidom.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/D%C5%BEemal-%C4%8Celi%C4%87-i-Mehmed-Mujezinovi%C4%87-Stari-mostovi-u-BiH-1998-1.pdf |access-date=23. 3. 2026}}</ref> == Značaj == Džemal Čelić pripada generaciji bosanskohercegovačkih arhitekata i istraživača koji su poslije [[Drugi svjetski rat|Drugog svjetskog rata]] sistematski dokumentirali, tumačili i štitili graditeljsko naslijeđe Bosne i Hercegovine. Njegov značaj nije samo u projektima i pojedinačnim studijama nego i u tome što je pomogao da se tradicionalna arhitektura, historijski gradovi i stari mostovi posmatraju kao integralni dio kulturnog identiteta zemlje.<ref>{{cite web |title=Univerzitet u Sarajevu: Arhitektonski fakultet 1949–2024 |url=https://af.unsa.ba/publikacije/Univerzitet.u.Sarajevu_Arhitektonski.fakultet.1949.2024.pdf |publisher=Arhitektonski fakultet Univerziteta u Sarajevu |access-date=23. 3. 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Počitelj na Neretvi – urbanističko-arhitektonska studija s osvrtom na problematiku održavanja |url=https://fmks.gov.ba/download/zzs/1959-II/1.pdf |publisher=Federalno ministarstvo kulture i sporta |access-date=23. 3. 2026}}</ref> == Reference == {{reference}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Čelić, Dzemal}} [[Kategorija:Bosanskohercegovački arhitekti]] [[Kategorija:Jugoslavenski arhitekti]] [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1922.]] [[Kategorija:Umrli 1991.]] shkblsabmlkwzyvc35uff99p3sfhha1 Edhem Čustović 0 532171 3849359 3822841 2026-05-25T22:41:22Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija naučnik | ime = Edhem Čustović | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja i godine|1984|4|23}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Tuzla]], [[Bosna i Hercegovina]] | prebivalište = [[Melbourne]], [[Australija]] | državljanstvo = [[Bosna i Hercegovina|bosanskohercegovačko]] | polje = [[inženjerstvo]], [[poduzetništvo]], [[inovacija]] | institucija = La Trobe University }} '''Edhem Čustović''' (rođen 23. aprila 1984. u [[Tuzla|Tuzli]]) bosanskohercegovački je naučnik, inženjer, univerzitetski nastavnik, poduzetnik i filantrop. Djeluje u [[Australija|Australiji]], gdje je povezan s univerzitetom La Trobe, a u javnosti je poznat i kao osnivač fondacije ''Bosnia & Herzegovina Futures Foundation'', organizacije usmjerene na mentorstvo, obrazovanje i profesionalno umrežavanje mladih iz [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosne i Hercegovine]].<ref name="latrobe.edu.au">{{cite web |title=Changing the mindset of Bosnia's youth |url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/news/articles/2017/release/changing-the-mindset-of-bosnias-youth |website=La Trobe University |access-date=24. 3. 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Team |url=https://www.bhfuturesfoundation.org/team |website=Bosnia & Herzegovina Futures Foundation |access-date=24. 3. 2026}}</ref> == Biografija == Rođen je u Tuzli. Kao dijete je s porodicom napustio Bosnu i Hercegovinu te je dio djetinjstva proveo u [[Švicarska|Švicarskoj]] prije preseljenja u Australiju.<ref>{{cite web |title=Čustović: Znanje i mladi povezuju BiH s Australijom |url=https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/intervju-edhem-custovic/30112865.html |website=Radio Slobodna Evropa |access-date=24. 3. 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Edhem Čustović – Čovjek koji mijenja budućnost BiH |url=https://furaj.ba/dr-edhem-custovic-covjek-koji-mijenja-buducnost-bih/ |website=Furaj.ba |access-date=24. 3. 2026}}</ref> Kasnije je izgradio akademsku i profesionalnu karijeru u Melbourneu, povezujući tehničke nauke s inovacijama, komercijalizacijom istraživanja i razvojem poduzetništva.<ref>{{cite web |title=Professor Edhem Čustović |url=https://ianubih.ba/professor-edhem-custovic/ |website=International Academy of Sciences and Arts in Bosnia and Herzegovina |access-date=24. 3. 2026 |archive-date=14. 1. 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260114071435/http://ianubih.ba/professor-edhem-custovic/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Karijera == Čustović je radio na La Trobe University, gdje je obavljao akademske i projektne funkcije te vodio aktivnosti povezane s inovacijama i poduzetništvom.<ref name="latrobe.edu.au"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Edhem Custovic |url=https://www.helvetas.org/en/switzerland/who-we-are/contact/Edhem-Custovic_person_6859 |website=Helvetas |access-date=24. 3. 2026}}</ref> Njegov stručni rad obuhvata inženjerstvo, razvoj industrijskih projekata, obrazovne programe i podršku mladim stručnjacima. U stručnim i profesionalnim organizacijama bio je aktivan i izvan univerzitetskog rada. Bio je predsjednik viktorijanske sekcije [[IEEE]]-a, a kasnije je izabran i u upravne strukture te organizacije.<ref>{{cite web |title=IEEE Victorian Section History Committee |url=https://r10.ieee.org/victorian/history-committee/ |website=IEEE Victorian Section |access-date=24. 3. 2026}}</ref><ref name="spectrum.ieee.org">{{cite web |title=How Eddie Custovic Is Building His Legacy |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/legacy-of-eddie-custovic |website=IEEE Spectrum |access-date=24. 3. 2026}}</ref> == Bosnia & Herzegovina Futures Foundation == Zajedno s bratom Rešadom Čustovićem suosnovao je ''Bosnia & Herzegovina Futures Foundation'' 2015. Cilj fondacije jeste pružanje stipendija, mentorstva, stručnih kontakata i razvojnih prilika mladima iz Bosne i Hercegovine i dijaspore.<ref>{{cite web |title=About |url=https://www.bhfuturesfoundation.org/our-statement |website=Bosnia & Herzegovina Futures Foundation |access-date=24. 3. 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Founder Edhem Čustović on N1 Television |url=https://www.bhfuturesfoundation.org/news/2025/7/6/bh-futures-foundation-in-the-spotlight-founder-eddie-custovic-on-n1-television |website=Bosnia & Herzegovina Futures Foundation |access-date=24. 3. 2026}}</ref> Kroz fondaciju je organizirao i podržavao brojne programe profesionalnog povezivanja i promocije uspjeha bosanskohercegovačkih stručnjaka u svijetu.<ref name="spectrum.ieee.org"/> == Priznanja == Za svoj rad na povezivanju stručnjaka i podršci mladima iz Bosne i Hercegovine dobio je više javnih priznanja. Ministarstvo vanjskih poslova Bosne i Hercegovine dodijelilo mu je diplomatski pasoš kao priznanje za dugogodišnji doprinos promociji zemlje i radu s mladima.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Founder, Edhem Čustović, Receives Diplomatic Passport of Bosnia and Herzegovina |url=https://www.bhfuturesfoundation.org/news/2025/8/21/our-founder-edhem-ustovi-receives-diplomatic-passport-of-bosnia-and-herzegovina |website=Bosnia & Herzegovina Futures Foundation |access-date=24. 3. 2026}}</ref> == Reference == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Custovic, Edhem}} [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1984.]] [[Kategorija:Bosanskohercegovački naučnici]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Tuzla]] 0c5wr6j5upint6hb3dfummgy4xmme4s Emira Kahrović 0 532244 3849371 3822734 2026-05-26T01:03:01Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija naučnik | ime = Emira Kahrović | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja i godine|1954|7|29}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Travnik]], [[NR Bosna i Hercegovina]], [[FNRJ]] | prebivalište = [[Sarajevo]] | državljanstvo = [[Bosna i Hercegovina]] | polje = [[Anorganska hemija]] | institucija = [[Univerzitet u Sarajevu]]<br>[[Prirodno-matematički fakultet u Sarajevu]] | alma_mater = [[Univerzitet u Sarajevu]]<br>[[Sveučilište u Zagrebu]] | poznat(a)_po = istraživanjima iz anorganske hemije, posebno kompleksnih spojeva metala i spojeva rutenija }} '''Emira Kahrović''' (rođena 29. jula 1954. u [[Travnik]]u) bosanskohercegovačka je hemičarka, univerzitetska profesorica i dopisna članica [[Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine|Akademije nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine]] (ANUBiH).<ref name="anubihbio">{{cite web |title=Emira Kahrović |url=https://www.anubih.ba/emira-kahrovic/ |website=Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine |access-date=25. 3. 2026}}</ref><ref name="dopisni">{{cite web |title=Dopisni članovi |url=https://www.anubih.ba/dopisni-clanovi/ |website=Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine |access-date=25. 3. 2026}}</ref> Osnovnu školu i Treću gimnaziju završila je u Sarajevu. Studij hemije na [[Prirodno-matematički fakultet u Sarajevu|Prirodno-matematičkom fakultetu u Sarajevu]] upisala je 1973, a diplomirala 1977. iz oblasti anorganske hemije. Postdiplomski studij završila je na Prirodoslovno-matematičkom fakultetu [[Sveučilište u Zagrebu|Sveučilišta u Zagrebu]], gdje je 1988. stekla zvanje magistra prirodnih znanosti, dok je doktorat hemijskih nauka odbranila 1997. na Univerzitetu u Sarajevu.<ref name="anubihbio" /><ref name="cv">{{cite web |title=Curriculum Vitae: Emira Kahrović |url=https://hemija.pmf.unsa.ba/eng/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/CV-Emira-Kahrovic-EN..pdf |website=Prirodno-matematički fakultet Univerziteta u Sarajevu |access-date=25. 3. 2026}}</ref><ref name="pmf">{{cite web |title=Prof. dr. Emira Kahrović |url=https://osoblje.pmf.unsa.ba/kahrovic-emira/ |website=Prirodno-matematički fakultet Univerziteta u Sarajevu |access-date=25. 3. 2026 |archive-date=7. 12. 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207084555/https://osoblje.pmf.unsa.ba/kahrovic-emira/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Na Prirodno-matematičkom fakultetu Univerziteta u Sarajevu zaposlena je od 1979, na Katedri za opću i anorgansku hemiju. U zvanje redovne profesorice za oblast anorganske hemije izabrana je 2011, a zvanje profesor emeritus stekla je 2022.<ref name="anubihbio" /><ref name="pmf" /> Tokom akademske karijere obavljala je više funkcija na fakultetu i univerzitetu, među kojima su šefica Odsjeka za hemiju, prodekanica za opće poslove i finansije, šefica Katedre za opću i anorgansku hemiju te predsjednica Vijeća III ciklusa studija hemije.<ref name="pmf" /> U nastavnom radu učestvovala je u razvoju i izvođenju nastave iz anorganske hemije na više ciklusa studija, uključujući i interdisciplinarni studij konzervacije i restauracije.<ref name="anubihbio" /> Njeno naučno djelovanje vezano je za sintezu, karakterizaciju i biološku aktivnost novih kompleksnih spojeva metala, posebno rutenija(II)/(III), kao i za istraživanja spojeva sa Schiffovim bazama.<ref name="anubihbio" /><ref name="cv" /> Autorica je univerzitetskog udžbenika ''Anorganska hemija'', objavljenog 2005, te drugih nastavnih i stručnih publikacija iz oblasti hemije.<ref name="cv" /><ref name="cobiss">{{cite web |title=Anorganska hemija |url=https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/bh/bs/data/cobib/14150406/vfs?format=isbd |website=COBISS Plus |access-date=25. 3. 2026}}</ref> Objavila je i poglavlje ''Ruthenium Compounds with Schiff Bases: Design and Promising Applications of Salicylideneimine Complexes'' u knjizi ''Ruthenium: Synthesis, Physicochemical Properties and Applications''.<ref name="cv" /> Za dopisnu članicu ANUBiH izabrana je 2022. u Odjeljenje prirodnih i matematičkih nauka.<ref name="anubihbio" /><ref name="dopisni" /> == Reference == {{reflist}} {{Članovi ANU BiH}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kahrović, Emira}} [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1954.]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Travnik]] [[Kategorija:Bosanskohercegovački hemičari]] [[Kategorija:Bosanskohercegovački naučnici]] [[Kategorija:Članovi ANUBiH]] s1z9f0qyd9f2v15fumnf9neprylylcv Feryal Özel 0 532301 3849406 3822789 2026-05-26T08:12:27Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849406 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija naučnik | ime = Feryal Özel | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja i godine|1975|5|27}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Istanbul]], [[Turska]] | polje = [[Astrofizika]] | institucija = [[Tehnološki institut Georgije]] (Georgia Institute of Technology)<br>[[Univerzitet u Arizoni]] (University of Arizona) | alma_mater = [[Univerzitet Columbia]] (Columbia University)<br>Nils Borov institut (Niels Bohr Institute)<br>[[Univerzitet Harvard]] (Harvard University) | poznata_po = istraživanjima [[crna rupa|crnih rupa]] i [[neutronska zvijezda|neutronskih zvijezda]]; saradnji [[Event Horizon Telescope]] }} '''Feryal Özel''' (rođena 27. maja 1975. u [[Istanbul]]u) tursko-američka je [[astrofizika|astrofizičarka]] poznata po istraživanjima [[crna rupa|crnih rupa]], [[neutronska zvijezda|neutronskih zvijezda]] i drugih kompaktnih objekata. Predsjedavajuća je i profesorica Škole za fiziku pri [[Tehnološki institut Georgije|Tehnološkom institutu Georgije]] (Georgia Institute of Technology).<ref>{{cite web |title=Feryal Özel |url=https://physics.gatech.edu/user/feryal-ozel |website=Georgia Tech School of Physics |access-date=24. 3. 2026}}</ref> Diplomirala je fiziku i primijenjenu matematiku na [[Univerzitet Columbia|Univerzitetu Columbia]] (Columbia University), magistrirala fiziku na Nils Borovom institutu (Niels Bohr Institute) u [[Kopenhagen]]u, a doktorirala astrofiziku na [[Univerzitet Harvard|Univerzitetu Harvard]] (Harvard University) 2002.<ref>{{cite web |title=Academic Bio – Feryal Ozel |url=https://ozelgroup.physics.gatech.edu/cv/ |website=Georgia Tech |access-date=24. 3. 2026}}</ref> Nakon NASA-ine Hubbleove postdoktorske stipendije na Institutu za napredne studije (Institute for Advanced Study) u [[Princeton]]u pridružila se 2005. [[Univerzitet u Arizoni|Univerzitetu u Arizoni]] (University of Arizona), gdje je radila kao profesorica astronomije i fizike te kao saradnica dekana za istraživanje. Na [[Tehnološki institut Georgije]] (Georgia Institute of Technology) prešla je 2022, kada je imenovana i predsjedavajućom Škole za fiziku.<ref>{{cite web |title=Feryal Özel Named School of Physics Chair |url=https://www.gatech.edu/news/2022/06/21/feryal-ozel-named-school-physics-chair |website=Georgia Tech |date=21. 6. 2022 |access-date=24. 3. 2026}}</ref> U naučnom radu bavi se teorijskim i računarskim proučavanjem svojstava, nastanka i okruženja crnih rupa i neutronskih zvijezda. Razvila je metode za određivanje osobina površine i unutrašnjosti neutronskih zvijezda, a bila je i među osnivačkim članovima te naučnim voditeljima saradnje [[Event Horizon Telescope]], koja je objavila prvu sliku crne rupe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Professor Feryal Ozel |url=https://ozelgroup.physics.gatech.edu/home-page/ |website=Georgia Tech |access-date=24. 3. 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Einstein's Description of Gravity Just Got Much Harder to Beat |url=https://eventhorizontelescope.org/blog/einsteins-description-gravity-just-got-much-harder-beat-0 |website=Event Horizon Telescope |date=1. 10. 2020 |access-date=24. 3. 2026}}</ref> Među njenim priznanjima ističu se nagrada ''Maria Goeppert Mayer Award'' Američkog fizičkog društva, Guggenheimova stipendija te udio u [[Breakthrough Prize]]u za rad saradnje Event Horizon Telescope.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ozel, Alexander Convey the Excitement of Physics |url=https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/201302/mgoeppertmayor.cfm |website=American Physical Society |access-date=24. 3. 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=UA Astrophysicist Wins Guggenheim Fellowship |url=https://news.arizona.edu/story/ua-astrophysicist-wins-guggenheim-fellowship |website=University of Arizona News |date=18. 4. 2016 |access-date=24. 3. 2026 |archive-date=20. 9. 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920201414/https://news.arizona.edu/story/ua-astrophysicist-wins-guggenheim-fellowship |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Winners Of The 2020 Breakthrough Prize In Life Sciences, Fundamental Physics And Mathematics Announced |url=https://breakthroughprize.org/News/54 |website=Breakthrough Prize |date=5. 9. 2019 |access-date=24. 3. 2026}}</ref> == Reference == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ozel, Feryal}} [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1975.]] [[Kategorija:Turski astronomi]] [[Kategorija:Američki astronomi]] [[Kategorija:Američki fizičari]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Istanbul]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Turska]] hi1oetpss1vyzcycjj6qwtxd5400ulc Elham Kašefi 0 532718 3849367 3822474 2026-05-26T00:26:42Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849367 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija naučnik | ime = Elham Kašefi | slika = Elham Kashefi August 2003.jpg | opis_slike = Elham Kašefi 2003. | polje = [[Računarstvo]]<br>[[kvantno računarstvo]] | radna_mjesta = [[Univerzitet u Edinburghu]]<br>[[Sorbonski univerzitet]] | alma_mater = [[Tehnološki univerzitet Sharif]]<br>[[Imperijalni koledž u Londonu]] | doktorand = Vlatko Vedral<br>Steffen van Bakel | poznat(a) po = radovima iz [[kvantno računarstvo|kvantnog računarstva]], [[kvantna kriptografija|kvantne kriptografije]], sljepog kvantnog računarstva i provjere kvantnih računanja | nagrade = Izbor u [[Kraljevsko društvo Edinburgha]]<br>Les Margaret Award }} '''Elham Kašefi''' jest [[Iranci|iransko]]-[[Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo|britanska]] naučnica u oblasti [[računarstvo|računarstva]] i [[kvantno računarstvo|kvantnog računarstva]]. Profesorica je kvantnog računarstva na [[Univerzitet u Edinburghu|Univerzitetu u Edinburghu]], direktorica istraživanja pri [[Francuski nacionalni centar za naučna istraživanja|Francuskom nacionalnom centru za naučna istraživanja]] (CNRS) na [[Sorbonski univerzitet|Sorbonskom univerzitetu]] i glavna naučnica britanskog Nacionalnog centra za kvantno računarstvo.<ref name="EdPeople">{{cite web |title=Prof Elham Kashefi |url=https://people.inf.ed.ac.uk/Elham_Kashefi.html |website=School of Informatics, The University of Edinburgh |access-date=30. 3. 2026}}</ref><ref name="RSEbio">{{cite web |title=Professor Elham Kashefi FRSE |url=https://rse.org.uk/fellowship/fellow/professor-elham-kashefi-5843/ |website=The Royal Society of Edinburgh |access-date=30. 3. 2026}}</ref><ref name="LIP6">{{cite web |title=KASHEFI Elham |url=https://www.lip6.fr/actualite/personnes-fiche.php?LANG=en&ident=P1427 |website=LIP6, Sorbonne Université |access-date=30. 3. 2026}}</ref> Rođena je u [[Iran]]u.<ref name="Genci">{{cite web |title=Elham Kashefi: The Quantum Traveler |url=https://www.genci.fr/en/news/elham-kashefi-quantum-traveler |website=GENCI |access-date=30. 3. 2026}}</ref> Diplomirala je primijenjenu matematiku na [[Tehnološki univerzitet Sharif|Tehnološkom univerzitetu Sharif]] 1996, a magistrirala 1998.<ref name="EdNews2007">{{cite web |title=Elham Kashefi |url=https://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/mfourman/blogs/news/labels/lfcs.html |website=Informatics News, The University of Edinburgh |date=29. 9. 2007 |access-date=30. 3. 2026}}</ref> U [[Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo]] preselila se 2000, a doktorirala je kvantno računarstvo na [[Imperijalni koledž u Londonu|Imperijalnom koledžu u Londonu]] 2003. pod mentorstvom Vlatka Vedrala i Steffena van Bakela.<ref name="EdNews2007" /><ref name="QuantumCity">{{cite web |title=An interview with a quantum computing scientist |url=https://www.quantumcity.org.uk/careers/an-interview-with-a-quantum-computing-scientist |website=Quantum City / Quantum Communications Hub |access-date=30. 3. 2026}}</ref> Nakon doktorata bila je mlađa istraživačka stipendistica na Christ Churchu pri [[Univerzitet u Oxfordu|Univerzitetu u Oxfordu]], a 2007. imenovana je predavačicom na [[Univerzitet u Edinburghu|Univerzitetu u Edinburghu]].<ref name="EdNews2007" /> Kasnije je napredovala do zvanja profesorice kvantnog računarstva i postala direktorica Edinburgh Quantum Software Lab.<ref name="EdRSEnews">{{cite web |title=Elham Kashefi elected to the Royal Society of Edinburgh |url=https://informatics.ed.ac.uk/news-events/news/latest-news/elham-kashefi-elected-royal-society-edinburgh |website=School of Informatics, The University of Edinburgh |date=10. 4. 2024 |access-date=30. 3. 2026 |archive-date=1. 2. 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260201042626/https://informatics.ed.ac.uk/news-events/news/latest-news/elham-kashefi-elected-royal-society-edinburgh |url-status=dead }}</ref> Istovremeno djeluje i kao direktorica istraživanja pri CNRS-u na laboratoriji LIP6 [[Sorbonski univerzitet|Sorbonskog univerziteta]].<ref name="LIP6" /> Kašefi je poznata po doprinosima [[kvantno računarstvo|kvantnom računarstvu]], naročito u oblastima sigurne kvantne obrade u oblaku, provjere kvantnih računanja i [[kvantna kriptografija|kvantne kriptografije]]. Smatra se jednom od pionirki sljepog kvantnog računarstva, protokola koji omogućavaju da korisnik povjeri kvantno računanje udaljenom serveru, a da pritom njegovi ulazni podaci, algoritam i izlaz ostanu skriveni od servera.<ref name="QSL">{{cite web |title=Elham Kashefi |url=https://www.quantumsoftwarelab.com/qsl-board/elham-kashefi |website=Quantum Software Lab |access-date=30. 3. 2026}}</ref><ref name="Nature2012">{{cite web |title=Demonstration of blind quantum computing |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22267806/ |website=Nature |date=12. 1. 2012 |access-date=30. 3. 2026}}</ref> U Francuskoj je suosnovala startup VeriQloud, a njen rad obuhvata i povezivanje teorijskih osnova kvantnog računarstva s industrijskim primjenama i razvojem pouzdanog kvantnog softvera.<ref name="QSL" /><ref name="ECSS">{{cite web |title=Elham Kashefi |url=https://www.informatics-europe.org/ecss/speakers.html?id=794 |website=Informatics Europe |access-date=30. 3. 2026}}</ref> Kao glavna naučnica britanskog Nacionalnog centra za kvantno računarstvo učestvuje u razvoju praktičnih primjena kvantnih tehnologija.<ref name="RSEbio" /> Za svoj rad dobila je više priznanja. Godine 2024. izabrana je u [[Kraljevsko društvo Edinburgha]], pri čemu je istaknuto da je razvila prvi metod za sigurno kvantno računarstvo u oblaku.<ref name="RSE2024">{{cite web |title=Cultural and scientific figures named as RSE fellows in 2024 |url=https://rse.org.uk/eminent-cultural-and-scientific-figures-named-as-rse-fellows/ |website=The Royal Society of Edinburgh |date=9. 4. 2024 |access-date=30. 3. 2026}}</ref> Iste godine osvojila je i nagradu Les Margaret u kategoriji Intrapreneur Europe.<ref name="Margaret">{{cite web |title=Elham Kashefi named Margaret Intrapreneur Europe in prestigious awards |url=https://informatics.ed.ac.uk/news-events/news/news-archive/elham-kashefi-named-margaret-intrapreneur-europe |website=School of Informatics, The University of Edinburgh |date=18. 3. 2024 |access-date=30. 3. 2026}}</ref> == Reference == {{Refspisak}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kašefi, Elham}} [[Kategorija:Živi ljudi]] [[Kategorija:Iranski informatičari]] [[Kategorija:Britanski informatičari]] [[Kategorija:Teoretičari računarstva]] 941u9aofewwmxa4suhgxkdw9adgo1sv Emine Džaparova 0 532734 3849370 3822449 2026-05-26T00:57:06Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 0 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija politički vođa | ime = Emine Džaparova | slika = File:Emine Dzhaparova (26063607137).jpg | opis_slike = | puno_ime = Emine Ajjarovna Džaparova | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja i godine|1983|5|5}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Krasnodar]], [[Ruska SFSR]], [[SSSR]] | državljanstvo = [[Ukrajina|Ukrajinsko]] | narodnost = [[Krimski Tatari|Krimska Tatarka]] | zanimanje = političarka, novinarka, voditeljica | alma_mater = [[Taras Ševčenko Nacionalni univerzitet u Kijevu]] | funkcija = prva zamjenica ministra vanjskih poslova Ukrajine | mandat = 2020–2024 | nagrade = Orden za zasluge }} '''Emine Džaparova''' jest [[Ukrajina|ukrajinska]] političarka, novinarka i bivša televizijska voditeljica krimskotatarskog porijekla.<ref name="nato">{{cite web |title=DZHAPAROVA Emine |url=https://www.nato-pa.int/node/332376 |website=NATO Parliamentary Assembly |access-date=30. 3. 2026}}</ref> Bila je prva zamjenica ministra vanjskih poslova [[Ukrajina|Ukrajine]] od 2020. do 2024, a u toj ulozi bavila se pitanjima međunarodnih organizacija, javne diplomatije i [[Krimska platforma|Krimske platforme]].<ref name="nato" /><ref name="mfa2023">{{cite web |title=Emine Dzhaparova received copies of credentials from the newly appointed Ambassador of Canada to Ukraine |url=https://mfa.gov.ua/en/news/emine-dzhaparova-received-copies-credentials-newly-appointed-ambassador-canada-ukraine |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine |date=14. 9. 2023 |access-date=30. 3. 2026}}</ref> Rođena je 5. maja 1983. u [[Krasnodar]]u, a školovala se na [[Krim]]u.<ref name="nato" /> Diplomirala je međunarodne odnose na Institutu za međunarodne odnose [[Taras Ševčenko Nacionalni univerzitet u Kijevu|Tarasa Ševčenka Nacionalnog univerziteta u Kijevu]] 2006.<ref name="nato" /> Od 2008. do 2010. radila je u [[Ministarstvo vanjskih poslova Ukrajine|Ministarstvu vanjskih poslova Ukrajine]], a od 2011. do 2014. bila je zamjenica glavnog urednika informativnog programa ''Zaman'' i voditeljica više emisija na krimskotatarskom televizijskom kanalu ATR.<ref name="nato" /> Poslije ruske okupacije Krima radila je na pitanjima informacione politike i deokupacije poluotoka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Emine Dzhaparova |url=https://www.forum2000.cz/en/people/emine-dzhaparova |website=Forum 2000 |access-date=30. 3. 2026}}</ref> Od 2016. do 2019. bila je prva zamjenica ministra informacione politike Ukrajine.<ref>{{cite web |title=Emine Dzhaparova |url=https://old.consiusa.org/speaker/emine-dzhaparova/ |website=Congress of Ukrainian Americans |access-date=30. 3. 2026 }}{{Mrtav link}}</ref> Za prvu zamjenicu ministra vanjskih poslova imenovana je 2020.<ref name="nato" /> Na toj funkciji bila je i predsjednica Nacionalne komisije Ukrajine za [[UNESCO]].<ref name="lmc">{{cite web |title=Emine Dzhaparova |url=https://lmc.icds.ee/speaker/emine-dzhaparova/ |website=Lennart Meri Conference |access-date=30. 3. 2026}}</ref> U javnosti je posebno poznata po zagovaranju ukrajinskog suvereniteta nad Krimom, međunarodnoj kampanji za podršku Krimskoj platformi i isticanju položaja [[Krimski Tatari|Krimskih Tatara]] pod ruskom okupacijom.<ref name="mfa2023" /><ref name="lmc" /> Dobitnica je ukrajinskog Ordena za zasluge.<ref>{{cite web |title=Про відзначення державними нагородами України з нагоди Дня Незалежності України |url=https://www.president.gov.ua/documents/5952023-47925 |website=Predsjednik Ukrajine |access-date=30. 3. 2026}}</ref> == Reference == {{Refspisak}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Džaparova, Emine}} [[Kategorija:Živi ljudi]] [[Kategorija:Ukrajinski političari]] [[Kategorija:Ukrajinski novinari]] [[Kategorija:Krimski Tatari]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Krasnodar]] q65gkrtdsfjm9xu6lpselxwmu7k4t71 DomainKeys Identified Mail 0 532851 3849318 3823949 2026-05-25T17:35:01Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 0 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849318 wikitext text/x-wiki '''DKIM''' (engleski: ''DomainKeys Identified Mail'') je standard za autentifikaciju elektronske pošte koji omogućava organizacijama da digitalno potpišu e-mail poruke u ime svoje domene. Cilj DKIM-a je smanjenje zloupotrebe e-maila, kao što su lažno predstavljanje (''phishing'') i ''spam'', potvrđivanjem da je poruka zaista poslana s ovlaštenog servera domene pošiljaoca. DKIM koristi kriptografske potpise: pošiljalac generiše digitalni potpis koji se dodaje zaglavlju poruke, dok primateljev server koristi javni ključ, objavljen u DNS zapisu domene, za provjeru autentičnosti potpisa. DKIM često radi u kombinaciji s drugim standardima za autentifikaciju e-maila, kao što su [[SPF]] (''Sender Policy Framework'') i [[DMARC]] (''Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting, and Conformance''), kako bi se dodatno povećala sigurnost i pouzdanost elektronske komunikacije. DKIM je definisan u RFC 6376 od strane Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) i široko je prihvaćen u industriji elektronske pošte. == Reference == * {{cite web|url=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6376|title=RFC 6376: DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) Signatures|date=septembar 2011|publisher=IETF}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7208.html|title=RFC 7208: Sender Policy Framework (SPF) for Authorizing Use of Domains in Email|date=april 2014|publisher=IETF}} * {{cite web|url=https://bimicertifications.ba/sta-je-dkim|title=Šta je DKIM?|website=BIMI Certifications|publisher=BIMI Certifications|access-date=2. 4. 2026}}{{Mrtav link}} == Vidi još == * [[SPF]] (''Sender Policy Framework'') * [[DMARC]] * [[BIMI]] 9jt04fnsdfcb1tag6755l4k8fej0amq 3849426 3849318 2026-05-26T09:58:50Z Johnsmoljko 181782 changed to correct link 3849426 wikitext text/x-wiki '''DKIM''' (engleski: ''DomainKeys Identified Mail'') je standard za autentifikaciju elektronske pošte koji omogućava organizacijama da digitalno potpišu e-mail poruke u ime svoje domene. Cilj DKIM-a je smanjenje zloupotrebe e-maila, kao što su lažno predstavljanje (''phishing'') i ''spam'', potvrđivanjem da je poruka zaista poslana s ovlaštenog servera domene pošiljaoca. DKIM koristi kriptografske potpise: pošiljalac generiše digitalni potpis koji se dodaje zaglavlju poruke, dok primateljev server koristi javni ključ, objavljen u DNS zapisu domene, za provjeru autentičnosti potpisa. DKIM često radi u kombinaciji s drugim standardima za autentifikaciju e-maila, kao što su [[SPF]] (''Sender Policy Framework'') i [[DMARC]] (''Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting, and Conformance''), kako bi se dodatno povećala sigurnost i pouzdanost elektronske komunikacije. DKIM je definisan u RFC 6376 od strane Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) i široko je prihvaćen u industriji elektronske pošte. == Reference == * {{cite web|url=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6376|title=RFC 6376: DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) Signatures|date=septembar 2011|publisher=IETF}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7208.html|title=RFC 7208: Sender Policy Framework (SPF) for Authorizing Use of Domains in Email|date=april 2014|publisher=IETF}} * {{cite web|url=https://bimicertifications.ba/sta-je-bimi|title=Šta je DKIM?|website=BIMI Certifications|publisher=BIMI Certifications|access-date=2. 4. 2026}}{{Mrtav link}} == Vidi još == * [[SPF]] (''Sender Policy Framework'') * [[DMARC]] * [[BIMI]] 294j8vbcco91d8cpa7y1qbirmfn0k08 Emīlija Gudriniece 0 532989 3849373 3824560 2026-05-26T01:12:16Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849373 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija naučnik | ime = Emīlija Gudriniece | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja|1920|8|3}} | mjesto_rođenja = Kromani, [[Kaunata]], [[Latvija]] | datum_smrti = {{Datum smrti i godine|2004|10|4|1920|8|3}} | mjesto_smrti = [[Riga]], [[Latvija]] | narodnost = Latvijka | polje = [[hemija]], [[organska sinteza]] | institucija = [[Univerzitet u Latviji]]; Rimski politehnički institut / Tehnički univerzitet u Rigi | alma_mater = [[Univerzitet u Latviji]] | poznat(a) po = istraživanjima u organskoj sintezi, heterocikličnim spojevima i 1,3-diketonima }} '''Emīlija Gudriniece''' ({{jez-lv|Emīlija Gudriniece}}; [[Kromani]], [[Kaunata]], 3. august 1920 – [[Riga]], 4. oktobar 2004) bila je latvijska [[hemičar]]ka, profesorica i akademkinja [[Latvijska akademija nauka|Latvijske akademije nauka]]. Bavila se [[organska sinteza|organskom sintezom]], posebno istraživanjima [[Heterociklični spoj|heterocikličnih spojeva]] i cikličnih 1,3-diketona, a u Latviji se ubraja među istaknute naučnice iz oblasti hemije.<ref name="LU">{{cite web |title=Dzimusi Emīlija Gudriniece |url=https://www.lu.lv/muzejs/notikumi/diena/notikums/e/dzimusi-emilija-gudriniece-20230803/ |website=LU Muzejs |publisher=Latvijas Universitāte |date=3. 8. 2023 |language=lv |access-date=7. 4. 2026 }}{{Mrtav link}}</ref><ref name="RTUBio">{{cite web |title=Dzīvesgājums |url=https://rtubibl.wixsite.com/emilijagudriniece/dz%C4%ABvesg%C4%81jums |website=Emilijagudriniece |publisher=Rīgas Tehniskās universitātes Zinātniskā bibliotēka |date=2020 |language=lv |access-date=7. 4. 2026}}</ref> Gudriniece je rođena u selu Kromani u tadašnjem Kaunatskom kraju. Osnovno obrazovanje stekla je u Kaunati, a zatim je pohađala Državni učiteljski institut u Rēzekneu. Studij hemije završila je 1948. na [[Univerzitet u Latviji|Univerzitetu u Latviji]].<ref name="RTUBio"/> Nakon toga radila je na tom univerzitetu kao laborantica, aspirantica, asistentica, docentica i dekanica, a 1958. prešla je na Rimski politehnički institut, gdje je obavljala i dužnost prorektorice za nauku. Od 1963. do 1989. bila je osnivačica i voditeljica Katedre za organsku sintezu i biotehnologiju.<ref name="RTUBio"/> Naučni rad Emīlije Gudriniece bio je usmjeren na sintezu i praktičnu primjenu organskih spojeva. Među oblastima kojima se bavila bili su sinteza furacilina i njegovo uvođenje u proizvodnju, proučavanje reaktivnosti cikličnih 1,3-diketona, sinteza heterocikličnih spojeva i istraživanje njihove biološke aktivnosti, kao i proučavanje biljnih ulja i njihovih mogućnosti primjene u proizvodnji [[biogorivo|biogoriva]]. Latvijski univerzitetski i naučni izvori navode da je razvila novu metodu sulfuriranja i nitriranja 1,3-diketona te da je objavila više od 800 naučnih i popularnonaučnih radova.<ref name="LU"/><ref name="RTUBio"/> Stekla je stepen kandidata hemijskih nauka 1952, doktorat 1960, a za profesoricu je izabrana 1961. Za dopisnu članicu Latvijske akademije nauka izabrana je 1963, a za redovnu članicu 1978; od 1996. imala je status državne emeritirane naučnice.<ref name="LU"/><ref name="RTUBio"/> Za svoj rad dobila je više priznanja, među kojima su Državna nagrada Latvijske SSR (1957), nagrada Gustava Vanagsa (1972), Medalja Paulsa Waldena (2000) i nagrada Latvijske akademije nauka i kompanije ''Grindeks'' za životno djelo (2003).<ref name="RTUBio"/> U znak sjećanja na nju Latvijska akademija nauka dodjeljuje nagradu koja nosi njeno ime u oblasti hemije i hemijske tehnologije.<ref>{{cite web |title=BALVAS UN PRĒMIJAS JAUNAJIEM ZINĀTNIEKIEM |url=https://archive.lza.lv/index.php?Itemid=399&id=1772&option=com_content&task=view |website=Latvijas Zinātņu akadēmija |date=30. 4. 2008 |language=lv |access-date=7. 4. 2026 |archive-date=10. 11. 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251110223401/http://archive.lza.lv/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1772&Itemid=399 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Umrla je u [[Riga|Rigi]] 4. oktobra 2004. i sahranjena je na groblju Meža kapi.<ref name="RTUBio"/> == Reference == {{Refspisak}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gudriniece, Emīlija}} [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1920.]] [[Kategorija:Umrli 2004.]] [[Kategorija:Latvijski hemičari]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Kaunata]] 358frytckjknhjf6s8yv3szi9as5vkg Eglė Špokaitė 0 533034 3849361 3828680 2026-05-25T23:09:10Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 0 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija osoba | ime = Eglė Špokaitė | slika = Egle Spokaite Kitri Jump.jpg | izvorno_ime = | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja i godine|1971|1|15}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Vilnius]], [[SSSR]] | nacionalnost = Litvanka | zanimanje = [[balerina]], koreografkinja i baletna pedagoginja | godine_aktivnosti = 1989– | organizacija = [[Litvanski nacionalni teatar opere i baleta]] | alma_mater = Nacionalna škola umjetnosti M. K. Čiurlionisa }} '''Eglė Špokaitė''' (rođena 15. januara 1971. u [[Vilnius]]u) litvanska je [[Balet|balerina]], koreografkinja i baletna pedagoginja. Najpoznatija je kao prvakinja baleta [[Litvanski nacionalni teatar opere i baleta|Litvanskog nacionalnog teatra opere i baleta]], u kojem je nastupala od 1989. do 2011. godine.<ref name="BISD">{{cite web |title=Our History |url=https://balletinstitutesd.com/our-history/ |website=Ballet Institute of San Diego |access-date=7. 4. 2026}}</ref><ref name="LRT2021">{{cite web |title=Žymiausia primabalerina Eglė Špokaitė švenčia jubiliejų: scena išlaisvina kaip niekas |url=https://www.lrt.lt/naujienos/kultura/12/1320844/zymiausia-primabalerina-egle-spokaite-svencia-jubilieju-scena-islaisvina-kaip-niekas |website=LRT |date=15. 1. 2021 |access-date=7. 4. 2026}}</ref> Špokaitė je završila baletno obrazovanje 1989, nakon čega je postala članica, a potom i istaknuta solistica Litvanskog nacionalnog teatra opere i baleta.<ref name="BISD"/><ref name="LRT2021"/> U teatru je tumačila glavne uloge u klasičnom i savremenom repertoaru, među kojima se izdvajaju Žizela u ''Žizeli'', Julija u ''Romeu i Juliji'', Kitri u ''Don Quijoteu'', Odeta/Odilija u ''Labuđem jezeru'' i naslovna junakinja u ''Ani Karenjini''.<ref name="BISD"/> Tokom karijere sarađivala je s umjetnicima kao što su [[Mstislav Rostropovič]], [[Maja Plisecka]], [[Gidon Kremer]], [[Boris Ejfman]] i [[Alexei Ratmansky]].<ref name="BISD"/> Godine 2008. suosnovala je baletnu školu u Vilniusu, a nakon preseljenja u [[Sjedinjene Američke Države]] osnovala je 2016. ''Ballet Institute of San Diego'', gdje djeluje kao umjetnička direktorica i pedagoginja.<ref name="BISD"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Faculty |url=https://balletinstitutesd.com/faculty/ |website=Ballet Institute of San Diego |access-date=7. 4. 2026}}</ref> Među njenim najznačajnijim priznanjima nalaze se Litvanska nacionalna nagrada za kulturu i umjetnost, koju je dobila 1996. godine, te Oficirski križ Reda velikog vojvode Gediminasa, također iz 1996. godine.<ref>{{cite web |title=Apie kultūros herojų amžių, lytį ir kuriančiųjų kartas |url=https://www.lrt.lt/naujienos/kultura/12/2341245/liutauras-kraniauskas-apie-kulturos-heroju-amziu-lyti-ir-kurianciuju-kartas |website=LRT |date=19. 8. 2024 |access-date=7. 4. 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Apdovanotų asmenų duomenų bazė |url=https://lrp.lt/lt/veikla/apdovanojimai/apdovanotu-asmenu-duomenu-baze/27252/p14150 |website=Predsjednik Republike Litvanije |access-date=7. 4. 2026 }}{{Mrtav link}}</ref> == Reference == {{Refspisak}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Spokaite, Egle}} [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1971.]] [[Kategorija:Živi ljudi]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Vilnius]] [[Kategorija:Litvanske balerine]] b8n0x8v5762ej68boc1yflmk0m55ah5 Ebu Zejd al-Balhi 0 533338 3849261 3836965 2026-05-25T12:25:49Z AdnanSa 226 korekcija greške u datumu smrti 3849261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija naučnik | ime = Ebu Zejd Al-Balhi | slika = | slika_širina = | naslov = | datum_rođenja = oko 850. | mjesto_rođenja = Šamistijan, Horasan (moderni Afganistan) | datum_smrti = {{Datum smrti i godine|934|||850||}} | mjesto_smrti = | prebivalište = <!-- [[Grad]], [[Država]] --> | državljanstvo = | narodnost = | etnicitet = | polje = [[Medicina]], [[geografija]], [[matematika]] | radna_institucija = | alma_mater = | doktorski_mentor = | doktorski_studenti = | akademski_savjetnici = | uticao_na = | uticali_na_njega = | poznat_po = | autor_kratica_bot = | autor_kratica_zoo = | nagrade = | religija = | fusnote = }} ''Ebu Zejd Al-Balhi'' (perzijski: ابو زید احمد بن سهل بلخی) bio je perzijski muslimanski [[polimat]]: geograf, matematičar, ljekar, [[Psihologija|psiholog]] i naučnik. Rođen je 850. godine u Šamistijanu, u provinciji Balh, Veliki Horasan, i bio je učenik Al-Kindija. Također je osnovao "Balhī školu" terestričkog mapiranja u Bagdadu.<ref>E. Edson and Emilie Savage-Smith, Medieval Views of the Cosmos, pp. 61–3, Bodleian Library, University of Oxford</ref> Vjeruje se da je Al-Balhi bio jedan od prvih naučnika koji je dijagnosticirao da mentalne bolesti mogu imati psihološke i fiziološke uzroke i bio je prvi koji je tipizirao četiri vrste emocionalnih poremećaja: [[strah]] i anksioznost; ljutnju i agresiju; [[Tuga|tugu]] i [[Depresija|depresiju]]; i opsesije. == Biografija == Al-Balhi je rođen 850. godine u malom selu Šamistijan, u području Balh koje je danas dio Afganistana. Kao mladić, otprilike u vrijeme Al-Kindijeve smrti,<ref>Biesterfeldt, Hans Hinrich (2011), "al-Balkhī, Abū Zayd", in Lagerlund, Henrik (ed.), Encyclopedia of Medieval Philosophy, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 139–141, doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9729-4_73, ISBN 978-1-4020-9729-4, retrieved 2021-12-15</ref> Al-Balhi je putovao u Irak.<ref>Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. "Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org.</ref> U to vrijeme islamska kultura je ulagala snažne napore da apsorbuje znanje prethodnih civilizacija i doživljavala vlastiti kulturni procvat. Ovaj period se ponekad naziva [[Zlatno doba islama|zlatnim dobom islama]]. Al-Balhi je proveo osam godina u Iraku. Jedan od njegovih učitelja bio je filozof Abu Jusuf Al-Kendī. Vratio se u Balk i počeo podučavati ono što je naučio. Ahmed ibn Sahl, vladar Balka i okolnih teritorija, ponudio mu je i spisateljski i ministarski položaj, a Al-Balhi je prihvatio prvu ponudu, a odbio drugu. Kralj je potvrdio njegovu odluku i finansijski ga podržao. Al-Balhi je još jednom otputovao u [[Bagdad]], prije nego što se posljednji put vratio u Balh i tamo ostao do svoje smrti 934. godine.<ref>Who was Abu Zayd al-Balkhi? Malik Badri, introduction to Sustenance of the Soul, Gutenberg Press</ref> === Lične karakteristike === Posjedovao je prilično rezervisan i izoliran karakter, zbog čega nije prikupljeno dovoljno podataka o njegovom ličnom životu.<ref>al-Balkhī, Abū Zayd; Badri, Malik (2013), "Who was Abū Zayd al-Balkhī?", Abu Zayd AlBalkhi’s Sustenance of the Soul, The Cognitive Behavior Therapy of A Ninth Century Physician, International Institute of Islamic Thought, pp. 1–7, doi:10.2307/j.ctvh4zfhk.4, JSTOR j.ctvh4zfhk.4, retrieved 2021-12-15</ref> Prema riječima Ebu Muhameda El-Hasana ibn El-Vazirija, jednog od njegovih učenika, Al-Balhijevo lice bilo je prekriveno ožiljcima koje je zadobio nakon što je prebolio [[Boginje]]. == Djela == Od mnogih knjiga koje mu Ibn Al-Nadim pripisuje u djelu Al-Fihrist, mogu se istaknuti djela "Izvrsnost matematike" i "O sigurnosti u astrologiji". Njegove "Figure o klimama" (Suvar Al-aqalim) sastojale su se uglavnom od geografskih karata. Također je napisao medicinsko i psihološko djelo, "Masalih Al-Abdan va Al-Anfus" (Održavanje tijela i duše). U knjizi Malik Badrija većina njegovih djela opisana su kao "više od 60 knjiga i rukopisa, u kojima se pomno istražuju discipline raznolike po opsegu, kao što su geografija, medicina, [[teologija]], [[politika]], filozofija, [[poezija]], [[književnost]], arapska gramatika, [[astrologija]], [[astronomija]], matematika, [[biografija]], [[etika]], [[sociologija]], kao i druge."<ref>Malik Badri, Abu Zayd al-Balkhi’s Sustenance of the Soul: The Cognitive Behavior Therapy of a Ninth Century Physician, International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) (2013), p. 1 Nurdeen Deuraseh and Mansor Abu Talib (2005), "Mental health in Islamic medical tradition", The International Medical Journal 4 (2), p. 76–79. Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists", Journal of Religion and Health 43 (4): 357–377 [362] Awaad, Rania; Ali, Sara (July 2015). "Obsessional Disorders in al-Balkhi′s 9th century treatise: Sustenance of the Body and Soul". Journal of Affective Disorders. 180: 185–189.</ref> === Figure o regijama === Njegove "Figure o regijama" (Suvar al-aqalim) sastojale su se uglavnom od geografskih karata. To ga je dovelo do osnivanja "Balhī škole" zemaljskog mapiranja u Bagdadu. Geografi ove škole također su opširno pisali o ljudima, proizvodima i običajima područja muslimanskog svijeta, s malim interesom za nemuslimanska područja. Drugi dio ovog rukopisa poznat je kao Okrepa za tijela i duše. === Principi interakcije === Pokušaj da se pronađe ravnoteža između tehničke terminologije i zdravog etičkog razuma može se pronaći u njegovoj monografiji u kojoj govori o interakciji između elemenata tijela, godišnjih doba i tradicionalnih "neprirodnih" elemenata zdravlja, poput hrane i sna. === Mentalno zdravlje i mentalne bolesti === U islamskoj psihologiji, koncepte mentalnog zdravlja i "mentalne higijene" uveo je Ebu Zajd Al-Balhi, koji ih je često povezivao s duhovnim zdravljem. U svom djelu Masalih al-Abdan va al-Anfus (Održavanje tijela i duše), on je bio prvi koji je uspješno raspravljao o bolestima povezanim i s tijelom i s dušom. Koristio je termin al-Tibb al-Ruhani za opis duhovnog i psihološkog [[Zdravlje|zdravlja]], a termin Tibb al-Qalb za ​​opis mentalne medicine. Kritizirao je mnoge liječnike svog vremena zbog prevelikog naglaska na fizičke [[bolest]]i i zanemarivanja psiholoških ili mentalnih bolesti pacijenata, te je tvrdio da "budući da je čovjekova konstrukcija i od njegove duše i od njegovog tijela, ljudsko postojanje ne može biti zdravo bez ishtibaka [preplitanja ili prožimanja] duše i tijela". Dalje je tvrdio da "ako se tijelo razboli, nefs [psiha] gubi veliki dio svojih kognitivnih i sveobuhvatnih sposobnosti i ne uspijeva uživati ​​u poželjnim aspektima života" i da "ako se nefs razboli, tijelo također možda neće pronaći radost u životu i na kraju može razviti fizičku bolest". Al-Balhi je svoje ideje o mentalnom zdravlju dijelom dobivaoiz ajeta iz Kur'ana i hadisa koji se pripisuju Muhamedu, kao što su:<ref>Nurdeen Deuraseh and Mansor Abu Talib (2005), "Mental health in Islamic medical tradition", The International Medical Journal 4 (2), p. 76–79.</ref> {{blockquote|"U njihovim srcima je bolest." | Kur'an 2:10}} {{blockquote|"Zaista, u tijelu postoji organ, a kada je on bolestan, tijelo je bolesno, a kada je zdrav, tijelo je zdravo. Zaista, to je qalb [srce]." | Iz Buharijeve zbirke hadisa, Kitab al-Iman}} {{blockquote|"Zaista, Allah ne gleda na vaš izgled niti na vaše bogatstvo (kada vas procjenjuje), nego gleda na vaša srca i vaša djela." | Musnad Ahmed ibn Hanbel, br. 8707}} === Kognitivna i medicinska psihologija i kognitivna terapija === Ebu Zejd je bio prvi koji je razlikovao neurozu od psihoze, te prvi koji je klasifikovao neurotske poremećaje i bio pionir kognitivne terapije kako bi liječio svaki od ovih klasifikovanih poremećaja. Neurozu je klasifikovao u četiri emocionalna poremećaja: strah i anksioznost, ljutnju i agresiju, tugu i depresiju i opsesiju. Dalje je klasificirao tri vrste [[Depresija|depresije]]: normalnu depresiju ili tugu (huzn), endogenu depresiju koja potiče iznutra i reaktivnu kliničku depresiju koja potiče izvan tijela. Također je napisao da zdrava osoba uvijek treba imati zdrave misli i osjećaje u svom umu u slučaju neočekivanih emocionalnih izljeva na isti način na koji se lijekovi i [[lijek]]ovi prve pomoći drže pri ruci za neočekivane fizičke hitne slučajeve. Izjavio je da je ravnoteža između uma i tijela potrebna za dobro zdravlje i da neravnoteža između ta dva može uzrokovati bolest. Al-Balhi je također uveo koncept recipročne inhibicije (al-ilaj bi al-did), koji je ponovo uveo Joseph Wolpe, više od hiljadu godina kasnije, 1969. godine. === Psihofiziologija i psihosomatska medicina === Bio je pionir psihoterapije, psihofiziologije i psihosomatske medicine. Prepoznao je da tijelo i duša mogu biti zdravi ili bolesni, ili "uravnoteženi ili neuravnoteženi", te da mentalne bolesti mogu imati i psihološke i/ili fiziološke uzroke. Napisao je da neravnoteža tijela može rezultirati [[Groznica|groznicom]], [[glavobolja]]ma i drugim fizičkim bolestima, dok neravnoteža duše može rezultirati ljutnjom, anksioznošću, tugom i drugim mentalnim simptomima. === Depresija === Al-Balhi je prepoznao dvije vrste depresije: * jednu uzrokovanu poznatim razlozima poput gubitka ili neuspjeha, koja se može psihološki liječiti i vanjskim metodama (kao što su uvjerljivi razgovori, propovijedi i savjeti) i unutarnjim metodama (kao što je "razvoj unutrašnjih misli i spoznaja koje pomažu osobi da se riješi svog depresivnog stanja"); i * drugu uzrokovanu nepoznatim razlozima poput "iznenadne tuge i nevolje, koja traje cijelo vrijeme, sprječavajući oboljelu osobu da bude u bilo kakvoj fizičkoj aktivnosti ili da pokaže bilo kakvu sreću ili uživa u bilo kojem od zadovoljstava". Smatrao je da je to uzrokovano fiziološkim razlozima (kao što je nečistoća [[krv]]i) i da se može liječiti fizičkom medicinom. Također je pisao usporedbe između fizičkih poremećaja i mentalnih poremećaja i pokazao kako psihosomatski poremećaji mogu biti uzrokovani određenim interakcijama između njih.<ref>Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists", Journal of Religion and Health 43 (4): 357–377 [362]</ref> === Fobije === Još u IX stoljeću pisao je o fobiji (bio je među prvima u tom polju), nazivajući je Fazaa'. I do danas se koristi definicija slična ovoj koju je opisao Al-Balhi. Detaljno je opisivao taj poremećaj kao ekstremnu vrstu [[strah]]a koja rezultira porastom nivoa anksioznosti kod osobe zbog povećanja količine krvi u tijelu. To uzrokuje da osoba postane nestabilna i dezorijentirana, što je sprječava da pravovremeno donosi odluke. Umjesto uzimanja lijekova ili puštanja krvi, što su bile uobičajene metode za pomoć pojedincu, predložio je postepeno izlaganje predmetu ili situaciji koja je izazvala strah. Ova tehnika je bila poznata kao reyadat al-nafs. === OKP === Al-Balhi je razlikovao [[Opsesivno-kompulzivni poremećaj]] (OKP) od drugih oblika mentalnih bolesti.<ref>Awaad, Rania; Ali, Sara (July 2015). "Obsessional Disorders in al-Balkhi′s 9th century treatise: Sustenance of the Body and Soul". Journal of Affective Disorders. 180: 185–189. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.03.003.</ref> === Poznavanje uzroka === al-Balhi citira izreku da "većina terora dolazi iz iščekivanja terora" i zagovara informiranost i realnost u vezi s pravom prirodom zabrinutosti.<ref>Sustenance of the soul, al-Balkhi, Gutenberg Press, p45</ref> === Terapija izlaganja === On zagovara 'prisiljavanje sebe da se više puta izloži sluh i vid štetnim stvarima' i da se 'iznova i iznova približava stvari koje se boji dok se ne navikne na nju i ne izgubi strah.<ref>Sustenance of the soul, al-Balkhi, Gutenberg Press, p49</ref> === Osnovne emocije === Napisao je da su anksioznost i nevolja u srži svih štetnih emocionalnih simptoma (npr. ljutnje) i da su [[sreća]] i radost uzrok svih pozitivnih emocionalnih stanja (npr. spokoja, zadovoljstva i užitka). === Seksualne osobine === Iako se na tema seksa danas šire i slobodno raspravlja, al-Balhi je još u X vijeku detaljno istražio tu temu, posebno različite seksualne osobine i uticaje koje one imaju na pojedinca. Posebna tema razgovora koju je spomenuo u svom djelu bio je čin [[Seksualna apstinencija|apstinencije]]. Time se pojedinac izlaže fizičkim tegobama, jer taj čin smatra "neprirodnim". Također je preporučio određenu [[Dijetalna ishrana|dijetu]] i suzdržavanje od uzimanja lijekova za koje se vjerovalo da pojačavaju seksualnost kao sredstvo za liječenje seksualne [[Impotencija|impotencije]]. == Politika == U zbirci djela Al-Tavhidija iz X stoljeća, Al-Balhi opisuje [[Politika|politiku]] kao umjetnost koja ima za cilj doprinijeti usponu zemlje. Nadalje, spominje pet odvojenih izvora koji utiču na ukupni ishod politike. To uključuje opipljivi cilj koji odgovara poslovima podanika, službeni razlog u vezi s općom dobrobiti naroda, pokretačku snagu kao "brigu vladara za poslove svojih podanika", svrhu kao očuvanje javnog blagostanja, kao i instrumentalni cilj koji se sastoji od korištenja "podsticanja i zastrašivanja" za postizanje cilja. == Reference == {{reference}} [[Kategorija:Geografi]] [[Kategorija:Matematičari]] [[Kategorija:Medicinski istraživači]] 11egtlssgwmn5lqw8nwwg5j896obl91 Empatija 0 533482 3849372 3831544 2026-05-26T01:09:02Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 2 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Emocije bočna traka}} [[Datoteka:There's no crying in baseball! (4549295140) 2.jpg|mini|alt=Malo dijete grli starije, povrijeđeno dijete|[[Zagrljaj|Grljenje]] nekoga ko je povrijeđen znak je empatije.]] '''Empatija''' ili '''saosjećanje''' jeste razumijevanje osjećaja i [[Emocija|emotivnog iskustva]] drugih ljudi sa sposobnošću sagledavanja iz njihove perspektive i stavljanja sebe u njihov položaj.<ref>{{cite web |author=Paul S. Bellet, Michael J. Maloney |url=http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/392335 |title=The Importance of Empathy as an Interviewing Skill in Medicine |publisher=The JAMA Network |date=1991-10-02 |access-date=2017-04-29}}</ref> ''Enciklopedija pozitivne psihologije''<ref>The Encyclopedia of Positive Psychology.</ref> definiše empatiju kao "sposobnost prepoznavanja ili posrednog doživljavanja (emocionalnog stanja) ili afektivnog stanja drugog bića", ili "emocionalni odgovor koji proizlazi iz prepoznavanja ili razumijevanja emocionalnog stanja ili uslova drugih". Empatija djeluje kao katalizator za altruističko ponašanje, koje jača prosocijalno ponašanje i smanjuje ljudsku patnju. Stručnjaci također opisuju empatiju kao razumijevanje interesa i briga drugih; riječ je o emocionalnom osjećaju koji pomaže pojedincu da se ne ponaša nasilno i da uzme u obzir principe [[Ljubaznost|ljubaznosti]] u odnosima s drugima. Empatija je vrsta terapije, jer je osjećaj viđenosti i saslušanosti na dubokom i emocionalnom nivou iscjeljujuće iskustvo.<ref>{{cite book |author=Michele Borba |title=Building moral intelligence: The seven essential virtues that teach kids to do the right thing |publisher=Saberin |translator=Farnaz Forud}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Behnegarsoft.com |title=Migna - Empatija je lijek |url=https://www.migna.ir/news/61842/%D9%87%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86 |website=Migna: Baza vijesti iz psihologije i zdravlja |date=2023-05-16 |access-date=2023-05-17 |language=fa |archive-date=6. 7. 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250706120740/https://www.migna.ir/news/61842/%D9%87%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Empatija je osnova efikasne [[Komunikacija|komunikacije]], jer jača [[Međuljudski odnosi|međuljudske odnose]] kroz izgradnju [[Povjerenje|povjerenja]] i uzajamnog poštovanja.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vještina empatije i otpornosti – Otpornost |url=https://www.hsu.ac.ir/resiliency/2025/02/17/%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C/ |access-date=2025-02-17 |language=fa |archive-date=24. 6. 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250624065910/https://www.hsu.ac.ir/resiliency/2025/02/17/%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Etimologija == Godine 1909. psiholog [[Edward B. Titchener|Edward Titchener]] preveo je njemačku riječ ''Einfühlung'', koja potječe od grčkih riječi ''en'' (unutra) i ''pathos'' (osjećaj, patnja), na engleski jezik kao ''empathy''. == Reference == {{Refspisak}} {{Emocije}} {{Normativna kontrola}} [[Kategorija:Autizam]] [[Kategorija:Međuljudski odnosi]] [[Kategorija:Socijalna psihologija]] [[Kategorija:Moralna psihologija]] [[Kategorija:Koncepti u metafizici]] [[Kategorija:Etički koncepti]] [[Kategorija:Životne vještine]] [[Kategorija:Emocije]] 09qmxcenj5fyd7nu8sqr10x7vwhagvn Desalinizacija 0 533906 3849299 3844566 2026-05-25T15:03:26Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 0 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849299 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Slika:Reverse osmosis desalination plant.JPG|thumb|right|350x350px| Postrojenje za desalinizaciju reverznom osmozom u [[Barcelona|Barceloni]] [[Španija]].]] '''Desalinizacija''', '''desalinacija''' je '''odsoljavanje''', vještački proces kojim se slana voda (uglavnom [[slana voda]]) pretvara u [[slatka voda|slatku vodu]]. Općenito, desalinizacija je uklanjanje soli i minerala iz neke supstance.<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/desalination "Desalination"] (definition), ''The American Heritage Science Dictionary'', via dictionary.com. Retrieved August 19, 2007.</ref> Moguće je desalinizirati slanu vodu, posebno morsku vodu, kako bi se proizvela voda za ljudsku potrošnju ili [[navodnjavanje]], pri čemu se kao nusproizvod proizvodi [[slana voda]].<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019">{{Cite journal|last1=Panagopoulos|first1=Argyris|last2=Haralambous|first2=Katherine-Joanne|last3=Loizidou|first3=Maria|date=November 25, 2019|title=Desalination brine disposal methods and treatment technologies – A review|journal=The Science of the Total Environment|volume=693|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.351|issn=1879-1026|pmid=31374511|bibcode=2019ScTEn.69333545P|s2cid=199387639}}</ref> Interes za desalinizaciju uglavnom se fokusira na isplativo obezbjeđivanje slatke vode za ljudsku upotrebu. Uz recikliranu otpadnu vodu, to je jedan od rijetkih vodnih resursa nezavisnih od [[padavina]].<ref name="Fischetti2007">{{Cite journal |last=Fischetti |first=Mark |date=September 2007 |title=Fresh from the Sea |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_scientific-american_2007-09_297_3/page/118 |journal=Scientific American|volume=297 |pmid=17784633 |issue=3 |pages=118–119|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0907-118 |bibcode=2007SciAm.297c.118F}}</ref> Kako se naglasak na potrebu za [[slatka voda|slatkom vodom]] globalno pojačava, desalinizacija je postala ključni dio strategija za globalnu sigurnost vode. Prema pregledu iz 2019. godine u časopisu ''Science of the Total Environment'', širom svijeta se proizvodi oko 95 miliona kubnih metara desalinizirane vode dnevno, a očekuje se da će potražnja za takvom vodom značajno porasti kako bi se smanjio globalni jaz u snabdijevanju vodom. Zbog potrošnje energije, desalinizacija morske vode je uglavnom skuplja od slatke vode iz [[površinska voda| površinskih ]] ili [[podzemna voda|podzemnih voda]], [[reciklirana voda|vode]] i [[konzervacija vode]]. Međutim, ove alternative nisu uvijek dostupne i iscrpljivanje rezervi je kritičan problem širom svijeta.<ref name="EbrahimiNajafpourYousefiKebria2019">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2018.01.002 |title=Performance of microbial desalination cell for salt removal and energy generation using different catholyte solutions |journal=Desalination |volume=432 |page=1 |year=2019 |last1=Ebrahimi |first1=Atieh |last2=Najafpour |first2=Ghasem D |last3=Yousefi Kebria |first3=Daryoush }}</ref><ref name="Transcript">{{cite web |title=Making the Deserts Bloom: Harnessing nature to deliver us from drought, Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 239 |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/making-the-deserts-bloom |website=Science History Institute|date=March 19, 2019 |access-date=August 27, 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Elsaid |first1=Khaled |last2=Kamil |first2=Mohammed |last3=Sayed |first3=Enas Taha |last4=Abdelkareem |first4=Mohammad Ali |last5=Wilberforce |first5=Tabbi |last6=Olabi |first6=A. |title=Environmental impact of desalination technologies: A review |journal=[[Science of the Total Environment]] |date=2020 |volume=748 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141528|pmid=32818886 |bibcode=2020ScTEn.74841528E }}</ref> Procesi desalinizacije koriste ili termalne metode (u slučaju [[destilacija| destilacije]]) ili metode zasnovane na membrani (npr. u slučaju [[reverzna osmoza|reverzne osmoze]]).<ref name="Cohen 2021 p.">{{cite book | last=Cohen | first=Yoram | title=Materials and Energy | chapter=Advances in Water Desalination Technologies | publisher=WORLD SCIENTIFIC | year=2021 | volume=17 | isbn=978-981-12-2697-7 | issn=2335-6596 | doi=10.1142/12009 | page=| s2cid=224974880 }}</ref><ref name="IWA2022">{{Cite book |url=https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book/850/Reducing-the-Greenhouse-Gas-Emissions-of-Water-and |title=Reducing the Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Water and Sanitation Services: Overview of emissions and their potential reduction illustrated by utility know-how |date=2022 |publisher=IWA Publishing |isbn=978-1-78906-317-2 |editor-last=Alix |editor-first=Alexandre |language=en |doi=10.2166/9781789063172 |s2cid=250128707 |editor-last2=Bellet |editor-first2=Laurent |editor-last3=Trommsdorff |editor-first3=Corinne |editor-last4=Audureau |editor-first4=Iris}}</ref>{{rp|24}} Od 2020. godine, globalni kapacitet desalinizacije iznosio je otprilike 97 miliona m³/dan iz preko 16.800 operativnih postrojenja, s ugovorenim projektima koji podižu ukupni potencijalni kapacitet preko 114 miliona m³/dan širom svijeta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Eke |first1=Joyner |last2=Yusuf |first2=Ahmed |last3=Giwa |first3=Adewale |last4=Sodiq |first4=Ahmed |date=December 1, 2020 |title=The global status of desalination: An assessment of current desalination technologies, plants and capacity |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916420313114 |journal=Desalination |volume=495 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114633 |bibcode=2020Desal.49514633E |issn=0011-9164|url-access=subscription }}</ref> U 2018. godini, globalni energetski intenzitet desalinizacije iznosio je oko 3 kWh/m<sup>3</sup> (u 2018. godini), što je poboljšano za faktor 10 sa 20–30 kWh/m<sup>3</sup> u 1970.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} Ipak, desalinizacija je predstavljala oko 25% energije koju je potrošio [[vodni sektor]] u 2016. godini.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} Ključne kompanije u industriji desalinizacije uključuju Acciona, Dow, Evoqua Water Technologies, Siemens AG, DuPont, Doosan Enerbility, Toray Industries Inc. i Xylem.<ref>{{Cite press release |publisher=Research and Markets |date=March 7, 2025 |title=Desalination Market Forecast Report and Competitive Analysis 2025–2033 Featuring Acciona, Dow, Evoqua Water Technologies, Siemens, DuPont, Doosan Enerbility, Toray Industries, Xylem |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/03/07/3038838/28124/en/Desalination-Market-Forecast-Report-and-Competitive-Analysis-2025-2033-Featuring-Acciona-Dow-Evoqua-Water-Technologies-Siemens-DuPont-Doosan-Enerbility-Toray-Industries-Xylem.html |access-date=December 8, 2025 |via=GlobeNewswire News Room |language=en-us}}</ref> {{clear}} ==Historija== {{glavni|Destilacija|Destilirana voda}} ===Antičko doba=== Rani koncepti vezani za desalinizaciju mogu se pratiti do [[Aristotel]]a, koji je u djelu ''[[Meteorologija (Aristotel)|Meteorologija]]'' primijetio da se prilikom isparavanja morske vode nastala para kondenzuje kao [[slatka voda]], a ne kao [[slana voda|slana]]. Ovo odražava rano razumijevanje isparavanja i kondenzacije. Također je opisao kako posuda od voska može zadržati pitku vodu nakon uranjanja u morsku vodu, što sugerira primitivni oblik filtracije.<ref>Aristotle with E.W. Webster, trans., ''Meteorologica'', in: Ross, W. D., ed., ''The Works of Aristotle'', vol. 3, (Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1931), Book III, [https://archive.org/stream/workstranslatedi03arisuoft#page/n71/mode/2up §358: 16–18 and §359: 1–5.]</ref> Spominjanje desalinizacije morske vode pojavilo se i u drevnoj Kini. Tekstovi povezani s [[Period zaraćenih država|Periodom zaraćenih država]] i [[dinastija Han|Istočnom dinastijom Han]] opisuju kako su bambusove prostirke korištene za kuhanje riže na pari razvile tanki vanjski sloj nakon duže upotrebe, za koji se vjerovalo da ima svojstva upijanja [[soli]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Huachao |last2=Xu |first2=Haoyuan |date=March 1, 2021 |title=Investigation and Research on the Status Quo of Informatization Development at Home and Abroad |journal=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science |volume=692 |issue=2 |doi=10.1088/1755-1315/692/2/022040 |bibcode=2021E&ES..692b2040Z |issn=1755-1307 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Općenito, primjeri eksperimentiranja u desalinizaciji pojavljivali su se tokom antike i srednjeg vijeka, iako su ostali ograničenog obima i primjene.<ref>Vidi: *Joseph Needham, Ho Ping-Yu, Lu Gwei-Djen, Nathan Sivin, ''Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology'' (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1980), [https://books.google.com/books?id=xrNDwP0pS8sC&pg=PA60 p. 60.] *Alexander of Aphrodisias (fl. 200 A.D.) wrote, in his commentary on Aristotle's ''Meteorology'', that if a lid is placed on a boiling pot of seawater, fresh water will condense on the lid. *In his ''Hexaemeron'', Homily IV, § 7, Basil of Caesarea (c. 329–379 AD) mentioned that sailors produced fresh water via distillation. Saint Basil with Sister Agnes Clare Way, trans., ''Saint Basil Exegetic Homilies'' (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 1963), p. 65. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AWxwDmFvDiwC&pg=PA65 From p. 65:] "Moreover, it is possible to see the water of the sea boiled by sailors, who, catching the vapors in sponges, relieve their thirst fairly well in times of need."</ref> Međutim, desalinizacija velikih razmjera nije postala izvodljiva sve do modernog perioda.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sample |url=http://www.desware.net/Sample-Chapters/D01/01-003.pdf |website=www.desware.net}}</ref> {{clear}} ===Srednji vijek i renesansa (5.–17. stoljeće)=== Tokom srednjeg vijeka, desalinizacija je ostala ograničena i prvenstveno se zasnivala na [[destilacija| destilaciji]], u kojoj se morska voda zagrijavala da bi se proizvela para koja se zatim kondenzovala u slatku vodu. Ove metode su uglavnom bile malog obima i korištene su u specifičnim okolnostima, posebno u pomorskim okruženjima.<ref name="Birkett1984">{{Cite journal |last=Birkett |first=James D. |date=January 1, 1984 |title=A brief illustrated history of desalination: From the bible to 1940 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=50 |pages=17–52 |doi=10.1016/0011-9164(84)85014-6 |bibcode=1984Desal..50...17B |issn=0011-9164}}</ref> Značajan doprinos renesansi došao je od [[Leonardo da Vinci|Leonarda da Vincija]], koji je predložio da se destilirana voda može efikasnije proizvoditi prilagođavanjem [[destilator]]a na šporet.<ref>J. R. Partington, History of Chemistry, Vol. 2–3, Macmillan, London, 1962.</ref> U Centralnoj Evropi, tehnike destilacije su se također nastavile razvijati tokom ovog perioda, iako ne uvijek specifično za desalinizaciju.<ref name="Birkett1984" /> Historijski zapisi iz 16. stoljeća opisuju upotrebu uređaja za desalinizaciju u vanrednim uvjetima. Jedan primjer se mogao dogoditi 1560. godine na ostrvu uz obalu [[Tunis]]a, gdje je opkoljeni španski garnizon navodno izgradio destilator za proizvodnju slatke vode, iako tehnički detalji aparata nisu poznati.<ref name="Birkett1984"/><ref name="NebbiaMenozzi1966">{{Cite journal |last1=Nebbia |first1=G. |last2=Menozzi |first2=G.N. |date=1966 |title=Aspetti storici della dissalazione |journal=Acqua Ind. |volume=41–42 |pages=3–20}}</ref> ===Predindustrijski i rani moderni period (16.–18. stoljeće)=== Prije [[Industrijska revolucija|Industrijske revolucije]], desalinizacija se uglavnom koristila na prekookeanskim brodovima, gdje je pristup slatkoj vodi bio neophodan za duga putovanja. Destilacija na brodovima se koristila za dopunjavanje uskladištenih zaliha kada je to bilo potrebno.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haarhoff |first=Johannes |date=February 1, 2009 |title=The Distillation of Seawater on Ships in the 17th and 18th Centuries |journal=Heat Transfer Engineering |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=237–250 |bibcode=2009HTrEn..30..237H |doi=10.1080/01457630701266413 |issn=0145-7632 |s2cid=121765890}}</ref> Interes za desalinizaciju porastao je tokom 17. stoljeća. Ličnosti poput [[Francis Bacon| Francisa Bacona]] i [[Walter Raleigh|Waltera Raleigha]] raspravljale su o metodama prečišćavanja vode, dok je Sir [[Richard Hawkins]] izvještavao da je snabdijevao svoju posadu slatkom vodom, destilacijom morske vode na [[brod]]u.<ref name="NebbiaMenozzi1966" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baker |first=M.N. |date=1981 |title=Quest for Pure Water |journal=Am. Water Works Assoc. 2nd Ed. |volume=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haarhoff |first=Johannes |date=February 1, 2009 |title=The Distillation of Seawater on Ships in the 17th and 18th Centuries |journal=Heat Transfer Engineering |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=237–250 |bibcode=2009HTrEn..30..237H |doi=10.1080/01457630701266413 |issn=0145-7632 |s2cid=121765890}}</ref> Ovaj rastući interes odrazio se u prvim patentima za aparat za desalinizaciju. Patenti su odobreni 1675. i 1683. godine Williamu Walcotu i Robertu Fitzgeraldu i drugima, iako nijedan izum nije ušao u široku upotrebu zbog poteškoća u skaliranju tehnologije.<ref>W. Walcot, Purifying Water, Britain No. 184, 1675</ref><ref>R. Fitzgerald et al, Purifying Salt Water, Britain No. 226, 1683.</ref><ref name="Birkett1984" /> Tokom ovog perioda, napredak je ostao postepen i nisu zabilježena veća poboljšanja osnovnog procesa destilacije između sredine 17. i kraja 18. stoljeća.<ref name="Birkett1984" /> Kada je fregata ''[[Protector (fregata iz 1779.)|Protector]]'' prodata [[Danska|Danskoj]] 1780-ih i preimenovana u ''Hussaren'', njen aparat za destilaciju je detaljno proučen i dokumentovan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enkel Søgning |url=http://www.orlogsbasen.dk/visskib.asp?skib=Hussaren&la=1 |website=www.orlogsbasen.dk |access-date=February 12, 2020 |archive-date=July 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729204853/http://www.orlogsbasen.dk/visskib.asp?skib=Hussaren&la=1 }}</ref> U [[SAD|Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama]], [[Thomas Jefferson]] kasnije je sastavio ranije metode desalinizacije zasnovane na toploti i distribuirao praktične smjernice za njihovu pomorsku upotrebu.<ref>{{cite web |author=Thomas Jefferson |date=November 21, 1791 |title=Report on Desalination of Sea Water |url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-22-02-0296}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Desalination of Sea Water |url=https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/desalination-sea-water |website=Thomas Jefferson's Monticello}}</ref> ===Industrijska era (19. stoljeće)=== Metode desalinizacije značajno su se promijenile od početka 19. toljeća širenjem [[parna mašina| parne mašine]] i napretkom termodinamike. Rastuća potražnja za čistom vodom za parne kotlove, zajedno sa širenjem evropskog kolonijalizma u sušne regije, stvorila je povoljne uslove za dalji razvoj tehnologija desalinizacije.<ref name="Birkett1984" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lyle |first=Oliver |url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=dtgTngEACAAJ}} |title=The Efficient Use of Steam: Written for the Fuel Efficiency Committee of the Ministry of Fuel and Power |date=1956 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fraser-Macdonald |first=A. |url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=yJxBAAAAIAAJ}} |title=Our Ocean Railways: Or, The Rise, Progress, and Development of Ocean Steam Navigation |date=1893 |publisher=Chapman and Hall, Limited |language=en}}</ref> Uvedeni su efikasniji termalni sistemi, uključujući [[višestruki isparivač|višestruke isparivače]], što je omogućilo ponovnu upotrebu toplote u nekoliko faza.<ref name="Birkett1984"/> Godine 1852., [[Alphonse René le Mire de Normandy]] patentirao je vertikalnu cijevnu jedinicu za destilaciju morske vode koja je postala široko korištena, posebno u pomorskim primjenama, zbog svog relativno jednostavnog [[dizajn]]a i lahkoće konstrukcije.<ref name="Birkett1984"/> Do druge polovine 19. stoljeća, postrojenja za desalinizaciju na kopnu počela su se češće pojavljivati.<ref name="Birkett2010">{{Cite book |last=Birkett |first=James D. |title=History, Development and Management of Water Resources |date=May 15, 2010 |publisher=EOLSS Publishers |isbn=978-1-84826-419-9 |volume=I |page=381 |language=en |chapter=History of Desalination Before Large-Scale Use |chapter-url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=8bfODAAAQBAJ|page=381}}}}</ref> Tokom 1860-ih, američka vojska je instalirala isparivače Normandy u [[Key West]]u i [[Dry Tortugas]]u.<ref name="Birkett1984"/><ref name="Birkett2010" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Birkett |first=J. D. |title=The 1861 de Normandy desalting unit at Key West |journal=International Desalination & Water Reuse Quarterly |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=53–57}}</ref> Tokom 1880-ih, još jedno postrojenje je instalirano u [[Suakin]]u, za obezbjeđivanje slatke vode za britanske trupe, koristeći šestostepenu destilaciju.<ref name="Birkett1984"/><ref name="Birkett2010"/> ===20. stoljeće=== [[Tehnologija]] desalinizacije značajno je napredovala nakon [[Drugi svjetski rat|Drugog svjetskog rata]]. Razvijene su i široko primijenjene termičke metode poput višeefektivne i višestepene bljeskalice, posebno u regijama sa ograničenim resursima [[slatka voda|slatke vode]]. Desalinizacija smrzavanjem i odmrzavanjem se također pojavila kao alternativni pristup, zasnovan na procesima [[kristalizacija|kristalizacije]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mao |first1=Shudi |last2=Onggowarsito |first2=Casey |last3=Feng |first3=An |last4=Zhang |first4=Stella |last5=Fu |first5=Qiang |last6=Nghiem |first6=Long D. |date=2023 |title=A cryogel solar vapor generator with rapid water replenishment and high intermediate water content for seawater desalination |journal=Journal of Materials Chemistry A |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=858–867 |doi=10.1039/d2ta08317e |issn=2050-7488}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zambrano |first1=A. |last2=Ruiz |first2=Y. |last3=Hernández |first3=E. |last4=Raventós |first4=M. |last5=Moreno |first5=F.L. |date=June 2018 |title=Freeze desalination by the integration of falling film and block freeze-concentration techniques |journal=Desalination |volume=436 |pages=56–62 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2018.02.015 |bibcode=2018Desal.436...56Z |hdl=2117/116164 |issn=0011-9164 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> U 1955., Ured za slanu vodu osnovan je unutar [[Ministarstvo unutrašnjih poslova Sjedinjenih Američkih Država|Ministarstva unutrašnjih poslova Sjedinjenih Američkih Država]] radi promocije istraživanja i razvoja u desalinizaciji.<ref name="Transcript" /><ref name="Records">{{cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=Records of the office of Saline Water |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/380.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Saline Water Act |url=https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=66&page=328 |access-date=January 20, 2024 |website=uscode.house.gov}}</ref> Ovi napori doprinijeli su izgradnji postrojenja za destilaciju i elektrodijalizu i podstakli međunarodnu saradnju u toj oblasti.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Committee Progress Report |date=1966 |title=Saline-Water Conversion |journal=Journal (American Water Works Association) |volume=58 |issue=10 |pages=1231–1237 |doi=10.1002/j.1551-8833.1966.tb01688.x |jstor=41264584 |issn=0003-150X}}</ref> Jedan od najvažnijih dostignuća 20. stoljeća bila je reverzna [[osmoza]] (RO), proces zasnovan na membrani u kojem [[pritisak]] propušta slanu vodu kroz [[polupropusna membrana|polupropusnu membranu]], koja zadržava rastvorene [[soli]]. Do kraja 1960-ih i početka 1970-ih, RO se pojavio kao obećavajuća alternativa termičkoj desalinizaciji. Istraživanja su provedena na univerzitetima u Kaliforniji i od strane kompanija, uključujući [[Dow Chemical Company]] i [[DuPont]].<ref>{{cite web |author=David Talbot |date=November 23, 2015 |title=Bankrolling the 10 Breakthrough Technologies: Megascale Desalination |url=http://www.ide-tech.com/blog/publication/bankrolling-10-breakthrough-technologies-megascale-desalination/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003210024/http://www.ide-tech.com/blog/publication/bankrolling-10-breakthrough-technologies-megascale-desalination/ |archive-date=October 3, 2016 |access-date=October 3, 2016}}</ref> Prvo industrijsko postrojenje za desalinizaciju u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama otvoreno je u [[Freeport, Teksas|Freeportu, Teksas]], 1961. godine nakon dugotrajne regionalne suše.<ref name="Transcript"/> Prvo komercijalno RO postrojenje za bočatu vodu otvoreno je u Kaliforniji 1.965.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fujiwara |first1=Masatoshi |last2=Aoshima |first2=Yaichi |title=Mechanisms for Long-Term Innovation Technology and Business Development of Reverse Osmosis Membranes |date=2022 |publisher=Springer Nature |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-19-4895-4 |page=59}}</ref> [[Sidney Loeb]] i kolege sa [[Univerzitet Kalifornije, Los Angeles|Univerziteta Kalifornije, Los Angeles]] pomogli su u razvoju velikih pilot sistema koji su pokazali izvodljivost RO za vodosnabdijevanje općina.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Loeb |first=Sidney |date=January 1, 1984 |title=Circumstances leading to the first municipal reverse osmosis desalination plant |journal=Desalination |volume=50 |pages=53–58 |doi=10.1016/0011-9164(84)85015-8 |bibcode=1984Desal..50...53L |issn=0011-9164}}</ref> U 1975., Prvo postrojenje za desalinizaciju morske vode reverznom osmozom pušteno je u rad. ===21. stoljeće i moderni razvoj=== Od početka 21. stoljeća, kapaciteti za desalinizaciju su se brzo proširili, sa hiljadama postrojenja koja rade širom svijeta, posebno na Bliskom istoku.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Angelakis |first1=Andreas N. |last2=Valipour |first2=Mohammad |last3=Choo |first3=Kwang-Ho |last4=Ahmed |first4=Abdelkader T. |last5=Baba |first5=Alper |last6=Kumar |first6=Rohitashw |last7=Toor |first7=Gurpal S. |last8=Wang |first8=Zhiwei |date=August 16, 2021 |title=Desalination: From Ancient to Present and Future |journal=Water |volume=13 |issue=16 |page=2222 |doi=10.3390/w13162222 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Water..13.2222A |issn=2073-4441 |hdl=11147/11590 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> [[Reverzna osmoza]] postala je dominantna tehnologija desalinizacije zbog svoje skalabilnosti i energetskih performansi.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021" /> Istraživanja u 21. stoljeću sve su se više fokusirala na efikasnost i održivost. To je uključivalo integraciju obnovljivih izvora [[energija|energije]], poput [[solarna energija|sunčane]] i energije vjetra u sisteme desalinizacije, kao i razvoj naprednih [[membrana]], uključujući materijale na bazi grafena, biomimetičke, keramičke i nanokompozitne materijale.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al-Obaidi |first1=Mudhar A. |last2=Alsadaie |first2=Salih |last3=Alsarayreh |first3=Alanood |last4=Sowgath |first4=Md. Tanvir |last5=Mujtaba |first5=Iqbal M. |date=April 11, 2024 |title=Integration of Renewable Energy Systems in Desalination |journal=Processes |language=en |volume=12 |issue=4 |page=770 |doi=10.3390/pr12040770 |doi-access=free |issn=2227-9717}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Graphene oxide-based membranes for water desalination and purification|first1=Saurabh Kr|last1=Tiwary|first2=Maninderjeet|last2=Singh|first3=Shubham Vasant|last3=Chavan|first4=Alamgir|last4=Karim|date=March 27, 2024|journal=npj 2D Materials and Applications|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–19|doi=10.1038/s41699-024-00462-z|doi-access=free}}</ref> Od 2021. godine, oko 22.000 postrojenja za desalinizaciju je širom svijeta bilo u funkciji.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021" /> ==Primjene== {{external media | width = 160px | float = upright | headerimage= | audio1 = [https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/making-the-deserts-bloom "Making the Deserts Bloom: Harnessing nature to deliver us from drought"], Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 239, March 19, 2019, [[Institut za historiju nauke]] }} [[Slika:Multiflash.svg|thumb|upright=1.5| Shema [[višestepens fleš destilacija|višestepenog fleš desalinatora]]<br />A – [[vodena para|para]] u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;B – morska voda u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;C – nestala pitka voda <br />D – slana voda (otpad))&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;E – [[kondenzacja|kondenzat]] out&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;F – izmjenjivač toplote&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;G – sakupljanje kondenzacije (desalinizirana voda)<br />H – grijač slane vode<br /> Posuda pod pritiskom djeluje kao protivstrujni izmjenjivač toplote. Vakuumska pumpa snižava pritisak u posudi kako bi olakšala isparavanje zagrijane morske vode ([[slana voda|slane vode]]) koja ulazi u posudu s desne strane (tamnije nijanse označavaju nižu temperaturu). Para se kondenzuje na cijevima na vrhu posude u kojima se svježa morska voda kreće s lijeva na desno.]] Danas, širom svijeta radi oko 21.000 postrojenja za desalinizaciju. Najveća su u [[UAE|Ujedinjenim Arapskim Emiratima]], [[Saudijska Arabija|Saudijskoj Arabiji]] i [[Izrael]]u. Najveće svjetsko postrojenje za desalinizaciju nalazi se u Saudijskoj Arabiji (Postrojenje za desalinizaciju i elektranu Ras Al-Khair) s kapacitetom od 1.401.000 kubnih metara dnevno.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Largest water desalination plant|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/425709-largest-water-desalination-plant|access-date=August 21, 2020|website=Guinness World Records|language=en-GB}}</ref> Desalinizacija je sada skupa u poređenju s većinom alternativnih izvora vode, a samo vrlo mali dio ukupne ljudske potrošnje zadovoljava se desalinizacijom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Do Thi |first1=Huyen Trang |last2=Pasztor |first2=Tibor |last3=Fozer |first3=Daniel |last4=Manenti |first4=Flavio |last5=Toth |first5=Andras Jozsef |date=January 2021 |title=Comparison of Desalination Technologies Using Renewable Energy Sources with Life Cycle, PESTLE, and Multi-Criteria Decision Analyses |journal=Water |language=en |volume=13 |issue=21 |page=3023 |doi=10.3390/w13213023 |issn=2073-4441|doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Water..13.3023D |hdl=11311/1197124 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Obično je ekonomski praktično samo za visokovrijedne namjene (kao što su kućanstva i industrija) u sušnim područjima. Međutim, postoji porast desalinizacije za poljoprivrednu upotrebu za [[Kontrola slanosti tla|desalinizaciju tla]]. Mnogi pomorski brodovi i podmornice također koriste desalinizaciju. Najšira upotreba je u gusto naseljenim područjima kao što su [[Singapur]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Theng |first=Charlotte Kng Yoong |date=September 16, 2022 |title=From NEWater to vertical farming: Key milestones in Singapore's 50-year journey towards sustainability {{!}} The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/mse-from-newater-to-vertical-farming-key-milestones-singapore-50-year-journey-towards-sustainability |access-date=April 21, 2023 |website=www.straitstimes.com |language=en}}</ref> ili [[California]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Canon |first=Gabrielle |date=May 11, 2022 |title=California to decide fate of controversial desalination plant amid brutal drought |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/may/11/california-desalination-plant-water-drought |access-date=April 21, 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2022 |title=Mini desalination plants could refresh the parched West |url=https://www.popsci.com/environment/desalination-drought-california/ |access-date=April 21, 2023 |website=Popular Science |language=en-US}}</ref> a posebno u [[Perzijski zaliv| Perzijskom zalivu]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Le Quesne |first1=W. J. F. |last2=Fernand |first2=L. |last3=Ali |first3=T. S. |last4=Andres |first4=O. |last5=Antonpoulou |first5=M. |last6=Burt |first6=J. A. |last7=Dougherty |first7=W. W. |last8=Edson |first8=P. J. |last9=El Kharraz |first9=J. |last10=Glavan |first10=J. |last11=Mamiit |first11=R. J. |date=December 1, 2021 |title=Is the development of desalination compatible with sustainable development of the Arabian Gulf? |journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin |language=en |volume=173 |issue=Pt A |doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112940 |pmid=34537571 |bibcode=2021MarPB.17312940L |s2cid=237574682 |issn=0025-326X|doi-access=free }}</ref> Troškovi energije u procesima desalinizacije znatno variraju ovisno o salinitetu vode, veličini postrojenja i vrsti procesa. Sada su troškovi desalinizacije morske vode, naprimjer, veći nego kod tradicionalnih izvora vode, ali se očekuje da će se troškovi nastaviti smanjivati s tehnološkim poboljšanjima koja uključuju, ali nisu ograničena na, poboljšanu efikasnost,<ref name="WarsingerBatch">{{cite journal |last1=Warsinger |first1=David M. |last2=Tow |first2=Emily W. |last3=Nayar |first3=Kishor G. |last4=Maswadeh |first4=Laith A. |last5=Lienhard V |first5=John H. |date=2016 |title=Energy efficiency of batch and semi-batch (CCRO) reverse osmosis desalination |url=https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/105441/4/CCRO%20with%20tank%20journal%20paper%20v116%20Preprint.pdf |journal=Water Research |volume=106 |pages=272–282 |bibcode=2016WatRe.106..272W |doi=10.1016/j.watres.2016.09.029 |hdl=1721.1/105441 |pmid=27728821 |doi-access=free}}</ref> smanjenje zauzete površine postrojenja, poboljšanja rada i optimizacije postrojenja, efikasnija prethodna obrada sirovina i jeftiniji izvori [[energija| energije]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thiel |first=Gregory P. |date=June 1, 2015 |title=Salty solutions |journal=Physics Today |volume=68 |issue=6 |pages=66–67 |bibcode=2015PhT....68f..66T |doi=10.1063/PT.3.2828 |issn=0031-9228 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Iako se navodi da troškovi padaju i da je tehnologija za bogata područja u blizini okeana generalno pozitivna, studija iz 2005. godine tvrdila je: "Desalinisana voda može biti rješenje za neke regije s nedostatkom vode, ali ne i za siromašna mjesta, duboko u unutrašnjosti kontinenta ili na velikim nadmorskim visinama. Nažalost, to uključuje i neka od mjesta s najvećim problemima s vodom.", i "Zaista, potrebno je podići vodu za 2000 m ili je transportovati više od 1600 km da bi troškovi transporta bili jednaki troškovima desalinizacije."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Yuan |title=Evaluating the costs of desalination and water transport |journal=Water Resources Research |date=March 2, 2005 |volume=41 |issue=3 |page=03003 | |doi=10.1029/2004WR003749|bibcode=2005WRR....41.3003Z |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0011-FF1E-C |s2cid=16289710 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Stoga bi moglo biti ekonomičnije transportovati slatku vodu s nekog drugog mjesta nego je desalinizirati. Na mjestima daleko od mora, poput [[New Delhi]]ja, ili na visokim nadmorskim visinama, poput [[Mexico City]]ja, troškovi transporta mogli bi se podudarati s troškovima desalinizacije. Desalinizirana voda je također skupa na mjestima koja su i donekle udaljena od mora i donekle visoka, kao što su [[Rijad]] i [[Harare]]. Nasuprot tome, na drugim lokacijama troškovi transporta su mnogo manji, kao što su [[Peking]], [[Bangkok]], [[Zaragoza]], [[Phoenix, Arizona]] i, naravno, obalni gradovi poput [[Tripoli]]ja, [[Libija]].<ref>Yuan Zhou and Richard S.J. Tol. {{cite web|date=December 9, 2004|title=Evaluating the costs of desalination and water transport|url=http://www.uni-hamburg.de/Wiss/FB/15/Sustainability/DesalinationFNU41_revised.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325031333/http://www.uni-hamburg.de/Wiss/FB/15/Sustainability/DesalinationFNU41_revised.pdf|archive-date=March 25, 2009|access-date=August 20, 2007|publisher=Hamburg University|type=Working paper}}</ref> After desalination at [[Jubail]], Saudi Arabia, water is pumped 320&nbsp;km inland to [[Riyadh]].<ref>[http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1367352/desalination_is_the_solution_to_water_shortages/ Desalination is the Solution to Water Shortages], redOrbit, May 2, 2008,</ref> Za obalne gradove, desalinizacija se sve više smatra konkurentnim izborom. U 2023. godini, [[Izrael]] je koristio desalinizaciju za obnavljanje zaliha vode u [[Galilejsko jezero| Galilejskom jezeru]].<ref>[https://www.yahoo.com/news/israel-refills-sea-galilee-supplying-215147564.html Israel refills the Sea of Galilee, supplying Jordan on the way], Reuters, January 30, 2023, [https://web.archive.org/web/20230131022001/https://www.yahoo.com/news/israel-refills-sea-galilee-supplying-215147564.html Archive], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1pogU_5TYY, Video at Reuters YouTube channel]</ref> Nisu svi uvjereni da je desalinizacija ekonomski isplativa ili ekološki održiva u doglednoj budućnosti. [[Debbie Cook]] je 2011. napisala da postrojenja za desalinizaciju mogu biti energetski intenzivna i skupa. Stoga bi regije s nedostatkom vode mogle biti bolje da se fokusiraju na očuvanje ili druga rješenja za vodosnabdijevanje nego da ulažu u postrojenja za desalinizaciju.<ref>[http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/01/17/desalination-unlocking-lessons-from-yesterdays-solution-part-1/ Desalination: Unlocking Lessons from Yesterday's Solution (part 1)], Water Matters, January 17, 2009.</ref> ==Tehnologije== <noinclude>{{Desaliniziranje}}<noinclude> Najčešći procesi desalinizacije su [[destilacija]] i [[reverzna osmoza]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shammas |first=Nazih K. |title=Water and wastewater engineering: water supply and wastewater removal |url=https://archive.org/details/fairgeyerokunswa0000sham |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley |others=Lawrence K. Wang |isbn=978-0-470-41192-6 |location=Hoboken, N.J. |oclc=639163996}}</ref> Postoji nekoliko metoda.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Curto |first1=Domenico |last2=Franzitta |first2=Vincenzo |last3=Guercio |first3=Andrea |title=A Review of the Water Desalination Technologies |journal=[[Applied Sciences (journal)|Applied Sciences]] |date=2021 |volume=11 |issue=2 |page=670 |doi=10.3390/app11020670 |doi-access=free|hdl=10447/479195 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Svaka ima prednosti i nedostatke, ali sve su korisne. Metode se mogu podijeliti na membranske (npr. reverzna osmoza) i termalne (npr. [[višestepena fleš destilacija]]).<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019" /> Tradicionalni proces desalinizacije je destilacija, tj. ključanje i ponovna – [[kondenzacija]] morske vode kako bi se ostavile so i nečistoće.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oas.org/usde/publications/unit/oea59e/ch21.htm|title=2.2 Desalination by distillation|website=www.oas.org}}</ref> Danas postoje dvije tehnologije koje zauzimaju veliku većinu svjetskih kapaciteta za desalinizaciju: [[višestepena fleš destilacija]] i [[reverzna osmoza]]. === Destilacija === ====Solarna destilacija==== [[Solarna destilacija]] oponaša prirodni ciklus vode u vodi, u kojem sunce zagrijava morsku vodu dovoljno da dođe do isparavanja.<ref name=Khawaji/> Nakon isparavanja, [[vodena para]] se kondenzuje na hladnu površinu.<ref name=Khawaji/> Postoje dvije vrste solarne desalinizacije. Prva vrsta koristi fotonaponske ćelije za pretvaranje solarne energije u električnu energiju za napajanje desalinizacije. Druga vrsta pretvara solarnu energiju u toplinu i poznata je kao desalinizacija na solarni termalni pogon. ====Prirodno isparavanje==== Voda može isparavati kroz nekoliko drugih fizičkih efekata osim [[sunčevo zračenje|sunčevog zračenja]]. Ovi efekti su uključeni u multidisciplinarnu metodologiju desalinizacije u [[IBTS-staklenik]]u. IBTS je industrijska elektrana za desalinizaciju (elektrana) s jedne strane i staklenik koji radi na prirodnom ciklusu vode (umanjen u omjeru 1:10) s druge strane. Različiti procesi isparavanja i kondenzacije odvijaju se u niskotehnološkim postrojenjima, dijelom pod zemljom i u arhitektonskom obliku same zgrade. Ovaj integrirani biotekturni sistem je najpogodniji za ozelenjavanje pustinje velikih razmjera jer ima površinu od km² za destilaciju vode, a isto vrijedi i za transformaciju krajolika u ozelenjavanju pustinje, odnosno regeneraciju prirodnih ciklusa slatke vode. ====Vakuumska destilacija==== Kod vakuumske destilacije se smanjuje [[atmosferski pritisak]], čime se smanjuje temperatura potrebna za isparavanje vode. Tečnosti ključaju kada je [[pritisak pare]] jednak ambijentalnom pritisku, a pritisak pare raste s temperaturom. U suštini, tečnosti ključaju na nižoj temperaturi, kada je ambijentalni atmosferski pritisak manji od uobičajenog. Dakle, zbog smanjenog pritiska, može se iskoristiti "otpadna" toplota niske temperature iz proizvodnje električne energije ili industrijskih procesa. ====Višestepena fleš destilacija==== Voda se isparava i odvaja od morske vode putem [[višestepena fleš destilacija|višestepene fleš destilacije]], koja predstavlja niz [[fleš isparavanje|fleš isparavanja]].<ref name=Khawaji>{{cite journal|last1=Khawaji|first1=Akili D.|last2=Kutubkhanah|first2=Ibrahim K.|last3=Wie|first3=Jong-Mihn|title=Advances in seawater desalination technologies|journal=Desalination|volume=221|issue=1–3|pages=47–69|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.067|date=March 2008|bibcode=2008Desal.221...47K }}</ref> Svaki sljedeći fleš proces koristi energiju oslobođenu kondenzacijom vodene pare iz prethodnog koraka.<ref name=Khawaji/> ====Višestruka destilacija==== [[Višestruka destilacija]] (MED) funkcioniše kroz niz koraka koji se nazivaju "efekti".<ref name=Khawaji/> Dolazna voda se pršće po cijevima, koje se zatim zagrijavaju da bi se stvorila para. Para se zatim koristi za zagrijavanje sljedeće serije dolazne morske vode.<ref name=Khawaji/> Da bi se povećala efikasnost, para koja se koristi za zagrijavanje morske vode može se uzeti iz obližnjih elektrana.<ref name=Khawaji/> Iako je ova metoda [[termodinamika|termodinamički]] najefikasnija među metodama koje se pokreću toplotom,<ref name=WarsingerEntropy>{{cite journal|last1=Warsinger|first1=David M.|last2=Mistry|first2= Karan H.|last3=Nayar|first3=Kishor G.|last4=Chung|first4=Hyung Won|last5=Lienhard V|first5=John H.|title=Entropy Generation of Desalination Powered by Variable Temperature Waste Heat|journal=Entropy|volume=17|issue=12|pages=7530–7566|doi=10.3390/e17117530|date=2015|bibcode=2015Entrp..17.7530W|url=http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/100423/1/Entropy%20Generation%20of%20Desalination%20Powered%20by%20Variable%20Temperature%20Waste%20Heat%2c%20Warsinger.pdf|doi-access=free}}</ref> Postoji nekoliko ograničenja, kao što su maksimalna temperatura i maksimalni broj efekata.<ref name="Al-Shammiri">{{cite journal|title=Multi-effect distillation plants: state of the art|last2=Safar|first2=M.|date=November 1999|journal=Desalination|volume=126|issue=1–3|pages=45–59|doi=10.1016/S0011-9164(99)00154-X|last1=Al-Shammiri|first1=M.|bibcode=1999Desal.126...45A }}</ref> ====Destilacija kompresijom pare==== [[Isparavanje kompresijom pare]] uključuje korištenje mehaničkog kompresora ili mlaznog toka za kompresiju pare prisutne iznad tekućine.<ref name="WarsingerEntropy"/> Komprimirana para se zatim koristi za obezbjeđivanje toplote potrebne za isparavanje ostatka morske vode.<ref name="Khawaji"/> Budući da ovaj sistem zahtijeva samo energiju, isplativiji je ako se održava u malom obimu.<ref name="Khawaji"/> ==== Membranska destilacija ==== [[Membranska destilacija]] koristi temperaturnu razliku preko membrane za isparavanje pare iz rastvora slane vode i kondenzaciju čiste vode na hladnijoj strani.<ref name="WarsingerFramework">{{cite journal|last1=Warsinger|first1=David M.|last2=Tow|first2=Emily W.|last3=Swaminathan|first3=Jaichander|last4=Lienhard V|first4=John H.|date=2017|title=Theoretical framework for predicting inorganic fouling in membrane distillation and experimental validation with calcium sulfate|url=https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/107916/1/Theoretical%20framework%20for%20predicting%20inorganic%20fouling%20in%20membrane%20distillation%20and%20experimental%20validation%20with%20calcium%20sulfate-%20warsinger%20preprint.pdf|journal=Journal of Membrane Science|volume=528|pages=381–390|doi=10.1016/j.memsci.2017.01.031|bibcode=2017JMeSc.528..381W |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dizajn membrane može imati značajan utjecaj na efikasnost i trajnost. Studija je otkrila da je membrana stvorena koaksijalnim [[elektrospinningom]] od [[PVDF-HFP]] i [[Aerogel|silika aerogela]] bila u stanju filtrirati 99,99% [[soli]] nakon kontinuirane 30-dnevne upotrebe.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Irving|first=Michael|date=July 6, 2021|title=Mixed up membrane desalinates water with 99.99 percent efficiency|url=https://newatlas.com/materials/desalination-membrane-coaxial-electrospinning-nanofibers/|url-status=live|access-date=July 7, 2021|website=New Atlas|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706034413/https://newatlas.com/materials/desalination-membrane-coaxial-electrospinning-nanofibers/ |archive-date=July 6, 2021 }}</ref> === Osmoza === ====Reverzna osmoza==== [[Datoteka:PlantaSchemaNotional.png|thumb|upright=1.6| Shematski prikaz tipičnog postrojenja za desalinizaciju koje koristi [[reverzna osmoza|reverznu osmozu]]. Utvrđeno je da hibridna postrojenja za desalinizaciju koja koriste [[#Smrzavanje-odmrzavanje|tečni azot smrzavanjem-odmrzavanjem]] u kombinaciji s reverznom osmozom poboljšavaju efikasnost.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Najim |first1=Abdul |title=A review of advances in freeze desalination and future prospects |journal=npj Clean Water |publisher=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |language=en |doi=10.1038/s41545-022-00158-1 |date=April 19, 2022|volume=5 |issue=1|s2cid=248231737 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022npjCW...5...15N }}</ref> ]] [[Slika:Diagram-of-Tampa-Bay-Seawater-Desalination-Plant-Process-25.png|thumb|upright=1.6| Postrojenje za reverznu osmozu u Tampa Bayu, [[Florida]].]] Vodeći proces desalinizacije u smislu instaliranog kapaciteta i godišnjeg rasta je [[reverzna osmoza]] (RO).<ref>{{cite journal|title=State-of-the-art of reverse osmosis desalination|year=2007|last1=Fritzmann|first1=C|last2=Lowenberg|first2=J|last3=Wintgens|first3=T|last4=Melin|first4=T|journal=Desalination|volume=216|issue=1–3|pages=1–76|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2006.12.009|bibcode=2007Desal.216....1F }}</ref> RO membranski procesi koriste polupropusne membrane i primijenjeni [[pritisak]] (na strani dovoda membrane) kako bi se preferencijalno izazvalo prodiranje vode kroz membranu, a istovremeno odbacile soli. Membranski sistemi [[Postrojenje za reverznu osmozu|postrojenja za reverznu osmozu]] obično koriste manje energije od procesa termičke desalinizacije.<ref name=WarsingerEntropy/> Reverzna osmoza koristi tankoslojnu kompozitnu membranu, koja se sastoji od ultratankog, aromatskog [[poliamid]]nog tankog filma. Ovaj poliamidni film daje membrani transportna svojstva, dok ostatak tankoslojne kompozitne membrane pruža mehaničku podršku. Poliamidni film je gusti [[polimer]] bez šupljina s velikom površinom, što omogućava njegovu visoku propusnost vode.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1073/pnas.1804708115|pmid=30104388|title=Electron tomography reveals details of the internal microstructure of desalination membranes|year=2018|last1=Culp|first1=T.E.|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=115|issue=35|pages=8694–8699|pmc=6126755|bibcode=2018PNAS..115.8694C|doi-access=free}}</ref> Studija iz 2021. godine otkrila je da je propusnost vode prvenstveno određena unutrašnjom raspodjelom mase na nanoskalnim razinama aktivnog sloja poliamida.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Culp|first1=Tyler E.|last2=Khara|first2=Biswajit|last3=Brickey|first3=Kaitlyn P.|last4=Geitner|first4=Michael|last5=Zimudzi|first5=Tawanda J.|last6=Wilbur|first6=Jeffrey D.|last7=Jons|first7=Steven D.|last8=Roy|first8=Abhishek|last9=Paul|first9=Mou|last10=Ganapathysubramanian|first10=Baskar|last11=Zydney|first11=Andrew L.|date=January 1, 2021|title=Nanoscale control of internal inhomogeneity enhances water transport in desalination membranes|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abb8518|journal=Science|language=en|volume=371|issue=6524|pages=72–75|doi=10.1126/science.abb8518|issn=0036-8075|pmid=33384374|bibcode=2021Sci...371...72C|s2cid=229935140|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Proces reverzne osmoze zahtijeva održavanje. Faktori koji utiču na efikasnost: jonska kontaminacija (kalcijum, magnezijum itd.); [[rastvoreni organski ugljenik]] (DOC); bakterije; virusi; [[koloidi]] i nerastvorljive čestice; [[bioobrastanje]] i [[obrastanje|nakupljanje kamenca]], te uništavanje membrane u ekstremnim slučajevima. Da bi se ublažila šteta, uvode se različite faze predtretmana. Inhibitori protiv nakupljanja kamenca uključuju kiseline i druga sredstva kao što su organski polimeri [[poliakrilamid]] i [[polimaleinska kiselina]], [[fosfonat]]i i [[polifosfat]]i.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Membranverfahren – Grundlagen der Modul und Anlagenauslegung|last=Rautenbach|first=Melin|publisher=Springer Verlag Berlin|year=2007|isbn=978-3-540-00071-6|location=Germany}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Seawater Desalination – Impacts of Brine and Chemical Discharge on the Marine Environment|publisher=Sabine Lattemann, Thomas Höppner|isbn=978-0-86689-062-5|date=January 1, 2003}}</ref> Inhibitori obraštanja su [[biocidi]] (kao oksidansi protiv bakterija i virusa), kao što su [[hlor]], [[ozon]], [[natrij]] ili [[kalcij-hipohlorit]]. U redovnim intervalima, ovisno o kontaminaciji membrane; promjenjivim uslovima morske vode; ili kada to zahtijevaju procesi praćenja, membrane je potrebno očistiti, što se naziva hitno ili šok ispiranje. Ispiranje se vrši inhibitorima u rastvoru slatke vode i sistem se mora isključiti. Ovaj postupak je ekološki rizičan, jer se kontaminirana voda preusmjerava u okean bez tretmana. Osjetljiva [[morsko stanište|morska staništa]] mogu biti nepovratno oštećena.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Membranverfahren – Grundlagen der Modul und Anlagenauslegung|last=Rautenbach|first=Melin|publisher=Springer Verlag Berlin|year=2007|isbn=978-3-540-00071-6|location=Germany}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Seawater Desalination – Impacts of Brine and Chemical Discharge on the Marine Environment|publisher=Sabine Lattemann, Thomas Höppner|isbn=978-0-86689-062-5|date=January 1, 2003}}</ref> Jedinice za desalinizaciju na solarni pogon koje nisu povezane s mrežom koriste solarnu energiju za punjenje međuspremnika na brdu morskom vodom.<ref>{{cite web |title=Access to sustainable water by unlimited resources {{!}} Climate innovation window |url=https://climateinnovationwindow.eu/innovations/access-sustainable-water-unlimited-resources |website=climateinnovationwindow.eu |access-date=February 22, 2019 |archive-date=August 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804105115/https://climateinnovationwindow.eu/innovations/access-sustainable-water-unlimited-resources }}</ref> Proces reverzne osmoze prima morsku vodu pod pritiskom u satima bez sunčeve svjetlosti putem gravitacije, što rezultira održivom proizvodnjom pitke vode bez potrebe za fosilnim gorivima, električnom mrežom ili [[baterija]]ma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Solving fresh water scarcity, using only the sea, sun, earth & wind |url=http://www.glispa.org/glispa-bright-spots/27-emerging-bright-spots/206-elemental |website=www.glispa.org|date=March 7, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=From Plentiful Seawater to Precious Drinking Water |url=https://sidsgbn.org/2018/03/20/tackling-water-scarcity-on-islands/ |website=SIDS Global Business Network |date=March 20, 2018 |access-date=January 31, 2019 |archive-date=October 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022065212/https://sidsgbn.org/2018/03/20/tackling-water-scarcity-on-islands/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=HH Sheikh Maktoum bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum honours 10 winners from 8 countries at Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Global Water Award |url=http://www.suqia.ae/en/media-center/news/112-2017-04-27 |website=Suqia |language=en-gb }}{{Mrtav link}}</ref> Nano-cijevi se također koriste za istu funkciju (tj. reverzna osmoza). Reverzna osmoza u dubokom moru (DSRO) instalira opremu na morskom dnu kako bi se voda progurala kroz RO membrane koristeći prirodni pritisak vode u okeanu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chant |first=Tim De |date=December 10, 2024 |title=Exclusive: A new wave of desalination startups argues that deeper is better |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/12/10/a-new-wave-of-desalination-startups-argues-that-deeper-is-better/ |access-date=May 14, 2025 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref> Studija iz 2021. godine sugerirala je da DSRO može poboljšati energetsku efikasnost u poređenju sa standardnim RO i do 50%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fasano |first1=Matteo |last2=Morciano |first2=Matteo |last3=Bergamasco |first3=Luca |last4=Chiavazzo |first4=Eliodoro |last5=Zampato |first5=Massimo |last6=Carminati |first6=Stefano |last7=Asinari |first7=Pietro |date=December 15, 2021 |title=Deep-sea reverse osmosis desalination for energy efficient low salinity enhanced oil recovery |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306261921010242 |journal=Applied Energy |volume=304 |doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117661 |bibcode=2021ApEn..30417661F |issn=0306-2619|hdl=11696/75400 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Koncept DSRO-a je odavno poznat, ali je tek nedavno postao izvodljiv zahvaljujući tehnološkom napretku industrije nafte i plina na velikim dubinama, što je privuklo investicije u ranoj fazi razvoja DSRO startupova. Postrojenje za desalinizaciju reverznom osmozom u zaljevu Tampa trenutno svakodnevno osigurava oko 25 miliona galona pitke vode za regiju, što pokazuje koliko postrojenja za reverznu osmozu mogu biti učinkovita i korisna u djelovanju.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tampa Bay Seawater Desalination |url=https://www.tampabaywater.org/tampa-bay-seawater-desalination/ |access-date=December 10, 2025 |website=Tampa Bay Water |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Direktna osmoza ==== [[Direktna osmoza]] koristi polupropusnu membranu za odvajanje vode od rastvorenih materija. Pokretačka snaga za ovo odvajanje je gradijent osmotskog pritiska, kao što je "izvlačenje" rastvora visoke koncentracije.<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019"/> === Smrzavanje-odmrzavanje === Desalinizacija smrzavanjem-odmrzavanjem (ili desalinizacija smrzavanjem) koristi smrzavanje za uklanjanje slatke vode iz slane vode. Slana voda se prska tokom uslova smrzavanja u sloj gdje se nakuplja gomila leda. Kada se sezonski uslovi zagriju, prirodno desalinizovana otopljena voda se obnavlja. Ova tehnika se oslanja na produžene periode prirodnih uslova ispod temperature smrzavanja..<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usbr.gov/research/dwpr/reportpdfs/report071.pdf |title=Demonstration of the Natural Freeze-Thaw Process for the Desalination of Water From The Devils Lake Chain to Provide Water for the City of Devils Lake |first1=John E. |last1=Boysen |first2=Bradley G. |last2=Stevens |date=August 2002}}</ref> Drugačija metoda zamrzavanja i odmrzavanja, koja ne zavisi od vremenskih uslova, a koju je izumio [[Alexander Zarchin]], zamrzava morsku vodu u [[vakuum]]u. Pod uslovima vakuuma, led, desalinizovan, se topi i preusmjerava za sakupljanje, a so se sakuplja. ===Elektrodijaliza=== [[Elektrodijaliza]] koristi električni potencijal za premještanje soli kroz parove naelektrisanih membrana, koje zadržavaju so u naizmjeničnim kanalima.<ref>{{cite journal|author1-link=Bart Van der Bruggen |last1=Van der Bruggen|first1=Bart|last2=Vandecasteele|first2=Carlo|title=Distillation vs. membrane filtration: overview of process evolutions in seawater desalination|journal=Desalination|volume=143|issue=3|pages=207–218|doi=10.1016/S0011-9164(02)00259-X|date=June 2002|bibcode=2002Desal.143..207V }}</ref> Postoji nekoliko varijanti elektrodijalize, kao što su konvencionalna elektrodijaliza i [[reverzna elektrodijaliza]].<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019"/> Elektrodijaliza može istovremeno ukloniti sol i [[ugljična kiselina|ugljičnu kiselinu]] iz morske vode.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mustafa |first1=Jawad |last2=Mourad |first2=Aya A. -H. I. |last3=Al-Marzouqi |first3=Ali H. |last4=El-Naas |first4=Muftah H. |date=June 1, 2020 |title=Simultaneous treatment of reject brine and capture of carbon dioxide: A comprehensive review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916419316042 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=483|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114386 |bibcode=2020Desal.48314386M |s2cid=216273247 |issn=0011-9164|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Preliminarne procjene ukazuju na to da se troškovi takvog [[uklanjanje ugljik- dioksida|uklanjanja ugljika]] mogu platiti velikim dijelom, ako ne i u potpunosti, prodajom desalinizirane vode proizvedene kao nusproizvod.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mustafa |first1=Jawad |last2=Al-Marzouqi |first2=Ali H. |last3=Ghasem |first3=Nayef |last4=El-Naas |first4=Muftah H. |last5=Van der Bruggen |first5=Bart |date=February 2023 |title=Electrodialysis process for carbon dioxide capture coupled with salinity reduction: A statistical and quantitative investigation |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0011916422007184 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=548|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2022.116263|bibcode=2023Desal.54816263M |s2cid=254341024 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> === Mikrobna desalinizacija === {{Glavni|Mikrobna ćelija za desalinizaciju}} Mikrobne ćelije za desalinizaciju su biološki [[elektrohemija|elektrohemijski]] sistemi koji implementiraju upotrebu elektroaktivnih bakterija za desalinizaciju vode ''[[in situ]]'', koristeći prirodni anodni i katodni gradijent elektroaktivnih bakterija i tako stvarajući interni [[superkondenzator]].<ref name="EbrahimiNajafpourYousefiKebria2019" /> Upotreba mikrobnih ćelija za desalinizaciju je još uvijek u pilot-fazi i fazi testiranja za velika postrojenja za desalinizaciju. Prva demonstracijska lokacija pokrenuta je u Deniji, [[Španija]], pod nazivom MIDES-projekt. Projekat je pokazao da korištenje mikrobnih ćelija za desalinizaciju rezultira izuzetno niskim cijenama energije.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First microbial-powered desalination demo site opens in Spain {{!}} Dutch Water Sector |url=https://www.dutchwatersector.com/news/first-microbial-powered-desalination-demo-site-opens-in-spain |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=www.dutchwatersector.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Reddy |first1=Santhosh |last2=Dey |first2=Kaushik |last3=Dsilva Winfred Rufuss |first3=D. |last4=Arulvel |first4=S. |last5=Akinaga |first5=Takeshi |date=October 1, 2024 |title=Forward osmosis desalination: A critical review focussing on recent advancements in draw solution recovery techniques for enhanced efficiency and regeneration |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213343724020992 |journal=Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering |volume=12 |issue=5 |doi=10.1016/j.jece.2024.113968 |issn=2213-3437|url-access=subscription }}</ref> === Desalinizacija pokretana talasima === Sistemi za desalinizaciju pokretani talasima uglavnom pretvaraju mehaničko kretanje valova direktno u hidrauličnu energiju za reverznu osmozu.<ref name="Hicks Mitcheson Pleass Salevan 1989 pp. 81–94">{{cite journal | last1=Hicks | first1=Douglas C. | last2=Mitcheson | first2=George R. | last3=Pleass | first3=Charles M. | last4=Salevan | first4=James F. | title=Delbouy: Ocean wave-powered seawater reverse osmosis desalination systems | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_desalination_1989-11_73_1-3/page/80 | journal=Desalination | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=73 | year=1989 | issn=0011-9164 | doi=10.1016/0011-9164(89)87006-7 | pages=81–94| bibcode=1989Desal..73...81H }}</ref> Takvi sistemi imaju za cilj maksimiziranje efikasnosti i smanjenje troškova izbjegavanjem pretvaranja u električnu energiju, minimiziranjem viška pritiska iznad osmotskog pritiska i inovacijama u hidrauličnim i komponentama za energiju talasa.<ref name="Brodersen Bywater Lanter Schennum 2022 p=115393">{{cite journal | last1=Brodersen | first1=Katie M. | last2=Bywater | first2=Emily A. | last3=Lanter | first3=Alec M. | last4=Schennum | first4=Hayden H. | last5=Furia | first5=Kumansh N. | last6=Sheth | first6=Maulee K. | last7=Kiefer | first7=Nathaniel S. | last8=Cafferty | first8=Brittany K. | last9=Rao | first9=Akshay K. | last10=Garcia | first10=Jose M. | last11=Warsinger | first11=David M. | title=Direct-drive ocean wave-powered batch reverse osmosis | journal=Desalination | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=523 | year=2022 | issn=0011-9164 | doi=10.1016/j.desal.2021.115393| arxiv=2107.07137 | bibcode=2022Desal.52315393B | s2cid=235898906 }}</ref> Jedan takav pristup je desalinizacija korištenjem potopljenih plutača, pristup [[snaga talasa|snage talasa]] koji se koristi od strane [[CETO]]<ref>{{cite web|date=February 2015|title=Perth Wave Energy Project|url=http://arena.gov.au/project/perth-wave-energy-project/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201220304/http://arena.gov.au/project/perth-wave-energy-project/|archive-date=February 1, 2016|access-date=January 26, 2016|website=Australian Renewable Energy Agency|publisher=Government of Australia|quote=This project is the world's first commercial-scale wave energy array that is connected to the grid and has the ability to produce desalinated water.}}</ref> i Oneka.<ref name="v390">{{cite web | title=Oneka's Floating Desalination Buoys Set to Revolutionise Water Access | website=H2O Global News | date=December 5, 2023 | url=https://h2oglobalnews.com/onekas-floating-desalination-buoys-set-to-revolutionise-water-access/ | access-date=January 19, 2025}}</ref> Postrojenja za desalinizaciju na pogon talasaa počela su s radom od strane CETO-a na [[Garden Island (Zapadna Australija)|Garden Islandu]] u Zapadnoj Australiji 2013.<ref>[http://www.waterworld.com/articles/wwi/print/volume-28/issue-6/regional-spotlight-asia-pacific/wave-powered-desalination-riding-high-in-australia.html Wave-powered Desalination Riding High in Australia] – WaterWorld</ref> i u [[Perth]]u u 2015.,<ref>{{cite web|title=World's first wave-powered desalination plant now operational in Perth|url=https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/portal/news/worlds-first-wave-powered-desalination-plant-now-operational-perth|website=www.engineersaustralia.org.au}}</ref> Oneka ima instalacije u [[Čile]]u, [[Florida|Floridi]], [[California|Kaliforniji]] i na [[Karibi]]ma.<ref name="v390"/> === Desalinizacija pomoću vjetra === [[Energija]] vjetra se također može kombinirati s desalinizacijom. Slično energiji tlasa, direktna konverzija mehaničke energije u hidrauličnu energiju može smanjiti komponente i gubitke pri napajanju reverzne osmoze.<ref name="f476">{{cite journal | last1=Esquivel-Puentes | first1=Helber Antonio | last2=Vacca | first2=Andrea | last3=Chamorro | first3=Leonardo P. | last4=Garcia-Bravo | first4=Jose | last5=Warsinger | first5=David M. | last6=Castillo | first6=Luciano | title=Simultaneous electricity generation and low-energy-intensive water desalination using a hydraulic wind turbine | journal=Desalination | volume=601 | date=2025 | doi=10.1016/j.desal.2025.118526 | bibcode=2025Desal.60118526E }}</ref> Energija [[vjetar|vjetra]] je također razmatrana za spajanje s tehnologijama termalne desalinizacije.<ref name="n968">{{cite journal | last1=Abdelkareem | first1=Mohammad Ali | last2=Al Radi | first2=Muaz | last3=Mahmoud | first3=Montaser | last4=Sayed | first4=Enas Taha | last5=Salameh | first5=Tareq | last6=Alqadi | first6=Rashid | last7=Kais | first7=El-Cheikh Amer | last8=Olabi | first8=A.G. | title=Recent progress in wind energy-powered desalination | journal=Thermal Science and Engineering Progress | volume=47 | date=2024 | doi=10.1016/j.tsep.2023.102286 | bibcode=2024TSEP...4702286A }}</ref> === Desalinizacija termoforezom === U aprilu 2024.,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=XU |first1=Shuqi |last2=Hutchinson |first2=Alice |last3=Taheri |first3=Mahdiar |last4=Corry |first4=Ben |last5=Torres |first5=Juan |date=April 8, 2024 |title=Thermodiffusive desalination |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=2996 |bibcode=2024NatCo..15.2996X |doi=10.1038/s41467-024-47313-5 |pmc=10999432 |pmid=38584165}}</ref> objavljeni su eksperimentalni rezultati desalinizacije pomoću [[termoforeza|termoforeze]]. Ova tehnika, nazvana termodifuzna desalinizacija, propušta slanu vodu kroz kanal koji je izložen temperaturnom gradijentu, ortogonalnom na tok fluida. Zbog termoforeze, vrste migriraju pod ovim temperaturnim gradijentom. Zatim su odvojili vodu u frakcije i mogli su postići pad koncentracije NaCl od 3,3% nakon tri prolaska kroz kanal sa stopom oporavka (volumen toka desalinizacije u odnosu na originalni volumen napojne vode) od 12,5%. U 2025., eksperimentalno su demonstrirani isti procesi kroz Burgersovu kaskadu,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Shuqi |last2=Torres |first2=Juan F. |date=May 2025 |title=All-liquid thermal desalination and brine concentration via multichannel thermodiffusion |journal=Nature Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=617–631 |doi=10.1038/s44221-025-00428-5 |bibcode=2025NatWa...3..617X |issn=2731-6084|doi-access=free }}</ref>a prethodno je pokazano da poboljšava termodifuzijsko odvajanje u plinovima.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kyoda |first1=Takeshi |last2=Saiki |first2=Takumi |last3=Matsumoto |first3=Sohei |last4=Watanabe |first4=Shinya |last5=Ono |first5=Naoki |date=2022 |title=Performance improvement of a micro-structured gas separator utilizing the Soret effect |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jtst/17/1/17_21-00271/_article |journal=Journal of Thermal Science and Technology |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=21–00271 |doi=10.1299/jtst.21-00271|bibcode=2022JJTST..17...21K |doi-access=free }}</ref> S uređajem iste površine kao i jednokanalni uređaj 2024. godine, postigli su poboljšanja u padu koncentracije i stopi oporavka. Identificirali su proces kao efikasniji za tretman hipersaline [[slana voda|slane vode]], što implicira mogućnosti u tretmanu slane vode (minimalno ili nulto ispuštanje tekućine) i oporavka resursa iz slane vode. ==Aspekti dizajna== ===Potrošnja energije=== Potrošnja energije u procesu desalinizacije ovisi o slanosti vode. Desalinizacija [[boćatna voda| boćatne vode]] zahtijeva manje energije od desalinizacije [[morska voda| morske]].<ref name="Panagopoulos2020">{{Cite journal|last=Panagopoulos|first=Argyris|date=December 1, 2020|title=A comparative study on minimum and actual energy consumption for the treatment of desalination brine|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544220318405|journal=Energy|language=en|volume=212|doi=10.1016/j.energy.2020.118733|bibcode=2020Ene...21218733P |s2cid=224872161|issn=0360-5442|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Energetski intenzitet desalinizacije morske vode se poboljšao: sada iznosi oko 3 kWh/m<sup>3</sup> (u 2018. godini), što je smanjenje od faktora 10 sa 20-30 kWh/m<sup>3</sup> u 1970. godini.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} Ovo je slično potrošnji energije drugih zaliha slatke vode koje se transportuju na velike udaljenosti,<ref>Wilkinson, Robert C. (March 2007) [http://www.westbasin.org/files/general-pdfs/Energy--UCSB-energy-study.pdf "Analysis of the Energy Intensity of Water Supplies for West Basin Municipal Water District"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220210850/http://www.westbasin.org/files/general-pdfs/Energy--UCSB-energy-study.pdf |date=December 20, 2012 }}, Table on p. 4</ref> ali mnogo više od lokalnih zaliha slatke vode koje koriste 0,2 kWh/m³ ili manje.<ref>[http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/EPRI-Volume-4.pdf "U.S. Electricity Consumption for Water Supply & Treatment"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617040130/http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/EPRI-Volume-4.pdf |date=June 17, 2013 }}, pp. 1–4 Table 1-1, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Water & Sustainability (Volume 4), 2000</ref> Utvrđena je minimalna potrošnja energije za desalinizaciju morske vode od oko 1 kWh/m³,<ref name="Panagopoulos2020" /><ref>Elimelech, Menachem (2012) [http://www.nwri-usa.org/documents/Elimelech_000.pdf "Seawater Desalination"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223110451/http://www.nwri-usa.org/documents/Elimelech_000.pdf |date=February 23, 2014 }}, p. 12 ff</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1021/es801330u| pmid = 19068794| title = Energy Issues in Desalination Processes| journal = Environmental Science & Technology| volume = 42| issue = 22| pages = 8193–201| year = 2008| last1 = Semiat | first1 = R. |bibcode = 2008EnST...42.8193S }}</ref> isključujući predfiltraciju i pumpanje ulaza/ispusta. Ispod 2 kWh/m³<ref>[http://www.usbr.gov/research/AWT/reportpdfs/ADC_SWRO_DA.pdf "Optimizing Lower Energy Seawater Desalination"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618132743/http://www.usbr.gov/research/AWT/reportpdfs/ADC_SWRO_DA.pdf |date=June 18, 2015 }}, p. 6 figure 1.2, Stephen Dundorf at the IDA World Congress November 2009</ref> postignut je membranskom tehnologijom reverzne osmoze, ostavljajući ograničen prostor za daljnje smanjenje energije, budući da je potrošnja energije reverzne osmoze 1970-ih iznosila 16 kWh/m<sup>3</sup>.<ref name="Panagopoulos2020"/> Snabdijevanje svih američkih domaćinstava vodom desalinizacijom povećalo bi potrošnju energije za oko 10%, što je otprilike količina energije koju koriste kućni hladnjaci.<ref>[http://www.amtaorg.com/wp-content/uploads/7_MembraneDesalinationPowerUsagePutInPerspective.pdf "Membrane Desalination Power Usage Put In Perspective" ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424044855/http://www.amtaorg.com/wp-content/uploads/7_MembraneDesalinationPowerUsagePutInPerspective.pdf |date=April 24, 2014 }}, American Membrane Technology Association (AMTA) April 2009</ref> Domaća potrošnja vode predstavlja relativno mali dio ukupne potrošnje vode.<ref>[https://water.usgs.gov/edu/wateruse-total.html] Total Water Use in the United States</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable wiki table" |+ Potrošnja energije načina desalinizacije morske vode (kWh/m<sup>3</sup>)<ref>[http://www.desware.net/Energy-Requirements-Desalination-Processes.aspx "Energy Requirements of Desalination Processes"], ''Encyclopedia of Desalination and Water Resources'' (DESWARE). Retrieved June 24, 2013</ref> |- style="line-height:120%;" ! Metod dezalinozacije ⇨ ! rowspan="2" | [[Višestepena fleš destilacija|Višestepena<br />Fleš<br />"MSF"]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Višestepena destilacija|Višestepena<br />destilacija<br />"MED"]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Desaliizacija kompresijom pare|Mehanička<br />kompresija pare<br />"MVC"]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Reverzna osmoza|Reverzna<br />osmoza<br />"RO"]] |- style="line-height:120%;" ! Energija ⇩ |- | Električna energija || 4–6 || 1,5–2,5 || 7–12 || 3–5,5 |- | Toplotna energija || 50–110 || 60–110 || ''none'' || ''none'' |- | Električni ekvivalent toplotne energije || 9,5–19,5 || 5–8,5 || ''none'' || ''none'' |- | Ukupna ekvivalentna električna energija || 13,5–25,5 || 6,5–11 || 7–12 || 3–5,5 |} Napomena: "Električni ekvivalent" odnosi se na količinu električne energije koja se može generirati korištenjem date količine toplotne energije i odgovarajućeg turbogeneratora. Ovi proračuni ne uključuju energiju potrebnu za izgradnju ili obnovu potrošenih artikala. S obzirom na energetski intenzivnu prirodu desalinizacije i povezane ekonomske i ekološke troškove, desalinizacija se općenito smatra posljednjim rješenjem nakon [[uštede vode]]. Ali to se mijenja kako cijene nastavljaju padati. ===Kogeneracija=== [[Kogeneracija]] proizvodi korisnu toplotnu energiju i električnu energiju iz jednog procesa. Kogeneracija može obezbijediti iskoristivu toplotu za desalinizaciju u integrisanom ili "dvostrukom" postrojenju gdje elektrana obezbjeđuje energiju za desalinizaciju. Alternativno, proizvodnja energije u postrojenju može biti namijenjena proizvodnji pitke vode (samostalno postrojenje) ili se višak energije može proizvesti i uključiti u energetsku mrežu. Kogeneracija ima različite oblike i teoretski bi se mogao koristiti bilo koji oblik proizvodnje energije. Međutim, većina trenutnih i planiranih kogeneracijskih postrojenja za desalinizaciju koristi ili fosilna goriva ili nuklearnu energiju kao izvor energije. Većina postrojenja se nalazi na Bliskom istoku ili u Sjevernoj Africi, koji koriste svoje naftne resurse za kompenzaciju ograničenih vodnih resursa. Prednost postrojenja s dvostrukom namjenom je što mogu biti efikasnija u potrošnji energije, što desalinizaciju čini održivijom.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.desal.2005.03.095| title = Overview of hybrid desalination systems – current status and future prospects| journal = Desalination| volume = 186| issue = 1–3| page = 207| year = 2005| last1 = Hamed | first1 = O. A. | bibcode = 2005Desal.186..207H| citeseerx = 10.1.1.514.4201}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.desal.2004.06.053| title = The role of nuclear desalination in meeting the potable water needs in water scarce areas in the next decades| journal = Desalination| volume = 166| page = 1| year = 2004| last1 = Misra | first1 = B. M. | last2 = Kupitz | first2 = J.| bibcode = 2004Desal.166....1M}}</ref> [[Slika:Shevchenko BN350 desalinati.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3| Reaktor [[BN-350|Shevchenko BN-350]], bivši nuklearni pogon za desalinizaciju u [[Kazahstan]]u]] Sadašnji trend u postrojenjima s dvojnom namjenom su hibridne konfiguracije, u kojima se permeat iz desalinizacije reverznom osmozom miješa s destilatom iz termičke desalinizacije. U osnovi, dva ili više procesa desalinizacije kombiniraju se zajedno s proizvodnjom energije. Takva postrojenja su implementirana u [[Saudijska Arabija|Saudijskoj Arabiji]], u [[Jeddah]]u i [[Yanbu]]u.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0011-9164(04)00151-1| title = Hybrid systems in seawater desalination – practical design aspects, present status and development perspectives| journal = Desalination| volume = 164| page = 1| year = 2004| last1 = Ludwig | first1 = H. | issue = 1| bibcode = 2004Desal.164....1L}}</ref> Tipični [[supernosač]] u američkoj vojsci sposoban je koristiti nuklearnu energiju za desalinizaciju {{convert|1500000|L|abbr=on}} vode dnevno.<ref>Tom Harris (August 29, 2002) [http://science.howstuffworks.com/aircraft-carrier2.htm How Aircraft Carriers Work]. Howstuffworks.com. Retrieved May 29, 2011.</ref> ===Alternative desalinizaciji=== Povećana [[ušteda vode]] i efikasnost ostaju najisplativiji pristupi u područjima s velikim potencijalom za poboljšanje efikasnosti praksi korištenja vode<ref>Gleick, Peter H., Dana Haasz, Christine Henges-Jeck, Veena Srinivasan, Gary Wolff, Katherine Kao Cushing, and Amardip Mann. (November 2003.) [http://www.pacinst.org/reports/urban_usage/waste_not_want_not_full_report.pdf "Waste not, want not: The potential for urban water conservation in California."] (Website). ''Pacific Institute''. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</ref> Rekultivacija otpadnih voda pruža višestruke prednosti u odnosu na desalinizaciju slane vode,<ref>Cooley, Heather, Peter H. Gleick, and Gary Wolff. (June 2006.) ''Pacific Institute''. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</ref> iako obično koristi membrane za desalinizaciju.<ref name="50years">{{cite journal | last=Warsinger | first=David | title=Desalination Innovations Needed to Ensure Clean Water for the Next 50 Years | journal=The Bridge | publisher=National Academy of Engineering | volume=50 (S) | year=2020 }}</ref> [[Urbani oticaj]] i prikupljanje oborinskih voda također pružaju prednosti u tretiranju, obnavljanju i čuvaljnju podzemnih voda.<ref>Gleick, Peter H., Heather Cooley, David Groves (September 2005). [http://pacinst.org/reports/california_water_2030/ca_water_2030.pdf "California water 2030: An efficient future."]. ''Pacific Institute''. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</ref> Predložena alternativa desalinizaciji na američkom jugozapadu je komercijalni uvoz vode u velikim količinama iz područja bogatih vodom, bilo [[tanker]]ima za naftu pretvorenim u transportere vode ili cjevovodima. Ideja je politički nepopularna u Kanadi, gdje su vlade nametnule trgovinske barijere izvozu vode u velikim količinama kao rezultat zahtjeva iz NAFTA-e (Sjevernoameričkog sporazuma o slobodnoj trgovini).<ref>[http://www.sunbeltwater.com/docs.shtml Sun Belt Inc. Legal Documents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218135610/http://www.sunbeltwater.com/docs.shtml |date=February 18, 2010 }}. Sunbeltwater.com. Retrieved May 29, 2011.</ref> [[Kalifornijski odjel za vodne resurse]] (''California Department of Water Resources'') i Kalifornijski državni odbor za kontrolu vodnih resursa (''California State Water Resources Control Board'') podnijeli su izvještaj državnoj zakonodavnoj vlasti u kojem preporučuju da gradski dobavljači vode postignu standard efikasnosti korištenja vode u zatvorenom prostoru od 55 američkih galona (USgal) po glavi stanovnika dnevno do 2023. godine, smanjujući na 47 američkih galona (USgal) dnevno do 2025. godine, te 42 američke galona (USgal) do 2030. godine i kasnije.<ref>State Agencies Recommend Indoor Residential Water Use Standard to Legislature, California Department of Water Resources, November 30, 2021, [https://water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/2021/Nov-21/State-Agencies-Recommend-Indoor-Residential-Water-Use-Standard Original], [https://web.archive.org/web/20211202140532/https://water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/2021/Nov-21/State-Agencies-Recommend-Indoor-Residential-Water-Use-Standard Archive]</ref><ref>[https://www.sacbee.com/news/california/water-and-drought/article239028703.html Myth about huge California fines for shower and laundry usage won't die. Here's what's true], The Sacramento Bee, January 8, 2020</ref><ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/marin-county-california-water-restrictions-drought/ Some in California have to limit their daily water usage to 55 gallons. Here's what that means for everyday activities], CBS News, December 8, 2021</ref> ==Troškovi== Faktori koji određuju troškove desalinizacije uključuju kapacitet i vrstu postrojenja, lokaciju, napojnu vodu, radnu snagu, energiju, finansiranje i odlaganje koncentrata. Troškovi desalinizacije morske vode (infrastruktura, energija i održavanje) uglavnom su veći od troškova slatke vode iz rijeka ili podzemnih voda, recikliranja vode i očuvanja vode, ali alternative su dostupne samo ponekad. Troškovi desalinizacije u 2013. godini kretali su se od 0,45 do 1,00 USD/m³. Više od polovine troškova dolazi direktno od troškova energije, a budući da su cijene energije vrlo nestabilne, stvarni troškovi mogu znatno varirati.<ref name="Zhang 2012">{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269694158 |last=Zhang|first=S.X.|author2=V. Babovic |title=A real options approach to the design and architecture of water supply systems using innovative water technologies under uncertainty|journal=Journal of Hydroinformatics|volume=14|pages=13–29|date=2012|issue=1 |doi=10.2166/hydro.2011.078|bibcode=2012JHyin..14...13Z |doi-access=free}}</ref> Cijena netretirane slatke vode u zemljama u razvoju može doseći pet američkih dolara po kubnom metru.<ref>[http://www.ipsnews.net/2008/08/development-somalia-finding-water-in-mogadishu/ "Finding Water in Mogadishu"]''IPS news item 2008''</ref> Od 1975. godine, tehnologija desalinizacije je značajno napredovala, smanjujući prosječni trošak proizvodnje jednog kubnog metra slatke vode iz morske vode sa 1,10 dolara u 2000. na približno 0,50 dolara danas. Poboljšana efikasnost desalinizacije je primarni faktor koji doprinosi ovom smanjenju. Potrošnja energije ostaje značajna komponenta troškova, čineći i do polovine ukupnih troškova procesa desalinizacije.<ref name="x074">{{cite web | last=Sisson | first=Patrick | title=Water, hold the salt | website=Sherwood News | date=November 11, 2024 | url=https://sherwood.news/world/desalination-billion-dollar-industry/ | access-date=November 16, 2024}}</ref> Desalinizacija može značajno opteretiti [[Električna mreža|energetske mreže]], posebno u regijama s ograničenim energetskim resursima. Na primjer, u otočnoj državi Cipar, desalinizacija čini otprilike 5% ukupne potrošnje energije u zemlji.<ref name="x074" /> Globalno tržište desalinizacije procijenjeno je na 20 milijardi dolara u 2023. godini. S rastućim stanovništvom u sušnim obalnim regijama, predviđa se da će se ovo tržište udvostručiti do 2032. godine. U 2023., globalni kapacitet desalinizacije dostigao je 99 miliona kubnih metara dnevno, što je značajno povećanje u odnosu na 27 miliona kubnih metara dnevno u 2003. godini.<ref name="x074"/> {| class="wikitable" |+Poređenje troškova metoda desalinizacije !Metoda!Cijena (US$/liter) |- | Pasivna solarna energija (energetska efikasnost 30,42%)<ref>{{Cite conference|last1=Tiwari|first1=Anil Kr.|last2=Tiwari|first2=G. N.|date=January 1, 2006|title=Evaluating the Performance of Single Slope Passive Solar Still for Different Slope of Cover and Water Depths by Thermal Modeling: In Moderate Climatic Condition|conference=ASME 2006 International Solar Energy Conference |pages=545–553|publisher=ASMEDC|doi=10.1115/isec2006-99057|isbn=0-7918-4745-4}}</ref> Pasivna solarna energija (energetska efikasnost 30,42%) F)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://solarmagazine.com/no-batteries-needed-low-cost-solar-desalination-system-green-namibia-desert-coast/|title=No Batteries Needed: Can Low-Cost Solar Desalination System "Green" Namibia's Desert Coast?|last=Andrew Burger|date=June 20, 2019|website=Solar Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=April 5, 2020}}</ref> !< 0,001 |- |Reverzna osmoza (koncentrovana solarna energija)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-05/s-htw051618.php|title=How the world could have 100 percent solar desalination|website=EurekAlert!|language=en|access-date=April 5, 2020}}{{Mrtav link}}</ref> !0,0008 |- |Reverzna osmoza (fotovoltaična energija)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Alsheghri|first1=Ammar|last2=Sharief|first2=Saad Asadullah|last3=Rabbani|first3=Shahid|last4=Aitzhan|first4=Nurzhan Z.|date=August 1, 2015|title=Design and Cost Analysis of a Solar Photovoltaic Powered Reverse Osmosis Plant for Masdar Institute|journal=Energy Procedia|series=Clean, Efficient and Affordable Energy for a Sustainable Future: The 7th International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2015)|language=en|volume=75|pages=319–324|doi=10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.365|issn=1876-6102|doi-access=free|bibcode=2015EnPro..75..319A }}</ref> !0,000825 |} {| class="wikitable" |+ Prosječna potrošnja vode i troškovi snabdijevanja desalinizacijom morske vode po cijeni od 1 USD po kubnom metru (±50%) |- ! Područje !! Potrošnja<br />Litar/osoba/dan !! Cijena desalinizacije vode<br />USD/osoba/dan |- | [[SAD]] ||{{0}}378 ||{{0}}0,38 |- | [[Evropa]] ||{{0}}189 ||{{0}}0,19 |- | [[Afrika]] ||{{0}}{{0}}57 ||{{0}}0,06 |- | Minimalna preporučena vrijednost UN-a||{{0}}{{0}}49 ||{{0}}0,05 |} Desalinizacijski [[destilator]] kontroliše pritisak, temperaturu i koncentraciju slane vode kako bi se optimizirala efikasnost. Desalinizacija na [[nuklearnu energiju|Nuklearni pogon]] može biti ekonomična u velikim razmjerima.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf71.html |title=Nuclear Desalination |publisher=[[World Nuclear Association]] |date=January 2010 |access-date=February 1, 2010 |archive-date=December 19, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219212254/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf71.html }}</ref><ref>Maude Barlow, and Tony Clarke, [http://www.thenation.com/doc/20020902/barlow "Who Owns Water?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429154115/http://www.thenation.com/doc/20020902/barlow |date=April 29, 2010 }} ''The Nation'', 2002-09-02, via thenation.com. Retrieved August 20, 2007.</ref> U 2014., [[izrael]]ski pogoni u Haderi, Palmahimu, Aškelonu i Soreku desalinizirali su vodu za manje od 0,40 američkih dolara po kubnom metru.<ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/news/national/1.570374 Over and drought: Why the end of Israel's water shortage is a secret], Haaretz, January 24, 2014</ref> Od 2006. godine, [[Singapur]] je desalinizirao vodu po cijeni od 0,49 američkih dolara po kubnom metru.<ref>[http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?id=11402&channel=0 "Black & Veatch-Designed Desalination Plant Wins Global Water Distinction,"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324144203/http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?id=11402&channel=0 |date=March 24, 2010 }} (Press release). Black & Veatch Ltd., via edie.net, May 4, 2006. Retrieved August 20, 2007.</ref> U 2025., Postrojenje za desalinizaciju otvoreno je u [[Rizhao]]u u Kini, s prijavljenim troškovima desalinizacije od 2 RMB (0,28 USD) po kubnom metru, a pogonjeno je otpadnom toplotom.<ref>{{cite web |title=China launches cheapest desalination plant |url=https://chinaeconomicreview.com/china-launches-cheapest-desalination-plant/ |publisher=China Economic Review |access-date=January 13, 2026 |language=en |date=December 8, 2025}}</ref> ==Okolišni odnosi== ===Unos=== U Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama, strukture za unos rashladne vode regulirane su od strane [[Agencija za zaštitu okoliša Sjedinjenih Američkih Država|Agencija za zaštitu okoliša]] (EPA). Ove strukture mogu imati isti uticaj na okoliš kao i usisi postrojenja za desalinizaciju. Prema EPA-i, strukture za unos vode uzrokuju štetan uticaj na okoliš usisavanjem [[ribe]] i [[školjke|školjki]] ili njihove jaja u industrijski sistem. Tamo [[organizmi]] mogu biti ubijeni ili ozlijeđeni toplotom, fizičkim [[stres]]om ili hemikalijama. Veći organizmi mogu biti ubijeni ili ozlijeđeni kada se zaglave na mrežama na prednjoj strani strukture za unos.<ref>[https://www.epa.gov/cooling-water-intakes Water: Cooling Water Intakes (316b)]. water.epa.gov.</ref> Alternativne vrste unosa koje ublažavaju ove utjecaje uključuju bunare na plaži, ali oni zahtijevaju više energije i veće troškove.<ref>Cooley, Heather; Peter Gleick and Wolff, Gary (2006) [http://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2015/01/desalination-grain-of-salt.pdf ''Desalination, With a Grain of Salt. A California Perspective''], Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security. {{ISBN|1-893790-13-4}}</ref> Postrojenje za desalinizaciju [[Kwinana]] otvoreno je u australijskom gradu [[Perth]] 2007. godine. Voda tamo i u postrojenju za desalinizaciju [[Gold Coast]] u [[Queenslandu]] i postrojenju za desalinizaciju [[Kurnell]] u [[Sydney]]u crpi se brzinom od {{convert|0.1|m/s|abbr=on}}, što je dovoljno sporo da [[ribe]] pobjegnu. Postrojenje osigurava gotovo {{convert|140000|m3|abbr=on}} čiste vode dnevno.<ref name=npr>Sullivan, Michael (June 18, 2007) [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11134967 "Australia Turns to Desalination Amid Water Shortage"]. NPR.</ref> U 2025. Corpus Christi u [[Teksas]]u je otkazao veliki projekat desalinizacije zbog kontroverzi oko ekoloških i finansijskih problema.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Texas Standard for Sept. 4, 2025: Corpus Christi cancels controversial desalination project |url=https://www.texasstandard.org/stories/today-on-texas-standard-september-4-2025/|access-date=December 10, 2025 |website=Texas Standard |language=en-US}}</ref> ===Odliv=== Procesi desalinizacije proizvode velike količine [[slana voda|slane vode]], moguće na temperaturi višoj od sobne, i sadrže ostatke hemikalija za prethodnu obradu i čišćenje, njihove nusprodukte reakcija i teške metale zbog korozije (posebno u postrojenjima baziranim na termalnim [[energija]]ma).<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambous2020">{{Cite journal|last1=Panagopoulos|first1=Argyris|last2=Haralambous|first2=Katherine-Joanne|date=October 1, 2020|title=Minimal Liquid Discharge (MLD) and Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) strategies for wastewater management and resource recovery – Analysis, challenges and prospects|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213343720307673|journal=Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering|language=en|volume=8|issue=5|doi=10.1016/j.jece.2020.104418|s2cid=225309628|issn=2213-3437|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>Greenberg, Joel (March 20, 2014) [http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/03/20/221880/israel-no-longer-worried-about.html "Israel no longer worried about its water supply, thanks to desalination plants"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324202006/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/03/20/221880/israel-no-longer-worried-about.html |date=March 24, 2014 }}, ''The McClatchy Company''</ref> Hemijska predtretman i čišćenje su neophodni u većini postrojenja za desalinizaciju, što obično uključuje sprečavanje biološkog obrastanja, stvaranja kamenca, pjenjenja i korozije u [[termoelektrana]]ma, te biološkog obrastanja, suspendovanih čvrstih materija i naslaga kamenca u membranskim postrojenjima.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2007.03.009 |title=Environmental impact and impact assessment of seawater desalination|year=2008|last1=Lattemann|first1=Sabine|last2=Höpner|first2=Thomas|journal=Desalination|volume=220|issue=1–3|page=1|bibcode=2008Desal.220....1L }}</ref> Da bi se ograničio uticaj na okolinu vraćanja slane vode u okean, ona se može razrijediti drugim tokom vode koji ulazi u okean, kao što je ispust [[Prečišćavanje otpadnih voda|prečišćavanje otpadnih voda]] ili elektrane. Kod srednjih do velikih elektrana i postrojenja za desalinizaciju, protok rashladne vode u elektrani vjerovatno će biti nekoliko puta veći od protoka u postrojenju za desalinizaciju, što smanjuje salinitet kombinacije. Druga metoda za razrjeđivanje slane vode je miješanje putem difuzora u zoni miješanja. Na primjer, kada cjevovod koji sadrži slanu vodu dosegne morsko dno, može se podijeliti u mnogo grana, od kojih svaka postepeno ispušta slanu vodu kroz male rupe duž svoje dužine. Miješanje se može kombinovati sa razrjeđivanjem u elektrani ili postrojenju za otpadne vode. Sistemi sa nultom tečnošću mogu se usvojiti za tretman slane vode prije odlaganja.<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambous2020" /><ref>Szeptycki, L., E. Hartge, N. Ajami, A. Erickson, W. N. Heady, L. LaFeir, B. Meister, L. Verdone, and J.R. Koseff (2016). Marine and Coastal Impacts on Ocean Desalination in California. Dialogue report compiled by Water in the West, Center for Ocean Solutions, Monterey Bay Aquarium and The Nature Conservancy, Monterey, CA. https://www.scienceforconservation.org/assets/downloads/Desal_Whitepaper_2016.pdf</ref> Prema nedavnim globalnim procjenama, ispuštanje slane vode iz postrojenja za desalinizaciju sada premašuje količinu proizvedene slatke vode, što ukupno iznosi oko 142 miliona m³/dan. Ovi rezultati sve više zabrinjavaju zbog povećanja slanosti mora, poremećaja ekosistema i ekološkog otiska širenja desalinizacije.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ourworld.unu.edu/en/quenching-humanitys-freshwater-thirst-creates-a-salty-threat |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=Our World|title=Quenching Humanity's Freshwater Thirst Creates a Salty Threat|date=2019-02-07|last=Jones|first=Edward|first2=Manzoor|last2=Qadir|first3=Vladimir|last3=Smakhtin|publisher=United Nations University}}</ref> Novije studije su izazvale zabrinutost zbog efekata mikroplastike i hemijskih ostataka koji se unose tokom procesa desalinizacije. Hemikalije za predtretman, sredstva protiv kamenca i sredstva za čišćenje mogu doprinijeti tragovima zagađivača u tokovima otpadnih voda ako se ne upravljaju pravilno. Iako su ovi uticaji uglavnom manji od problema povezanih sa slanom vodom, oni pokazuju važnost unapređenja monitoringa okoliša i usvajanja čistijih tehnologija predtretmana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Environmental Effects of Desalination {{!}} Pacific Environment Data Portal |url=https://pacific-data.sprep.org/dataset/environmental-effects-desalination |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=pacific-data.sprep.org}}</ref> Druga mogućnost je da se postrojenje za desalinizaciju učini pokretnim, čime se sprječava nakupljanje slane vode na jednoj lokaciji. Neka takva pokretna (povezana s brodom) postrojenja za desalinizaciju su već izgrađena.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theexplorer.no/solutions/waterfountain-innovative-floating-desalination-system/|title=Innovative floating desalination system|website=www.theexplorer.no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://waterfountain.no/|title=Oisann Engineering|website=Oisann Engineering}}</ref> Slana voda je gušća od morske vode i stoga tone na dno okeana i može oštetiti [[ekosistem]]. Primijećeno je da se oblak slane vode s vremenom smanjuje do razrijeđene koncentracije, što rezultira malim ili nikakvim uticajem na okoliš. Međutim, studije su pokazale da razrjeđivanje može biti obmanjujuće zbog dubine na kojoj se dogodilo. Ako se razrjeđivanje primijeti ljeti, to može biti posljedica sezonskog termoklinskog događaja koji sprječava koncentriranu slanu vodu da potone na morsko dno. Ovo može poremetiti vode iznad morskog dna. Primijećeno je da se raspršivanje slane vode iz postrojenja za desalinizaciju širi nekoliko kilometara daleko, potencijalno šteteći udaljenim ekosistemima. Pažljivo ponovno uvođenje uz odgovarajuće mjere i studije okoliša može smanjiti ovaj problem.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yolanda Fernández-Torquemada |title=Dispersion of brine discharge from seawater reverse osmosis desalination plants |journal=Desalination and Water Treatment |date=March 16, 2009 |volume=5 |issue=1–3 |pages=137–145 |doi=10.5004/dwt.2009.576 |bibcode=2009DWatT...5..137F |hdl=10045/11309 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Panagopoulos|first1=Argyris|last2=Haralambous|first2=Katherine-Joanne|date=December 1, 2020|title=Environmental impacts of desalination and brine treatment – Challenges and mitigation measures|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X20308912|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|language=en|volume=161|issue=Pt B|doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111773|pmid=33128985|bibcode=2020MarPB.16111773P |s2cid=226224643|issn=0025-326X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Potrošnja energije === Očekuje se da će se potražnja za energijom za desalinizaciju na Bliskom istoku, uzrokovana ozbiljnom nestašicom vode, udvostručiti do 2030. godine. Trenutno, ovaj proces prvenstveno koristi [[fosilno gorivo| fosilna goriva]], koja čine preko 95% njegovog izvora energije. U 2023. godini, desalinizacija je potrošila gotovo polovinu energije stambenog sektora u regiji.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 22, 2024 |title=Energy is vital to a well-functioning water sector – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/commentaries/energy-is-vital-to-a-well-functioning-water-sector |access-date=April 19, 2024 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> Većina vode za piće koja se konzumira u [[Izrael]]u, [[Saudijska Arabijia|Saudijskoj Arabiji]], [[Oman]]u i [[Kuvajt]]u proizvodi se desalinizacijom.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shankar |first1=Priyanka |title=How targeting of desalination plants could disrupt water supply in the Gulf |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/8/how-targeting-of-desalination-plants-could-disrupt-water-supply-in-the-gulf |access-date=9 March 2026 |work=Al Jazeera |date=8 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Why the Middle East’s Desalination Plants Are Critical |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/iran-war-news-updates-2026/card/why-the-middle-east-s-desalination-plants-are-critical-iPiXNsAQBDn54K38qbVi |access-date=9 March 2026 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=8 March 2026}}</ref> ===Ostala pitanja=== Zbog prirode procesa, potrebno je postaviti biljke na otprilike 25 hektara zemlje na ili blizu obale.<ref name="Einav">{{cite journal|last1=Einav|first1=Rachel|last2=Harussi|first2=Kobi|last3=Perry|first3=Dan|date=February 2003|title=The footprint of the desalination processes on the environment|journal=Desalination|volume=152|issue=1–3|pages=141–154|doi=10.1016/S0011-9164(02)01057-3|bibcode=2003Desal.152..141E }}</ref> U slučaju postrojenja izgrađenog u unutrašnjosti, cijevi se moraju položiti u zemlju kako bi se omogućio lak usis i odvod.<ref name=Einav /> Međutim, kada se cijevi polože u zemlju, postoji mogućnost curenja u obližnje vodonosnike i kontaminacije.<ref name=Einav /> Osim ekoloških rizika, buka koju stvaraju određene vrste postrojenja za desalinizaciju može biti glasna.<ref name=Einav /> ==Zdravstveni aspekti== === Nedostatak joda === Desalinizacija uklanja [[jod]] iz vode i mogla bi povećati rizik od poremećaja uzrokovanih [[nedostatak joda|nedostatkom joda]]. [[Izrael]]ski istraživači tvrdili su da postoji moguća veza između desalinizacije morske vode i nedostatka joda,<ref>[http://www.agri.huji.ac.il/newsletter/july2014.html "מידעון הפקולטה"]. ''מידעון הפקולטה לחקלאות מזון וסביבה עש רוברט ה סמית''. agri.huji.ac.il. July 2014</ref> otkrivanjem deficita joda kod odraslih osoba izloženih vodi siromašnoj jodom<ref>Yaniv Ovadia. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263220648_Estimated_iodine_intake_and_status_in_euthyroid_adults_exposed_to_iodine-poor_water "Estimated iodine intake and status in adults exposed to iodine-poor water"]. ''ResearchGate''.</ref> istovremeno sa sve većim udjelom vode za piće u njihovom području dobivene reverznom osmozom morske vode (SWRO).<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.iccidd.org/newsletter/idd_aug13_israel_1.pdf|title=Seawater desalination and iodine deficiency: is there a link?|journal=IDD Newsletter|date=August 2013 |vauthors=Ovadia YS, Troen AM, Gefel D }}</ref> Kasnije su otkrili vjerojatne poremećaje uzrokovane nedostatkom joda kod stanovništva koje se oslanja na desaliniziranu morsku vodu.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Can desalinated seawater contribute to iodine-deficiency disorders? An observation and hypothesis |journal=Public Health Nutrition |first1=Yaniv S|last1=Ovadia |first2=Dov|last2=Gefel |first3=Dorit|last3=Aharoni |first4=Svetlana|last4=Turkot |first5=Shlomo|last5=Fytlovich |first6=Aron M|last6=Troen |date=October 2016 |volume=19 |issue=15 |pages=2808–2817 |doi=10.1017/S1368980016000951 |pmid=27149907|pmc=10271113 |doi-access=free }}</ref> U 2017., izraelski istraživači sugerirali su moguću vezu između prekomjerne upotrebe desalinizirane vode i nacionalnog nedostatka joda.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jta.org/2017/03/27/news-opinion/israel-middle-east/researchers-find-israeli-children-at-risk-from-iron-deficiency-likely-due-to-desalinated-water|title=Millions of Israeli children said at risk of stunted development, possibly from desalinated water|website=jta.org|access-date=October 22, 2017|date=March 27, 2017}}</ref> Otkrili su visok stepen nedostatka joda u opštoj populaciji Izraela: 62% djece školske dobi i 85% trudnica je ispod raspona adekvatnosti, prema [[SZO]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://new.huji.ac.il/en/article/34005|title=High burden of Iodine deficiency found in Israel's first national survey – האוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים – The Hebrew University of Jerusalem|website=new.huji.ac.il|access-date=October 22, 2017}}</ref> Također su istaknuli nacionalnu ovisnost o desaliniziranoj vodi osiromašenoj jodom, odsustvo univerzalnog programa jodiranja soli i izvještaje o povećanoj upotrebi lijekova za štitnjaču u Izraelu kao moguće razloge niskog unosa joda u stanovništvu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ovadia |first1=Yaniv S. |last2=Arbelle |first2=Jonathan E. |last3=Gefel |first3=Dov |last4=Brik |first4=Hadassah |last5=Wolf |first5=Tamar |last6=Nadler |first6=Varda |last7=Hunziker |first7=Sandra |last8=Zimmermann |first8=Michael B. |last9=Troen |first9=Aron M. |date=August 2017 |title=First Israeli National Iodine Survey Demonstrates Iodine Deficiency Among School-Aged Children and Pregnant Women |url=https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/thy.2017.0251 |journal=Thyroid |language=en |volume=27 |issue=8 |pages=1083–1091 |doi=10.1089/thy.2017.0251 |pmid=28657479 |issn=1050-7256|url-access=subscription }}</ref> U godini u kojoj je provedeno istraživanje, količina vode proizvedene iz postrojenja za desalinizaciju predstavlja oko 50% količine slatke vode koja se isporučuje za sve potrebe i oko 80% vode koja se isporučuje za domaće i industrijske potrebe u Izraelu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.water.gov.il/Hebrew/WaterResources/Desalination/Pages/default.aspx|title=Israeli Water Authority|website=water.gov.il|access-date=October 22, 2017}}</ref> ==Eksperimentalne tehnike== Ostale tehnike desalinizacije uključuju: ===Otpadna toplota=== Tehnologije desalinizacije na termički pogon često se predlažu za upotrebu s izvorima otpadne toplote niskih temperatura, jer niske temperature nisu korisne za procesnu toplotu, potrebnu u mnogim industrijskim procesima, ali su idealne za niže temperature potrebne za desalinizaciju.<ref name=WarsingerEntropy/> Takvo uparivanje s otpadnom toplptom može čak poboljšati električni proces: dizelski generatori obično osiguravaju električnu energiju u udaljenim područjima. Oko 40–50% proizvedene energije je niskokvalitetna toplota koja napušta motor putem auspuha.<ref name=WarsingerEntropy/> Spajanje tehnologije termičke desalinizacije, kao što je sistem membranske destilacije, na ispuh dizel motora, prenamjenjuje ovu niskokvalitetnu toplptu za desalinizaciju. Sistem aktivno hladi dizel generator, poboljšavajući njegovu efikasnost i povećavajući proizvodnju električne energije. To rezultira energetski neutralnim rješenjem za desalinizaciju. Primjer postrojenja naručila je holandska kompanija [[Aquaver]] u martu 2014. za [[Gulhi]] na [[Maldivi]]ma.<ref>[http://www.eip-water.eu/desalination-plant-powered-waste-heat-opens-maldives/ "Desalination plant powered by waste heat opens in Maldives"] ''European Innovation Partnerships (EIP) news''. Retrieved March 18, 2014</ref><ref>[http://www.desalination.com/wdr/50/8/island-finally-gets-its-own-supply/ "Island finally gets its own water supply"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318193613/http://www.desalination.com/wdr/50/8/island-finally-gets-its-own-supply |date=March 18, 2014 }}, ''Global Water Intelligence'', February 24, 2014. Retrieved March 18, 2014</ref> ===Niskotemperaturna termalna obrada=== Izvorno proizašla iz istraživanja [[konverzija termalne energije okeana|konverzije termalne energije okeana]], [[niskotemperaturna termalna desalinizacija]] (LTTD) koristi prednost ključanja vode na niskom pritisku, čak i na [[temperatura okoline|temperaturi okoline]]. Sistem koristi pumpe za stvaranje okruženja niskog pritiska i niske temperature u kojem voda ključa na temperaturnom gradijentu od {{convert|8|-|10|C-change}} između dva volumena vode. Hladna okeanska voda se dovodi iz dubina do {{convert|600|m|abbr=on}}. Ova voda se pumpa kroz zavojnice kako bi se kondenzovala [[vodena para]]. Rezultirajući kondenzat je prečišćena voda. LTTD može iskoristiti temperaturni gradijent dostupan u [[elektrana]]ma, gdje se velike količine toplih otpadnih voda ispuštaju iz postrojenja, smanjujući unos energije potreban za stvaranje temperaturnog gradijenta.<ref name="isope1">{{cite web|last=Sistla|first=Phanikumar V.S.|title=Low Temperature Thermal DesalinbationPLants|url=http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE_OMS/OMS%202009/papers/M09-83Sistla.pdf|work=Proceedings of the Eighth (2009) ISOPE Ocean Mining Symposium, Chennai, India, September 20–24, 2009|publisher=International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers|access-date=June 22, 2010|display-authors=etal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004094556/http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE_OMS/OMS%202009/papers/M09-83Sistla.pdf|archive-date=October 4, 2011}}</ref> Eksperimenti su provedeni u SAD-u i [[Japan]]u, kako bi se testirao ovaj pristup. U Japanu je Univerzitet Saga testirao sistem raspršivanja i bljeskalice.<ref>Haruo Uehara and Tsutomu Nakaoka [http://www.ioes.saga-u.ac.jp/VWF/general-review_e.html Development and Prospective of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion and Spray Flash Evaporator Desalination] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322075415/http://www.ioes.saga-u.ac.jp/VWF/general-review_e.html |date=March 22, 2012 }}. ioes.saga-u.ac.jp</ref> Na [[Havaji]]ma, Nacionalna energetska laboratorija testirala je OTEC postrojenje otvorenog ciklusa sa proizvodnjom slatke vode i električne energije koristeći temperaturnu razliku od 20°C između površinske vode i vode na dubini od oko 500 m. LTTD je proučavao indijski Nacionalni institut za tehnologiju okeana (NIOT) 2004. godine. Njihovo prvo LTTD postrojenje otvoreno je 2005. godine u Kavarattiju na ostrvima Lakshadweep. Kapacitet postrojenja je 100000 L/dan, uz kapitalni trošak od 50 miliona INR (922.000 €). Postrojenje koristi duboku vodu na temperaturi od 10 do 12°C.<ref name="irc">{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=N.B. |date=November 24, 2018 |title=Indian Scientists Develop World's First Low Temperature Thermal Desalination Plant |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/indian-scientists-develop-worlds-first-low-temperature-thermal-desalination-plant/articleshow/129082227.html |access-date=January 1, 2019 |website=Indiatimes |language=en}}</ref> U 2007., NIOT je otvorio eksperimentalno, plutajuće LTTD postrojenje uz obalu [[Chennai]], kapaciteta 1000000 L/dan. Manje postrojenje je izgrađeno 2009. godine u termoelektrani Sjeverni Chennai kako bi se dokazala primjena LTTD-a tamo gdje je dostupna voda za hlađenje elektrane.<ref name="isope1"/><ref>[http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/18April2007_35210.html Floating plant, India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827213914/http://www.headlinesindia.com/archive_html/18April2007_35210.html |date=August 27, 2008 }}. Headlinesindia.com (April 18, 2007). Retrieved May 29, 2011.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071031012249/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/21/stories/2007042109200400.htm Tamil Nadu / Chennai News : Low temperature thermal desalination plants mooted]. The Hindu (April 21, 2007). Retrieved March 20, 2011.</ref> ===Termoionski proces=== U oktobru 2009. godine, Saltworks Technologies je najavio proces koji koristi solarnu ili drugu termalnu energiju za pokretanje ionske struje koja uklanja sve ione [[natrij]]a i [[hlor]]a iz vode pomoću membrana za ionsku izmjenu.<ref>[http://www.economist.com/sciencetechnology/displayStory.cfm?story_id=14743791 Current thinking], ''The Economist'', October 29, 2009</ref> U Jacksonvilleu na [[Florida|Floridi]], tim predvođen kompanijom Arctic Solar dizajnirao je solarno-termalni sistem za desalinizaciju koji koristi termički osjetljiv [[rastvarač]] za usisavanje vode. Arctic Solar je zatim dizajnirao vanjski složeni parabolični koncentrator za zagrijavanje rastvarača i njegovo odvajanje od generirane slatke vode. Kompanija će testirati svoje ideje u Centru za istraživanje i očuvanje vode kompanije Southern Company u Georgiji.<ref>{{Cite web |title=American-Made Challenges: Solar Desalination Prize Round 2 |url=https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/american-made-challenges-solar-desalination-prize-round-2 |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref> ===Isparavanje i kondenzacija za usjeve=== [[staklenik s morskom vodom]] koristi prirodne procese isparavanja i kondenzacije unutar [[staklenik]]a koji se napaja solarnom energijom za uzgoj usjeva u sušnom obalnom zemljištu. === Polarizacija koncentracije iona === U 2022. godini, koristeći tehniku koja je koristila više faza [[polarizacija koncentracije|polarizacije koncentracije]] iona (ICP) nakon čega slijedi jedna faza [[elektrodijaliza| elektrodijalize]], istraživači sa ''Massachusetts Institute of Technology'' uspjeli su stvoriti prijenosnu jedinicu za desalinizaciju bez filtera, sposobnu za uklanjanje i rastvorenih soli i [[suspenzija|suspendovanih]] čvrstih materija]].<ref name="YoonKwonKangBrackHan2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Yoon |first1=Junghyo |last2=Kwon |first2=Hyukjin J. |last3=Kang |first3=SungKu |last4=Brack |first4=Eric |last5=Han |first5=Jongyoon |date=May 17, 2022 |title=Portable Seawater Desalination System for Generating Drinkable Water in Remote Locations |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.1c08466 |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |language=en |volume=56 |issue=10 |pages=6733–6743 |doi=10.1021/acs.est.1c08466 |pmid=35420021 |bibcode=2022EnST...56.6733Y |s2cid=248155686 |issn=0013-936X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Dizajn]]iran za upotrebu od strane nestručnjaka u udaljenim područjima ili tokom prirodnih katastrofa, kao i u vojnim operacijama, prototip je veličine kofera, dimenzija 42 × 33,5 × 19 cm<sup>3</sup> i težine 9,25 kg.<ref name="YoonKwonKangBrackHan2022"/> Proces je potpuno automatizovan, obavještavajući korisnika kada je voda sigurna za piće, a može se kontrolisati jednim dugmetom ili aplikacijom za [[pametni telefon]]. Budući da ne zahtijeva pumpu visokog pritiska, proces je veoma energetski efikasan, trošeći samo 20 Wat-sati po litru proizvedene vode za piće, što ga čini sposobnim za napajanje uobičajenim prenosivim [[solarni panel| solarnim panelima]]. Korištenje dizajna bez filtera pri niskom pritisku ili zamjenjivih filtera značajno smanjuje potrebe za održavanjem, dok se sam uređaj sam čisti.<ref name="MIT2022">{{Cite web |title=From seawater to drinking water, with the push of a button |url=https://news.mit.edu/2022/portable-desalination-drinking-water-0428 |access-date=August 3, 2022 |website=MIT News {{!}} Massachusetts Institute of Technology |date=April 28, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Međutim, uređaj je ograničen na proizvodnju 0,33 litara vode za piće u minuti.<ref name="YoonKwonKangBrackHan2022" /> Postoji i zabrinutost da će onečišćenje utjecati na dugoročnu pouzdanost, posebno u vodi s visokom [[mutnoćom]]. Istraživači rade na povećanju efikasnosti i stope proizvodnje s namjerom da komercijalizuju proizvod u budućnosti, međutim značajno ograničenje je oslanjanje na skupe materijale u trenutnom dizajnu.<ref name="MIT2022" /> ===Ostali pristupi=== Desaliniziranje zasnovano na adsorpciji (AD) oslanja se na svojstva apsorpcije vlage određenih materijala kao što je silika gel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Studija sistema za desalinizaciju adsorpcijom silika gela|url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/82463/8/02whole.pdf|work=Jun Wei WU|access-date=3. novembar 2016.}}<ref> ==== Direktna osmoza ==== Jedan proces je komercijalizirao Modern Water PLC koristeći [[direktna osmoza|direktnu osmozu]], a prijavljeno je da je nekoliko postrojenja u funkciji.<ref>{{cite journal|title=FO plant completes 1-year of operation|url=http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/WDR%20-%2044.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222200124/http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/WDR%20-%2044.pdf|archive-date=December 22, 2024|access-date=May 28, 2011|journal=Water Desalination Report|date=November 15, 2010|pages=2–3}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Modern Water taps demand in Middle East|url=http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/demand_mdeast_n.pdf|access-date=May 28, 2011|newspaper=The Independent|date=November 23, 2009|archive-date=July 15, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715040920/http://www.modernwater.co.uk/files/files/demand_mdeast_n.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.osmotic-engineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/PER11-198.pdf|chapter=Forward Osmosis Desalination: A Commercial Reality|author1=Thompson N.A. |author2=Nicoll P.G. |date=September 2011|publisher=International Desalination Association|title= Proceedings of the IDA World Congress|location=Perth, Western Australia}}</ref> ==== Desalinizacija na bazi hidrogela ==== [[Datoteka:TOC new.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Shema mašine za desalinizaciju: kutija za desalinizaciju zapremine <math>V_{box} sadrži gel zapremine <math>V_{gel} koji je sitom odvojen od vanjske zapremine rastvora <math>V_{out} = V_{box} - V_{gel}. Kutija je povezana sa dva velika rezervoara sa visokim i niskim salinitetom pomoću dvije slavine koje se mogu otvarati i zatvarati po želji. Lanac od kanti izražava potrošnju slatke vode, nakon čega slijedi ponovno punjenje rezervoara sa niskim salinitetom slanom vodom.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018">{{cite journal|title=Thermodynamic model for a reversible desalination cycle using weak polyelectrolyte hydrogels|journal=Desalination|volume=442|page=32|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2018.05.002 |ref=Rud2018|year=2018|last1=Rud|first1=Oleg|last2=Borisov|first2=Oleg|last3=Košovan|first3=Peter|bibcode=2018Desal.442...32R |s2cid=103725391}}</ref>]] Ideja metode je u tome da kada hidrogel dođe u kontakt sa vodenim rastvorom soli, on bubri, apsorbujući rastvor sa jonskim sastavom drugačijim od originalnog. Ovaj rastvor se može lako iscijediti iz gela pomoću sita ili mikrofiltracijske membrane. Kompresija gela u zatvorenom sistemu dovodi do promjene koncentracije soli, dok kompresija u otvorenom sistemu, dok gel razmjenjuje jone sa zapreminom, dovodi do promjene broja jona.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018"/> Posljedica kompresije i bubrenja u uslovima otvorenog i zatvorenog sistema oponaša obrnuti Carnotov ciklus frižidera. Jedina razlika je u tome što umjesto toplote ovaj ciklus prenosi jone soli iz zapremine niskog saliniteta u zapreminu visokog saliniteta. Slično Carnotovom ciklusu, ovaj ciklus je potpuno reverzibilan, tako da u principu može raditi sa idealnom termodinamičkom efikasnošću.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018"/> Budući da metoda ne koristi osmotske membrane, može se takmičiti sa metodom reverzne osmoze. Osim toga, za razliku od reverzne osmoze, ovaj pristup nije osjetljiv na kvalitet napojne vode i njene sezonske promjene, te omogućava proizvodnju vode bilo koje željene koncentracije.<ref name="RudBorisovKosovan2018"/> ==== Male solarne elektrane ==== [[Sjedinjene Američke Države]], [[Francuska]] i [[Ujedinjeni Arapski Emirati]] rade na razvoju praktične [[solarna desalinizacija|solarne desalinizacije]].<ref>[http://cleantechnica.com/2015/01/25/uae-france-announce-partnership-jointly-fund-renewable-energy-projects/ UAE & France Announce Partnership To Jointly Fund Renewable Energy Projects], Clean Technica, January 25, 2015</ref> AquaDania WaterStillar je instaliran u Dahabu, [[Egipat]], i u Playa del Carmen, [[Meksiko]]. Ovim pristupom, solarni termalni kolektor površine dva kvadratna metra može destilirati od 40 do 60 litara dnevno iz bilo kojeg lokalnog izvora vode – pet puta više od konvencionalnih destilatora. Eliminira potrebu za plastičnim PET bocama ili transportom vode koji troši energiju.<ref>[http://www.barrymansfield.com/pdf/Tapping%20A%20Market%20CNBC%20European%20Business.pdf Tapping the Market], CNBC European Business, October 1, 2008</ref> U centralnoj [[Kalifornija|Kaliforniji]], startap kompanija WaterFX razvija metodu desalinizacije na solarni pogon koja može omogućiti korištenje lokalne vode, uključujući i otjecajnu vodu koja se može tretirati i ponovo koristiti. Slana podzemna voda u regiji bi se tretirala kako bi postala slatka voda, a u područjima blizu okeana bi se mogla tretirati morska voda.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Peters|first1=Adele|title=Can This Solar Desalination Startup Solve California Water Woes?|url=http://www.fastcoexist.com/3026234/can-this-solar-desalination-startup-solve-california-water-woes|work=Fast Company|access-date=February 24, 2015|date=February 10, 2014}}</ref> === Desalinizacija na bazi energije === Integriranje obnovljive energije u procese desalinizacije ključna je strategija za ublažavanje velike potražnje za energijom i utjecaja konvencionalne desalinizacije na okoliš. Dok se većina današnjih postrojenja za desalinizaciju napaja uglavnom fosilnim gorivima, neka koriste solarnu, vjetroelektranu, geotermalnu energiju i energiju talasa. Ovi sistemi su posebno privlačni u rijetko naseljenim i udaljenim regijama u kojima nedostaje pristup mreži, ali obnovljivih resursa ima u izobilju.<ref>Ghaffour, N., Bundschuh, J., Mahmoudi, H., & Goosen, M. F. (2015). Renewable energy-driven desalination technologies: A comprehensive review on challenges and potential applications. ''Desalination, 356'', 94–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.10.024</ref> ==== Desalinizacija na solarni pogon ==== Postoje dvije vrste desalinizacije na solarni pogon; ona zasnovana na solarnoj termici i ona zasnovana na fotonaponskim sistemima. Solarna termalna desalinizacija koristi koncentrovanu solarnu energiju (CSP) ili solarne kolektore za proizvodnju toplote za primjene poput višeefektivne destilacije (MED), višestepene fleš destilacije (MSF) ili membranske destilacije (MD). Poređenja radi, sistemi pokretani fotonaponskim sistemima koriste sunčevu svjetlost za proizvodnju energije za pokretanje jedinica za reverznu osmozu (RO) ili elektrodijalizu. Materijali za faznu promjenu, nanofluidi i moderne tehnologije skladištenja toplote široko se koriste za poboljšanje efikasnosti malih solarnih destilatora i hibridnih sistema (Ghaffour, 2016). Naprimjer, modularni uređaji za solarnu destilaciju uvedeni su u priobalnim selima u Sjevernoj Africi i na Bliskom istoku, isporučujući do 5.000 litara čiste vode dnevno bez emisija stakleničkih plinova (GHG) (IRENA, 2022).<ref>Al-Karaghouli, A., & Kazmerski, L. L. (2013). Energy consumption and water production cost of conventional and renewable-energy-powered desalination processes. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 24'', 343–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.03.057</ref> ==== Sistemi na vjetar i hibridi ==== Desalinizacijski sistemi pogonjeni vjetrom koriste mehaničku ili električnu energiju iz vjetroturbina za rad RO jedinica ili za pritisak napojne vode. Hibridni sistemi vjetro-solarnih panela se testiraju u različitim vremenskim uslovima kako bi se izbjegli nestabilni uslovi. U Španiji, integrisano postrojenje za desalinizaciju vjetro-fotonautike nalazi se na Kanarskim ostrvima i zabilježilo je smanjenje operativnih troškova od 40% u poređenju sa sistemima za desalinizaciju zasnovanim na mreži zahvaljujući implementaciji 2019. godine (Al-Karaghouli & Kazmerski, 2013).<ref>Davies, P. A. (2010). A solar-assisted heat pump sea water desalination system. ''Desalination, 250''(1), 402–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2009.09.073</ref> ==== Primjena geotermalne energije i tretmana otpadne toplote ==== Geotermalni resursi na niskim temperaturama i industrijska otpadna toplota mogu dovoditi toplotnu energiju u sisteme za desalinizaciju kako bi se poboljšala efikasnost sistema za desalinizaciju za procese oporavka vode i proizvodnje. Geotermalna desalinizacija je uvedena na Islandu i u Turskoj, gdje se podzemna toplota koristi za napajanje MED ili niskotemperaturnih destilacijskih jedinica (Narayan, 2019). Također, otpadna toplota iz dizel generatora ili proizvodnih pogona ili industrijskih izvora može biti dio membranskog destilacijskog sistema koji se također skladišti u procesu obrade na licu mjesta, a koji je inherentno bez energije (Gude, 2016).<ref>Bouguecha, S. A., & Dhahbi, M. (2003). Solar-assisted membrane distillation desalination system. ''Desalination, 156''(1–3), 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(03)00333-8</ref> ==== Tehnološke inovacije ==== Nauka o materijalima također transformira paradigme obnovljivih izvora energije. Predložene su nanostrukturne membrane, s poboljšanom propusnošću i odbacivanjem soli kako bi se prevladala visoka potražnja za energijom za RO pogonjen solarnom energijom (Shen et al., 2021). Nadalje, istražuje se kapacitivna deionizacija (CDI) pogonjena solarnom energijom ili fototermalna membranska destilacija koja koristi materijale koji apsorbiraju sunčevu svjetlost za lokalno zagrijavanje na površini membrane, značajno povećavajući protok pare, ali smanjujući onečišćenje (Shatat et al., 2014).<ref>Shatat, M., Riffat, S. B., & Powell, R. (2013). Potential of solar desalination in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28'', 246–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.07.042</ref> ==== Ekonomske i ekološke implikacije ==== Kapitalni troškovi koje zahtijeva desalinizacija iz obnovljivih izvora su relativno visoki, ali je proizvodnja energije varijabilna. Sistemi za desalinizaciju na solarni i vjetar sada rade u komercijalnim razmjerima u regijama kao što su [[Bliski istok]], [[Australija]] i obale Sjedinjenih Američkih Država.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 14, 2023 |title=Veolia inaugurates the largest solar power plant on a desalination plant in the Middle East |url=https://www.veolia.com/en/our-media/news/veolia-inaugurates-largest-solar-power-plant-desalination-plant-middle-east |access-date=December 6, 2025 |website=Veolia |language=en}}</ref> Ali analiza životnog ciklusa pokazuje da je ekološki otisak sistema za desalinizaciju na solarni ili vjetar pogon mnogo manji od onog kod procesa baziranih na fosilnim gorivima. Prema IRENA-i (2022), u poređenju sa konvencionalnim metodama, obnovljiva desalinizacija može smanjiti emisije ugljika i do 80%. U nekoliko obalnih regija, nivelisana cijena vode iz PV-RO hibridnih sistema pada ispod 1 dolara po kubnom metru i približava se desalinizaciji pogonjenoj mrežom.<ref>Kalogirou, S. A. (2005). Seawater desalination using renewable energy sources. ''Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 31''(3), 242–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2005.03.001</ref> ==== Primjene u društvenom i regionalnom kontekstu ==== U humanitarnim i vanmrežnim primjenama, desalinizacija iz obnovljivih izvora je važan alat. Prijenosne solarne jedinice za desalinizaciju već se razvijaju za pomoć u slučaju katastrofa i vojnu upotrebu. One će im obezbijediti pitku vodu iz morske ili bočate vode i zahtijevat će vrlo malo održavanja. Nacionalni institut za okeansku tehnologiju (NIOT) uspješno je pokrenuo solarno potpomognute jedinice za desalinizaciju na ostrvskim teritorijama u Indiji, dok pilot projekti u Kaliforniji koriste koncentrisanu solarnu energiju za tretman poljoprivrednog otjecanja ([[UN|Ujedinjene nacije]], 2023).<ref>Ali, M. T., Fath, H. E. S., & Armstrong, P. R. (2011). A comprehensive techno-economical review of indirect solar desalination. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15''(8), 4187–4199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.06.006</ref><ref>World Bank. (2020). Renewable Energy Desalination: An Emerging Solution to Close the Water Gap in the Middle East and North Africa. World Bank Report. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/12219</ref> ==== Budući izgledi ==== Svijet u cjelini pokazuje ogroman potencijal obnovljive desalinizacije, jer zemlje rade na održivim rješenjima za prevazilaženje nestašice vode. Kako se razvijaju nove tehnologije poput skladištenja energije, umjetne inteligencije za optimizaciju procesa i grafenskih membrana, očekuje se da će se postići još bolja efikasnost. Dok se tehnologija desalinizacije nastavlja razvijati, Međunarodno udruženje za desalinizaciju procjenjuje da bi 20% novih kapaciteta desalinizacije trebalo dolaziti iz obnovljivih izvora do 2035. godine (IRENA, 2022). Uprkos nizu izazova, kao što su troškovi, povremenost i potreba za povećanjem implementacije obnovljivih izvora, integracija obnovljivih izvora se smatra jednim od najodrživijih pristupa održivom sakupljanju vode u novom vijeku.<ref>Elimelech, M., & Phillip, W. A. (2011). The future of seawater desalination: Energy, technology, and the environment. ''Science, 333''(6043), 712–717. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200488</ref> ==== Passarell ==== Passarell proces koristi smanjeni [[atmosferski pritisak]], umjesto toplote za pokretanje evaporativne desalinizacije. Čista vodena para generirana destilacijom se zatim komprimira i kondenzira pomoću naprednog kompresora. Proces kompresije poboljšava efikasnost destilacije stvaranjem smanjenog pritiska u komori za isparavanje. Kompresorska [[centrifuga]] centrifugira čistu vodenu paru nakon što se provuče kroz demister (uklanjajući zaostale nečistoće) uzrokujući njen pritisak na cijevi u komori za sakupljanje.<ref>[http://www.waterdesalination.com/theory.htm The "Passarell" Process]. Waterdesalination.com (November 16, 2004). Retrieved May 14, 2012.</ref> Kompresija pare povećava njenu temperaturu. Toplota se prenosi na ulaznu vodu koja ulazi u cijevi, isparavajući vodu u cijevima. [[Vodena para]] kondenzuje se na vanjskoj strani cijevi kao proizvodna voda. Kombinacijom nekoliko fizičkih procesa, Passarell omogućava recikliranje većine energije sistema kroz procese isparavanja, odmagljivanja, kompresije pare, kondenzacije i kretanja vode.<ref>[http://www.waterdesalination.com/theory.htm The "Passarell" Process]. Waterdesalination.com (November 16, 2004). Retrieved May 14, 2012.</ref> ==== Geotermalna energija ==== Geotermalna energija može pokrenuti desalinizaciju. Na većini lokacija, [[geotermalna desalinizacija]] je bolja od korištenja rijetkih podzemnih ili površinskih voda, kako sa ekološkog tako i sa ekonomskog aspekta. ==== Nanotehnologija ==== [[Nanocjevna membrana|Nanocjevne membrane]] veće propusnosti od [[membrana]] date generacije mogu dovesti do smanjenja površine postrojenja za desalinizaciju metodom rotora. Također je sugerisano da će upotreba takvih membrana dovesti do smanjenja energije potrebne za desalinizaciju.<ref name="LLNL">{{cite press release |title = Nanotube membranes offer possibility of cheaper desalination |publisher = Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Public Affairs |date = May 18, 2006 |url = http://www.llnl.gov/pao/news/news_releases/2006/NR-06-05-06.html |access-date = September 7, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061001091253/http://www.llnl.gov/pao/news/news_releases/2006/NR-06-05-06.html |archive-date = October 1, 2006 }}</ref> Hermetičke, sulfonirane [[Nanotehnologija|nano]]-kompozitne membrane pokazale su se sposobnima za uklanjanje različitih zagađivača<!-- U prethodnoj izjavi se tvrdilo da se "gotovo svi zagađivači uklanjaju..." Ovo nije ispravna izjava. Izjava bi se trebala fokusirati na ono što je zapravo prikazano i dokazano. --> do nivoa dijelova na milijardu, <!-- Ova izjava je nejasna i nije korisna. Potrebno je spomenuti specifičan proces ili izjavu treba ukloniti. -->i imaju malu ili nikakvu osjetljivost na visoke nivoe koncentracije [[soli]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Cao|first=Liwei|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US8222346/en?oq=Dais+Analytic+desalination |title=Patent US8222346 – Block copolymers and method for making same |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Wnek|first=Gary|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US6383391/en?oq=Dais+Analytic+desalination |title=Patent US6383391 – Water-and ion-conducting membranes and uses thereof |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Cao|first=Liwei|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/dais-analytic-corporation-announces-product-sale-to-asia-functional-waste-water-treatment-pilot-and-key-infrastructure-appointments-210236821.html |title= Dais Analytic Corporation Announces Product Sale to Asia, Functional Waste Water Treatment Pilot, and Key Infrastructure Appointments |agency=PR Newswire |date=June 5, 2013 |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref> ==== Biomimeza ==== [[Biomimetika]]: [[Biološka membrana|membrane]] su još jedan pristup.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sandia.gov/water/desal/research-dev/membrane-tech.html |title=Sandia National Labs: Desalination and Water Purification: Research and Development |publisher=sandia.gov |year=2007 |access-date=July 9, 2013}}</ref> ==== Elektrohemijski ==== U 2008., Siemens Water Technologies je najavio tehnologiju koja primjenjuje električna polja za desalinizaciju jednog kubnog metra vode, koristeći pritom samo navodnih 1,5 kWh energije. Ako je tačno, ovaj proces bi potrošio polovinu energije u odnosu na druge procese.<ref>[http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Singapore/Story/A1Story20080623-72473.html Team wins $4m grant for breakthrough technology in seawater desalination] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414025925/http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Singapore/Story/A1Story20080623-72473.html |date=April 14, 2009 }}, The Straits Times, June 23, 2008</ref> Od 2012. demonstracijsko postrojenje je radilo u [[Singapur]]u.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mining.com/new-desalination-process-uses-50-less-energy-78254/|title=New desalination process uses 50% less energy {{!}} MINING.com|date=September 6, 2012|website=MINING.com|language=en-US|access-date=June 11, 2016}}</ref> Researchers at the University of Texas at Austin and the University of Marburg are developing more efficient methods of electrochemically mediated seawater desalination.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627125525.htm|title=Chemists Work to Desalinate the Ocean for Drinking Water, One Nanoliter at a Time|work=Science Daily|date=June 27, 2013|access-date=June 29, 2013}}</ref> ==== Elektrokinetički šokovi ==== Proces koji koristi elektrokinetičke udarne valove može se koristiti za postizanje desalinizacije bez membrane na sobnoj temperaturi i pritisku.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://microfluidics.stanford.edu/Publications/ITP/Shkolnikov%202012%20Desalination%20and%20hydrogen,%20chlorine,%20and%20sodium%20hydroxide%20production%20via%20electrophoretic%20ion%20exchange%20and%20precipitation.pdf |title=Desalination and hydrogen, chlorine, and sodium hydroxide production via electrophoretic ion exchange and precipitation |volume=14 |issue=32 |pages=11534–45 |first1=Viktor |last1=Shkolnikov |journal=Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics |date=April 5, 2012 |access-date=July 9, 2013 |doi=10.1039/c2cp42121f |pmid=22806549 |last2=Bahga |first2=Supreet S. |last3=Santiago |first3=Juan G. |bibcode=2012PCCP...1411534S |archive-date=December 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208155008/http://microfluidics.stanford.edu/Publications/ITP/Shkolnikov%202012%20Desalination%20and%20hydrogen,%20chlorine,%20and%20sodium%20hydroxide%20production%20via%20electrophoretic%20ion%20exchange%20and%20precipitation.pdf }}</ref> U ovom procesu, anioni i kationi u slanoj vodi se zamjenjuju karbonatnim anionima i kalcijevim kationima, respektivno, korištenjem elektrokinetičkih udarnih valova. Kalcijumovi i karbonatni ioni reaguju formirajući kalcijum karbonat, koji se taloži, ostavljajući slatku vodu. Teorijska [[Energetska efikasnost (fizika)|energetska efikasnost]] ove metode je u rangu sa [[elektrodijalizom]] i [[reverznom osmozom]]. ==== Ekstrakcija rastvaračem pri promjeni temperature ==== Ekstrakcija rastvaračem pri promjeni temperature (TSSE) koristi rastvarač umjesto membrane ili visokih temperatura. [[Ekstrakcija rastvaračem]] je uobičajena tehnika u [[hemijskom inženjerstvu]]. Može se aktivirati niskotemperaturnom toplotom (manje od 70°C), što možda ne zahtijeva aktivno zagrijavanje. U jednoj studiji, TSSE je uklonio do 98,4 % [[soli]] u slanoj vodi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/scientists-discover-game-changing-way-to-remove-salt-from-water/|title=Scientists discover a game-changing way to remove salt from water|first=Claire|last=Reilly|website=CNET}}</ref> U slanu vodu se dodaje [[rastvarač]] čija se topljivost mijenja s temperaturom. Na sobnoj temperaturi rastvarač odvlači molekule vode od soli. Rastvarač opterećen vodom se zatim zagrijava, što uzrokuje da rastvarač oslobodi vodu bez soli.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://singularityhub.com/2019/06/18/inching-towards-abundant-water-new-progress-in-desalination-tech/|title=Inching Towards Abundant Water: New Progress in Desalination Tech|last=Ramirez|first=Vanessa Bates|date=June 18, 2019|website=Singularity Hub|language=en-US|access-date=June 19, 2019}}</ref> Može desalinizirati izuzetno slanu salamuru do sedam puta slanije od okeana. Poređenja radi, trenutne metode mogu obraditi samo dvostruko slaniju salamuru. ==== Energija talasa ==== Mali priobalni sistem koristi energiju talasa za desalinizaciju 30–50 m³/dan. Sistem radi bez vanjskog napajanja i napravljen je od recikliranih plastičnih boca.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blain |first=Loz |date=November 21, 2022 |title=Wave-powered buoys vastly reduce the ecological cost of desalination |url=https://newatlas.com/good-thinking/oneka-wave-power-desalination/ |access-date=November 25, 2022 |website=New Atlas |language=en-US}}</ref> == Upotreba širom svijeta == Trade Arabia tvrdi da [[Saudijska Arabija]] proizvodi 7,9 miliona kubnih metara desalinizirane vode dnevno, ili 22% ukupne svjetske proizvodnje, zaključno s krajem 2021. godine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=n.a. |date=May 31, 2022 |title=Saudi Arabia announces new water projects worth $667 million |url=https://smartwatermagazine.com/news/smart-water-magazine/saudi-arabia-announces-new-water-projects-worth-667-million |access-date=April 19, 2024 |website=Smart Water Magazine |language=en}}</ref> {{glavni|Desalinizacija po državama}} ==U prirodi== [[Datoteka:Saltcrystals on avicennia marina var resinifera leaves.JPG|thumb|upright=0.5| List mangrove s kristalima soli]] [[Isparavanje]] vode iznad okeana u [[kruženju vode u prirodi]] je prirodni proces desalinizacije. Formiranje [[morski led|morskog leda]] proizvodi led s malo soli, mnogo niže nego u morskoj vodi. Morske [[ptice]] destiliraju morsku vodu koristeći [[protivstrujna izmjena|protivstrujnu izmjenu]] u [[slana žlijezda|žlijezdi]] s [[čudesna mreža|čudesnom mrežom]]. [[Žlijezda]] [[Na+/K+-ATPaza|luči visoko koncentriranu slanu vodu]] koja se nalazi blizu nozdrva iznad kljuna. Ptica zatim "kihne" slanu vodu. Budući da [[slatka voda]] obično nije dostupna u njihovom okruženju, neke morske ptice, poput [[pelikani|[pelikana]], [[burnjak|burnjaka]], [[albatros]]a, [[galeb]]ova i [[čigre|čigri]], posjeduju ovu žlijezdu, koja im omogućava da piju slanu vodu iz svog okruženja dok su daleko od kopna.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Proctor|first1=Noble S.|last2=Lynch|first2=Patrick J.|title=Manual of Ornithology|url=https://archive.org/details/manualofornithol0000proc|isbn=978-0-300-07619-6|year=1993|publisher=Yale University Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ritchison|first=Gary|title=Avian osmoregulation|url=http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/bird_excretion.htm|access-date=April 16, 2011|archive-date=September 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913150428/http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/bird_excretion.htm}} including images of the gland and its function</ref> [[Mangrove]] rastu u morskoj vodi; luče so tako što je zarobljavaju u dijelovima korijena, koje zatim jedu životinje (obično [[rakovi]]). Dodatna so uklanja se skladištenjem u lišću koje otpada. Neke vrste mangrova imaju žlijezde na lišću, koje funkcioniraju na sličan način kao žlijezda za desalinizaciju morskih ptica. Sol se izvlači na vanjski dio lista u obliku malih kristala, koji zatim otpadaju s lista. [[Vrbe]] i [[trska]] apsorbiraju sol i druge zagađivače, učinkovito desalinizirajući vodu. Ovo se koristi u vještačkim [[močvara]]ma, za pročišćavanje otpadnih voda.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.humboldt.edu/arcatamarsh/enhancement4.html|title=Enhancement Marshes|website=Arcata's Wastewater Treatment Plant & The Arcata Marsh and Wildlife Sanctuary|access-date=April 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808022211/http://www.humboldt.edu/arcatamarsh/enhancement4.html|archive-date=August 8, 2011}}</ref> ==Društvo i kultura== Uprkos problemima povezanim s procesima desalinizacije, javna podrška njenom razvoju može biti vrlo visoka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Yazan |last2=Ismail |first2=Roqaya A. |last3=Ogungbenro |first3=Adetola |last4=Pankratz |first4=Tom |last5=Banat |first5=Fawzi |last6=Arafat |first6=Hassan A. |title=The sociopolitical factors impacting the adoption and proliferation of desalination: A critical review |journal=Desalination |date=January 15, 2021 |volume=498 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2020.114798|bibcode=2021Desal.49814798I |s2cid=228881693 }}</ref><ref name="Heck">{{cite journal|last1=Heck|first1=N.|last2=Paytan|first2=A.|last3=Potts|first3=D.C.|last4=Haddad|first4=B.|date=2016|title=Predictors of local support for a seawater desalination plant in a small coastal community|journal=Environmental Science and Policy|volume=66|pages=101–111|doi=10.1016/j.envsci.2016.08.009|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016ESPol..66..101H }}</ref> One survey of a Southern California community saw 71.9% of all respondents being in support of desalination plant development in their community.<ref name="Heck" /> U mnogim slučajevima, velika nestašica slatke vode odgovara većoj javnoj podršci razvoju desalinizacije, dok područja s niskom nestašicom vode imaju tendenciju da imaju manju javnu podršku za njen razvoj.<ref name="Heck" /> ==Također pogledajte== {{div col|colwidth=18em}} * [[Metal-organski okvir]] * [[Generator atmosferske vode]] * [[Isparavanje rose]] * [[Fleksibilna barža]] * [[Vrhunac vode]] * [[Tehnologija pumpanja leda]] * [[SaltMod|Model desalinizacije tla]] * [[Salinitet tla]] * [[SahysMod|Model saliniteta tla i podzemnih voda]] {{div col end}} ==Reference== {{Reflist}} ==Vanjski linkovi== {{Commonscat|Desalination}} * [http://www.idadesal.org International Desalination and Reuse Association] * [http://www.edsoc.com/ European Desalination Society] * [http://www.dme-gmbh.de/desalination-technology/technology-basics/working-principles-in-desalination-systems/ Working principles in desalination systems] * [http://www.desware.net/ Encyclopedia of Desalination and Water Resources] {{Prirodni resursi}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategorija: Ekologija]] [[Kategorija: Filteri]] [[Kategorija: Slatka voda]] [[Kategorija: Vodosnabdijevanje]] [[Kategorija: Desalinizacija vode]] [[Kategorija: Prečišćavanje vode]] n46zes6xgohjsqargj3ljnqjhs608qt Dekapitacija 0 534151 3849289 3848144 2026-05-25T14:05:08Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849289 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija zdravstveno stanje | ime = Dekapitacija | sinonimi = Obezglavljivanje | slika = Decapitación de San Pablo - Simonet - 1887.jpg | opis_slike = ''Odrubljivanje glave [[Sveti Pavle|Svetog Pavla]]''. Slika [[Enrique Simonet| Enriquea Simoneta]] iz 1887. godine, [[Katedrala u Malagi]] |specijalnost = | simptomi = | komplikacije =[[Smrt]] | pojava =Trenutna | trajanje =Odmah | vrste =Razne: [[sjekira|sjekirom]], [[mač]]em ili [[nož]]em i [[giljotina|giljotinom]]. | uzroci = Namjerno ([[pogubljenje]], [[ubistvo]] ili [[homicid]], [[samoubistvo]]); nenamjerno ([[nesreća]]) | rizici = | dijagnoza = | diferencijal = | prevencija = | liječenje = | lijekovi = | prognoza = Neizbježno fatalno |frekvencija = | smrtnost = Neizbježna u svim slučajevima }} {{homicid}} [[Datoteka:Froissart Chronicles, execution.jpg|thumb|Obezglavljivanja u iluminaciji iz „Hronika“ [[Jean Froissart|Froissart]]a, s početka 15. stoljeća – pogubljenje Guillaumea Sansa i njegovog sekretara u [[Bordeaux]]u, po naređenju [[Thomas Felton|Thomasa Feltona]].]] [[Datoteka:Illustration of Perseus Delivering Medusa's Head.jpg|thumb|[[Persej]] koristi odsječenu glavu [[Meduza| Meduze]] da pretvori kralja [[Polidekt]]a [[Okamenjenost u mitologiji i fikciji|u kamen]]]] [[Datoteka:Traditional Ethiopian picture.jpg|thumb|Prikaz [[Etiopsko Carstvo|etiopijskog]] cara koji pogubljuje ljude, 18. stoljeće]] '''Dekapitacija''' je naučni zermin za obezglavljivanje, tj. potpuno odvajanje glave od tijela. Ova povreda je fatalna za ljude i sve kičmenjake, jer lišava [[mozak]] oksigenirane [[krv]]i, presijecanjem [[jugularna vena|jugularne vene]] i [[zajednička karotidna arterija|zajedničke karotidne arterije]], dok su svi ostali organi lišeni [[autonomni nervni sistem|nevoljnih funkcija]] koje su potrebne za funkcionisanje tijela. Termin '''dekapitacija''' odnosi se na čin namjernog odsjecanja glave osobi, bilo kao sredstvo ubistva ili kao [[smrtna kazna|pogubljenje]]; može se izvršiti [[sjekira|sjekirom]], [[mač]]em ili [[nož]]em, ili pak mehaničkim sredstvima kao što je [[giljotina]]. [[Egzekutor]] koji izvršava pogubljenja odsjecanjem glave ponekad se naziva [[dželat]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/headsman |title=Definition of HEADSMAN |access-date=25 February 2017 |archive-date=29 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729052259/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/headsman |url-status=live }}</ref> Slučajno odrubljivanje glave može biti posljedica eksplozije,<ref>{{cite news |title=Blows Head Off with Dynamite? |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1084009/decapitation_by_dynamite/ |newspaper=The Rhinelander Daily News |date=2 April 1937 |page=7 |via=Newspapers.com |access-date=29 September 2014 |archive-date=8 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008143609/http://www.newspapers.com/clip/1084009/decapitation_by_dynamite/ |url-status=live }} {{Open access}}</ref> saobraćajne ili industrijske nesreće, nepravilno izvršenog pogubljenja vješanjem ili druge nasilne povrede. Nacionalni zakoni [[ Saudijska Arabija|Saudijske Arabije]] i [[Jemen]]a<ref>{{Cite web |date=1994-10-12 |title=Republican Decree – By Law No. [13] For 1994 Concerning the Criminal Procedures |url=https://menarights.org/sites/default/files/2016-11/YMN_CriminalProcedureCode_EN.pdf |access-date=2024-05-20 |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521001446/https://menarights.org/sites/default/files/2016-11/YMN_CriminalProcedureCode_EN.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> dozvoljavaju odrubljivanje glave. Prema [[Šerijat|Šerijatu]], koji se isključivo primjenjuje na muslimane, odrubljivanje glave je također zakonska kazna u državnoj zajednici [[Država Zamfara| Zamfara]], [[Nigerija]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-11-23 |title=Sharia Criminal Procedure Code Law 2005, No. 6 of 2005 |url=http://sharia-in-africa.net/media/publications/sharia-implementation-in-northern-nigeria/vol_4_14_chapter_5_part_IV.pdf |access-date=2024-05-20 |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013103029/http://www.sharia-in-africa.net/media/publications/sharia-implementation-in-northern-nigeria/vol_4_14_chapter_5_part_IV.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Slučajevi odrubljivanja glave samoubilačkim vješanjem,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tracqui |first1=A. |last2=Fonmartin |first2=K. |last3=Géraut |first3=A. |last4=Pennera |first4=D. |last5=Doray |first5=S. |last6=Ludes |first6=B. |title=Suicidal hanging resulting in complete decapitation: a case report |journal=International Journal of Legal Medicine |date=1 December 1998 |volume=112 |issue=1 |pages=55–57 |doi=10.1007/s004140050199 |pmid=9932744 |s2cid=7854416 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s004140050199?journalCode=msla |language=en |issn=1437-1596 |access-date=20 August 2023 |archive-date=20 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820063849/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s004140050199?journalCode=msla |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[samoubistvo]]m odrubljivanjem glave pod [[voz]]om<ref name="dinkel2011">{{cite journal |last1=Dinkel |first1=Andreas |last2=Baumert |first2=Jens |last3=Erazo |first3=Natalia |last4=Ladwig |first4=Karl-Heinz |title=Jumping, lying, wandering: Analysis of suicidal behaviour patterns in 1,004 suicidal acts on the German railway net |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-psychiatric-research_2011-01_45_1/page/120 |journal=Journal of Psychiatric Research |date=January 2011 |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=121–125 |doi=10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.05.005|pmid=20541771 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=De Giorgio |first1=Fabio |last2=Polacco |first2=Matteo |last3=Pascali |first3=Vincenzo L. |last4=Oliva |first4=Antonio |title=Death Due to Railway-Related Suicidal Decapitation |journal=Medicine, Science and the Law |date=October 2006 |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=347–348 |doi=10.1258/rsmmsl.46.4.347 |pmid=17191639 |s2cid=41916384 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1258/rsmmsl.46.4.347 |language=en |issn=0025-8024 |access-date=20 August 2023 |archive-date=8 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608031135/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1258/rsmmsl.46.4.347 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> i giljotinom, što je dokumentirano.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/tyne/2974083.stm |title=Guillotine death was suicide |date=24 April 2003 |work=BBC News |access-date=26 September 2008 |archive-date=27 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080927212352/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/tyne/2974083.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Rjeđe, dekapitacija se može odnositi i na uklanjanje glave s tijela koje je već mrtvo. To se može učiniti kako bi se glava uzela kao trofej, kao sekundarna faza pogubljenja vješanjem, za javno izlaganje, kako bi se otežala identifikacija pokojnika, za krioniku ili iz drugih, ezoteričnijih razloga.<ref>Francis Larson. ''Severed: a history of heads lost and heads found'' Liveright, 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Ann |last=Fabian |title=Losing our Heads (review of Larson's "Severed" ''Chronicle of Higher Education'' |date=1 December 2014 |url=http://chronicle.com/article/Book-Review-Losing-Our-Heads/150255/?cid=cr |access-date=1 December 2014 |archive-date=28 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728203056/http://www.chronicle.com/article/Book-Review-Losing-Our-Heads/150255/?cid=cr |url-status=live }}</ref> {{clear}} == Etimologija == Riječ dekapitacija vuče korijene iz kasnolatinske riječi [[latinski|lat.]] ''decapitare''. Značenje ove riječi može se razaznati iz njenih morfema ''de''– (dolje, od) + ''capit''– (glava).<ref>{{cite book|title=Studies in Etymology|last2=Fleischer |first2=Rita |publisher=Focus |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-58510-012-5 |edition=Second |last1=Dunmore |first1=Charles}}</ref> Particip prošli od ''decapitare'' je ''decapitatus''<ref name="etymonline">{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=decapitation |title=Decapitation |website=Online Etymology Dictionary |language=en |access-date=19 July 2017 |archive-date=28 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728201258/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=decapitation |url-status=live }}</ref> koji je korišten za stvaranje riječi ''decapitatio'', imeničkog oblika od ''decapitatus'', u srednjovjekovnom latinskom, odakle je nastala francuska riječ [[franciski|fr.]] ''décapitation''.<ref name="etymonline" /> {{clear}} == Historija == [[Datoteka:Oden vid Mims lik.jpg|thumb|[[Odin]] pronalazak obezglavljenog tijela [[Mímir]]a – epizoda iz [[nordijska mitologija|nordijske mitologije]]]] [[Datoteka:Beheading Fac simile of a Miniature on Wood in the Cosmographie Universelle of Munster in folio Basle 1552.png|thumb| Odrubljivanje glave – [[faksimil]] minijature na [[drvorez|drvetu]] u ''[[Cosmographia (Sebastian Münster)|Cosmographia]]'' od [[Sebastian Münster|Sebastiana Münstera]] (1488–1552), [[Basel]], [[Švicarska]], 1552]] [[Slika:Giulio Quaglio the Younger - Obglavljenje sv. Barbare.jpg|thumb|upright"Odrubljivanje glave [[Sveta Barbara|Svetoj Barbari]]" od [[Giulio Quagli Mlađi|Giulia Quaglia Mlađeg]] (1721–1723)]] [[Slika:Thetriumphofdeath - detail.jpg|thumb|right| Prikaz javnog pogubljenja u Brueghelovom djelu ''[[Trijumf smrti]]'', 1562–1563]] [[Datoteka:Hinrichtung.jpg|thumb|right| Prikaz javnog pogubljenja pirata (Kleina Henszleina i njegove posade) u [[Hamburg]]u, [[Njemačka]], 10. septembra 1573.]] Ljudi su praktikovali smrtnu kaznu odrubljivanjem glave milenijumima. Na Narmerovoj paleti (oko 3000. godine prije nove ere) nalazi se prvi poznati prikaz odrubljenih leševa. Izrazi "smrtni prekršaj", "zločin koji se kažnjava smrtnom kaznom", "smrtna kazna" potiču od latinskog ''caput'' = "glava", što se odnosi na kaznu za teška krivična djela koja uključuju oduzimanje glave; tj. smrt odrubljivanjem glave.<ref>Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, edited by Noah Porter, published by G & C. Merriam Co., 1913</ref> Neke kulture, poput starog Rima i Grčke, smatrale su odrubljivanje glave najčasnijim oblikom smrti.<ref name="roberson">{{cite book |first1=Cliff |last1=Roberson |first2=Dilip K. |last2=Das |title=An Introduction to Comparative Legal Models of Criminal Justice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQLLBQAAQBAJ |page=172 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4200-6593-0 |access-date=2 August 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608031109/https://books.google.com/books?id=pQLLBQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> U srednjem vijeku, mnoge evropske nacije su nastavile koristiti ovu metodu samo za plemstvo i kraljevsku porodicu.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Giovénal |first1=Carine |last2=Corbellari |first2=Alain |title=42 {{!}} 2020 Le chief tranché |journal=Babel |year=2020 |volume=42 |issue=42 |doi=10.4000/babel.11036 |language=fr |doi-access=free }}</ref> U Francuskoj, [[Francuska revolucija]] učinila je odrubljivanje glave jedinom legalnom metodom pogubljenja za sve kriminalce bez obzira na klasu, što je bila jedna od mnogih simboličnih promjena tog perioda.<ref name="roberson"/> Drugi su smatrali odrubljivanje glave nečasnim i prezrivim, poput japanskih trupa koje su odrubljivale glave zarobljenicima tokom Drugog svjetskog rata.<ref name="roberson"/> U novije vrijeme, odrubljivanje glave se povezuje s terorizmom.<ref name="roberson"/> Ako je [[dželat]]ova [[sjekira]] ili [[mač]] oštar i njegov cilj precizan, odrubljivanje glave je brzo i smatra se relativno bezbolnim oblikom [[smrt]]i. Ako je instrument tup ili je [[dželat]] nespretan, mogu biti potrebni ponovljeni udarci da bi se glava odrubila, što rezultira produženom i bolnijom smrću. Za [[Robert Devereux, 2. grof od Essexa|Roberta Devereuxa]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Smollett |first=T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T-M_AAAAYAAJ&q=robert+devereux+three+strokes&pg=PA488 |title=A Complete History of England, from the Descent of Julius Caesar |volume=4 |location=London |year=1758 |page=488 |access-date=16 October 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608031050/https://books.google.com/books?id=T-M_AAAAYAAJ&q=robert+devereux+three+strokes&pg=PA488#v=onepage&q=robert%20devereux%20three%20strokes&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> i [[Marija, kraljica Škotske|Mariju, kraljicu Škotske]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Cheetham |first=J.K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w6ogOYZvE2wC&pg=PA161 |title=On the Trail of Mary Queen of Scots |location=Glasgow |date=2000 |page=161 |isbn=978-0-946487-50-9 |access-date=23 March 2016 |archive-date=8 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608031120/https://books.google.com/books?id=w6ogOYZvE2wC&pg=PA161#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> za pogubljenje su bila potrebna tri udarca. Isto se može reći i za pogubljenje [[Johann Friedrich Struensee|Johanna Friedricha Struenseea]], miljenika danske kraljice [[Carolina Matilda od Velike Britanije|Caroline Matilde od Velike Britanije]]. Kaže se da je za [[Margaret Pole, 8. grofica od Salisburyja|Margaretu Pole, 8. groficu od Salisburyja]], bilo potrebno do 10 udaraca, prije nego što je postignuto odrubljivanje glave.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Complete Peerage |volume= XII part II |page=393 |title-link=The Complete Peerage}}</ref> Međutim, ova konkretna priča može biti apokrifna, jer postoje vrlo različiti izvještaji. Historičar i filozof [[David Hume]], naprimjer, navodi sljedeće o njenoj smrti:<ref>{{cite book |last=Hume |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nl0TAAAAQAAJ&q=execution+countess+of+salisbury&pg=PT7 |title=The history of the reign of Henry the eighth |location=London |date=1792 |page=151 |access-date=16 October 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608031047/https://books.google.com/books?id=nl0TAAAAQAAJ&q=execution+countess+of+salisbury&pg=PT7#v=snippet&q=execution%20countess%20of%20salisbury&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>{{blockquote| Odbila je položiti glavu na panj ili se podvrgnuti kazni tamo gdje nije imala suđenja. Rekla je [[dželat]]u da ako želi njenu glavu, mora je osvojiti na najbolji mogući način: i tako je, tresući svojim časnim sijedim pramenovima, trčala po gubilištu; a krvnik ju je pratio sa sjekirom, zadajući joj mnoge bezuspješne udarce u vrat prije nego što je uspio zadati kobni udarac.}} [[Slika:CosmasDamianfraangelico.jpg|thumb|''Odrubljivanje glava [[Kuzma i Damjan|Kuzme i Damjana]]'', autora [[Fra Angelico|Fra Angelica]]]] Da bi se osiguralo da udarac bude fatalan, [[Dćelatov mač|mačevi dželata]] su obično bili teški mačevi s oštricama i podešeno za dvije ruke. Slično tome, ako se koristila sjekira, gotovo uvijek se držala s obje ruke. {{clar}} == Fiziološki aspekti == ===Fiziologija smrti odrubljivanjem glave=== Odrubljivanje glave je brzo fatalno za [[ljudi|ljude]] i većinu [[životinja]]. Gubitak [[svijest]]i nastupa u roku od nekoliko sekundi bez cirkulacije oksigenirane krvi ([[moždana ishemija]]).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Turner|first=Matthew D.|title=The Most Gentle of Lethal Methods: The Question of Retained Consciousness Following Decapitation.|journal=Cureus|volume=15|issue=1|date=2023|doi=10.7759/cureus.33830 |doi-access=free |pmid=36819446 |pmc=9930870 }}</ref> [[Ćelijska smrt]] i nepovratno oštećenje mozga javljaju se nakon 3–6 minuta bez kisika, zbog [[ekscitotoksičnost]]i. Neke anegdote ukazuju na duže trajanje ljudske svijesti nakon dekapitacije,<ref>Gabriel Beaurieux, writing in 1905, quoted in {{cite book |last=Kershaw |first=Alister |title=A History of the Guillotine |year=1958 |publisher=John Calder |isbn=978-1-56619-153-1}}, cited by {{cite web |url=http://thechirurgeonsapprentice.com/2012/08/13/losing-ones-head-a-frustrating-search-for-the-truth-about-decapitation/ |title=Losing One's Head: A Frustrating Search for the 'Truth' about Decapitation |work=The Chirurgeon's Apprentice |access-date=8 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409013245/http://thechirurgeonsapprentice.com/2012/08/13/losing-ones-head-a-frustrating-search-for-the-truth-about-decapitation/ |archive-date=9 April 2014 }}</ref> ali većina ljekara smatra ovo malo vjerojatnim i smatraju takve izvještaje pogrešnim shvatanjima refleksnog trzanja, a ne namjernog pokreta, budući da nedostatak kisika mora uzrokovati gotovo trenutnu [[koma|komu]] i [[smrt]] („[Svijest je] vjerovatno izgubljena u roku od 2-3 sekunde, zbog brzog pada intrakranijske [[perfuzija|perfuzije]] krvi“).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hillman |first1=Harold |date=27 October 1983 |title=An Unnatural Way to Die |journal=New Scientist |pages=276–278 }} Cited in {{cite web |url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/inside-the-mind/human-brain/10-brain-myths6.htm |title=Top 10 Myths About the Brain |author=Shanna Freeman |work=How Stuff Works |page=5: Your Brain Stays Active After You Get Decapitated |access-date=8 April 2014 |date=17 September 2008 |archive-date=6 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406215054/http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/inside-the-mind/human-brain/10-brain-myths6.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Laboratorijska studija koja je testirala humane metode eutanazije kod budnih životinja koristila je EEG monitoring za mjerenje vremena nakon dekapitacije potrebnog da pacovi postanu potpuno nesvjesni, nesposobni da osjete patnju i bol. Procijenjeno je da je ova tačka dostignuta u roku od 3-4 sekunde, što je usko povezano s rezultatima pronađenim u drugim studijama na glodarima (2,7 sekundi i 3-6 sekundi).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=van Rijn |first1=Clementina M. |title=Decapitation in Rats: Latency to Unconsciousness and the 'Wave of Death' |journal=PLOS ONE |date=27 January 2011 |volume=6 |issue=1 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0016514 |pmid=21304584 |pmc=3029360 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...616514R |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Derr |first1=Robert F. |title=Pain perception in decapitated rat brain |journal=Life Sciences |date=29 August 1991 |volume=49 |issue=19 |pages=1399–1402 |doi=10.1016/0024-3205(91)90391-n|pmid=1943446 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Holson |first1=R. Robert |title=Euthanasia by decapitation: Evidence that this technique produces prompt, painless unconsciousness in laboratory rodents |journal=Neurotoxicology and Teratology |date=6 January 1992 |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=253–257 |doi=10.1016/0892-0362(92)90004-t|pmid=1522830 |bibcode=1992NTxT...14..253H }}</ref> Ista studija je također sugerirala da masivni val koji se može snimiti EEG monitoringom otprilike jednu minutu nakon dekapitacije u konačnici odražava [[moždana smrt|moždanu smrt]]. Druge studije pokazuju da je dokazano da električna aktivnost u mozgu traje 13 do 14 sekundi nakon dekapitacije (iako je sporno da li takva aktivnost podrazumijeva da se osjeća bol).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hawkins |first1=Penny |title=A Good Death? Report of the Second Newcastle Meeting on Laboratory Animal Euthanasia |journal=Animals |date=23 August 2016 |volume=6 |issue=50 |page=50 |pmc=5035945 |pmid=27563926 |doi=10.3390/ani6090050 |doi-access=free }}</ref> a studija iz 2010. godine izvijestila je da je dekapitacija pacova generirala odgovore u [[EEG]]-indeksima tokom perioda od 10 sekundi koji su povezani s [[nocicepcija| nocicepcijom]] kod brojnih različitih vrsta životinja, uključujući [[pacov]]e.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kongara |first1=Kavitha |s2cid=24006386 |title=Electroencephalographic evaluation of decapitation of the anesthetized rat |journal=Laboratory Animals |date=January 2014 |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=15–19 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259456691 |doi=10.1177/0023677213502016 |pmid=24367032 |access-date=18 March 2019 |archive-date=8 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608031120/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259456691_Electroencephalographic_evaluation_of_decapitation_of_the_anesthetized_rat |url-status=live }}</ref> Neke [[životinje]] (kao što su [[bubašvabe]]) mogu preživjeti obezglavljivanje i uginuti ne zbog direktnog gubitka glave, već zbog [[gladovanje|gladovanja]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=fact-or-fiction-cockroach-can-live-without-head |title=Fact or Fiction?: A Cockroach Can Live without Its Head |first=Charles |last=Choi |website=Scientific American |access-date=25 February 2017 |archive-date=27 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227211121/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=fact-or-fiction-cockroach-can-live-without-head |url-status=live }}</ref> Poznato je da i brojne druge životinje, uključujući zmije i kornjače, preživljavaju neko vrijeme nakon što im se odsiječe glava, jer imaju sporiji metabolizam i njihov nervni sistem može nastaviti funkcionirati određenim kapacitetom ograničeno vrijeme čak i nakon što se izgubi veza s mozgom, reagujući na bilo koji obližnji stimulus.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Leahy |first1=Stephen |title=Decapitated Snake Head Nearly Kills Man – Here's How |url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/06/texas-man-bit-decapitated-rattlesnake-venom-animals/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180607193042/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/06/texas-man-bit-decapitated-rattlesnake-venom-animals/ |archive-date=7 June 2018 |website=[[National Geographic]] |access-date=7 August 2018 |date=7 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=AL man battles headless rattlesnake |url=http://www.wsfa.com/story/38376061/video-alabama-man-battles-headless-rattlesnake |work=WSFA 12 News |access-date=7 August 2018 |date=7 June 2018 |archive-date=8 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608031050/https://www.wsfa.com/story/38376061/video-alabama-man-battles-headless-rattlesnake/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Osim toga, tijela [[kokoš]]i i [[kornjača]] mogu se privremeno nastaviti kretati nakon odrubljivanja glave.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sjøgren |first1=Kristian |title=Why do headless chickens run? |url=http://sciencenordic.com/why-do-headless-chickens-run |website=ScienceNordic |access-date=7 August 2018 |date=13 February 2014 |archive-date=7 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807063645/http://sciencenordic.com/why-do-headless-chickens-run |url-status=live }}</ref> Iako je [[transplantacija glave]] ponovnim spajanjem krvnih sudova imala vrlo ograničen uspjeh kod životinja,<ref>{{cite book|last=Roach |first=Mary |year=2004 |title=Stiff: The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0-393-32482-2 |page=208 |title=Stiff: The Curious Lives}}</ref> Potpuno funkcionalno ponovno pričvršćivanje odsječene ljudske glave (uključujući popravak [[kičmena moždina| kičmene moždine]], mišića i drugih kritično važnih tkiva) još nije postignuto. == Tehnologija == === Giljotina === [[Datoteka:Heads on pikes.jpg|left|thumb| Aristokratske glave na kopljima – karikatura iz [[Francuska revolucija|Francuske revolucije]].]] Rane verzije giljotine uključivale su [[Halifax Gibbet]], koja se koristila u [[Halifax, West Yorkshire|Halifaxu]], [[Engleska]], od 1286. do 17. stoljeća, i "[[Maiden (odrubljivanje glave)|Maiden]]", koja se koristila u [[Edinburgh]]u, od 16. do 18. stoljeća. Moderni oblik [[giljotina]] izumljen je neposredno prije [[Francuska revolucija|Francuske revolucije]] s ciljem stvaranja brze i bezbolne metode pogubljenja koja zahtijeva malo vještine od strane operatera. Odrubljivanje glave giljotinom postalo je uobičajen mehanički potpomognut oblik [[smrtna kazna|pogubljenja]]. Francuzi su poštovali strogi kodeks bontona koji se odnosio na takva pogubljenja. Naprimjer, čovjek po imenu Legros, jedan od asistenata pri pogubljenju [[Charlotte Corday]], bio je zatvoren tri mjeseca i otpušten jer je udario žrtvu po licu nakon što je oštrica pala kako bi vidio da li je ostao i najmanji tračak života.<ref>François Mignet, ''History of the French Revolution from 1789 to 1814'', (1824).</ref> Giljotina je korištena u Francuskoj tokom Francuske revolucije i ostala je uobičajena sudska metoda i u mirnodopsko i u ratno vrijeme sve do 1970-ih, iako je u određenim slučajevima korišteno streljanje. Francuska je ukinula smrtnu kaznu 1981. godine. Giljotina je također korištena u Alžiru prije nego što se Francuska odrekla kontrole nad njom, kao što je prikazano u filmu Gilla Pontecorva ''Bitka za Alžir (film)''. === Giljotina === [[Datoteka:Auguste Vaillant execution.jpg|left|thumb| Francuski anarhista [[Auguste Vaillant]] neposredno prije giljotine 1894.]] Mnoge njemačke države koristile su uređaj sličan giljotini poznat kao ''Fallbeil'' ("padajuća sjekira") od 17. i 18. stoljeća, a odrubljivanje glave giljotinom bilo je uobičajeno sredstvo pogubljenja u [[Njemačka|Njemačkoj]], sve do ukidanja smrtne kazne u [[Zapadna Njemačka|Zapadnoj Njemačkoj]] 1949. godine. Posljednji put je korištena u komunističkoj [[Istočna Njemačka| Istočnoj Njemačkoj]] 1966. godine. U [[nacistička Njemačka|nacističkoj Njemačkoj]], ''Fallbeil'' bio je rezervisan za obične kriminalce i osobe osuđene za [[politički zločin|političke zločine]], uključujući [[izdaja|izdaju]]. Članovi pokreta otpora [[Bijela ruža]], grupe studenata u [[Minhen]]u, među kojima su bili i braća i sestre [[Sophie Scholl|Sophie]] i [[Hans Scholl]], pogubljeni su odrubljivanjem glave. Suprotno uvriježenom mišljenju, pogubljenja se uglavnom nisu izvodila licem prema gore, a glavni [[dželat]] [[Johann Reichhart]] je insistirao na održavanju "profesionalnog" protokola tokom cijele ere, izvršavajući smrtnu kaznu tokom ranije [[Vajmarska Republika|Vajmarske Republike]]. Ipak, procjenjuje se da je oko 16.500 osoba pogubljeno giljotinom u Njemačkoj i [[Austrija|Austriji]] između 1933. i 1945. godine, broj koji uključuje [[pokret otpora|borce otpora]] i unutar same Njemačke i u [[Evropa pod njemačkom okupacijom|zemljama koje su okupirale nacističke snage]]. Budući da ovi borci otpora nisu bili dio nijedne regularne vojske, smatrani su [[nezakoniti borci|običnim kriminalcima]] i u mnogim slučajevima su [[stočni vagon|prevoženi]] u Njemačku radi pogubljenja. Odrubljivanje glave smatrano je "nečasnom" smrću, za razliku od [[streljanje|pogubljenja streljanjem]]. [[Datoteka:Ambrogio Lorenzetti 005.jpg|thumb| Freska [[Ambrogia Lorenzetti|Ambrogia Lorenzettija]].]] {{clear}} == Historijski običaji po nacijama == === Afrika === ==== Kongo ==== U [[Demokratska Republika Kongo|Demokratskoj Republici Kongo]], sukob i etnički masakr između lokalne vojske i pobunjenika [[Kamuina Nsapu]] uzrokovao je nekoliko smrti i zločina poput silovanja i sakaćenja. Jedan od njih je odrubljivanje glave, što je i zastrašujući način zastrašivanja žrtava, ali i čin koji može uključivati ritualne elemente. Prema izvještaju UN-a od kongoanskih izbjeglica, oni su vjerovali da milicije [[Bana Mura]] i Kamuina Nsapu imaju "magične moći" kao rezultat pijenja krvi odrubljenih glava žrtava, što ih čini nepobjedivim.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/08/04/army-bewitched-children-involved-congo-massacres-un-reports/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/08/04/army-bewitched-children-involved-congo-massacres-un-reports/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Army of 'bewitched' children involved in Congo massacres as UN reports hundreds of deaths |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=4 August 2017 |author=Our Foreign Staff}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Pored masovnih odrubljivanja glava (poput odrubljivanja glava 40 pripadnika državne policije), globalno ozloglašen slučaj dogodio se u martu 2017. godine švedskoj političarki [[Zaida Catalán|Zaidi Catalán]] i američkom stručnjaku [[UN]]-a Michaelu Sharpu, koji su oteti i pogubljeni tokom misije u blizini sela Ngombe u provinciji Kasaï. UN je navodno bio užasnut kada su se u aprilu iste godine pojavili video snimci pogubljenja, gdje su neki sumorni detalji naveli na pretpostavku o ritualnim komponentama odrubljivanja glava: počinioci su prvo odrezali kosu objema žrtvama, a zatim je jedna od njih odrubila glavu samo Katalanu, jer bi to "povećalo njegovu moć",<ref>{{cite web |last1=Libre. Be |first1=La |url=http://www.lalibre.be/dernieres-depeches/afp/meurtre-de-deux-experts-de-l-onu-la-rdc-presente-une-video-58fe3008cd70812a659fffed |title=Meurtre de deux experts de l'ONU: la RDC présente une vidéo |trans-title=Murder of two UN experts: the DRC presents a video |website=Lalibre.be |access-date=5 August 2017 |language=fr |archive-date=6 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806064445/http://www.lalibre.be/dernieres-depeches/afp/meurtre-de-deux-experts-de-l-onu-la-rdc-presente-une-video-58fe3008cd70812a659fffed |url-status=live }}</ref> što može biti povezano s činjenicom da su kongoanske milicije posebno brutalne u svojim nasilničkim djelima prema ženama i djeci.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23263&LangID=E |title=UN Experts conclude crimes against humanity and war crimes committed in Kasai, warn against risk of new wave of ethnic violence |website=Ohchr.org |access-date=13 July 2018 |archive-date=13 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713042922/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23263&LangID=E |url-status=live }}</ref> Na suđenju koje je uslijedilo nakon istrage nakon što su tijela otkrivena, a prema svjedočenju nastavnika osnovne škole iz Bunkondea, blizu sela Moyo Musuila gdje su se pogubljenja dogodila, on je svjedočio kako tinejdžerski militant nosi glavu mlade žene,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/a/jo8bA |title=In English Aftonbladet reveals new information about the murders of Zaida Catalán and Michael Sharp |website=Aftonbladet |date=7 October 2017 |access-date=2 August 2020 |archive-date=28 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928102909/https://www.aftonbladet.se/a/jo8bA |url-status=live }}</ref> ali uprkos naporima istrage, glava nikada nije pronađena. Prema izvještaju objavljenom 29. maja 2019. godine, mirovna vojna misija Monusco koju je predvodio pukovnik Luis Mangini, u potrazi za nestalim posmrtnim ostacima, stigla je na ritualno mjesto u Moyo Musili gdje su "dijelovi tijela, ruke i glave" odsječeni i korišteni za rituale,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.passblue.com/2019/05/29/how-uruguayan-peacekeepers-found-the-two-dead-un-experts-in-congo-in-2017/ |title=How Uruguayan Peacekeepers Found the Two Dead UN Experts in Congo in 2017 |date=29 May 2019 |access-date=30 August 2019 |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011125222/https://www.passblue.com/2019/05/29/how-uruguayan-peacekeepers-found-the-two-dead-un-experts-in-congo-in-2017/ |url-status=live }}</ref> gdje su izgubili trag žrtvine glave. === Azija === ==== Azerbejdžan ==== Tokom [[Armenija|armensko]]-[[azerbejdžan]]skih sukoba 2016., azerbejdžanski vojnik jezidsko-armenskog porijekla [[Kyaram Sloyan]] je obezglavljen od strane azerbejdžanskih vojnika.<ref name="Azatutyun">{{cite news |date=11 April 2016 |title=Armenian Soldier Reburied |agency=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Armenian Service |url=http://www.azatutyun.am/content/article/27665737.html |access-date=6 July 2022 |archive-date=14 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414020202/http://www.azatutyun.am/content/article/27665737.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="suntimes">{{cite news |last1=Beliakov |first1=Dmitry |last2=Franchetti |first2=Mark |date=10 April 2016 |title=Former Russian states on brink of renewing war |work=The Sunday Times|url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/world_news/Middle_East/article1686450.ece?CMP=OTH-gnws-standard-2016_04_09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419152207/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/world_news/Middle_East/article1686450.ece?CMP=OTH-gnws-standard-2016_04_09 |archive-date=19 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kerkonian |first=Karnig |date=2016-05-19 |title=Illinois voters support Senator Kirk's call for pro-peace measures in Nagorno-Karabakh |url=https://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/foreign-policy/280472-illinois-voters-support-senator-kirks-call-for-pro-peace/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=The Hill |language=en-US |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706212830/https://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/foreign-policy/280472-illinois-voters-support-senator-kirks-call-for-pro-peace/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Nekoliko izvještaja o odrubljivanju glava, zajedno s drugim vrstama sakaćenja armenskih ratnih zarobljenika od strane azerbejdžanskih vojnika, pojavilo se 2020. godine tokom [[Drugi rat u Nagorno-Karabahu|Drugog rata u Nagorno-Karabahu]].<ref name="ArmenianPOWs">{{cite web |date=2 December 2020 |title=Azerbaijan: Armenian Prisoners of War Badly Mistreated |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/12/02/azerbaijan-armenian-prisoners-war-badly-mistreated |access-date=9 December 2020 |work=Human Rights Watch |archive-date=23 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223105015/https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/12/02/azerbaijan-armenian-prisoners-war-badly-mistreated |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Kina ==== [[Slika:Caishikou Beheaded Corpses2.jpeg|thumb|Rangirana odrubljena tijela na tlu, na Caishikou]], [[Beijing]], Kina, 1905.]] U tradicionalnoj [[Kina|Kini]], odrubljivanje glave smatralo se težim oblikom kazne od [[davljenje| davljenja]], iako je davljenje uzrokovalo produženu patnju. To je bilo zato što je u [[Konfučije|konfučijanskoj]] tradiciji tijelo osobe bilo dar od roditelja, te je stoga bilo nepoštovanje prema precima vratiti njihova tijela u grob raskomadana. Kinezi su, međutim, imali i druge kazne, poput raskomadanja tijela na više dijelova (slično engleskom [[obješeno, izvučeno i raščetvoreno|rasčetverivanje]]). Osim toga, postojala je i praksa [[rezanje tijela u struku|rezanja tijela u struku]], što je bila uobičajena metoda pogubljenja prije nego što je ukinuta u ranoj [[dinastija Qing| dinastiji Qing]], zbog dugotrajne smrti koju je uzrokovala. U nekim pričama, ljudi nisu umirali odmah nakon odrubljivanja glave.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bbs.04gd.com/viewthread.php?tid=547&fpage=1 |title=原來斬頭係唔會即刻死既(仲識講野)中國有好多斬頭案例!! |access-date=25 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707054827/http://bbs.04gd.com/viewthread.php?tid=547&fpage=1 |archive-date=7 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://xn--gmq282eogn.cn/GB/kejiao/42/154/20030410/968308.html |title="无头人"挑战传统医学 人类还有个"腹脑"? |access-date=21 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803114144/http://xn--gmq282eogn.cn/GB/kejiao/42/154/20030410/968308.html |archive-date=3 August 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.66163.com/Fujian_w/news/fzwb/990124t/3-3.htm |title=福州晚報 |access-date=25 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019042249/http://www.66163.com/Fujian_w/news/fzwb/990124t/3-3.htm |archive-date=19 October 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cst21.com.cn/3/hrt.htm |title=换人头 |access-date=25 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620030109/http://www.cst21.com.cn/3/hrt.htm |archive-date=20 June 2009 }}</ref> ==== Indija ==== Britanski oficir [[John Masters]] je u svojoj autobiografiji zabilježio da su [[Paštunski narod|Pathani]] u Britanskoj Indiji tokom [[Anglo-afganistanski rat|Anglo-afganistanskog rata]] odsjecali glave zarobljenim neprijateljskim vojnicima, poput britanskih i sikhskih vojnika.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NhdbAAAAMAAJ |title=Bugles and a tiger: a volume of autobiography |first=John |last=Masters |year=1956 |publisher=Viking Press |page=190 |isbn=978-0-670-19450-6 |access-date=2 August 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608031630/https://books.google.com/books?id=NhdbAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ln_jAAAAMAAJ |title=The Frontier Ablaze: The North-west Frontier Rising, 1897–98 |first1=Michael |last1=Barthorp |first2=Douglas N. |last2=Anderson |year=1996 |publisher=Windrow & Greene |isbn=978-1-85915-023-8 |page=12 |access-date=23 March 2016 |archive-date=8 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608031549/https://books.google.com/books?id=ln_jAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oRdbAAAAMAAJ |title=John Masters: a regimented life |first=John |last=Clay |year=1992 |publisher=Michael Joseph |location=University of Michigan |isbn=978-0-7181-2945-3 |page=62 |access-date=2 August 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608031550/https://books.google.com/books?id=oRdbAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Bugles and a Tiger |first=John |last=Masters |date=2002 |publisher=Cassell Military |isbn=978-0-304-36156-4 |page=190}}</ref> Pogubljenje Sambhajija bio je značajan događaj u Indiji u 17. vijeku, gdje je drugi kralj Marata pogubljen po naređenju Aurangzeba. Sukobi između [[Mogulskog carstvo| Mogulskog carstva]] i [[Dekanski sultanati| Dekanskih sultanata]], koji su rezultirali padom Sultanata, utrli su put napetostima između Marata i Mogula. Aurangzeb je bio privučen u južnu Indiju zbog pobijeđenog pobunjenika Muhameda Akbara (Mogulski princ) Akbara] koji je pobjegao kod Marata monarha Sambhajija. Kralja Marata je potom zarobio Mogulski general Muqarrab Khan. Sambhaji i njegov ministar [[Kavi Kalash]] su zatim odvedeni u [[Tulapur]], gdje su mučeni do smrti. ==== Japan ==== [[Datoteka:Illustration of the Decapitation of Violent Chinese Soldiers by Utagawa Kokunimasa 1894.png|thumb|left| [[Japan]]ska ilustracija koja prikazuje odrubljivanje glava kineskim zarobljenicima. [[Prvi kinesko-japanski rat]]]] [[Datoteka:Beheading of Leonard George Siffleet restored.jpg|thumb| Narednik [[Leonard Siffleet]], australijski [[ratni zarobljenik]] zarobljen u Novoj Gvineji, kojem je japanski vojnik trebao odrubiti glavu mačem [[shin guntō]], 1943.]] U [[Japanu]], odrubljivanje glave bila je uobičajena kazna, ponekad za lakše prekršaje. [[Samurajima]] je često bilo dozvoljeno da odrubljuju glave vojnicima koji su pobjegli iz bitke, jer se to smatralo kukavičkim. Odrubljivanje glave se historijski izvodilo kao drugi korak u [[seppuku]] (ritualnom [[samoubistvu]] rasparanjem crijeva]]). Nakon što bi žrtva rasporila vlastiti [[trbuh]], drugi ratnik bi joj odsjekao glavu s leđa [[katanom]] kako bi ubrzao smrt i smanjio patnju. Očekivalo se da udarac bude dovoljno precizan da ostavi netaknut mali dio kože na prednjem dijelu vrata - kako bi se pozvani i uvaženi gosti poštedjeli neugodnosti gledanja odrubljene glave koja se kotrlja okolo ili prema njima; Takav događaj bi se smatrao neelegantnim i lošim ukusom. Očekivalo se da se mač koristi pri najmanjem znaku da bi praktičar mogao podleći boli i vrisnuti - izbjegavajući time sramotu za sebe i sve koji su imali privilegiju posmatranja časne smrti. Budući da je vještina bila uključena, samo je najpouzdaniji ratnik bio počašćen učešćem. U kasnom [[Sengoku periodu]], odrubljivanje glave se vršilo čim bi osoba odabrana za izvođenje seppukua nanijela i najmanju ranu na svom trbuhu. Odrubljivanje glave (bez seppukua) se također smatralo vrlo teškim i ponižavajućim oblikom kažnjavanja. Jedno od najbrutalnijih odrubljivanja glava bilo je ono Sugitani Zenjubō [[japanski|jap.]]杉谷善住坊}} (杉谷善住坊), koji je pokušao da ubije istaknutog [[Odo Nobunag|Oda Nobunaga]]. ''Nakon što je uhvaćen, Zenjubō je živ zakopan u zemlju sa samo izbačenom glavom, a glavu su prolaznici polako pilili testerom za bambus nekoliko dana (kažnjavanje testerisanjem.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%96%84%E4%BD%8F%E5%9D%8A-1085457 |title=善住坊とは |website=Kotobank.jp |access-date=21 February 2022 |archive-date=21 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221145010/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%96%84%E4%BD%8F%E5%9D%8A-1085457 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ove neobične kazne su ukinute u ranom [[Meiji periodu|Meiji]] eri. Slična scena je opisana na posljednjoj stranici romana Jamesa Clavella [[Shōgun (roman)|''Shōgun'']]. ==== Koreja ==== Historijski gledano, odrubljivanje glave bilo je najčešći metod pogubljenja u Koreji, sve dok nije zamijenjeno vješanjem 1896. godine. Profesionalni egzekutori su se nazivali {{Transliteration|ko|mangnani}} (망나니) i dobrovoljno su se javljali iz redova smrtne kazne. ==== Tajland ==== Odrubljivanje glave bilo je glavni metod [[smrtne kazne u Tajlandu|pogubljenja u Tajlandu]], sve dok nije zamijenjeno [[Pogubljenje strijeljanjem|streljanjem]] 1934. godine. ==== Vijetnam ==== [[Datoteka:Trảm tù - Trung tâm Lưu trữ quốc gia I.jpg|thumb|Ilustracija odrubljivanja glave zatvorenika iz [[dinastija Nguyễn| dinastije Nguyễn]] u knjizi ''[[Mehanika i zanati naroda Annama]]'']] [[Datoteka:Máy chém.jpg|thumb|Giljotina pod [[Ngô Đình Diệmom]], [[Južni Vijetnam]]]] Pogubljenje odrubljivanjem glave bio je jedan od najčešćih oblika pogubljenja u Vijetnamu pod feudalnim sistemom. Ovaj oblik pogubljenja postojao je i u režimu [[Južni Vijetnam| Južnog Vijetnama]] do 1962. godine. === Evropa === ==== Bosna i Hercegovina ==== Tokom [[rat u Bosni i Hercegovini|rata u Bosni i Hercegovini]] (1992–1995) izvršen je niz ritualnih odrubljivanja glava Srbima i Hrvatima koji su odvedeni kao ratni zarobljenici od strane [[mudžahedini|mudžahedina]] pripadnika [[Armija Republike Bosne i Hercegovine|Armije Republike Bosne i Hercegovine]]. Najmanje jedan slučaj je dokumentovan i dokazan na sudu od strane [[Međunarodni krivični sud za bivšu Jugoslaviju|ICTY]] u kojem su mudžahedini, pripadnici 3. korpusa Armije BiH, odrubili glavu [[Srbi|bosanskom Srbinu]] Draganu Popoviću.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/icty/pressreal/2006/p1054-e.htm |title=UN – TRIBUNAL CONVICTS ENVER HADZIHASANOVIC AND AMIR KUBURA Press Release, March 2006 |website=UN.org |publisher=United Nations |access-date=21 February 2022 |archive-date=8 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090508193314/http://www.un.org/icty/pressreal/2006/p1054-e.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/icty/indictment/english/had-3ai030926e.htm |title=Third Amended Indictment |access-date=13 October 2006 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805095536/http://www.un.org/icty/indictment/english/had-3ai030926e.htm |archive-date=5 August 2009}}</ref> Vojska RF|S druge strane [[Vojska Republike Srpske| Vojska i policija RS]] [[Republika Srpska|RS]], a češće paravojne formacije i pojedinci, izvršili su mnoge dekapitacije, pojedinačne ili grupne.<ref>Gutman R. (1993): A witness to genocide: The 1993 Pulitzer Prize-Winning Dispatches on the "Ethnic Cleansing" of Bosnia. Macmillan Publishing Company, Inc., New York, {{ISBN|9780020329954}}.</ref><ref>Beč J. (1997): Pucanje duše. Samizdat B92, Beograd, {{ISBN|86-7208-010-6}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.euforbih.org/ |title=Arhivirana kopija |access-date=9. 5. 2026 |archive-date=24. 7. 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724231706/http://www.euforbih.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== Britanija ==== [[Datoteka:The execution of King Charles I from NPG.jpg|thumb|right| Savremeni njemački otisak koji prikazuje [[Pogubljenje Charlesa I|odrubljivanje glave]] [[Charles I od Engleske|kralja Charlesa I]]<ref name=npg>{{cite web |title=The Execution of King Charles I |url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw35443/The-execution-of-King-Charles-I |website=National Portrait Gallery, London |access-date=2 March 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414134140/https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw35443/The-execution-of-King-Charles-I |url-status=live }}</ref>]] U [[Historija Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva|Britanskoj historiji]], odrubljivanje glave se obično koristilo za plemiće, dok bi obični ljudi bili vješani; na kraju je vješanje usvojeno kao standardni način nevojnih pogubljenja. Posljednje stvarno pogubljenje odrubljivanjem glave bilo je nad [[Simon Fraser, 11. lord Lovat]] 9. aprila 1747. godine, dok je brojnim osuđenicima posthumno odrubljena glava sve do početka 19. stoljeća.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|title=The Last Highlander |last1=Fraser |first1=Sarah |date=2012 |page=9}}</ref> (Izdajnici su obično bili osuđivani na metoda [[Vješanje, raščešljavanje i četvorenje|vješanje, raščešljavanje i četvorenje]], koja je već bila ukinuta.) Odsjecanje glave je degradirano na sekundarni način pogubljenja, uključujući i za izdaju, ukidanjem raščešljavanja i četvorenja [[Zakon o oduzimanju imovine iz 1870.|1870.]]; konačno je ukinuto [[Zakon o statutu (ukidanje) iz 1973.|Zakonom o statutu (ukidanje) iz 1973]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Kenny |first=C. |title=Outlines of Criminal Law |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1936 |edition=15th |page=323}}</ref><ref>The Chronological Table of the Statutes, 1235–2010. The Stationery Office. 2011. {{ISBN|978-0-11-840509-6}}. Part II. p. 1243, read with pages viii and x of Part I.</ref> Jedno od najznačajnijih pogubljenja odrubljivanjem glave u Britaniji bilo je ono kralja Charlesa I od Engleske, koji je [[Pogubljenje Charlesa I|odrubljena glava]] ispred banketne kuće u Whitehallu]] 1649. godine, nakon što su ga zarobili parlamentarci okruglih glava tokom [[engleski građanskk rat| engleskog građanskog rata]] i suđen mu je Visoki sud pravde (1649.) zbog izdaje.<ref>{{citation |last=Gheeraert-Graffeuille |first=Claire |year=2011 |title=The Tragedy of Regicide in Interregnum and Restoration Histories of the English Civil Wars |journal=Études Épistémè |volume=20 |issue=20 |doi=10.4000/episteme.430|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Holmes |first=Clive |year=2010 |title=The Trial and Execution of Charles I |journal=[[The Historical Journal]] |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=289–316 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X10000026 |s2cid=159524099 }}</ref> ==== Kelti ==== {{glavni|Keltski lov na glave}} [[Kelti]] zapadne Evrope dugo su slijedili [[Drevna keltska religija|"kult odrubljene glave"]], što dokazuju i klasični književni opisi i arheološki konteksti.<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Barry Cunliffe|first=Barry |date=2010 |title=Druids: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=71–72}}</ref> Ovaj kult je igrao centralnu ulogu u njihovim hramovima i vjerskim praksama i donio im reputaciju [[Lov na glave|lovaca na glave]] među mediteranskim narodima. [[Diodor Sicilski]], u svom djelu ''[[Bibliotheca historica|Historijska biblioteka]]'' iz 1. stoljeća (5.29.4) napisao je sljedeće o keltskom lovu na glave: {{blockquote|Odsjecaju glave neprijateljima ubijenim u bitci i pričvršćuju ih na vratove svojih konja. Krvavi plijen predaju svojim pratiocima, pjevajući himnu i pobjedničku pjesmu; i te prve plodove pričvršćuju na svoje kuće, baš kao što to čine oni koji ponižavaju divlje životinje u određenim vrstama lova. [[Balzam]]iraju u [[kedrovo ulje]] glave najuglednijih neprijatelja i pažljivo ih čuvaju u škrinji te ih s ponosom pokazuju strancima, govoreći da je za tu glavu neko od njihovih predaka, ili njegov otac, ili sam čovjek, odbio ponudu velike svote novca. Kažu da se neki od njih hvale da su odbili težinu glave u zlatu.}} I Grci i Rimljani su keltske prakse odrubljivanja glave smatrali šokantnim, a ovi drugi su ih ukinuli kada su keltske regije došle pod njihovu kontrolu. [[Datoteka:Testa in pietra con più facce, da corleck hill, co. di cavan, I-II secolo dc. 03.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3| [[Corleckova glava]], [[Irska]], 1. ili 2. stoljeće nove ere]] Prema [[Paul Jacobsthal|Paulu Jacobsthalu]], "među Keltima je ljudska [[glava]] bila štovana iznad svega, budući da je glava za Kelta bila duša, centar emocija kao i samog života, simbol božanstva i moći drugog svijeta."<ref>Paul Jacobsthal ''Rana keltska umjetnost''</ref> Argumenti za keltski kult odrubljene glave uključuju mnoge skulpture odrubljenih glava u latenskim rezbarijama i sačuvanu keltsku mitologiju, koja je puna priča o odrubljenim glavama heroja i svetaca koji [[Cefalofor|nose svoje odrubljene glave]], sve do „Sir Gawain i Zeleni vitez“, gdje [[Zeleni vitez]] podiže svoju odrubljenu glavu nakon što ju je Gawain odrubio u [[igra odrubljivanja glave| igri odrubljivanja glave]], baš kao što je [[Sveti Denis od Pariz|Saint Denis]] nosio je glavu na vrh [[Montmartre]]a.<ref name="Wilhelm, James J. 1994">Wilhelm, James J. "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight." The Romance of Arthur. Ed. Wilhelm, James J. New York: Garland Publishing, 1994. 399–465.</ref><ref name=SHMI>{{cite book|author-first=Paolo O. |author-last=Pirlo |title=My First Book of Saints |year=1997 |publisher=Sons of Holy Mary Immaculate – Quality Catholic Publications |isbn=971-91595-4-5 |pages=238–239 |chapter=St. Denis}}</ref> Daljnji primjer ove regeneracije nakon odrubljivanja glave leži u pričama o svetom Féchinu iz Connemare, koji je, nakon što su mu [[Vikinzi]] odrubili glavu, odnio svoju glavu do Svetog bunara na ostrvu Omey i, umočivši je u bunar, vratio je sebi na vrat i potpuno se oporavio..<ref name="Charles-Edwards">Charles-Edwards, ''Early Christian Ireland'', p. 467 n. 82.</ref> ==== Klasična antika ==== [[Datoteka:Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_187.png|thumbnail|[[Odrubljivanje glave Ivana Krstitelja]] od [[Juliusa Schnorra von Karolsfelda]], 1860]] {{Okvir za citat | citat = [[Potinus]] se podudarao sa [[Marko Antonije| Markom Antonijem]] u zločinu:<br />Ubili su najplemenitije Rimljane svog vremena.<br />Bespomoćnim žrtvama su odrubili glave,<br />Čin sramote povezan sa sramotom.<br />Jedna glava je bila [[Pompej]]eva, koji je donio [[rimski trijumf|trijumfe]] kući,<br />Druga [[Ciceron]]ova, glas Rima. |izvor= — [[Marcijal]], ''[[Marcijalovi epigrami|Epigram]]'' I:60 (Preveo [[Garry Wills]]) | width = 26em | poravnanje = lijevo }} Stari Grci i Rimljani smatrali su odrubljivanje glave relativno časnim oblikom pogubljenja kriminalaca. Tradicionalni postupak, međutim, uključivao je prvo vezivanje za kolac i bičevanje štapovima. Rimljani su koristili [[skekira|sjekire]], a kasnije [[mač]]eve, koji su se smatrali časnijim instrumentom usmrćavanja. Oni koji su mogli potvrditi da su rimski građani trebali su biti odrubljeni, umjesto da budu razapeti. U Rimskoj Republici početkom 1. stoljeća prije nove ere, postala je tradicija da se odrubljene glave javnih neprijatelja – poput političkih protivnika Gaja Marija i Sule – javno izlože na Rostri u Rimskom forumu nakon pogubljenja. Možda najpoznatije odrubljivanje glave bilo je ono [[Ciceron]]u, kojem su, po uputama Marka Antonija, odrubljene ruke (kojima je napisao ''[[Filipike]]'' protiv Antonija) i glava, te prikovane za izlaganje na ovaj način. Arheološki dokazi o pogubljenjima odrubljivanjem glave iz rimskog perioda pronađeni su i u provincijama. U [[Izrael]]u otkriveno je sedam slučajeva odrubljivanja glava, a svi datiraju iz rimskog perioda i uključuju jevrejske pojedince.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last1=Lieberman |first1=Tehillah |last2=Arbiv |first2=Kfir |last3=Nagar |first3=Yossi |date=2020-01-02 |title=The Wrath of the Lion: Evidence of a Mass-Burial in Hasmonean Jerusalem |journal=Tel Aviv |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=97–98 |doi=10.1080/03344355.2020.1707448 |issn=0334-4355}}</ref> Dodatni slučaj, otkriven u [[Jerusalim]]u, izgleda da datira iz ranog 1. stoljeća prije nove ere i može biti povezan sa [[Judejski građanski rat| Judejskim građanskim ratom]] tokom vladavine [[Aleksandar Janej|Aleksandra Janeja]].<ref name=":02"/> ==== Francuska ==== U Francuskoj, do [[Ukidanja smrtne kazne u Francuskoj|ukidanja smrtne kazne]] 1981. godine, glavni metod pogubljenja bio je odrubljivanje glave pomoću [[giljotina]]. Osim malog broja vojnih slučajeva u kojima je korišten streljački vod (uključujući i slučaj [[Jean Bastien-Thiry]]), giljotina je bila jedina legalna metoda pogubljenja od 1791. godine, kada ju je uvela [[Zakonodavna skupština (Francuska)|Zakonodavna skupština]] tokom posljednjih dana kraljevstva [[Francuska revolucija| Francuske revolucije]], pa sve do 1981. godine. Prije revolucije, odrubljivanje glava je obično bilo rezervisano za plemiće i izvršavano ručno. Godine 1981. predsjednik [[François Mitterrand]] ukinuo je smrtnu kaznu i ublažio smrtnu kaznu za one čije kazne nisu izvršene. Prva osoba pogubljena giljotinom u Francuskoj bio je drumski razbojnik [[Nicolas Jacques Pelletier]] u aprilu 1792. Posljednje pogubljenje bilo je nad ubicom [[Hamid Djandoubi| Hamidom Djandoubijem]] u [[Marseille]]u 1977.<ref>{{citation |title=Il y a 30 ans, avait lieu la dernière exécution |trans-title=Thirty years ago, the last execution took place |url=http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualites/societe/20070910.OBS4158/il_y_a_30_ans_avait_lieula_derniere_execution.html |work=Le Nouvel Observateur|date=10 September 2007 |access-date=28 March 2014 |language=FR |archive-date=27 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227015639/http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualites/societe/20070910.OBS4158/il_y_a_30_ans_avait_lieula_derniere_execution.html }} ({{Google translation|en|fr|3=http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualites/societe/20070910.OBS4158/il_y_a_30_ans_avait_lieula_derniere_execution.html}})</ref> Širom svojih opsežnih [[prekomorskih kolonija i zavisnih područja Francuske|prekomorskih kolonija i zavisnih područja]], uređaj je također korišten, uključujući [[St. Pierre i Miquelon|St. Pierre]] 1889. godine i na [[Martinik]]u, sve do 1965.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://grandcolombier.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/zuzaregui.jpg |format=JPG |title=Photographic image of newspaper article |website=Grandcolombier.com |access-date=21 February 2022 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035012/http://grandcolombier.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/zuzaregui.jpg |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Nordijske zemlje ==== U [[nordijske zemlje| nordijskim zemljama]], odrubljivanje glave je bio uobičajeni način izvršenja smrtne kazne. Plemići su odrubljivani [[mačem]], a obični ljudi [[sjekira|sjekirom]]. Posljednja pogubljenja odrubljivanjem glave u [[Finska|Finskoj]] 1825., [[Norveška|Norveškoj]] 1876. godine, [[Farska Ostrva|Farskim Ostrvima]] 1609. godine i na [[Island]]u 1830. izvršena su sjekirama. Isti slučaj je bio u Danskoj 1892. godine. [[Švedska]] je nastavila s tom praksom nekoliko decenija, pogubivši svog pretposljednjeg zločinca – masovnog ubicu Johana Filipa Nordlunda – sjekirom 1900. godine. Zamijenila ju je giljotina, koja je prvi i jedini put korištena na Johanu Alfredu Anderu 1910. godine. Zvanična sjekira za odrubljivanje glave Finske danas se nalazi u Muzeju kriminala u Vantaiu. To je dvoručna sjekira sa širokom oštricom. Posljednji put je korištena kada je ubica [[Tahvo Putkonen]] pogubljen 1825. godine, što je bilo posljednje pogubljenje u mirnodopsko vrijeme u Finskoj.<ref name="otonkoski-1">{{cite journal |last=Otonkoski |first=Pirkko-Leena |title=Henkirikoksista kuolemaan tuomittujen kohtaloita vuosina 1824–1825 Suomessa |trans-title=The fates of those sentenced to death for homicides in 1824–1825 in Finland |url=http://www.genealogia.fi/genos/68/68_55.htm |journal=Genos |language=fi |volume=68 |pages=55–69, 94–95 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227081225/http://genealogia.fi/genos/68/68_55.htm |archive-date=27 December 2010 |access-date=14 December 2010}}</ref> ==== Španija ==== [[Datoteka:Colecta para sepultar el cadáver de don Álvaro de Luna, por Rodríguez de Losada.jpg|thumb|Odrubljivanje glave kastiljskog kraljevskog miljenika iz 15. stoljeća, Dona [[Álvaro de Luna| Álvara de Lune]]]. Slika Joséa Maríje Rodrígueza de Losade (1826–1896).]] U Španiji su pogubljenja izvršavana raznim metodama, uključujući davljenje [[garot]]om. U 16. i 17. stoljeću, plemići su ponekad pogubljeni odrubljivanjem glave. Primjeri uključuju [[Anthonyo van Stralena, gospodar Merksema|Anthonyja van Stralena, gospodara Merksema]]], [[Lamoral, grof od Egmonta|Lamorala, grofa od Egmonta]] i [[Philip de Montmorency, grof od Horna| Philipa de Montmorencyja, grofa od Horna]]. Vezani su za stolicu na skeli. [[Dželat]] je nožem odsjekao glavu od tijela. Smatralo se časnijom smrću ako bi [[dželat]] započeo prerezivanjem grla.<ref>Execution of the Marquess of Ayamonte on the 11th. of December 1645 Described in "Varios relatos diversos de Cartas de Jesuitas" (1634–1648) Coll. Austral Buones Aires 1953 en Gerardus Johannes Geers "Van het Barokke leven", Baarn 1957 Bl. 183–188.</ref> === Bliski istok === ==== Iran ==== [[Iran]], od [[Islamska revolucija| Islamske revolucije]] 1979. godine, tvrdi da koristi odrubljivanje glave kao jednu od metoda kažnjavanja.<ref n ame="amnesty1990">{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde13/021/1990/en/ |title=Iran: Violation of Human Rights 1987–1990 |date=1 December 1990 |publisher=Amnesty International |access-date=5 November 2019 |archive-date=9 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209124547/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde13/021/1990/en/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://www.congress.gov/bill/108th-congress/senate-bill/1082/text Text of the Iran Democracy Act] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105175426/https://www.congress.gov/bill/108th-congress/senate-bill/1082/text |date=5 November 2019 }}, United States Senate</ref> ==== Irak ==== [[Datoteka:Assyrian military campaign in southern Mesopotamia, beheaded enemies, 7th century BC, from Nineveh, Iraq. The British Museum.jpg|thumb| Asirska vojna kampanja u južnoj [[Mezopotamija| Mezopotamiji]], odrubljivanje glava neprijateljima, 7. stoljeće prije nove ere, iz Ninive, [[Irak]]. Britanski muzej.]] Iako nije zvanično sankcionisano, legalna odrubljivanja glava izvršena su nad najmanje 50 prostitutki i svodnika pod [[Sadam Husein| Sadamom Huseinom]] sve do 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/article10190019.ab |title=Saddam halshögg 50 prostituerade |date=11 December 2000 |language=sv |trans-title=Saddam beheaded 50 prostitutes |access-date=25 February 2017 |archive-date=26 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226132339/http://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/article10190019.ab |url-status=live }}</ref> Odrubljivanje glava se pojavilo kao još jedna taktika terorizma, posebno u Iraku od 2003.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/14/movies/14TERROR.html |title=The Terrorist as Auteur |first=Michael |last=Ignatieff |date=14 November 2004 |access-date=25 February 2017 |work=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=28 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528045132/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/14/movies/14TERROR.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Civili su podnijeli najveći teret odrubljivanja glava, iako su mete bili i američki i irački vojni pripadnici. Nakon otmice žrtve, otmičari obično postavljaju neku vrstu zahtjeva vladi zemlje taoca i daju vremenski rok za izvršenje zahtjeva, često 72 sata. Odrubljivanjem glave se često prijeti ako vlada ne poštuje želje otmičara. Ponekad se [[video odrubljivanja glava|odrubljivanje glava snima]] i postaje dostupno na internetu. Jedno od najpopularnijih takvih pogubljenja bilo je ono [[Nick Berg|Nicka Berga]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Beheading video tops web searches The decapitation of American Nick Berg and the Iraq war have replaced pornography and pop stars as the main internet searches |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2004/5/18/beheading-video-tops-web-searches |website=[[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al Jazeera]] |date=18 May 2004 |access-date=26 October 2021 |archive-date=8 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608031707/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2004/5/18/beheading-video-tops-web-searches |url-status=live }}</ref> Sudsko pogubljenje se praktikuje u Iraku, ali se uglavnom izvršava vješanjem. ==== Saudijska Arabija ==== {{glavni|Smrtna kazna u Saudijskoj Arabiji}} [[Saudijska Arabija]] ima krivičnopravni sistem zasnovan na [[šerijat]]skom pravu koje odražava određeno državno odobreno tumačenje [[islam]]a. Zločini poput silovanja, ubistva, otpadništva od vjere i [[vještičare]]nja<ref name="BBCexecutioner2">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2966790.stm |title=Saudi executioner tells all |date=5 June 2003 |access-date=11 July 2011 |work=BBC News |archive-date=1 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401233508/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/2966790.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> kažnjavaju se odrubljivanjem glave.<ref name="saudibehead2">{{cite web |url=https://www.questia.com/library/1G1-177028385/sword-of-justice-beheadings-rise-in-saudi-arabia |title=Sword of Justice? Beheadings Rise in Saudi Arabia |author-last=Weinberg |author-first=Jon |date=Winter 2008 |publisher=Harvard International Review |access-date=26 August 2017 |archive-date=20 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320053529/https://www.questia.com/library/1G1-177028385/sword-of-justice-beheadings-rise-in-saudi-arabia }}</ref> Obično se izvodi [[Javno pogubljenje|javno]] odrubljivanjem glave [[mač]]em. Javno odrubljivanje glave se obično odvija oko 9 sati ujutro. Osuđena osoba se izvodi na trg i klekne pred [[dželat]]a. [[dželat]] koristi mač da jednim udarcem odsiječe glavu osuđene osobe od tijela u predelu [[vrat]]a.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/document/?indexNumber=mde23%2f004%2f1993&language=en |title=Saudi Arabia: An upsurge in public executions |publisher=Amnesty International |access-date=2 August 2020 |archive-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501211651/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/document/?indexNumber=mde23%2F004%2F1993&language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Nakon što osuđena osoba bude proglašena mrtvom, policijski službenik objavljuje zločine koje je počinio navodni kriminalac kojem je odrubljena glava i proces je završen. Službenik može objaviti isto prije samog pogubljenja. Ovo je najčešći način pogubljenja u Saudijskoj Arabiji.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/justice-sword-saudi-arabias-embrace-death-penalty-780819 |title=Justice by the Sword: Saudi Arabia's Embrace of the Death Penalty |date=11 September 2012 |work=International Business Times |access-date=5 April 2014 |archive-date=7 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407121151/http://www.ibtimes.com/justice-sword-saudi-arabias-embrace-death-penalty-780819 |url-status=live }}</ref> APrema podacima [[Amnesty International]]u, najmanje 79 ljudi je pogubljeno u Saudijskoj Arabiji u 2013.<ref name="AIExecutions2013">{{cite web |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/act500012014en.pdf |title=Death Sentences and Executions 2013 |publisher=Amnesty International |year=2014 |access-date=19 September 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304190649/http://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/act500012014en.pdf }}</ref> Stranci nisu izuzeti, čineći "gotovo polovinu" pogubljenja u 2013. godini.<ref name="AIExecutions2013"/> U 2015. [[Ashraf Fayadh]] (rođen 1980.), saudijski pjesnik, osuđen je na odrubljivanje glave, ali mu je kazna kasnije smanjena na osam godina zatvora i 800 udaraca bičem zbog [[otpadništvo od vjere| otpadništva od vjere]]. ==== Sirija ==== [[Sirija|Sirijska]] vlada koristi vješanje kao [[Smrtna kazna u Siriji|svoju metodu smrtne kazne]]. Međutim, teroristička organizacija poznata kao [[Islamska država]], koja je kontrolirala teritoriju u većem dijelu istočne Sirije, redovno je vršila odrubljivanje glava ljudima.<ref>{{cite news |title=Syrian Rebels used a child to behead a prisoner |url=http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2012/12/10/syrian-rebels-use-a-child-to-behead-a-prisoner/ |publisher=Human Rights Investigation |date=12 December 2012 |access-date=22 March 2013 |archive-date=6 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406055236/http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2012/12/10/syrian-rebels-use-a-child-to-behead-a-prisoner/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref>Sirijski pobunjenici koji pokušavaju svrgnuti sirijsku vladu također su umiješani u odrubljivanje glava.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/jihadist-rebels-behead-2-syrian-soldiers-in-northern-syria/ |title=Jihadist rebels behead 2 Syrian soldiers in northern Syria |date=13 August 2019 |website=AMN – Al-Masdar News |language=en-US |access-date=14 August 2019 |archive-date=15 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815031847/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/jihadist-rebels-behead-2-syrian-soldiers-in-northern-syria/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/20/syrian-opposition-group-which-killed-child-was-in-us-vetted-alliance |title=Syrian opposition group that killed child 'was in US-vetted alliance' |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=3 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103012949/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/20/syrian-opposition-group-which-killed-child-was-in-us-vetted-alliance |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=155503 |title=Nearly 45 regime and Turkish soldiers and rebels killed in shelling and violent battles on Al-Nayrab frontline, east of Idlib |date=21 February 2020 |publisher=SOHR |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=11 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311151950/http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=155503 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Sjeverna Amerika === ==== Meksiko ==== [[Datoteka:BeheadingPanelSBCTajin.JPG|thumb|Panel koji prikazuje odrubljivanje glave bejzbolaša, [[Klasična kultura Veracruza]], [[Meksiko]].]] [[Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla]], [[Ignacio Allende]], [[José Mariano Jiménez]] i [[Juan Aldama]] suđeni su za izdaju, pogubljeni od strane [[streljački vod| streljačkog voda]] i odrubljeni su im glave tokom meksičke nezavisnosti 1811. godine. Njihove glave bile su izložene na četiri ugla [[Alhóndiga de Granaditas]], u [[Guanajuat]]u. Tokom [[meksički rat protiv droge| meksičkog rata protiv droge]], neki meksički [[kartel]]i droge su se okrenuli odrubljivanju glave i sjecanju suparničkih članova kartela kao metodi zastrašivanja.<ref name="Grayson">{{cite web|url=http://www.fpri.org/enotes/200901.grayson.lafamilia.html |title=La Familia: Another Deadly Mexican Syndicate |author-first=George W. |author-last=Grayson |date=February 2009 |publisher=Foreign Policy Research Institute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903015924/http://www.fpri.org//enotes/200901.grayson.lafamilia.html |archive-date=3 September 2009 }}</ref> Ovaj trend odrubljivanja glava i javnog prikazivanja tijela započela je kriminalna grupa [[Los Zetas]] sastavljena od bivših pripadnika meksičkih specijalnih snaga, obučenih u ozloglašenoj „Školi za Amerike američke vojske [[Škola za Amerikance|Školi za Amerikance]]“ u poboljšanim tehnikama ispitivanja i [[psihološki rat|psihološkom ratovanju]].<ref>Grayson, George W. (2012). ''The Executioner's Men: Los Zetas, Rogue Soldiers, Criminal Entrepreneurs, and the Shadow State They Created'' (1st ed.), p. 46, Transaction Publishers. {{ISBN|978-1-4128-4617-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uj4aCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA272 |title=American Foreign Relations: Volume 2: Since 1895 |first1=Thomas |last1=Paterson |first2=J. Garry |last2=Clifford |first3=Robert |last3=Brigham |first4=Michael |last4=Donoghue |first5=Kenneth |last5=Hagan |year=2014 |publisher=Cengage Learning] |isbn=978-1-285-43333-2 |access-date=30 December 2019 |archive-date=8 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608031622/https://books.google.com/books?id=uj4aCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA272 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://narcosphere.narconews.com/notebook/brenda-norrell/2008/10/us-created-monsters-zetas-and-kaibiles-death-squads |title=US created monsters: Zetas and Kaibiles death squads |access-date=26 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224040235/http://narcosphere.narconews.com/notebook/brenda-norrell/2008/10/us-created-monsters-zetas-and-kaibiles-death-squads |archive-date=24 December 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.borderlandbeat.com/2012/04/los-zetas-recruit-las-maras-in.html |title=Borderland Beat: Los Zetas recruit Las Maras in Guatemala |author=badanov |access-date=26 December 2014 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225083845/http://www.borderlandbeat.com/2012/04/los-zetas-recruit-las-maras-in.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cronica.com.mx/notas/2004/158801.html |title=Los Zetas fueron entrenados por la Escuela de las Américas |publisher=La Crónica de Hoy |trans-title=The Zetas were trained by the School of the Americas |language=es |website=cronica.com.mx |access-date=30 December 2019 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225134251/http://www.cronica.com.mx/notas/2004/158801.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soaw.org/component/content/article/1/1994 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418211956/http://www.soaw.org/component/content/article/1/1994 |archive-date=18 April 2017 |title=U.S.-trained ex-soldiers form core of "Zetas" {{pipe}} SOA Watch: Close the School of the Americas |date=18 April 2017}}</ref> ==== Sjedinjene Američke Države ==== Vlada Sjedinjenih Američkih Država nikada nije koristila odrubljivanje glave kao legalnu metodu pogubljenja. Međutim, odrubljivanje glave se ponekad koristilo za sakaćenje mrtvih, posebno tokom vremena ropstva, kao što je slučaj sa [[Nat Turner|Natom Turnerom]], koji je predvodio pobunu protiv ropstva. Kada je uhvaćen, javno je obješen, odran i odrubljena mu je glava. Ovu tehniku su koristili mnogi porobitelji kako bi obeshrabrili "česte krvave ustanke" koje su provodili "oteti Afrikanci". Dok su razne vrste tjelesnog raskomadanja korištene za izazivanje terora, dr. Erasmus D. Fenner je primijetio da je odrubljivanje glave nakon smrti bilo posebno efikasno.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Washington |first1=Harriet A. |date=2006 |publisher=Doubleday |title=Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present |location=New York. London. Toronto. Sydney. Austin. |page=126, paragraph 3}}</ref> Tokom [[Vijetnamski rat| Vijetnamskog rata]], kao teroristička taktika, "neki američki vojnici su odsjecali glave... mrtvim [Vijetnamcima] i nabijali ih na koplja ili motke ".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Turse |first1=Nick |title=Kill Anything that Moves: The Real American War in Vietnam |date=2013 |publisher=Metropolitan Books |location=New York |page=163}}</ref> Dopisnik Michael Herr primijetio je da "hiljade" foto-albuma koje su napravili američki vojnici "svi kao da sadrže iste slike": "snimak odsječene glave, glava često počivajući na grudima mrtvaca ili je drži nasmijani marinac, ili mnogo glava, poređanih u nizu, sa zapaljenom cigaretom u svakom od usta, otvorenih očiju". Neke od žrtava bile su "vrlo mlade".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Turse |first1=Nick |title=Kill Anything that Moves: The Real American War in Vietnam |date=2013 |publisher=Metropolitan Books |location=New York |page=162}}</ref> {{anchor|George S. Patton III}} General [[George Patton IV]], sin poznatog generala iz Drugog svjetskog rata [[George S. Patton| Georgea S. Pattona]], bio je poznat po čuvanju "makabroznih suvenira", poput "vijetnamske lobanje koja je stajala na njegovom stolu". Drugi Amerikanci "odsjecali su glave Vijetnamaca kako bi ih zadržali, trgovali ili mijenjali za nagrade koje su nudili komandanti".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Turse |first1=Nick |title=Kill Anything that Moves: The Real American War in Vietnam |date=2013 |publisher=Metropolitan Books |location=New York |page=161}}</ref> Iako je [[Teritorija Utah]] dozvoljavala osobi osuđenoj na smrt da izabere odrubljivanje glave kao način pogubljenja, niko nije izabrao tu opciju, a ona je ukinuta kada je [[Utah]] postao država.<ref>{{cite book |last=Miller |first=Wilbur R. |title=The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America: An Encyclopedia |year=2012 |publisher=Sage |isbn=978-1-4129-8876-6 |oclc=768569594 |page=1856 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tYME6Z35nyAC&pg=PA1856}}</ref> U julu 2025. godine, [[Florida]] je donijela zakon kojim se dodatno proširuju već opsežni zakoni o smrtnoj kazni te države kako bi se omogućila "bilo koja metoda pogubljenja koja nije eksplicitno proglašena neustavnom", što uključuje i odrubljivanje glave. Ovo [[Sjedinjene Američke Države]] čini jedinom zemljom izvan islamskog svijeta koja i danas dozvoljava pogubljenja odrubljivanjem glave.<ref>{{cite web | title=10 of the worst state laws going into effect in July | date=30 June 2025 | url=https://reason.com/2025/06/30/10-of-the-worst-state-laws-going-into-effect-in-july/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=House Bill 903 (2025) - the Florida Senate | url=https://www.flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/2025/903 }}</ref> == Poznatije osobe kojima su odrubljene glave == {{glavni|Spisak osoba kojima su odrubljene glave}} ==Također pogledajte == * [[Atlanto-okcipitalna dislokacija]], gdje je [[ljudska lobanja|lubanja]] izbačena iz [[kičmenog stuba|kičmenog stuba]]; uglavnom, ali ne uvijek, fatalna povreda. * [[Odrubljivanje glave u islamu]] * [[Video odrubljivanja glave]] * [[Iskupljenje krvi]] * [[Mlijeko krvi]], rezultat odrubljivanja glave. * [[Kefalofor]], mučenik svetac koji je prikazan kako nosi odrubljenu glavu. * [[Činnamasta]], [[hindu]]istička boginja koja navodno sebi odrubljuje glavu i drži je u ruci. * [[Ubica iz Clevelanda]], [[serijski ubica]] koji je odrubljivao glave nekim od svojih žrtava. * [[Rasčlanjivanje]] * [[François-Jean de la Barre]] * [[Lov na glave]] * [[Spisak metoda smrtne kazne]] * [[Mike, pile bez glave]] * [[Glava na kolcu]] == Reference == {{reflist}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Medicinski izvori | ICD10={{ICD10|S|18 || s|10}} }} *{{commons category|Decpitation}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060613171613/http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/history/landru/guillotine_7.html Crime Library] (archived) * [http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/behead.html CapitalPunishmentUK.org] {{Authority control}} {{Smrtna kazna}} [[Kategorija:Odsjecanje glave| ]] [[Kategorija:Uzroci smrti]] [[Kategorija:Metode pogubljenja]] i7ontwp6krgmfwkqahd490z2vldlqir Razgovor s korisnikom:Genetičar 3 534196 3849436 3848074 2026-05-26T10:44:05Z KWiki 9400 /* GENETIČAR-2 */ novi odlomak 3849436 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dobrodošlica}} == Korisničko ime == Možemo li se dogovoriti da ostanete pod ovim korisničkim imenom odsad? A ako izazovete novu blokadu na Meti, to nije do nas ovdje. P. S: I prestanite izmišljati riječi i nazive za preusmjerenja (što radite poodavno). – [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 10:14, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) :Dogovoreno! A na koje izmišljanje mislite?[[Korisnik:Genetičar|Genetičar]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Genetičar|razgovor]]) 12:09, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) ::Vulkanicitet, konkretno sada. Ali mislim i na ranije stvari, a bilo je toga. Ni s preusmjerenjima ne treba pretjerivati. [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 12:39, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) :::Ako mogu dodati i da se ne ubacuju šabloni koji ne postoje na našem projektu i koje nećete u narednih par dana napraviti. Nemojte pretpostavljati da će neko drugi to uraditi. :::Jako ružno i neenciklopedijski djeluje kada imaju greške na stranici. Konkretan primjer na [[Hlorinacija vode|stranici]] ima ubačen šablon Otpadne vode koji ne postoji. Ili va naoravite ili ga izbrišite. [[Korisnik:Panasko|Panasko]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Panasko|razgovor]]) 14:25, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) :Napravio bih da imam iskustva, a koliko znam, infokutije i ostalo prave ovlašteni urednici.[[Korisnik:Genetičar|Genetičar]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Genetičar|razgovor]]) 14:41, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) ::Sve možete napraviti, nemate manja prava u odnosu na administratore u ovom pogledu. To sam vam ranije govorio. ::Pogledajte neke druge šablone pa po njima, gdje budete zapeli i budete imali pitanja, upitajte, ja sam vam ranije nudio pomoć. Ako ne želite time da se bavite nije ni to sporno, samo ne stavljajte šablon kojeg nema u članak. ::Pozdrav, [[Korisnik:Panasko|Panasko]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Panasko|razgovor]]) 14:45, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) :::Kako da naptravim kad me svski čas blokirate. Vidjeli ste koliko je solidnih članaka bilo na čekanju.[[Korisnik:Genetičar|Genetičar]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Genetičar|razgovor]]) 14:54, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) ::::Vidio - pa ispravio, niko nije savršen, idemo dalje![[Korisnik:Genetičar|Genetičar]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Genetičar|razgovor]]) 14:57, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) ::::Za ta blokiranja imate odgovor [[Wikipedia:Čaršija/Tehnika#Dokle_ovako?|ovdje]]. Zar ne vidite dosad da je problem '''samo''' u Vama (bio, nadam se)? No, hajde, valja ići dalje. [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 15:07, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) :::::Popraviću se - imam kad, ko fol...[[Korisnik:Genetičar|Genetičar]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Genetičar|razgovor]]) 15:15, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) ::::Evo prijedlog, ja ću napraviti šablon za otpadne vode i prevesti koliko budem znao terminologiju, vi je dovršite. Je li to ok? Ovdje su meni najveći problem stručni termini. [[Korisnik:Panasko|Panasko]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Panasko|razgovor]]) 17:12, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) :::::Da/Ne? [[Korisnik:Panasko|Panasko]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Panasko|razgovor]]) 13:05, 12 maj 2026 (CEST) ::::::OK, OK, biću džokej! [[Korisnik:Genetičar|Genetičar]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Genetičar|razgovor]]) 13:08, 12 maj 2026 (CEST) :::::::Ne trebate ništa što ne želite, ovdje ja vama nudim pomoć ako želite, ako ne nikome ništa. [[Korisnik:Panasko|Panasko]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Panasko|razgovor]]) 13:17, 12 maj 2026 (CEST) ::::::::Nemam vremena da žalim za bilo čime! Pokažite mi gdje očekujete suradnju.[[Korisnik:Genetičar|Genetičar]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Genetičar|razgovor]]) 15:20, 12 maj 2026 (CEST) ::I po ko zna koji put: gledajte u tastaturu. Kome trebaju "a'''L'''celeracija", "autbri'''G'''inška", "se'''lr'''ecijske" i još stotine i stotine ovakvih slučajeva dosad? [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 14:50, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) == "Prikaži izgled" == {|cellspacing="4" cellpadding="0" style="width: 100%; font-size: 100%; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; border-color:blue; clear: both; position:relative;" | Molimo Vas da za provjeru izgleda stranice koristite dugme "'''{{int:showpreview}}'''".<br />Učestalim korištenjem dugmeta "{{int:publishchanges}}" opterećujete [[Posebno:NedavneIzmjene|nedavne izmjene]] i historiju članka. Hvala na razumijevanju. {{#if:|{{{1}}}}} | [[Datoteka:Slika prikaži izgled.png|desno]] |} [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 12:07, 15 maj 2026 (CEST) : Vidite li Vi ovu poruku? Može se članak srediti i u Wordu, pa potpuno sređen samo prebaciti ovdje. – [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 13:11, 16 maj 2026 (CEST) ::Ma šta mi reče?![[Korisnik:Genetičar|Genetičar]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Genetičar|razgovor]]) 13:12, 16 maj 2026 (CEST) == Prebacivanje članaka == Kad prebacujete članak sa sr.wiki, nemojte infokutije "prevoditi" nego ih prebacite u originalu. Obično onda funcioniraju. Primjer je 11. krajiška brigada. [[User:AnToni|'''<span style="font-size:0.925em; font-family:'Bradley Hand ITC';"><span style="color:red;">A</span><span style="color:black;">n</span><span style="color:red;">T</span><span style="color:green;">o</span><span style="color:gold;">n</span><span style="color:black;">i</span></span>''']]<sub>([[Razgovor sa korisnikom:AnToni|<big><span style="color:red; font-family:'Bradley Hand ITC';">'''''R'''''</span></big>]])</sub> 19:40, 20 maj 2026 (CEST) == GENETIČAR-2 == Šta je s ovim? Jer vidim da "Genetičar" radi. [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 12:44, 26 maj 2026 (CEST) iubxu468mo2oifxkiytu4yn7esufjtg 3849447 3849436 2026-05-26T11:13:06Z Genetičar 181151 /* GENETIČAR-2 */ odgovor 3849447 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dobrodošlica}} == Korisničko ime == Možemo li se dogovoriti da ostanete pod ovim korisničkim imenom odsad? A ako izazovete novu blokadu na Meti, to nije do nas ovdje. P. S: I prestanite izmišljati riječi i nazive za preusmjerenja (što radite poodavno). – [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 10:14, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) :Dogovoreno! A na koje izmišljanje mislite?[[Korisnik:Genetičar|Genetičar]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Genetičar|razgovor]]) 12:09, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) ::Vulkanicitet, konkretno sada. Ali mislim i na ranije stvari, a bilo je toga. Ni s preusmjerenjima ne treba pretjerivati. [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 12:39, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) :::Ako mogu dodati i da se ne ubacuju šabloni koji ne postoje na našem projektu i koje nećete u narednih par dana napraviti. Nemojte pretpostavljati da će neko drugi to uraditi. :::Jako ružno i neenciklopedijski djeluje kada imaju greške na stranici. Konkretan primjer na [[Hlorinacija vode|stranici]] ima ubačen šablon Otpadne vode koji ne postoji. Ili va naoravite ili ga izbrišite. [[Korisnik:Panasko|Panasko]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Panasko|razgovor]]) 14:25, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) :Napravio bih da imam iskustva, a koliko znam, infokutije i ostalo prave ovlašteni urednici.[[Korisnik:Genetičar|Genetičar]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Genetičar|razgovor]]) 14:41, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) ::Sve možete napraviti, nemate manja prava u odnosu na administratore u ovom pogledu. To sam vam ranije govorio. ::Pogledajte neke druge šablone pa po njima, gdje budete zapeli i budete imali pitanja, upitajte, ja sam vam ranije nudio pomoć. Ako ne želite time da se bavite nije ni to sporno, samo ne stavljajte šablon kojeg nema u članak. ::Pozdrav, [[Korisnik:Panasko|Panasko]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Panasko|razgovor]]) 14:45, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) :::Kako da naptravim kad me svski čas blokirate. Vidjeli ste koliko je solidnih članaka bilo na čekanju.[[Korisnik:Genetičar|Genetičar]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Genetičar|razgovor]]) 14:54, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) ::::Vidio - pa ispravio, niko nije savršen, idemo dalje![[Korisnik:Genetičar|Genetičar]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Genetičar|razgovor]]) 14:57, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) ::::Za ta blokiranja imate odgovor [[Wikipedia:Čaršija/Tehnika#Dokle_ovako?|ovdje]]. Zar ne vidite dosad da je problem '''samo''' u Vama (bio, nadam se)? No, hajde, valja ići dalje. [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 15:07, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) :::::Popraviću se - imam kad, ko fol...[[Korisnik:Genetičar|Genetičar]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Genetičar|razgovor]]) 15:15, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) ::::Evo prijedlog, ja ću napraviti šablon za otpadne vode i prevesti koliko budem znao terminologiju, vi je dovršite. Je li to ok? Ovdje su meni najveći problem stručni termini. [[Korisnik:Panasko|Panasko]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Panasko|razgovor]]) 17:12, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) :::::Da/Ne? [[Korisnik:Panasko|Panasko]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Panasko|razgovor]]) 13:05, 12 maj 2026 (CEST) ::::::OK, OK, biću džokej! [[Korisnik:Genetičar|Genetičar]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Genetičar|razgovor]]) 13:08, 12 maj 2026 (CEST) :::::::Ne trebate ništa što ne želite, ovdje ja vama nudim pomoć ako želite, ako ne nikome ništa. [[Korisnik:Panasko|Panasko]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Panasko|razgovor]]) 13:17, 12 maj 2026 (CEST) ::::::::Nemam vremena da žalim za bilo čime! Pokažite mi gdje očekujete suradnju.[[Korisnik:Genetičar|Genetičar]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Genetičar|razgovor]]) 15:20, 12 maj 2026 (CEST) ::I po ko zna koji put: gledajte u tastaturu. Kome trebaju "a'''L'''celeracija", "autbri'''G'''inška", "se'''lr'''ecijske" i još stotine i stotine ovakvih slučajeva dosad? [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 14:50, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) == "Prikaži izgled" == {|cellspacing="4" cellpadding="0" style="width: 100%; font-size: 100%; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; border-color:blue; clear: both; position:relative;" | Molimo Vas da za provjeru izgleda stranice koristite dugme "'''{{int:showpreview}}'''".<br />Učestalim korištenjem dugmeta "{{int:publishchanges}}" opterećujete [[Posebno:NedavneIzmjene|nedavne izmjene]] i historiju članka. Hvala na razumijevanju. {{#if:|{{{1}}}}} | [[Datoteka:Slika prikaži izgled.png|desno]] |} [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 12:07, 15 maj 2026 (CEST) : Vidite li Vi ovu poruku? Može se članak srediti i u Wordu, pa potpuno sređen samo prebaciti ovdje. – [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 13:11, 16 maj 2026 (CEST) ::Ma šta mi reče?![[Korisnik:Genetičar|Genetičar]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Genetičar|razgovor]]) 13:12, 16 maj 2026 (CEST) == Prebacivanje članaka == Kad prebacujete članak sa sr.wiki, nemojte infokutije "prevoditi" nego ih prebacite u originalu. Obično onda funcioniraju. Primjer je 11. krajiška brigada. [[User:AnToni|'''<span style="font-size:0.925em; font-family:'Bradley Hand ITC';"><span style="color:red;">A</span><span style="color:black;">n</span><span style="color:red;">T</span><span style="color:green;">o</span><span style="color:gold;">n</span><span style="color:black;">i</span></span>''']]<sub>([[Razgovor sa korisnikom:AnToni|<big><span style="color:red; font-family:'Bradley Hand ITC';">'''''R'''''</span></big>]])</sub> 19:40, 20 maj 2026 (CEST) == GENETIČAR-2 == Šta je s ovim? Jer vidim da "Genetičar" radi. [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 12:44, 26 maj 2026 (CEST) :Ne(t)ko me skinuo i tražio novi korisnički račun. Asli se uplašili da bih (na osnovu brojnih članaka) mogao tražiti neki viši čin, što (sa rezignacijom) odbijam. Molim, vratite mi [[Genetičar]]a, Haseta, Brus-Lija, a eto njima [[silikon]]i [[atom]]ska i [[CIA]]![[Korisnik:Genetičar|Genetičar]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Genetičar|razgovor]]) 13:13, 26 maj 2026 (CEST) 5k9c9i7hr05vr0ktaed7tfzf1wztdz4 3849450 3849447 2026-05-26T11:21:08Z KWiki 9400 /* GENETIČAR-2 */ odgovor 3849450 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dobrodošlica}} == Korisničko ime == Možemo li se dogovoriti da ostanete pod ovim korisničkim imenom odsad? A ako izazovete novu blokadu na Meti, to nije do nas ovdje. P. S: I prestanite izmišljati riječi i nazive za preusmjerenja (što radite poodavno). – [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 10:14, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) :Dogovoreno! A na koje izmišljanje mislite?[[Korisnik:Genetičar|Genetičar]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Genetičar|razgovor]]) 12:09, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) ::Vulkanicitet, konkretno sada. Ali mislim i na ranije stvari, a bilo je toga. Ni s preusmjerenjima ne treba pretjerivati. [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 12:39, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) :::Ako mogu dodati i da se ne ubacuju šabloni koji ne postoje na našem projektu i koje nećete u narednih par dana napraviti. Nemojte pretpostavljati da će neko drugi to uraditi. :::Jako ružno i neenciklopedijski djeluje kada imaju greške na stranici. Konkretan primjer na [[Hlorinacija vode|stranici]] ima ubačen šablon Otpadne vode koji ne postoji. Ili va naoravite ili ga izbrišite. [[Korisnik:Panasko|Panasko]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Panasko|razgovor]]) 14:25, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) :Napravio bih da imam iskustva, a koliko znam, infokutije i ostalo prave ovlašteni urednici.[[Korisnik:Genetičar|Genetičar]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Genetičar|razgovor]]) 14:41, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) ::Sve možete napraviti, nemate manja prava u odnosu na administratore u ovom pogledu. To sam vam ranije govorio. ::Pogledajte neke druge šablone pa po njima, gdje budete zapeli i budete imali pitanja, upitajte, ja sam vam ranije nudio pomoć. Ako ne želite time da se bavite nije ni to sporno, samo ne stavljajte šablon kojeg nema u članak. ::Pozdrav, [[Korisnik:Panasko|Panasko]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Panasko|razgovor]]) 14:45, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) :::Kako da naptravim kad me svski čas blokirate. Vidjeli ste koliko je solidnih članaka bilo na čekanju.[[Korisnik:Genetičar|Genetičar]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Genetičar|razgovor]]) 14:54, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) ::::Vidio - pa ispravio, niko nije savršen, idemo dalje![[Korisnik:Genetičar|Genetičar]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Genetičar|razgovor]]) 14:57, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) ::::Za ta blokiranja imate odgovor [[Wikipedia:Čaršija/Tehnika#Dokle_ovako?|ovdje]]. Zar ne vidite dosad da je problem '''samo''' u Vama (bio, nadam se)? No, hajde, valja ići dalje. [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 15:07, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) :::::Popraviću se - imam kad, ko fol...[[Korisnik:Genetičar|Genetičar]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Genetičar|razgovor]]) 15:15, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) ::::Evo prijedlog, ja ću napraviti šablon za otpadne vode i prevesti koliko budem znao terminologiju, vi je dovršite. Je li to ok? Ovdje su meni najveći problem stručni termini. [[Korisnik:Panasko|Panasko]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Panasko|razgovor]]) 17:12, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) :::::Da/Ne? [[Korisnik:Panasko|Panasko]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Panasko|razgovor]]) 13:05, 12 maj 2026 (CEST) ::::::OK, OK, biću džokej! [[Korisnik:Genetičar|Genetičar]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Genetičar|razgovor]]) 13:08, 12 maj 2026 (CEST) :::::::Ne trebate ništa što ne želite, ovdje ja vama nudim pomoć ako želite, ako ne nikome ništa. [[Korisnik:Panasko|Panasko]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Panasko|razgovor]]) 13:17, 12 maj 2026 (CEST) ::::::::Nemam vremena da žalim za bilo čime! Pokažite mi gdje očekujete suradnju.[[Korisnik:Genetičar|Genetičar]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Genetičar|razgovor]]) 15:20, 12 maj 2026 (CEST) ::I po ko zna koji put: gledajte u tastaturu. Kome trebaju "a'''L'''celeracija", "autbri'''G'''inška", "se'''lr'''ecijske" i još stotine i stotine ovakvih slučajeva dosad? [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 14:50, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) == "Prikaži izgled" == {|cellspacing="4" cellpadding="0" style="width: 100%; font-size: 100%; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; border-color:blue; clear: both; position:relative;" | Molimo Vas da za provjeru izgleda stranice koristite dugme "'''{{int:showpreview}}'''".<br />Učestalim korištenjem dugmeta "{{int:publishchanges}}" opterećujete [[Posebno:NedavneIzmjene|nedavne izmjene]] i historiju članka. Hvala na razumijevanju. {{#if:|{{{1}}}}} | [[Datoteka:Slika prikaži izgled.png|desno]] |} [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 12:07, 15 maj 2026 (CEST) : Vidite li Vi ovu poruku? Može se članak srediti i u Wordu, pa potpuno sređen samo prebaciti ovdje. – [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 13:11, 16 maj 2026 (CEST) ::Ma šta mi reče?![[Korisnik:Genetičar|Genetičar]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Genetičar|razgovor]]) 13:12, 16 maj 2026 (CEST) == Prebacivanje članaka == Kad prebacujete članak sa sr.wiki, nemojte infokutije "prevoditi" nego ih prebacite u originalu. Obično onda funcioniraju. Primjer je 11. krajiška brigada. [[User:AnToni|'''<span style="font-size:0.925em; font-family:'Bradley Hand ITC';"><span style="color:red;">A</span><span style="color:black;">n</span><span style="color:red;">T</span><span style="color:green;">o</span><span style="color:gold;">n</span><span style="color:black;">i</span></span>''']]<sub>([[Razgovor sa korisnikom:AnToni|<big><span style="color:red; font-family:'Bradley Hand ITC';">'''''R'''''</span></big>]])</sub> 19:40, 20 maj 2026 (CEST) == GENETIČAR-2 == Šta je s ovim? Jer vidim da "Genetičar" radi. [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 12:44, 26 maj 2026 (CEST) :Ne(t)ko me skinuo i tražio novi korisnički račun. Asli se uplašili da bih (na osnovu brojnih članaka) mogao tražiti neki viši čin, što (sa rezignacijom) odbijam. Molim, vratite mi [[Genetičar]]a, Haseta, Brus-Lija, a eto njima [[silikon]]i [[atom]]ska i [[CIA]]![[Korisnik:Genetičar|Genetičar]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Genetičar|razgovor]]) 13:13, 26 maj 2026 (CEST) ::Niko ga od nas ovdje nije dirao. Ali ovaj iz naslova mora pod blokadu. [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 13:21, 26 maj 2026 (CEST) n3xikshcjwpgsfavcpbz8s1jgx6f2pj 3849453 3849450 2026-05-26T11:30:13Z Panasko 146730 /* GENETIČAR-2 */ odgovor 3849453 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dobrodošlica}} == Korisničko ime == Možemo li se dogovoriti da ostanete pod ovim korisničkim imenom odsad? A ako izazovete novu blokadu na Meti, to nije do nas ovdje. P. S: I prestanite izmišljati riječi i nazive za preusmjerenja (što radite poodavno). – [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 10:14, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) :Dogovoreno! A na koje izmišljanje mislite?[[Korisnik:Genetičar|Genetičar]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Genetičar|razgovor]]) 12:09, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) ::Vulkanicitet, konkretno sada. Ali mislim i na ranije stvari, a bilo je toga. Ni s preusmjerenjima ne treba pretjerivati. [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 12:39, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) :::Ako mogu dodati i da se ne ubacuju šabloni koji ne postoje na našem projektu i koje nećete u narednih par dana napraviti. Nemojte pretpostavljati da će neko drugi to uraditi. :::Jako ružno i neenciklopedijski djeluje kada imaju greške na stranici. Konkretan primjer na [[Hlorinacija vode|stranici]] ima ubačen šablon Otpadne vode koji ne postoji. Ili va naoravite ili ga izbrišite. [[Korisnik:Panasko|Panasko]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Panasko|razgovor]]) 14:25, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) :Napravio bih da imam iskustva, a koliko znam, infokutije i ostalo prave ovlašteni urednici.[[Korisnik:Genetičar|Genetičar]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Genetičar|razgovor]]) 14:41, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) ::Sve možete napraviti, nemate manja prava u odnosu na administratore u ovom pogledu. To sam vam ranije govorio. ::Pogledajte neke druge šablone pa po njima, gdje budete zapeli i budete imali pitanja, upitajte, ja sam vam ranije nudio pomoć. Ako ne želite time da se bavite nije ni to sporno, samo ne stavljajte šablon kojeg nema u članak. ::Pozdrav, [[Korisnik:Panasko|Panasko]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Panasko|razgovor]]) 14:45, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) :::Kako da naptravim kad me svski čas blokirate. Vidjeli ste koliko je solidnih članaka bilo na čekanju.[[Korisnik:Genetičar|Genetičar]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Genetičar|razgovor]]) 14:54, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) ::::Vidio - pa ispravio, niko nije savršen, idemo dalje![[Korisnik:Genetičar|Genetičar]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Genetičar|razgovor]]) 14:57, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) ::::Za ta blokiranja imate odgovor [[Wikipedia:Čaršija/Tehnika#Dokle_ovako?|ovdje]]. Zar ne vidite dosad da je problem '''samo''' u Vama (bio, nadam se)? No, hajde, valja ići dalje. [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 15:07, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) :::::Popraviću se - imam kad, ko fol...[[Korisnik:Genetičar|Genetičar]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Genetičar|razgovor]]) 15:15, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) ::::Evo prijedlog, ja ću napraviti šablon za otpadne vode i prevesti koliko budem znao terminologiju, vi je dovršite. Je li to ok? Ovdje su meni najveći problem stručni termini. [[Korisnik:Panasko|Panasko]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Panasko|razgovor]]) 17:12, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) :::::Da/Ne? [[Korisnik:Panasko|Panasko]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Panasko|razgovor]]) 13:05, 12 maj 2026 (CEST) ::::::OK, OK, biću džokej! [[Korisnik:Genetičar|Genetičar]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Genetičar|razgovor]]) 13:08, 12 maj 2026 (CEST) :::::::Ne trebate ništa što ne želite, ovdje ja vama nudim pomoć ako želite, ako ne nikome ništa. [[Korisnik:Panasko|Panasko]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Panasko|razgovor]]) 13:17, 12 maj 2026 (CEST) ::::::::Nemam vremena da žalim za bilo čime! Pokažite mi gdje očekujete suradnju.[[Korisnik:Genetičar|Genetičar]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Genetičar|razgovor]]) 15:20, 12 maj 2026 (CEST) ::I po ko zna koji put: gledajte u tastaturu. Kome trebaju "a'''L'''celeracija", "autbri'''G'''inška", "se'''lr'''ecijske" i još stotine i stotine ovakvih slučajeva dosad? [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 14:50, 10 maj 2026 (CEST) == "Prikaži izgled" == {|cellspacing="4" cellpadding="0" style="width: 100%; font-size: 100%; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; border-color:blue; clear: both; position:relative;" | Molimo Vas da za provjeru izgleda stranice koristite dugme "'''{{int:showpreview}}'''".<br />Učestalim korištenjem dugmeta "{{int:publishchanges}}" opterećujete [[Posebno:NedavneIzmjene|nedavne izmjene]] i historiju članka. Hvala na razumijevanju. {{#if:|{{{1}}}}} | [[Datoteka:Slika prikaži izgled.png|desno]] |} [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 12:07, 15 maj 2026 (CEST) : Vidite li Vi ovu poruku? Može se članak srediti i u Wordu, pa potpuno sređen samo prebaciti ovdje. – [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 13:11, 16 maj 2026 (CEST) ::Ma šta mi reče?![[Korisnik:Genetičar|Genetičar]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Genetičar|razgovor]]) 13:12, 16 maj 2026 (CEST) == Prebacivanje članaka == Kad prebacujete članak sa sr.wiki, nemojte infokutije "prevoditi" nego ih prebacite u originalu. Obično onda funcioniraju. Primjer je 11. krajiška brigada. [[User:AnToni|'''<span style="font-size:0.925em; font-family:'Bradley Hand ITC';"><span style="color:red;">A</span><span style="color:black;">n</span><span style="color:red;">T</span><span style="color:green;">o</span><span style="color:gold;">n</span><span style="color:black;">i</span></span>''']]<sub>([[Razgovor sa korisnikom:AnToni|<big><span style="color:red; font-family:'Bradley Hand ITC';">'''''R'''''</span></big>]])</sub> 19:40, 20 maj 2026 (CEST) == GENETIČAR-2 == Šta je s ovim? Jer vidim da "Genetičar" radi. [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 12:44, 26 maj 2026 (CEST) :Ne(t)ko me skinuo i tražio novi korisnički račun. Asli se uplašili da bih (na osnovu brojnih članaka) mogao tražiti neki viši čin, što (sa rezignacijom) odbijam. Molim, vratite mi [[Genetičar]]a, Haseta, Brus-Lija, a eto njima [[silikon]]i [[atom]]ska i [[CIA]]![[Korisnik:Genetičar|Genetičar]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Genetičar|razgovor]]) 13:13, 26 maj 2026 (CEST) ::Niko ga od nas ovdje nije dirao. Ali ovaj iz naslova mora pod blokadu. [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 13:21, 26 maj 2026 (CEST) ::Vi koristite više naloga naizmjenično, nemojte tvrditi da vas neko "skida" ili nešto slično. Ako bi se ovo opisivalo nekom numerom, primjerenija je ona od Letu štuke "Paranoja uzela mi dušu sve mi uzela"! [[Korisnik:Panasko|Panasko]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:Panasko|razgovor]]) 13:30, 26 maj 2026 (CEST) gxxby6dhxcf8kbcjk8rjhy86epz7v4a Krupa (pritoka Vrbasa) 0 534525 3849263 3846404 2026-05-25T12:32:01Z Mhare 481 3849263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija rijeka | ime = Krupa | izvorno_ime = | izvorno_ime_jezik = | drugo_ime = | slika = Panorama Воденице на Врбасу (Крупа на Врбасу) 3.jpg | veličina_slike = | slika_alt = | opis_slike = | slika_karta = | veličina_karte = | karta_alt = | karta_opis = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-coordinates = {{Coord|44|37|04|N|17|08|35|E}} | mapframe-caption = Tok Krupe | mapframe-line = on | mapframe-shape = none | mapframe-point = none | mapframe-marker = water | mapframe-frame-width = 250 | mapframe-frame-height = 200 | dužina_km = oko 4 | izvor = kraško vrelo u [[Krupa na Vrbasu|Krupi na Vrbasu]] | nadmorska visina izvora = | izvor_lat_d = 44 | izvor_lat_m = 37 | izvor_lat_s = 35 | izvor_lat_NS = N | izvor_long_d = 17 | izvor_long_m = 08 | izvor_long_s = 14 | izvor_long_EW = E | ušće = [[Vrbas]] | nadmorska visina ušća = | ušće_lat_d = 44 | ušće_lat_m = 37 | ušće_lat_s = 04 | ušće_lat_NS = N | ušće_long_d = 17 | ušće_long_m = 08 | ušće_long_s = 35 | ušće_long_EW = E | ulijeva_se_u = [[Vrbas]] | etimologija = | prosječni protok = | površina sliva_km2 = | riječni_sistem = [[Vrbas]] | progresija = [[Vrbas]] → [[Sava]] → [[Dunav]] → [[Crno more]] | pritoke = [[Ponor (pritoka Vrbasa)|Ponor]] | lijeve_pritoke = | desne_pritoke = | države kroz koje protiče = {{ZID|Bosna i Hercegovina}} | lokacija = [[Krupa na Vrbasu]], [[Banja Luka]], [[Republika Srpska]] | gradovi kroz koje protiče = [[Krupa na Vrbasu]] | sliv = [[Crnomorski sliv]] | plovnost = Nije plovna }} '''Krupa''' je kratka kraška rijeka u zapadnom dijelu [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosne i Hercegovine]] i lijeva pritoka [[Vrbas]]a. Nalazi se u naselju [[Krupa na Vrbasu]], oko 25 km južno od [[Banja Luka|Banje Luke]], u dolini Vrbasa.<ref name="tors">{{cite web |title=Krupa na Vrbasu |url=https://turizamrs.org/en/krupa-na-vrbasu/ |website=Turistička organizacija Republike Srpske |access-date=15. 5. 2026}}</ref> Duga je približno 4 km i nastaje od rijeke [[Ponor (pritoka Vrbasa)|Ponor]], koja izvire ispod planine Dimitor, ponire u [[Podrašničko polje|Podrašničkom polju]] i ponovo se pojavljuje u Krupi na Vrbasu pod imenom Krupa.<ref name="dinarsko">{{cite web |title=Manjača |url=https://www.dinarskogorje.com/manja269a.html |website=Dinarsko gorje |access-date=15. 5. 2026}}</ref> Nakon kratkog toka ulijeva se u Vrbas, čime pripada slivu [[Sava|Save]], [[Dunav]]a i [[Crno more|Crnog mora]]. == Tok i osobine == Krupa ima izrazit kraški karakter, jer je povezana s poniranjem i ponovnim izbijanjem vode u području između Podrašničkog polja i doline Vrbasa. Najpoznatiji dio toka čine slapovi na Krupi, koji se nalaze oko kilometar prije ušća u Vrbas i pružaju se na približno 100 m riječnog korita.<ref name="dinarsko"/> Uz slapove se nalaze stare vodenice, zbog kojih je područje postalo jedno od prepoznatljivih izletišta u okolini Banje Luke. Rijeka nema plovni značaj, ali ima lokalnu hidrološku, pejzažnu i turističku vrijednost. == Galerija == <gallery mode="packed" heights="80"> Datoteka:Izvor Krupe.jpg|Izvor Krupe u [[Krupa na Vrbasu|Krupi na Vrbasu]] Datoteka:Krupa na Vrbasu from above.jpg|Pogled na Krupu na Vrbasu iz zraka Datoteka:Slapovi Krupe 1.jpg|Slapovi na rijeci Krupi Datoteka:Vodenice 01.jpg|Stare vodenice na Krupi Datoteka:Парк природе Крупа на Врбасу, (2).jpg|Park prirode Krupa na Vrbasu </gallery> == Reference == {{Refspisak}} {{Hidrografija Bosne i Hercegovine}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Krupa, Vrbas}} [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Bosni i Hercegovini]] [[Kategorija:Pritoke Vrbasa]] [[Kategorija:Banja Luka]] phdvn5elvaxmjlp5j9mxg3ppgix1cnn Degeneracija (biologija) 0 534558 3849287 3846798 2026-05-25T13:55:47Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849287 wikitext text/x-wiki Unutar bioloških sistema, '''degeneracija''' se javlja kada strukturno različite komponente/putevi mogu obavljati slične funkcije (tj. efektivno su zamjenjive) pod određenim uslovima, ali obavljaju različite funkcije u drugim uslovima.<ref name="Edelman and Gally">{{cite journal | author = Edelman and Gally | title = Degeneracy and complexity in biological systems | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA | year = 2001 | volume = 98 | issue = 24 | pages = 13763–13768 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.231499798| last2 = Gally | first2 = J. A. |pmc =61115 | pmid=11698650| bibcode = 2001PNAS...9813763E | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mason|first1=Paul H.|title=Degeneracy: Demystifying and destigmatizing a core concept in systems biology|journal=Complexity|date=2 January 2015|volume=20|issue=3|pages=12–21|doi=10.1002/cplx.21534|bibcode=2015Cmplx..20c..12M}}</ref> Degeneracija je stoga relacijsko [[svojstvo]] koje zahtijeva poređenje ponašanja dvije ili više komponenti. Konkretno, ako je degeneracija prisutna u paru komponenti, tada će postojati uslovi u kojima će par izgledati [[funkcionalna redundantnost|funkcionalno redundantno]], ali i drugi uslovi u kojima će se činiti funkcionalno različitim.<ref name="Edelman and Gally"/><ref name="Whitacre">{{cite journal | author = Whitacre | title = Degeneracy: a link between evolvability, robustness and complexity in biological systems | journal = Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling | year = 2010 | volume = 7 | issue = 6 | doi = 10.1186/1742-4682-7-6 | page = 6| arxiv = 0910.2586 | bibcode=2009arXiv0910.2586W | pmid = 20167097 | pmc = 2830971 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Ova upotreba termina praktično nema nikakve veze sa upitno smislenim konceptom evolucijski [[Devolucija|degeneriranih]] [[populacija]] koje su izgubile [[zajednički predak|predačke]] funkcije.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Edelman |first1=Gerald M. |last2=Gally |first2=Joseph A. |date=2001-11-20 |title=Degeneracy and complexity in biological systems |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=98 |issue=24 |pages=13763–13768 |doi=10.1073/pnas.231499798 |doi-access=free |pmc=61115 |pmid=11698650|bibcode=2001PNAS...9813763E }}</ref> == Biološki primjeri == Primjeri degeneracije nalaze se u [[genetički kod|genetičkom kodu]], kada mnogo različitih [[nukleotid|nukleotidnih sekvenci]] kodira isti [[polipeptid]]; u [[savijanje proteina|savijanju proteina]], kada se različiti polipeptidi savijaju, da bi bili strukturno i funkcionalno ekvivalentni; u [[protein]]skim funkcijama, kada se uočavaju preklapajuće funkcije vezivanja i slične [[kataliza|katalitske]] specifičnosti; u [[metabolizam|metabolizmu]], kada mogu koegzistirati višestruki, paralelni [[biosinteza|biosintetski]] i [[katabolizam|katabolitski]] putevi. Općenito, degeneracija se uočava u proteinima svake funkcionalne klase (npr. [[enzim]]ske, strukturne ili regulatorne),<ref name="Atamas">{{cite journal | author = Atamas | title = Les affinités électives | journal = Pour la Science | year = 2005 | volume = 46 | pages = 39–43 }}</ref><ref name="Wagner">{{cite journal | author = Wagner | title = The role of population size, pleiotropy and fitness effects of mutations in the evolution of overlapping gene functions | journal = Genetics | year = 2000 | volume = 154 | issue = 3 | pages = 1389–1401 | doi = 10.1093/genetics/154.3.1389 | pmid = 10757778 | pmc = 1461000}}</ref> skupovi [[proteinski kompleks|proteinskih kompleksa]],<ref name="Kurakin">{{cite journal | author = Kurakin | title = Scale-free flow of life: on the biology, economics, and physics of the cell | journal = Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling | year = 2009 | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pmid=19416527 | doi=10.1186/1742-4682-6-6 | pmc=2683819 | page=6 | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[ontogeneza|ontogeneze]],<ref name="Newman">{{cite journal | author = Newman | title = Generic physical mechanisms of tissue morphogenesis: A common basis for development and evolution | journal = Journal of Evolutionary Biology | year = 1994 | volume = 7 | issue = 4 | page = 480 | doi = 10.1046/j.1420-9101.1994.7040467.x| s2cid = 14216659 | doi-access = }}</ref> [[nervni sistem|nervnog sistema]],<ref name="Tononi et al.">{{cite journal | author = Tononi | title = Measures of degeneracy and redundancy in biological networks | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA | year = 1999 | volume = 96 | issue = 6 | pages = 3257–3262 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.96.6.3257| pmid = 10077671 | last2 = Sporns | first2 = O. | last3 = Edelman | first3 = G. M. |display-authors=etal|pmc =15929 | bibcode = 1999PNAS...96.3257T | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[Ćelijska signalizacija|ćelijska signalizacija]] (preslušavanje) i brojni drugi biološki konteksti. == Doprinos robusnosti == Degeneracija doprinosi [[Robusnost (evolucija)|robusnosti]] [[osobina|bioloških osobina]], putem nekoliko mehanizama. Degenerirane komponente kompenziraju jedna drugu u uslovima u kojima su funkcionalno redundantni, čime se obezbjeđuje robusnost protiv kvara komponenti ili puta. Budući da su degenerirane komponente donekle drugačije, imaju tendenciju da posjeduju jedinstvene osjetljivosti tako da je manje vjerovatno da će ciljani napad, kao što je specifični [[:wikt:inhibitor|inhibitor]], predstavljati rizik za sve komponente odjednom.<ref name="Whitacre" /> Postoje brojni biološki primjeri gdje degeneracija doprinosi robusnosti na ovaj način. Naprimjer, [[Genska porodica|genske porodice]] mogu [[kodon|kodirati]] različite proteine s mnogo različitih uloga, ali ponekad ovi proteini mogu kompenzirati jedni druge tokom gubitka ili potisnutih [[ekspresija gena]], kao što se vidi u razvojnim ulogama genske porodice [[adhezin]]a (sličnih [[imunoglobulin]]ima) u [[rod (biologija)|rodu]] ''[[Saccharomyces]]''.<ref name="Guo et al.">{{cite journal | author = Guo | title = A Saccharomyces gene family involved in invasive growth, cell-cell adhesion, and mating | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA | year = 2000 | volume = 97 | issue = 22 | pages = 12158–12163 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.220420397| last2 = Styles | first2 = C. A. | last3 = Feng | first3 = Q. | last4 = Fink | first4 = G. R. |display-authors=etal| bibcode = 2000PNAS...9712158G | pmc =17311 | pmid=11027318| doi-access = free }}</ref> [[Nutrijent]]i mogu se [[Metabolizam|metabolizirati]] različitim [[metabolički put| metaboličkim putevima]], koji su efektivno zamjenjivi za određene [[metabolit]]e, iako ukupni efekti svakog puta nisu identični.<ref name="Kitano">{{cite journal | author = Kitano | title = Biological robustness | journal = Nature Reviews Genetics | year = 2004 | volume = 5 | issue = 11 | pages = 826–837 | doi = 10.1038/nrg1471 | pmid = 15520792| s2cid = 7644586 }}</ref><ref name="Ma and Zeng">{{cite journal | author = Ma and Zeng | title = The connectivity structure, giant strong component and centrality of metabolic networks | journal = Bioinformatics | year = 2003 | volume = 19 | issue = 11 | pages = 1423–1430 | doi = 10.1093/bioinformatics/btg177 | pmid = 12874056 | last2 = Zeng | first2 = AP| doi-access = free }}</ref> Kod [[kancer]]a, terapije koje ciljaju [[EGF-receptor]] onemogućene su [[Koaktivacija (transkripcija)|koaktivacijom]] alternativnih [[receptorska tirozin-kinaza|receptorskih tirozin kinaza]] (RTK) koje imaju djelimično funkcionalno preklapanje s EGF-receptorom (i stoga su degenerirane), ali nisu ciljane istim specifičnim inhibitorom EGF-receptora.<ref name="Huang et al.">{{cite journal | author = Huang | title = Quantitative analysis of EGFRvIII cellular signaling networks reveals a combinatorial therapeutic strategy for glioblastoma | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | year = 2007 | volume = 104 | issue = 31 | pages = 12867–72 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0705158104 | last2 = Mukasa | first2 = A. | last3 = Bonavia | first3 = R. | last4 = Flynn | first4 = R. A. | last5 = Brewer | first5 = Z. E. | last6 = Cavenee | first6 = W. K. | last7 = Furnari | first7 = F. B. | last8 = White | first8 = F. M.|display-authors=etal | pmid=17646646 | pmc=1937558| bibcode = 2007PNAS..10412867H | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Stommel et al.">{{cite journal | author = Stommel| title = Coactivation of receptor tyrosine kinases affects the response of tumor cells to targeted therapies | journal = Science | year = 2007 | volume = 318 | issue = 5848 | pages = 287–90 | doi = 10.1126/science.1142946 | pmid = 17872411 | last2 = Kimmelman | first2 = AC | last3 = Ying | first3 = H | last4 = Nabioullin | first4 = R | last5 = Ponugoti | first5 = AH | last6 = Wiedemeyer | first6 = R | last7 = Stegh | first7 = AH | last8 = Bradner | first8 = JE | last9 = Ligon | first9 = KL| last10 = Brennan | first10 = C. | last11 = Chin | first11 = L. | last12 = Depinho | first12 = R. A. | display-authors = 8 | bibcode = 2007Sci...318..287S | s2cid = 36607054 | doi-access = free }}</ref> == Teorija == [[slika:Relationships between degeneracy, complexity, robustness, and evolvability.png|thumb|right|300px|Teorijski odnosi između bioloških svojstava koja su važna za evoluciju. Za pregled dokaza koji podržavaju ove odnose, pogledajte.<ref name="Whitacre"/>]] Nekoliko teorijskih dostignuća je istaklo veze između degeneracije i važnih bioloških mjerenja vezanih za robusnost, složenost i [[evolubilnost]]. To uključuje: * Teorijski argumenti podržani simulacijama sugerišu da degeneracija može dovesti do distribuiranih oblika robusnosti u mrežama interakcije proteina.<ref name="Whitacre and Bender">{{cite journal | author = Whitacre and Bender | title = Networked buffering: a basic mechanism for distributed robustness in complex adaptive systems | journal = Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling | year = 2010 | volume = 7 | issue = 20 | page = 20| doi = 10.1186/1742-4682-7-20 | last2 = Bender | first2 = Axel | pmid=20550663 | pmc=2901314 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Ti autori sugeriraju da se slični [[fenomen]]i vjerovatno javljaju i u drugim biološkim mrežama i potencijalno mogu doprinijeti otpornosti [[ekosistem]]a. * Tononi ''i saradnici'' pronašli su dokaze da je degeneracija neodvojiva od postojanja hijerarhijske složenosti u [[neuron]]skim populacijama.<ref name="Tononi i saradnici"/> Oni tvrde da je veza između degeneracije i složenosti vjerovatno mnogo općija. * Prilično apstraktne simulacije podržale su hipotezu da degeneracija fundamentalno mijenja sklonost genetičkog sistema da pristupi novim [[nasljeđivanje|nasljednim]] [[fenotip]]ovima<ref name="Whitacre and Bender_b">{{cite journal | author = Whitacre and Bender | title = Degeneracy: a design principle for achieving robustness and evolvability | journal = Journal of Theoretical Biology | year = 2010 | volume = 263 | issue = 1 | pages = 143–153 | doi = 10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.11.008 | pmid = 19925810 | last2 = Bender | first2 = A|arxiv = 0907.0510 | bibcode = 2010JThBi.263..143W | s2cid = 11511132 }}</ref> i da bi degeneracija stoga mogla biti preduvjet za otvorenu [[evolucija|evoluciju]]. * Tri gore navedene hipoteze integrirane su u<ref name="Whitacre"/> gdje predlažu da degeneracija igra centralnu ulogu u otvorenoj evoluciji biološke složenosti. U istom članku tvrdi se da odsustvo degeneracije unutar mnogih dizajniranih (abiotičkih) kompleksnih sistema može pomoći u objašnjavanju zašto se čini da je robusnost u sukobu s fleksibilnošću i prilagodljivošću, kao što se vidi u softveru, [[sistemskom inženjerstvu]] i [[vještačkom životu]].<ref name="Whitacre"/> == Vidi također == * [[Kanalizacija (genetika)|Kanalizacija]] * [[Ekvifinalnost]] ==Reference== {{Reflist}} == Dodatni izvori == Budući da postoji mnogo različitih tipova sistema koji podležu nasljednim varijacijama i selekciji (vidi [[Univerzalni darvinizam]]), degeneracija je postala izrazito interdisciplinarna tema. Slijedeći tekst pruža kratak vodič za primjenu i proučavanje degeneracije unutar različitih disciplina. '''[[Komunikacija sa životinjama]]''' * {{cite journal | author = Hebets E. A., Barron A. B., Balakrishnan C. N., Hauber M. E., Mason P. H., Hoke K. L. | issue = 1826 | title = A systems approach to animal communication | journal = Proc. R. Soc. B | volume = 283 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2015.2889 | year=2016| pmc = 4810859 | pmid=26936240}} '''[[Kulturna varijacija]]''' * {{cite journal | author = Downey G | year = 2012 | title = Cultural variation in rugby skills: A preliminary neuroanthropological report | journal = Annals of Anthropological Practice | volume = 36 | issue = 1| pages = 26–44 | doi=10.1111/j.2153-9588.2012.01091.x}} '''[[Ekosistem]]i''' * {{cite journal | author = Atamas S., Bell J. | year = 2009 | title = Degeneracy-Driven Self-Structuring Dynamics in Selective Repertoires | journal = Bulletin of Mathematical Biology | volume = 71 | issue = 6| pages = 1349–1365 | doi=10.1007/s11538-009-9404-z| pmc = 3707519 | pmid=19337776}} '''[[Epigenetika]]''' * {{cite journal | author = Maleszka R., Mason P.H., Barron A.B. | year = 2014 | title = Epigenomics and the concept of degeneracy in biological systems | journal = Briefings in Functional Genomics | volume = 13| issue = 3| pages = 191–202| doi = 10.1093/bfgp/elt050 | pmid = 24335757 | pmc = 4031454 | doi-access = free }} '''[[Historija i filozofija nauke]]''' * {{cite journal | author = Mason P.H. | year = 2010 | title = Degeneracy at Multiple Levels of Complexity | journal = Biological Theory | volume = 5 | issue = 3| pages = 277–288 | doi=10.1162/biot_a_00041| s2cid = 83846240 }} '''[[Sistemska biologija]]''' * {{cite journal | author = Solé R.V., Ferrer-Cancho R., Montoya J.M., Valverde S. | year = 2002 | title = Selection, tinkering, and emergence in complex networks | url = http://complex.upf.es/~ricard/complexityNETS.pdf | journal = Complexity | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | pages = 20–33 | doi = 10.1002/cplx.10055 | bibcode = 2002Cmplx...8a..20S | hdl = 2117/176298 | access-date = 16. 5. 2026 | archive-date = 29. 5. 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220529235305/http://complex.upf.es/~ricard/complexityNETS.pdf | url-status = dead }} * {{cite journal | author = Whitacre J.M., Bender A. | year = 2010 | title = Networked buffering: a basic mechanism for distributed robustness in complex adaptive systems | journal = Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling | volume = 7 | issue = 20 | page = 20 | bibcode = 2009arXiv0912.1961W | arxiv = 0912.1961 | doi = 10.1186/1742-4682-7-20 | pmid=20550663 | pmc=2901314 | doi-access = free }} * {{cite journal | author = Mason P.H. | year = 2015 | title = Degeneracy: Demystifying and destigmatizing a core concept in systems biology | journal = Complexity | volume = 20 | issue = 3| pages = 12–21 | doi = 10.1002/cplx.21534 | bibcode = 2015Cmplx..20c..12M }} * {{cite journal | author = Mason P.H., Domínguez D. J.F., Winter B., Grignolio A. | year = 2015 | title = Hidden in plain view: degeneracy in complex systems | journal = BioSystems | volume = 128 | pages = 1–8 | doi = 10.1016/j.biosystems.2014.12.003 | pmid = 25543071 | bibcode = 2015BiSys.128....1M }} '''[[Evolucija]]''' * {{cite journal | author = Edelman G.M., Gally J.A. | year = 2001 | title = Degeneracy and complexity in biological systems | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA | volume = 98 | issue = 24| pages = 13763–13768 | doi=10.1073/pnas.231499798| bibcode = 2001PNAS...9813763E | pmid=11698650 | pmc=61115| doi-access = free }} * {{cite journal | author = Whitacre J.M. | year = 2010 | title = Degeneracy: a link between evolvability, robustness and complexity in biological systems | journal = Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling | volume = 7 | issue = 6 | page = 6 | bibcode = 2009arXiv0910.2586W | arxiv = 0910.2586 | doi = 10.1186/1742-4682-7-6 | pmid = 20167097 | pmc = 2830971 | doi-access = free }} * {{cite journal | author = Whitacre J.M., Bender A. | year = 2010 | title = Degeneracy: a design principle for achieving robustness and evolvability | journal = Journal of Theoretical Biology | volume = 263 | issue = 1| pages = 143–53 | doi=10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.11.008 | pmid=19925810| arxiv = 0907.0510 | bibcode = 2010JThBi.263..143W | s2cid = 11511132 }} * {{cite journal | author = Whitacre J.M., Atamas S.P. | year = 2011| title = The Diversity Paradox: How Nature Resolves an Evolutionary Dilemma | bibcode = 2011arXiv1112.3115W | arxiv=1112.3115}} '''[[Imunologija]]''' * {{cite journal | author = Cohn M | year = 2005 | title = Degeneracy, mimicry and crossreactivity in immune recognition | journal = Molecular Immunology | volume = 42 | issue = 5| pages = 651–655 | doi=10.1016/j.molimm.2004.09.010| pmid = 15607824 }} * Cohen, I.R., U. Hershberg, and S. Solomon, 2004 Antigen-receptor degeneracy and immunological paradigms. Molecular Immunology, . 40(14–15) pp.&nbsp;993–996. * Tieri, P., G.C. Castellani, D. Remondini, S. Valensin, J. Loroni, S. Salvioli, and C. Franceschi, Capturing degeneracy of the immune system. In Silico Immunology. Springer, 2007. * {{cite journal | author = Tieri P., Grignolio A., Zaikin A., Mishto M., Remondini D., Castellani G.C., Franceschi C. | year = 2010 | title = Network, degeneracy and bow tie. Integrating paradigms and architectures to grasp the complexity of the immune system | journal = Theor Biol Med Model | volume = 7 | page = 32 | doi=10.1186/1742-4682-7-32| pmid = 20701759 | pmc = 2927512 | doi-access = free }} '''[[Vještački život]], [[Računska inteligencija]]''' * Andrews, P.S. and J. Timmis, A Computational Model of Degeneracy in a Lymph Node. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2006. 4163: p.&nbsp;164. * Mendao, M., J. Timmis, P.S. Andrews, and M. Davies. The Immune System in Pieces: Computational Lessons from Degeneracy in the Immune System. in Foundations of Computational Intelligence (FOCI). 2007. * Whitacre, J.M. and A. Bender. Degenerate neutrality creates evolvable fitness landscapes. in WorldComp-2009. 2009. Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. * Whitacre, J.M., P. Rohlfshagen, X. Yao, and A. Bender. The role of degenerate robustness in the evolvability of multi-agent systems in dynamic environments. in PPSN XI. 2010. Kraków, Poland. * {{cite journal | author = Macia J., Solé R. | year = 2009 | title = Distributed robustness in cellular networks: insights from synthetic evolved circuits | journal = Journal of the Royal Society Interface| volume = 6 | issue = 33| pages = 393–400 | doi=10.1098/rsif.2008.0236| pmid = 18796402 | pmc = 2658657 }} * Fernandez-Leon, J.A. (2011). Evolving cognitive-behavioural dependencies in situated agents for behavioural robustness. BioSystems 106, pp.&nbsp;94–110.<ref name=jaf2011a>{{cite journal | title = Evolving cognitive-behavioural dependencies in situated agents for behavioural robustness | journal = BioSystems | year = 2011 | first = J.A. | last = Fernandez-Leon | volume = 106 | issue = 2–3 | pages = 94–110 | doi= 10.1016/j.biosystems.2011.07.003 | pmid=21840371| bibcode = 2011BiSys.106...94F }}</ref> * Fernandez-Leon, J.A. (2011). Behavioural robustness: a link between distributed mechanisms and coupled transient dynamics. BioSystems 105, Elsevier, pp.&nbsp;49–61.<ref name=jaf2011b>{{cite journal | title = Behavioural robustness: a link between distributed mechanisms and coupled transient dynamics | journal = BioSystems | year = 2011 | first = J.A. | last = Fernandez-Leon | volume = 105 | issue = 1 | pages = 49–61 | doi= 10.1016/j.biosystems.2011.03.006 | pmid=21466836| bibcode = 2011BiSys.105...49F }}</ref> * Fernandez-Leon, J.A. (2010). Evolving experience-dependent robust behaviour in embodied agents. BioSystems 103:1, Elsevier, pp.&nbsp;45–56.<ref name=jaf2010>{{cite journal | title = Evolving experience-dependent robust behaviour in embodied agents | journal = BioSystems | year = 2010 | first = J.A. | last = Fernandez-Leon | volume = 103 | issue = 1 | pages = 45–56 | doi= 10.1016/j.biosystems.2010.09.010 | pmid=20932875}}</ref> '''[[Mozak]]''' * Price, C. and K. Friston, Degeneracy and cognitive anatomy. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2002. 6(10) pp.&nbsp;416–421. * Tononi, G., O. Sporns, and G.M. Edelman, Measures of degeneracy and redundancy in biological networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 1999. 96(6) pp.&nbsp;3257–3262. * Mason, P.H. (2014) What is normal? A historical survey and neuroanthropological perspective, in Jens Clausen and Neil Levy. (Eds.) Handbook of Neuroethics, Springer, pp.&nbsp;343–363. '''[[Lingvistika]]''' * {{cite journal | author = Winter B | year = 2014 | title = Spoken language achieves robustness and evolvability by exploiting degeneracy and neutrality | journal = BioEssays | volume = 36 | issue = 10| pages = 960–967 | doi = 10.1002/bies.201400028 | pmid = 25088374 | s2cid = 27876941 }} '''[[Onkologija]]''' * Tian, T., S. Olson, J.M. Whitacre, and A. Harding, The origins of cancer robustness and evolvability. Integrative Biology, 2011. 3: pp.&nbsp;17–30. '''[[Recenzija]]''' * Lehky, S., Peer Evaluation and Selection Systems: Adaptation and Maladaptation of Individuals and Groups through Peer Review. 2011: BioBitField Press. === Istraživači === * [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Duarte_Araujo Duarte Araujo] * [https://medschool.umaryland.edu/facultyresearchprofile/viewprofile.aspx?id=3151 Sergei Atamas] * [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andrew_Barron2?_sg=rxhRChyvrnsXGFMa1rxZvUJzHg50M7U7PTQORYjUN3k%2FCTf2AcbHTkozy77nui1K_6mW%2FLGmQwuXVZmCFdtVsaF5AYtOB68Eay7ed%2FsI%2F8BPDHkzm6ZTqX2OXngRpE99A Andrew Barron] * [https://www.researchgate.net/researcher/38130543_Keith_Davids Keith Davids] * [[Gerald Edelman]] * [http://biology.anu.edu.au/Richard_maleszka/ Ryszard Maleszka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319101136/http://biology.anu.edu.au/Richard_maleszka/ |date=2013-03-19 }} * [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Paul_Mason12 Paul Mason] * [https://www.researchgate.net/researcher/38643511_Ludovic_Seifert Ludovic Seifert] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110504024735/http://www.santafe.edu/about/people/profile/Ricard%20Sol%C3%A9 Ricard Sole] * [[Giulio Tononi]] * [https://sites.google.com/site/jamesmwhitacre/Home James Whitacre] ==Vanjski linkovi== * [https://degeneracy.wordpress.com degeneracy research community] {{DEFAULTSORT:Degeneracy (Biology)}} [[Kategorija:Koncepti u biologiji]] [[Kategorija: Biološke teorije]] [[Kategorija: Evolucijski značajni biološki fenomeni]] [[Kategorija: Sistemska biologija]] [[Kategorija: Evolucijska dinamika]] [[Kategorija: Evolucijski procesi]] mev7gbs70bu2np9kkj9d6dvm6ajtwc0 Dobra (rijeka) 0 534652 3849314 3848271 2026-05-25T17:03:51Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 2 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849314 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija rijeka | ime = Dobra | slika = | veličina_slike = | slika_alt = | opis_slike = Pogled na novi Grad na rijeci Dobri | slika_karta = | veličina_karte = | karta_alt = | karta_opis = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-line = on | mapframe-shape = none | mapframe-point = none | izvorno_ime = | izvorno_ime_jezik = | drugo_ime = | izvor = [[Gornja Dobra]], [[Skrad]], [[Gorski kotar]], Hrvatska | izvor_koordinate = {{coord|45.23553|14.57554|format=dms|display=it}} | ušće = [[Kupa]] | ušće_koordinate = {{coord|45.5494|15.5237|format=dms}} | progresija = [[Kupa]]→ [[Sava]]→ [[Dunav]]→ [[Crno more]] | države kroz koje protiče = [[Hrvatska]] | lokacija = | etimologija = | dužina = 104,2&nbsp;km | dužina_km = | dužina_mi = | nadmorska visina izvora = 700 | nadmorska visina ušća = 112 | prosječni protok = | sliv = [[Crno more|Crnomorski]] | površina sliva = 1.428 | riječni_sistem = | lijeve_pritoke = | desne_pritoke = | prazno_ime = | prazno_info = | plovnost = Nije plovna}} '''Dobra''' je [[rijeka]] koja se većim dijelom nalazi u [[Karlovačka županija|Karlovačkoj županiji]] u [[Hrvatska|Hrvatskoj]]. Duga je 104,2&nbsp;kilometra, a njen sliv pokriva površinu od 1.428&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.[1] Njeno ime je ženski oblik hrvatskog pridjeva koji znači "dobar", ali je previše pojednostavljena narodna etimologija. Naziv rijeke vjerovatno potiče od keltskog prijevoda cel - prijevod dubrum, dubron što znači 'voda', ilirskog δυβρις (dybris) 'dubok' ili staroslavenskog dъbrь (dubri, debra) također 'duboka' ili 'dolina'. Dobra izvire u [[Gorski kotar|Gorskom kotaru]] blizu [[Skrad]]a i [[Ravna Gora (Hrvatska)|Ravne Gore]], gdje teče prvo prema sjeveru, a zatim skreće prema istoku. Teče pored [[Vrbovsko]]g, prema jugoistoku, te ponre u [[Ogulin]]u. Sjeverno od Ogulina oštro skreće prema sjeveru i vraća se na površinu. Nastavlja prema sjeveroistoku, pored toplica Lešće i hidroelektrane (izgrađene i u probnom radu od 2010), teče paralelno s [[Kupa|Kupom]] i [[Mrežnica (rijeka)|Mrežnicom]], te se konačno ulijeva u Kupu sjeverno od [[Karlovac|Karlovca]]. Rijeka Dobra bogata je ribom i pticama. Gornja i Donja Dobra obiluju potočnom i kalifornijskom pastrmkom, lipljanom, klenom, mrenom, ukljom, šaranom i linjakom, sve u Gornjoj Dobri, dok je Donja Dobra jedna od rijetkih hrvatskih rijeka koja ima vrste riba poput mladice, štuke, klena, plovka i mrene.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.huchen-angler.com/rijeka_dobra|title=Rijeka Dobra - Zaneseni Ribar|last=Daniel Kasaj, dkasaj@gmail.com; Tomislav Šagud, tsagud@gmail.com|website=www.huchen-angler.com|access-date=2026-05-18|archive-date=20. 9. 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920034025/http://www.huchen-angler.com/rijeka_dobra|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sjeverno od Ogulina, u blizini Gojaka, voda Dobre se koristi za [[Hidroelektrana Gojak|hidroelektranu Gojak]], hidroelektranu izgrađenu za korištenje rijeka Dobre i Mrežnice. [[Hidroelektrana Lešće]] je 2010. počela s radom na dijelu rijeke Dobre.<ref>[http://www.obnovljivi.com/obnovljivi-izvori-energije-u-regiji/318-hidroelektrana-lesce] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103191536/http://www.obnovljivi.com/obnovljivi-izvori-energije-u-regiji/318-hidroelektrana-lesce |date=3. 11. 2012 }} "Hydroelectric power plant Lešće", www.obnovljivi.com, 2010.</ref> Preko Dobre su izgrađena dva autoputna mosta: most Dobra (A1) i most Dobra (A6). == Sliv == Pritoke Gornje Dobre uključuju [[Vitunjčica|Vitunjčicu]], [[Turković potok]], [[Zlatinac]], [[Vušljivac]], [[Brozovac]], [[Kamačnik]] i druge.<ref name="HOKc">{{cite map |date=1983 |author=Državna geodetska uprava |section=Ogulin: 5 G 18 - 37 |title=Hrvatska osnovna kartau mjerilu 1:5000 |url=https://geoportal.dgu.hr}}</ref> Pritoke Donje Dobre uključuju [[Bistrica (Dobra)|Bistricu]], [[Ribnjak (potok)|Ribnjak]], [[Bosiljevski potok]] (podzemno ušće), [[Globornica|Globornicu]] (sa pritokom [[Sušica (Dobra)|Sušicom]]), [[Potok Mračinski]] (podzemno ušće), [[Potok Draganački]] (podzemno ušće), [[Jastrebica|Jastrebicu]] i druge. == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Dodatna literatura == === Geologija === * {{cite journal |date=1968 |first=Stjepan |last=Bahun |title=Geološka osnova hidrogeoloških odnosa krškog područja između Slunja i Vrbovskog |language=sh |trans-title=Geological basis of the hydrogeological relations in the karst area between Slunj and Vrbovsko |pages=19–82 |url=https://geoloski-vjesnik.hgi-cgs.hr/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/1968_Bahun_303.pdf |journal=Geološki Vjesnik |issn=0016-7924 |volume=21}} === Hidrologija === * {{cite journal |date=2011-09-30 |first=Krešimir |last=Žganec |title=The effects of water diversion and climate change on hydrological alteration and temperature regime of karst rivers in central Croatia |pages=5705–5723 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/215866098 |doi=10.1007/s10661-011-2375-1 |doi-access=free |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |eissn=1573-2959 |volume=184 |issue=9}} * {{cite book |date=2014 |first1=Ankica |last1=Senta Marić |publisher=Zigo |first2=Radovan |last2=Čepelak |first3=Damir |last3=Andabaka |chapter=Rijeka Dobra s pritocima |pages=61–66 |title=13.stručni sastanak laboratorija ovlaštenih za ispitivanje voda |location=Rijeka |language=hr |trans-title=The River Dobra with Tributaries}} * {{cite journal |date=2017-06-30 |first1=Krešimir |last1=Pavlić |first2=Zoran |last2=Kovač |first3=Toni |last3=Jurlina |title=Trend analysis of mean and high flows in response to climate warming - Evidence from karstic catchments in Croatia |pages=157–174 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/186336 |journal=Geofizika |eissn=1846-6346 |volume=34 |issue=1}} * {{cite journal |date=2018-03-01 |first1=Krešimir |last1=Pavlić |first2=Daniel |last2=Jakobović |title=High flows from Gornja Dobra basin |pages=45–52 |url=https://ojs.srce.hr/index.php/rgn/article/view/6008 |doi=10.17794/rgn.2018.3.5 |doi-access=free |journal=Rudarsko-geološko-Naftni Zbornik |eissn=1849-0409 |volume=33 |issue=3}} {{Hidrografija Hrvatske}} [[Kategorija:Rijeke u Hrvatskoj]] [[Kategorija:Pritoke Kupe]] nvo22udhrsa2wi553fa92ho3269go5p Diabetes insipidus 0 534734 3849457 3847820 2026-05-26T11:36:37Z Genetičar 181151 3849457 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italic title}} {{Razlikovati|Diabetes mellitus|dijabetes|šećerna bolest}} {{Infokutija zdravstveno stanje | ime = ''Diabetes insipidus'' | slika = Arginine vasopressin3d.png | opis_slike = [[Vazopresin]] | specijalnost = [[Endokrinologija]] | simptomi = Velike količine razrijeđenog urina, povećana žeđ | komplikacije = [[Dehidracija]], [[epilepsijski napad|napadi]] | pojava = Bilo koja [[životna dob]] | trajanje =Dugo do doživotno | vrste = {{Plainlist| * AVP-D ([[Centralni dijabetes insipidus|centralni]]) * AVP-R ([[Nefrogeni dijabetes insipidus|nefrogeni]]) * dipsogeni * gestacijski}} | uzroci = Zavisi od tipa | rizici =Slabljenje srca, [[tromboza]] | dijagnoza = [[urinski test|Analiza urina]], [[analiza krvi]], [[test deprivacije tekućine]] | diferencijalna_dijagnoza = [[Dijabetes]] melits | prevencija =Nemoguća | liječenje = Dovoljno pijenja tekućine | lijek = [[Desmopresin]], [[tiazidi]], [[aspirin]] | prognoza = Dobra, uz liječenje | frekvencija = 3/100.000 godišnje | smrtnost =Uz zapuštanje, moguća usljed sekundarnih posljedica }} '''''Diabetes insipidus''''' ('''DI''') jest [[Bolest|stanje]] koje karakterizira [[izlučivanje]] [[Poliurija|velike količine razrijeđenog urina]] i [[Polidipsija|povećana žeđ]].<ref name="NIH2015">{{Cite web |date=October 2015 |title=Diabetes Insipidus |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/diabetes-insipidus |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513120920/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/diabetes-insipidus |archive-date=13 May 2017 |access-date=28 May 2017 |website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases}}</ref> Količina proizvedenog urina može biti gotovo 20 litara dnevno.<ref name=NIH2015/> Smanjenje tečnosti ima mali uticaj na koncentraciju urina.<ref name=NIH2015/> Komplikacije mogu uključivati [[dehidraciju]] ili [[epilepsijski napad|napadaje]].<ref name=NIH2015/> ==Znaci i simptomi== Prekomjerno mokrenje i ekstremna [[žeđ]] i [[polidipsija|povećan unos tekućine]] (posebno hladne vode, a ponekad i [[led]]a ili ledene vode) tipični su za DI.<ref>{{Cite web |last=USE |title=Diabetes insipidus - PubMed Health |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001415/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829121450/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001415/ |archive-date=2012-08-29 |access-date=2012-05-28 |publisher=Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> Simptomi prekomjernog mokrenja i ekstremne žeđi slični su onima koji se javljaju kod neliječenog dijabetesa, s tom razlikom što urin ne sadrži [[glukoza|glukozu]]. Zamagljen vid je rijetkost. Znakovi dehidracije mogu se pojaviti i kod nekih osoba jer tijelo ne može pravilno regulirati količinu vode koju unosi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Watts |first=Mike |date=2019-01-15 |title=Dehydration and Diabetes |url=https://www.diabetes.co.uk/dehydration-and-diabetes.html |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=Diabetes |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ekstremno [[mokrenje]] nastavlja se tokom dana i noći. Kod djece, DI može uticati na apetit, jedenje, debljanje i rast. Mogu se javiti sa [[groznica|groznicom]], [[povraćanje]]m ili [[dijareja|dijarejom]]. Odrasli s neliječenom DI mogu ostati zdravi decenijama sve dok konzumiraju dovoljno vode da nadoknade gubitak urina. Međutim, postoji kontinuirani rizik od dehidracije i gubitka kalija, što može dovesti do [[hipokalemija|hipokalemije]].<ref name="Hypokalemia">{{cite journal |last1=Nepali |first1=Anil |last2=Adhikari |first2=Prakriti |last3=Shah |first3=Amit |last4=Paudel |first4=Shailes |last5=Bhandari |first5=Prakriti |title=Hypokalemia Induced Partial Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus: A Case Report |journal=Journal of Nepal Medical Association |date=29 February 2024 |volume=62 |issue=271 |pages=217–219 |doi=10.31729/jnma.8501 |pmid=39356781 |publisher=Nepal Medical Association |issn=1815-672X |pmc=10924483}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Diabetes Insipidus vs. Diabetes Mellitus |url=https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/diabetes-insipidus-vs-diabetes-mellitus}}</ref> ==Uzrok== Nekoliko oblika dijabetesa insipidusa su: ===Centralni=== {{glavni|Centralni dijabetes insipidus}} Centralni (ili ''neurogeni'') dijabetes insipidus ima mnogo mogućih uzroka. Prema literaturi, glavni uzroci centralnog dijabetesa insipidusa i njihova često citirana približna učestalost su sljedeći: * [[Idiopatska bolest|Idiopatski]] – 30% (uključujući [[autoimunost|autoimunske]], [[nasljeđivanje]] i porodične oblike)<ref name="Idiopathic CDI">{{cite journal |last1=Fabre |first1=Larissa |last2=Silva |first2=Viviane Calice da |title=Idiopathic partial central diabetes insipidus |journal=Einstein (São Paulo) |date=27 January 2023 |volume=21 |doi=10.31744/einstein_journal/2023RC0124 |pmid=36790249 |at=Etiology |article-number=eRC0124 |publisher=Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa Albert Einstein – IIEPAE |location=São Paulo, Brazil |issn=2317-6385 |pmc=9897711}}</ref> * Maligni ili benigni tumori [[mozak|mozga]] ili [[hipofiza|hipofize]] – 23%<ref name="CDI tumor">{{cite journal |last1=Modawi |first1=Imad |last2=Barger |first2=Geoffrey R. |last3=Rossi |first3=Noreen F. |title=Central diabetes insipidus and adipsia due to astrocytoma: diagnosis and management |journal=CEN Case Reports |date=May 2013 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=11–16 |doi=10.1007/s13730-012-0030-5 |pmid=28509212 |publisher=© Springer Nature |pmc=5411518}}</ref> * Kranijalna hirurgija – 20%<ref name="CDI surgery">{{cite journal |last1=Mutter |first1=Cody M |last2=Smith |first2=Trevor |last3=Menze |first3=Olivia |last4=Zakharia |first4=Mariah |last5=Nguyen |first5=Hoang |title=Diabetes Insipidus: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Clinical Management |journal=Cureus |date=23 February 2021 |volume=13 |issue=2 |doi=10.7759/cureus.13523 |pmid=33786230 |at=Etiology |publisher=Florida Medical Student Research Publications |doi-access=free |pmc=7996474}}</ref> * [[Trauma glave]] – varira, 16– 30,6%<ref name="CDI trauma">{{cite journal |last1=Capatina |first1=Cristina |last2=Paluzzi |first2=Alessandro |last3=Mitchell |first3=Rosalid |last4=Karavitaki |first4=Niki |title=Diabetes Insipidus after Traumatic Brain Injury |journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine |date=13 July 2015 |volume=4 |issue=7 |pages=1448–1462 |doi=10.3390/jcm4071448 |pmid=26239685 |publisher=© 1996-2025 MDPI |location=Basel, Switzerland |doi-access=free |issn=2077-0383 |pmc=4519799}}</ref> ===Nefrogeni=== {{glavni|Nefrogeni dijabetes insipidus}} Nefrogeni dijabetes insipidus nastaje zbog nemogućnosti [[bubreg]]a da normalno reaguje na [[vazopresin]].<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bichet DG |date=April 2006 |title=Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus |journal=Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=96–104 |doi=10.1053/j.ackd.2006.01.006 |pmid=16580609}}</ref> ===Dipsogeni=== Dipsogeni DI ili [[primarna polidipsija]] nastaje zbog prekomjernog unosa tekućine, a ne zbog nedostatka [[arginin]]skog [[vazopresin]]a. Može biti posljedica defekta ili oštećenja mehanizma za žeđ, koji se nalazi u [[hipotalamus]]u,<ref name="pmid16544179">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Perkins RM, Yuan CM, Welch PG |date=March 2006 |title=Dipsogenic diabetes insipidus: report of a novel treatment strategy and literature review |journal=Clin. Exp. Nephrol. |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=63–7 |doi=10.1007/s10157-005-0397-0 |pmid=16544179 |s2cid=6874287}}</ref> ili zbog [[mentalna bolest|mentalne bolesti. Liječenje [[dezmopresin]]om može dovesti do [[trovanje vodom| trovanja vodom]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2017 |title=Diabetes insipidus |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/diabetes-insipidus/treatment/}}</ref> ===Gestacijska inkontinencija=== [[Gestacijska inkontinencija]] javlja se samo tokom [[trudnoća]] i postporođajnog perioda. Tokom trudnoće, žene proizvode [[vazopresinaza| vazopresinazu]] u [[placenta|posteljici]], koja razgrađuje [[antidiuretski hormon]] (ADH). Smatra se da se gestacijska inkontinencija javlja sa prekomjernom proizvodnjom i/ili oštećenim [[klirens (farmakologija)|klirensom]] vazopresinaze.<ref name="pmid17308961">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kalelioglu I, Kubat Uzum A, Yildirim A, Ozkan T, Gungor F, Has R |year=2007 |title=Transient gestational diabetes insipidus diagnosed in successive pregnancies: review of pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and management of delivery |journal=Pituitary |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=87–93 |doi=10.1007/s11102-007-0006-1 |pmid=17308961 |s2cid=9493532}}</ref> Većina slučajeva gestacijske inkontinencije žeđi može se liječiti dezmopresinom (DDAVP), ali ne i [[vazopresin]]om. Međutim, u rijetkim slučajevima, abnormalnost u mehanizmu osjećaja žeđi uzrokuje gestacijsku inkontinenciju žeđi, te se dezmopresin ne smije koristiti.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ananthakrishnan |first=Sonia |date=March 2016 |title=Diabetes insipidus during pregnancy |journal=Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=305–315 |doi=10.1016/j.beem.2016.02.005 |pmid=27156766}}</ref> ''Diabetes insipidus'' također je povezana s nekim ozbiljnim bolestima trudnoće, uključujući [[preeklampsija|preeklampsiju]],<ref name="GDI preeclampsia">{{cite journal |last1=Goldrich |first1=Alisa |last2=Yuan |first2=Jessica |last3=Stohl |first3=Hindi |title=Postpartum gestational diabetes insipidus related to preeclampsia: A case report |journal=Case Reports in Women's Health |date=March 2023 |volume=37 |article-number=e00487 |doi=10.1016/j.crwh.2023.e00487 |pmid=36852008 |publisher=Elsevier Inc. |pmc=9958416}}</ref> [[HELLP-sindrom]] i [[akutna masna jetra u trudnoći|akutni masnu jetru u trudnoćp]]. Ovi uzroci DI-a smanjujući jetreno čišćenje cirkulirajuće vazopresinaze.<ref name="GDI">{{cite journal |last1=Marques |first1=Pedro |last2=Gunawardana |first2=Kavinga |last3=Grossman |first3=Ashley |title=Transient diabetes insipidus in pregnancy |journal=Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Case Reports |date=1 October 2015 |volume=2015 |doi=10.1530/EDM-15-0078 |pmid=26524979 |publisher=© 2024 Bioscientifica Ltd |issn=2052-0573 |pmc=4626653}}</ref><ref name="GDI HELLP">{{cite journal |last1=Gambito |first1=Renela |last2=Chan |first2=Michael |last3=Sheta |first3=Mohamed |last4=Ramirez-Arao |first4=Precious |last5=Gurm |first5=Harmeet |last6=Tunkel |first6=Allan |last7=Nivera |first7=Noel |title=Gestational Diabetes Insipidus Associated with HELLP Syndrome: A Case Report |journal=Case Reports in Nephrology |date=2012 |volume=2012 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1155/2012/640365 |pmid=24555139 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc |doi-access=free |issn=2090-6641 |pmc=3914197}}</ref><ref name="GDI fatty liver">{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=H.J. |last2=Chou |first2=T.H. |last3=Lee |first3=Y.C. |last4=Au |first4=H.K. |title=Acute fatty liver during pregnancy and gestational diabetes insipidus: a case report |journal=Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics & Gynecology |date=15 June 2020 |volume=47 |doi=10.31083/j.ceog.2020.03.5222 |url=https://www.imrpress.com/journal/CEOG/47/3/10.31083/j.ceog.2020.03.5222 |access-date=8 September 2025 |publisher=IMR Press |issn=2709-0094|doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Patofiziologija== [[Homeostaza]] [[elektrolit]]a i volumena složen je mehanizam koji uravnotežuje tjelesne potrebe za [[krvni pritisak| krvnim pritiskom]] i glavnim elektrolitima [[natrij]]em i [[kalij]]em. Općenito, regulacija elektrolita prethodi regulaciji volumena. Međutim, kada je volumen ozbiljno smanjen, tijelo će zadržavati vodu na štetu poremećaja nivoa elektrolita.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Watson |first1=Fiona |last2=Austin |first2=Pauline |date=2021-10-01 |title=Physiology of human fluid balance |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1472029921001818 |journal=Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine |language=en |volume=22 |issue=10 |pages=644–651 |doi=10.1016/j.mpaic.2021.07.010 |issn=1472-0299|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Regulacija proizvodnje urina odvija se u [[hipotalamus]]u, koji proizvodi [[vazopresin]] (ADH) u supraoptičkom i paraventrikularnom jezgru. Nakon sinteze, [[hormon]] transportuje se u neurosekretornim granulama niz [[akson]] hipotalamusnog neurona do [[zadnji režanj hipofize|stražnjeg režnja hipofize]], gdje se skladišti za kasnije oslobađanje. Osim toga, hipotalamus reguliše osjećaj žeđi u ventromedijalnom jezgru osjećajući povećanje [[osmolarnost]]i seruma i prenoseći ove informacije u [[korteks|moždanu koru]].<ref name="CDI surgery" /><ref name="Hypothalamus">{{cite journal |last1=Roger |first1=Coleen |last2=Lasbleiz |first2=Adèle |last3=Guye |first3=Maxime |last4=Dutour |first4=Anne |last5=Gaborit |first5=Bénédicte |last6=Ranjeva |first6=Jean-Philippe |title=The Role of the Human Hypothalamus in Food Intake Networks: An MRI Perspective |journal=Frontiers in Nutrition |date=3 January 2022 |volume=8 |issue=2021 |article-number=760914 |doi=10.3389/fnut.2021.760914 |pmid=35047539 |publisher=Frontiers Media S.A. |doi-access=free |issn=2296-861X |pmc=8762294}}</ref> Neurogeni/centralni DI rezultat je nedostatka [[ADH]]; može se povremeno manifestirati smanjenom žeđi jer se regulacija žeđi i proizvodnje ADH odvijaju u neposrednoj blizini u hipotalamusu. Javlja se kao rezultat hipoksilske encefalopatije, neurohirurgije, [[autoimunost]]i ili [[kancer|raka]], ili ponekad bez osnovnog uzroka (idiopatska).<ref name="Neurogenic DI">{{cite journal |last1=Flynn |first1=Kathryn |last2=Hatfield |first2=Jennifer |last3=Brown |first3=Kevin |last4=Vietor |first4=Nicole |last5=Hoang |first5=Thanh |title=Central and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: updates on diagnosis and management |journal=Frontiers in Endocrinology |date=8 January 2025 |volume=15 |issue=2024 |article-number=1479764 |doi=10.3389/fendo.2024.1479764 |pmid=39845881 |publisher=Frontiers Media S.A. |doi-access=free |issn=1664-2392 |pmc=11750692}}</ref> Glavni efektorski organ za homeostazu [[tjelesna tečnost|tečnosti]] je [[bubreg]]. ADH djeluje povećanjem propusnosti vode u [[sabirnim kanalić|sabirnim kanalićima]] i [[distalni izavijeni tubul| distalnim zavijenim tubulima]]; specifično, djeluje na proteine zvane [[akvaporin]]i, a preciznije na akvaporin 2 u sljedećoj kaskadi. Kada se oslobodi, ADH se veže za receptore spregnute sa V2 G-proteinom, unutar distalnih izuvijanih kanalića, povećavajući [[ciklički AMP]], koji se spaja sa [[protein- kinaza A|protein-kinazom A]], stimulišući translokaciju kanala akvaporin 2 koji se nalazi u [[citoplazma| citoplazmi]] distalnih izavijanih tubula i sabirnih kanalića u apikalnu membranu. Ovi transkribovani kanali propuštaju vodu u ćelije sabirnih kanalića. Povećanje propusnosti omogućava reapsorpciju vode u [[krvotok]], čime se koncentriše [[urin]].<ref name="Vasopressin">{{cite journal |last1=Cuzzo |first1=Brian |last2=Padala |first2=Sandeep A. |last3=Lappin |first3=Sarah L. |title=Physiology, Vasopressin |journal=StatPearls |date=14 August 2023 |pmid=30252325 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526069/ |access-date=8 September 2025 |publisher=StatPearls Publishing}}</ref><ref name="Vasopressin Disorder">{{cite journal |last1=Hui |first1=Channing |last2=Khan |first2=Myra |last3=Khan Suheb |first3=Mahammed Z. |last4=Radbel |first4=Jared M. |title=Arginine Vasopressin Disorder (Diabetes Insipidus) |journal=StatPearls |date=11 January 2024 |pmid=29262153 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470458/ |access-date=8 September 2025 |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |location=Treasure Island, FL}}</ref> Nefrogeni DI nastaje zbog nedostatka [[akvaporin]]skih kanala u distalnom sabirnom kanalu (smanjena površinska ekspresija i transkripcija). Javlja se kod [[toksičnost litija|toksičnosti litija]], [[hiperkalcemija|hiperkalcemije]], [[hipokalemija|hipokalemije]] ili oslobađanja [[ureter]]ske opstrukcije. Stoga, nedostatak ADH sprječava reapsorpciju vode i osmolarnost krvi se povećava. S povećanom osmolarnošću, osmoreceptori u hipotalamusu detektuju ovu promjenu i stimulišu žeđ. S povećanom žeđi, osoba sada doživljava ciklus [[polidipsija|polidipsije]] i [[poliurija|poliurije]].<ref name="Lithium">{{cite journal |last1=Tasci |first1=E |title=Lithium-Induced Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus Responsive to Desmopressin |journal=Acta Endocrinologica (Bucharest) |date=2019 |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=270–271 |doi=10.4183/aeb.2019.270 |pmid=31508188 |publisher=Acta Pharmacol Sin. |location=Istanbul, Turkey |language=Turkish |pmc=6711641}}</ref><ref name="Hypercalcemia">{{cite journal |last1=Khositseth |first1=Sookkasem |last2=Charngkaew |first2=Komgrid |last3=Boonkrai |first3=Chatikorn |last4=Somparn |first4=Poorichaya |last5=Uawithya |first5=Panapat |last6=Chomanee |first6=Nusara |last7=Payne |first7=D. Michael |last8=Fenton |first8=Robert A. |last9=Pisitkun |first9=Trairak |title=Hypercalcemia induces targeted autophagic degradation of aquaporin-2 at the onset of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus |journal=Kidney International |date=May 2017 |volume=91 |issue=5 |pages=1070–1087 |doi=10.1016/j.kint.2016.12.005 |pmid=28139295 }}</ref><ref name="Hypokalemia" /> Nasljedni oblici dijabetesa insipidusa čine manje od 10% njegovih slučajeva, koji se viđaju u kliničkoj praksi.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fujiwara TM, Bichet DG |year=2005 |title=Molecular Biology of Hereditary Diabetes Insipidus |journal=Journal of the American Society of Nephrology |volume=16 |issue=10 |pages=2836–2846 |doi=10.1681/ASN.2005040371 |pmid=16093448 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Dijagnoza== Da bi se razlikovala DI od drugih uzroka prekomjernog mokrenja, potrebno je testirati nivo glukoze u krvi (šećer je normalan kod DI), nivo bikarbonata i nivo kalcija. Mjerenje elektrolita u krvi može otkriti visok nivo natrijuma (hipernatremija kako se razvija dehidracija). Analiza urina pokazuje razrijeđeni urin sa niskom specifičnom težinom. [[Osmolarnost]] [[urin]]a i nivo elektrolita su obično niski.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kamel KS, Halperin ML |date=May 2021 |title=Use of Urine Electrolytes and Urine Osmolality in the Clinical Diagnosis of Fluid, Electrolytes, and Acid-Base Disorders |journal=Kidney International Reports |language=English |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=1211–1224 |doi=10.1016/j.ekir.2021.02.003 |pmc=8116912 |pmid=34013099}}</ref> [[Test tekućinske deprivacije]] još je jedan način razlikovanja posljedicaDI od drugih uzroka prekomjernog mokrenja.<ref name="Fluid Deprivation">{{cite journal |last1=Sjöström |first1=Anna |last2=Bartuseviciene |first2=Inga |last3=Höybye |first3=Charlotte |title=Simplified and improved fluid deprivation test for diagnosing diabetes insipidus |journal=European Journal of Endocrinology |date=January 2021 |volume=184 |issue=1 |pages=123–131 |doi=10.1530/EJE-20-0759 |pmid=33112270 |publisher=Oxford Academic}}</ref> If there is no change in fluid loss, giving [[desmopressin]] can determine if DI is caused by:<ref name="desmopressin">{{cite journal |last1=Kapić |first1=Elvedina |last2=Bečić |first2=Fahir |last3=Todić |first3=Maida |title=Modern Approach in Treatment of Diabetes Insipidus |journal=Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences |date=20 May 2005 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=38–42 |doi=10.17305/bjbms.2005.3282 |pmid=16053453 |publisher=Association of Basic Medical Sciences of FBIH |issn=2831-090X |pmc=7214070}}</ref> # defekt u proizvodnji [[antidiuretski hormon|ADH]] # defekt u odgovoru bubrega na ADH Ovaj test mjeri promjene u tjelesnoj težini, količini i sastavu urina kada se tekućina zadržava, kako bi se izazvala [[dehidracija]]. Normalan odgovor tijela na dehidraciju je očuvanje vode koncentriranjem urina. Osobe s DI nastavljaju mokriti velike količine razrijeđenog urina uprkos nedostatku vode. Kod [[primarna polidipsija|primarne polidipsije]], osmolalnost urina trebala bi se povećati i stabilizirati na iznad 280 mOsm/kg, uz ograničenje tekućine, dok stabilizacija na nižem nivou ukazuje na dijabetes insipidus.<ref name=agabegi2nd/> Stabilizacija u ovom testu znači, preciznije, kada je povećanje osmolalnosti urina manje od 30 Osm/kg na sat tokom najmanje tri sata.<ref name="agabegi2nd">{{Cite book |last1=Elizabeth D Agabegi |url=https://archive.org/details/stepuptomedicine0000agab |title=Step-Up to Medicine (Step-Up Series) |last2=Agabegi, Steven S. |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7817-7153-5 |location=Hagerstwon, MD |url-access=registration}}</ref> Sometimes measuring blood levels of ADH toward the end of this test is also necessary, but is more time-consuming to perform.<ref name=agabegi2nd/> Da bi se razlikovali glavni oblici, koristi se i stimulacija [[dezmopresin]]om; dezmopresin može se uzimati injekcijom, nazalnim sprejom ili tabletom. Tokom uzimanja dezmopresina, osoba treba piti tekućinu ili vodu samo kada je žedna, a ne u drugim prilikama, jer to može dovesti do iznenadnog nakupljanja tekućine u [[CNS|centralnom nervnom sistemu]]. Ako dezmopresin smanjuje izlučivanje urina i povećava osmolarnost urina, hipotalamusna proizvodnja [[ADH]] je deficitarna, a bubrezi normalno reagiraju na [[egzogen]]i vazopresin (desmopresin). Ako je DI uzrokovan patologijom [[bubreg]]a, dezmopresin ne mijenja ni izlučivanje urina ni osmolarnost (budući da su endogeni nivoi vazopresina već visoki).<ref name="desmopressin" /><ref name="endogenous vasopressin">{{cite journal |last1=Saifan |first1=Chadi |last2=Nasr |first2=Rabih |last3=Mehta |first3=Suchita |last4=Sharma Acharya |first4=Pranab |last5=Perrera |first5=Isera |last6=Faddoul |first6=Giovanni |last7=Nalluri |first7=Nikhil |last8=Kesavan |first8=Mayurakhan |last9=Azzi |first9=Yorg |last10=El-Sayegh |first10=Suzanne |title=Diabetes Insipidus: A Challenging Diagnosis with New Drug Therapies |journal=ISRN Nephrology |date=24 March 2013 |volume=2013 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.5402/2013/797620 |pmid=24977135 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc |doi-access=free |issn=2356-7872 |pmc=4045430}}</ref> Iako se dijabetes insipidus obično javlja s polidipsijom, rijetko se može javiti ne samo u odsustvu polidipsije, već i u prisustvu njene suprotnosti, adipsije (ili hipodipsije). Poznat je "adipsijski dijabetes insipidus",<ref name="pmid17371462">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Crowley RK, Sherlock M, Agha A, Smith D, Thompson CJ |year=2007 |title=Clinical insights into adipsic diabetes insipidus: a large case series |journal=Clin. Endocrinol. |volume=66 |issue=4 |pages=475–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02754.x |pmid=17371462 |s2cid=28845882}}</ref> kao izražen nedostatak žeđi čak i kao odgovor na hiperosmolalnost.<ref name="pmid21301966">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sinha A, Ball S, Jenkins A, Hale J, Cheetham T |year=2011 |title=Objective assessment of thirst recovery in patients with adipsic diabetes insipidus |journal=Pituitary |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=307–11 |doi=10.1007/s11102-011-0294-3 |pmid=21301966 |s2cid=25062519}}</ref> U nekim slučajevima adipsijske disfunkcije, osoba može izostati i od reakcije na desmopresin. <ref name="pmid12364435">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Smith D, McKenna K, Moore K, Tormey W, Finucane J, Phillips J, Baylis P, Thompson CJ |year=2002 |title=Baroregulation of vasopressin release in adipsic diabetes insipidus |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=87 |issue=10 |pages=4564–8 |doi=10.1210/jc.2002-020090 |pmid=12364435 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [Ako se sumnja na centralnu distrofiju bubrega, potrebno je testiranje drugih hormona hipofize, kao i magnetna rezonanca, posebno magnetna rezonanca hipofize, kako bi se otkrilo da li bolest (kao što je [[prolaktin]]om ili histiocitoza, [[sifilis]], [[tuberkuloza] ili drugi tumor ili [[granulom]]) utiče na funkciju hipofize. Komplikacije prilikom uklanjanja tumora mogu rezultirati prolaznim ili trajnim oštećenjem hipofize, što direktno utiče na proizvodnju [[ADH]] u [[endokrini sistem|endokrinom sistemu]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Schreckinger |first=Matthew |date=February 2013 |title=Diabetes insipidus following resection of pituitary tumors |journal=Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery |volume=115 |issue=2 |pages=121–126 |pmid=22921808 |doi=10.1016/j.clineuro.2012.09.021 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22921808/}}</ref> Većina ljudi s ovim oblikom je ili doživjela traumu glave u prošlosti ili je prestala proizvoditi ADH iz nepoznatog razloga.<ref name="CDI tumor" /> ==Liječenje== Liječenje uključuje pijenje dovoljne količine tekućine, kako bi se spriječila dehidracija.<ref name=NIH2015/> Drugi tretmani zavise od vrste.<ref name=NIH2015/> Kod centralnog i gestacijskpg DI liječenje se provodi sa [[dezmopresin]]om.<ref name=NIH2015/> Nefrogeni DI može se liječiti rješavanjem osnovnog uzroka ili upotrebom [[tiazid]]a, [[aspirin]]a ili [[ibuprofen]]a.<ref name=NIH2015/> ===Centralni=== Centralni DI i gestacijski DI reaguju na DDAVP [[dezmopresin]], sintetski analog [[vazopresin]]a koji se može primjenjivati intranazalno ili oralno. Njegovo duže trajanje antidiuretskog djelovanja i smanjeni efekti vazopresina u poređenju sa vazopresinom čine ga korisnom opcijom liječenja centralnog DI. <ref> name="Robinson1976">{{cite journal |last=Robinson |first=Alan G. |title=DDAVP in the Treatment of Central Diabetes Insipidus |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |date=4 March 1976 |volume=294 |issue=10 |pages=507–511 |doi=10.1056/NEJM197603042941001}}</ref>. [[Karbamazepin]], [[antikonvulziv]]ni lijek, također je imao određeni uspjeh kod ove vrste disfunkcije.<ref name="Carbamazepine">{{cite journal |last1=Wales |first1=John K. |title=Treatment of Diabetes Insipidus with Carbamazepine |journal=The Lancet |date=November 1975 |volume=306 |issue=7942 |pages=948–951 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(75)90361-x |pmid=53432 }}</ref> Također, gestacijska inkontinencija (DI) obično se sama povlači četiri do šest sedmica nakon porođaja, iako se kod nekih žena može ponovo razviti u sljedećim trudnoćama. Kod dipsogenog DI, dezmopresin obično nije opcija.<ref name="desmopressin" /><ref name="Dipsogenic DI">{{cite journal |last1=Ball |first1=Stephan |editor1-last=Feingold |editor1-first=KR |editor2-last=Ahmed |editor2-first=SF |editor3-last=Anawalt |editor3-first=B |title=Diabetes Insipidus |journal=Endotext |date=13 June 2018 |issue=2000 |pmid=25905242 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279011 |access-date=8 September 2025 |publisher=MDText.com, Inc.}}</ref> ===Nefrogeni=== Dezmopresin će biti neefikasan kod nefrogene dijabetes insipidus, koji se liječi uklanjanjem osnovnog uzroka (ako je moguće) i nadoknadom deficita slobodne vode. [[Tiazidni diuretik]], kao što su [[hlortalidon]] ili [[hidroklorotiazid]], može se koristiti za stvaranje blage [[hipovolemija| hipovolemije]], koja podstiče unos [[soli]] i vode u [[proksimalna tubula|proksimalne tubule]] i time poboljšava nefrogeni dijabetes insipidus.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Verbalis JG |date=May 2003 |title=Diabetes insipidus |journal=Rev Endocr Metab Disord |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=177–85 |doi=10.1023/A:1022946220908 |pmid=12766546 |s2cid=33533827}}</ref> [[Amiloid]] ima dodatnu korist blokiranja unosa natrija. Tiazidni diuretici se ponekad kombinuju sa amiloridom, kako bi se spriječila [[hipokalemija]] uzrokovana tiazidima. Čini se paradoksalnim liječiti ekstremnu diurezu diuretikom, a tačan mehanizam djelovanja nije poznat, ali tiazidni diuretici će smanjiti reapsorpciju natrija i vode u [[distalni izuvijani tubul|distalnim izuvijanim tubulima]], čime uzrokuju diurezu. Ovo smanjuje volumen plazme, čime se smanjuje [[brzina glomerularne filtracije]] i povećava apsorpcija natrijuma i vode u proksimalnom nefronu. Manje tečnosti dospijeva u distalni nefron, pa se postiže ukupna konzervacija tečnosti.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Loffing J |date=November 2004 |title=Paradoxical antidiuretic effect of thiazides in diabetes insipidus: another piece in the puzzle |url=http://jasn.asnjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15504949 |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=15 |issue=11 |pages=2948–50 |doi=10.1097/01.ASN.0000146568.82353.04 |pmid=15504949 |doi-access=free|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Litiij-Inducirani nefrogeni dijabetis insipidus (DI) može se efikasno liječiti primjenom [[amilorid]]a, diuretika koji štedi kalij, a često se koristi u kombinaciji s tiazidnim ili diureticima petlje. Kliničari su godinama svjesni [[toksičnost]]i [[litij]]a i tradicionalno su primjenjivali tiazidne diuretike za litijem izazvanu poliuriju i nefrogeni dijabetes insipidus. Međutim, nedavno se pokazalo da je amilorid uspješan tretman za ovo stanje.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Finch CK, Kelley KW, Williams RB |date=April 2003 |title=Treatment of lithium-induced diabetes insipidus with amiloride |journal=Pharmacotherapy |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=546–50 |doi=10.1592/phco.23.4.546.32121 |pmid=12680486 |s2cid=28291646}}</ref> == Etimologija == Reč "dijabetes" dolazi od latinskog ''dia'' + ''betes'', što zauzvrat dolazi od διαβήτης – ''diabētēs'', što doslovno znači "prolaznik kroz; [[sifon]]".<ref name="OED_diabetes">Oxford English Dictionary. ''diabetes''. Retrieved 2011-06-10.</ref> [[Drevna Grčka|Starogrčki]] [[ljekar]] [[Aretej iz Kapadokije]], u prvom stoljeću naše ere, koristio je tu riječ, sa namjeravanim značenjem "prekomjerno izlučivanje urina", kao naziv za bolest.<ref name="OnlineEtymology_diabetes">{{Cite web |year=2001–2010 |title=Online Etymology Dictionary. ''diabetes.'' |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=diabetes&searchmode=none |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113074242/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=diabetes&searchmode=none |archive-date=2012-01-13 |access-date=2011-06-10 |vauthors=Harper D}}</ref><ref name="RCPE">{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. Diabetes, Doctors and Dogs: An exhibition on Diabetes and Endocrinology by the College Library for the 43rd St. Andrew's Day Festival Symposium |url=http://www.rcpe.ac.uk/library/exhibitions/diabetes/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927133910/http://www.rcpe.ac.uk/library/exhibitions/diabetes/ |archive-date=2011-09-27 |access-date=2019-01-14 |vauthors=Dallas J}}</ref> U konačnici, riječ potiče od [[starogrčki|stgrč]] διαβαίνειν}} (transliteracija ''diabainein''), što znači "proći kroz",<ref name="OED_diabetes" /> što je sastavljeno od δια– ''dia''-), što znači "kroz" i βαίνειν – ''bainein'', što znači "ići".<ref name="OnlineEtymology_diabetes" /> Riječ "dijabetes" prvi put je zabilježena na engleskom jeziku, u obliku "diabete", u medicinskom tekstu napisanom oko 1425. godine. "Insipidus" dolazi iz latinskog jezika {{Lang|la|insipidus}} (bezukusno), od latinskog: ''in-'' "ne" + lat. ''sapidus" = ukusan" od ''sapere'' "imati okus" – puno značenje je "bez okusa ili pikantnosti; nije ukusan". Primjena ovog naziva na DI proizašla je iz činjenice da diabetes insipidus ne uzrokuje [[glikozurija|glikozuriju]] (izlučivanje [[glukoza|glukoze]] u [[urin]], čije su se organoleptičke osobine testirale). == Također pogledajte == * [[Dijabetes melitus]] * [[Poliurija]] * [[Polidipsija]] ==Reference== {{Reflist}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Bolest hipofize}} {{Hipotalamusna bolest|state=collapsed}} {{Nephrology}} {{X-vezani poremećaji}} {{Medicinski izvori | ICD11 = {{ICD11|5A61.5}} (AVP-D), {{ICD11|GB90.4A}} (AVP-R) | ICD10 = {{ICD10|E|23|2|e|20}} (AVP-D), {{ICD10|N|25|1|n|25}} (AVP-R) | ICD10CM = {{ICD10|E|23|2|e|20}} (AVP-D), {{ICD10|N|25|1|n|25}} (AVP-R) | ICD9 = {{ICD9|253.5}} (AVP-D), {{ICD9|588.1}} (AVP-R) | ICDO = | OMIM = 125700 | OMIM_mult = , {{OMIM|304900||none}} (AVP-D), {{OMIM|304800||none}}, {{OMIM|125800||none}} (AVP-R) | MeshID = D003919 | DiseasesDB = 3639 | SNOMED CT = 1296758008 | MedlinePlus = 000377 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 543 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|ped|580}} | PatientUK = diabetes-insipidus-pro | NCI = | GeneReviewsNBK = | GeneReviewsName = | NORD = | GARDNum = | GARDName = | RP = diabetes-insipidus | AO = | WO = | OrthoInfo = | Orphanet = 178029 | Orphanet_mult = , {{Orphanet2|223}} | Scholia = Q220551 | OB = }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Diabetes Insipidus}} [[Kategorija: Endokrine bolesti]] [[Kategorija: Nefrologija]] [[Kategorija:Endokrinologija]] [[Kategorija: Rijetke bolesti]] [[Kategorija:Medicina]] [[Kategorija: Autoimunost]] 5amhtv5pd2c02xk92rgwqfjjz6spdup 3849460 3849457 2026-05-26T11:41:51Z Genetičar 181151 /* Centralni */ 3849460 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italic title}} {{Razlikovati|Diabetes mellitus|dijabetes|šećerna bolest}} {{Infokutija zdravstveno stanje | ime = ''Diabetes insipidus'' | slika = Arginine vasopressin3d.png | opis_slike = [[Vazopresin]] | specijalnost = [[Endokrinologija]] | simptomi = Velike količine razrijeđenog urina, povećana žeđ | komplikacije = [[Dehidracija]], [[epilepsijski napad|napadi]] | pojava = Bilo koja [[životna dob]] | trajanje =Dugo do doživotno | vrste = {{Plainlist| * AVP-D ([[Centralni dijabetes insipidus|centralni]]) * AVP-R ([[Nefrogeni dijabetes insipidus|nefrogeni]]) * dipsogeni * gestacijski}} | uzroci = Zavisi od tipa | rizici =Slabljenje srca, [[tromboza]] | dijagnoza = [[urinski test|Analiza urina]], [[analiza krvi]], [[test deprivacije tekućine]] | diferencijalna_dijagnoza = [[Dijabetes]] melits | prevencija =Nemoguća | liječenje = Dovoljno pijenja tekućine | lijek = [[Desmopresin]], [[tiazidi]], [[aspirin]] | prognoza = Dobra, uz liječenje | frekvencija = 3/100.000 godišnje | smrtnost =Uz zapuštanje, moguća usljed sekundarnih posljedica }} '''''Diabetes insipidus''''' ('''DI''') jest [[Bolest|stanje]] koje karakterizira [[izlučivanje]] [[Poliurija|velike količine razrijeđenog urina]] i [[Polidipsija|povećana žeđ]].<ref name="NIH2015">{{Cite web |date=October 2015 |title=Diabetes Insipidus |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/diabetes-insipidus |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513120920/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/diabetes-insipidus |archive-date=13 May 2017 |access-date=28 May 2017 |website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases}}</ref> Količina proizvedenog urina može biti gotovo 20 litara dnevno.<ref name=NIH2015/> Smanjenje tečnosti ima mali uticaj na koncentraciju urina.<ref name=NIH2015/> Komplikacije mogu uključivati [[dehidraciju]] ili [[epilepsijski napad|napadaje]].<ref name=NIH2015/> ==Znaci i simptomi== Prekomjerno mokrenje i ekstremna [[žeđ]] i [[polidipsija|povećan unos tekućine]] (posebno hladne vode, a ponekad i [[led]]a ili ledene vode) tipični su za DI.<ref>{{Cite web |last=USE |title=Diabetes insipidus - PubMed Health |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001415/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829121450/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001415/ |archive-date=2012-08-29 |access-date=2012-05-28 |publisher=Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> Simptomi prekomjernog mokrenja i ekstremne žeđi slični su onima koji se javljaju kod neliječenog dijabetesa, s tom razlikom što urin ne sadrži [[glukoza|glukozu]]. Zamagljen vid je rijetkost. Znakovi dehidracije mogu se pojaviti i kod nekih osoba jer tijelo ne može pravilno regulirati količinu vode koju unosi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Watts |first=Mike |date=2019-01-15 |title=Dehydration and Diabetes |url=https://www.diabetes.co.uk/dehydration-and-diabetes.html |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=Diabetes |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ekstremno [[mokrenje]] nastavlja se tokom dana i noći. Kod djece, DI može uticati na apetit, jedenje, debljanje i rast. Mogu se javiti sa [[groznica|groznicom]], [[povraćanje]]m ili [[dijareja|dijarejom]]. Odrasli s neliječenom DI mogu ostati zdravi decenijama sve dok konzumiraju dovoljno vode da nadoknade gubitak urina. Međutim, postoji kontinuirani rizik od dehidracije i gubitka kalija, što može dovesti do [[hipokalemija|hipokalemije]].<ref name="Hypokalemia">{{cite journal |last1=Nepali |first1=Anil |last2=Adhikari |first2=Prakriti |last3=Shah |first3=Amit |last4=Paudel |first4=Shailes |last5=Bhandari |first5=Prakriti |title=Hypokalemia Induced Partial Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus: A Case Report |journal=Journal of Nepal Medical Association |date=29 February 2024 |volume=62 |issue=271 |pages=217–219 |doi=10.31729/jnma.8501 |pmid=39356781 |publisher=Nepal Medical Association |issn=1815-672X |pmc=10924483}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Diabetes Insipidus vs. Diabetes Mellitus |url=https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/diabetes-insipidus-vs-diabetes-mellitus}}</ref> ==Uzrok== Nekoliko oblika dijabetesa insipidusa su: ===Centralni=== {{glavni|Centralni dijabetes insipidus}} Centralni (ili ''neurogeni'') dijabetes insipidus ima mnogo mogućih uzroka. Prema literaturi, glavni uzroci centralnog dijabetesa insipidusa i njihova često citirana približna učestalost su sljedeći: * [[Idiopatska bolest|Idiopatski]] – 30% (uključujući [[autoimunost|autoimunske]], [[nasljeđivanje]] i porodične oblike)<ref name="Idiopathic CDI">{{cite journal |last1=Fabre |first1=Larissa |last2=Silva |first2=Viviane Calice da |title=Idiopathic partial central diabetes insipidus |journal=Einstein (São Paulo) |date=27 January 2023 |volume=21 |doi=10.31744/einstein_journal/2023RC0124 |pmid=36790249 |at=Etiology|publisher=Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa Albert Einstein – IIEPAE |location=São Paulo, Brazil |issn=2317-6385 |pmc=9897711}}</ref> * Maligni ili benigni tumori [[mozak|mozga]] ili [[hipofiza|hipofize]] – 23%<ref name="CDI tumor">{{cite journal |last1=Modawi |first1=Imad |last2=Barger |first2=Geoffrey R. |last3=Rossi |first3=Noreen F. |title=Central diabetes insipidus and adipsia due to astrocytoma: diagnosis and management |journal=CEN Case Reports |date=May 2013 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=11–16 |doi=10.1007/s13730-012-0030-5 |pmid=28509212 |publisher=© Springer Nature |pmc=5411518}}</ref> * Kranijalna hirurgija – 20%<ref name="CDI surgery">{{cite journal |last1=Mutter |first1=Cody M |last2=Smith |first2=Trevor |last3=Menze |first3=Olivia |last4=Zakharia |first4=Mariah |last5=Nguyen |first5=Hoang |title=Diabetes Insipidus: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Clinical Management |journal=Cureus |date=23 February 2021 |volume=13 |issue=2 |doi=10.7759/cureus.13523 |pmid=33786230 |at=Etiology |publisher=Florida Medical Student Research Publications |doi-access=free |pmc=7996474}}</ref> * [[Trauma glave]] – varira, 16– 30,6%<ref name="CDI trauma">{{cite journal |last1=Capatina |first1=Cristina |last2=Paluzzi |first2=Alessandro |last3=Mitchell |first3=Rosalid |last4=Karavitaki |first4=Niki |title=Diabetes Insipidus after Traumatic Brain Injury |journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine |date=13 July 2015 |volume=4 |issue=7 |pages=1448–1462 |doi=10.3390/jcm4071448 |pmid=26239685 |publisher=© 1996-2025 MDPI |location=Basel, Switzerland |doi-access=free |issn=2077-0383 |pmc=4519799}}</ref> ===Nefrogeni=== {{glavni|Nefrogeni dijabetes insipidus}} Nefrogeni dijabetes insipidus nastaje zbog nemogućnosti [[bubreg]]a da normalno reaguje na [[vazopresin]].<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bichet DG |date=April 2006 |title=Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus |journal=Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=96–104 |doi=10.1053/j.ackd.2006.01.006 |pmid=16580609}}</ref> ===Dipsogeni=== Dipsogeni DI ili [[primarna polidipsija]] nastaje zbog prekomjernog unosa tekućine, a ne zbog nedostatka [[arginin]]skog [[vazopresin]]a. Može biti posljedica defekta ili oštećenja mehanizma za žeđ, koji se nalazi u [[hipotalamus]]u,<ref name="pmid16544179">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Perkins RM, Yuan CM, Welch PG |date=March 2006 |title=Dipsogenic diabetes insipidus: report of a novel treatment strategy and literature review |journal=Clin. Exp. Nephrol. |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=63–7 |doi=10.1007/s10157-005-0397-0 |pmid=16544179 |s2cid=6874287}}</ref> ili zbog [[mentalna bolest|mentalne bolesti. Liječenje [[dezmopresin]]om može dovesti do [[trovanje vodom| trovanja vodom]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2017 |title=Diabetes insipidus |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/diabetes-insipidus/treatment/}}</ref> ===Gestacijska inkontinencija=== [[Gestacijska inkontinencija]] javlja se samo tokom [[trudnoća]] i postporođajnog perioda. Tokom trudnoće, žene proizvode [[vazopresinaza| vazopresinazu]] u [[placenta|posteljici]], koja razgrađuje [[antidiuretski hormon]] (ADH). Smatra se da se gestacijska inkontinencija javlja sa prekomjernom proizvodnjom i/ili oštećenim [[klirens (farmakologija)|klirensom]] vazopresinaze.<ref name="pmid17308961">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kalelioglu I, Kubat Uzum A, Yildirim A, Ozkan T, Gungor F, Has R |year=2007 |title=Transient gestational diabetes insipidus diagnosed in successive pregnancies: review of pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and management of delivery |journal=Pituitary |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=87–93 |doi=10.1007/s11102-007-0006-1 |pmid=17308961 |s2cid=9493532}}</ref> Većina slučajeva gestacijske inkontinencije žeđi može se liječiti dezmopresinom (DDAVP), ali ne i [[vazopresin]]om. Međutim, u rijetkim slučajevima, abnormalnost u mehanizmu osjećaja žeđi uzrokuje gestacijsku inkontinenciju žeđi, te se dezmopresin ne smije koristiti.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ananthakrishnan |first=Sonia |date=March 2016 |title=Diabetes insipidus during pregnancy |journal=Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=305–315 |doi=10.1016/j.beem.2016.02.005 |pmid=27156766}}</ref> ''Diabetes insipidus'' također je povezana s nekim ozbiljnim bolestima trudnoće, uključujući [[preeklampsija|preeklampsiju]],<ref name="GDI preeclampsia">{{cite journal |last1=Goldrich |first1=Alisa |last2=Yuan |first2=Jessica |last3=Stohl |first3=Hindi |title=Postpartum gestational diabetes insipidus related to preeclampsia: A case report |journal=Case Reports in Women's Health |date=March 2023 |volume=37 |article-number=e00487 |doi=10.1016/j.crwh.2023.e00487 |pmid=36852008 |publisher=Elsevier Inc. |pmc=9958416}}</ref> [[HELLP-sindrom]] i [[akutna masna jetra u trudnoći|akutni masnu jetru u trudnoćp]]. Ovi uzroci DI-a smanjujući jetreno čišćenje cirkulirajuće vazopresinaze.<ref name="GDI">{{cite journal |last1=Marques |first1=Pedro |last2=Gunawardana |first2=Kavinga |last3=Grossman |first3=Ashley |title=Transient diabetes insipidus in pregnancy |journal=Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Case Reports |date=1 October 2015 |volume=2015 |doi=10.1530/EDM-15-0078 |pmid=26524979 |publisher=© 2024 Bioscientifica Ltd |issn=2052-0573 |pmc=4626653}}</ref><ref name="GDI HELLP">{{cite journal |last1=Gambito |first1=Renela |last2=Chan |first2=Michael |last3=Sheta |first3=Mohamed |last4=Ramirez-Arao |first4=Precious |last5=Gurm |first5=Harmeet |last6=Tunkel |first6=Allan |last7=Nivera |first7=Noel |title=Gestational Diabetes Insipidus Associated with HELLP Syndrome: A Case Report |journal=Case Reports in Nephrology |date=2012 |volume=2012 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1155/2012/640365 |pmid=24555139 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc |doi-access=free |issn=2090-6641 |pmc=3914197}}</ref><ref name="GDI fatty liver">{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=H.J. |last2=Chou |first2=T.H. |last3=Lee |first3=Y.C. |last4=Au |first4=H.K. |title=Acute fatty liver during pregnancy and gestational diabetes insipidus: a case report |journal=Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics & Gynecology |date=15 June 2020 |volume=47 |doi=10.31083/j.ceog.2020.03.5222 |url=https://www.imrpress.com/journal/CEOG/47/3/10.31083/j.ceog.2020.03.5222 |access-date=8 September 2025 |publisher=IMR Press |issn=2709-0094|doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Patofiziologija== [[Homeostaza]] [[elektrolit]]a i volumena složen je mehanizam koji uravnotežuje tjelesne potrebe za [[krvni pritisak| krvnim pritiskom]] i glavnim elektrolitima [[natrij]]em i [[kalij]]em. Općenito, regulacija elektrolita prethodi regulaciji volumena. Međutim, kada je volumen ozbiljno smanjen, tijelo će zadržavati vodu na štetu poremećaja nivoa elektrolita.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Watson |first1=Fiona |last2=Austin |first2=Pauline |date=2021-10-01 |title=Physiology of human fluid balance |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1472029921001818 |journal=Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine |language=en |volume=22 |issue=10 |pages=644–651 |doi=10.1016/j.mpaic.2021.07.010 |issn=1472-0299|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Regulacija proizvodnje urina odvija se u [[hipotalamus]]u, koji proizvodi [[vazopresin]] (ADH) u supraoptičkom i paraventrikularnom jezgru. Nakon sinteze, [[hormon]] transportuje se u neurosekretornim granulama niz [[akson]] hipotalamusnog neurona do [[zadnji režanj hipofize|stražnjeg režnja hipofize]], gdje se skladišti za kasnije oslobađanje. Osim toga, hipotalamus reguliše osjećaj žeđi u ventromedijalnom jezgru osjećajući povećanje [[osmolarnost]]i seruma i prenoseći ove informacije u [[korteks|moždanu koru]].<ref name="CDI surgery" /><ref name="Hypothalamus">{{cite journal |last1=Roger |first1=Coleen |last2=Lasbleiz |first2=Adèle |last3=Guye |first3=Maxime |last4=Dutour |first4=Anne |last5=Gaborit |first5=Bénédicte |last6=Ranjeva |first6=Jean-Philippe |title=The Role of the Human Hypothalamus in Food Intake Networks: An MRI Perspective |journal=Frontiers in Nutrition |date=3 January 2022 |volume=8 |issue=2021 |article-number=760914 |doi=10.3389/fnut.2021.760914 |pmid=35047539 |publisher=Frontiers Media S.A. |doi-access=free |issn=2296-861X |pmc=8762294}}</ref> Neurogeni/centralni DI rezultat je nedostatka [[ADH]]; može se povremeno manifestirati smanjenom žeđi jer se regulacija žeđi i proizvodnje ADH odvijaju u neposrednoj blizini u hipotalamusu. Javlja se kao rezultat hipoksilske encefalopatije, neurohirurgije, [[autoimunost]]i ili [[kancer|raka]], ili ponekad bez osnovnog uzroka (idiopatska).<ref name="Neurogenic DI">{{cite journal |last1=Flynn |first1=Kathryn |last2=Hatfield |first2=Jennifer |last3=Brown |first3=Kevin |last4=Vietor |first4=Nicole |last5=Hoang |first5=Thanh |title=Central and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: updates on diagnosis and management |journal=Frontiers in Endocrinology |date=8 January 2025 |volume=15 |issue=2024 |article-number=1479764 |doi=10.3389/fendo.2024.1479764 |pmid=39845881 |publisher=Frontiers Media S.A. |doi-access=free |issn=1664-2392 |pmc=11750692}}</ref> Glavni efektorski organ za homeostazu [[tjelesna tečnost|tečnosti]] je [[bubreg]]. ADH djeluje povećanjem propusnosti vode u [[sabirnim kanalić|sabirnim kanalićima]] i [[distalni izavijeni tubul| distalnim zavijenim tubulima]]; specifično, djeluje na proteine zvane [[akvaporin]]i, a preciznije na akvaporin 2 u sljedećoj kaskadi. Kada se oslobodi, ADH se veže za receptore spregnute sa V2 G-proteinom, unutar distalnih izuvijanih kanalića, povećavajući [[ciklički AMP]], koji se spaja sa [[protein- kinaza A|protein-kinazom A]], stimulišući translokaciju kanala akvaporin 2 koji se nalazi u [[citoplazma| citoplazmi]] distalnih izavijanih tubula i sabirnih kanalića u apikalnu membranu. Ovi transkribovani kanali propuštaju vodu u ćelije sabirnih kanalića. Povećanje propusnosti omogućava reapsorpciju vode u [[krvotok]], čime se koncentriše [[urin]].<ref name="Vasopressin">{{cite journal |last1=Cuzzo |first1=Brian |last2=Padala |first2=Sandeep A. |last3=Lappin |first3=Sarah L. |title=Physiology, Vasopressin |journal=StatPearls |date=14 August 2023 |pmid=30252325 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526069/ |access-date=8 September 2025 |publisher=StatPearls Publishing}}</ref><ref name="Vasopressin Disorder">{{cite journal |last1=Hui |first1=Channing |last2=Khan |first2=Myra |last3=Khan Suheb |first3=Mahammed Z. |last4=Radbel |first4=Jared M. |title=Arginine Vasopressin Disorder (Diabetes Insipidus) |journal=StatPearls |date=11 January 2024 |pmid=29262153 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470458/ |access-date=8 September 2025 |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |location=Treasure Island, FL}}</ref> Nefrogeni DI nastaje zbog nedostatka [[akvaporin]]skih kanala u distalnom sabirnom kanalu (smanjena površinska ekspresija i transkripcija). Javlja se kod [[toksičnost litija|toksičnosti litija]], [[hiperkalcemija|hiperkalcemije]], [[hipokalemija|hipokalemije]] ili oslobađanja [[ureter]]ske opstrukcije. Stoga, nedostatak ADH sprječava reapsorpciju vode i osmolarnost krvi se povećava. S povećanom osmolarnošću, osmoreceptori u hipotalamusu detektuju ovu promjenu i stimulišu žeđ. S povećanom žeđi, osoba sada doživljava ciklus [[polidipsija|polidipsije]] i [[poliurija|poliurije]].<ref name="Lithium">{{cite journal |last1=Tasci |first1=E |title=Lithium-Induced Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus Responsive to Desmopressin |journal=Acta Endocrinologica (Bucharest) |date=2019 |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=270–271 |doi=10.4183/aeb.2019.270 |pmid=31508188 |publisher=Acta Pharmacol Sin. |location=Istanbul, Turkey |language=Turkish |pmc=6711641}}</ref><ref name="Hypercalcemia">{{cite journal |last1=Khositseth |first1=Sookkasem |last2=Charngkaew |first2=Komgrid |last3=Boonkrai |first3=Chatikorn |last4=Somparn |first4=Poorichaya |last5=Uawithya |first5=Panapat |last6=Chomanee |first6=Nusara |last7=Payne |first7=D. Michael |last8=Fenton |first8=Robert A. |last9=Pisitkun |first9=Trairak |title=Hypercalcemia induces targeted autophagic degradation of aquaporin-2 at the onset of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus |journal=Kidney International |date=May 2017 |volume=91 |issue=5 |pages=1070–1087 |doi=10.1016/j.kint.2016.12.005 |pmid=28139295 }}</ref><ref name="Hypokalemia" /> Nasljedni oblici dijabetesa insipidusa čine manje od 10% njegovih slučajeva, koji se viđaju u kliničkoj praksi.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fujiwara TM, Bichet DG |year=2005 |title=Molecular Biology of Hereditary Diabetes Insipidus |journal=Journal of the American Society of Nephrology |volume=16 |issue=10 |pages=2836–2846 |doi=10.1681/ASN.2005040371 |pmid=16093448 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Dijagnoza== Da bi se razlikovala DI od drugih uzroka prekomjernog mokrenja, potrebno je testirati nivo glukoze u krvi (šećer je normalan kod DI), nivo bikarbonata i nivo kalcija. Mjerenje elektrolita u krvi može otkriti visok nivo natrijuma (hipernatremija kako se razvija dehidracija). Analiza urina pokazuje razrijeđeni urin sa niskom specifičnom težinom. [[Osmolarnost]] [[urin]]a i nivo elektrolita su obično niski.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kamel KS, Halperin ML |date=May 2021 |title=Use of Urine Electrolytes and Urine Osmolality in the Clinical Diagnosis of Fluid, Electrolytes, and Acid-Base Disorders |journal=Kidney International Reports |language=English |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=1211–1224 |doi=10.1016/j.ekir.2021.02.003 |pmc=8116912 |pmid=34013099}}</ref> [[Test tekućinske deprivacije]] još je jedan način razlikovanja posljedicaDI od drugih uzroka prekomjernog mokrenja.<ref name="Fluid Deprivation">{{cite journal |last1=Sjöström |first1=Anna |last2=Bartuseviciene |first2=Inga |last3=Höybye |first3=Charlotte |title=Simplified and improved fluid deprivation test for diagnosing diabetes insipidus |journal=European Journal of Endocrinology |date=January 2021 |volume=184 |issue=1 |pages=123–131 |doi=10.1530/EJE-20-0759 |pmid=33112270 |publisher=Oxford Academic}}</ref> If there is no change in fluid loss, giving [[desmopressin]] can determine if DI is caused by:<ref name="desmopressin">{{cite journal |last1=Kapić |first1=Elvedina |last2=Bečić |first2=Fahir |last3=Todić |first3=Maida |title=Modern Approach in Treatment of Diabetes Insipidus |journal=Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences |date=20 May 2005 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=38–42 |doi=10.17305/bjbms.2005.3282 |pmid=16053453 |publisher=Association of Basic Medical Sciences of FBIH |issn=2831-090X |pmc=7214070}}</ref> # defekt u proizvodnji [[antidiuretski hormon|ADH]] # defekt u odgovoru bubrega na ADH Ovaj test mjeri promjene u tjelesnoj težini, količini i sastavu urina kada se tekućina zadržava, kako bi se izazvala [[dehidracija]]. Normalan odgovor tijela na dehidraciju je očuvanje vode koncentriranjem urina. Osobe s DI nastavljaju mokriti velike količine razrijeđenog urina uprkos nedostatku vode. Kod [[primarna polidipsija|primarne polidipsije]], osmolalnost urina trebala bi se povećati i stabilizirati na iznad 280 mOsm/kg, uz ograničenje tekućine, dok stabilizacija na nižem nivou ukazuje na dijabetes insipidus.<ref name=agabegi2nd/> Stabilizacija u ovom testu znači, preciznije, kada je povećanje osmolalnosti urina manje od 30 Osm/kg na sat tokom najmanje tri sata.<ref name="agabegi2nd">{{Cite book |last1=Elizabeth D Agabegi |url=https://archive.org/details/stepuptomedicine0000agab |title=Step-Up to Medicine (Step-Up Series) |last2=Agabegi, Steven S. |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7817-7153-5 |location=Hagerstwon, MD |url-access=registration}}</ref> Sometimes measuring blood levels of ADH toward the end of this test is also necessary, but is more time-consuming to perform.<ref name=agabegi2nd/> Da bi se razlikovali glavni oblici, koristi se i stimulacija [[dezmopresin]]om; dezmopresin može se uzimati injekcijom, nazalnim sprejom ili tabletom. Tokom uzimanja dezmopresina, osoba treba piti tekućinu ili vodu samo kada je žedna, a ne u drugim prilikama, jer to može dovesti do iznenadnog nakupljanja tekućine u [[CNS|centralnom nervnom sistemu]]. Ako dezmopresin smanjuje izlučivanje urina i povećava osmolarnost urina, hipotalamusna proizvodnja [[ADH]] je deficitarna, a bubrezi normalno reagiraju na [[egzogen]]i vazopresin (desmopresin). Ako je DI uzrokovan patologijom [[bubreg]]a, dezmopresin ne mijenja ni izlučivanje urina ni osmolarnost (budući da su endogeni nivoi vazopresina već visoki).<ref name="desmopressin" /><ref name="endogenous vasopressin">{{cite journal |last1=Saifan |first1=Chadi |last2=Nasr |first2=Rabih |last3=Mehta |first3=Suchita |last4=Sharma Acharya |first4=Pranab |last5=Perrera |first5=Isera |last6=Faddoul |first6=Giovanni |last7=Nalluri |first7=Nikhil |last8=Kesavan |first8=Mayurakhan |last9=Azzi |first9=Yorg |last10=El-Sayegh |first10=Suzanne |title=Diabetes Insipidus: A Challenging Diagnosis with New Drug Therapies |journal=ISRN Nephrology |date=24 March 2013 |volume=2013 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.5402/2013/797620 |pmid=24977135 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc |doi-access=free |issn=2356-7872 |pmc=4045430}}</ref> Iako se dijabetes insipidus obično javlja s polidipsijom, rijetko se može javiti ne samo u odsustvu polidipsije, već i u prisustvu njene suprotnosti, adipsije (ili hipodipsije). Poznat je "adipsijski dijabetes insipidus",<ref name="pmid17371462">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Crowley RK, Sherlock M, Agha A, Smith D, Thompson CJ |year=2007 |title=Clinical insights into adipsic diabetes insipidus: a large case series |journal=Clin. Endocrinol. |volume=66 |issue=4 |pages=475–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02754.x |pmid=17371462 |s2cid=28845882}}</ref> kao izražen nedostatak žeđi čak i kao odgovor na hiperosmolalnost.<ref name="pmid21301966">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sinha A, Ball S, Jenkins A, Hale J, Cheetham T |year=2011 |title=Objective assessment of thirst recovery in patients with adipsic diabetes insipidus |journal=Pituitary |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=307–11 |doi=10.1007/s11102-011-0294-3 |pmid=21301966 |s2cid=25062519}}</ref> U nekim slučajevima adipsijske disfunkcije, osoba može izostati i od reakcije na desmopresin. <ref name="pmid12364435">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Smith D, McKenna K, Moore K, Tormey W, Finucane J, Phillips J, Baylis P, Thompson CJ |year=2002 |title=Baroregulation of vasopressin release in adipsic diabetes insipidus |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=87 |issue=10 |pages=4564–8 |doi=10.1210/jc.2002-020090 |pmid=12364435 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [Ako se sumnja na centralnu distrofiju bubrega, potrebno je testiranje drugih hormona hipofize, kao i magnetna rezonanca, posebno magnetna rezonanca hipofize, kako bi se otkrilo da li bolest (kao što je [[prolaktin]]om ili histiocitoza, [[sifilis]], [[tuberkuloza] ili drugi tumor ili [[granulom]]) utiče na funkciju hipofize. Komplikacije prilikom uklanjanja tumora mogu rezultirati prolaznim ili trajnim oštećenjem hipofize, što direktno utiče na proizvodnju [[ADH]] u [[endokrini sistem|endokrinom sistemu]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Schreckinger |first=Matthew |date=February 2013 |title=Diabetes insipidus following resection of pituitary tumors |journal=Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery |volume=115 |issue=2 |pages=121–126 |pmid=22921808 |doi=10.1016/j.clineuro.2012.09.021 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22921808/}}</ref> Većina ljudi s ovim oblikom je ili doživjela traumu glave u prošlosti ili je prestala proizvoditi ADH iz nepoznatog razloga.<ref name="CDI tumor" /> ==Liječenje== Liječenje uključuje pijenje dovoljne količine tekućine, kako bi se spriječila dehidracija.<ref name=NIH2015/> Drugi tretmani zavise od vrste.<ref name=NIH2015/> Kod centralnog i gestacijskpg DI liječenje se provodi sa [[dezmopresin]]om.<ref name=NIH2015/> Nefrogeni DI može se liječiti rješavanjem osnovnog uzroka ili upotrebom [[tiazid]]a, [[aspirin]]a ili [[ibuprofen]]a.<ref name=NIH2015/> ===Centralni=== Centralni DI i gestacijski DI reaguju na DDAVP [[dezmopresin]], sintetski analog [[vazopresin]]a koji se može primjenjivati intranazalno ili oralno. Njegovo duže trajanje antidiuretskog djelovanja i smanjeni efekti vazopresina u poređenju sa vazopresinom čine ga korisnom opcijom liječenja centralnog DI. <ref> name="Robinson1976">{{cite journal |last=Robinson |first=Alan G. |title=DDAVP in the Treatment of Central Diabetes Insipidus |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |date=4 March 1976 |volume=294 |issue=10 |pages=507–511 |doi=10.1056/NEJM197603042941001}}</ref>. [[Karbamazepin]], [[antikonvulziv]]ni lijek, također je imao određeni uspjeh kod ove vrste disfunkcije.<ref name="Carbamazepine">{{cite journal |last1=Wales |first1=John K. |title=Treatment of Diabetes Insipidus with Carbamazepine |journal=The Lancet |date=November 1975 |volume=306 |issue=7942 |pages=948–951 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(75)90361-x |pmid=53432 }}</ref> Također, gestacijska inkontinencija (DI) obično se sama povlači četiri do šest sedmica nakon porođaja, iako se kod nekih žena može ponovo razviti u sljedećim trudnoćama. Kod dipsogenog DI, dezmopresin obično nije opcija.<ref name="desmopressin" /><ref name="Dipsogenic DI">{{cite journal |last1=Ball |first1=Stephan |editor1-last=Feingold |editor1-first=KR |editor2-last=Ahmed |editor2-first=SF |editor3-last=Anawalt |editor3-first=B |title=Diabetes Insipidus |journal=Endotext |date=13 June 2018 |issue=2000 |pmid=25905242 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279011 |access-date=8 September 2025 |publisher=MDText.com, Inc.}}</ref> ===Nefrogeni=== Dezmopresin će biti neefikasan kod nefrogene dijabetes insipidus, koji se liječi uklanjanjem osnovnog uzroka (ako je moguće) i nadoknadom deficita slobodne vode. [[Tiazidni diuretik]], kao što su [[hlortalidon]] ili [[hidroklorotiazid]], može se koristiti za stvaranje blage [[hipovolemija| hipovolemije]], koja podstiče unos [[soli]] i vode u [[proksimalna tubula|proksimalne tubule]] i time poboljšava nefrogeni dijabetes insipidus.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Verbalis JG |date=May 2003 |title=Diabetes insipidus |journal=Rev Endocr Metab Disord |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=177–85 |doi=10.1023/A:1022946220908 |pmid=12766546 |s2cid=33533827}}</ref> [[Amiloid]] ima dodatnu korist blokiranja unosa natrija. Tiazidni diuretici se ponekad kombinuju sa amiloridom, kako bi se spriječila [[hipokalemija]] uzrokovana tiazidima. Čini se paradoksalnim liječiti ekstremnu diurezu diuretikom, a tačan mehanizam djelovanja nije poznat, ali tiazidni diuretici će smanjiti reapsorpciju natrija i vode u [[distalni izuvijani tubul|distalnim izuvijanim tubulima]], čime uzrokuju diurezu. Ovo smanjuje volumen plazme, čime se smanjuje [[brzina glomerularne filtracije]] i povećava apsorpcija natrijuma i vode u proksimalnom nefronu. Manje tečnosti dospijeva u distalni nefron, pa se postiže ukupna konzervacija tečnosti.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Loffing J |date=November 2004 |title=Paradoxical antidiuretic effect of thiazides in diabetes insipidus: another piece in the puzzle |url=http://jasn.asnjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15504949 |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=15 |issue=11 |pages=2948–50 |doi=10.1097/01.ASN.0000146568.82353.04 |pmid=15504949 |doi-access=free|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Litiij-Inducirani nefrogeni dijabetis insipidus (DI) može se efikasno liječiti primjenom [[amilorid]]a, diuretika koji štedi kalij, a često se koristi u kombinaciji s tiazidnim ili diureticima petlje. Kliničari su godinama svjesni [[toksičnost]]i [[litij]]a i tradicionalno su primjenjivali tiazidne diuretike za litijem izazvanu poliuriju i nefrogeni dijabetes insipidus. Međutim, nedavno se pokazalo da je amilorid uspješan tretman za ovo stanje.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Finch CK, Kelley KW, Williams RB |date=April 2003 |title=Treatment of lithium-induced diabetes insipidus with amiloride |journal=Pharmacotherapy |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=546–50 |doi=10.1592/phco.23.4.546.32121 |pmid=12680486 |s2cid=28291646}}</ref> == Etimologija == Reč "dijabetes" dolazi od latinskog ''dia'' + ''betes'', što zauzvrat dolazi od διαβήτης – ''diabētēs'', što doslovno znači "prolaznik kroz; [[sifon]]".<ref name="OED_diabetes">Oxford English Dictionary. ''diabetes''. Retrieved 2011-06-10.</ref> [[Drevna Grčka|Starogrčki]] [[ljekar]] [[Aretej iz Kapadokije]], u prvom stoljeću naše ere, koristio je tu riječ, sa namjeravanim značenjem "prekomjerno izlučivanje urina", kao naziv za bolest.<ref name="OnlineEtymology_diabetes">{{Cite web |year=2001–2010 |title=Online Etymology Dictionary. ''diabetes.'' |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=diabetes&searchmode=none |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113074242/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=diabetes&searchmode=none |archive-date=2012-01-13 |access-date=2011-06-10 |vauthors=Harper D}}</ref><ref name="RCPE">{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. Diabetes, Doctors and Dogs: An exhibition on Diabetes and Endocrinology by the College Library for the 43rd St. Andrew's Day Festival Symposium |url=http://www.rcpe.ac.uk/library/exhibitions/diabetes/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927133910/http://www.rcpe.ac.uk/library/exhibitions/diabetes/ |archive-date=2011-09-27 |access-date=2019-01-14 |vauthors=Dallas J}}</ref> U konačnici, riječ potiče od [[starogrčki|stgrč]] διαβαίνειν}} (transliteracija ''diabainein''), što znači "proći kroz",<ref name="OED_diabetes" /> što je sastavljeno od δια– ''dia''-), što znači "kroz" i βαίνειν – ''bainein'', što znači "ići".<ref name="OnlineEtymology_diabetes" /> Riječ "dijabetes" prvi put je zabilježena na engleskom jeziku, u obliku "diabete", u medicinskom tekstu napisanom oko 1425. godine. "Insipidus" dolazi iz latinskog jezika {{Lang|la|insipidus}} (bezukusno), od latinskog: ''in-'' "ne" + lat. ''sapidus" = ukusan" od ''sapere'' "imati okus" – puno značenje je "bez okusa ili pikantnosti; nije ukusan". Primjena ovog naziva na DI proizašla je iz činjenice da diabetes insipidus ne uzrokuje [[glikozurija|glikozuriju]] (izlučivanje [[glukoza|glukoze]] u [[urin]], čije su se organoleptičke osobine testirale). == Također pogledajte == * [[Dijabetes melitus]] * [[Poliurija]] * [[Polidipsija]] ==Reference== {{Reflist}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Bolest hipofize}} {{Hipotalamusna bolest|state=collapsed}} {{Nephrology}} {{X-vezani poremećaji}} {{Medicinski izvori | ICD11 = {{ICD11|5A61.5}} (AVP-D), {{ICD11|GB90.4A}} (AVP-R) | ICD10 = {{ICD10|E|23|2|e|20}} (AVP-D), {{ICD10|N|25|1|n|25}} (AVP-R) | ICD10CM = {{ICD10|E|23|2|e|20}} (AVP-D), {{ICD10|N|25|1|n|25}} (AVP-R) | ICD9 = {{ICD9|253.5}} (AVP-D), {{ICD9|588.1}} (AVP-R) | ICDO = | OMIM = 125700 | OMIM_mult = , {{OMIM|304900||none}} (AVP-D), {{OMIM|304800||none}}, {{OMIM|125800||none}} (AVP-R) | MeshID = D003919 | DiseasesDB = 3639 | SNOMED CT = 1296758008 | MedlinePlus = 000377 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 543 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|ped|580}} | PatientUK = diabetes-insipidus-pro | NCI = | GeneReviewsNBK = | GeneReviewsName = | NORD = | GARDNum = | GARDName = | RP = diabetes-insipidus | AO = | WO = | OrthoInfo = | Orphanet = 178029 | Orphanet_mult = , {{Orphanet2|223}} | Scholia = Q220551 | OB = }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Diabetes Insipidus}} [[Kategorija: Endokrine bolesti]] [[Kategorija: Nefrologija]] [[Kategorija:Endokrinologija]] [[Kategorija: Rijetke bolesti]] [[Kategorija:Medicina]] [[Kategorija: Autoimunost]] k1mz962462cry4s5uypcvonqqm4d05y Dijabetes tipa 2 0 534850 3849303 3848774 2026-05-25T15:42:37Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 2 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849303 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija zdravstveno stanje |ime=Dijabetes tipa 2 | slika = Blue circle for diabetes.svg | opis_slike = Plavi krug je univerzalni simbol dijabetesa.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Diabetes Blue Circle Symbol| url= http://www.diabetesbluecircle.org| date=17 March 2006| website= diabetesbluecircle.org |publisher= International Diabetes Federation |archive-date=5 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070805042346/http://www.diabetesbluecircle.org/ }}</ref> | specijalnost = [[Endokrinologija]] | sinonimi = Dijabetes tip 2, <br>dijabetes odrasle dobi<br/> insulin-neovisni dijabetes | simptomi = [[polidipsija|Pojačana žeđ]], [[poliurija|učestalo mokrenje]], neobjašnjiv [[gubitak težine]], [[polifagija|povećana glad]] | komplikacije = [[Hiperosmolarno hiperglikemijsko stanje]], [[dijabetička ketoacidoza]], [[bolest srca]], [[moždani udar]], [[dijabetička retinopatija]], [[zatajenje bubrega]], amputacija donjih ekstremiteta [[amputacija]] | pojava = Srednja ili starija dob | trajanje = Dugoročno | uzroci = [[Gojaznost]], [[fizička neaktivnost|nedostatak vježbanja]], [[Nasljednost|genetika]] | rizici = | dijagnoza = [[krvni test|Analiza krvi]] | diferencijal = | prevencija = Održavanje [[normalne težine]], [[fizička vježba|vježbanje]], [[zdrava prehrana]] | liječenje = [[dijabetička prehrana|promjene u prehrani]], [[vježbanje]], [[lijekovi za dijabetes]] kao što su [[metformin]] i [[insulin]], [[barijatrijska hirurgija]] | lijek =[[Metformin]] i [[insulin]] | prognoza = 10 godina kraće [[očekivani životni vijek]] | frekvencija = 392 miliona pregledanih (2015.) | smrtnost = }} '''Dijabetes tipa 2''' ('''T2D'''), ranije poznat kao '''dijabetes odraslih''', je oblik [[dijabetes melitus]]a koji karakterizira [[hiperglikemija|visok šećer u krvi]], [[insulinska rezistencija]] i relativni nedostatak [[insulin]]a.<ref name="NIH2014Cause">{{cite web|title= Causes of Diabetes|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/symptoms-causes?dkrd=hispt0015|website= niddk.nih.gov | publisher= National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=10 February 2016|date=June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-date=2 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202083725/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/Diabetes/causes-diabetes/Pages/index.aspx }}</ref> ==Znaci i simptomi== [[Slika:Main symptoms of diabetes.svg|thumb|upright=1.9| Pregled najznačajnijih simptoma dijabetesa]] Klasični simptomi dijabetesa su učečestalo [[mokrenje]] ([[poliurija]]), pojačana žeđ ([[polidipsija]]), pojačana glad ([[polifagija]]) i gubitak težine.<ref name=Vij2010>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vijan S | title = In the clinic. Type 2 diabetes | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 152 | issue = 5 | pages = ITC31–15; quiz ITC316 | date = March 2010 | pmid = 20194231 | doi = 10.7326/0003-4819-152-5-201003020-01003 | s2cid = 207535925 }}</ref> Ostali simptomi koji su obično prisutni prilikom dijagnoze uključuju anamnezu [[zamućeni vid|zamućenog vida]], [[svrbež|pruritusa]], [[periferna neuropatija|periferne neuropatije]], rekurentne [[vulvovaginitis|vaginske infekcije]] i [[umor]].<ref name="Green2011">{{cite book |title=Greenspan's basic & clinical endocrinology |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-07-162243-1 |veditors=Gardner DG, Shoback D |edition=9th |location=New York |chapter=Chapter 17: Pancreatic hormones & diabetes mellitus |oclc=613429053}}</ref> Drugi simptomi mogu uključivati ​​[[gubitak okusa]].<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Rathee M, Prachi J |title=StatPearls |date=2019 |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549775/ |chapter=Ageusia|pmid=31747182 }}</ref> Mnogi ljudi, međutim, nemaju simptome tokom prvih nekoliko godina i dijagnoza se postavlja rutinskim testiranjem.<ref name=Green2011/> Mali broj ljudi s dijabetesom tipa 2 može razviti [[hiperosmno hiperglikemijsko stanje]] (stanje vrlo visokog šećera u krvi povezano sa [[smanjeni nivo svijesti|smanjenim nivoom svijesti]] i [[hipotenzija|niskim krvnim pritiskom]]).<ref name=Green2011/> ===Komplikacije=== {{Glavni|Komplikacije dijabetesa}} Dijabetes tipa 2 obično je [[hronična bolest]], povezana s deset godina kraćim životnim vijekom.<ref name=Will2011>"Causes of Diabetes". niddk.nih.gov. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. June 2014. Archived from the original on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2016.</ref><ref name=ToolsPredictRisk>{{Cite web |title=Developing tools to help predict future risk for diabetes and heart attack |url=https://www.bmh.manchester.ac.uk/stories/developing-tools-to-help-predict-future-risk-for-diabetes/ |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health |language=en}}</ref> Djelimično je to zbog niza komplikacija s kojima je povezan. dva do četiri puta većim rizikom od kardiovaskularnih bolesti, uključujući ishemijsku bolest srca i [[moždani udar]]; 20 puta veći broj [[amputacija]] [[noga|donjih ekstremiteta]] i povećane stope hospitalizacija.<ref name="Will2011"/> U razvijenom svijetu, a sve više i drugdje, dijabetes tipa 2 je najveći uzrok netraumatskog sljepoće i zatajenja bubrega.<ref name="AFP09"/> Također je povezan s povećanim rizikom od kognitivne disfunkcije i [[demencija]], kroz bolesti poput [[Alzheimerova bolest|Alzheimerove bolesti]] i vaskularne demencije.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pasquier F | title = Diabetes and cognitive impairment: how to evaluate the cognitive status? | journal = Diabetes & Metabolism | volume = 36 | issue = Suppl 3 | pages = S100-5 | date = October 2010 | pmid = 21211730 | doi = 10.1016/S1262-3636(10)70475-4 }}</ref> Ostale komplikacije uključuju [[hiperpigmentacija|hiperpigmentaciju]] kože (''[[acanthosis nigricans]]''), [[seksualna disfunkcija|seksualnu disfunkciju]], [[dijabeteska ketoacidoza|dijabetesku ketoacidozu]] i česte [[infekcije]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diabetic ketoacidosis: Know the warning signs-Diabetic ketoacidosis - Symptoms & causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-ketoacidosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20371551 |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=Mayo Clinic |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=December 29, 2021 |title=WHAT IS TYPE 2 DIABETES? |url=https://www.diabetesdaily.com/learn-about-diabetes/basics/what-is-type-2-diabetes/ |journal=Diabetes Daily |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319115120/https://www.diabetesdaily.com/learn-about-diabetes/basics/what-is-type-2-diabetes/ |archive-date=2024-03-19 |access-date=2024-03-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Također postoji povezanost između dijabetesa tipa 2 i blagog [[Gubitak sluha kod dijabetesa|gubitka sluha]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Akinpelu OV, Mujica-Mota M, Daniel SJ | title = Is type 2 diabetes mellitus associated with alterations in hearing? A systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = The Laryngoscope | volume = 124 | issue = 3 | pages = 767–776 | date = March 2014 | pmid = 23945844 | doi = 10.1002/lary.24354 | s2cid = 25569962 }}</ref> ==Uzroci== Razvoj dijabetesa tipa 2 uzrokovan je kombinacijom načina života i genetičkih faktora.<ref name=AFP09/><ref name=Fat2009>{{cite journal | vauthors = Risérus U, Willett WC, Hu FB | title = Dietary fats and prevention of type 2 diabetes | journal = Progress in Lipid Research | volume = 48 | issue = 1 | pages = 44–51 | date = January 2009 | pmid = 19032965 | pmc = 2654180 | doi = 10.1016/j.plipres.2008.10.002 |}}</ref> Dok su neki od ovih faktora pod ličnom kontrolom, poput prehrane i [[gojaznost]]i, drugi faktori nisu, poput [[starenje|starenja]], [[žena|ženskog spola]] i genetike.<ref name=Will2011/> [[Utjecaji alkohola na zdravlje|Prekomjerna konzumacija alkohola]] je također faktor rizika.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Olokoba AB, Obateru OA, Olokoba LB | title = Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a review of current trends | journal = Oman Medical Journal | volume = 27 | issue = 4 | pages = 269–273 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 23071876 | pmc = 3464757 | doi = 10.5001/omj.2012.68 }}</ref> [[Gojaznost]] je češća kod žena nego kod muškaraca u mnogim dijelovima Afrike.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hilawe EH, Yatsuya H, Kawaguchi L, Aoyama A | title = Differences by sex in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glycaemia and impaired glucose tolerance in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Bulletin of the World Health Organization | volume = 91 | issue = 9 | pages = 671–682D | date = September 2013 | pmid = 24101783 | pmc = 3790213 | doi = 10.2471/BLT.12.113415 }}</ref> [[ishrana|Nutritivni]] status majke tokom [[fetus]]nog razvoja takođe može igrati ulogu.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Christian P, Stewart CP | title = Maternal micronutrient deficiency, fetal development, and the risk of chronic disease | journal = The Journal of Nutrition | volume = 140 | issue = 3 | pages = 437–45 | date = March 2010 | pmid = 20071652 | doi = 10.3945/jn.109.116327 | doi-access = free }}</ref> ===Način života=== {{Glavni|Način života uzrokuje dijabetes tipa 2}} Faktori načina života važni su za razvoj dijabetesa tipa 2, uključujući [[gojaznost]] i prekomjernu težinu (definiranu [[BMI|indeksom tjelesne mase]] većim od 25), fizičku neaktivnost, lošu prehranu, psihički [[stres]] i [[urbanizacija|urbanizaciju]].<ref name=Will2011/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Abdullah A, Peeters A, de Courten M, Stoelwinder J | title = The magnitude of association between overweight and obesity and the risk of diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies | journal = Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice | volume = 89 | issue = 3 | pages = 309–19 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 20493574 | doi = 10.1016/j.diabres.2010.04.012 }}</ref> Višak tjelesne masti povezan je s 30% slučajeva kod osoba kineskog i [[japan]]skog porijekla, 60–80% slučajeva kod osoba evropskog i afričkog porijekla i 100% slučajeva kod Pima [[Indijananci|autohtonog naoda]] i stanovnika pacifičkih ostrva.<ref name=Green2011/> Među onima koji nisu gojazni, često je prisutan visok [[omjer struka i bokova]].<ref name=Green2011/> Čini se da i [[pušenje]] povećava rizik od dijabetesa tipa 2.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pan A, Wang Y, Talaei M, Hu FB, Wu T | title = Relation of active, passive, and quitting smoking with incident type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology | volume = 3 | issue = 12 | pages = 958–67 | date = December 2015 | pmid = 26388413 | pmc = 4656094 | doi = 10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00316-2 }}</ref> [[Nedostatak sna]] također je povezan s dijabetesom tipa 2.<ref name=Sleep2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = Touma C, Pannain S | title = Does lack of sleep cause diabetes? | journal = Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine | volume = 78 | issue = 8 | pages = 549–58 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21807927 | doi = 10.3949/ccjm.78a.10165 | s2cid = 45708828 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Laboratorijske studije su povezale kratkotrajne nedostatke sna s promjenama u [[metabolizam|metabolizmu]] glukoze, aktivnosti [[nervni sistem|nervnog sistema]] ili hormonalnim faktorima koji mogu dovesti do dijabetesa.<ref name=Sleep2011/> Faktori ishrane također utiču na rizik od razvoja dijabetesa tipa 2. Prekomjerna konzumacija [[Zaslađeni napitak|napitaka zaslađenih šećerom]] povezana je s povećanim rizikom.<ref name=SSB2010>{{cite journal | vauthors = Malik VS, Popkin BM, Bray GA, Després JP, Hu FB | title = Sugar-sweetened beverages, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease risk | journal = Circulation | volume = 121 | issue = 11 | pages = 1356–64 | date = March 2010 | pmid = 20308626 | pmc = 2862465 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.876185 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Malik VS, Popkin BM, Bray GA, Després JP, Willett WC, Hu FB | title = Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 33 | issue = 11 | pages = 2477–83 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 20693348 | pmc = 2963518 | doi = 10.2337/dc10-1079 }}</ref> Vrsta [[masti]] u ishrani je važna, pri čemu [[zasićene masti]] i [[trans masne kiseline]] povećavaju rizik, a [[polinezasićene masti|polinezasićene]] i [[mononezasićene masti]] smanjuju rizik.<ref name=Fat2009 /> Čini se da konzumiranje puno [[riža|bijele riže]] ima ulogu u povećanju rizika.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hu EA, Pan A, Malik V, Sun Q | title = White rice consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis and systematic review | journal = BMJ | date = March 2012 | pmid = 22422870 | pmc = 3307808 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.e1454 }}</ref> Vjeruje se da [[fizička neaktivnost|nedostatak tjelovježbe]] uzrokuje 7% slučajeva.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee IM, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, Puska P, Blair SN, Katzmarzyk PT | title = Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9838 | pages = 219–29 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22818936 | pmc = 3645500 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61031-9 }}</ref> [[Sedentary lifestyle]] is another risk factor.<ref name="pmid29589226">{{cite journal | vauthors = Patterson R, McNamara E, Tainio M, de Sá TH, Smith AD, Sharp SJ, Edwards P, Woodcock J, Brage S, Wijndaele K | title = Sedentary behaviour and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality, and incident type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose response meta-analysis | journal = European Journal of Epidemiology | volume = 33 | issue = 9 | pages = 811–829 | date = September 2018 | pmid = 29589226 | pmc = 6133005 | doi = 10.1007/s10654-018-0380-1 }}</ref> [[Perzistentni organski zagađivač]]i također mogu imati ulogu.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lind L, Lind PM | title = Can persistent organic pollutants and plastic-associated chemicals cause cardiovascular disease? | journal = Journal of Internal Medicine | volume = 271 | issue = 6 | pages = 537–53 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22372998 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2012.02536.x | s2cid = 41018361 | doi-access = free }}</ref> ===Genetika=== {{Glavni|Genetički uzroci dijabetesa tipa 2|Epigenetika dijabetesa tipa 2}} Većina slučajeva dijabetesa uključuje mnogo gena, pri čemu svaki od njih malo doprinosi povećanoj vjerovatnoći razvoja dijabetesa tipa 2 ([[poligensko nasljeđivanje]]).<ref name=Will2011/> Udio dijabetesa koji je nasljedan procjenjuje se na 72%.<ref name=Will2011/><ref name=Will2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Willemsen G, Ward KJ, Bell CG, Christensen K, Bowden J, Dalgård C, Harris JR, Kaprio J, Lyle R, Magnusson PK, Mather KA, Ordoňana JR, Perez-Riquelme F, Pedersen NL, Pietiläinen KH, Sachdev PS, Boomsma DI, Spector T | title = The Concordance and Heritability of Type 2 Diabetes in 34,166 Twin Pairs From International Twin Registers: The Discordant Twin (DISCOTWIN) Consortium | journal = Twin Research and Human Genetics | volume = 18 | issue = 6 | pages = 762–771 | date = December 2015 | pmid = 26678054 | doi = 10.1017/thg.2015.83 | doi-access = free | hdl = 1959.4/unsworks_38969 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> Pronađeno je više od 36 gena i 80 [[jednonukleotidni polimorfizam|jednonukleotidnih polimorfizama]] (SNP) koji doprinose riziku od dijabetesa tipa 2.<ref name=Genetic2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = Herder C, Roden M | title = Genetics of type 2 diabetes: pathophysiologic and clinical relevance | journal = European Journal of Clinical Investigation | volume = 41 | issue = 6 | pages = 679–692 | date = June 2011 | pmid = 21198561 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2010.02454.x | s2cid = 43548816 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fuchsberger C, Flannick J, Teslovich TM, Mahajan A, Agarwala V, Gaulton KJ, Ma C, Fontanillas P, Moutsianas L, McCarthy DJ, Rivas MA, Perry JR, Sim X, Blackwell TW, Robertson NR, Rayner NW, Cingolani P | title = The genetic architecture of type 2 diabetes | journal = [[Nature]] | volume = 536 | issue = 7614 | pages = 41–47 | date = August 2016 | pmid = 27398621 | pmc = 5034897 | doi = 10.1038/nature18642 | bibcode = 2016Natur.536..41F }}</ref> Svi ovi geni zajedno i dalje čine samo 10% ukupne nasljedne komponente bolesti.<ref name=Genetic2011/> [[Alel]] [[TCF7L2]], naprimjer, povećava rizik od razvoja dijabetesa za 1,5 puta i predstavlja najveći rizik od uobičajenih genetičkih varijanti.<ref name=Green2011/> Većina gena povezanih s dijabetesom uključena je u funkcije [[pankreas]]nih [[beta-ćelija]].<ref name=Green2011/> Postoji niz rijetkih slučajeva dijabetesa koji nastaju zbog abnormalnosti u jednom genu (poznati kao [[genetički poremećaj|monogenski]] oblici dijabetesa ili [[Dijabetes|"druge specifične vrste dijabetesa"]]).<ref name=Will2011/><ref name=Green2011/> To uključuje [[dijabetes s početkom u zreloj dobi]] (MODY), [[Donohueov sindrom]] i [[Rabson-Mendenhallov sindrom]], među ostalima drugi.<ref name=Will2011/> Dijabetes koji se javlja u odrasloj dobi kod mladih čini 1–5% svih slučajeva dijabetesa kod mladih ljudi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Monogenic Forms of Diabetes: Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus and Maturity-onset Diabetes of the Young|date=March 2007|publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH|url=http://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/mody/|work=National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse (NDIC)|access-date=2008-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704103703/http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/mody/|archive-date=2008-07-04}}</ref> [[epigenetika|Epigenetička]] regulacija može imati ulogu u dijabetesu tipa 2.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rosen |first=Evan D. |last2=Kaestner |first2=Klaus H. |last3=Natarajan |first3=Rama |last4=Patti |first4=Mary-Elizabeth |last5=Sallari |first5=Richard |last6=Sander |first6=Maike |last7=Susztak |first7=Katalin |date=2018 |title=Epigenetics and Epigenomics: Implications for Diabetes and Obesity |journal=Diabetes |volume=67 |issue=10 |pages=1923–1931 |doi=10.2337/db18-0537 |issn=1939-327X |pmc=6463748 |pmid=30237160 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ===Medicinska stanja === Postoji niz lijekova i drugih zdravstvenih problema koji mogu predisponirati pacijente na dijabetes.<ref name=BookDM2008>{{cite book | vauthors = Funnell MM, Anderson RM |chapter=Influencing self-management: from compliance to collaboration | veditors = Bethel MN, Feinglos MA |title=Type 2 diabetes mellitus: an evidence-based approach to practical management |series=Contemporary endocrinology |year=2008|publisher=Humana Press|location=Totowa, NJ|isbn=978-1-58829-794-5 |oclc=261324723 |page=462 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cn-9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA455 }}</ref> Neki od lijekova uključuju: [[glukokortikoid]]e, [[tiazid]]e, [[beta-blokator|beta blokatore]], [[atipični antipsihotik| atipične antipsihotike]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Izzedine H, Launay-Vacher V, Deybach C, Bourry E, Barrou B, Deray G | title = Drug-induced diabetes mellitus | journal = Expert Opinion on Drug Safety | volume = 4 | issue = 6 | pages = 1097–1109 | date = November 2005 | pmid = 16255667 | doi = 10.1517/14740338.4.6.1097 | s2cid = 21532595 }}</ref> i [[statin]]e.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sampson UK, Linton MF, Fazio S | title = Are statins diabetogenic? | journal = Current Opinion in Cardiology | volume = 26 | issue = 4 | pages = 342–347 | date = July 2011 | pmid = 21499090 | pmc = 3341610 | doi = 10.1097/HCO.0b013e3283470359 }}</ref> One koje su prethodno imale gestacijski dijabetes, imaju veći rizik od razvoja dijabetesa tipa 2.<ref name=Vij2010/> Ostali zdravstveni problemi koji su povezani su: [[akromegalija]], [[Cushingov sindrom]], [[hipertireoza]], [[feokromocitom]] i određene vrste raka poput [[glukagonom]]a.<ref name=BookDM2008/> Individuals with cancer may be at a higher risk of mortality if they also have diabetes.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Giovannucci E, Harlan DM, Archer MC, Bergenstal RM, Gapstur SM, Habel LA, Pollak M, Regensteiner JG, Yee D | title = Diabetes and cancer: a consensus report | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 33 | issue = 7 | pages = 1674–1685 | date = July 2010 | pmid = 20587728 | pmc = 2890380 | doi = 10.2337/dc10-0666 | type = Professional society guidelines }}</ref> [[Testosterone deficiency]] is also associated with type&nbsp;2 diabetes.<ref name=pmid19444934>{{cite journal | vauthors = Saad F, Gooren L | title = The role of testosterone in the metabolic syndrome: a review | journal = The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology | volume = 114 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 40–43 | date = March 2009 | pmid = 19444934 | doi = 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2008.12.022 | s2cid = 22222112 }}</ref><ref name=pmid18832284>{{cite journal | vauthors = Farrell JB, Deshmukh A, Baghaie AA | title = Low testosterone and the association with type 2 diabetes | journal = The Diabetes Educator | volume = 34 | issue = 5 | pages = 799–806 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18832284 | doi = 10.1177/0145721708323100 | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[Poremećaji ishrane]] mogu također uticati na dijabetes tipa 2, pri čemu [[bulimija]] nervoza povećava rizik, a [[anoreksija nervoza]] smanjuje.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nieto-Martínez R, González-Rivas JP, Medina-Inojosa JR, Florez H | title = Are Eating Disorders Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis | journal = Current Diabetes Reports | volume = 17 | issue = 12 | page = 138 | date = November 2017 | pmid = 29168047 | doi = 10.1007/s11892-017-0949-1 | type = Systematic review and meta-analysis | s2cid = 3688434 }}</ref> ==Patofiziologija== [[Slika:Glucoregulatory hyperbola.png|thumb|280px|Hiperbolički odnos između osjetljivosti na insulin i funkcije [[beta-ćelija]] koji pokazuje dinamičku kompenzaciju kod "zdrave" [[rezistencija na insulun|insulinske rezistencije]] (prelaz iz A u B) i evoluciju dijabetesa melitusa tipa 2 (prelaz iz A u C): pokazuje dinamičku kompenzaciju kod "zdrave" inzulinske rezistencije (prelaz iz A u B) i evoluciju dijabetesa melitusa tipa 2 (prelaz iz A u C). [[Indeks dispozicije|Metrike dispozicije]] integriraju funkciju beta-ćelija i osjetljivost na insulin tako da rezultati ostaju konstantni kroz dinamičku kompenzaciju. Promijenjeno iz Cobelli et al. 2007, Hannon et al. 2018 and Dietrich et al. 2024<ref name="Cobelli_2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cobelli C, Toffolo GM, Dalla Man C, Campioni M, Denti P, Caumo A, Butler P, Rizza R | title = Assessment of beta-cell function in humans, simultaneously with insulin sensitivity and hepatic extraction, from intravenous and oral glucose tests | journal = American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism | volume = 293 | issue = 1 | pages = E1–E15 | date = July 2007 | pmid = 17341552 | doi = 10.1152/ajpendo.00421.2006 }}</ref><ref name="Hannon_2018">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hannon TS, Kahn SE, Utzschneider KM, Buchanan TA, Nadeau KJ, Zeitler PS, Ehrmann DA, Arslanian SA, Caprio S, Edelstein SL, Savage PJ, Mather KJ | title = Review of methods for measuring β-cell function: Design considerations from the Restoring Insulin Secretion (RISE) Consortium | journal = Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism | volume = 20 | issue = 1 | pages = 14–24 | date = January 2018 | pmid = 28493515 | pmc = 6095472 | doi = 10.1111/dom.13005 |}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dietrich JW, Abood A, Dasgupta R, Anoop S, Jebasingh FK, Spurgeon R, Thomas N, Boehm BO | title = A novel simple disposition index (SPINA-DI) from fasting insulin and glucose concentration as a robust measure of carbohydrate homeostasis | journal = Journal of Diabetes | volume = 16 | issue = 9 | date = September 2024 | pmid = 38169110 | doi = 10.1111/1753-0407.13525 | doi-access = free | pmc = 11418405 }}</ref>]] Dijabetes tipa 2 nastaje zbog nedovoljne proizvodnje insulina iz beta ćelija u kontekstu insulinske rezistencije.<ref name=Green2011/> [[Insulinska rezistencija]] odnosi se na nemogućnost ćelija da adekvatno reaguju na normalne nivoe insulina. Na molekularnom nivou patološkog mehanizma, ovo je obično zbog oštećenja puta transdukcije insulinskog signala – posebno, aberantne inhibicije jedne ili više proksimalnih komponenti u [[ćelijska signalizacija|signalnoj kaskadi]] nizvodno od insulinskog receptora, kao što su sam [[insulinski receptor]], proteini supstrata insulinskog receptora (IRS) ili [[AKT]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=James |first=David E. |last2=Stöckli |first2=Jacqueline |last3=Birnbaum |first3=Morris J. |date=November 2021 |title=The aetiology and molecular landscape of insulin resistance |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41580-021-00390-6 |journal=Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology |language=en |volume=22 |issue=11 |pages=751–771 |doi=10.1038/s41580-021-00390-6 |issn=1471-0080|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Insulinska rezistencija se javlja u [[miš]]ićima, [[jetra|jetri]] i [[masno tkivo|masnom tkivu]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Diabetes mellitus a guide to patient care.|year=2007|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-58255-732-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/diabetesmellitus0000unse_k9g1/page/15 15]|url=https://archive.org/details/diabetesmellitus0000unse_k9g1|url-access=registration}}</ref> U jetri, insulin normalno potiskuje oslobađanje [[glukoza|glukoze]]. Međutim, u slučaju indulinske rezistencije, [[jetra]] nepravilno oslobađa glukozu u [[krv]].<ref name="Will2011"/> Udio insulinske rezistencije u odnosu na disfunkciju [[beta-ćelija]] razlikuje se među pojedincima, pri čemu neki imaju prvenstveno insulinsku rezistenciju i samo manji defekt u lučenju insulina, a drugi imaju blagu insulinsku rezistenciju i prvenstveno nedostatak lučenja insulina.<ref name="Green2011"/> Važno je napomenuti da se [[insulinska rezistencija]] javlja i unutar samih otočića pankreasa [[Beta- ćelija|β-ćelije]]. Budući da normalna funkcija β-ćelija ovisi o netaknutom [[put transdukcije insulinskog signala|insulinske signalizacije]] unutar β-ćelije, poremećaj ovog puta može oštetiti proizvodnju i lučenje insulina, doprinoseći disfunkciji β-ćelija kod dijabetesa tipa 2.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=William S. |last2=Peng |first2=Xiao-Ding |last3=Wang |first3=Yong |last4=Xu |first4=Pei-Zhang |last5=Chen |first5=Mei-Ling |last6=Luo |first6=Yongmei |last7=Jeon |first7=Sang-Min |last8=Coleman |first8=Kevin |last9=Haschek |first9=Wanda M. |last10=Bass |first10=Joseph |last11=Philipson |first11=Louis H. |last12=Hay |first12=Nissim |date=June 1, 2009 |title=Leptin Deficiency and Beta-Cell Dysfunction Underlie Type 2 Diabetes in Compound Akt Knockout Mice |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1128/MCB.01792-08 |journal=Molecular and Cellular Biology |language=EN |doi=10.1128/MCB.01792-08# |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114225636/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1128/MCB.01792-08 |archive-date=14. 11. 2023 |access-date=21. 5. 2026 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elghazi |first=Lynda |last2=Bernal-Mizrachi |first2=Ernesto |date=July 1, 2009 |title=Akt and PTEN: β-cell mass and pancreas plasticity |url=https://www.cell.com/trends/endocrinology-metabolism/abstract/S1043-2760(09)00057-5 |journal=Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism |language=English |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=243–251 |doi=10.1016/j.tem.2009.03.002 |issn=1043-2760 |pmid=19541499}}</ref> Ostali potencijalno važni mehanizmi povezani s dijabetesom tipa 2 i insulinskom rezistencijom uključuju: povećanu razgradnju [[lipid]]a unutar masnih ćelija, otpornost na i nedostatak inkretina, visoke nivoe [[glukagon]]a u krvi, povećano zadržavanje [[soli]] i vode od strane [[bubreg]]a i neodgovarajuću regulaciju [[metabolizam| metabolizma]] od strane [[CNS|centralnog nervnog sistema]].<ref name=Will2011/> Međutim, ne razvijaju svi ljudi s insulinskom rezistencijom dijabetes jer je potrebno i oštećenje lučenja insulina od strane beta ćelija pankreasa.<ref name=Green2011/> U ranim fazama insulinske rezistencije, masa beta-ćelija se širi, povećavajući proizvodnju insulina kako bi se kompenzirala insulinska neosjetljivost, tako da indeks dispozicije ostaje konstantan.<ref name="pmid31831356">{{cite journal | vauthors=Sun T, Han X | title=Death versus dedifferentiation: The molecular bases of beta cell mass reduction in type 2 diabetes | journal=[[Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology]] | year=2019 | volume=103 | pages=76–82 | doi = 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.12.002 | pmid=31831356| s2cid=209341381 }}</ref> Drugi potencijalno važni mehanizmi povezani s dijabetesom tipa 2 i insulinskom rezistencijom uključuju: povećanu razgradnju lipida unutar masnih ćelija, otpornost na i nedostatak [[inkretin]]a, visoke nivoe [[glukagon]]a u krvi, povećano zadržavanje soli i vode od strane bubrega i neodgovarajuću regulaciju metabolizma od strane centralnog nervnog sistema.<ref name=Will2011/> Međutim, ne razvijaju svi ljudi s inzulinskom rezistencijom dijabetes jer je potrebno i oštećenje lučenja inzulina od strane beta ćelija pankreasa.<ref name=Green2011/> U ranim fazama inulinske rezistencije, masa beta ćelija se širi, povećavajući proizvodnju insulina kako bi se kompenzirala insulinska neosjetljivost, tako da indeks dispozicije ostaje konstantan.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Reed J, Bain S, Kanamarlapudi V | title = A Review of Current Trends with Type 2 Diabetes Epidemiology, Aetiology, Pathogenesis, Treatments and Future Perspectives | journal = Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy| volume = 14 | pages = 3567–3602 | date = August 2021 | pmid = 34413662 | pmc = 8369920 | doi = 10.2147/DMSO.S319895 | doi-access = free }}</ref> ==Dijagnoza== {{OGTT}} Definicija dijabetesa (i tipa 1 i tipa 2) koju daje [[Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija]] odnosi se na jedno povišeno očitanje glukoze sa simptomima ili na povišena očitanja [[glukoza|glukoze]] u dva odvojena datuma, bilo da se radi o:<ref name=who-99>{{Cite web |url=https://www.who.int/diabetes/publications/en/ |author=World Health Organization |title=Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications: Report of a WHO Consultation. Part 1. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus |access-date=2007-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070529092627/http://www.who.int/diabetes/publications/en/ |archive-date=2007-05-29 }}</ref> * [[glukoza]] u plazmi natašte ≥ 7,0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL) :ili * [[test tolerancije glukoze]] sa dva sata nakon oralne doze glukozom u plazmi ≥ 11,1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) Slučajni šećer u krvi veći od 11,1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) u kombinaciji s tipičnim simptomima<ref name=Vij2010/> ili [[glikirani hemoglobin]] (HbA<sub>1c</sub>) od ≥ 48 mmol/mol (≥ 6,5 [[Ispitivanje kontrole i komplikacija dijabetesa|DCCT]] %) još je jedna metoda dijagnosticiranja dijabetesa.<ref name=Will2011/> U 2009, Međunarodni stručni odbor koji je uključivao predstavnike [[Američko udruženje za dijabetes|Američkog udruženja za dijabetes]] (ADA), [[Međunarodna federacija za dijabetes|Međunarodne federacije za dijabetes]] (IDF) i [[Evropsko udruženje za proučavanje dijabetesa|Evropskog udruženja za proučavanje dijabetesa]] (EASD) preporučilo je da se za dijagnozu dijabetesa koristi prag [[hemoglobin|HbA<sub>1c</sub>]] od ≥&nbsp;48&nbsp;mmol/mol (≥&nbsp;6,5 DCCT %).<ref name=Expert2009/> Ovu preporuku je usvojilo Američko udruženje za dijabetes 2010.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 33 | issue = Supplement_1 | pages = S62-9 | date = January 2010 | pmid = 20042775 | pmc = 2797383 | doi = 10.2337/dc10-S062 | author1 = ((American Diabetes Association)) }}</ref> Pozitivne testove treba ponoviti osim ako osoba ne pokaže tipične simptome i šećer u krvi >11,1 mmol/L (>200 mg/dL).<ref name=Expert2009>{{cite journal | title = International Expert Committee report on the role of the A1C assay in the diagnosis of diabetes | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 32 | issue = 7 | pages = 1327–34 | date = July 2009 | pmid = 19502545 | pmc = 2699715 | doi = 10.2337/dc09-9033 | author1 = International Expert Committee }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style = "float: right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center" |+ ADA-dijagnostički kriteriji za dijabetes <ref name="ADA2024ch2"/> &nbsp; ! ![[Diabetes mellitus]] !Prediabetes |- |HbA<sub>1c</sub> |≥&nbsp;6,5% (≥ 48&nbsp;mmol/mol) |5,7–6,4% (39–47&nbsp;mmol/mol) |- |[[Glukoza]] natašte |≥&nbsp;126&nbsp;mg/dL |100–125&nbsp;mg/dL |- |2-satna glukoza |≥&nbsp;200&nbsp;mg/dL |140–199&nbsp;mg/dL |- | Slučajna glukoza s klasičnim simptomima |≥&nbsp;200&nbsp;mg/dL | Nedostupna |} Prag za dijagnozu dijabetesa zasniva se na odnosu između rezultata testova tolerancije glukoze, glukoze natašte ili HbA1c i komplikacija poput retinopatije i problema s mrežnjačom.<ref name=Will2011/> Test tolerancije glukoze natašte ili nasumično mjerenje šećera u krvi je poželjnije od testa tolerancije glukoze, jer su pogodniji za ljude.<ref name=Will2011/> [[hemoglobim|HbA1c]] ima prednost što nije potreban [[post]] i rezultati su stabilniji, ali ima nedostatak što je test skuplji od mjerenja glukoze u krvi.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 35 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = S64-71 | date = January 2012 | pmid = 22187472 | pmc = 3632174 | doi = 10.2337/dc12-s064 | author1 = American Diabetes Association }}</ref> Procjenjuje se da 20% ljudi s dijabetesom u [[SAD|Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama]] ne shvata da imaju tu bolest.<ref name=Will2011/> Dijabetes tipa 2 karakterizira visoka razina glukoze u krvi u kontekstu insulinske rezistencije i relativnog nedostatka insulina.<ref name="Pathologic Basis of Disease">{{Cite book | vauthors = Kumar V, Fausto N, Abbas AK, Cotran RS, Robbins SL |title=Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease|year=2005|edition=7th|publisher=Saunders|location=Philadelphia, Pa.|isbn=978-0-7216-0187-8|pages=1194–95}}</ref> Ovo je u suprotnosti sa [[dijabetes tipa 1|dijabetesom tipa 1]] kod kojeg postoji apsolutni nedostatak insulina, zbog uništavanja ćelija [[Lanenhansova ostrvaca | pankreasna ostrvaca]] u pankreasu i [[gestacijski dijabetes|gestacijskim dijabetesom]] koji je nova pojava visokog šećera u krvi povezanog s trudnoćom.<ref name="Green2011"/> Tip&nbsp;1 i tip&nbsp;2 dijabetesa obično se mogu razlikovati na osnovu prisutnih okolnosti.<ref name=Expert2009/> Ako je dijagnoza u nedoumici, testiranje na [[antitijela]] može biti korisno za potvrdu dijabetesa tipa 1, a nivoi [[C-peptid]]a mogu biti korisni za potvrdu dijabetesa tipa 2,<ref>{{cite book|title=Diabetes mellitus a guide to patient care.|year=2007|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-58255-732-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/diabetesmellitus0000unse_k9g1/page/201 201]|url=https://archive.org/details/diabetesmellitus0000unse_k9g1|url-access=registration}}</ref> sa normalnim ili visokim nivoima [[C-peptid]]a kod dijabetesa tipa 2, ali niskim kod dijabetesa tipa 1.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Vivian EM, Blackorbay B | veditors = Lee M |title=Basic Skills in Interpreting Laboratory Data |edition=5th |date=2013 |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |location=Bethesda, MD |isbn=978-1-58528-345-3 |oclc=859778842 |chapter=Chapter 13: Endocrine Disorders |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5WW1AAAAQBAJ&pg=PT539}}</ref> ==Skrining== [[Radna grupa za preventivne usluge Sjedinjenih Američkih Država]] (USPSTF) preporučila je 2021. skrining za dijabetes tipa 2 kod odraslih osoba starosti od 35 do 70 godina koje imaju prekomjernu težinu (tj. [[indeks tjelesne mase]] iznad 25) ili [[gojaznost]].<ref name="USPSTF2021"/> Za [[azijsko-amerikanci|osobe azijskog porijekla]], skrining se preporučuje ako imaju BMI preko 23.<ref name="USPSTF2021"/> Skrining u ranijoj dobi može se razmotriti kod osoba sa [[porodična anamneza|porodičnom anamnezom]] dijabetesa; neke etničke grupe, uključujući [[Hispanoamerikanci|Hispanoamerikance]], [[Afroamerikanci| Afroamerikance]] i [[Indijanci|autohtone Amerikance]]; anamneza [[gestacijski dijabetes|gestacijskog dijabetesa]]; [[sindrom policistastih jajnika]].<ref name="USPSTF2021"/> Skrining se može ponavljati svake tri godine.<ref name="USPSTF2021"/> Prema preporuci Američke radne grupe za preventivne usluge, [[Skrining (medicina)|skrining]] za dijabetes kod osoba bez faktora rizika ili simptoma ne preporučuje se.<ref name="USPSTF2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Davidson KW, Barry MJ, Mangione CM, Cabana M, Caughey AB, Davis EM, Donahue KE, Doubeni CA, Krist AH, Kubik M, Li L, Ogedegbe G, Owens DK, Pbert L, Silverstein M, Stevermer J, Tseng CW, Wong JB | title = Screening for Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement | journal = JAMA | volume = 326 | issue = 8 | pages = 736–743 | date = August 2021 | pmid = 34427594 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2021.12531 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Međutim, [[Američko udruženje za dijabetes]] (ADA) preporučilo je 2024. skrining kod svih odraslih osoba starijih od 35 godina.<ref name="ADA2024ch2">{{cite journal | vauthors = ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Bannuru RR, Bruemmer D, Collins BS, Ekhlaspour L, etal | collaboration = American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee | title = 2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2024 | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 47 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = S20–S42 | date = January 2024 | pmid = 38078589 | pmc = 10725812 | doi = 10.2337/dc24-S002 | doi-access = free }}</ref> ADA također preporučuje skrining kod odraslih osoba svih dobnih skupina s [[BMI]] preko 25 (ili preko 23 kod [[azijski Amerikanaci|azijskih Amerikanaca]]) s drugim faktorom rizika: [[rođak prvog stupnja]] s dijabetesom, etnička pripadnost s visokim rizikom za dijabetes, [[krvni pritisak]] ≥130/80 mmHg ili na terapiji za [[hipertenzija|hipertenziju]], anamneza [[kardiovaskularna bolest|kardiovaskularnih bolesti]], [[fizička neaktivnost]], [[sindrom policistastih jajnika]] ili teška [[pretilost]].<ref name="ADA2024ch2"/> ADA preporučuje ponavljanje skrininga najmanje svake tri godine.<ref name="ADA2024ch2"/> ADA preporučuje godišnje testove kod osoba s [[predijabetes]]om.<ref name="ADA2024ch2"/> Osobama s prethodnim [[gestacijski dijabetes| gestacijskim dijabetesom]] ili [[pankreatitis]]om također se preporučuje skrining.<ref name="ADA2024ch2"/> Nema dokaza da skrining mijenja rizik od smrti i bilo kakvu korist od skrininga na neželjene efekte, incidenciju dijabetesa tipa 2, HbA1c ili socioekonomskih efekata nije jasna.<ref name=Selph_et_al-2015>{{cite journal | vauthors = Selph S, Dana T, Blazina I, Bougatsos C, Patel H, Chou R | title = Screening for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 162 | issue = 11 | pages = 765–76 | date = June 2015 | pmid = 25867111 | doi = 10.7326/M14-2221 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Peer N, Balakrishna Y, Durao S |date=May 2020 |title=Screening for type 2 diabetes mellitus |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=5 |issue=6 |doi=10.1002/14651858.cd005266.pub2 |pmc=7259754 |pmid=32470201}}</ref> U [[UK|Velikoj Britaniji]], smjernice [[Nacionalni institut za zdravlje i izvrsnost u njezi|NICE]] predlažu poduzimanje mjera za prevenciju dijabetesa kod osoba s indeksom tjelesne mase ([[BMI]]) od 30 ili više.<ref name="NIHR2022"/> Za osobe [[crnih Britanaci|britanskih Afrikanaca]], [[britanci afro-karipskog porijekla|Afro-karipskog porijekla]], [[Južnoazijsko porijeklu u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu|Južnoazijskog porijekla]] i [[britanski Kinezi|kineskog]] porijekla preporuka za početak prevencije počinje pri [[BMI]] od 27,5.<ref name="NIHR2022">{{Cite journal |date=2022-07-26 |title=Diabetes: putting people at the heart of services |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/diabetes-putting-people-at-the-heart-of-services/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |language=en |publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Research |doi=10.3310/nihrevidence_52026|s2cid=251299176 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Studija zasnovana na velikom uzorku ljudi u Engleskoj sugeriše još niže indekse tjelesne mase (BMI) za određene etničke grupe kao početak prevencije, na primjer 24 u južnoazijskoj i 21 u [[britanski Bangladešani|britanskobangladeškim]] [[populacija]]ma.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2022-03-10 |title=Are you at risk of diabetes? Research finds prevention should start at a different BMI for each ethnic group |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/diabetes-prevention-should-start-at-different-bmi-for-each-ethnic-group/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Plain English summary |language=en |publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Research |doi=10.3310/alert_48878|s2cid=247390548 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Caleyachetty R, Barber TM, Mohammed NI, Cappuccio FP, Hardy R, Mathur R, Banerjee A, Gill P | title = Ethnicity-specific BMI cutoffs for obesity based on type 2 diabetes risk in England: a population-based cohort study | journal = The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology | volume = 9 | issue = 7 | pages = 419–426 | date = July 2021 | pmid = 33989535 | pmc = 8208895 | doi = 10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00088-7 }}</ref> ==Prevencija== {{Glavni|Prevencija dijabetesa tipa 2}} Početak dijabetesa tipa 2 može se odgoditi ili spriječiti pravilnom ishranom i redovnim [[fizička vježba|vježbanjem]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Raina Elley C, Kenealy T | title = Lifestyle interventions reduced the long-term risk of diabetes in adults with impaired glucose tolerance | journal = Evidence-Based Medicine | volume = 13 | issue = 6 | page = 173 | date = December 2008 | pmid = 19043031 | doi = 10.1136/ebm.13.6.173 | s2cid = 26714233 }}</ref><ref name="Hemmingsen2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hemmingsen B, Gimenez-Perez G, Mauricio D, Roqué I, Figuls M, Metzendorf MI, Richter B | title = Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2017 | issue = 12 | date = December 2017 | pmid = 29205264 | pmc = 6486271 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD003054.pub4 }}</ref> Intenzivne mjere promjene načina života mogu smanjiti rizik za više od polovine.<ref name=AFP09/><ref name=Schellenberg2013>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schellenberg ES, Dryden DM, Vandermeer B, Ha C, Korownyk C | title = Lifestyle interventions for patients with and at risk for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 159 | issue = 8 | pages = 543–551 | date = October 2013 | pmid = 24126648 | doi = 10.7326/0003-4819-159-8-201310150-00007 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Koristi od vježbanja javljaju se bez obzira na početnu težinu osobe ili naknadni gubitak težine. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = O'Gorman DJ, Krook A | title = Exercise and the treatment of diabetes and obesity | journal = The Medical Clinics of North America | volume = 95 | issue = 5 | pages = 953–969 | date = September 2011 | pmid = 21855702 | doi = 10.1016/j.mcna.2011.06.007 }}</ref> Visoka razina fizičke aktivnosti smanjuje rizik od dijabetesa za oko 28%.<ref name=BMJ2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kyu HH, Bachman VF, Alexander LT, Mumford JE, Afshin A, Estep K, Veerman JL, Delwiche K, Iannarone ML, Moyer ML, Cercy K, Vos T, Murray CJ, Forouzanfar MH | title = Physical activity and risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke events: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 | journal = BMJ | volume = 354 | date = August 2016 | pmid = 27510511 | pmc = 4979358 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.i3857 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Međutim, dokazi o koristi samih promjena u ishrani su ograničeni,<ref name="Hemmingsen2017"/> s nekim dokazima o ishrani bogatoj zelenim lisnatim [[povrće]]m <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Carter P, Gray LJ, Troughton J, Khunti K, Davies MJ | title = Fruit and vegetable intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = BMJ | volume = 341 | date = August 2010 | pmid = 20724400 | pmc = 2924474 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.c4229 }}</ref> a neke za ograničavanje unosa zaslađenih pića.<ref name="Schwing">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schwingshackl L, Hoffmann G, Lampousi AM, Knüppel S, Iqbal K, Schwedhelm C, Bechthold A, Schlesinger S, Boeing H | title = Food groups and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies | journal = European Journal of Epidemiology | volume = 32 | issue = 5 | pages = 363–375 | date = May 2017 | pmid = 28397016 | pmc = 5506108 | doi = 10.1007/s10654-017-0246-y }}</ref> Postoji [[korelacija|povezanost]] između većeg unosa voćnih sokova zaslađenih šećerom i dijabetesa, ali nema dokaza o povezanosti sa 100% voćnim sokom.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Xi B, Li S, Liu Z, Tian H, Yin X, Huai P, Tang W, Zhou D, Steffen LM | title = Intake of fruit juice and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | date = 2014 | pmid = 24682091 | pmc = 3969361 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0093471 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2014PLoSO..993471X }}</ref> Pregled iz 2019. pronašao je dokaze o koristima od [[vlakno|prehrambenih vlakana]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Reynolds A, Mann J, Cummings J, Winter N, Mete E, Te Morenga L | title = Carbohydrate quality and human health: a series of systematic reviews and meta-analyses | journal = Lancet | volume = 393 | issue = 10170 | pages = 434–445 | date = February 2019 | pmid = 30638909 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31809-9 | s2cid = 58632705 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Pregled iz 2017. pokazao je da dugoročne promjene načina života smanjuju rizik za 28%, dok lijekovi ne smanjuju rizik nakon prestanka uzimanja [[lijek]]ova.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Haw JS, Galaviz KI, Straus AN, Kowalski AJ, Magee MJ, Weber MB, Wei J, Narayan KM, Ali MK | title = Long-term Sustainability of Diabetes Prevention Approaches: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials | journal = JAMA Internal Medicine | volume = 177 | issue = 12 | pages = 1808–1817 | date = December 2017 | pmid = 29114778 | pmc = 5820728 | doi = 10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.6040 }}</ref> Iako su niski nivoi [[vitamin D| vitamina D]] povezani sa povećanim rizikom od dijabetesa, korekcija nivoa suplementacijom vitaminom D3 ne poboljšava taj rizik.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Seida JC, Mitri J, Colmers IN, Majumdar SR, Davidson MB, Edwards AL, Hanley DA, Pittas AG, Tjosvold L, Johnson JA | title = Clinical review: Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on improving glucose homeostasis and preventing diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism | volume = 99 | issue = 10 | pages = 3551–60 | date = October 2014 | pmid = 25062463 | pmc = 4483466 | doi = 10.1210/jc.2014-2136 }}</ref> Kod osoba s [[predijabetes]]om, prehrana u kombinaciji s fizičkom aktivnošću odgađa ili smanjuje rizik od dijabetesa tipa 2, prema [[Cochraneov pregled|Cochraneovom pregledu]] iz 2017.<ref name="Hemmingsen2017"/> Kod osoba s predijabetesom, [[metformin]] može odgoditi ili smanjiti rizik od razvoja dijabetesa tipa 2 u usporedbi s prehranom i vježbanjem ili [[placebo]] intervencijom, ali ne i u usporedbi s intenzivnom prehranom i vježbanjem, a nije bilo dovoljno podataka o ishodima kao što su smrtnost i dijabeteske komplikacije te kvalitet života povezan sa zdravljem, prema Cochraneovom pregledu iz 2019. g odine.<ref name="Madsen2019">{{cite journal | vauthors = Madsen KS, Chi Y, Metzendorf MI, Richter B, Hemmingsen B | title = Metformin for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in persons at increased risk for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2019 | issue = 12 | date = December 2019 | pmid = 31794067 | pmc = 6889926 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD008558.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group }}</ref> Kod osoba s predijabetesom, [[inhibitor alfa-glukozidaze|inhibitori alfa-glukozidaze]] poput akarboze mogu odgoditi ili smanjiti rizik od dijabetesa tipa 2 u usporedbi s [[placebo[[m, međutim, nije bilo konačnih dokaza da je [[akarboza]] poboljšala kardiovaskularnu smrtnost ili kardiovaskularne događaje, prema Cochraneovom pregledu iz 2018.<ref name="Moelands2018">{{cite journal | vauthors = Moelands SV, Lucassen PL, Akkermans RP, De Grauw WJ, Van de Laar FA | title = Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2018 | issue = 12 | date = December 2018 | pmid = 30592787 | pmc = 6517235 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD005061.pub3 | collaboration = Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group }}</ref> Kod osoba s predijabetesom, [[pioglitazon]] može odgoditi ili smanjiti rizik od razvoja dijabetesa tipa 2 u usporedbi s placebom ili bez intervencije, ali nije uočena razlika u usporedbi s [[metformin]]om, a nedostajali su i podaci o smrtnosti, komplikacijama i kvalitetu života, prema Cochraneovom pregledu iz 2020.<ref name="Ipsen2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ipsen EØ, Madsen KS, Chi Y, Pedersen-Bjergaard U, Richter B, Metzendorf MI, Hemmingsen B | title = Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at risk for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2020 | issue = 11 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 33210751 | pmc = 8092670 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD013516.pub2 | doi-access = free | collaboration = Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group }}</ref> Kod osoba s predijabetesom, nije bilo dovoljno podataka da bi se izveli bilo kakvi zaključci o tome možs li [[inhibitor SGLT2]] odgoditi ili smanjiti rizik od razvoja dijabetesa tipa 2, prema Cochraneovom pregledu iz 2016.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hemmingsen B, Krogh J, Metzendorf MI, Richter B | title = Sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT) 2 inhibitors for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at risk for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2016 | issue = 4 | date = April 2016 | pmid = 27101360 | pmc = 6486006 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD012106.pub2 | doi-access = free | collaboration = Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group }}</ref> ==Upravljanje== {{glavni|Upravljanje dijabetesom}} Upravljanje dijabetesom tipa 2 fokusira se na promjene načina života, smanjenje drugih kardiovaskularnih faktora rizika i održavanje [[nivo glukoze u krvi|nivoa glukoze u krvi]] u normalnom rasponu.<ref name=AFP09>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ripsin CM, Kang H, Urban RJ | title = Management of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 79 | issue = 1 | pages = 29–36 | date = January 2009 | pmid = 19145963 }}</ref> Samopraćenje glukoze u krvi kod osoba s novodijagnosticiranim dijabetesom tipa 2 može se koristiti u kombinaciji s edukacijom,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mannucci E, Giaccari A, Gallo M, Bonifazi A, Belén ÁD, Masini ML, Trento M, Monami M | title = Self-management in patients with type 2 diabetes: Group-based versus individual education. A systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized trails | journal = Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases | volume = 32 | issue = 2 | pages = 330–336 | date = February 2022 | pmid = 34893413 | doi = 10.1016/j.numecd.2021.10.005 | s2cid = 244580173 }}</ref> iako je korist od samopraćenja kod onih koji ne koriste višedozni insulin upitna.<ref name=AFP09/> Kod onih koji ne žele mjeriti nivo u krvi, može se izvršiti mjerenje nivoa u [[urin|mokraći]].<ref name="NICE2009Self">{{Cite web|date=May 2009|title=Type 2 diabetes: The management of type 2 diabetes|url=http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg87/chapter/1-recommendations#self-monitoring-of-plasma-glucose|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522055955/http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg87/chapter/1-recommendations#self-monitoring-of-plasma-glucose|archive-date=2015-05-22}}</ref> Upravljanje drugim faktorima rizika za kardiovaskularne bolesti, kao što su [[hipertenzija]], [[visok holesterol]] i [[mikroalbuminurija]], produžava životni vijek osobe.<ref name=AFP09/> Snižavanje sistolbog [[krvni pritisak|krvnog pritiska]] na manje od 140 mmHg povezano je s manjim rizikom od smrti i boljim ishodima.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Emdin CA, Rahimi K, Neal B, Callender T, Perkovic V, Patel A | title = Blood pressure lowering in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = JAMA | volume = 313 | issue = 6 | pages = 603–615 | date = February 2015 | pmid = 25668264 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2014.18574 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Intenzivno upravljanje krvnim pritiskom (manje od 130/80 mmHg), za razliku od standardnog upravljanja krvnim pritiskom (manje od 140–160 mmHg sistolnog do 85–100 mmHg dijastolnog), rezultira blagim smanjenjem rizika od [[moždani udar|moždanog udara]], ali ne utiče na ukupni rizik od [[smrt]]i.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = McBrien K, Rabi DM, Campbell N, Barnieh L, Clement F, Hemmelgarn BR, Tonelli M, Leiter LA, Klarenbach SW, Manns BJ | title = Intensive and Standard Blood Pressure Targets in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis | journal = Archives of Internal Medicine | volume = 172 | issue = 17 | pages = 1296–1303 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 22868819 | doi = 10.1001/archinternmed.2012.3147 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Intenzivno snižavanje šećera u krvi (HbA1c < 6%), za razliku od standardnog snižavanja šećera u krvi (HbA1c od 7–7,9%), ne mijenja [[smrtnost]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Boussageon R, Bejan-Angoulvant T, Saadatian-Elahi M, Lafont S, Bergeonneau C, Kassaï B, Erpeldinger S, Wright JM, Gueyffier F, Cornu C | title = Effect of intensive glucose lowering treatment on all cause mortality, cardiovascular death, and microvascular events in type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials | journal = BMJ | volume = 343 | date = July 2011 | pmid = 21791495 | pmc = 3144314 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.d4169 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Webster MW | title = Clinical practice and implications of recent diabetes trials | journal = Current Opinion in Cardiology | volume = 26 | issue = 4 | pages = 288–93 | date = July 2011 | pmid = 21577100 | doi = 10.1097/HCO.0b013e328347b139 | s2cid = 20819316 }}</ref> Cilj liječenja je obično HbA1c od 7 do 8% ili [[glukoza]] natašte manja od 7,2 mmol/L (130 mg/dL); međutim, ovi ciljevi se mogu promijeniti nakon stručne kliničke konsultacije, uzimajući u obzir posebne rizike od [[hipoglikemija|hipoglikemije]] i očekivano trajanje života.<ref name="ADA2024ch6">{{cite journal | vauthors = ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Bannuru RR, Bruemmer D, Collins BS, Ekhlaspour L, etal | title = 6. Glycemic Goals and Hypoglycemia: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2024 | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 47 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = S111–S125 | date = January 2024 | pmid = 38078586 | pmc = 10725808 | doi = 10.2337/dc24-S006 | collaboration = American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, Kansagara D, Horwitch C, Barry MJ, Forciea MA | title = Hemoglobin A1c Targets for Glycemic Control With Pharmacologic Therapy for Nonpregnant Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Guidance Statement Update From the American College of Physicians | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 168 | issue = 8 | pages = 569–576 | date = April 2018 | pmid = 29507945 | doi = 10.7326/M17-0939 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Hipoglikemija je povezana s neželjenim ishodima kod starijih osoba s dijabetesom tipa 2.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Seaquist ER, Anderson J, Childs B, Cryer P, Dagogo-Jack S, Fish L, Heller SR, Rodriguez H, Rosenzweig J, Vigersky R | title = Hypoglycemia and diabetes: a report of a workgroup of the American Diabetes Association and the Endocrine Society | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 36 | issue = 5 | pages = 1384–1395 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23589542 | pmc = 3631867 | doi = 10.2337/dc12-2480 | type = Professional society guidelines }}</ref> Uprkos smjernicama koje preporučuju da se intenzivna kontrola šećera u krvi zasniva na balansiranju neposredne štete i dugoročnih koristi, mnogi ljudi - na primjer, ljudi sa očekivanim životnim vijekom kraćim od devet godina koji neće imati koristi, su [[Nepotrebna zdravstvena njega|pretjerano liječeni]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Makam AN, Nguyen OK | title = An Evidence-Based Medicine Approach to Antihyperglycemic Therapy in Diabetes Mellitus to Overcome Overtreatment | journal = Circulation | volume = 135 | issue = 2 | pages = 180–195 | date = January 2017 | pmid = 28069712 | pmc = 5502688 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.022622 }}</ref> Preporučuje se da sve osobe s dijabetesom tipa 2 redovno idu na preglede [[oči]]ju.<ref name=Green2011/> Postoje umjereni dokazi koji ukazuju na to da liječenje bolesti desni čišćenjem zuba i izrastanjem zuba rezultira poboljšanjem nivoa šećera u krvi kod osoba s dijabetesom.<ref name="Simpson2015">{{cite journal |vauthors=Simpson TC, Clarkson JE, Worthington HV, MacDonald L, Weldon JC, Needleman I, Iheozor-Ejiofor Z, Wild SH, Qureshi A, Walker A, Patel VA, Boyers D, Twigg J |date=April 14, 2022 |title=Treatment of periodontitis for glycaemic control in people with diabetes mellitus |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume= 2022|issue= 4|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004714.pub4 |pmc= 9009294|pmid=35420698|hdl=2164/20480|hdl-access=free}}</ref> ===Životni stil=== ==== Vježbanje ==== Pravilna prehrana i redovna [[fizička vježba|vježbanje]] su osnove liječenja dijabetesa,<ref name=Vij2010/> pri čemu jedna studija ukazuje da veća količina vježbanja poboljšava ishode.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Smith AD, Crippa A, Woodcock J, Brage S|date=December 2016|title=Physical activity and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies|journal=Diabetologia|volume=59|issue=12|pages=2527–2545|doi=10.1007/s00125-016-4079-0|pmc=6207340|pmid=27747395}}</ref> Redovna tjelovježba može poboljšati kontrolu šećera u krvi, smanjiti sadržaj tjelesne [[masti]] i smanjiti nivo [[lipid]]a u [[krv]]i.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Thomas DE, Elliott EJ, Naughton GA|date=July 2006|title=Exercise for type 2 diabetes mellitus|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2009|issue=3|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002968.pub2|pmid=16855995|pmc=8989410|s2cid=25505640}}</ref> ==== Dijeta ==== {{glavni|Dijeta kod dijabetesa}} Općenito se preporučuje [[Ograničenje kalorija]] za podsticanje gubitka težine.[<ref name="Diet09">{{cite journal | vauthors = Davis N, Forbes B, Wylie-Rosett J | title = Nutritional strategies in type 2 diabetes mellitus | journal = The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York | volume = 76 | issue = 3 | pages = 257–268 | date = June 2009 | pmid = 19421969 | doi = 10.1002/msj.20118 }}</ref> Oko 80 % [[gojaznost|gojaznih osoba]] s dijabetesom tipa 2 postiže potpunu remisiju bez potrebe za lijekovima ako održe gubitak težine od najmanje 15 kg.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Magkos F, Hjorth MF, Astrup A | title = Diet and exercise in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus | journal = Nature Reviews. Endocrinology | volume = 16 | issue = 10 | pages = 545–555 | date = October 2020 | pmid = 32690918 | doi = 10.1038/s41574-020-0381-5 | quote = A weight loss of ~15 kg, achieved by calorie restriction as part of an intensive management programme, can lead to remission of T2DM in ~80% of patients with obesity and T2DM. | s2cid = 220651657 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Achieving Type 2 Diabetes Remission through Weight Loss |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/professionals/diabetes-discoveries-practice/achieving-type-2-diabetes-remission-through-weight-loss |website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases |access-date=29 November 2023 |date=30 September 2020}}</ref> ali većina pacijenata nije u stanju postići ili održati značajan gubitak težine.<ref name="UpToDate"/> Čak i skroman gubitak težine može dovesti do značajnih poboljšanja u kontroli glikemije i smanjiti potrebu za [[Lijekovi za dijabetes |lijekovima]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=8. Obesity Management for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2021 |journal=Diabetes Care |date=1 January 2021 |volume=44 |issue=Supplement_1 |pages=S100–S110 |doi=10.2337/dc21-S008|pmid=33298419 |author1=American Diabetes Association |s2cid=228087486 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Nekoliko dijeta može biti učinkovito, kao što su [[DASH dijeta]], [[mediteranska dijeta]], [[dijeta s niskim udjelom masti]] ili [[s niskim glikemijskim indeksom|dijete s kontroliranim udjelom ugljikohidrata]] kao što je [[niskougljikohidratna dijeta]].<ref name="ADA2024ch5">{{Cite journal | collaboration = American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee | vauthors = ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Bannuru RR, Bruemmer D, Collins BS, Ekhlaspour L, etal |date=January 2024 |title=5. Facilitating Positive Health Behaviors and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024 |journal=Diabetes Care |language=en |volume=47 |issue=Supplement_1 |pages=S77–S110 |doi=10.2337/dc24-S005 |doi-access=free |issn=0149-5992 |pmc=10725816 |pmid=38078584}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Thomas D, Elliott EJ | title = Low glycaemic index, or low glycaemic load, diets for diabetes mellitus | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 1 | date = January 2009 | volume = 2009 | pmid = 19160276 | pmc = 6486008 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006296.pub2 | veditors = Thomas D }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Feinman RD, Pogozelski WK, Astrup A, Bernstein RK, Fine EJ, Westman EC, Accurso A, Frassetto L, Gower BA, McFarlane SI, Nielsen JV, Krarup T, Saslow L, Roth KS, Vernon MC, Volek JS, Wilshire GB, Dahlqvist A, Sundberg R, Childers A, Morrison K, Manninen AH, Dashti HM, Wood RJ, Wortman J, Worm N | title = Dietary carbohydrate restriction as the first approach in diabetes management: critical review and evidence base | journal = Nutrition | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–13 | date = January 2015 | pmid = 25287761 | doi = 10.1016/j.nut.2014.06.011 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Druge preporuke uključuju naglašavanje unosa [[voće|voća]], [[povrće|povrća]], mliječnih proizvoda sa smanjenim udjelom zasićenih [[masti]] i [[mliječni proizvod|mliječnih proizvoda]] sa niskim udjelom masti, te unos makronutrijenata prilagođen pojedincu, kako bi se kalorije i [[ugljikohidrati]] rasporedili tokom dana.<ref name="ADA2024ch5"/><ref name="ADA2013-nutrition">{{cite journal | vauthors = Evert AB, Boucher JL, Cypress M, Dunbar SA, Franz MJ, Mayer-Davis EJ, Neumiller JJ, Nwankwo R, Verdi CL, Urbanski P, Yancy WS | title = Nutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 37 | issue = Supplement_1 | pages = S120–S143 | date = January 2014 | pmid = 24357208 | doi = 10.2337/dc14-S120 | type = Professional society guidelines | doi-access = free }}</ref> Pregled iz 2021. pokazao je da konzumacija orašastih plodova ([[orah]]a, [[badem]] ai [[lješnjak]]a) smanjuje glukozu u krvi natašte kod dijabetičara.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Muley A, Fernandez R, Ellwood L, Muley P, Shah M | title = Effect of tree nuts on glycemic outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review | journal = JBI Evidence Synthesis | volume = 19 | issue = 5 | pages = 966–1002 | date = May 2021 | pmid = 33141798 | doi = 10.11124/JBISRIR-D-19-00397 | s2cid = 226250006 }}</ref> Od 2015, nema dovoljno podataka da bi se preporučili nenutritivni zaslađivači, koji mogu pomoći u smanjenju unosa [[kalorija]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gardner C, Wylie-Rosett J, Gidding SS, Steffen LM, Johnson RK, Reader D, Lichtenstein AH | title = Nonnutritive sweeteners: current use and health perspectives: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 35 | issue = 8 | pages = 1798–1808 | date = August 2012 | pmid = 22778165 | doi = 10.2337/dc12-9002 | pmc = 3402256 }}</ref> Povećani unos [[rezistentni škrob|ugljikohidrata dostupnih mikrobioti]] može pomoći u smanjenju učinaka T2D.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Xu B, Fu J, Qiao Y, Cao J, Deehan EC, Li Z, Jin M, Wang X, Wang Y | title = Higher intake of microbiota-accessible carbohydrates and improved cardiometabolic risk factors: a meta-analysis and umbrella review of dietary management in patients with type 2 diabetes | journal = The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | volume = 113 | issue = 6 | pages = 1515–1530 | date = June 2021 | pmid = 33693499 | doi = 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa435 | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[Dodaci viskoznih vlakana]] mogu biti korisni kod osoba s dijabetesom.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jovanovski E, Khayyat R, Zurbau A, Komishon A, Mazhar N, Sievenpiper JL, Blanco Mejia S, Ho HV, Li D, Jenkins AL, Duvnjak L, Vuksan V | title = Should Viscous Fiber Supplements Be Considered in Diabetes Control? Results From a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 42 | issue = 5 | pages = 755–766 | date = May 2019 | pmid = 30617143 | doi = 10.2337/dc18-1126 | s2cid = 58665219 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Kulturno prikladno [[obrazovanje]] može pomoći osobama s dijabetesom tipa 2 da kontroliraju razinu šećera u krvi do 24 mjeseca.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Attridge M, Creamer J, Ramsden M, Cannings-John R, Hawthorne K | title = Culturally appropriate health education for people in ethnic minority groups with type 2 diabetes mellitus | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 9 | date = September 2014 | volume = 2014 | pmid = 25188210 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006424.pub3 | pmc = 10680058 }}</ref> Nema dovoljno dokaza da se utvrdi da li intervencije u načinu života utiču na [[smrtnost]] kod onih koji već imaju dijabetes tipa 2.<ref name="Schellenberg2013" /> ==== Upravljanje stresom ==== Iako je psihički stres prepoznat kao faktor rizika za dijabetes tipa 2,<ref name=Will2011/> učinak intervencija [[upravljanje stresom|upravljanja stresom]] na progresiju bolesti nije utvrđen.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hackett RA, Steptoe A | title = Type 2 diabetes mellitus and psychological stress - a modifiable risk factor | journal = Nature Reviews. Endocrinology | volume = 13 | issue = 9 | pages = 547–560 | date = September 2017 | pmid = 28664919 | doi = 10.1038/nrendo.2017.64 | s2cid = 34925223 | url = https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1562662/ }}</ref> U toku je [[Cochraneov pregled]] za procjenu učinaka intervencija zasnovanih na [[svijest|svjesnosti]] za odrasle s dijabetesom tipa 2.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Mindfulness‐based interventions for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = | issue = 12 | date = January 2021 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD014881 | collaboration = Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group | vauthors = Ee CC, Armour M, Piya MK, McMorrow R, Al-Kanini I, Sabag A | pmc = 8701561 }}</ref> ===Lijekovi=== ==== Kontrola šećera u krvi ==== {{glavni|Lijekovi za dijabetes}} Postoji nekoliko klasa lijekova za dijabetes. [[Metformin]] se općenito preporučuje kao prva linija liječenja jer postoje dokazi da smanjuje [[smrtnost]];<ref name="AFP09" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Palmer SC, Mavridis D, Nicolucci A, Johnson DW, Tonelli M, Craig JC, Maggo J, Gray V, De Berardis G, Ruospo M, Natale P, Saglimbene V, Badve SV, Cho Y, Nadeau-Fredette AC, Burke M, Faruque L, Lloyd A, Ahmad N, Liu Y, Tiv S, Wiebe N, Strippoli GF | title = Comparison of Clinical Outcomes and Adverse Events Associated With Glucose-Lowering Drugs in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-analysis | journal = JAMA | volume = 316 | issue = 3 | pages = 313–24 | date = July 2016 | pmid = 27434443 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2016.9400 | doi-access = free }}</ref> međutim, ovaj zaključak je doveden u pitanje.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Boussageon R, Supper I, Bejan-Angoulvant T, Kellou N, Cucherat M, Boissel JP, Kassai B, Moreau A, Gueyffier F, Cornu C | title = Reappraisal of metformin efficacy in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials | journal = PLOS Medicine | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22509138 | pmc = 3323508 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001204 | veditors = Groop L | doi-access = free }}</ref> Metformin should not be used in those with severe kidney or liver problems.<ref name="Vij2010" /> Američko udruženje za dijabetes i Evropsko udruženje za proučavanje dijabetesa preporučuju upotrebu agonista GLP-1 receptora ili inhibitora SGLT2 kao terapije prve linije kod pacijenata koji imaju ili imaju visok rizik od aterosklerotske kardiovaskularne bolesti, [[srčano zatajenje|zatajenja srca]] ili [[hronične bubrežna bolest| hronične bolesti bubrega]].<ref name=ADA2022EASD>{{Cite journal |vauthors = Davies M, Aroda VR, Collins BS, Gabbay RA, Green J, Maruthur NM, Rosas SE, Del Prato S, Mathieu C |date=2022-09-28 |title=Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes, 2022. A Consensus Report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=45 |issue=11 |pages=2753–2786 |doi=10.2337/dci22-0034 |doi-access=free |issn=0149-5992 |pmc=10008140 |pmid=36148880}}</ref><ref name="ADA2024ch9">{{Cite journal | collaboration = American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee | vauthors = ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Bannuru RR, Bruemmer D, Collins BS, Ekhlaspour L, etal |date=January 2024 |title=9. Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024 |journal=Diabetes Care |language=en |volume=47 |issue=Supplement_1 |pages=S158–S178 |doi= 10.2337/dc24-S011 |doi-access=free |issn=1935-5548 |pmc=10725810 |pmid=38078590 }}</ref> Viša cijena ovih lijekova u poređenju sa metforminom ograničila je njihovu upotrebu.<ref name="UpToDate">{{cite web |title=Initial management of hyperglycemia in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/initial-management-of-hyperglycemia-in-adults-with-type-2-diabetes-mellitus |website=[[UpToDate]] |access-date=29 November 2023 |date=September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Choi JG, Winn AN, Skandari MR, Franco MI, Staab EM, Alexander J, Wan W, Zhu M, Huang ES, Philipson L, Laiteerapong N | title = First-Line Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes With Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists: A Cost-Effectiveness Study | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 175 | issue = 10 | pages = 1392–1400 | date = October 2022 | pmid = 36191315 | pmc = 10155215 | doi = 10.7326/M21-2941 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Baker C, Retzik-Stahr C, Singh V, Plomondon R, Anderson V, Rasouli N | title = Should metformin remain the first-line therapy for treatment of type 2 diabetes? | journal = Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism | volume = 12 | date = 13 January 2021 | pmid = 33489086 | pmc = 7809522 | doi = 10.1177/2042018820980225 }}</ref> Ostale klase lijekova uključuju: [[sulfonilurea|sulfonilureju]], [[tiazolidindion]]e, [[inhibitor dipeptidil-peptidaze-4|inhibitore dipeptidil-peptidaze-4]], [[SGLT2 inhibitor]]e i [[agonist GLP-1 receptora|agoniste GLP-1 receptora]]<ref name=ADA2024ch9/> Pregled iz 2018. otkrio je da su inhibitori SGLT2 i agonisti GLP-1, ali ne i inhibitori DPP-4, povezani s nižom smrtnošću u odnosu na [[placebo]] ili nikakvo liječenje.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zheng SL, Roddick AJ, Aghar-Jaffar R, Shun-Shin MJ, Francis D, Oliver N, Meeran K | title = Association Between Use of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors, Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Agonists, and Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors With All-Cause Mortality in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis | journal = JAMA | volume = 319 | issue = 15 | pages = 1580–1591 | date = April 2018 | pmid = 29677303 | pmc = 5933330 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2018.3024 }}</ref> Nije utvrđeno da [[rosiglitazon]], [[tiazolidindion]], poboljšava dugoročne ishode iako poboljšava nivo šećera u krvi.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Richter B, Bandeira-Echtler E, Bergerhoff K, Clar C, Ebrahim SH | title = Rosiglitazone for type 2 diabetes mellitus | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 3 | date = July 2007 | volume = 2007 | pmid = 17636824 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006063.pub2 | pmc = 7389529 | url = http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/20292/1/20292.pdf | veditors = Richter B }}</ref> Osim toga, povezan je s povećanom stopom srčanih bolesti i smrtnosti.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chen X, Yang L, Zhai SD | title = Risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality among diabetic patients prescribed rosiglitazone or pioglitazone: a meta-analysis of retrospective cohort studies | journal = Chinese Medical Journal | volume = 125 | issue = 23 | pages = 4301–6 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 23217404 }}</ref> [[Insulin|Injekcije inzulina]] se mogu dodati oralnim lijekovima ili koristiti samostalno.<ref name=AFP09/> Većini ljudi u početku nije potreban insulin.<ref name=Green2011/> Kada se koristi, dugodjelujuća formulacija se obično dodaje noću, a oralni lijekovi se nastavljaju.<ref name=Vij2010/><ref name=AFP09/> Doze se zatim povećavaju do postizanja efekta (uz dobru kontrolu nivoa šećera u krvi).<ref name=AFP09/> Kada noćni insulin nije dovoljan, dva puta dnevno primijenjen insulin može postići bolju kontrolu.<ref name=Vij2010/> Dugodjelujući insulini [[insulin-glargin|glargin]] i [[insulin-detemir|detemir]] podjednako su sigurni i efikasni,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Swinnen SG, Simon AC, Holleman F, Hoekstra JB, Devries JH | title = Insulin detemir versus insulin glargine for type 2 diabetes mellitus | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 7 | date = July 2011 | volume = 2011 | pmid = 21735405 | pmc = 6486036 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006383.pub2 | veditors = Simon AC }}</ref> i ne izgledaju mnogo bolje od [[NPH-insulin]]a, ali budući da su znatno skuplji, nisu isplativi od 2010.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Waugh N, Cummins E, Royle P, Clar C, Marien M, Richter B, Philip S | title = Newer agents for blood glucose control in type 2 diabetes: systematic review and economic evaluation | journal = Health Technology Assessment | volume = 14 | issue = 36 | pages = 1–248 | date = July 2010 | pmid = 20646668 | doi = 10.3310/hta14360 | doi-access = free }}</ref> In those who are [[pregnant]], insulin is generally the treatment of choice.<ref name=Vij2010/> ==== Snižavanje krvnog pritiska ==== Mnoge međunarodne smjernice preporučuju ciljne vrijednosti [[krvni pritisak| krvnog pritiska]] niže od 140/90 mmHg za osobe sa dijabetesom.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mitchell S, Malanda B, Damasceno A, Eckel RH, Gaita D, Kotseva K, Januzzi JL, Mensah G, Plutzky J, Prystupiuk M, Ryden L, Thierer J, Virani SS, Sperling L | title = A Roadmap on the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Among People Living With Diabetes | journal = Global Heart | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = 215–240 | date = September 2019 | pmid = 31451236 | doi = 10.1016/j.gheart.2019.07.009 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Međutim, postoje samo ograničeni dokazi o tome koje bi trebale biti niže ciljne vrijednosti. Sistematski pregled iz 2016. otkrio je potencijalnu štetu od liječenja ciljnih vrijednosti nižih od 140 mmHg,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brunström M, Carlberg B | title = Effect of antihypertensive treatment at different blood pressure levels in patients with diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analyses | journal = BMJ | volume = 352 | pages = i717 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26920333 | pmc = 4770818 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.i717 }}</ref> a naknadni pregled iz 2019. nije pronašao dokaze o dodatnoj koristi od snižavanja krvnog pritiska na vrijednosti između 130 i 140 mmHg, iako je postojao povećan rizik od neželjenih događaja.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brunström M, Carlberg B | title = Benefits and harms of lower blood pressure treatment targets: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials | journal = BMJ Open | volume = 9 | issue = 9 | date = September 2019 | pmid = 31575567 | pmc = 6773352 | doi = 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026686 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Smjernice Evropskog kardiološkog društva iz 2023. preporučuju snižavanje sistolnog krvnog pritiska na 130 mmHg kod većine osoba sa dijabetesom.<ref name=ESC2023>{{Cite journal |vauthors = Marx N, Federici M, Schütt K, Müller-Wieland D, Ajjan RA, Antunes MJ, Christodorescu RM, Crawford C, Di Angelantonio E |date=2023-10-14 |title=2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes: Developed by the task force on the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) |journal=European Heart Journal |volume=44 |issue=39 |pages=4043–4140 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehad192 |doi-access = free |pmid=37622663 |issn=0195-668X|hdl=20.500.14279/34673 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Kod osoba sa dijabetesom i [[hipertenzija|hipertenzijom]] i bilo [[albuminurija| albuminurijom]] ili [[hronična bubrežna bolest| hroničnom bolešću bubrega]], inhibitor [[renin-angiotenzinski sistem| renin-angiotenzinskog sistema]] (kao što je [[AC-inhibitor]] ili [[blokator angiotenzinskih receptora]]) radi smanjenja rizika od progresije bolesti bubrega i nastanka neželjenih kardiovaskularnih događanja.<ref name="ADA2024ch11">{{Cite journal | collaboration = American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee | vauthors = ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Bannuru RR, Bruemmer D, Collins BS, Ekhlaspour L, etal |date=January 2024 |title=11. Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024 |journal=Diabetes Care |language=en |volume=47 |issue=Supplement_1 |pages=S219–S230 |doi= 10.2337/dc24-S011 |doi-access=free |issn=1935-5548 |pmc=10725805 |pmid=38078574 }}</ref> Postoje neki dokazi da su inhibitori [[enzim]]a za konverziju [[angiotenzin]]a (ACEI) superiorniji od drugih inhibitora renin-angiotenzinskog sistema kao što su blokatori receptora angiotenzina (ARB),<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cheng J, Zhang W, Zhang X, Han F, Li X, He X, Li Q, Chen J | title = Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular deaths, and cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis | journal = JAMA Internal Medicine | volume = 174 | issue = 5 | pages = 773–785 | date = May 2014 | pmid = 24687000 | doi = 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.348 | doi-access = free }}</ref> ili [[aliskiren]] u prevenciji kardiovaskularnih bolesti.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zheng SL, Roddick AJ, Ayis S | title = Effects of aliskiren on mortality, cardiovascular outcomes and adverse events in patients with diabetes and cardiovascular disease or risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 13,395 patients | journal = Diabetes & Vascular Disease Research | volume = 14 | issue = 5 | pages = 400–406 | date = September 2017 | pmid = 28844155 | pmc = 5600262 | doi = 10.1177/1479164117715854 }}</ref> Iako je pregled iz 2016. pronašao slične efekte ACEI i ARB na glavne kardiovaskularne i bubrežne ishode.<ref name="PLOS2016">{{cite journal| vauthors = Catalá-López F, Macías Saint-Gerons D, González-Bermejo D, Rosano GM, Davis BR, Ridao M, Zaragoza A, Montero-Corominas D, Tobías A, de la Fuente-Honrubia C, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Hutton B | title = Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes of Renin-Angiotensin System Blockade in Adult Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review with Network Meta-Analyses | journal = PLOS Medicine | volume = 13 | issue = 3 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 26954482 | pmc = 4783064 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001971 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Nema dokaza da kombinovanje ACEI i ARB-ova pruža dodatne koristi.<ref name="PLOS2016" /> ==== Ostalo ==== Upotreba [[statin]]a kod dijabetesa za prevenciju [[kardiovaskularna bolest|kardiovaskularnih bolesti]] treba se razmotriti nakon procjene ukupnog rizika osobe za kardiovaskularne bolesti.<ref name="ADA2024ch10">{{Cite journal | collaboration = American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee | vauthors = ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Bannuru RR, Bruemmer D, Collins BS, Ekhlaspour L, etal |date=January 2024 |title=10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024 |journal=Diabetes Care |language=en |volume=47 |issue=Supplement_1 |pages=S179–S218 |doi=10.2337/dc24-S010 |doi-access=free |issn=1935-5548 |pmc=10725811 |pmid= 38078592}}</ref> Upotreba [[aspirin]]a ([[acetilsalicilna kiselina|acetilsalicilne kiseline]]) za prevenciju kardiovaskularnih bolesti kod dijabetesa je kontroverzna.<ref name="ADA2024ch10"/> Aspirin se preporučuje osobama s prethodnim kardiovaskularnim bolestima; međutim, nije utvrđeno da rutinska upotreba aspirina poboljšava ishode kod nekompliciranog dijabetesa.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Pignone M, Alberts MJ, Colwell JA, Cushman M, Inzucchi SE, Mukherjee D, Rosenson RS, Williams CD, Wilson PW, Kirkman MS|date=June 2010|title=Aspirin for primary prevention of cardiovascular events in people with diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association, a scientific statement of the American Heart Association, and an expert consensus document of the American College of Cardiology Foundation|journal=Diabetes Care|volume=33|issue=6|pages=1395–402|doi=10.2337/dc10-0555|pmc=2875463|pmid=20508233}}</ref> Aspirin kao [[primarna prevencija]] može imati veći rizik nego korist, ali bi se mogao razmotriti kod osoba starosti od 50 do 70 godina sa drugim značajnim faktorom kardiovaskularnog rizika i niskim rizikom od [[krvarenje|krvarenja]] nakon što se dobiju informacije o mogućim rizicima i koristima kao dio zajedničkog donošenja odluka.<ref name="ADA2024ch10"/> [[Vitamin D]], dodatak prehrani kod osoba sa dijabetesom tipa 2 može poboljšati markere insulinske rezistencije i HbA1c.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mirhosseini N, Vatanparast H, Mazidi M, Kimball SM | title = The Effect of Improved Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Status on Glycemic Control in Diabetic Patients: A Meta-Analysis | journal = The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism | volume = 102 | issue = 9 | pages = 3097–3110 | date = September 2017 | pmid = 28957454 | doi = 10.1210/jc.2017-01024 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Dijeljenje elektronskih zdravstvenih kartona s osobama koje imaju dijabetes tipa 2 pomaže im da smanje nivo šećera u krvi. To je način da se ljudima pomogne da razumiju vlastito zdravstveno stanje i da se aktivno uključe u njegovo upravljanje.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Neves AL, Freise L, Laranjo L, Carter AW, Darzi A, Mayer E | title = Impact of providing patients access to electronic health records on quality and safety of care: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = BMJ Quality & Safety | volume = 29 | issue = 12 | pages = 1019–1032 | date = December 2020 | pmid = 32532814 | pmc = 7785164 | doi = 10.1136/bmjqs-2019-010581 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=2020-10-21 |title=Sharing electronic records with patients led to improved control of type two diabetes |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/sharing-electronic-records-with-patients-led-to-improved-control-of-type-two-diabetes/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Plain English summary |language=en |doi=10.3310/alert_42103|s2cid=242149388 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> ===Hirurgija=== [[Barijatrijska hirurgija|Hirurgija za mršavljenje]] kod osoba koje su [[gojaznost|gojazne]] efikasna jemjera za liječenje dijabetesa.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Picot J, Jones J, Colquitt JL, Gospodarevskaya E, Loveman E, Baxter L, Clegg AJ | title = The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of bariatric (weight loss) surgery for obesity: a systematic review and economic evaluation | journal = Health Technology Assessment | volume = 13 | issue = 41 | pages = 1–190, 215–357, iii–iv | date = September 2009 | pmid = 19726018 | doi = 10.3310/hta13410 | hdl = 10536/DRO/DU:30064294 | doi-access = free | hdl-access = free }}</ref> Mnogi su u stanju održati normalan nivo šećera u krvi uz malo ili bez lijekova nakon operacije. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Frachetti KJ, Goldfine AB | title = Bariatric surgery for diabetes management | journal = Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity | volume = 16 | issue = 2 | pages = 119–24 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 19276974 | doi = 10.1097/MED.0b013e32832912e7 | s2cid = 31797748 | doi-access = free }}</ref> i dugoročna [[smrtnost]] je smanjena.<ref name=Schum2009/> There however is some short-term mortality risk of less than 1% from the surgery.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Colucci RA | title = Bariatric surgery in patients with type 2 diabetes: a viable option | journal = Postgraduate Medicine | volume = 123 | issue = 1 | pages = 24–33 | date = January 2011 | pmid = 21293081 | doi = 10.3810/pgm.2011.01.2242 | s2cid = 207551737 }}</ref> Granične vrijednosti [[BMI|indeksa tjelesne mase]] za kada je [[operacija]] prikladna još nisu jasne.<ref name=Schum2009>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schulman AP, del Genio F, Sinha N, Rubino F | title = "Metabolic" surgery for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus | journal = Endocrine Practice | volume = 15 | issue = 6 | pages = 624–31 | date = September–October 2009 | pmid = 19625245 | doi = 10.4158/EP09170.RAR }}</ref> Preporučuje se da se ova opcija razmotri kod onih koji ne mogu kontrolirati ni svoju težinu ni šećer u krvi.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dixon JB, le Roux CW, Rubino F, Zimmet P | title = Bariatric surgery for type 2 diabetes | journal = Lancet | volume = 379 | issue = 9833 | pages = 2300–11 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22683132 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60401-2 | s2cid = 5198462 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rubino F, Nathan DM, Eckel RH, Schauer PR, Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ, Del Prato S, Ji L, Sadikot SM, Herman WH, Amiel SA, Kaplan LM, Taroncher-Oldenburg G, Cummings DE | title = Metabolic Surgery in the Treatment Algorithm for Type 2 Diabetes: A Joint Statement by International Diabetes Organizations | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 39 | issue = 6 | pages = 861–77 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 27222544 | doi = 10.2337/dc16-0236 | doi-access = free }}</ref> ==Epidemiologija== {{glavni|Epidemiologija dijabetesa}} [[Datoteka:Prevalence of total diabetes by age and GBD super-region in 2021.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6| Prevalencija ukupnog dijabetesa po dobi i [[Globalni teret bolesti]] superregiji u 2021.]] [[Međunarodna dijabetička federacija]] procjenjuje da je gotovo 537 miliona ljudi širom svijeta živjelo s dijabetesom u 2021,<ref>{{cite book |author=International Diabetes Federation |date=2021 |title=IDF Diabetes Atlas |publisher=International Diabetes Federation |page=33 |edition=10 |url=https://diabetesatlas.org/idfawp/resource-files/2021/07/IDF_Atlas_10th_Edition_2021.pdf |access-date=18 March 2022 |isbn=978-2-930229-98-0 |archive-date=28. 7. 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728211347/http://diabetesatlas.org/idfawp/resource-files/2021/07/IDF_Atlas_10th_Edition_2021.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> 90–95% njih ima dijabetes tipa 2.<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Kahn CR, Ferris HA, O'Neill BT |chapter=Pathophysiology of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Epidemiology |title=Williams Textbook of Endocrinology |edition=14 |publisher=Elsevier |date=2020 |pages=1349–1370}}</ref> Dijabetes je čest i u razvijenim zemljama i u zemljama u razvoju.<ref name=Will2011/> Neke etničke grupe kao što su [[južnoazijske etničke grupe|Južni Azijati]], [[stanovnici pacifičkih ostrva]], [[Latinoamerikanci]] i [[Indijanci|autohtoni narodi Amerike]] imaju posebno visok rizik od razvoja dijabetesa tipa 2.<ref name=Vij2010/> Dijabetes tipa 2 kod osoba normalne težine predstavlja 60 – 80 % svih slučajeva u nekim azijskim zemljama. Mehanizam koji uzrokuje dijabetes kod osoba koje nisu gojazne nije dobro shvaćen.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Olaogun I, Farag M, Hamid P | title = The Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Non-obese Individuals: An Overview of the Current Understanding | journal = Cureus | volume = 12 | issue = 4 | date = April 2020 | pmid = 32399348 | pmc = 7213678 | doi = 10.7759/cureus.7614 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Salvatore T, Galiero R, Caturano A, Rinaldi L, Criscuolo L, Di Martino A, Albanese G, Vetrano E, Catalini C, Sardu C, Docimo G, Marfella R, Sasso FC | title = Current Knowledge on the Pathophysiology of Lean/Normal-Weight Type 2 Diabetes | journal = International Journal of Molecular Sciences | volume = 24 | issue = 1 | page = 658 | date = December 2022 | pmid = 36614099 | pmc = 9820420 | doi = 10.3390/ijms24010658 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vipin VA, Blesson CS, Yallampalli C | title = Maternal low protein diet and fetal programming of lean type 2 diabetes | journal = World Journal of Diabetes | volume = 13 | issue = 3 | pages = 185–202 | date = March 2022 | pmid = 35432755 | pmc = 8984567 | doi = 10.4239/wjd.v13.i3.185 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Stope dijabetesa 1985. procijenjene su na 30 miliona, a porasle su na 135 miliona 1995. i 217 miliona 2005. Vjeruje se da je ovaj porast prvenstveno posljedica starenja globalne populacije, smanjenja fizičke aktivnosti i rastuće stope [[gojaznost]]i. Tradicionalno smatran bolešću odraslih, dijabetes tipa 2 se sve češće dijagnosticira kod djece, paralelno s porastom stope gojaznosti kod djece.<ref name=Will2011/> Pet zemalja s najvećim brojem ljudi s dijabetesom od 2000. su *{{flag|Indija}} sa 31,7 miliona, *{{flag|Kina}} 20,8 miliona, *{{flag|Sjedinjene Američke Države}} 17,7 miliona, *{{flag|Indonezija}} 8,4 miliona i *{{flag|Japan}} 6,8 miliona.<ref name = "Wild 2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H | title = Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030 | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 27 | issue = 5 | pages = 1047–53 | date = May 2004 | pmid = 15111519 | doi = 10.2337/diacare.27.5.1047 | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija]] priznala je da je to globalna [[epidemija|pandemija]]<ref name=WHO2024>{{cite web|title=Diabetes |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes |website=World Health Organization |date=14 November 2024 |access-date=2025-03-17 }}</ref> ==Historija== {{glavni|Historija dijabetesa}} Dijabetes je jedna od prvih bolesti opisanih u [[egipat]]skom rukopisu iz oko 1500. p. n. e, u kojem se spominje "preveliko pražnjenje urina."<ref name=History2010/><ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Sajida S |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gd0WEAAAQBAJ&q=Egyptian&pg=PA2 |title=A Hand Book On Diabetes |date=2021-01-26 |publisher=OrangeBooks Publication |page=2 |language=en}}</ref> Vjeruje se da su prvi opisani slučajevi dijabetesa tipa 1.<ref name=History2010>{{cite book | vauthors = Zajac J, Shrestha A, Patel P, Poretsky L |chapter=The Main Events in the History of Diabetes Mellitus | veditors = Poretsky L |title=Principles of diabetes mellitus|year=2009|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-0-387-09840-1|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=i0qojvF1SpUC&pg=PA3 | pages = 3–16 |edition=2nd |oclc=663097550 }}</ref> Indijski ljekari su otprilike u isto vrijeme identificirali bolest i klasificirali je kao ''madhumeha'' ili ''medeni urin'', napominjući da urin privlači mrave.<ref name=History2010/> Termin "dijabetes" ili "proći kroz" prvi put je upotrijebio grčki [[Spisak ljekara po imenu Apolonius|Apollonius Memfites]].<ref name=History2010/> Bolest je bila rijetka u vrijeme [[Rimskog carstva]], a [[Galen]] je komentirao da je vidio samo dva slučaja tokom svoje karijere.<ref name=History2010/> Dijabetes tipa 1 i tipa 2 prvi put su identificirali kao odvojena stanja indijski ljekari [[Sushruta]] i [[Charaka]] 400–500, pri čemu je tip 1 bio povezan s mladošću, a tip 2 s [[gojaznost|prekomjernom težinom]].<ref name=History2010/> Efikasan tretman nije razvijen sve do početka 20. vijeka kada su Kanađani [[Frederick Banting]] i [[Charles Best (medicinski naučnik)|Charles Best]] otkrili [[insulin]] 1921. i 1922.<ref name=History2010/> Nakon toga je uslijedio razvoj dugotrajnijeg [[NPH inzulina]] 1940-ih.<ref name=History2010/> Godine 1916. Elliot Joslin je predložio da su periodi [[post]]a korisni za osobe s dijabetesom.<ref name="Koutroumpakis2019">{{cite journal | vauthors = Koutroumpakis E, Jozwik B, Aguilar D, Taegtmeyer H | title = Strategies of Unloading the Failing Heart from Metabolic Stress | journal = The American Journal of Medicine | volume = 133 | issue = 3 | pages = 290–296 | date = March 2020 | pmid = 31520618 | pmc = 7054139 | doi = 10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.08.035 | type = Review }}</ref> Naknadna istraživanja su ovo podržala, a [[gubitak težine]] je prva linija terapije kod dijabetesa tipa 2.<ref name="Koutroumpakis2019"/> == Istraživanje == U 2020. razvijen je Indeks težine dijabetesa (DISSCO), alat koji bi mogao biti bolji od HbA1c za utvrđivanje da li se stanje osobe pogoršava.<ref name=ToolsPredictRisk/><ref name="DISSCO2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zghebi SS, Mamas MA, Ashcroft DM, Salisbury C, Mallen CD, Chew-Graham CA, Reeves D, Van Marwijk H, Qureshi N, Weng S, Holt T, Buchan I, Peek N, Giles S, Rutter MK, Kontopantelis E | title = Development and validation of the DIabetes Severity SCOre (DISSCO) in 139 626 individuals with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study | journal = BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care | volume = 8 | issue = 1| date = May 2020 | pmid = 32385076 | pmc = 7228474 | doi = 10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000962 }}</ref> Koristi [[kompjuter]]ski [[algoritam]] za analizu podataka iz anonimiziranih elektronskih kartona pacijenata i generira rezultat na osnovu 34 indikatora.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2020-08-07 |title=New tool for assessing the severity of type 2 diabetes could help personalise treatment and improve outcomes |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/new-tool-for-assessing-the-severity-of-type-2-diabetes-could-help-personalise-treatment-and-improve-outcomes/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Plain English summary |language=en |publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Research |doi=10.3310/alert_40652|s2cid=242997909 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="DISSCO2020"/> === Matične ćelije === {{glavni|Dijabetes tipa 1|Matične ćelije|Liječenje dijabetesa}} U aprilu 2024. naučnici su prijavili prvi slučaj reverzije dijabetesa tipa 2 upotrebom [[matične ćelije|matičnih ćelija]] kod 59-godišnjeg muškarca liječenog 2021, koji od tada ne uzima [[insulin]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wu J, Li T, Guo M, Ji J, Meng X, Fu T, Nie T, Wei T, Zhou Y, Dong W, Zhang M, Shi Y, Cheng X, Yin H | title = Treating a type 2 diabetic patient with impaired pancreatic islet function by personalized endoderm stem cell-derived islet tissue | journal = Cell Discovery | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | page = 45 | date = April 2024 | pmid = 38684699 | pmc = 11058776 | doi = 10.1038/s41421-024-00662-3 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | vauthors = Gupta S |title=World's first diabetes cure with cell therapy achieved in China |url=https://interestingengineering.com/health/stem-cell-therapy-diabetes-china |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=Interesting Engineering |language=en}}</ref> Prije nego što se ovaj tretman razmotri kao mogući lijek, potrebna je replikacija na većem broju pacijenata i dokazi tokom dužih perioda. == Reference == {{Reflist}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Linkovi sestrinskih projekata|display=Diabetes mellitus}} * [https://diabetesatlas.org/ IDF Diabetes Atlas 2021] * [https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases] * [https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/index.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] * [https://diabetesjournals.org/care/issue/48/Supplement_1 ADA's Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes 2025] {{Medicinski izvori | DiseasesDB = 3661 | ICD11 = {{ICD11|5A11}} | ICD10 = {{ICD10|E|11||e|10}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|250.00}}, {{ICD9|250.02}} | ICDO = | OMIM = 125853 | MedlinePlus = 000313 | eMedicineSubj = article | eMedicineTopic = 117853 | MeshID = D003924 }} {{Bolesti gušterače i metabolizma glukoze}} {{Dijabetes}} {{Authority control}} {{commons| Diabetes Mellitus Type 2}} [[Kategorija: Bolesti povezane sa starenjem]] [[Kategorija:Dijabetes]] [[Kategorija:Endokrinologija]] 5mfin7vjjfgat5ml5a81learr9qp362 Suhalj 0 534898 3849420 3848999 2026-05-26T09:47:07Z CommonsDelinker 1478 Uklanjam datoteku [[c:File:Suhalj.jpg|Suhalj.jpg]]; na Commonsu ju je izbrisao/-la [[c:User:Yann|Yann]]; razlog: per [[:c:COM:NETCOPYVIO|]]. 3849420 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija rijeka | ime = Suhalj | slika = | opis_slike = Rijeka Suhalj | države kroz koje protiče = [[Bosna i Hercegovina]] | lokacija = [[Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine]], [[Glamoč]] | plovnost = nije plovna | dužina = 3,32 | izvor = [[Hrast (jezero)]] | izvor_koordinate = {{coord|44.035570|16.874213|display=inline}} | nadmorska visina izvora = 915 | ušće = [[Babića Brdo]] | ušće_koordinate = {{coord|44.045678|16.903749|display=inline}} | nadmorska visina ušća = 900 | ulijeva_se_u = Jaruga | pritoke = Busija | mapframe = yes }} '''Suhalj''' je mali vodotok u [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosni i Hercegovini]], na području [[Glamoč]]a u [[Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine|Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine]]. Nalazi se južno od gradskog područja i ima jednu pritoku, Busiju. Teče kroz sela [[Kamen (Glamoč)|Kamen]] i [[Jakir]], a ulijeva se u blizini [[Babića Brdo|Babićevog Brda]]. == Tok == Nadmorska visina izvora iznosi 915 m. U Suhalj se s desne strane magistralne ceste ulijeva riječica Busija, nakon čega vodotok nastavlja kroz selo [[Jakir]]. Tok završava nešto niže od sela [[Babića Brdo|Babićevo Brdo]], gdje se ulijeva u rijeku [[Jaruga (rijeka)|Jarugu]].<ref name="GoogleMaps">{{cite web |title=Suhalj, Glamoč |url=https://www.google.com/maps/@44.0456646,16.903879,230m/data=!3m1!1e3?entry=ttu |website=Google Maps |publisher=Google |access-date=23. 5. 2026}}</ref> == Okolina == Na početku toka nalazi se [[Hrast (jezero)|jezero Hrast]], vještačko jezero koje se nalazi oko 3 km od Glamoča i zauzima površinu od 25.000 m².<ref name="OpcinaTurizam">{{cite web |title=Tourism |url=https://opstinaglamoc.ba/language/en/tourism/ |website=Official web site |publisher=Municipality of Glamoč |language=en |access-date=24. 5. 2026}}</ref><ref name="Vodic">{{cite web |last1=Paštar |first1=Neven |last2=Radoja |first2=Dušan |title=Glamoč: turistički vodič |url=https://www.hbsume.ba/glamoc/public/files/turisticki_vodic_glamoc.pdf |publisher=Turističko-razvojna agencija Glamoč |date=2014 |format=PDF |access-date=24. 5. 2026}}</ref> U blizini grada nalazi se i jezero Busija, površine oko 4.000 m².<ref name="OpcinaTurizam"/><ref name="Vodic"/> == Reference == {{Refspisak}} {{Hidrografija Bosne i Hercegovine}} [[Kategorija:Glamoč]] 9ickrkb38n6vr41mv6thsef0q09v3bo Emina Žuna 0 534907 3849325 3849254 2026-05-25T18:51:07Z Misterno23 150563 3849325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija biografija | ime = Emina Žuna | image = | datum_rođenja = 1981. | mjesto_rođenja = Jajce, SR Bosna i Hercegovina | zanimanje = Književnica, psihologinja, psihoterapeutkinja | nacionalnost = Bosanskohercegovačka | period = 2002. – danas | žanr = Roman, kratka priča, esej, drama, kolumna | značajna_djela = ''Linija života'' (2016), ''Do boljeg jučer'' (2022) }} '''Emina Žuna''' (Jajce, 1981) bosanskohercegovačka je književnica, kolumnistica i psihoterapeutkinja. Autorica je romana, kratkih priča, eseja i dramskih tekstova. Njezini romani uvršteni su u najuže izbore za najprestižnije regionalne književne nagrade.<ref name="pen-bih">{{cite web |url=https://penbih.ba/clanovi/emina-zuna/ |title=Članovi P.E.N. Centra BiH: Emina Žuna |publisher=P.E.N. centar Bosne i Hercegovine}}</ref> Radi kao kognitivno-bihevioralna psihoterapeutkinja u privatnoj praksi u Jajcu.<ref name="bhukbt-registar">{{cite web |url=https://www.bhukbt.org/registar-terapeuta |title=Registar sertifikovanih KBT terapeuta u BiH |publisher=Bosansko-hercegovačko udruženje za kognitivno-bihejvioralnu terapiju}}</ref> Članica je P.E.N. centra Bosne i Hercegovine i Društva pisaca Bosne i Hercegovine.<ref name="pen-bih"/> == Obrazovanje == Diplomirala je psihologiju (2005) te komparativnu književnost i bibliotekarstvo (2006) na Filozofskom fakultetu Univerziteta u Sarajevu. Dobitnica je stipendije Fondacije „Karim Zaimović" (2004).<ref name="napolaputa-fest">{{cite web |url=http://napolaputa.net/emina-zuna/ |title=Festival Na pola puta: Emina Žuna |publisher=Festival Na pola puta Užice}}</ref> Magistrirala je na programu ''European Literary Cultures'' (Erasmus Mundus CLE) u Strazburu, Bolonji i Solunu.<ref name="cle-alumni">{{cite web |url=https://cle.unibo.it/pages/19/alumni |title=Alumni – Master CLE Erasmus Mundus |publisher=Università di Bologna}}</ref> == Književni rad == === Romani === Debitantski roman ''Linija života'' (Planjax, 2016) nagrađen je na konkursu Fondacije za izdavaštvo BiH<ref name="fondacija-izdavastvo">{{cite web |url=https://fondacijaizdavastvo.ba/odluke-o-dodjeli-nagrada-konkursi/ |title=Odluka o dodjeli nagrada za izvornu literaturu |publisher=Fondacija za izdavaštvo Sarajevo}}</ref> te nominovan 2017. za nagrade „Meša Selimović" i „Mirko Kovač".<ref name="tuzla-mesa2017">{{cite web |url=http://www.tuzla.ba/nominovani-romani-za-nagradu-mesa-selimovic-2017/ |title=Nominovani romani za Nagradu 'Meša Selimović' 2017. |publisher=Grad Tuzla}}</ref> Drugi roman ''Do boljeg jučer'' (Buybook, 2022)<ref name="buybook-izdanje">{{cite web |url=https://buybook.ba/proizvod/do-boljeg-jucer-16345/ |title=Do boljeg jučer – Emina Žuna |publisher=Buybook}}</ref> uvršten je 2023. u uži izbor za nagrade „Meša Selimović"<ref name="tportal-mesa">{{cite web |url=https://www.tportal.hr/kultura/clanak/finalisti-nagrade-mesa-selimovic-2023-foto-20230818 |title=Finalisti Nagrade 'Meša Selimović' 2023 |publisher=tportal.hr}}</ref> i „Štefica Cvek".<ref name="bookvica-sve">{{cite web |url=http://bookvica.net/stefica-cvek-uzi-izbor-2023/ |title=Uži izbor za nagradu 'Štefica Cvek' 2023 |publisher=Bookvica}}</ref> === Kratka proza i dramski tekstovi === Kratke priče objavljuje od početka 2000-ih u časopisima: ''Sarajevske sveske'', ''Zarez'', ''Odjek'', ''Bejahad'', ''Avlija'', ''Behar'', ''Polja'', ''Vox Feminae'', ''Eckermann'' i dr. Priče objavljuje i na portalima ''Strane''<ref name="strane-arh">{{cite web |url=https://strane.ba/category/emina-zuna/ |title=Emina Žuna – Strane.ba}}</ref> i ''Ajfelov most''.<ref name="jergovic-ajfel">{{cite web |url=https://www.jergovic.com/ajfelov-most/emina-zuna-tri-price/ |title=Ajfelov most: Emina Žuna |author=Miljenko Jergović |publisher=Jergovic.com}}</ref> Dramski tekst uvršten je u uži izbor za nagradu „Alija Isaković" (2008).<ref name="klix-preporod">{{cite web |url=https://www.klix.ba/magazin/kultura/svedsko-srce-moje-majke-dobitnik-nagrade-alija-isakovic/81124024 |title='Švedsko srce moje majke' dobitnik nagrade 'Alija Isaković' |publisher=Klix.ba}}</ref> == Analize i kolumnistika == Sarađivala je s Mediacentrom Sarajevo,<ref name="mediacentar-izvor">{{cite web |url=https://media.ba/bs/author/emina-zuna |title=Emina Žuna – Mediacentar Sarajevo}}</ref> Al Jazeera Balkans,<ref name="aljazeera-izvor">{{cite web |url=https://balkans.aljazeera.net/author/emina-zuna-1 |title=Emina Žuna – Al Jazeera Balkans}}</ref> Oslobođenjem, Bukom i dr. Na portalu ''Prometej'' vodila je kolumnu ''Psihoterapija, politika & popularna kultura''.<ref name="prometej-kolumna">{{cite web |url=https://www.prometej.ba/arhiva/drustvo-i-znanost/psihoterapija-politika-and-popularna-kultura |title=Arhiv kolumne – Prometej.ba}}</ref> == Rezidencije i festivali == * 2018. – ''Reading Balkans'', Tirana<ref name="traduki-tirana">{{cite web |url=https://traduki.eu/reading-balkans-emina-zuna-in-tirana/ |title=Reading Balkans: Emina Žuna in Tirana |publisher=Traduki}}</ref> * 2018. – ''Blasfem II'', Banja Luka<ref name="buka-blasfem">{{cite web |url=https://6yka.com/bih/blasfem-ii-banjalucki-feministicki-festival/ |title=Blasfem II – banjalučki feministički festival |publisher=Buka}}</ref> * 2022. – Festival „Na pola puta", Užice<ref name="napolaputa-fest"/> * 2023. – Traduki rezidencija, Novo Mesto (Goga)<ref name="goga-novo-mesto">{{cite web |url=https://www.goga.si/dogodek/literarni-vecer-z-emino-zuna/ |title=Literarni večer z Emino Žuna |publisher=Založba Goga}}</ref> * 2023. – Kuća za pisce, Pazin<ref name="pazin-rezidencija">{{cite web |url=http://www.kucazapisce.hr/gosti/emina-zuna/ |title=Emina Žuna – Kuća za pisce Pazin}}</ref> == Recepcija i akademski osvrti == Roman ''Linija života'' bio je predmet akademskih studija Ivana Šunjića (''Translation Studies'', Brill, 2018),<ref name="brill-izdavac">{{cite web |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/ts/translation-studies-contemporary-female-writers.xml |title=Narrative Strategies – Brill 2018 |author=Ivan Šunjić |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers}}</ref> Fatime Bećarević (''DHS'', 2018),<ref name="dhs-tuzla">{{cite web |url=http://dhs.ff.untz.ba/index.php/dhs/article/view/becarevic-zenske-vrijednosti |title=Reprezentacija ženskih vrijednosti – DHS 2018 |author=Fatima Bećarević |publisher=Filozofski fakultet Tuzla}}</ref> Melide Travančić (''DHS''/CEEOL, 2020)<ref name="ceeol-baza">{{cite web |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=912534 |title=Sumnja u kontingenciju – CEEOL 2020 |author=Melida Travančić}}</ref> i Jasmine Mujezin (P.E.N. centar BiH, 2020).<ref name="pen-zbilja-esej">{{cite web |url=https://penbih.ba/zenska-citaonica/jasmina-mujezin-drustvena-zbilja-u-fiktivnoj-povijesti/ |title=Društvena zbilja u fiktivnoj povijesti – P.E.N. BiH |author=Jasmina Mujezin}}</ref> Roman se navodi i u zborniku ''Između otpora i trenda'' (Booksa/Kulturtreger, 2023). Roman ''Do boljeg jučer'' naišao je na odjek u književnoj kritici, o čemu su pisale Maja Abadžija (''Naratorium'')<ref name="naratorium-kritika">{{cite web |url=https://naratorium.ba/roman-s-predumislajem-emina-zuna-do-boljeg-jucer/ |title=Roman s predumišljajem – Naratorium |author=Maja Abadžija}}</ref> i Dalibor Plečić (''Booksa.hr'').<ref name="booksa-kritika">{{cite web |url=https://booksa.hr/kritike/do-boljeg-jucer-mnogo-mogucih-tumacenja |title=Mnogo mogućih tumačenja – Booksa.hr |author=Dalibor Plečić}}</ref> Dara Šljukić u ''Vogue Adria'' (2025) ističe roman kao primjer književnog eksperimenta s prošlošću.<ref name="vogue-adria">{{cite web |url=https://vogueadria.com/print_edition/tenth-issue/pobunjene-citateljke-2/ |title=Pobunjene čitateljke: Novelistički retro – Vogue Adria |author=Dara Šljukić}}</ref> == Psihoterapeutski rad == Sertifikovana je KBT psihoterapeutkinja uvrštena u Registar BHUKBT-a.<ref name="bhukbt-registar"/> == Bibliografija == === Romani === * ''Linija života'' (Planjax, Tešanj, 2016) * ''Do boljeg jučer'' (Buybook, Sarajevo/Zagreb, 2022) === Koautorska djela i zbornici === * ''Zabilježene – Žene i javni život Bosne i Hercegovine u 20. vijeku''<ref name="cobiss-referenca">{{cite web |url=https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/bh/en/data/cobib/24361734/nubbih?format=isbd |title=Zabilježene – COBISS.bh}}</ref> * ''Feministička i queer čitanja popularne kulture'' (ur. Ivan Šunjić)<ref name="cobiss-queer">{{cite web |url=https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/bh/bs/bib/17498118 |title=Feministička i queer čitanja – COBISS.bh}}</ref> * ''Da sam Šejn'' (zbornik kratkih priča) * ''Tragovima bosanskog kraljevstva'' (zbornik) == Nagrade i nominacije == * '''2002.''' – Nagrada Radija Federacije BiH za kratku priču * '''2008.''' – Nagrada „Bejahad" za kratku priču * '''2008.''' – Uži izbor za nagradu „Alija Isaković" (dramski tekst)<ref name="klix-preporod"/> * '''2013.''' – Nagrada „Avlija" za kratku priču * '''2016.''' – Nagrada Fondacije za izdavaštvo BiH (''Linija života'')<ref name="fondacija-izdavastvo"/> * '''2017.''' – Nominacija za Nagradu „Meša Selimović" (''Linija života'')<ref name="tuzla-mesa2017"/> * '''2017.''' – Nominacija za Nagradu „Mirko Kovač" (''Linija života'') * '''2022.''' – Nagrada „Zija Dizdarević" za kratku priču<ref name="zija-dizdarevic">{{cite web |url=https://www.fokus.ba/kultura/emini-zuni-prva-nagrada-na-konkursu-zija-dizdarevic/2610547/ |title=Emini Žuni nagrada 'Zija Dizdarević' |publisher=Fokus.ba}}</ref> * '''2023.''' – Nominacija za Nagradu „Meša Selimović" (''Do boljeg jučer'')<ref name="tportal-mesa"/> * '''2023.''' – Uži izbor za Nagradu „Štefica Cvek" (''Do boljeg jučer'')<ref name="bookvica-sve"/> * '''2025.''' – Uži izbor konkursa „Raštan" za zbirku priča == Reference == <references /> == Vanjske poveznice == * [https://penbih.ba/clanovi/emina-zuna/ Profil na stranici P.E.N. centra BiH] * [https://balkans.aljazeera.net/author/emina-zuna-1 Arhiva tekstova na Al Jazeera Balkans] * [https://www.prometej.ba/arhiva/drustvo-i-znanost/psihoterapija-politika-and-popularna-kultura Arhiva kolumne na portalu Prometej] * [https://media.ba/bs/author/emina-zuna Profil na Mediacentru Sarajevo] * [https://strane.ba/category/emina-zuna/ Profil na portalu Strane] * [https://www.jergovic.com/author/eminaz/ Tekstovi na Jergović.com] {{DEFAULTSORT:Žuna, Emina}} [[Kategorija:Bosanskohercegovački pisci]] [[Kategorija:Bosanskohercegovački psiholozi]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Jajce]] [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1981.]] qil32zcxlj0jlp1kg3yhi7yym9s1yg4 Eurosong 2003. 0 534930 3849382 3848974 2026-05-26T04:02:55Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 1 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija muzičko takmičenje | naziv = Eurosong 2003. | slika = ESC 2003 Map.svg | veličina_slike = | slika_alt = Karta učesnika Eurosonga 2003 | opis_slike = Karta učesnika Eurosonga 2003 | polufinale = | finale = 24. maj 2003. | mjesto_održavanja = [[Skonto Hall]]<br />[[Riga]], [[Latvija]] | voditelji = [[Marie N]] i [[Renārs Kaupers]] | dirigent = | režiser = Sven Stojanović | izvršni_nadzornik = [[Sven Stojanović]] | izvršni_producent = Brigita Rozenbrika | emiter = [[Latvijas Televīzija|LTV]] | uvodni_čin = | međučin = | reprizni_čin = | slogan = ''Magical Rendez-vous'' | broj_učesnika = 26 | debitiranje = {{Esc|Ukrajina}} | povratak = {{Plainlist| * {{Esc|Island}} * {{Esc|Irska}} * {{Esc|Nizozemska}} * {{Esc|Norveška}} * {{Esc|Poljska}} * {{Esc|Portugal}} }} | odustajanje = {{Plainlist| * {{Esc|Danska}} * {{Esc|Finska}} * {{Esc|Litvanija}} * {{Esc|Sjeverna Makedonija|Makedonija}} * {{Esc|Švicarska}} }} | karta = | veličina_karte = | zeleno = Zemlje učesnice | crveno = Zemlje koje su bile ispod crte | sistem_glasanja = Svaka zemlja dodjeljuje poene 1–8, 10 i 12 svojim deset omiljenih pjesama. | bez_poena = {{Esc|Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo}} | pobjednička_pjesma = {{Esc|Turska}}<br />"[[Everyway That I Can]]" | prethodno_takmičenje = [[Eurosong 2002.]] | ovo_takmičenje = | sljedeće_takmičenje = [[Eurosong 2004.]] }} '''Eurosong 2003.''' bio je 48. izdanje [[Eurosong]]a. Održan je 24. maja 2003. u [[Skonto Hall]]u u [[Riga|Rigi]], [[Latvija]], a vodili su ga [[Marie N]] i [[Renārs Kaupers]]. Takmičenje je organizirala [[Evropska radiodifuzijska unija]] (EBU) zajedno s [[Latvijas Televīzija|LTV]], nakon što je Latvija pobijedila na [[Eurosong 2002.|Eurosongu 2002.]] s pjesmom ''I Wanna'' u izvođenju [[Marie N]].<ref name="Details2003">{{Cite web|title=Eurovision 2003 Results: Voting & Points - Eurovisionworld|url=https://eurovisionworld.com/eurovision/2003|publisher=Eurovisionworld|access-date=2026-05-24|language=en}}</ref> Na takmičenju je učestvovalo 26 zemalja, što je u tom trenutku bio rekord. Po prvi put se pojavila [[Ukrajina na Eurosongu|Ukrajina]], dok su se vratile [[Island na Eurosongu|Island]], [[Irska na Eurosongu|Irska]], [[Nizozemska na Eurosongu|Nizozemska]], [[Norveška na Eurosongu|Norveška]], [[Poljska na Eurosongu|Poljska]] i [[Portugal na Eurosongu|Portugal]]. Zbog slabijih rezultata iz 2002. godine izostale su [[Danska na Eurosongu|Danska]], [[Finska na Eurosongu|Finska]], [[Litvanija na Eurosongu|Litvanija]], [[Sjeverna Makedonija na Eurosongu|Makedonija]] i [[Švicarska na Eurosongu|Švicarska]].<ref name="Participants2003">{{Cite web|title=Eurovision 2003 Results: Voting & Points - Eurovisionworld|url=https://eurovisionworld.com/eurovision/2003|publisher=Eurovisionworld|access-date=2026-05-24|language=en}}</ref> Pobijedila je [[Turska na Eurosongu|Turska]] s pjesmom "[[Everyway That I Can]]" u izvođenju [[Sertab Erener]]. Turska je osvojila 167 bodova, a odmah iza nje završila je [[Belgija na Eurosongu|Belgija]] s 165 bodova. Ovo je bila prva pobjeda Turske na takmičenju. [[Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo na Eurosongu|Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo]] završilo je bez ijednog boda.<ref name="Details2003" /> == Mjesto održavanja == [[Datoteka:Olimpiskā Skonto halle.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Karta učesnika Eurosonga 2003.]] Latvija je dobila pravo organizacije takmičenja nakon pobjede 2002. godine. Kao domaćin je izabrana [[Skonto Hall]] u Rigi, a ova dvorana je potvrđena kao konačno mjesto održavanja nakon razmatranja više prijedloga i lokacija. Takmičenje 2003. bilo je posljednje koje se održalo u jednom večernjem programu bez polufinala.<ref name="Venue2003">{{Cite web|title=Riga 2003|url=https://eurovision.tv/event/riga-2003|publisher=European Broadcasting Union|access-date=2026-05-24|language=en|archive-date=2. 1. 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102233702/https://eurovision.tv/event/riga-2003|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> == Rezultati == === Učesnici === Na Eurosongu 2003. učestvovalo je 26 zemalja. Takmičenje je obuhvatilo povratnike iz prethodnih godina i debitantsku Ukrajinu, dok je nekoliko zemalja ispalo zbog ranijih slabih plasmana. Ovo izdanje je ujedno bilo jedno od posljednjih s klasičnim sistemom kvalifikacije bez polufinala.<ref name="Participants2003" /> {|class="sortable wikitable plainrowheaders" |- ! scope="col" | Br. ! scope="col" | Zemlja ! scope="col" | Izvođač(ica) ! scope="col" | Pjesma ! scope="col" | Plasman ! scope="col" | Bodovi |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 1. | {{Esc|Austrija}} | [[Alf Poier]] | "[[Weil der Mensch zählt]]" | 6. | 101 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 2. | {{Esc|Belgija}} | [[Urban Trad]] | "[[Sanomi]]" | 2. | 165 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 3. | {{Esc|Bosna i Hercegovina}} | [[Mija Martina]] | "[[Ne brini]]" | 17. | 25 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 4. | {{Esc|Hrvatska}} | [[Claudia Beni]] | "[[Više nisam tvoja]]" | 4. | 67 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 5. | {{Esc|Kipar}} | [[Stelios Constantas]] | "[[Feeling Alive]]" | 20. | 16 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 6. | {{Esc|Estonija}} | [[Ruffus]] | "[[Eighties Coming Back]]" | 21. | 14 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 7. | {{Esc|Francuska}} | [[Louisa Baïleche]] | "[[Monts et merveilles]]" | 18. | 19 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 8. | {{Esc|Njemačka}} | [[Lou (singer)|Lou]] | "[[Let's Get Happy]]" | 11. | 53 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 9. | {{Esc|Grčka}} | [[Mando]] | "[[Never Let You Go]]" | 17. | 25 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 10. | {{Esc|Island}} | [[Birgitta Haukdal]] | "[[Open Your Heart]]" | 8. | 81 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 11. | {{Esc|Irska}} | [[Mickey Harte]] | "[[We've Got the World]]" | 10. | 53 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 12. | {{Esc|Izrael}} | [[Lior Narkis]] | "[[Words for Love]]" | 19. | 17 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 13. | {{Esc|Latvija}} | [[F.L.Y.]] | "[[Hello from Mars]]" | 24. | 5 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 14. | {{Esc|Malta}} | [[Lynn Chircop]] | "[[To Dream Again]]" | 16. | 12 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 15. | {{Esc|Nizozemska}} | [[Esther Hart]] | "[[One More Night (Esther Hart song)|One More Night]]" | 13. | 45 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 16. | {{Esc|Norveška}} | [[Jostein Hasselgård]] | "[[I'm Not Afraid to Move On]]" | 4. | 123 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 17. | {{Esc|Poljska}} | [[Ich Troje]] | "[[Keine Grenzen]]" | 7. | 90 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 18. | {{Esc|Portugal}} | [[Rita Guerra]] | "[[Deixa-me sonhar (Só mais uma vez)]]" | 22. | 13 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 19. | {{Esc|Rumunija}} | [[Nicola]] | "[[Don't Break My Heart]]" | 10. | 73 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 20. | {{Esc|Rusija}} | [[t.A.T.u.]] | "[[Ne ver', ne boisia]]" | 3. | 164 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 21. | {{Esc|Slovenija}} | [[Karmen Stavec]] | "[[Nanana]]" | 23. | 8 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 22. | {{Esc|Španija}} | [[Beth (singer)|Beth]] | "[[Dime]]" | 8. | 81 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 23. | {{Esc|Švedska}} | [[Fame (duo)|Fame]] | "[[Give Me Your Love]]" | 5. | 107 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:gold; font-weight:bold;" | 24. | style="background:gold; font-weight:bold;" | {{Esc|Turska}} | style="background:gold; font-weight:bold;" | [[Sertab Erener]] | style="background:gold; font-weight:bold;" | "[[Everyway That I Can]]" | style="background:gold; font-weight:bold;" | 1. | style="background:gold; font-weight:bold;" | 167 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 25. | {{Esc|Ukrajina}} | [[Oleksandr Ponomariov]] | "[[Hasta la vista]]" | 14. | 30 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 26. | {{Esc|Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo}} | [[Jemini]] | "[[Cry Baby (Jemini song)|Cry Baby]]" | 26. | 0 |} == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commonscat|Eurovision Song Contest 2003}} * [https://eurovisionworld.com/eurovision/2003 Zvanični rezultati i detalji za Eurosong 2003.] {{Eurosong}} [[Kategorija:Eurosong|2003.]] [[Kategorija:2003. u Latviji]] [[Kategorija:2003. u muzici]] [[Kategorija:Muzika u Latviji]] [[Kategorija:Eurosong 2003.|*]] nx9p6ym9n28f0jsnvyaquxanuozwj84 Eurosong 2002. 0 534940 3849381 3848993 2026-05-26T04:02:15Z InternetArchiveBot 118070 Rescuing 2 sources and submitting 0 for archiving.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3849381 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija muzičko takmičenje | naziv = Eurosong 2002. | slika = ESC 2002 Map.svg | veličina_slike = | slika_alt = | opis_slike = Karta učesnika Eurosonga 2002 | polufinale = | finale = 25. maj 2002. | mjesto_održavanja = [[Saku Suurhall]]<br />[[Tallinn]], [[Estonija]] | voditelji = [[Annely Peebo]] i [[Marko Matvere]] | dirigent = | režiser = Marius Bratten | izvršni_nadzornik = Christine Marchal-Ortiz | izvršni_producent = Juhan Paadam | emiter = [[Eesti Televisioon|ETV]] | uvodni_čin = | međučin = | reprizni_čin = | slogan = ''A Modern Fairytale'' | broj_učesnika = 24 | debitiranje = | povratak = {{Plainlist| * {{Esc|Austrija}} * {{Esc|Belgija}} * {{Esc|Kipar}} * {{Esc|Finska}} * {{Esc|Sjeverna Makedonija|Makedonija}} * {{Esc|Rumunija}} * {{Esc|Švicarska}} }} | odustajanje = {{Plainlist| * {{Esc|Island}} * {{Esc|Irska}} * {{Esc|Nizozemska}} * {{Esc|Norveška}} * {{Esc|Poljska}} * {{Esc|Portugal}} }} | karta = | veličina_karte = | zeleno = Zemlje učesnice | crveno = Zemlje koje nisu učestvovale | sistem_glasanja = Svaka zemlja dodjeljuje poene 1–8, 10 i 12 svojim deset omiljenih pjesama. | bez_poena = | pobjednička_pjesma = {{Esc|Latvija}}<br />"[[I Wanna (Marie N song)|I Wanna]]" | prethodno_takmičenje = [[Eurosong 2001.]] | ovo_takmičenje = | sljedeće_takmičenje = [[Eurosong 2003.]] }} '''Eurosong 2002.''' bio je 47. izdanje [[Eurosong]]a. Održan je 25. maja 2002. u [[Saku Suurhall]]u u [[Tallinn]]u, [[Estonija]], a vodili su ga [[Annely Peebo]] i [[Marko Matvere]]. Takmičenje su organizirali [[Evropska radiodifuzijska unija]] (EBU) i [[Eesti Televisioon|ETV]], nakon pobjede Estonije na [[Eurosong 2001.|Eurosongu 2001.]] s pjesmom „[[Everybody (Tanel Padar, Dave Benton and 2XL song)|Everybody]]”.<ref name="Details2002">{{Cite web|title=Eurovision Song Contest 2002|url=https://eurovisionworld.com/eurovision/2002|publisher=Eurovisionworld|access-date=2026-05-24|language=en}}</ref> Na takmičenju su učestvovale 24 zemlje. Vratile su se [[Austrija na Eurosongu|Austrija]], [[Belgija na Eurosongu|Belgija]], [[Kipar na Eurosongu|Kipar]], [[Finska na Eurosongu|Finska]], [[Sjeverna Makedonija na Eurosongu|Makedonija]], [[Rumunija na Eurosongu|Rumunija]] i [[Švicarska na Eurosongu|Švicarska]], dok [[Island na Eurosongu|Island]], [[Irska na Eurosongu|Irska]], [[Nizozemska na Eurosongu|Nizozemska]], [[Norveška na Eurosongu|Norveška]] i [[Poljska na Eurosongu|Poljska]] nisu učestvovali zbog relegacije, a [[Portugal na Eurosongu|Portugal]] je odustao od učešća. Latvija je prvobitno također bila izvan takmičenja, ali je naknadno ušla nakon portugalskog povlačenja. <ref name="Participants2002">{{Cite web|title=Eurovision Song Contest 2002|url=https://eurovisionworld.com/eurovision/2002|publisher=Eurovisionworld|access-date=2026-05-24|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Annex2002">{{Cite web|title=Eurovision Song Contest 2002 participants|url=https://eurovision.tv/event/tallinn-2002/participants|publisher=European Broadcasting Union|access-date=2026-05-24|language=en|archive-date=23. 3. 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323050945/https://eurovision.tv/event/tallinn-2002/participants|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Pobijedila je [[Latvija na Eurosongu|Latvija]] s pjesmom „[[I Wanna (Marie N song)|I Wanna]]” u izvođenju [[Marie N]]. Latvija je osvojila 176 bodova, dok je [[Malta na Eurosongu|Malta]] završila na drugom mjestu sa 164 boda. Ovo je bila prva pobjeda Latvije na takmičenju. <ref name="Details2002" /> == Mjesto održavanja == [[Datoteka:Eurovisiooni 2002 Raekoja platsil (13).jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|[[Saku Suurhall]] u Tallinnu, mjesto održavanja Eurosonga 2002.]] Estonija je stekla pravo organizacije nakon pobjede 2001. godine. Kao domaćin je izabrana [[Saku Suurhall]] u Tallinnu, najveća zatvorena arena u Estoniji, izgrađena 2001. godine i kapaciteta do oko 10.000 gledalaca. Uoči izbora lokacije postojale su sumnje oko finansiranja i organizacije, ali su one riješene uz podršku estonske vlade i dodatno finansiranje. <ref name="Venue2002">{{Cite web|title=Tallinn 2002 participants and venue overview|url=https://eurovision.tv/event/tallinn-2002/participants|publisher=European Broadcasting Union|access-date=2026-05-24|language=en|archive-date=23. 3. 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323050945/https://eurovision.tv/event/tallinn-2002/participants|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> == Rezultati == === Učesnici === Na Eurosongu 2002. učestvovale su 24 zemlje. Takmičenje je uključivalo sedam povratnika, dok je nekoliko država izostalo zbog prethodnih slabih rezultata ili dobrovoljnog povlačenja. <ref name="Participants2002" /><ref name="Annex2002" /> {| class="sortable wikitable plainrowheaders" |- ! scope="col" | Br. ! scope="col" | Zemlja ! scope="col" | Izvođač(ica) ! scope="col" | Pjesma ! scope="col" | Plasman ! scope="col" | Bodovi |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 1. | {{Esc|Kipar}} | [[One (Cypriot band)|One]] | "[[Gimme (song)|Gimme]]" | 6. | 85 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 2. | {{Esc|Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo}} | [[Jessica Garlick]] | "[[Come Back (Jessica Garlick song)|Come Back]]" | 3. | 111 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 3. | {{Esc|Austrija}} | [[Manuel Ortega (singer)|Manuel Ortega]] | "[[Say a Word]]" | 18. | 26 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 4. | {{Esc|Grčka}} | [[Michalis Rakintzis]] | "[[S.A.G.A.P.O.]]" | 17. | 27 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 5. | {{Esc|Španija}} | [[Rosa López|Rosa]] | "[[Europe's Living a Celebration]]" | 7. | 81 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 6. | {{Esc|Hrvatska}} | [[Vesna Pisarović]] | "[[Everything I Want (Vesna Pisarović song)|Everything I Want]]" | 11. | 44 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 7. | {{Esc|Rusija}} | [[Prime Minister (band)|Prime Minister]] | "[[Northern Girl]]" | 10. | 55 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 8. | {{Esc|Estonija}} | [[Sahlene]] | "[[Runaway (Sahlene song)|Runaway]]" | 3. | 111 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 9. | {{Esc|Sjeverna Makedonija|Makedonija}} | [[Karolina Gočeva]] | "[[Od nas zavisi]]" | 19. | 25 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 10. | {{Esc|Izrael}} | [[Sarit Hadad]] | "[[Light a Candle]]" | 12. | 37 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 11. | {{Esc|Švicarska}} | [[Francine Jordi]] | "[[Dans le jardin de mon âme]]" | 22. | 15 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 12. | {{Esc|Švedska}} | [[Afro-dite]] | "[[Never Let It Go (Afro-dite song)|Never Let It Go]]" | 8. | 72 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 13. | {{Esc|Finska}} | [[Laura Voutilainen]] | "[[Addicted to You (Laura Voutilainen song)|Addicted to You]]" | 20. | 24 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 14. | {{Esc|Danska}} | [[Malene Mortensen]] | "[[Tell Me Who You Are (Malene song)|Tell Me Who You Are]]" | 24. | 7 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 15. | {{Esc|Bosna i Hercegovina}} | [[Maja Tatić]] | "[[Na jastuku za dvoje]]" | 13. | 33 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 16. | {{Esc|Belgija}} | [[Sergio & The Ladies]] | "[[Sister (Sergio & The Ladies song)|Sister]]" | 13. | 33 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 17. | {{Esc|Francuska}} | [[Sandrine François]] | "[[Il faut du temps]]" | 5. | 104 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 18. | {{Esc|Njemačka}} | [[Corinna May]] | "[[I Can't Live Without Music]]" | 21. | 17 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 19. | {{Esc|Turska}} | [[Buket Bengisu]] i Group Safir | "[[Leylaklar Soldu Kalbinde]]" | 16. | 29 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 20. | {{Esc|Malta}} | [[Ira Losco]] | "[[7th Wonder]]" | 2. | 164 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 21. | {{Esc|Rumunija}} | [[Monica Anghel]] i [[Marcel Pavel]] | "[[Tell Me Why (Monica Anghel and Marcel Pavel song)|Tell Me Why]]" | 9. | 71 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 22. | {{Esc|Slovenija}} | [[Sestre]] | "[[Samo ljubezen]]" | 13. | 33 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:gold; font-weight:bold;" | 23. | style="background:gold; font-weight:bold;" | {{Esc|Latvija}} | style="background:gold; font-weight:bold;" | [[Marie N]] | style="background:gold; font-weight:bold;" | "[[I Wanna (Marie N song)|I Wanna]]" | style="background:gold; font-weight:bold;" | 1. | style="background:gold; font-weight:bold;" | 176 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 24. | {{Esc|Litvanija}} | [[Aivaras Stepukonis|Aivaras]] | "[[Happy You]]" | 23. | 12 |} == Reference == {{Refspisak}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Commonscat|Eurovision Song Contest 2002}} * [https://eurovisionworld.com/eurovision/2002 Zvanični rezultati i detalji za Eurosong 2002.] {{Eurosong}} [[Kategorija:Eurosong|2002.]] [[Kategorija:2002. u Estoniji]] [[Kategorija:2002. u muzici]] [[Kategorija:Muzika u Estoniji]] [[Kategorija:Eurosong 2002.|*]] q21ucjaqzjlntfjwto2c2g36zo717kc Opijumski mak 0 534975 3849311 3849239 2026-05-25T17:02:18Z KWiki 9400 KWiki premjestio je stranicu [[Papaver somniferum]] na [[Opijumski mak]] preko preusmjerenja: @[[Korisnik:Genetičar|Genetičar]]: Druga je stvar kad postoji rašireni domaći naziv. Tu onda on ima prednost nad latinskim. 3849239 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italic title}} {{taksokvir |boja=lightgreen |naziv = Opijumski mak |slika=Papaver somniferum flowers.jpg | opis_slike = ''Papaver somniferum'' [[Köhlerove ljekovite biljke]], 1887. | regnum = [[Plantae]] | subregnum = [[Tracheobionta]] | phylum = [[Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | subclassis = [[Magnoliidae]] | ordo = [[Ranunculales]] | familia = [[Papaveraceae]] | subfamilia = [[Papaveroideae]] | tribus = [[Papavereae]] | genus = [[Papaver]] | species = '''''Papaver somniferum''''' | dvoimeno_autorstvo = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] 1753<ref>{{cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carl von |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358527 |title=Species Plantarum |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |year=1753 |volume=1 |page=508}}</ref> }} [[Slika:Papaver somniferum 002.jpg|thumb| Cvjetni pupoljak prije cvjetanja s dvije gole [[čašični list|čašice]] koje zatvaraju četiri valovite [[latica|latice]].]] '''''Papaver somniferum''''', opšte poznat kao '''opijumski mak''', [[bosanski|bos]] '''pitomi mak'''<ref name="PlantAtlas">{{cite web |title=Opium Poppy ''Papaver somniferum'' L. |url=https://plantatlas2020.org/atlas/2cd4p9h.yzf |access-date=3 January 2026 |website=PlantAtlas}}</ref> ili '''hljebnozrni mak''',<ref name="UniWisconsin">{{cite web |title=Breadseed or opium poppy, ''Papaver somniferum'' |url=https://wimastergardener.org/files/2017/06/Papaver_somniferum.pdf |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201121225506/https://wimastergardener.org/files/2017/06/Papaver_somniferum.pdf |archive-date=21 November 2020 |access-date=21 November 2020 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Extension, Master Gardener Program}}</ref> jeste [[vrsta]] [[cvjetnica]] iz [[porodica (biologija)|porodice]] ''[[Papaveraceae]]''. To je vrsta biljke od koje se dobijaju i [[opijum]] i [[mak]], a također je i vrijedna [[ukrasna biljka]] koja se uzgaja u baštama. Njeno izvorno područje rasprostranjenosti je zapadna [[mediteran|mediteranska regija]], ali je od tada zasjenjeno široko rasprostranjenim [[unesena vrsta|unošenjem]] i [[hortikultura|uzgojem]] od davnina do danas. Sada je [[Naturalizacija (biologija)|naturalizovana]] u većem dijelu svijeta s [[umjerena klima|umjerenom klimom]].<ref name="POWO"/> ==Opis== ''Papaver somniferum'' je [[jednogodišnja biljka|jednogodišnja]] [[zeljasta biljka]] koja raste do oko 100 cm|abbr=off|-1}} visine. Biljka je jako plavozelene boje, sivkasto-zelenog izgleda, a [[stabljika]] i [[listovi]] imaju rijetko raspoređene grube dlačice. Veliki listovi su režnjati, a gornji stabljilni listovi obuhvataju stabljiku,<ref name="Stace-2019"/> donji listovi s kratkom peteljkom.<ref name="Clapham-1981">{{cite book |last1=Clapham |first1=A.R. |title=Excursion flora of the British Isles |last2=Tutin |first2=T.G. |last3=Warburg |first3=E.F. |date=1981 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-23290-6 |edition=3 |location=Cambridge, U.K.}}</ref>{{rp|40}} [[Cvjetovi]]] su promjera do 8–18 cm, obično s četiri crvene, bijele ili ljubičaste latice, često s tamnom mrljom u podnožju svake latice.<ref name="Streeter">{{cite book |last=Streeter |first=David |title=Flower Guide |date=2010 |publisher=Collins |isbn=978-0-00-718389-0 |publication-place=London |page=90}}</ref> [[Plod]] je bezdlakava, okrugla [[kapsula (plod)|kapsula]] na vrhu sa 12–18 zrakastih [[tićak (botanika)|stigmatskih]] zraka ili žljebasta kapa.<ref name="Reader's Digest-1981">{{cite book |title=Reader's Digest Field Guide to the Wild Flowers of Britain |publisher=Reader's Digest |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-276-00217-5 |page=32}}</ref> All parts of the plant exude white latex when wounded.<ref name="Stace-2019">{{cite book |last=Stace |first=C. A. |author-link=Stace, C. A. |title=New Flora of the British Isles |publisher=C & M Floristics |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-5272-2630-2 |edition=Fourth |location=Middlewood Green, Suffolk, U.K.}}</ref>{{rp|93}}<ref name="Blamey-2003">{{cite book |last1=Blamey |first1=M. |title=Wild flowers of Britain and Ireland: The Complete Guide to the British and Irish Flora. |last2=Fitter |first2=R. |last3=Fitter |first3=A |publisher=A & C Black |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-4081-7950-5 |location=London}}</ref>{{rp|32}} ==Biologija== === Metabolizam === [[Alkaloid]]i su organski dušični spojevi, derivati [[sekundarni metabolizam|sekundarnog metabolizma]], sintetizirani metaboličkim putem benzilizohinolina.<ref name="Ye-2018"/> Prvo, [[aminokiselina]] [[fenilalanin]], putem [[enzim]]a [[fenilalanin-hidroksilaza]], transformira se u [[tirozin]]. Tirozin može slijediti dva različita puta: putem tirozin-hidroksilaze može formirati L-[[dopamin]] ([[L-DOPA]]), ili se može reducirati da bi se formirao 4-fenilhidroksiacetaldehid (4-HPAA). Nakon toga, L-DOPA reagira sa 4-HPAA i, kroz niz reakcija, formira (S)-[[norkoklaurin]], koji nosi [[benzilizohinolin]]ski skelet koji je dao ime ovom putu. Konverzija (S)-norkoklaurina u (S)-retikulin je jedna od ključnih tačaka, budući da se iz (S)-[[retikulin]]a, [[morfin]] može formirati putem morfinana, a noskapin putem noskapina ili [[berberin]]a.<ref name="Ye-2018">{{Cite journal |last1=Ye |first1=Kai |last2=Graham |first2=Ian A. |last3=Bowser |first3=Tim A. |last4=Lu |first4=Ying |last5=Teodor |first5=Roxana |last6=He |first6=Zhesi |last7=Ning |first7=Zemin |last8=Li |first8=Yi |last9=Yang |first9=Xiaofei |date=19 October 2018 |title=The opium poppy genome and morphinan production |url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/135262/1/aat4096_ArticleContent_plus_figures.pdf |journal=Science |volume=362 |issue=6412 |pages=343–347 |bibcode=2018Sci...362..343G |doi=10.1126/science.aat4096 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=30166436 |s2cid=52137369 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Genom === [[Genom]] maka sadrži 51.213 [[gen]]a koji [[kpdon|kodiraju]] [[protein]]e, raspoređenih 81,6% u 11 pojedinačnih [[hromosom]]a, a 18,4% ostaje u nepostavljenim skelama.<ref name="Ye-2018"/> Osim toga, 70,9% genoma čine repetitivni elementi, od kojih su najzastupljeniji dugi terminalni ponovljeni [[retrotranspozon]]i. Ovo obogaćivanje gena povezano je s održavanjem [[homeostaza| homeostaze]] i pozitivnom regulacijom [[transkripcija (genetika)|transkripcije]].<ref name="Ye-2018"/> Analiza sinergije opijumskog maka otkriva tragove [[duplikacija (genetika)|segmentnih duplikacija]] prije 110 miliona godina (MYA), prije divergencije između ''Papaveraceae'' i ''[[Ranunculaceae]]'', a događaj duplikacije kompletnog genoma čini 7,8 MYA. Geni su moguće grupirani na sljedeći način:<ref name="Ye-2018" /> * Geni odgovorni za konverziju (S)-retikulina u noskapin nalaze se na [[hromosom]]u 11. * Geni odgovorni za konverziju (S)-[[retikulin]]a u tebain nalaze se na hromosomu 11. * Geni odgovorni za konverziju tebaina nalaze se na hromosomu 1, hromosomu 2, hromosomu 7 i možda drugima. == Ekologija == === Bolesti === ''P. somniferum'' podložan je nekoliko gljivičnih, insektskih i virusnih [[infekcija]], uključujući bolesti koje se prenose sjemenom, kao što su [[peronospora]] i [[trulež korijena]]. Upotreba [[pesticid]]a u kombinaciji s metodama uzgoja smatra se glavnom mjerom kontrole različitih bolesti maka.<ref name="Singh-2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Akanksha |last2=Gupta |first2=Rupali |last3=Saikia |first3=Shilpi K. |last4=Pant |first4=Aakanksha |last5=Pandey |first5=Rakesh |date=December 2016 |title=Diseases of medicinal and aromatic plants, their biological impact and management |journal=Plant Genetic Resources |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=370–383 |bibcode=2016PGRCU..14..370S |doi=10.1017/S1479262116000307 |issn=1479-2621 |s2cid=88963681}}</ref> Gljivični patogen ''[[Peronospora arborescens]]'', uzročnik peronospore, prvenstveno se javlja tokom vlažnih i vlažnih uslova.<ref name="Wilfried-2000"/> Ova [[oomicete|oomiceta]] prodire u korijenje putem [[oospora]] i inficira listove kao [[konidija]] u sekundarnoj infekciji.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Voglmayr |first1=Hermann |last2=Montes-Borrego |first2=Miguel |last3=Landa |first3=Blanca B. |date=7 May 2014 |title=Disentangling Peronospora on Papaver: Phylogenetics, Taxonomy, Nomenclature and Host Range of Downy Mildew of Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum) and Related Species |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=9 |issue=5 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...996838V |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0096838 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4013089 |pmid=24806292 |doi-access=free |article-number=e96838}}</ref> [[Gljiva]] uzrokuje [[hipertrofija|hipertrofiju]] i zakrivljenost stabljike i cvjetnih drški.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bajpai |first1=S. |last2=Gupta |first2=M. M. |last3=Kumar |first3=S. |date=September 1999 |title=Identification of Indian Landraces of Opium Poppy Papaver somniferum Resistant to Damping-off and Downy Mildew Fungal Diseases |journal=Journal of Phytopathology |volume=147 |issue=9 |pages=535–538 |bibcode=1999JPhyt.147..535B |doi=10.1046/j.1439-0434.1999.147009535.x |issn=0931-1785}}</ref> Simptomi su [[hloroza]] i uvijanje zahvaćenog tkiva s nekrotičnim mrljama.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Barnawal |first1=D. |last2=Pandey |first2=S.S. |last3=Bharti |first3=N. |last4=Pandey |first4=A. |last5=Ray |first5=T. |last6=Singh |first6=S. |last7=Chanotiya |first7=C.S. |last8=Kalra |first8=A. |date=3 April 2017 |title=ACC deaminase-containing plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria protect Papaver somniferum from downy mildew |journal=Journal of Applied Microbiology |volume=122 |issue=5 |pages=1286–1298 |doi=10.1111/jam.13417 |issn=1364-5072 |pmid=28186676 |s2cid=33398558}}</ref> Donja površina lista prekrivena je premazom peronospore koji sadrži [[konidija|konidiospore]] koje šire infekciju dalje što dovodi do oštećenja i smrti biljke.<ref name="Kapoor-1995">{{Cite book |last=D. |first=Kapoor, L. |title=Opium poppy: botany, chemistry, and pharmacology |date=1995 |publisher=Food Products Press |isbn=978-1-56024-923-8 |location=New York |oclc=30544395}}</ref> Druga vrsta peronospore, ''[[Peronospora|Peronospora somniferi]]'', uzrokuje sistemske infekcije koje dovode do zaostajanja u rastu i deformacije biljaka maka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Thangavel |first1=T. |last2=Wilson |first2=C. R. |last3=Jones |first3=S. |last4=Scott |first4=J. B. |last5=Voglmayr |first5=H. |date=February 2017 |title=First Report of Systemic Downy Mildew of Opium Poppy Caused by Peronospora somniferi in Australia |journal=Plant Disease |volume=101 |issue=2 |page=392 |bibcode=2017PlDis.101..392T |doi=10.1094/pdis-06-16-0796-pdn |issn=0191-2917 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Peronospora može se preventivno suzbijati u početnoj fazi razvoja [[sjeme]]na, putem primjene nekoliko [[fungicid]]a. Peronospora lišća uzrokovana gljivicom ''[[Helminthosporium solani|Helminthosporium papaveris]]'' jedna je od najrazornijih bolesti maka širom svijeta. Gljivica koja se prenosi sjemenom uzrokuje truhljenje korijena kod mladih biljaka i zakržljale stabljike kod biljaka u višoj fazi razvoja, gdje se na listovima pojavljuju pjege i prenose se na čahure i sjeme.<ref name="Kapoor-1995"/> Rana sjetva sjemena i duboko oranje ostataka maka mogu smanjiti gljivični inokulum tokom vegetacijske sezone biljke u sljedećoj godini na susjednim zalihama maka.<ref name="Wilfried-2000" /> [[Mozaična bolest|Mozaične bolesti]] kod ''P. somniferum'' uzrokovane su [[virus duhanske zvečkarice|virusom zvečkarice]] i [[karlavirus]]om.<ref name="Singh-2016"/> U 2006., novi virus, okvirno nazvan "virus mozaika opijumskog maka" (OPMV) iz roda ''[[Umbravirus]]'', izoliran je iz ''P. somniferum'', a koji sadrži simptome mozaika lista i pjegavosti, na [[Novi Zeland|Novom Zelandu]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tang |first1=Joe |last2=Lebas |first2=Bénédicte |last3=Liefting |first3=Lia |last4=Veerakone |first4=Stella |last5=Wei |first5=Ting |last6=Ward |first6=Lisa |date=29 October 2015 |title=Opium poppy mosaic virus, a new umbravirus isolated from Papaver somniferum in New Zealand |journal=Archives of Virology |volume=161 |issue=1 |pages=197–201 |doi=10.1007/s00705-015-2651-4 |issn=0304-8608 |pmid=26514844 |s2cid=16114366}}</ref> === Štetočine === Postoji samo nekoliko [[štetočina]] koje mogu naštetiti ''P.&nbsp;somniferum''.<ref name="Wilfried-2000" /> Buhe buše listove mladih biljaka, a [[lisne uši]] sišu sok cvjetnih [[pupoljak]]a.<ref name="Wilfried-2000"/> Makov žižak (''[[Stenocarus ruficornis]]'') je još jedna značajna štetočina. [[Insekt]] živi u tlu i migrira u proljeće na polja maka nakon nicanja usjeva. Odrasle jedinke oštećuju listove malih biljaka jedući ih. Ženke polažu jaja u tkivo donjih listova. Larve insekata se izlegu i ukopavaju u tlo, kako bi kao odrasle jedinke završile svoj [[životni ciklus]] na [[korijen]]ju maka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bečka |first1=D. |last2=Cihlář |first2=P. |last3=Vlažný |first3=P. |last4=Pazderů |first4=K. |last5=Vašák |first5=J. |date=3 October 2014 |title=Poppy root weevils (Stenocarus ruficornis, Stephens 1831) control in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) |journal=Plant, Soil and Environment |volume=60 |issue=10 |pages=470–474 |doi=10.17221/417/2014-pse |issn=1214-1178 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Kultivacija== U razvoju rasta vrste ''P. somniferum'' može se razlikovati šest faza. Razvoj rasta počinje rastom [[sadnica]]. U drugom koraku formiraju se listovi i stabljike tipa rozete. Nakon toga, kao treći korak, odvija se pupanje (faza kuke). Fazu kuke prati [[cvjetanje]]. Nakon toga, dostiže se tehnička zrelost, što znači da je biljka spremna za rezidbu. Posljednji korak je biološka zrelost; suho sjeme sazrijeva. Čini se da je [[fotoperiod]] glavni faktor razvoja [[cvijet]]a ''P.&nbsp;somniferum''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mahdavi-Damghani |first1=Abdolmajid |last2=Kamkar |first2=Behnam |last3=Al-Ahmadi |first3=Majid Jami |last4=Testi |first4=Luca |last5=Muñoz-Ledesma |first5=Francisco J. |last6=Villalobos |first6=Francisco J. |date=October 2010 |title=Water stress effects on growth, development and yield of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) |journal=Agricultural Water Management |volume=97 |issue=10 |pages=1582–1590 |bibcode=2010AgWM...97.1582M |doi=10.1016/j.agwat.2010.05.011 |hdl=10261/94915 |issn=0378-3774}}</ref> ''P.&nbsp;somniferum'' pokazuje vrlo spor razvoj na početku vegetacijskog perioda. Zbog toga je konkurencija [[korov]]a vrlo velika u ranim fazama. Vrlo je važno efikasno suzbijati korov u prvih 50 dana nakon sjetve.<ref name="Gaur-1986">{{Cite journal |last1=Gaur |first1=B. L. |last2=Gupta |first2=P. C. |last3=Sharma |first3=D. D. |date=January 1986 |title=Weed management in opium poppy Papaver somniferumL. |journal=Tropical Pest Management |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=267–268 |doi=10.1080/09670878609371076 |issn=0143-6147}}</ref> Osim toga, ''Papaver somniferum'' je prilično osjetljiv na herbicide. Primjena [[herbicid]]a hlortoluron prije nicanja pokazala se učinkovitom u smanjenju nivoa korova.<ref name="Gaur-1986"/> Međutim, u posljednjoj deceniji suzbijanje korova kod ''Papaver somniferum'' prešlo je s tretmana prije nicanja na tretmane nakon [[klijanje|nicanja]].<ref name="Pinke-2014">{{Cite journal |last1=Pinke |first1=Gyula |last2=Tóth |first2=Kálmán |last3=Kovács |first3=Attila J. |last4=Milics |first4=Gábor |last5=Varga |first5=Zoltán |last6=Blazsek |first6=Katinka |last7=Gál |first7=Katalin E. |last8=Botta-Dukát |first8=Zoltán |date=3 July 2014 |title=Use of mesotrione and tembotrione herbicides for post-emergence weed control in alkaloid poppy (Papaver somniferum) |journal=International Journal of Pest Management |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=187–195 |doi=10.1080/09670874.2014.953622 |issn=0967-0874 |s2cid=83721260}}</ref> Posebno je popularna primjena dva [[herbicid]]a, [[mezotrion]]a i [[tembotrion]]a. Kombinirana primjena ova dva herbicida pokazala se preporučljivom za efikasno suzbijanje korova u ''Papaver somniferum''.<ref name="Pinke-2014"/> Vrijeme sjetve (jesen ili proljeće), prethodni usjev i tekstura tla važne su varijable koje utiču na sastav vrsta korova. Pokazalo se da je ''[[Papaver rhoeas]]'' vrlo zastupljena vrsta korova na poljima ''Papaver somniferum''.<ref name="Pinke-2014" />ref name="Pinke-2014" /><ref name="Pinke-2011">{{Cite journal |last1=PINKE |first1=G |last2=PÁL |first2=R W |last3=TÓTH |first3=K |last4=KARÁCSONY |first4=P |last5=CZÚCZ |first5=B |last6=BOTTA-DUKÁT |first6=Z |date=16 September 2011 |title=Weed vegetation of poppy (Papaver somniferum) fields in Hungary: effects of management and environmental factors on species composition |journal=Weed Research |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=621–630 |bibcode=2011WeedR..51..621P |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3180.2011.00885.x |issn=0043-1737}}</ref> ''Papaver somniferum'' i ''Papaver rhoeas'' su [[Biološka specifičnost|kongeneri]] i pripadaju istoj porodici biljaka, što otežava hemijsku kontrolu ove korovske vrste.<ref name="Pinke-2011"/> Stoga, suzbijanje [[korov]]a predstavlja veliki izazov i zahtijeva tehnološko znanje od poljoprivrednika.<ref name="Pinke-2011"/> Da bi se povećala efikasnost suzbijanja korova, ne treba primjenjivati samo hemijsko, već i mehaničko (ručno).<ref name="Pinke-2011"/> Za ''P. somniferum'' preporučuje se gustina rasta od 70 do 80 biljaka po kvadratnom metru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An overview of the Tasmanian poppy industry |url=https://grdc.com.au/resources-and-publications/grdc-update-papers/tab-content/grdc-update-papers/2014/07/an-overview-of-the-tasmanian-poppy-industry |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328004417/https://grdc.com.au/resources-and-publications/grdc-update-papers/tab-content/grdc-update-papers/2014/07/an-overview-of-the-tasmanian-poppy-industry |archive-date=28 March 2020 |access-date=19 January 2020 |website=Grains Research and Development Corporation |language=en-AU}}</ref> Prinos pretvaranja [[lateks]]a u [[biomasa|biomasu]] najveći je u uslovima blagog nedostatka vode.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mahdavi-Damghani |first1=Abdolmajid |last2=Kamkar |first2=Behnam |last3=Al-Ahmadi |first3=Majid Jami |last4=Testi |first4=Luca |last5=Muñoz-Ledesma |first5=Francisco J. |last6=Villalobos |first6=Francisco J. |date=2010 |title=Water stress effects on growth, development and yield of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378377410001733 |journal=Agricultural Water Management |language=en |volume=97 |issue=10 |pages=1582–1590 |bibcode=2010AgWM...97.1582M |doi=10.1016/j.agwat.2010.05.011 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ===Kao ukrasna biljka=== Žive biljke i sjeme opijumskog maka se široko prodaju od strane kompanija za sjeme i rasadnika u većem dijelu zapadnog svijeta, uključujući [[SAD|Sjedinjene Američke Države]]. Mak je tražen među vrtlarima zbog žive boje cvijeća, otpornosti i pouzdanosti biljaka maka, egzotičnog čokoladno-biljnog mirisa nekih [[kultivar]]a i jednostavnosti uzgoja biljaka iz kupljenih sadnica ili direktnom sjetvom sjemena. Čahure sjemena maka se također prodaju za aranžmane od suhog cvijeća. Iako su "opijumski mak i papaver" navedeni u Prilogu II Zakona o kontroliranim supstancama Sjedinjenih Američkih Država, ''P. somniferum'' može se legalno uzgajati u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama kao sjemenska kultura ili kao [[ukrasna biljka]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Culinary Poppy Cultivation |url=http://agsyst.wsu.edu/CulinaryPoppy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421041214/http://agsyst.wsu.edu/CulinaryPoppy.html |archive-date=21 April 2021 |access-date=14 May 2021 |website=WSU Mount Vernon NWREC |publisher=Washington State University}}</ref> Tokom ljeta, opijumski mak se može vidjeti kako cvjeta u vrtovima širom Sjeverne Amerike i Evrope, a eksponati se nalaze u mnogim privatnim zasadima, kao i u javnim botaničkim i muzejskim vrtovima kao što su [[Botanički vrt Sjedinjenih Država]], [[Botanički vrt Missourija]] i [[Botanički vrt Sjeverne Karoline]]. Mnoge zemlje uzgajaju ove biljke, a neke se uveliko oslanjaju na komercijalnu proizvodnju droge kao glavni izvor prihoda. Kao dodatni izvor profita, sjeme istih biljaka se prodaje za upotrebu u hrani, tako da je uzgoj biljke značajan izvor prihoda. Ova međunarodna trgovina sjemenkama ''P. somniferum'' riješena je rezolucijom UN-a "za borbu protiv međunarodne trgovine ilegalnim sjemenkama opijumskog maka" 28. jula 1998. godine. <gallery> Poppy from above.JPG| Crveni [[cvijet]] opijumskog maka Český-modrý-mák detail-květu.jpg| Češki plavi cvijet maka Cesky-modry-mak detail.jpg| Češki plavi mak </gallery> ==Rasprostranjenost i stanište== Autorno područje opijumskog maka je vjerovatno [[Makaronezija]], zapadni i centralni [[Mediteran]] <ref>{{cite web | title=Papaver somniferum L. &#124; Plants of the World Online &#124; Kew Science | url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:673724-1/general-information }}</ref>, ali ekstenzivni uzgoj i uvođenje ove vrste širom Evrope od davnina prikrili su njeno porijeklo. Izbjegla je uzgoj ili je unesena i naturalizirana u svim regijama [[UK|Britanskih ostrva]], posebno na jugu i istoku, a njeno sjeme je pronađeno u arheološkom materijalu koji datira još iz [[bronzano doba|bronzanog doba]]<ref name="PlantAtlas"/> i u gotovo svim drugim zemljama svijeta s pogodnom, umjerenom klimom.<ref name="GBIF.org">{{cite web |title=Papaver somniferum L. |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/2888439 |publisher=Global Biodiversity Information Facility, GBIF.org |location=Copenhagen, Denmark}}</ref> == Taksonomija == ''Papaver somniferum'' dobio je svoje [[prihvaćeno ime]] od strane švedskog botaničara [[Carl Linnaeus|Carla Linea]] na stranici 508 njegove ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' u 1753.<ref name="POWO">{{Cite POWO |last1=POWO |date=2025 |id=673724-1 |title=''Papaver somniferum'' L. |access-date=20 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=673724-1 |title=Papaveraceae Papaver somniferum L. |publisher=ipni.org |volume=1 |access-date=1 November 2017}}</ref> Klasificiran je u [[rod (biologija)|rod]] ''[[Papaver]]'' unutar veće porodice ''[[Papaveraceae]]''. Između njih postoje dvije prihvaćene [[podvrsta|podvrste]] i jedan prirodni [[hibrid (biologija)|hibrid]]:<ref name="POWO" /> * ''Papaver somniferum'' notosubsp. ''authemanii''<br>Ovaj prirodni hibrid porijeklom je iz [[Francuska|Francuske]]. Prvi put je opisan kao hibrid pod nazivom ''Papaver'' × ''authemanii'' 1893. godine i reklasificiran je u svoje prihvaćeno ime 2012.<ref name="POWO nothosubsp ">{{Cite POWO |last1=POWO |date=2025 |id=77125461-1 |title=''Papaver somniferum'' nothosubsp. ''authemanii'' (Rouy) B.Bock |access-date=20 December 2025}}</ref> * ''Papaver somniferum'' subsp. ''setigerum''<br>Ova podvrsta je prvi put nazvana ''Papaver setigerum'' 1815. godine od strane [[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle]]. Reklasifikovana je kao podvrsta 1882. godine od strane [[Giovanni Arcangeli| Giovannija Arcangelija]]. Njeno izvorno područje rasprostranjenosti je [[Sjeverna Afrika]], od [[Maroko|Maroka]] do [[Libija|Libije]] i u južnoj Evropi od [[Portugal]]a do [[Italija|Italije]].<ref name="POWO subsp setigerum">{{Cite POWO |last1=POWO |date=2025 |id=60453010-2 |title=''Papaver somniferum'' subsp. ''setigerum'' (DC.) Arcang. |access-date=20 December 2025}}</ref> * ''Papaver somniferum'' subsp. ''somniferum ''<br>[[Autonim (botanika)|Autonimska]] [[podvrsta]] je [[kultigen]], biljka koja je razvijena ljudskom [[vještačka selekcija|selekcijom]].<ref name="POWO subsp somniferum">{{Cite POWO |last1=POWO |date=2025 |id=111359-3 |title=''Papaver somniferum'' subsp. ''somniferum'' |access-date=20 December 2025}}</ref> Opijumski mak ima {{table row counter|id=Synonyms}} [[Sinonim (botanika)|sinonimi]] svoje dvije podvrste i hibrid.<ref name="POWO nothosubsp" /><ref name="POWO subsp setigerum" /><ref name="POWO subsp somniferum" /> {|class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Tabela sinonima ! Ime ! Godina ! Rang ! Sinonim za: ! Bilješke |- | ''Papaver album'' {{small|Mill.}} | 1768 |data-sort-value=A | vrsta | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver album-nigrum'' {{small|Crantz}} | 1763 |data-sort-value=A | vrsta | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver amoenum'' {{small|Lindl.}} | 1839 |data-sort-value=A | vrsta | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver amplexicaule'' {{small|Stokes}} | 1812 |data-sort-value=A | vrste | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver apodocarpum'' {{small|Hussenot}} | 1835 |data-sort-value=A | vrste | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver × authemanii'' {{small|Rouy}} | 1893 |data-sort-value=J | hibrid | nothosubsp. ''authemanii'' |data-sort-value=A | ≡ hom. |- | ''Papaver glabrum'' {{small|Gilib.}} | 1782 |data-sort-value=A | vrste | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het., [[opus utique oppr.]] |- | ''Papaver glaucum'' var. ''leukum'' {{small|Rothm.}} | 1954 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver hortense'' {{small|Hussenot}} | 1835 |data-sort-value=A | vrste | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver hortense'' {{small|Garsault}} | 1764 |data-sort-value=A | vrste | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het., [[opus utique rej.]] |- | ''Papaver indehiscens'' {{small|Dumort.}} | 1827 |data-sort-value=A | vrste | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver nigrum'' {{small|Garsault}} | 1764 |data-sort-value=A | vrste | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het., [[opus utique rej.]] |- | ''Papaver nigrum'' {{small|(DC.) Ser.}} | 1845 |data-sort-value=A | vrste | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver officinale'' {{mali|C.C.Gmel.}} | 1806 |data-sort-value=A | vrsta | podvrsta ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver officinale'' var. ''monstrosum'' {{mali|Göpp.}} | 1851 |data-sort-value=D | sorta | podvrsta ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver opiiferum'' {{mali|Forssk.}} | 1775 |data-sort-value=A | vrsta | podvrsta ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver opiiferum'' var. ''album'' {{small|DC.}} | 1821 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver paeoniiflorum'' {{small|(Alef.) Corrêa}} | 1926 |data-sort-value=A | podvrste | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver polycephalum'' {{small|E.Vilm.}} | 1863 |data-sort-value=A | vrste | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver setigerum'' {{small|DC.}} | 1815 |data-sort-value=A | vrste | subsp. ''setigerum'' |data-sort-value=A | ≡ hom. |- | ''Papaver setigerum'' var. ''muticum'' {{small|Regel}} | 1856 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''setigerum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver setigerum'' var. ''nigrum'' {{small|(Garsault) P.Fourn.}} | 1936 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver setigerum'' var. ''valdesetosum'' {{small|Maire}} | 1935 |data-sort-value=D | varijetet | subsp. ''setigerum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''album'' {{mali|(Mill.) DC.}} | 1821 |data-sort-value=D | varijetet | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' f. ''album'' {{mali|(Mill.) Kuntze}} | 1887 |data-sort-value=F | oblik | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' convar. ''album'' {{mali|(Mill.) Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=G | konvarijet | podvrsta ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''apodocarpum'' {{small|(Hussenot) Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''atroviolaceum'' {{small|Maire}} | 1934 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''setigerum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | Podvar "Papaver somniferum". ''atroviolaceum'' {{small|(Maire) Maire}} | 1964 |data-sort-value=E | podvrsta | subsp. ''setigerum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''austroviolaceum'' {{mala|posuda.}} | 1975 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''cezijum'' {{mali|Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''coccineum'' {{small|Maire}} | 1932 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''setigerum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''dinokarpum'' {{mali|Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=D | sorta | podvrsta ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' f. ''dissectum'' {{mali|Kuntze}} | 1887 |data-sort-value=F | oblik | podvrsta ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' convar. ''drogist'' {{mali|(Basil. & Žuk.) Posuda.}} | 1975 |data-sort-value=G | konvariejetet | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''genuinovilaceum'' {{mala|posuda.}} | 1975 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''glabrum'' {{small|Boiss.}} | 1867 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''griseum'' {{mali|Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''haageanum'' {{mali|Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' subsp. ''hortenzija'' {{small|Arcang.}} | 1882 |data-sort-value=B | podvrsta | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' podvrsta ''hortense'' {{mali|(Hussenot) Syme}} | 1863 |data-sort-value=B | podvrsta | podvrsta ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''hortense'' {{mali|(Hussenot) Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=D | varijetet | podvrsta ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''hortense'' {{mali|(Hussenot) Rouy & Foucaud}} | 1893 |data-sort-value=D | varijetet | podvrsta ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''hussenotii'' {{mali|Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' convar. ''indicum'' {{mala|posuda.}} | 1975 |data-sort-value=G | konvarijetet | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het., [[bez tipa.]] |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' f. ''laciniatum'' {{small|Kuntze}} | 1887 |data-sort-value=F | forma | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''leucum'' {{mali|(Rothm.) K.Hammer}} | 1987 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''luteum'' {{mali|Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' f. ''marginatum'' {{small|Kuntze}} | 1887 |data-sort-value=F | forma | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum monstrosum'' {{small|Van Houtte ex T.Moore}} | 1860 |data-sort-value=J | | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' subsp. ''nigrum'' {{small|Schübl. & G.Martens}} | 1834 |data-sort-value=B | podvrsta | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het., [[nom. ileg.]] |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' subsp. ''nigrum'' {{small|(DC.) Thell.}} | 1908 |data-sort-value=B | podvrsta | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''nigrum'' {{small|DC.}} | 1821 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' f. ''nigrum'' {{mali|(DC.) Kuntze}} | 1887 |data-sort-value=F | forma | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' convar. ''nigrum'' {{mali|(DC.) Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=G | konvarijetet | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' subsp. ''officinale'' {{small|(C.C.Gmel.) Bonnier & Layens}} | 1894 |data-sort-value=B | podvrsta | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''officinale'' {{small|(C.C.Gmel.) Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' proles ''officinale'' {{small|(C.C.Gmel.) Rouy & Foucaud}} | 1893 |data-sort-value=C | proles | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' convar. ''opiiferum'' {{mala|(Forssk.) Posuda.}} | 1975 |data-sort-value=G | konvarijetet | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' subsp. ''opiiferum'' {{small|(Forssk.) Juel, Cedergr. & Örtendahl}} | 1914 |data-sort-value=B | podvrsta | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''paeoniiflorum'' {{small|Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' f. ''poecilospermum'' {{mali|(Alef.) Kuntze}} | 1887 |data-sort-value=F | forma | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' convar. ''poecilospermum'' {{small|Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=G | konvarijetet | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''pullatum'' {{mala|posuda.}} | 1975 |data-sort-value=D | sorta | podvrsta ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''kvasandum'' {{mali|Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''rozeum'' {{mali|Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''rubelum'' {{mala|posuda.}} | 1975 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''setigerum'' {{small|(DC.) Webb & Berthel.}} | 1836 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''setigerum'' |data-sort-value=A | ≡ hom. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' proles ''setigerum'' {{small|(DC.) Rouy & Foucaud}} | 1893 |data-sort-value=C | prole | subsp. ''setigerum'' |data-sort-value=A | ≡ hom. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''stipitatum'' {{mali|(Husenot) Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' convar. ''tarbagataicum'' {{mala|(Basil.) Posuda.}} | 1975 |data-sort-value=G | konvarijetet | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' f. ''trobojna'' {{small|Kuntze}} | 1887 |data-sort-value=F | forma | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''valdesetosum'' {{small|(Maire) Maire}} | 1964 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''setigerum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''violiflorum'' {{mala|Posuda.}} | 1975 |data-sort-value=D | sorta | podvrsta ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver stipitatum'' {{mala|Hussenot}} | 1835 |data-sort-value=A | vrsta | podvrsta ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver sylvestre'' {{mala|Godr.}} | 1854 |data-sort-value=A | vrsta | podvrsta ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- !colspan=4 style="text-align: left;" | Napomene: ≡ [[homotipski sinonim]] ; = [[heterotipski sinonim]] |} ===Kultivari === ''P.&nbsp;somniferum'' ima veoma dugu tradiciju upotrebe, počevši od neolita. Ovaj dugi vremenski period omogućio je razvoj širokog spektra različitih oblika. Ukupno postoji 52 botaničke [[sorta (botanika)|sorte]].<ref name="Dittbrenner-2009"/> Uzgoj ''P. somniferum'' suočava se s izazovom uzrokovanim kontradiktornim ciljevima uzgoja za ovu vrstu.<ref name="Dittbrenner-2009"/> S jedne strane, za medicinsku upotrebu potreban je vrlo visok sadržaj [[alkaloid]]a. Globalna potražnja za alkaloidima i njihovim farmaceutskim derivatima porasla je posljednjih godina. Stoga postoji potreba za razvojem kultivara s visokim prinosom opijuma.<ref name="Yadav-2006">{{Cite journal |last1=Yadav |first1=Hemant K. |last2=Shukla |first2=S. |last3=Singh |first3=S. P. |date=16 August 2006 |title=Genetic Variability and Interrelationship Among Opium and its Alkaloids in Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) |journal=Euphytica |volume=150 |issue=1–2 |pages=207–214 |bibcode=2006Euphy.150..207Y |doi=10.1007/s10681-006-9111-x |issn=0014-2336 |s2cid=25242061}}</ref> S druge strane, prehrambena [[industrija]] zahtijeva da sadržaj alkaloida bude što je moguće niži.<ref name="Dittbrenner-2009">{{Cite journal |last=Dittbrenner |first=A. |date=2009 |title=Variability of alkaloid content in Papaver somniferum L . |journal=Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality |volume=107 |pages=103–107}}</ref> Također postoje mnoge ukrasne sorte odabrane zbog boje ili broja [[latica]] ili drugih karakteristika. Postoje sorte s dvostrukim cvjetovima, često nazivane božurom ili 'paeoniflorum' u nizu boja. Postoje čak i sorte odabrane zbog oblika svojih čahura, kao što je 'Hen and Chickens' s manjim mahunama oko veće središnje čahure.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grey-Wilson |first1=Christopher |url=https://archive.org/details/poppiesguidetopo0000grey |title=Poppies : A Guide to the Poppy Family in the Wild and in Cultivation |date=1993 |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=978-0-88192-232-5 |location=Portland, Oregon |pages=72, 132–137 |access-date=28 December 2025 |url-access=registration}}</ref> ==Upotreba== Ovaj mak se uzgaja kao poljoprivredna kultura u velikim razmjerima, za jednu od tri primarne svrhe; za proizvodnju sjemena, za proizvodnju [[opijum]]a za upotrebu uglavnom u farmaceutskoj industriji,<ref name="Bradsher-2014">{{cite news |last1=Bradsher |first1=Keith |date=19 July 2014 |title=Shake-Up on Opium Island |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/20/business/international/tasmania-big-supplier-to-drug-companies-faces-changes.html |access-date=8 January 2018 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> i za proizvodnju drugih [[alkaloid]]a (uglavnom [[tebain]]a i [[oripavin]]a) koje farmaceutske kompanije prerađuju u lijekove poput [[hidrokodon]]a i [[oksikodon]]a.<ref name="Bradsher-2014"/> Svaki od ovih ciljeva ima posebne sorte koje su usmjerene na jedno od ovih preduzeća, a napori u uzgoju (uključujući [[biotehnologija|biotehnološke]]) su u kontinuitetu u toku.<ref name="Bradsher-2014"/><ref name="Gaevskii-1999">{{cite journal |last=Gaevskii |first=A.V. |date=1999 |title=On the intraspecies classification of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) |journal=Khimiko-Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=32–36 |doi=10.1007/BF02508453 |s2cid=9716321}}</ref><ref name="Chaturvedi-2014">{{cite journal |last=Chaturvedi |first=Nidarshana |date=2014 |title=Latex-less opium poppy: cause for less latex and reduced peduncle strength) |url=http://staff.cimap.res.in/PublicationFiles/Physiologia_Plantarum_50436.pdf |journal=Physiologia Plantarum |volume=150 |issue=3 |pages=436–445 |bibcode=2014PPlan.150..436C |doi=10.1111/ppl.12086 |pmid=24033330 |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> Relativno mala količina sjemena ''P. somniferum'' također se komercijalno proizvodi u ukrasne svrhe. Danas je uzgojeno mnogo [[kultivar]]a koji ne proizvode značajnu količinu opijuma.<ref name="UniWisconsin"/><ref name="Gaevskii-1999"/> Kultivar 'Sujata' uopće ne proizvodi [[lateks]].<ref name="Chaturvedi-2014"/> Ova diferencijacija ima snažne implikacije na pravnu politiku koja se odnosi na uzgoj biljke.<ref name="Gaevskii-1999"/> {{gallery|mode=packed |Coquelicots - Parc floral 6.JPG| Biljka tipičnog sivkastozelenog izgleda |Opium poppy.jpg|[[Cvijet]] |Schlafmohn Papaver somniferum 2019-06-17 13-19-31 (C).jpg| Krupni plan središta cvijeta |Opium pod cut to demonstrate fluid extraction1.jpg| Kapsula koja pokazuje [[lateks]] ([[opijum]]) koji se izlučuje iz reza |Poppy-seeds.jpg| Krupni plan sjemenke bijelog maka }} ===Sjemenke maka i ulje=== {{glavni|Sjemenke maka}} [[Datoteka:3mohn z01.JPG|thumb| Sušene plave, sive i bijele sjemenke maka koje se koriste za peciva u [[Njemačka|Njemačkoj]].]] [[Slika:Makowiec.jpg|thumb|Poljski [[makowiec (pecivo)|makowiec]], [[rolnica od orašastih plodova]] punjena pastom od maka]] Mak ''Papaver somniferum'' je važna namirnica i izvor [[makovo ulje|ulja od maka]], jestivog ulja koje ima mnogo upotreba. Sjemenke sadrže vrlo niske nivoe opijata, a ulje koje se iz njih ekstrahuje sadrži još manje.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 January 1998 |title=Papaver somniferum |url=https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Papaver_somniferum.html |website=New Crop Resource Online Program |publisher=Purdue University}}</ref> I ulje i ostatak sjemena imaju i komercijalnu upotrebu. Makova pogačica, kao ostatak presanja ulja, može se koristiti kao hrana za različite [[životinje]], poput [[goveda]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Knutsen |first1=Helle Katrine |last2=Alexander |first2=Jan |last3=Barregård |first3=Lars |last4=Bignami |first4=Margherita |last5=Brüschweiler |first5=Beat |last6=Ceccatelli |first6=Sandra |last7=Cottrill |first7=Bruce |last8=Dinovi |first8=Michael |last9=Edler |first9=Lutz |last10=Grasl-Kraupp |first10=Bettina |last11=Hogstrand |first11=Christer |last12=Hoogenboom |first12=Laurentius |last13=Nebbia |first13=Carlo Stefano |last14=Oswald |first14=Isabelle P |date=16 May 2018 |title=Update of the Scientific Opinion on opium alkaloids in poppy seeds |journal=EFSA Journal |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=e05243 |doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5243 |pmc=7009406 |pmid=32625895 |collaboration=EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM)}}</ref> Posebno u vrijeme mitarenja peradi i ukrasnih ptica, pogača je hranjiva i odgovara njihovim posebnim potrebama. Pored stočne hrane, mak nudi i druge nusproizvode. Naprimjer, stabljika biljke može se koristiti za energetske brikete i pelet za grijanje.<ref name="Wilfried-2000">{{Cite book |last1=Wilfried |first1=Ahrens |title=Mohn: Sorten, Anbau, Rezepte |last2=Sneyd |first2=Jan |date=2000 |publisher=Ulmer |isbn=978-3-8001-3112-9 |location=Stuttgart |oclc=76179514 |lang=de}}</ref> Mak se koristi kao hrana u mnogim kulturama. Pekari ga mogu koristiti cijelog za ukrašavanje svojih proizvoda ili ga mogu samljeti i pomiješati sa šećerom kao slatki nadjev. Ima kremast i orašasti okus, a kada se koristi s mljevenim kokosom, sjemenke pružaju jedinstvenu i bogatu bazu za kari. Može se suho pržiti i samljeti za upotrebu u mokrom kaariju (curry pasta) ili suhom curryju.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahanandi " Gasagasalu ~ Bendakaaya |url=http://www.nandyala.org/mahanandi/?p=941 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103083002/http://www.nandyala.org/mahanandi/?p=941 |archive-date=3 November 2022 |access-date=30 December 2011 |publisher=Nandyala.org}}</ref> ===Opijati=== {{glavni|Opijum}} [[Datoteka:Poppies-seeds-dry.png|thumb| Sušene čahure i stabljike maka (tanjir) i sjemenke (zdjela)]] Opijumski mak je glavni izvor opijuma, sušenog [[lateks]]a koji proizvode čahure sjemena iz [[jajnik (botanika)|jajnika]]. Opijum sadrži klasu prirodnih alkaloida poznatih kao [[opijati]], koji uključuju [[morfin]], [[kodein]], [[tebain]], [[oripavin]], [[papaverin]] i [[noskapin]].<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Aparna |last1=Singh |first2=Ivette M. |last2=Menéndez-Perdomo |first3=Peter J. |last3=Facchini |doi=10.1007/s11101-019-09644-w |year=2019 |title=Benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis in opium poppy: an update |journal=Phytochem Rev |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=1457–1482 |bibcode=2019PChRv..18.1457S }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Ivette M. |last1=Menéndez-Perdomo |first2=Jillian M. |last2=Hagel |first3=Peter J. |last3=Facchini |doi=10.1002/jms.4683 |year=2021 |title=Benzylisoquinoline alkaloid analysis using high-resolution Orbitrap LC-MS<sup>n</sup> |journal=J Mass Spectrom |volume=56 |issue=2 |article-number=e4683 |pmid=33410198 }}</ref> Specifični epitet ''somniferum'' znači "uspavljujući", što se odnosi na [[sedativ]]na svojstva nekih od ovih opijata.<ref name="Bryant">Bronwen Jean Bryant and Kathleen Mary Knights {{google books|TQV6sLzYsOYC|Pharmacology for Health Professionals|page=290}}</ref> Opijati se ekstrahuju iz opijuma. [[Lateks]] se cijedi iz rezova napravljenih na zelenim sjemenskim mahunama i sakuplja se nakon sušenja. Tinktura opijuma ili [[laudanum]], koja se sastoji od opijuma [[rastvor]]enog u [[alkohol]]u ili mješavini alkohola i vode, jedan je od mnogih neodobrenih lijekova koje reguliše američka [[Administracija za hranu i lijekove]] (FDA). Njegov marketing i distribucija nastavljaju se jer je njegova historijska upotreba prethodila Federalnom zakonu o hrani, lijekovima i kozmetici iz 1938.<ref name="IJPC-2006">{{cite web |title=Unapproved Drugs, What's the Big Deal? |url=http://www.ijpc.com/RxTriad/pdf/RxTriad_V09_N02_Sample.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705075733/http://www.ijpc.com/rxtriad/pdf/RxTriad_V09_N02_Sample.pdf |archive-date=5 July 2010 |access-date=3 January 2009 |publisher=International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding, Winter 2006}}</ref> Tinktura opijuma B.P., koja sadrži 1% w/v bezvodnog [[morfin]]a, također ostaje u [[Britanska farmakopeja|Britanskoj farmakopeji]],<ref>''The Extra Pharmacopeia Martindale''. Vol. 1, 24th edition. London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1958, page 924.</ref> [[Lista kontroliranih droga u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu|navedenih kao supstanca klase A]] prema [[Zakonu o zloupotrebi droga iz 1971.]]. Morfin je dominantan alkaloid koji se nalazi u kultiviranim sortama opijumskog maka koje se koriste za proizvodnju opijuma.<ref name="INCB">{{cite web |title=International Narcotics Control Bureau, Technical Reports, 2008, Part IV, Statistical information on narcotic drugs |url=http://www.incb.org/pdf/technical-reports/narcotic-drugs/2008/part_four_All_2008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301174402/http://www.incb.org/pdf/technical-reports/narcotic-drugs/2008/part_four_All_2008.pdf |archive-date=1 March 2012 |access-date=30 December 2011}}</ref> Ostale [[sorta (botanika)|sorte]] proizvode minimalno opijuma ili ga uopšte ne proizvode, kao što je vrsta Sujata bez lateksa. Sorte koje ne sadrže opijum, a uzgajaju se za proizvodnju droga, imaju visok nivo tebaina ili oripavina. Rafiniraju se u droge poput [[oksikodon]]a. Sirovi opijum sadrži oko 8–14% morfina po suhoj težini, ili više u visokoprinosnim sortama.<ref name="Kapoor-1995"/> Koristi se direktno i/ili kao prirodni opioidi [[kodein]], [[papaverin]], [[tebain]] i/ili [[sinteza|polusintetski]] [[buprenorfin]], [[diamorfin|diamorfin (heroin)]], [[dihidromorfon]], [[oksikodon]] i/ili [[Sintetička biologija|sintetski]]: [[alfentanil]], [[fentanil]], [[metadon]], [[petidin]], [[remifentanil]], [[tapentadol]]. Sintetički derivati opijuma sadrže sve sintetičke sastojke – neki od poznatijih sintetskih opijata uključuju: [[atarax]], [[demerol]], [[dilaudid]], [[fentanil]], [[lortab]], [[metadon]], [[Hidrokodon]]/[[paracetamol|norco]].<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Hasan Pathan|author2=John Williams|title=Basic opioid pharmacology: an update|journal=[[Br J Pain.]]|publication-date=February 2012|volume=6|issue=1|pages=11–16 |doi=10.1177/2049463712438493 |pmid=26516461 |pmc=4590096 }}</ref> Centri za liječenje pružaju alternativnu (drugačiju) listu <ref name=opium.org>{{cite web|url=https://www.opium.org/list-opiates-derived-opium-poppy.html|title=List of Opiates That Are Derived from the Opium Poppy|date=23 December 2016 |publisher=opium.org, American Addiction Centers| }}</ref>}} ===Proizvodnja=== {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:left; width:18em; text-align:center;" ! colspan=2|Proizvodnja maka – 2018 |- ! style="background:#ddf; width:75%;"| Zemlja ! style="background:#ddf; width:25%;"| <small>([[tona]]s)</small> |- | {{flag|Turska}} || 26.991 |- | {{flag|Češka}} || 13.666 |- | {{flag|Španija}} || 12.360 |- | {{flag|UN}} ''''Svijet''' || '''76.240''' |- |colspan=2 style="text-align:left;"|<small>Izvor: [[FAOSTAT]] of the [[United Nations]]<ref name="FAOSTAT-2019">{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Poppy seed production in 2018, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists) |url=http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QC/E |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122053717/http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QC/E |archive-date=22 November 2016 |access-date=28 November 2020 |publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)}}</ref></small> |} ====Hrana==== U 2018. godini, svjetska proizvodnja maka za konzumaciju iznosila je 76.240 [[tona]] , a prednjačila je [[Turska]] sa 35% ukupne svjetske proizvodnje (tabela). Proizvodnja i trgovina makom podložne su fluktuacijama uglavnom zbog nestabilnih prinosa. Performanse većine [[genotip]]ova vrste ''Papaver somniferum'' vrlo su podložne promjenama u okolini.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yadav |first1=H. |last2=Shukla |first2=S. |last3=Singh |first3=S. |year=2007 |title=Assessment of genotype × environment interactions for yield and morphine content in opium poppy (Papaver somniferumL.) |journal=Acta Agronomica Hungarica |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=331–338 |doi=10.1556/AAgr.55.2007.3.9}}</ref> Ovakvo ponašanje dovelo je do stagnacije tržišne vrijednosti maka između 2008. i 2009. godine kao posljedica visokih zaliha, lošeg vremena i lošeg kvaliteta.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Procházka |first1=Petr |last2=Smutka |first2=Lubos |date=30 June 2012 |title=Czech Republic as an Important Producer of Poppy Seed |url=http://purl.umn.edu/131361 |journal=AGRIS On-Line Papers in Economics and Informatics |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=35–47 |access-date=15 November 2018}}</ref> Vodeći svjetski uvoznik maka je [[Indija]] (16.000 tona), a slijede [[Rusija]], [[Poljska]] i [[Njemačka]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sergeeva |first1=Anna |title=Global Poppy Seed Market – The Czech Republic Is the Key Producing Country |url=https://www.indexbox.io/blog/global-poppy-seed-market/ |access-date=15 November 2018 |website=Index Box}}</ref> Ulje maka ostaje nišni proizvod zbog nižeg prinosa u poređenju s konvencionalnim [[uljarica]]ma.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frick |first1=Claudia |last2=Hebeisen |first2=Thomas |date=2005 |title=Mohn als alternative Ölpflanze |journal=AGRARForschung |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=4–9}}</ref> ====Medicina==== [[Australija]] ([[Tasmanija]]), [[Turska]] i [[Indija]] glavni su proizvođači maka u medicinske svrhe i lijekova na bazi maka, kao što su [[morfij]] ili [[kodein]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Dicker, Jason |title=The Poppy Industry in Tasmania |url=http://www.launc.tased.edu.au/online/sciences/agsci/alkalo/popindus.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211054348/http://www.launc.tased.edu.au/online/sciences/agsci/alkalo/popindus.htm |archive-date=11 December 2011 |access-date=2 September 2009 |work=University of Tasmania}}</ref><ref name="Yadav-2006" /> ''The New York Times'' izvijestio je 2014. godine da je [[Tasmanija]] najveći proizvođač kultivara maka koji se koriste za proizvodnju [[tebain]]a (85% svjetske proizvodnje) i [[oripavin]]a (100% svjetske proizvodnje). Tasmanija je također imala 25% svjetske proizvodnje opijuma i kodeina.<ref name="Bradsher-2014"/> ===Restrikcije=== [[Slika:Poppy Fields - geograph.org.uk - 1361923.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Polja opijumskog maka u blizini [[Metheringham]]a, Lincolnshire, [[Engleska]]. Na polju su također vidljivi crveni [[Papaver rhoeas|poljski mak]], još jedna srodna vrsta maka koja često raste uz ''P. somniferum'' kao korov]] U većem dijelu [[Srednja Evropa|srednje]] i [[Istočna Evropa|istočne Evrope]], mak se obično koristi za tradicionalne peciva i kolače, a uzgoj maka u cijeloj regiji je legalan, iako [[Njemačka]] zahtijeva dozvolu.<ref>Ursula Heinzelmann (2008) ''Food Culture in Germany'' p. 48</ref> Od januara 1999. godine u [[Ćeška|Češkoj Republici]], prema ''Zakonu o supstancama koje izazivaju ovisnost 167/1998 Sb.'', mak koji raste na poljima većim od 100 m<sup>2</sup> podliježe obavezi prijavljivanja lokalnoj carinskoj upravi.<ref>167/1998 Sb. Zákon o návykových látkách a o změně některých dalších zákonů, Czech Republic, effective since 1 January 1999; § 29 effective since 1 January 1999; § 29</ref><ref>[https://www.celnisprava.cz/cz/o-nas/informace-dle-zak-c-1061999sb/zivotni-situace/Stranky/ohlasovaci-povinnost-pestitelu-maku-a-konopi-podle-par-29-zakona-c-1671998-sb-o-navykovych-latkach.aspx Ohlašovací povinnost pěstitelů máku a konopí podle par. 29 zákona č. 167/1999 Sb., o návykových látkách], Celní správa (Custom Service of the Czech Republic), 19. 6. 2014</ref> Ekstrakcija opijuma iz biljaka je zakonom zabranjena (§ 15 slovo d/ zakona). Također je zabranjeno uzgajati sorte sa više od 0,8% morfina u suhoj materiji njihovih [[Kapsula (plod)|kapsula]], isključujući u istraživačke i eksperimentalne svrhe (§24/1b/ zakona). Naziv „češki plavi mak“ odnosi se na plavo sjeme maka koje se koristi za hranu ([[kolač]]e). [[Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo]] ne zahtijeva dozvolu za uzgoj opijumskog maka, ali zahtijeva za ekstrakciju opijuma za medicinske proizvode.<ref>{{cite web |author=Phillip, Rhodri, & Barry Wigmore |date=14 July 2007 |title=The painkilling fields: England's opium poppies that tackle the NHS morphine crisis |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/hp/front/the-painkilling-fields-englands-opium-poppies-that-tackle-the-nhs-morphine-crisis-6597885.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130505140353/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23404311details/The%20painkilling%20fields:%20England's%20opium%20poppies%20that%20tackle%20the%20NHS%20morphine%20crisis/article.do |archive-date=5 May 2013 |access-date=2 September 2009 |url-status=live |work=Evening Standard}}</ref> Kada je [[Evropska unija]] pokušala zabraniti uzgoj 'Papaver somniferum' od strane privatnih osoba u malom obimu (kao što su lični vrtovi), građani u zemljama EU u kojima se mak konzumira u velikim količinama, poput zemalja u centralno-istočnoj regiji, snažno su se usprotivili planu, što je uzrokovalo promjenu kursa [[EU]]. U [[SAD|Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama]], [[opijum]]ski mak i makove slamke su zabranjeni.<ref>{{cite web |date=2008 |title=Authorized Sources of Narcotic Raw Materials, 21 CFR Part 1312; Docket No. DEA-282F, RIN 1117-AB03 |url=https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/fed_regs/rules/2008/fr0206.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103083003/https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/fed_regs/rules/2008/fr0206.htm |archive-date=3 November 2022 |access-date=13 September 2017 |publisher=Drug Enforcement Administration, US Department of Justice}}</ref> Budući da je opijumski mak legalan iz kulinarskih ili estetskih razloga, mak su nekada uzgajali kao tržišnu kulturu farmeri u Kaliforniji. Zakon o uzgoju maka u Sjedinjenim Državama je donekle dvosmislen,<ref>{{cite web |title=Bulletin on Narcotics – 1950 Issue 3 – 002 |url=http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1950-01-01_3_page003.html#s009 |access-date=30 December 2011 |publisher=UNODC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Controlled Substances Import and Export Act |url=https://www.fda.gov/RegulatoryInformation/Legislation/ucm148751.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710011353/http://www.fda.gov/RegulatoryInformation/Legislation/ucm148751.htm |archive-date=10 July 2009 |access-date=30 December 2011 |publisher=US Food and Drug Administration}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=21 U.S.C. § 188: US Code – Section 188 TO 188N: Repealed. Pub. L. 91-513, title III, Sec. 1101(a)(7), Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1292 |url=http://codes.lp.findlaw.com/uscode/21/6/188%20to%20188n |access-date=30 December 2011 |publisher=Codes.lp.findlaw.com}}</ref> navodi se da svaki opijumski mak treba proglasiti ilegalnim, osim ako su poljoprivrednici dobili državnu [[licenca|dozvolu]]. Član 3. Zakona o kontroli opijumskog maka navodi: <blockquote>Nezakonito je da svaka osoba koja nije vlasnik licence koja joj ovlašćuje proizvodnju opijumskog maka, koju joj je propisno izdao Sekretar za finansije u skladu s odredbama ovog Zakona, proizvodi opijumski mak ili dozvoljava proizvodnju opijumskog maka na ili na bilo kojem mjestu koje je u njenom vlasništvu, koje zauzima, koristi ili kontroliše.</blockquote> To je dovelo do Pobune protiv maka i do toga da je Biro za narkotike uhapsio svakoga ko je sadio opijumski mak i prisilio na uništavanje polja maka svakoga ko je prkosio zabrani uzgoja maka.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Harry J. Anslinger |year=1959 |title=The traffic in narcotic drugs: The implementation of treaty obligations in regulating the traffic in narcotic drugs |url=http://www.wcl.american.edu/journal/lawrev/08/anslinger.pdf?rd=1 |journal=The American University Law Review |volume=8 |pages=112–116 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401175114/http://www.wcl.american.edu/journal/lawrev/08/anslinger.pdf?rd=1 |archive-date=1 April 2012 |access-date=31 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |author=Young, Richard |date=September 1952 |title=The development of international law |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ha4oHkIiIuUC&q=opium+poppy+control+act+of+1944&pg=PA780 |journal=American Bar Association Journal |volume=38 |pages=778–80 |doi=<!--Citation bot -->}}</ref> Iako je štampa tog vremena favorizirala [[Federalni biro za narkotike]], država [[Kalifornija]] podržavala je poljoprivrednike koji su uzgajali opijumski mak za svoje sjeme koje se koristilo u hrani poput mafina od maka. Danas je ovo područje prava ostalo nejasno i donekle kontroverzno u Sjedinjenim Državama.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Richter |first1=Skip |title=Poppin' Up Poppies |url=http://www.texasgardener.com/pastissues/sepoct07/Poppies.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104183830/http://www.texasgardener.com/pastissues/sepoct07/Poppies.html |archive-date=4 January 2019 |access-date=20 May 2021 |website=Texas Gardener}}</ref> Zakon o kontroli opijumskog maka iz 1942. godine ukinut je 27. oktobra 1970.<ref>{{cite web |title=United States Code: Title 21,188 to 188n. Repealed. Pub. L. 91–513, title III, 1101(a)(7), Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1292 &#124; LII / Legal Information Institute |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/188- |access-date=30 December 2011 |publisher=Law.cornell.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=21 USC Chapter 6 – Narcotic Drugs 01/03/2007 |url=http://www.joffelaw.com/uscode/21C6.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306102240/http://www.joffelaw.com/uscode/21C6.html |archive-date=6 March 2014 |access-date=30 December 2011 |publisher=Joffelaw.com}}</ref> Prema saveznom [[Zakon o kontroliranim supstancama|Zakonu o kontroliranim supstancama]], opijumski mak i makova slama navedeni su kao [[Lista droga iz Priloga II (SAD)|Droge iz Priloga II]] pod ACSN 9630. Većina država također koristi ovu klasifikaciju prema jedinstvenom krivičnom zakoniku. Posjedovanje droge iz Priloga II je savezno i državno krivično djelo. [[Kanada]] zabranjuje posjedovanje, traženje ili nabavku opijumskog maka (''Papaver somniferum''), njegovih preparata, derivata, [[alkaloid]]a i [[soli]], iako je napravljen izuzetak za sjemena maka.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 April 2018 |title=Controlled Drugs and Substances Act 1996 |url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-38.8/ |access-date=20 June 2018 |publisher=Justice Laws Website, Government of Canada}}</ref> U nekim dijelovima [[Australija|Australije]], uzgoj ''P. somniferum'' je ilegalan, ali u [[Tasmanija| Tasmaniji]] se uzgaja oko 50% svjetske ponude.<ref>{{cite web |date=2016 |title=Poppy Regulation Act |url=https://dpir.nt.gov.au/primary-industry/agricultural-developments/agricultural-developments-poppy-regulation-act |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628133514/https://dpir.nt.gov.au/primary-industry/agricultural-developments/agricultural-developments-poppy-regulation-act |archive-date=28 June 2019 |access-date=13 September 2017 |publisher=Department of Primary Industry and Resources, Northern Territory Government, Australia}}</ref> U [[Novi Zeland| Novom Zelandu]] je legalno uzgajati opijumski mak, sve dok se ne koristi za proizvodnju kontroliranih droga. {{Citat| Član 9(4) Zakona o zloupotrebi droga navodi: "Optužba prema pododjeljku (1) ''[Uzgoj zabranjenih biljaka]'' smatrat će se odbranom ako optužena osoba dokaže da je zabranjena biljka na koju se optužba odnosi bila vrste ''Papaver somniferum'' i da nije bila namijenjena da bude izvor bilo koje kontrolirane droge ili da nije razvijana kao soj iz kojeg bi se mogla proizvesti kontrolirana droga." <ref>{{cite web |title=New Zealand Legislation: Misuse of Drugs Act 1975 |url=http://legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1975/0116/latest/DLM436264.html?search=sw_096be8ed80861bf8_Papaver+somniferum_25&p=1&sr=1 |access-date=7 July 2012}}</ref>}} [[Singapur]], [[UAE]] i [[Saudijska Arabija]] su među zemljama koje zabranjuju čak i posjedovanje maka, ne samo uzgoj biljaka za njega.<ref>{{cite web |title=5 Recent Food Bans from Around the World |url=https://www.femina.in/lifestyle/in-the-news/5-recent-food-bans-from-around-the-world-357.html |access-date=8 January 2018 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> U [[Ujedinjeni Arapski Emirati|Ujedinjenim Arapskim Emiratima]] uzgoj opijumskog maka je ilegalan, kao i posjedovanje maka. Najmanje jedan muškarac je zatvoren zbog posjedovanja maka dobivenog iz peciva.<ref>{{cite news |author=McGrath, Ginny |date=8 February 2008 |title=Travellers who 'smuggle' poppy seeds face Dubai jail |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/news/article3333905.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010125643/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/news/article3333905.ece |archive-date=10 October 2011 |access-date=2 September 2009 |work=The Times |location=UK}}</ref> UAE imaju dugu zatvorsku kaznu za svakoga ko posjeduje sjeme maka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Travel Warning – Khas Khas (Poppy Seed) Imprisonment in UAE |url=http://www.hoax-slayer.com/khas-khas-poppy-seed-warning.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619080132/http://www.hoax-slayer.com/khas-khas-poppy-seed-warning.shtml |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=8 January 2018 |publisher=Brett M.Christensen}}</ref> [[Mjanmar]] zabranjuje uzgoj u određenim provincijama. Na sjeveru Mjanmara zabrane su okončale stoljetnu tradiciju uzgoja opijumskog maka. Između 20.000 i 30.000 bivših uzgajivača maka napustilo je regiju [[Kokang]] kao rezultat zabrane 2002.<ref>[http://www.tni.org/briefing/golden-triangle-rubber-belt page 4 of the Drug Policy Briefing nr. 29] by the Transnational Institute</ref> Ljudi iz regije [[Država Wa|Wa]], gdje je zabrana uvedena 2005. godine, pobjegli su u područja gdje je uzgoj opijuma još uvijek moguć. U [[Južna Koreja|Južnoj Koreji]], uzgoj opijumskog maka je strogo zabranjen.<ref>[https://www.nongmin.com/news/NEWS/FLD/CNT/291598/view 양귀비·대마 재배 땐 '큰일'…관상용 한포기도 절대 안돼]</ref> ===Historija=== {{glavni|Opijum}} Upotreba opijumskog maka prethodi pisanoj historiji. Proizvodnja i upotreba opijuma bila je poznata [[minojska civilizacija|drevnim Minojcima]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Askitopoulou |first1=Helen |last2=Ramoutsaki |first2=Ioanna A |last3=Konsolaki |first3=Eleni |year=2002 |title=Archaeological evidence on the use of opium in the Minoan world |journal=International Congress Series |volume=1242 |pages=23–29 |doi=10.1016/S0531-5131(02)00769-0}}</ref> Njegov sok su kasnije nazvali "opion" od strane [[drevna Grčka|starih Grka]]. Engleski naziv zasnovan je na [[latinski|latinskoj]] adaptaciji grčkog oblika. Dokazi o ranom uzgoju opijumskog maka otkriveni su kroz male botaničke ostatke pronađene u regijama [[Mediteran]]a i zapadno od [[rijeka Rajna|rijeke Rajne]], a datiraju još iz perioda prije otprilike 5000. godine prije nove ere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Salavert |first1=Aurélie |last2=Zazzo |first2=Antoine |last3=Martin |first3=Lucie |last4=Antolín |first4=Ferran |last5=Gauthier |first5=Caroline |last6=Thil |first6=François |last7=Tombret |first7=Olivier |last8=Bouby |first8=Laurent |last9=Manen |first9=Claire |last10=Mineo |first10=Mario |last11=Mueller-Bieniek |first11=Aldona |date=20 November 2020 |title=Direct dating reveals the early history of opium poppy in western Europe |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=20263 |bibcode=2020NatSR..1020263S |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-76924-3 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=7679390 |pmid=33219318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ovi uzorci pronađeni na raznim [[neolit]]skim nalazištima pokazuju nevjerovatno rano uzgajanje i prirodno širenje biljke širom zapadne Evrope. Opijum se koristio za liječenje [[astma|astme]], želučanih bolesti i lošeg [[vid]]a. Opijum je postao glavna kolonijalna roba, krećući se legalno i ilegalno kroz trgovinske mreže na [[Indijski potkontinent|indijskom potkontinentu]], [[Kolonijalna historija Sjedinjenih Američkih Država|Kolonijalnim Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama]], [[dinastija Qing|Kini Qing]] i drugim zemljama.<ref name="Farooqui-2016">{{cite journal |last1=Farooqui |first1=Amar |date=December 2016 |title=The Global Career of Indian Opium and Local Destinies |url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/alm/n14/2236-4633-alm-14-00052.pdf |journal=Almanack |issue=14 |pages=52–73 |doi=10.1590/2236-463320161404 |access-date=5 September 2018 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Članovi [[Istočnoindijska kompanija|Istočnoindijske kompanije]] vidjeli su trgovinu opijumom kao investicijsku priliku počevši od 1683.<ref name="Asthana-1954">{{cite journal |vauthors=Asthana SN |date=1954 |title=The Cultivation of the Opium Poppy in India |url=https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1954-01-01_3_page002.html#s020 |journal=Bulletin on Narcotics |issue=3 |access-date=5 September 2018}}</ref> U 1773., guverner [[Bengal]]a uspostavio je monopol na proizvodnju bengalskog opijuma, u ime uprave Istočnoindijske kompanije. Uzgoj i proizvodnja indijskog opijuma dodatno su centralizirani i kontrolirani nizom zakona izdatih između 1797. i 1949. godine.<ref name="Asthana-1954"/><ref name="Deming-2011">{{cite journal |last1=Deming |first1=Sarah |date=2011 |title=The Economic Importance of Indian Opium and Trade with China on Britain's Economy, 1843–1890 |url=https://www.whitman.edu/Documents/Academics/Economics/Working%20Paper%20Contents/WP_25.pdf |journal=Economic Working Papers |volume=25 |issue=Spring |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112023133/https://www.whitman.edu/Documents/Academics/Economics/Working |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=5 September 2018}}</ref> Trgovci Istočnoindijske kompanije uravnotežili su ekonomski deficit od uvoza kineskog čaja, prodajom indijskog opijuma koji je krijumčaren u Kinu prkoseći zabranama vlade dinastije Qing. Ova trgovina dovela je do [[Prvi opijumski rat|Prvog]] i [[Drugi opijumski rat| Drugog opijumskog rata]].<ref name="Rinde-2018">{{cite journal |last1=Rinde |first1=Meir |date=2018 |title=Opioids' Devastating Return |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/opioids-devastating-return |journal=Distillations |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=12–23 |access-date=23 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="Deming-2011"/><ref name="Farooqui-2016"/><ref name="Mills-2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Mills |first1=James H. |date=2016 |title=Review of 'Opium and Empire in Southeast Asia: Regulating Consumption in British Burma' |url=https://www.recensio.net/rezensionen/zeitschriften/reviews-in-history/2016/october/opium-and-empire-in-southeast-asia |journal=Reviews in History |series=Cambridge imperial and post-colonial studies |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |doi=10.14296/RiH/2014/2010 |isbn=978-0-230-29646-6 |access-date=5 September 2018 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mnogi moderni pisci, posebno u 19. stoljeću, pisali su o opijumskom maku i njegovim efektima, posebno [[Thomas de Quincey]] u djelu ''[[Ispovijesti engleskog jedeča opijuma]]''. Francuski romantični kompozitor [[Hector Berlioz]] koristio je opijum za inspiraciju, naknadno stvarajući svoju [[Fantastična simfonija|Fantastičnu simfoniju]]. U ovom djelu, mladi umjetnik se predozira opijumom i doživljava niz vizija svoje neuzvraćene [[ljubav]]i. U SAD-u, [[Administracija za suzbijanje droga]] izvršila je raciju na imanje [[Thomas Jefferson| Thomasa Jeffersona]] u Monticello-u 1987. godine. Uklonili su biljke maka koje su kontinuirano bile zasađene tamo otkako je Jefferson bio živ i koristio opijum iz njih. Zaposleni u fondaciji također su uništili predmete iz suvenirnice poput majica s prikazom maka i paketića naslijeđenog [[sjeme]]na.<ref name="AlterNet-2010">{{cite journal |date=2 March 2010 |title=How the DEA Scrubbed Thomas Jefferson's Monticello Poppy Garden from Public Memory |url=https://www.alternet.org/story/145872/how_the_dea_scrubbed_thomas_jefferson%27s_monticello_poppy_garden_from_public_memory |url-status=live |journal=AlterNet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204005754/https://www.alternet.org/story/145872/how_the_dea_scrubbed_thomas_jefferson%27s_monticello_poppy_garden_from_public_memory |archive-date=4 December 2018 |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> ==Kultura== Opijumski mak (cvijet i plod) pojavljuje se na grbu [[Kraljevski koledž anesteziologa| Kraljevskog koledža anesteziologa]]. === Književnost === ==== More maka ==== {{Glavni|More maka}} More maka, fiktivni roman [[Amitav Ghosh|Amitava Ghosha]], koristi opijumski mak kao centralnu temu kroz cijelu naraciju, s glavnim okruženjem polja maka u [[ravnica rijeke Ganges|ravnici rijeke Ganges]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Amitav |title=Sea of Poppies |date=14 October 2008 |publisher=Viking Press |isbn=978-0-374-17422-4 |location=India}}</ref> {{clear}} ==Reference== {{reflist}} ==Dodatni izvori== * {{Cite book |last=Rätsch |first=Christian |title=The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants, Enthnopharmacology and Its Applications |date=2005 |publisher=Park Street Press |isbn=978-0-89281-978-2 |location=Rochester, Vermont |translator=John R. Baker, with assistance from Annabel Lee and Cornelia Ballent |oclc=57007969 |orig-date=German edition: 1998}} ==Vaanjski linkovi== {{Commons category|Papaver somniferum}} *[https://vizyonpara.com/hashas-yetistiriciligi/ ''Grow Papaver Somniferum''] from vizyonpara.com *[http://www.maltawildplants.com/PAPV/Papaver_somniferum_subsp_setigerum.php Comprehensive profile for ''Papaver somniferum''] from MaltaWildPlants.com *[http://opioids.com/opium/faq.html Opium FAQ v1.0] from Opioids.com *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090426104305/http://www.shaps.hawaii.edu/drugs/dea20026/dea20026.html Opium Poppy Cultivation and Heroin Processing in Southeast Asia] from the School of Pacific and Asian Studies {{Dead link|date=July 2022}} *[http://www.tni.org/briefing/downward-spiral "Downward Spiral – Banning Opium in Afghanistan and Burma", Transnational Institute TNI, Debate Paper, June 2005] *[http://www.tni.org/report/withdrawal-symptoms-golden-triangle-4 "Withdrawal Symptoms in the Golden Triangle – A Drugs Market in Disarray" TNI Paper by Tom Kramer et al.] * Chouvy P.A., 2009, [https://web.archive.org/web/20111026180046/http://www.geopium.org/opium_uncovering_politics_poppy_chouvy_ibtauris_harvard.htm "Opium. Uncovering the Politics of the Poppy"], London, I.B. Tauris (Cambridge, Harvard University Press: 2010) {{Opioidi}} {{Ljekovito bilje i gljive}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q131584}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategorija:Bilje]] [[Kategorija:Ljekovito bilje]] [[Kategorija:Morfin]] [[Kategorija:Opijum]] [[Kategorija:Enteogeni]] [[Kategorija:Soma (piće)]] [[Kategorija:Papaver|somniferum]] [[Kategorija:Biljke opisane 1753. godine]] [[Kategorija:Taksoni koje je imenovao Carl Linnaeus]] [[Kategorija:Ukrasne biljke]] [[Kategorija:Botanika]] ipzmg9nm770tvu3pcid9vjp5zf0y9ud 3849329 3849311 2026-05-25T19:28:28Z Genetičar 181151 /* Genom */ 3849329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italic title}} {{taksokvir |boja=lightgreen |naziv = Opijumski mak |slika=Papaver somniferum flowers.jpg | opis_slike = ''Papaver somniferum'' [[Köhlerove ljekovite biljke]], 1887. | regnum = [[Plantae]] | subregnum = [[Tracheobionta]] | phylum = [[Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | subclassis = [[Magnoliidae]] | ordo = [[Ranunculales]] | familia = [[Papaveraceae]] | subfamilia = [[Papaveroideae]] | tribus = [[Papavereae]] | genus = [[Papaver]] | species = '''''Papaver somniferum''''' | dvoimeno_autorstvo = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] 1753<ref>{{cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carl von |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358527 |title=Species Plantarum |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |year=1753 |volume=1 |page=508}}</ref> }} [[Slika:Papaver somniferum 002.jpg|thumb| Cvjetni pupoljak prije cvjetanja s dvije gole [[čašični list|čašice]] koje zatvaraju četiri valovite [[latica|latice]].]] '''''Papaver somniferum''''', opšte poznat kao '''opijumski mak''', [[bosanski|bos]] '''pitomi mak'''<ref name="PlantAtlas">{{cite web |title=Opium Poppy ''Papaver somniferum'' L. |url=https://plantatlas2020.org/atlas/2cd4p9h.yzf |access-date=3 January 2026 |website=PlantAtlas}}</ref> ili '''hljebnozrni mak''',<ref name="UniWisconsin">{{cite web |title=Breadseed or opium poppy, ''Papaver somniferum'' |url=https://wimastergardener.org/files/2017/06/Papaver_somniferum.pdf |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201121225506/https://wimastergardener.org/files/2017/06/Papaver_somniferum.pdf |archive-date=21 November 2020 |access-date=21 November 2020 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Extension, Master Gardener Program}}</ref> jeste [[vrsta]] [[cvjetnica]] iz [[porodica (biologija)|porodice]] ''[[Papaveraceae]]''. To je vrsta biljke od koje se dobijaju i [[opijum]] i [[mak]], a također je i vrijedna [[ukrasna biljka]] koja se uzgaja u baštama. Njeno izvorno područje rasprostranjenosti je zapadna [[mediteran|mediteranska regija]], ali je od tada zasjenjeno široko rasprostranjenim [[unesena vrsta|unošenjem]] i [[hortikultura|uzgojem]] od davnina do danas. Sada je [[Naturalizacija (biologija)|naturalizovana]] u većem dijelu svijeta s [[umjerena klima|umjerenom klimom]].<ref name="POWO"/> ==Opis== ''Papaver somniferum'' je [[jednogodišnja biljka|jednogodišnja]] [[zeljasta biljka]] koja raste do oko 100 cm|abbr=off|-1}} visine. Biljka je jako plavozelene boje, sivkasto-zelenog izgleda, a [[stabljika]] i [[listovi]] imaju rijetko raspoređene grube dlačice. Veliki listovi su režnjati, a gornji stabljilni listovi obuhvataju stabljiku,<ref name="Stace-2019"/> donji listovi s kratkom peteljkom.<ref name="Clapham-1981">{{cite book |last1=Clapham |first1=A.R. |title=Excursion flora of the British Isles |last2=Tutin |first2=T.G. |last3=Warburg |first3=E.F. |date=1981 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-23290-6 |edition=3 |location=Cambridge, U.K.}}</ref>{{rp|40}} [[Cvjetovi]]] su promjera do 8–18 cm, obično s četiri crvene, bijele ili ljubičaste latice, često s tamnom mrljom u podnožju svake latice.<ref name="Streeter">{{cite book |last=Streeter |first=David |title=Flower Guide |date=2010 |publisher=Collins |isbn=978-0-00-718389-0 |publication-place=London |page=90}}</ref> [[Plod]] je bezdlakava, okrugla [[kapsula (plod)|kapsula]] na vrhu sa 12–18 zrakastih [[tićak (botanika)|stigmatskih]] zraka ili žljebasta kapa.<ref name="Reader's Digest-1981">{{cite book |title=Reader's Digest Field Guide to the Wild Flowers of Britain |publisher=Reader's Digest |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-276-00217-5 |page=32}}</ref> All parts of the plant exude white latex when wounded.<ref name="Stace-2019">{{cite book |last=Stace |first=C. A. |author-link=Stace, C. A. |title=New Flora of the British Isles |publisher=C & M Floristics |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-5272-2630-2 |edition=Fourth |location=Middlewood Green, Suffolk, U.K.}}</ref>{{rp|93}}<ref name="Blamey-2003">{{cite book |last1=Blamey |first1=M. |title=Wild flowers of Britain and Ireland: The Complete Guide to the British and Irish Flora. |last2=Fitter |first2=R. |last3=Fitter |first3=A |publisher=A & C Black |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-4081-7950-5 |location=London}}</ref>{{rp|32}} ==Biologija== === Metabolizam === [[Alkaloid]]i su organski dušični spojevi, derivati [[sekundarni metabolizam|sekundarnog metabolizma]], sintetizirani metaboličkim putem benzilizohinolina.<ref name="Ye-2018"/> Prvo, [[aminokiselina]] [[fenilalanin]], putem [[enzim]]a [[fenilalanin-hidroksilaza]], transformira se u [[tirozin]]. Tirozin može slijediti dva različita puta: putem tirozin-hidroksilaze može formirati L-[[dopamin]] ([[L-DOPA]]), ili se može reducirati da bi se formirao 4-fenilhidroksiacetaldehid (4-HPAA). Nakon toga, L-DOPA reagira sa 4-HPAA i, kroz niz reakcija, formira (S)-[[norkoklaurin]], koji nosi [[benzilizohinolin]]ski skelet koji je dao ime ovom putu. Konverzija (S)-norkoklaurina u (S)-retikulin je jedna od ključnih tačaka, budući da se iz (S)-[[retikulin]]a, [[morfin]] može formirati putem morfinana, a noskapin putem noskapina ili [[berberin]]a.<ref name="Ye-2018">{{Cite journal |last1=Ye |first1=Kai |last2=Graham |first2=Ian A. |last3=Bowser |first3=Tim A. |last4=Lu |first4=Ying |last5=Teodor |first5=Roxana |last6=He |first6=Zhesi |last7=Ning |first7=Zemin |last8=Li |first8=Yi |last9=Yang |first9=Xiaofei |date=19 October 2018 |title=The opium poppy genome and morphinan production |url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/135262/1/aat4096_ArticleContent_plus_figures.pdf |journal=Science |volume=362 |issue=6412 |pages=343–347 |bibcode=2018Sci...362..343G |doi=10.1126/science.aat4096 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=30166436 |s2cid=52137369 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Genom === [[Genom]] maka sadrži 51.213 [[gen]]a koji [[kodon|kodiraju]] [[protein]]e, raspoređenih 81,6% u 11 pojedinačnih [[hromosom]]a, a 18,4% ostaje u nepostavljenim skelama.<ref name="Ye-2018"/> Osim toga, 70,9% genoma čine repetitivni elementi, od kojih su najzastupljeniji dugi terminalni ponovljeni [[retrotranspozon]]i. Ovo obogaćivanje gena povezano je s održavanjem [[homeostaza| homeostaze]] i pozitivnom regulacijom [[transkripcija (genetika)|transkripcije]].<ref name="Ye-2018"/> Analiza sinergije opijumskog maka otkriva tragove [[duplikacija (genetika)|segmentnih duplikacija]] prije 110 miliona godina (MYA), prije divergencije između ''Papaveraceae'' i ''[[Ranunculaceae]]'', a događaj duplikacije kompletnog genoma čini 7,8 MYA. Geni su moguće grupirani na sljedeći način:<ref name="Ye-2018" /> * Geni odgovorni za konverziju (S)-retikulina u noskapin nalaze se na [[hromosom]]u 11. * Geni odgovorni za konverziju (S)-[[retikulin]]a u tebain nalaze se na hromosomu 11. * Geni odgovorni za konverziju tebaina nalaze se na hromosomu 1, hromosomu 2, hromosomu 7 i možda drugima. == Ekologija == === Bolesti === ''P. somniferum'' podložan je nekoliko gljivičnih, insektskih i virusnih [[infekcija]], uključujući bolesti koje se prenose sjemenom, kao što su [[peronospora]] i [[trulež korijena]]. Upotreba [[pesticid]]a u kombinaciji s metodama uzgoja smatra se glavnom mjerom kontrole različitih bolesti maka.<ref name="Singh-2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Akanksha |last2=Gupta |first2=Rupali |last3=Saikia |first3=Shilpi K. |last4=Pant |first4=Aakanksha |last5=Pandey |first5=Rakesh |date=December 2016 |title=Diseases of medicinal and aromatic plants, their biological impact and management |journal=Plant Genetic Resources |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=370–383 |bibcode=2016PGRCU..14..370S |doi=10.1017/S1479262116000307 |issn=1479-2621 |s2cid=88963681}}</ref> Gljivični patogen ''[[Peronospora arborescens]]'', uzročnik peronospore, prvenstveno se javlja tokom vlažnih i vlažnih uslova.<ref name="Wilfried-2000"/> Ova [[oomicete|oomiceta]] prodire u korijenje putem [[oospora]] i inficira listove kao [[konidija]] u sekundarnoj infekciji.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Voglmayr |first1=Hermann |last2=Montes-Borrego |first2=Miguel |last3=Landa |first3=Blanca B. |date=7 May 2014 |title=Disentangling Peronospora on Papaver: Phylogenetics, Taxonomy, Nomenclature and Host Range of Downy Mildew of Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum) and Related Species |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=9 |issue=5 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...996838V |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0096838 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4013089 |pmid=24806292 |doi-access=free |article-number=e96838}}</ref> [[Gljiva]] uzrokuje [[hipertrofija|hipertrofiju]] i zakrivljenost stabljike i cvjetnih drški.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bajpai |first1=S. |last2=Gupta |first2=M. M. |last3=Kumar |first3=S. |date=September 1999 |title=Identification of Indian Landraces of Opium Poppy Papaver somniferum Resistant to Damping-off and Downy Mildew Fungal Diseases |journal=Journal of Phytopathology |volume=147 |issue=9 |pages=535–538 |bibcode=1999JPhyt.147..535B |doi=10.1046/j.1439-0434.1999.147009535.x |issn=0931-1785}}</ref> Simptomi su [[hloroza]] i uvijanje zahvaćenog tkiva s nekrotičnim mrljama.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Barnawal |first1=D. |last2=Pandey |first2=S.S. |last3=Bharti |first3=N. |last4=Pandey |first4=A. |last5=Ray |first5=T. |last6=Singh |first6=S. |last7=Chanotiya |first7=C.S. |last8=Kalra |first8=A. |date=3 April 2017 |title=ACC deaminase-containing plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria protect Papaver somniferum from downy mildew |journal=Journal of Applied Microbiology |volume=122 |issue=5 |pages=1286–1298 |doi=10.1111/jam.13417 |issn=1364-5072 |pmid=28186676 |s2cid=33398558}}</ref> Donja površina lista prekrivena je premazom peronospore koji sadrži [[konidija|konidiospore]] koje šire infekciju dalje što dovodi do oštećenja i smrti biljke.<ref name="Kapoor-1995">{{Cite book |last=D. |first=Kapoor, L. |title=Opium poppy: botany, chemistry, and pharmacology |date=1995 |publisher=Food Products Press |isbn=978-1-56024-923-8 |location=New York |oclc=30544395}}</ref> Druga vrsta peronospore, ''[[Peronospora|Peronospora somniferi]]'', uzrokuje sistemske infekcije koje dovode do zaostajanja u rastu i deformacije biljaka maka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Thangavel |first1=T. |last2=Wilson |first2=C. R. |last3=Jones |first3=S. |last4=Scott |first4=J. B. |last5=Voglmayr |first5=H. |date=February 2017 |title=First Report of Systemic Downy Mildew of Opium Poppy Caused by Peronospora somniferi in Australia |journal=Plant Disease |volume=101 |issue=2 |page=392 |bibcode=2017PlDis.101..392T |doi=10.1094/pdis-06-16-0796-pdn |issn=0191-2917 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Peronospora može se preventivno suzbijati u početnoj fazi razvoja [[sjeme]]na, putem primjene nekoliko [[fungicid]]a. Peronospora lišća uzrokovana gljivicom ''[[Helminthosporium solani|Helminthosporium papaveris]]'' jedna je od najrazornijih bolesti maka širom svijeta. Gljivica koja se prenosi sjemenom uzrokuje truhljenje korijena kod mladih biljaka i zakržljale stabljike kod biljaka u višoj fazi razvoja, gdje se na listovima pojavljuju pjege i prenose se na čahure i sjeme.<ref name="Kapoor-1995"/> Rana sjetva sjemena i duboko oranje ostataka maka mogu smanjiti gljivični inokulum tokom vegetacijske sezone biljke u sljedećoj godini na susjednim zalihama maka.<ref name="Wilfried-2000" /> [[Mozaična bolest|Mozaične bolesti]] kod ''P. somniferum'' uzrokovane su [[virus duhanske zvečkarice|virusom zvečkarice]] i [[karlavirus]]om.<ref name="Singh-2016"/> U 2006., novi virus, okvirno nazvan "virus mozaika opijumskog maka" (OPMV) iz roda ''[[Umbravirus]]'', izoliran je iz ''P. somniferum'', a koji sadrži simptome mozaika lista i pjegavosti, na [[Novi Zeland|Novom Zelandu]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tang |first1=Joe |last2=Lebas |first2=Bénédicte |last3=Liefting |first3=Lia |last4=Veerakone |first4=Stella |last5=Wei |first5=Ting |last6=Ward |first6=Lisa |date=29 October 2015 |title=Opium poppy mosaic virus, a new umbravirus isolated from Papaver somniferum in New Zealand |journal=Archives of Virology |volume=161 |issue=1 |pages=197–201 |doi=10.1007/s00705-015-2651-4 |issn=0304-8608 |pmid=26514844 |s2cid=16114366}}</ref> === Štetočine === Postoji samo nekoliko [[štetočina]] koje mogu naštetiti ''P.&nbsp;somniferum''.<ref name="Wilfried-2000" /> Buhe buše listove mladih biljaka, a [[lisne uši]] sišu sok cvjetnih [[pupoljak]]a.<ref name="Wilfried-2000"/> Makov žižak (''[[Stenocarus ruficornis]]'') je još jedna značajna štetočina. [[Insekt]] živi u tlu i migrira u proljeće na polja maka nakon nicanja usjeva. Odrasle jedinke oštećuju listove malih biljaka jedući ih. Ženke polažu jaja u tkivo donjih listova. Larve insekata se izlegu i ukopavaju u tlo, kako bi kao odrasle jedinke završile svoj [[životni ciklus]] na [[korijen]]ju maka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bečka |first1=D. |last2=Cihlář |first2=P. |last3=Vlažný |first3=P. |last4=Pazderů |first4=K. |last5=Vašák |first5=J. |date=3 October 2014 |title=Poppy root weevils (Stenocarus ruficornis, Stephens 1831) control in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) |journal=Plant, Soil and Environment |volume=60 |issue=10 |pages=470–474 |doi=10.17221/417/2014-pse |issn=1214-1178 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Kultivacija== U razvoju rasta vrste ''P. somniferum'' može se razlikovati šest faza. Razvoj rasta počinje rastom [[sadnica]]. U drugom koraku formiraju se listovi i stabljike tipa rozete. Nakon toga, kao treći korak, odvija se pupanje (faza kuke). Fazu kuke prati [[cvjetanje]]. Nakon toga, dostiže se tehnička zrelost, što znači da je biljka spremna za rezidbu. Posljednji korak je biološka zrelost; suho sjeme sazrijeva. Čini se da je [[fotoperiod]] glavni faktor razvoja [[cvijet]]a ''P.&nbsp;somniferum''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mahdavi-Damghani |first1=Abdolmajid |last2=Kamkar |first2=Behnam |last3=Al-Ahmadi |first3=Majid Jami |last4=Testi |first4=Luca |last5=Muñoz-Ledesma |first5=Francisco J. |last6=Villalobos |first6=Francisco J. |date=October 2010 |title=Water stress effects on growth, development and yield of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) |journal=Agricultural Water Management |volume=97 |issue=10 |pages=1582–1590 |bibcode=2010AgWM...97.1582M |doi=10.1016/j.agwat.2010.05.011 |hdl=10261/94915 |issn=0378-3774}}</ref> ''P.&nbsp;somniferum'' pokazuje vrlo spor razvoj na početku vegetacijskog perioda. Zbog toga je konkurencija [[korov]]a vrlo velika u ranim fazama. Vrlo je važno efikasno suzbijati korov u prvih 50 dana nakon sjetve.<ref name="Gaur-1986">{{Cite journal |last1=Gaur |first1=B. L. |last2=Gupta |first2=P. C. |last3=Sharma |first3=D. D. |date=January 1986 |title=Weed management in opium poppy Papaver somniferumL. |journal=Tropical Pest Management |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=267–268 |doi=10.1080/09670878609371076 |issn=0143-6147}}</ref> Osim toga, ''Papaver somniferum'' je prilično osjetljiv na herbicide. Primjena [[herbicid]]a hlortoluron prije nicanja pokazala se učinkovitom u smanjenju nivoa korova.<ref name="Gaur-1986"/> Međutim, u posljednjoj deceniji suzbijanje korova kod ''Papaver somniferum'' prešlo je s tretmana prije nicanja na tretmane nakon [[klijanje|nicanja]].<ref name="Pinke-2014">{{Cite journal |last1=Pinke |first1=Gyula |last2=Tóth |first2=Kálmán |last3=Kovács |first3=Attila J. |last4=Milics |first4=Gábor |last5=Varga |first5=Zoltán |last6=Blazsek |first6=Katinka |last7=Gál |first7=Katalin E. |last8=Botta-Dukát |first8=Zoltán |date=3 July 2014 |title=Use of mesotrione and tembotrione herbicides for post-emergence weed control in alkaloid poppy (Papaver somniferum) |journal=International Journal of Pest Management |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=187–195 |doi=10.1080/09670874.2014.953622 |issn=0967-0874 |s2cid=83721260}}</ref> Posebno je popularna primjena dva [[herbicid]]a, [[mezotrion]]a i [[tembotrion]]a. Kombinirana primjena ova dva herbicida pokazala se preporučljivom za efikasno suzbijanje korova u ''Papaver somniferum''.<ref name="Pinke-2014"/> Vrijeme sjetve (jesen ili proljeće), prethodni usjev i tekstura tla važne su varijable koje utiču na sastav vrsta korova. Pokazalo se da je ''[[Papaver rhoeas]]'' vrlo zastupljena vrsta korova na poljima ''Papaver somniferum''.<ref name="Pinke-2014" />ref name="Pinke-2014" /><ref name="Pinke-2011">{{Cite journal |last1=PINKE |first1=G |last2=PÁL |first2=R W |last3=TÓTH |first3=K |last4=KARÁCSONY |first4=P |last5=CZÚCZ |first5=B |last6=BOTTA-DUKÁT |first6=Z |date=16 September 2011 |title=Weed vegetation of poppy (Papaver somniferum) fields in Hungary: effects of management and environmental factors on species composition |journal=Weed Research |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=621–630 |bibcode=2011WeedR..51..621P |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3180.2011.00885.x |issn=0043-1737}}</ref> ''Papaver somniferum'' i ''Papaver rhoeas'' su [[Biološka specifičnost|kongeneri]] i pripadaju istoj porodici biljaka, što otežava hemijsku kontrolu ove korovske vrste.<ref name="Pinke-2011"/> Stoga, suzbijanje [[korov]]a predstavlja veliki izazov i zahtijeva tehnološko znanje od poljoprivrednika.<ref name="Pinke-2011"/> Da bi se povećala efikasnost suzbijanja korova, ne treba primjenjivati samo hemijsko, već i mehaničko (ručno).<ref name="Pinke-2011"/> Za ''P. somniferum'' preporučuje se gustina rasta od 70 do 80 biljaka po kvadratnom metru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An overview of the Tasmanian poppy industry |url=https://grdc.com.au/resources-and-publications/grdc-update-papers/tab-content/grdc-update-papers/2014/07/an-overview-of-the-tasmanian-poppy-industry |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328004417/https://grdc.com.au/resources-and-publications/grdc-update-papers/tab-content/grdc-update-papers/2014/07/an-overview-of-the-tasmanian-poppy-industry |archive-date=28 March 2020 |access-date=19 January 2020 |website=Grains Research and Development Corporation |language=en-AU}}</ref> Prinos pretvaranja [[lateks]]a u [[biomasa|biomasu]] najveći je u uslovima blagog nedostatka vode.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mahdavi-Damghani |first1=Abdolmajid |last2=Kamkar |first2=Behnam |last3=Al-Ahmadi |first3=Majid Jami |last4=Testi |first4=Luca |last5=Muñoz-Ledesma |first5=Francisco J. |last6=Villalobos |first6=Francisco J. |date=2010 |title=Water stress effects on growth, development and yield of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378377410001733 |journal=Agricultural Water Management |language=en |volume=97 |issue=10 |pages=1582–1590 |bibcode=2010AgWM...97.1582M |doi=10.1016/j.agwat.2010.05.011 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ===Kao ukrasna biljka=== Žive biljke i sjeme opijumskog maka se široko prodaju od strane kompanija za sjeme i rasadnika u većem dijelu zapadnog svijeta, uključujući [[SAD|Sjedinjene Američke Države]]. Mak je tražen među vrtlarima zbog žive boje cvijeća, otpornosti i pouzdanosti biljaka maka, egzotičnog čokoladno-biljnog mirisa nekih [[kultivar]]a i jednostavnosti uzgoja biljaka iz kupljenih sadnica ili direktnom sjetvom sjemena. Čahure sjemena maka se također prodaju za aranžmane od suhog cvijeća. Iako su "opijumski mak i papaver" navedeni u Prilogu II Zakona o kontroliranim supstancama Sjedinjenih Američkih Država, ''P. somniferum'' može se legalno uzgajati u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama kao sjemenska kultura ili kao [[ukrasna biljka]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Culinary Poppy Cultivation |url=http://agsyst.wsu.edu/CulinaryPoppy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421041214/http://agsyst.wsu.edu/CulinaryPoppy.html |archive-date=21 April 2021 |access-date=14 May 2021 |website=WSU Mount Vernon NWREC |publisher=Washington State University}}</ref> Tokom ljeta, opijumski mak se može vidjeti kako cvjeta u vrtovima širom Sjeverne Amerike i Evrope, a eksponati se nalaze u mnogim privatnim zasadima, kao i u javnim botaničkim i muzejskim vrtovima kao što su [[Botanički vrt Sjedinjenih Država]], [[Botanički vrt Missourija]] i [[Botanički vrt Sjeverne Karoline]]. Mnoge zemlje uzgajaju ove biljke, a neke se uveliko oslanjaju na komercijalnu proizvodnju droge kao glavni izvor prihoda. Kao dodatni izvor profita, sjeme istih biljaka se prodaje za upotrebu u hrani, tako da je uzgoj biljke značajan izvor prihoda. Ova međunarodna trgovina sjemenkama ''P. somniferum'' riješena je rezolucijom UN-a "za borbu protiv međunarodne trgovine ilegalnim sjemenkama opijumskog maka" 28. jula 1998. godine. <gallery> Poppy from above.JPG| Crveni [[cvijet]] opijumskog maka Český-modrý-mák detail-květu.jpg| Češki plavi cvijet maka Cesky-modry-mak detail.jpg| Češki plavi mak </gallery> ==Rasprostranjenost i stanište== Autorno područje opijumskog maka je vjerovatno [[Makaronezija]], zapadni i centralni [[Mediteran]] <ref>{{cite web | title=Papaver somniferum L. &#124; Plants of the World Online &#124; Kew Science | url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:673724-1/general-information }}</ref>, ali ekstenzivni uzgoj i uvođenje ove vrste širom Evrope od davnina prikrili su njeno porijeklo. Izbjegla je uzgoj ili je unesena i naturalizirana u svim regijama [[UK|Britanskih ostrva]], posebno na jugu i istoku, a njeno sjeme je pronađeno u arheološkom materijalu koji datira još iz [[bronzano doba|bronzanog doba]]<ref name="PlantAtlas"/> i u gotovo svim drugim zemljama svijeta s pogodnom, umjerenom klimom.<ref name="GBIF.org">{{cite web |title=Papaver somniferum L. |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/2888439 |publisher=Global Biodiversity Information Facility, GBIF.org |location=Copenhagen, Denmark}}</ref> == Taksonomija == ''Papaver somniferum'' dobio je svoje [[prihvaćeno ime]] od strane švedskog botaničara [[Carl Linnaeus|Carla Linea]] na stranici 508 njegove ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' u 1753.<ref name="POWO">{{Cite POWO |last1=POWO |date=2025 |id=673724-1 |title=''Papaver somniferum'' L. |access-date=20 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=673724-1 |title=Papaveraceae Papaver somniferum L. |publisher=ipni.org |volume=1 |access-date=1 November 2017}}</ref> Klasificiran je u [[rod (biologija)|rod]] ''[[Papaver]]'' unutar veće porodice ''[[Papaveraceae]]''. Između njih postoje dvije prihvaćene [[podvrsta|podvrste]] i jedan prirodni [[hibrid (biologija)|hibrid]]:<ref name="POWO" /> * ''Papaver somniferum'' notosubsp. ''authemanii''<br>Ovaj prirodni hibrid porijeklom je iz [[Francuska|Francuske]]. Prvi put je opisan kao hibrid pod nazivom ''Papaver'' × ''authemanii'' 1893. godine i reklasificiran je u svoje prihvaćeno ime 2012.<ref name="POWO nothosubsp ">{{Cite POWO |last1=POWO |date=2025 |id=77125461-1 |title=''Papaver somniferum'' nothosubsp. ''authemanii'' (Rouy) B.Bock |access-date=20 December 2025}}</ref> * ''Papaver somniferum'' subsp. ''setigerum''<br>Ova podvrsta je prvi put nazvana ''Papaver setigerum'' 1815. godine od strane [[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle]]. Reklasifikovana je kao podvrsta 1882. godine od strane [[Giovanni Arcangeli| Giovannija Arcangelija]]. Njeno izvorno područje rasprostranjenosti je [[Sjeverna Afrika]], od [[Maroko|Maroka]] do [[Libija|Libije]] i u južnoj Evropi od [[Portugal]]a do [[Italija|Italije]].<ref name="POWO subsp setigerum">{{Cite POWO |last1=POWO |date=2025 |id=60453010-2 |title=''Papaver somniferum'' subsp. ''setigerum'' (DC.) Arcang. |access-date=20 December 2025}}</ref> * ''Papaver somniferum'' subsp. ''somniferum ''<br>[[Autonim (botanika)|Autonimska]] [[podvrsta]] je [[kultigen]], biljka koja je razvijena ljudskom [[vještačka selekcija|selekcijom]].<ref name="POWO subsp somniferum">{{Cite POWO |last1=POWO |date=2025 |id=111359-3 |title=''Papaver somniferum'' subsp. ''somniferum'' |access-date=20 December 2025}}</ref> Opijumski mak ima {{table row counter|id=Synonyms}} [[Sinonim (botanika)|sinonimi]] svoje dvije podvrste i hibrid.<ref name="POWO nothosubsp" /><ref name="POWO subsp setigerum" /><ref name="POWO subsp somniferum" /> {|class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Tabela sinonima ! Ime ! Godina ! Rang ! Sinonim za: ! Bilješke |- | ''Papaver album'' {{small|Mill.}} | 1768 |data-sort-value=A | vrsta | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver album-nigrum'' {{small|Crantz}} | 1763 |data-sort-value=A | vrsta | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver amoenum'' {{small|Lindl.}} | 1839 |data-sort-value=A | vrsta | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver amplexicaule'' {{small|Stokes}} | 1812 |data-sort-value=A | vrste | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver apodocarpum'' {{small|Hussenot}} | 1835 |data-sort-value=A | vrste | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver × authemanii'' {{small|Rouy}} | 1893 |data-sort-value=J | hibrid | nothosubsp. ''authemanii'' |data-sort-value=A | ≡ hom. |- | ''Papaver glabrum'' {{small|Gilib.}} | 1782 |data-sort-value=A | vrste | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het., [[opus utique oppr.]] |- | ''Papaver glaucum'' var. ''leukum'' {{small|Rothm.}} | 1954 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver hortense'' {{small|Hussenot}} | 1835 |data-sort-value=A | vrste | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver hortense'' {{small|Garsault}} | 1764 |data-sort-value=A | vrste | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het., [[opus utique rej.]] |- | ''Papaver indehiscens'' {{small|Dumort.}} | 1827 |data-sort-value=A | vrste | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver nigrum'' {{small|Garsault}} | 1764 |data-sort-value=A | vrste | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het., [[opus utique rej.]] |- | ''Papaver nigrum'' {{small|(DC.) Ser.}} | 1845 |data-sort-value=A | vrste | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver officinale'' {{mali|C.C.Gmel.}} | 1806 |data-sort-value=A | vrsta | podvrsta ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver officinale'' var. ''monstrosum'' {{mali|Göpp.}} | 1851 |data-sort-value=D | sorta | podvrsta ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver opiiferum'' {{mali|Forssk.}} | 1775 |data-sort-value=A | vrsta | podvrsta ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver opiiferum'' var. ''album'' {{small|DC.}} | 1821 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver paeoniiflorum'' {{small|(Alef.) Corrêa}} | 1926 |data-sort-value=A | podvrste | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver polycephalum'' {{small|E.Vilm.}} | 1863 |data-sort-value=A | vrste | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver setigerum'' {{small|DC.}} | 1815 |data-sort-value=A | vrste | subsp. ''setigerum'' |data-sort-value=A | ≡ hom. |- | ''Papaver setigerum'' var. ''muticum'' {{small|Regel}} | 1856 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''setigerum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver setigerum'' var. ''nigrum'' {{small|(Garsault) P.Fourn.}} | 1936 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver setigerum'' var. ''valdesetosum'' {{small|Maire}} | 1935 |data-sort-value=D | varijetet | subsp. ''setigerum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''album'' {{mali|(Mill.) DC.}} | 1821 |data-sort-value=D | varijetet | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' f. ''album'' {{mali|(Mill.) Kuntze}} | 1887 |data-sort-value=F | oblik | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' convar. ''album'' {{mali|(Mill.) Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=G | konvarijet | podvrsta ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''apodocarpum'' {{small|(Hussenot) Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''atroviolaceum'' {{small|Maire}} | 1934 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''setigerum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | Podvar "Papaver somniferum". ''atroviolaceum'' {{small|(Maire) Maire}} | 1964 |data-sort-value=E | podvrsta | subsp. ''setigerum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''austroviolaceum'' {{mala|posuda.}} | 1975 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''cezijum'' {{mali|Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''coccineum'' {{small|Maire}} | 1932 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''setigerum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''dinokarpum'' {{mali|Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=D | sorta | podvrsta ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' f. ''dissectum'' {{mali|Kuntze}} | 1887 |data-sort-value=F | oblik | podvrsta ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' convar. ''drogist'' {{mali|(Basil. & Žuk.) Posuda.}} | 1975 |data-sort-value=G | konvariejetet | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''genuinovilaceum'' {{mala|posuda.}} | 1975 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''glabrum'' {{small|Boiss.}} | 1867 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''griseum'' {{mali|Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''haageanum'' {{mali|Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' subsp. ''hortenzija'' {{small|Arcang.}} | 1882 |data-sort-value=B | podvrsta | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' podvrsta ''hortense'' {{mali|(Hussenot) Syme}} | 1863 |data-sort-value=B | podvrsta | podvrsta ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''hortense'' {{mali|(Hussenot) Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=D | varijetet | podvrsta ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''hortense'' {{mali|(Hussenot) Rouy & Foucaud}} | 1893 |data-sort-value=D | varijetet | podvrsta ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''hussenotii'' {{mali|Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' convar. ''indicum'' {{mala|posuda.}} | 1975 |data-sort-value=G | konvarijetet | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het., [[bez tipa.]] |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' f. ''laciniatum'' {{small|Kuntze}} | 1887 |data-sort-value=F | forma | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''leucum'' {{mali|(Rothm.) K.Hammer}} | 1987 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''luteum'' {{mali|Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' f. ''marginatum'' {{small|Kuntze}} | 1887 |data-sort-value=F | forma | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum monstrosum'' {{small|Van Houtte ex T.Moore}} | 1860 |data-sort-value=J | | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' subsp. ''nigrum'' {{small|Schübl. & G.Martens}} | 1834 |data-sort-value=B | podvrsta | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het., [[nom. ileg.]] |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' subsp. ''nigrum'' {{small|(DC.) Thell.}} | 1908 |data-sort-value=B | podvrsta | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''nigrum'' {{small|DC.}} | 1821 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' f. ''nigrum'' {{mali|(DC.) Kuntze}} | 1887 |data-sort-value=F | forma | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' convar. ''nigrum'' {{mali|(DC.) Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=G | konvarijetet | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' subsp. ''officinale'' {{small|(C.C.Gmel.) Bonnier & Layens}} | 1894 |data-sort-value=B | podvrsta | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''officinale'' {{small|(C.C.Gmel.) Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' proles ''officinale'' {{small|(C.C.Gmel.) Rouy & Foucaud}} | 1893 |data-sort-value=C | proles | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' convar. ''opiiferum'' {{mala|(Forssk.) Posuda.}} | 1975 |data-sort-value=G | konvarijetet | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' subsp. ''opiiferum'' {{small|(Forssk.) Juel, Cedergr. & Örtendahl}} | 1914 |data-sort-value=B | podvrsta | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''paeoniiflorum'' {{small|Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' f. ''poecilospermum'' {{mali|(Alef.) Kuntze}} | 1887 |data-sort-value=F | forma | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' convar. ''poecilospermum'' {{small|Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=G | konvarijetet | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''pullatum'' {{mala|posuda.}} | 1975 |data-sort-value=D | sorta | podvrsta ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''kvasandum'' {{mali|Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''rozeum'' {{mali|Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''rubelum'' {{mala|posuda.}} | 1975 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''setigerum'' {{small|(DC.) Webb & Berthel.}} | 1836 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''setigerum'' |data-sort-value=A | ≡ hom. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' proles ''setigerum'' {{small|(DC.) Rouy & Foucaud}} | 1893 |data-sort-value=C | prole | subsp. ''setigerum'' |data-sort-value=A | ≡ hom. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''stipitatum'' {{mali|(Husenot) Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' convar. ''tarbagataicum'' {{mala|(Basil.) Posuda.}} | 1975 |data-sort-value=G | konvarijetet | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' f. ''trobojna'' {{small|Kuntze}} | 1887 |data-sort-value=F | forma | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''valdesetosum'' {{small|(Maire) Maire}} | 1964 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''setigerum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''violiflorum'' {{mala|Posuda.}} | 1975 |data-sort-value=D | sorta | podvrsta ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver stipitatum'' {{mala|Hussenot}} | 1835 |data-sort-value=A | vrsta | podvrsta ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver sylvestre'' {{mala|Godr.}} | 1854 |data-sort-value=A | vrsta | podvrsta ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- !colspan=4 style="text-align: left;" | Napomene: ≡ [[homotipski sinonim]] ; = [[heterotipski sinonim]] |} ===Kultivari === ''P.&nbsp;somniferum'' ima veoma dugu tradiciju upotrebe, počevši od neolita. Ovaj dugi vremenski period omogućio je razvoj širokog spektra različitih oblika. Ukupno postoji 52 botaničke [[sorta (botanika)|sorte]].<ref name="Dittbrenner-2009"/> Uzgoj ''P. somniferum'' suočava se s izazovom uzrokovanim kontradiktornim ciljevima uzgoja za ovu vrstu.<ref name="Dittbrenner-2009"/> S jedne strane, za medicinsku upotrebu potreban je vrlo visok sadržaj [[alkaloid]]a. Globalna potražnja za alkaloidima i njihovim farmaceutskim derivatima porasla je posljednjih godina. Stoga postoji potreba za razvojem kultivara s visokim prinosom opijuma.<ref name="Yadav-2006">{{Cite journal |last1=Yadav |first1=Hemant K. |last2=Shukla |first2=S. |last3=Singh |first3=S. P. |date=16 August 2006 |title=Genetic Variability and Interrelationship Among Opium and its Alkaloids in Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) |journal=Euphytica |volume=150 |issue=1–2 |pages=207–214 |bibcode=2006Euphy.150..207Y |doi=10.1007/s10681-006-9111-x |issn=0014-2336 |s2cid=25242061}}</ref> S druge strane, prehrambena [[industrija]] zahtijeva da sadržaj alkaloida bude što je moguće niži.<ref name="Dittbrenner-2009">{{Cite journal |last=Dittbrenner |first=A. |date=2009 |title=Variability of alkaloid content in Papaver somniferum L . |journal=Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality |volume=107 |pages=103–107}}</ref> Također postoje mnoge ukrasne sorte odabrane zbog boje ili broja [[latica]] ili drugih karakteristika. Postoje sorte s dvostrukim cvjetovima, često nazivane božurom ili 'paeoniflorum' u nizu boja. Postoje čak i sorte odabrane zbog oblika svojih čahura, kao što je 'Hen and Chickens' s manjim mahunama oko veće središnje čahure.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grey-Wilson |first1=Christopher |url=https://archive.org/details/poppiesguidetopo0000grey |title=Poppies : A Guide to the Poppy Family in the Wild and in Cultivation |date=1993 |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=978-0-88192-232-5 |location=Portland, Oregon |pages=72, 132–137 |access-date=28 December 2025 |url-access=registration}}</ref> ==Upotreba== Ovaj mak se uzgaja kao poljoprivredna kultura u velikim razmjerima, za jednu od tri primarne svrhe; za proizvodnju sjemena, za proizvodnju [[opijum]]a za upotrebu uglavnom u farmaceutskoj industriji,<ref name="Bradsher-2014">{{cite news |last1=Bradsher |first1=Keith |date=19 July 2014 |title=Shake-Up on Opium Island |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/20/business/international/tasmania-big-supplier-to-drug-companies-faces-changes.html |access-date=8 January 2018 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> i za proizvodnju drugih [[alkaloid]]a (uglavnom [[tebain]]a i [[oripavin]]a) koje farmaceutske kompanije prerađuju u lijekove poput [[hidrokodon]]a i [[oksikodon]]a.<ref name="Bradsher-2014"/> Svaki od ovih ciljeva ima posebne sorte koje su usmjerene na jedno od ovih preduzeća, a napori u uzgoju (uključujući [[biotehnologija|biotehnološke]]) su u kontinuitetu u toku.<ref name="Bradsher-2014"/><ref name="Gaevskii-1999">{{cite journal |last=Gaevskii |first=A.V. |date=1999 |title=On the intraspecies classification of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) |journal=Khimiko-Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=32–36 |doi=10.1007/BF02508453 |s2cid=9716321}}</ref><ref name="Chaturvedi-2014">{{cite journal |last=Chaturvedi |first=Nidarshana |date=2014 |title=Latex-less opium poppy: cause for less latex and reduced peduncle strength) |url=http://staff.cimap.res.in/PublicationFiles/Physiologia_Plantarum_50436.pdf |journal=Physiologia Plantarum |volume=150 |issue=3 |pages=436–445 |bibcode=2014PPlan.150..436C |doi=10.1111/ppl.12086 |pmid=24033330 |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> Relativno mala količina sjemena ''P. somniferum'' također se komercijalno proizvodi u ukrasne svrhe. Danas je uzgojeno mnogo [[kultivar]]a koji ne proizvode značajnu količinu opijuma.<ref name="UniWisconsin"/><ref name="Gaevskii-1999"/> Kultivar 'Sujata' uopće ne proizvodi [[lateks]].<ref name="Chaturvedi-2014"/> Ova diferencijacija ima snažne implikacije na pravnu politiku koja se odnosi na uzgoj biljke.<ref name="Gaevskii-1999"/> {{gallery|mode=packed |Coquelicots - Parc floral 6.JPG| Biljka tipičnog sivkastozelenog izgleda |Opium poppy.jpg|[[Cvijet]] |Schlafmohn Papaver somniferum 2019-06-17 13-19-31 (C).jpg| Krupni plan središta cvijeta |Opium pod cut to demonstrate fluid extraction1.jpg| Kapsula koja pokazuje [[lateks]] ([[opijum]]) koji se izlučuje iz reza |Poppy-seeds.jpg| Krupni plan sjemenke bijelog maka }} ===Sjemenke maka i ulje=== {{glavni|Sjemenke maka}} [[Datoteka:3mohn z01.JPG|thumb| Sušene plave, sive i bijele sjemenke maka koje se koriste za peciva u [[Njemačka|Njemačkoj]].]] [[Slika:Makowiec.jpg|thumb|Poljski [[makowiec (pecivo)|makowiec]], [[rolnica od orašastih plodova]] punjena pastom od maka]] Mak ''Papaver somniferum'' je važna namirnica i izvor [[makovo ulje|ulja od maka]], jestivog ulja koje ima mnogo upotreba. Sjemenke sadrže vrlo niske nivoe opijata, a ulje koje se iz njih ekstrahuje sadrži još manje.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 January 1998 |title=Papaver somniferum |url=https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Papaver_somniferum.html |website=New Crop Resource Online Program |publisher=Purdue University}}</ref> I ulje i ostatak sjemena imaju i komercijalnu upotrebu. Makova pogačica, kao ostatak presanja ulja, može se koristiti kao hrana za različite [[životinje]], poput [[goveda]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Knutsen |first1=Helle Katrine |last2=Alexander |first2=Jan |last3=Barregård |first3=Lars |last4=Bignami |first4=Margherita |last5=Brüschweiler |first5=Beat |last6=Ceccatelli |first6=Sandra |last7=Cottrill |first7=Bruce |last8=Dinovi |first8=Michael |last9=Edler |first9=Lutz |last10=Grasl-Kraupp |first10=Bettina |last11=Hogstrand |first11=Christer |last12=Hoogenboom |first12=Laurentius |last13=Nebbia |first13=Carlo Stefano |last14=Oswald |first14=Isabelle P |date=16 May 2018 |title=Update of the Scientific Opinion on opium alkaloids in poppy seeds |journal=EFSA Journal |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=e05243 |doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5243 |pmc=7009406 |pmid=32625895 |collaboration=EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM)}}</ref> Posebno u vrijeme mitarenja peradi i ukrasnih ptica, pogača je hranjiva i odgovara njihovim posebnim potrebama. Pored stočne hrane, mak nudi i druge nusproizvode. Naprimjer, stabljika biljke može se koristiti za energetske brikete i pelet za grijanje.<ref name="Wilfried-2000">{{Cite book |last1=Wilfried |first1=Ahrens |title=Mohn: Sorten, Anbau, Rezepte |last2=Sneyd |first2=Jan |date=2000 |publisher=Ulmer |isbn=978-3-8001-3112-9 |location=Stuttgart |oclc=76179514 |lang=de}}</ref> Mak se koristi kao hrana u mnogim kulturama. Pekari ga mogu koristiti cijelog za ukrašavanje svojih proizvoda ili ga mogu samljeti i pomiješati sa šećerom kao slatki nadjev. Ima kremast i orašasti okus, a kada se koristi s mljevenim kokosom, sjemenke pružaju jedinstvenu i bogatu bazu za kari. Može se suho pržiti i samljeti za upotrebu u mokrom kaariju (curry pasta) ili suhom curryju.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahanandi " Gasagasalu ~ Bendakaaya |url=http://www.nandyala.org/mahanandi/?p=941 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103083002/http://www.nandyala.org/mahanandi/?p=941 |archive-date=3 November 2022 |access-date=30 December 2011 |publisher=Nandyala.org}}</ref> ===Opijati=== {{glavni|Opijum}} [[Datoteka:Poppies-seeds-dry.png|thumb| Sušene čahure i stabljike maka (tanjir) i sjemenke (zdjela)]] Opijumski mak je glavni izvor opijuma, sušenog [[lateks]]a koji proizvode čahure sjemena iz [[jajnik (botanika)|jajnika]]. Opijum sadrži klasu prirodnih alkaloida poznatih kao [[opijati]], koji uključuju [[morfin]], [[kodein]], [[tebain]], [[oripavin]], [[papaverin]] i [[noskapin]].<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Aparna |last1=Singh |first2=Ivette M. |last2=Menéndez-Perdomo |first3=Peter J. |last3=Facchini |doi=10.1007/s11101-019-09644-w |year=2019 |title=Benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis in opium poppy: an update |journal=Phytochem Rev |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=1457–1482 |bibcode=2019PChRv..18.1457S }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Ivette M. |last1=Menéndez-Perdomo |first2=Jillian M. |last2=Hagel |first3=Peter J. |last3=Facchini |doi=10.1002/jms.4683 |year=2021 |title=Benzylisoquinoline alkaloid analysis using high-resolution Orbitrap LC-MS<sup>n</sup> |journal=J Mass Spectrom |volume=56 |issue=2 |article-number=e4683 |pmid=33410198 }}</ref> Specifični epitet ''somniferum'' znači "uspavljujući", što se odnosi na [[sedativ]]na svojstva nekih od ovih opijata.<ref name="Bryant">Bronwen Jean Bryant and Kathleen Mary Knights {{google books|TQV6sLzYsOYC|Pharmacology for Health Professionals|page=290}}</ref> Opijati se ekstrahuju iz opijuma. [[Lateks]] se cijedi iz rezova napravljenih na zelenim sjemenskim mahunama i sakuplja se nakon sušenja. Tinktura opijuma ili [[laudanum]], koja se sastoji od opijuma [[rastvor]]enog u [[alkohol]]u ili mješavini alkohola i vode, jedan je od mnogih neodobrenih lijekova koje reguliše američka [[Administracija za hranu i lijekove]] (FDA). Njegov marketing i distribucija nastavljaju se jer je njegova historijska upotreba prethodila Federalnom zakonu o hrani, lijekovima i kozmetici iz 1938.<ref name="IJPC-2006">{{cite web |title=Unapproved Drugs, What's the Big Deal? |url=http://www.ijpc.com/RxTriad/pdf/RxTriad_V09_N02_Sample.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705075733/http://www.ijpc.com/rxtriad/pdf/RxTriad_V09_N02_Sample.pdf |archive-date=5 July 2010 |access-date=3 January 2009 |publisher=International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding, Winter 2006}}</ref> Tinktura opijuma B.P., koja sadrži 1% w/v bezvodnog [[morfin]]a, također ostaje u [[Britanska farmakopeja|Britanskoj farmakopeji]],<ref>''The Extra Pharmacopeia Martindale''. Vol. 1, 24th edition. London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1958, page 924.</ref> [[Lista kontroliranih droga u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu|navedenih kao supstanca klase A]] prema [[Zakonu o zloupotrebi droga iz 1971.]]. Morfin je dominantan alkaloid koji se nalazi u kultiviranim sortama opijumskog maka koje se koriste za proizvodnju opijuma.<ref name="INCB">{{cite web |title=International Narcotics Control Bureau, Technical Reports, 2008, Part IV, Statistical information on narcotic drugs |url=http://www.incb.org/pdf/technical-reports/narcotic-drugs/2008/part_four_All_2008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301174402/http://www.incb.org/pdf/technical-reports/narcotic-drugs/2008/part_four_All_2008.pdf |archive-date=1 March 2012 |access-date=30 December 2011}}</ref> Ostale [[sorta (botanika)|sorte]] proizvode minimalno opijuma ili ga uopšte ne proizvode, kao što je vrsta Sujata bez lateksa. Sorte koje ne sadrže opijum, a uzgajaju se za proizvodnju droga, imaju visok nivo tebaina ili oripavina. Rafiniraju se u droge poput [[oksikodon]]a. Sirovi opijum sadrži oko 8–14% morfina po suhoj težini, ili više u visokoprinosnim sortama.<ref name="Kapoor-1995"/> Koristi se direktno i/ili kao prirodni opioidi [[kodein]], [[papaverin]], [[tebain]] i/ili [[sinteza|polusintetski]] [[buprenorfin]], [[diamorfin|diamorfin (heroin)]], [[dihidromorfon]], [[oksikodon]] i/ili [[Sintetička biologija|sintetski]]: [[alfentanil]], [[fentanil]], [[metadon]], [[petidin]], [[remifentanil]], [[tapentadol]]. Sintetički derivati opijuma sadrže sve sintetičke sastojke – neki od poznatijih sintetskih opijata uključuju: [[atarax]], [[demerol]], [[dilaudid]], [[fentanil]], [[lortab]], [[metadon]], [[Hidrokodon]]/[[paracetamol|norco]].<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Hasan Pathan|author2=John Williams|title=Basic opioid pharmacology: an update|journal=[[Br J Pain.]]|publication-date=February 2012|volume=6|issue=1|pages=11–16 |doi=10.1177/2049463712438493 |pmid=26516461 |pmc=4590096 }}</ref> Centri za liječenje pružaju alternativnu (drugačiju) listu <ref name=opium.org>{{cite web|url=https://www.opium.org/list-opiates-derived-opium-poppy.html|title=List of Opiates That Are Derived from the Opium Poppy|date=23 December 2016 |publisher=opium.org, American Addiction Centers| }}</ref>}} ===Proizvodnja=== {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:left; width:18em; text-align:center;" ! colspan=2|Proizvodnja maka – 2018 |- ! style="background:#ddf; width:75%;"| Zemlja ! style="background:#ddf; width:25%;"| <small>([[tona]]s)</small> |- | {{flag|Turska}} || 26.991 |- | {{flag|Češka}} || 13.666 |- | {{flag|Španija}} || 12.360 |- | {{flag|UN}} ''''Svijet''' || '''76.240''' |- |colspan=2 style="text-align:left;"|<small>Izvor: [[FAOSTAT]] of the [[United Nations]]<ref name="FAOSTAT-2019">{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Poppy seed production in 2018, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists) |url=http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QC/E |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122053717/http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QC/E |archive-date=22 November 2016 |access-date=28 November 2020 |publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)}}</ref></small> |} ====Hrana==== U 2018. godini, svjetska proizvodnja maka za konzumaciju iznosila je 76.240 [[tona]] , a prednjačila je [[Turska]] sa 35% ukupne svjetske proizvodnje (tabela). Proizvodnja i trgovina makom podložne su fluktuacijama uglavnom zbog nestabilnih prinosa. Performanse većine [[genotip]]ova vrste ''Papaver somniferum'' vrlo su podložne promjenama u okolini.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yadav |first1=H. |last2=Shukla |first2=S. |last3=Singh |first3=S. |year=2007 |title=Assessment of genotype × environment interactions for yield and morphine content in opium poppy (Papaver somniferumL.) |journal=Acta Agronomica Hungarica |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=331–338 |doi=10.1556/AAgr.55.2007.3.9}}</ref> Ovakvo ponašanje dovelo je do stagnacije tržišne vrijednosti maka između 2008. i 2009. godine kao posljedica visokih zaliha, lošeg vremena i lošeg kvaliteta.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Procházka |first1=Petr |last2=Smutka |first2=Lubos |date=30 June 2012 |title=Czech Republic as an Important Producer of Poppy Seed |url=http://purl.umn.edu/131361 |journal=AGRIS On-Line Papers in Economics and Informatics |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=35–47 |access-date=15 November 2018}}</ref> Vodeći svjetski uvoznik maka je [[Indija]] (16.000 tona), a slijede [[Rusija]], [[Poljska]] i [[Njemačka]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sergeeva |first1=Anna |title=Global Poppy Seed Market – The Czech Republic Is the Key Producing Country |url=https://www.indexbox.io/blog/global-poppy-seed-market/ |access-date=15 November 2018 |website=Index Box}}</ref> Ulje maka ostaje nišni proizvod zbog nižeg prinosa u poređenju s konvencionalnim [[uljarica]]ma.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frick |first1=Claudia |last2=Hebeisen |first2=Thomas |date=2005 |title=Mohn als alternative Ölpflanze |journal=AGRARForschung |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=4–9}}</ref> ====Medicina==== [[Australija]] ([[Tasmanija]]), [[Turska]] i [[Indija]] glavni su proizvođači maka u medicinske svrhe i lijekova na bazi maka, kao što su [[morfij]] ili [[kodein]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Dicker, Jason |title=The Poppy Industry in Tasmania |url=http://www.launc.tased.edu.au/online/sciences/agsci/alkalo/popindus.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211054348/http://www.launc.tased.edu.au/online/sciences/agsci/alkalo/popindus.htm |archive-date=11 December 2011 |access-date=2 September 2009 |work=University of Tasmania}}</ref><ref name="Yadav-2006" /> ''The New York Times'' izvijestio je 2014. godine da je [[Tasmanija]] najveći proizvođač kultivara maka koji se koriste za proizvodnju [[tebain]]a (85% svjetske proizvodnje) i [[oripavin]]a (100% svjetske proizvodnje). Tasmanija je također imala 25% svjetske proizvodnje opijuma i kodeina.<ref name="Bradsher-2014"/> ===Restrikcije=== [[Slika:Poppy Fields - geograph.org.uk - 1361923.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Polja opijumskog maka u blizini [[Metheringham]]a, Lincolnshire, [[Engleska]]. Na polju su također vidljivi crveni [[Papaver rhoeas|poljski mak]], još jedna srodna vrsta maka koja često raste uz ''P. somniferum'' kao korov]] U većem dijelu [[Srednja Evropa|srednje]] i [[Istočna Evropa|istočne Evrope]], mak se obično koristi za tradicionalne peciva i kolače, a uzgoj maka u cijeloj regiji je legalan, iako [[Njemačka]] zahtijeva dozvolu.<ref>Ursula Heinzelmann (2008) ''Food Culture in Germany'' p. 48</ref> Od januara 1999. godine u [[Ćeška|Češkoj Republici]], prema ''Zakonu o supstancama koje izazivaju ovisnost 167/1998 Sb.'', mak koji raste na poljima većim od 100 m<sup>2</sup> podliježe obavezi prijavljivanja lokalnoj carinskoj upravi.<ref>167/1998 Sb. Zákon o návykových látkách a o změně některých dalších zákonů, Czech Republic, effective since 1 January 1999; § 29 effective since 1 January 1999; § 29</ref><ref>[https://www.celnisprava.cz/cz/o-nas/informace-dle-zak-c-1061999sb/zivotni-situace/Stranky/ohlasovaci-povinnost-pestitelu-maku-a-konopi-podle-par-29-zakona-c-1671998-sb-o-navykovych-latkach.aspx Ohlašovací povinnost pěstitelů máku a konopí podle par. 29 zákona č. 167/1999 Sb., o návykových látkách], Celní správa (Custom Service of the Czech Republic), 19. 6. 2014</ref> Ekstrakcija opijuma iz biljaka je zakonom zabranjena (§ 15 slovo d/ zakona). Također je zabranjeno uzgajati sorte sa više od 0,8% morfina u suhoj materiji njihovih [[Kapsula (plod)|kapsula]], isključujući u istraživačke i eksperimentalne svrhe (§24/1b/ zakona). Naziv „češki plavi mak“ odnosi se na plavo sjeme maka koje se koristi za hranu ([[kolač]]e). [[Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo]] ne zahtijeva dozvolu za uzgoj opijumskog maka, ali zahtijeva za ekstrakciju opijuma za medicinske proizvode.<ref>{{cite web |author=Phillip, Rhodri, & Barry Wigmore |date=14 July 2007 |title=The painkilling fields: England's opium poppies that tackle the NHS morphine crisis |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/hp/front/the-painkilling-fields-englands-opium-poppies-that-tackle-the-nhs-morphine-crisis-6597885.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130505140353/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23404311details/The%20painkilling%20fields:%20England's%20opium%20poppies%20that%20tackle%20the%20NHS%20morphine%20crisis/article.do |archive-date=5 May 2013 |access-date=2 September 2009 |url-status=live |work=Evening Standard}}</ref> Kada je [[Evropska unija]] pokušala zabraniti uzgoj 'Papaver somniferum' od strane privatnih osoba u malom obimu (kao što su lični vrtovi), građani u zemljama EU u kojima se mak konzumira u velikim količinama, poput zemalja u centralno-istočnoj regiji, snažno su se usprotivili planu, što je uzrokovalo promjenu kursa [[EU]]. U [[SAD|Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama]], [[opijum]]ski mak i makove slamke su zabranjeni.<ref>{{cite web |date=2008 |title=Authorized Sources of Narcotic Raw Materials, 21 CFR Part 1312; Docket No. DEA-282F, RIN 1117-AB03 |url=https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/fed_regs/rules/2008/fr0206.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103083003/https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/fed_regs/rules/2008/fr0206.htm |archive-date=3 November 2022 |access-date=13 September 2017 |publisher=Drug Enforcement Administration, US Department of Justice}}</ref> Budući da je opijumski mak legalan iz kulinarskih ili estetskih razloga, mak su nekada uzgajali kao tržišnu kulturu farmeri u Kaliforniji. Zakon o uzgoju maka u Sjedinjenim Državama je donekle dvosmislen,<ref>{{cite web |title=Bulletin on Narcotics – 1950 Issue 3 – 002 |url=http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1950-01-01_3_page003.html#s009 |access-date=30 December 2011 |publisher=UNODC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Controlled Substances Import and Export Act |url=https://www.fda.gov/RegulatoryInformation/Legislation/ucm148751.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710011353/http://www.fda.gov/RegulatoryInformation/Legislation/ucm148751.htm |archive-date=10 July 2009 |access-date=30 December 2011 |publisher=US Food and Drug Administration}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=21 U.S.C. § 188: US Code – Section 188 TO 188N: Repealed. Pub. L. 91-513, title III, Sec. 1101(a)(7), Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1292 |url=http://codes.lp.findlaw.com/uscode/21/6/188%20to%20188n |access-date=30 December 2011 |publisher=Codes.lp.findlaw.com}}</ref> navodi se da svaki opijumski mak treba proglasiti ilegalnim, osim ako su poljoprivrednici dobili državnu [[licenca|dozvolu]]. Član 3. Zakona o kontroli opijumskog maka navodi: <blockquote>Nezakonito je da svaka osoba koja nije vlasnik licence koja joj ovlašćuje proizvodnju opijumskog maka, koju joj je propisno izdao Sekretar za finansije u skladu s odredbama ovog Zakona, proizvodi opijumski mak ili dozvoljava proizvodnju opijumskog maka na ili na bilo kojem mjestu koje je u njenom vlasništvu, koje zauzima, koristi ili kontroliše.</blockquote> To je dovelo do Pobune protiv maka i do toga da je Biro za narkotike uhapsio svakoga ko je sadio opijumski mak i prisilio na uništavanje polja maka svakoga ko je prkosio zabrani uzgoja maka.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Harry J. Anslinger |year=1959 |title=The traffic in narcotic drugs: The implementation of treaty obligations in regulating the traffic in narcotic drugs |url=http://www.wcl.american.edu/journal/lawrev/08/anslinger.pdf?rd=1 |journal=The American University Law Review |volume=8 |pages=112–116 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401175114/http://www.wcl.american.edu/journal/lawrev/08/anslinger.pdf?rd=1 |archive-date=1 April 2012 |access-date=31 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |author=Young, Richard |date=September 1952 |title=The development of international law |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ha4oHkIiIuUC&q=opium+poppy+control+act+of+1944&pg=PA780 |journal=American Bar Association Journal |volume=38 |pages=778–80 |doi=<!--Citation bot -->}}</ref> Iako je štampa tog vremena favorizirala [[Federalni biro za narkotike]], država [[Kalifornija]] podržavala je poljoprivrednike koji su uzgajali opijumski mak za svoje sjeme koje se koristilo u hrani poput mafina od maka. Danas je ovo područje prava ostalo nejasno i donekle kontroverzno u Sjedinjenim Državama.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Richter |first1=Skip |title=Poppin' Up Poppies |url=http://www.texasgardener.com/pastissues/sepoct07/Poppies.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104183830/http://www.texasgardener.com/pastissues/sepoct07/Poppies.html |archive-date=4 January 2019 |access-date=20 May 2021 |website=Texas Gardener}}</ref> Zakon o kontroli opijumskog maka iz 1942. godine ukinut je 27. oktobra 1970.<ref>{{cite web |title=United States Code: Title 21,188 to 188n. Repealed. Pub. L. 91–513, title III, 1101(a)(7), Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1292 &#124; LII / Legal Information Institute |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/188- |access-date=30 December 2011 |publisher=Law.cornell.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=21 USC Chapter 6 – Narcotic Drugs 01/03/2007 |url=http://www.joffelaw.com/uscode/21C6.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306102240/http://www.joffelaw.com/uscode/21C6.html |archive-date=6 March 2014 |access-date=30 December 2011 |publisher=Joffelaw.com}}</ref> Prema saveznom [[Zakon o kontroliranim supstancama|Zakonu o kontroliranim supstancama]], opijumski mak i makova slama navedeni su kao [[Lista droga iz Priloga II (SAD)|Droge iz Priloga II]] pod ACSN 9630. Većina država također koristi ovu klasifikaciju prema jedinstvenom krivičnom zakoniku. Posjedovanje droge iz Priloga II je savezno i državno krivično djelo. [[Kanada]] zabranjuje posjedovanje, traženje ili nabavku opijumskog maka (''Papaver somniferum''), njegovih preparata, derivata, [[alkaloid]]a i [[soli]], iako je napravljen izuzetak za sjemena maka.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 April 2018 |title=Controlled Drugs and Substances Act 1996 |url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-38.8/ |access-date=20 June 2018 |publisher=Justice Laws Website, Government of Canada}}</ref> U nekim dijelovima [[Australija|Australije]], uzgoj ''P. somniferum'' je ilegalan, ali u [[Tasmanija| Tasmaniji]] se uzgaja oko 50% svjetske ponude.<ref>{{cite web |date=2016 |title=Poppy Regulation Act |url=https://dpir.nt.gov.au/primary-industry/agricultural-developments/agricultural-developments-poppy-regulation-act |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628133514/https://dpir.nt.gov.au/primary-industry/agricultural-developments/agricultural-developments-poppy-regulation-act |archive-date=28 June 2019 |access-date=13 September 2017 |publisher=Department of Primary Industry and Resources, Northern Territory Government, Australia}}</ref> U [[Novi Zeland| Novom Zelandu]] je legalno uzgajati opijumski mak, sve dok se ne koristi za proizvodnju kontroliranih droga. {{Citat| Član 9(4) Zakona o zloupotrebi droga navodi: "Optužba prema pododjeljku (1) ''[Uzgoj zabranjenih biljaka]'' smatrat će se odbranom ako optužena osoba dokaže da je zabranjena biljka na koju se optužba odnosi bila vrste ''Papaver somniferum'' i da nije bila namijenjena da bude izvor bilo koje kontrolirane droge ili da nije razvijana kao soj iz kojeg bi se mogla proizvesti kontrolirana droga." <ref>{{cite web |title=New Zealand Legislation: Misuse of Drugs Act 1975 |url=http://legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1975/0116/latest/DLM436264.html?search=sw_096be8ed80861bf8_Papaver+somniferum_25&p=1&sr=1 |access-date=7 July 2012}}</ref>}} [[Singapur]], [[UAE]] i [[Saudijska Arabija]] su među zemljama koje zabranjuju čak i posjedovanje maka, ne samo uzgoj biljaka za njega.<ref>{{cite web |title=5 Recent Food Bans from Around the World |url=https://www.femina.in/lifestyle/in-the-news/5-recent-food-bans-from-around-the-world-357.html |access-date=8 January 2018 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> U [[Ujedinjeni Arapski Emirati|Ujedinjenim Arapskim Emiratima]] uzgoj opijumskog maka je ilegalan, kao i posjedovanje maka. Najmanje jedan muškarac je zatvoren zbog posjedovanja maka dobivenog iz peciva.<ref>{{cite news |author=McGrath, Ginny |date=8 February 2008 |title=Travellers who 'smuggle' poppy seeds face Dubai jail |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/news/article3333905.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010125643/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/news/article3333905.ece |archive-date=10 October 2011 |access-date=2 September 2009 |work=The Times |location=UK}}</ref> UAE imaju dugu zatvorsku kaznu za svakoga ko posjeduje sjeme maka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Travel Warning – Khas Khas (Poppy Seed) Imprisonment in UAE |url=http://www.hoax-slayer.com/khas-khas-poppy-seed-warning.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619080132/http://www.hoax-slayer.com/khas-khas-poppy-seed-warning.shtml |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=8 January 2018 |publisher=Brett M.Christensen}}</ref> [[Mjanmar]] zabranjuje uzgoj u određenim provincijama. Na sjeveru Mjanmara zabrane su okončale stoljetnu tradiciju uzgoja opijumskog maka. Između 20.000 i 30.000 bivših uzgajivača maka napustilo je regiju [[Kokang]] kao rezultat zabrane 2002.<ref>[http://www.tni.org/briefing/golden-triangle-rubber-belt page 4 of the Drug Policy Briefing nr. 29] by the Transnational Institute</ref> Ljudi iz regije [[Država Wa|Wa]], gdje je zabrana uvedena 2005. godine, pobjegli su u područja gdje je uzgoj opijuma još uvijek moguć. U [[Južna Koreja|Južnoj Koreji]], uzgoj opijumskog maka je strogo zabranjen.<ref>[https://www.nongmin.com/news/NEWS/FLD/CNT/291598/view 양귀비·대마 재배 땐 '큰일'…관상용 한포기도 절대 안돼]</ref> ===Historija=== {{glavni|Opijum}} Upotreba opijumskog maka prethodi pisanoj historiji. Proizvodnja i upotreba opijuma bila je poznata [[minojska civilizacija|drevnim Minojcima]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Askitopoulou |first1=Helen |last2=Ramoutsaki |first2=Ioanna A |last3=Konsolaki |first3=Eleni |year=2002 |title=Archaeological evidence on the use of opium in the Minoan world |journal=International Congress Series |volume=1242 |pages=23–29 |doi=10.1016/S0531-5131(02)00769-0}}</ref> Njegov sok su kasnije nazvali "opion" od strane [[drevna Grčka|starih Grka]]. Engleski naziv zasnovan je na [[latinski|latinskoj]] adaptaciji grčkog oblika. Dokazi o ranom uzgoju opijumskog maka otkriveni su kroz male botaničke ostatke pronađene u regijama [[Mediteran]]a i zapadno od [[rijeka Rajna|rijeke Rajne]], a datiraju još iz perioda prije otprilike 5000. godine prije nove ere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Salavert |first1=Aurélie |last2=Zazzo |first2=Antoine |last3=Martin |first3=Lucie |last4=Antolín |first4=Ferran |last5=Gauthier |first5=Caroline |last6=Thil |first6=François |last7=Tombret |first7=Olivier |last8=Bouby |first8=Laurent |last9=Manen |first9=Claire |last10=Mineo |first10=Mario |last11=Mueller-Bieniek |first11=Aldona |date=20 November 2020 |title=Direct dating reveals the early history of opium poppy in western Europe |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=20263 |bibcode=2020NatSR..1020263S |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-76924-3 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=7679390 |pmid=33219318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ovi uzorci pronađeni na raznim [[neolit]]skim nalazištima pokazuju nevjerovatno rano uzgajanje i prirodno širenje biljke širom zapadne Evrope. Opijum se koristio za liječenje [[astma|astme]], želučanih bolesti i lošeg [[vid]]a. Opijum je postao glavna kolonijalna roba, krećući se legalno i ilegalno kroz trgovinske mreže na [[Indijski potkontinent|indijskom potkontinentu]], [[Kolonijalna historija Sjedinjenih Američkih Država|Kolonijalnim Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama]], [[dinastija Qing|Kini Qing]] i drugim zemljama.<ref name="Farooqui-2016">{{cite journal |last1=Farooqui |first1=Amar |date=December 2016 |title=The Global Career of Indian Opium and Local Destinies |url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/alm/n14/2236-4633-alm-14-00052.pdf |journal=Almanack |issue=14 |pages=52–73 |doi=10.1590/2236-463320161404 |access-date=5 September 2018 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Članovi [[Istočnoindijska kompanija|Istočnoindijske kompanije]] vidjeli su trgovinu opijumom kao investicijsku priliku počevši od 1683.<ref name="Asthana-1954">{{cite journal |vauthors=Asthana SN |date=1954 |title=The Cultivation of the Opium Poppy in India |url=https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1954-01-01_3_page002.html#s020 |journal=Bulletin on Narcotics |issue=3 |access-date=5 September 2018}}</ref> U 1773., guverner [[Bengal]]a uspostavio je monopol na proizvodnju bengalskog opijuma, u ime uprave Istočnoindijske kompanije. Uzgoj i proizvodnja indijskog opijuma dodatno su centralizirani i kontrolirani nizom zakona izdatih između 1797. i 1949. godine.<ref name="Asthana-1954"/><ref name="Deming-2011">{{cite journal |last1=Deming |first1=Sarah |date=2011 |title=The Economic Importance of Indian Opium and Trade with China on Britain's Economy, 1843–1890 |url=https://www.whitman.edu/Documents/Academics/Economics/Working%20Paper%20Contents/WP_25.pdf |journal=Economic Working Papers |volume=25 |issue=Spring |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112023133/https://www.whitman.edu/Documents/Academics/Economics/Working |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=5 September 2018}}</ref> Trgovci Istočnoindijske kompanije uravnotežili su ekonomski deficit od uvoza kineskog čaja, prodajom indijskog opijuma koji je krijumčaren u Kinu prkoseći zabranama vlade dinastije Qing. Ova trgovina dovela je do [[Prvi opijumski rat|Prvog]] i [[Drugi opijumski rat| Drugog opijumskog rata]].<ref name="Rinde-2018">{{cite journal |last1=Rinde |first1=Meir |date=2018 |title=Opioids' Devastating Return |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/opioids-devastating-return |journal=Distillations |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=12–23 |access-date=23 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="Deming-2011"/><ref name="Farooqui-2016"/><ref name="Mills-2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Mills |first1=James H. |date=2016 |title=Review of 'Opium and Empire in Southeast Asia: Regulating Consumption in British Burma' |url=https://www.recensio.net/rezensionen/zeitschriften/reviews-in-history/2016/october/opium-and-empire-in-southeast-asia |journal=Reviews in History |series=Cambridge imperial and post-colonial studies |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |doi=10.14296/RiH/2014/2010 |isbn=978-0-230-29646-6 |access-date=5 September 2018 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mnogi moderni pisci, posebno u 19. stoljeću, pisali su o opijumskom maku i njegovim efektima, posebno [[Thomas de Quincey]] u djelu ''[[Ispovijesti engleskog jedeča opijuma]]''. Francuski romantični kompozitor [[Hector Berlioz]] koristio je opijum za inspiraciju, naknadno stvarajući svoju [[Fantastična simfonija|Fantastičnu simfoniju]]. U ovom djelu, mladi umjetnik se predozira opijumom i doživljava niz vizija svoje neuzvraćene [[ljubav]]i. U SAD-u, [[Administracija za suzbijanje droga]] izvršila je raciju na imanje [[Thomas Jefferson| Thomasa Jeffersona]] u Monticello-u 1987. godine. Uklonili su biljke maka koje su kontinuirano bile zasađene tamo otkako je Jefferson bio živ i koristio opijum iz njih. Zaposleni u fondaciji također su uništili predmete iz suvenirnice poput majica s prikazom maka i paketića naslijeđenog [[sjeme]]na.<ref name="AlterNet-2010">{{cite journal |date=2 March 2010 |title=How the DEA Scrubbed Thomas Jefferson's Monticello Poppy Garden from Public Memory |url=https://www.alternet.org/story/145872/how_the_dea_scrubbed_thomas_jefferson%27s_monticello_poppy_garden_from_public_memory |url-status=live |journal=AlterNet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204005754/https://www.alternet.org/story/145872/how_the_dea_scrubbed_thomas_jefferson%27s_monticello_poppy_garden_from_public_memory |archive-date=4 December 2018 |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> ==Kultura== Opijumski mak (cvijet i plod) pojavljuje se na grbu [[Kraljevski koledž anesteziologa| Kraljevskog koledža anesteziologa]]. === Književnost === ==== More maka ==== {{Glavni|More maka}} More maka, fiktivni roman [[Amitav Ghosh|Amitava Ghosha]], koristi opijumski mak kao centralnu temu kroz cijelu naraciju, s glavnim okruženjem polja maka u [[ravnica rijeke Ganges|ravnici rijeke Ganges]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Amitav |title=Sea of Poppies |date=14 October 2008 |publisher=Viking Press |isbn=978-0-374-17422-4 |location=India}}</ref> {{clear}} ==Reference== {{reflist}} ==Dodatni izvori== * {{Cite book |last=Rätsch |first=Christian |title=The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants, Enthnopharmacology and Its Applications |date=2005 |publisher=Park Street Press |isbn=978-0-89281-978-2 |location=Rochester, Vermont |translator=John R. Baker, with assistance from Annabel Lee and Cornelia Ballent |oclc=57007969 |orig-date=German edition: 1998}} ==Vaanjski linkovi== {{Commons category|Papaver somniferum}} *[https://vizyonpara.com/hashas-yetistiriciligi/ ''Grow Papaver Somniferum''] from vizyonpara.com *[http://www.maltawildplants.com/PAPV/Papaver_somniferum_subsp_setigerum.php Comprehensive profile for ''Papaver somniferum''] from MaltaWildPlants.com *[http://opioids.com/opium/faq.html Opium FAQ v1.0] from Opioids.com *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090426104305/http://www.shaps.hawaii.edu/drugs/dea20026/dea20026.html Opium Poppy Cultivation and Heroin Processing in Southeast Asia] from the School of Pacific and Asian Studies {{Dead link|date=July 2022}} *[http://www.tni.org/briefing/downward-spiral "Downward Spiral – Banning Opium in Afghanistan and Burma", Transnational Institute TNI, Debate Paper, June 2005] *[http://www.tni.org/report/withdrawal-symptoms-golden-triangle-4 "Withdrawal Symptoms in the Golden Triangle – A Drugs Market in Disarray" TNI Paper by Tom Kramer et al.] * Chouvy P.A., 2009, [https://web.archive.org/web/20111026180046/http://www.geopium.org/opium_uncovering_politics_poppy_chouvy_ibtauris_harvard.htm "Opium. Uncovering the Politics of the Poppy"], London, I.B. Tauris (Cambridge, Harvard University Press: 2010) {{Opioidi}} {{Ljekovito bilje i gljive}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q131584}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategorija:Bilje]] [[Kategorija:Ljekovito bilje]] [[Kategorija:Morfin]] [[Kategorija:Opijum]] [[Kategorija:Enteogeni]] [[Kategorija:Soma (piće)]] [[Kategorija:Papaver|somniferum]] [[Kategorija:Biljke opisane 1753. godine]] [[Kategorija:Taksoni koje je imenovao Carl Linnaeus]] [[Kategorija:Ukrasne biljke]] [[Kategorija:Botanika]] k3gestu0u5wjlgzzkl9ijq8qz29597j 3849341 3849329 2026-05-25T20:18:08Z Genetičar 181151 3849341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italic title}} {{taksokvir |boja=lightgreen |naziv = Opijumski mak |slika=Papaver somniferum flowers.jpg | opis_slike = ''Papaver somniferum'' [[Köhlerove ljekovite biljke]], 1887. | regnum = [[Plantae]] | subregnum = [[Tracheobionta]] | phylum = [[Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | subclassis = [[Magnoliidae]] | ordo = [[Ranunculales]] | familia = [[Papaveraceae]] | subfamilia = [[Papaveroideae]] | tribus = [[Papavereae]] | genus = [[Papaver]] | species = '''''Papaver somniferum''''' | dvoimeno_autorstvo = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] 1753<ref>{{cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carl von |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358527 |title=Species Plantarum |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |year=1753 |volume=1 |page=508}}</ref> }} [[Slika:Papaver somniferum 002.jpg|thumb| Cvjetni pupoljak prije cvjetanja s dvije gole [[čašični list|čašice]] koje zatvaraju četiri valovite [[latica|latice]].]] '''''Papaver somniferum''''', opšte poznat kao '''opijumski mak''', [[bosanski|bos]] '''pitomi mak'''<ref name="PlantAtlas">{{cite web |title=Opium Poppy ''Papaver somniferum'' L. |url=https://plantatlas2020.org/atlas/2cd4p9h.yzf |access-date=3 January 2026 |website=PlantAtlas}}</ref> ili '''hljebnozrni mak''',<ref name="UniWisconsin">{{cite web |title=Breadseed or opium poppy, ''Papaver somniferum'' |url=https://wimastergardener.org/files/2017/06/Papaver_somniferum.pdf |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201121225506/https://wimastergardener.org/files/2017/06/Papaver_somniferum.pdf |archive-date=21 November 2020 |access-date=21 November 2020 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Extension, Master Gardener Program}}</ref> jeste [[vrsta]] [[cvjetnica]] iz [[porodica (biologija)|porodice]] ''[[Papaveraceae]]''. To je vrsta biljke od koje se dobijaju i [[opijum]] i [[makovo sjeme|makovo zrno]], a također je i vrijedna [[ukrasna biljka]] koja se uzgaja u baštama. Njeno izvorno područje rasprostranjenosti je zapadna [[mediteran|mediteranska regija]], ali je od tada zasjenjeno široko rasprostranjenim [[unesena vrsta|unošenjem]] i [[hortikultura|uzgojem]] od davnina do danas. Sada je [[Naturalizacija (biologija)|naturalizovana]] u većem dijelu svijeta s [[umjerena klima|umjerenom klimom]].<ref name="POWO"/> ==Opis== ''Papaver somniferum'' je [[jednogodišnja biljka|jednogodišnja]] [[zeljasta biljka]] koja raste do oko 100 cm|abbr=off|-1}} visine. Biljka je jako plavozelene boje, sivkasto-zelenog izgleda, a [[stabljika]] i [[listovi]] imaju rijetko raspoređene grube dlačice. Veliki listovi su režnjati, a gornji stabljilni listovi obuhvataju stabljiku,<ref name="Stace-2019"/> donji listovi s kratkom peteljkom.<ref name="Clapham-1981">{{cite book |last1=Clapham |first1=A.R. |title=Excursion flora of the British Isles |last2=Tutin |first2=T.G. |last3=Warburg |first3=E.F. |date=1981 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-23290-6 |edition=3 |location=Cambridge, U.K.}}</ref>{{rp|40}} [[Cvjetovi]]] su promjera do 8–18 cm, obično s četiri crvene, bijele ili ljubičaste latice, često s tamnom mrljom u podnožju svake latice.<ref name="Streeter">{{cite book |last=Streeter |first=David |title=Flower Guide |date=2010 |publisher=Collins |isbn=978-0-00-718389-0 |publication-place=London |page=90}}</ref> [[Plod]] je bezdlakava, okrugla [[kapsula (plod)|kapsula]] na vrhu sa 12–18 zrakastih [[tićak (botanika)|stigmatskih]] zraka ili žljebasta kapa.<ref name="Reader's Digest-1981">{{cite book |title=Reader's Digest Field Guide to the Wild Flowers of Britain |publisher=Reader's Digest |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-276-00217-5 |page=32}}</ref> All parts of the plant exude white latex when wounded.<ref name="Stace-2019">{{cite book |last=Stace |first=C. A. |author-link=Stace, C. A. |title=New Flora of the British Isles |publisher=C & M Floristics |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-5272-2630-2 |edition=Fourth |location=Middlewood Green, Suffolk, U.K.}}</ref>{{rp|93}}<ref name="Blamey-2003">{{cite book |last1=Blamey |first1=M. |title=Wild flowers of Britain and Ireland: The Complete Guide to the British and Irish Flora. |last2=Fitter |first2=R. |last3=Fitter |first3=A |publisher=A & C Black |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-4081-7950-5 |location=London}}</ref>{{rp|32}} ==Biologija== === Metabolizam === [[Alkaloid]]i su organski dušični spojevi, derivati [[sekundarni metabolizam|sekundarnog metabolizma]], sintetizirani metaboličkim putem benzilizohinolina.<ref name="Ye-2018"/> Prvo, [[aminokiselina]] [[fenilalanin]], putem [[enzim]]a [[fenilalanin-hidroksilaza]], transformira se u [[tirozin]]. Tirozin može slijediti dva različita puta: putem tirozin-hidroksilaze može formirati L-[[dopamin]] ([[L-DOPA]]), ili se može reducirati da bi se formirao 4-fenilhidroksiacetaldehid (4-HPAA). Nakon toga, L-DOPA reagira sa 4-HPAA i, kroz niz reakcija, formira (S)-[[norkoklaurin]], koji nosi [[benzilizohinolin]]ski skelet koji je dao ime ovom putu. Konverzija (S)-norkoklaurina u (S)-retikulin je jedna od ključnih tačaka, budući da se iz (S)-[[retikulin]]a, [[morfin]] može formirati putem morfinana, a noskapin putem noskapina ili [[berberin]]a.<ref name="Ye-2018">{{Cite journal |last1=Ye |first1=Kai |last2=Graham |first2=Ian A. |last3=Bowser |first3=Tim A. |last4=Lu |first4=Ying |last5=Teodor |first5=Roxana |last6=He |first6=Zhesi |last7=Ning |first7=Zemin |last8=Li |first8=Yi |last9=Yang |first9=Xiaofei |date=19 October 2018 |title=The opium poppy genome and morphinan production |url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/135262/1/aat4096_ArticleContent_plus_figures.pdf |journal=Science |volume=362 |issue=6412 |pages=343–347 |bibcode=2018Sci...362..343G |doi=10.1126/science.aat4096 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=30166436 |s2cid=52137369 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Genom === [[Genom]] maka sadrži 51.213 [[gen]]a koji [[kodon|kodiraju]] [[protein]]e, raspoređenih 81,6% u 11 pojedinačnih [[hromosom]]a, a 18,4% ostaje u nepostavljenim skelama.<ref name="Ye-2018"/> Osim toga, 70,9% genoma čine repetitivni elementi, od kojih su najzastupljeniji dugi terminalni ponovljeni [[retrotranspozon]]i. Ovo obogaćivanje gena povezano je s održavanjem [[homeostaza| homeostaze]] i pozitivnom regulacijom [[transkripcija (genetika)|transkripcije]].<ref name="Ye-2018"/> Analiza sinergije opijumskog maka otkriva tragove [[duplikacija (genetika)|segmentnih duplikacija]] prije 110 miliona godina (MYA), prije divergencije između ''Papaveraceae'' i ''[[Ranunculaceae]]'', a događaj duplikacije kompletnog genoma čini 7,8 MYA. Geni su moguće grupirani na sljedeći način:<ref name="Ye-2018" /> * Geni odgovorni za konverziju (S)-retikulina u noskapin nalaze se na [[hromosom]]u 11. * Geni odgovorni za konverziju (S)-[[retikulin]]a u tebain nalaze se na hromosomu 11. * Geni odgovorni za konverziju tebaina nalaze se na hromosomu 1, hromosomu 2, hromosomu 7 i možda drugima. == Ekologija == === Bolesti === ''P. somniferum'' podložan je nekoliko gljivičnih, insektskih i virusnih [[infekcija]], uključujući bolesti koje se prenose sjemenom, kao što su [[peronospora]] i [[trulež korijena]]. Upotreba [[pesticid]]a u kombinaciji s metodama uzgoja smatra se glavnom mjerom kontrole različitih bolesti maka.<ref name="Singh-2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Akanksha |last2=Gupta |first2=Rupali |last3=Saikia |first3=Shilpi K. |last4=Pant |first4=Aakanksha |last5=Pandey |first5=Rakesh |date=December 2016 |title=Diseases of medicinal and aromatic plants, their biological impact and management |journal=Plant Genetic Resources |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=370–383 |bibcode=2016PGRCU..14..370S |doi=10.1017/S1479262116000307 |issn=1479-2621 |s2cid=88963681}}</ref> Gljivični patogen ''[[Peronospora arborescens]]'', uzročnik peronospore, prvenstveno se javlja tokom vlažnih i vlažnih uslova.<ref name="Wilfried-2000"/> Ova [[oomicete|oomiceta]] prodire u korijenje putem [[oospora]] i inficira listove kao [[konidija]] u sekundarnoj infekciji.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Voglmayr |first1=Hermann |last2=Montes-Borrego |first2=Miguel |last3=Landa |first3=Blanca B. |date=7 May 2014 |title=Disentangling Peronospora on Papaver: Phylogenetics, Taxonomy, Nomenclature and Host Range of Downy Mildew of Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum) and Related Species |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=9 |issue=5 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...996838V |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0096838 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4013089 |pmid=24806292 |doi-access=free |article-number=e96838}}</ref> [[Gljiva]] uzrokuje [[hipertrofija|hipertrofiju]] i zakrivljenost stabljike i cvjetnih drški.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bajpai |first1=S. |last2=Gupta |first2=M. M. |last3=Kumar |first3=S. |date=September 1999 |title=Identification of Indian Landraces of Opium Poppy Papaver somniferum Resistant to Damping-off and Downy Mildew Fungal Diseases |journal=Journal of Phytopathology |volume=147 |issue=9 |pages=535–538 |bibcode=1999JPhyt.147..535B |doi=10.1046/j.1439-0434.1999.147009535.x |issn=0931-1785}}</ref> Simptomi su [[hloroza]] i uvijanje zahvaćenog tkiva s nekrotičnim mrljama.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Barnawal |first1=D. |last2=Pandey |first2=S.S. |last3=Bharti |first3=N. |last4=Pandey |first4=A. |last5=Ray |first5=T. |last6=Singh |first6=S. |last7=Chanotiya |first7=C.S. |last8=Kalra |first8=A. |date=3 April 2017 |title=ACC deaminase-containing plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria protect Papaver somniferum from downy mildew |journal=Journal of Applied Microbiology |volume=122 |issue=5 |pages=1286–1298 |doi=10.1111/jam.13417 |issn=1364-5072 |pmid=28186676 |s2cid=33398558}}</ref> Donja površina lista prekrivena je premazom peronospore koji sadrži [[konidija|konidiospore]] koje šire infekciju dalje što dovodi do oštećenja i smrti biljke.<ref name="Kapoor-1995">{{Cite book |last=D. |first=Kapoor, L. |title=Opium poppy: botany, chemistry, and pharmacology |date=1995 |publisher=Food Products Press |isbn=978-1-56024-923-8 |location=New York |oclc=30544395}}</ref> Druga vrsta peronospore, ''[[Peronospora|Peronospora somniferi]]'', uzrokuje sistemske infekcije koje dovode do zaostajanja u rastu i deformacije biljaka maka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Thangavel |first1=T. |last2=Wilson |first2=C. R. |last3=Jones |first3=S. |last4=Scott |first4=J. B. |last5=Voglmayr |first5=H. |date=February 2017 |title=First Report of Systemic Downy Mildew of Opium Poppy Caused by Peronospora somniferi in Australia |journal=Plant Disease |volume=101 |issue=2 |page=392 |bibcode=2017PlDis.101..392T |doi=10.1094/pdis-06-16-0796-pdn |issn=0191-2917 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Peronospora može se preventivno suzbijati u početnoj fazi razvoja [[sjeme]]na, putem primjene nekoliko [[fungicid]]a. Peronospora lišća uzrokovana gljivicom ''[[Helminthosporium solani|Helminthosporium papaveris]]'' jedna je od najrazornijih bolesti maka širom svijeta. Gljivica koja se prenosi sjemenom uzrokuje truhljenje korijena kod mladih biljaka i zakržljale stabljike kod biljaka u višoj fazi razvoja, gdje se na listovima pojavljuju pjege i prenose se na čahure i sjeme.<ref name="Kapoor-1995"/> Rana sjetva sjemena i duboko oranje ostataka maka mogu smanjiti gljivični inokulum tokom vegetacijske sezone biljke u sljedećoj godini na susjednim zalihama maka.<ref name="Wilfried-2000" /> [[Mozaična bolest|Mozaične bolesti]] kod ''P. somniferum'' uzrokovane su [[virus duhanske zvečkarice|virusom zvečkarice]] i [[karlavirus]]om.<ref name="Singh-2016"/> U 2006., novi virus, okvirno nazvan "virus mozaika opijumskog maka" (OPMV) iz roda ''[[Umbravirus]]'', izoliran je iz ''P. somniferum'', a koji sadrži simptome mozaika lista i pjegavosti, na [[Novi Zeland|Novom Zelandu]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tang |first1=Joe |last2=Lebas |first2=Bénédicte |last3=Liefting |first3=Lia |last4=Veerakone |first4=Stella |last5=Wei |first5=Ting |last6=Ward |first6=Lisa |date=29 October 2015 |title=Opium poppy mosaic virus, a new umbravirus isolated from Papaver somniferum in New Zealand |journal=Archives of Virology |volume=161 |issue=1 |pages=197–201 |doi=10.1007/s00705-015-2651-4 |issn=0304-8608 |pmid=26514844 |s2cid=16114366}}</ref> === Štetočine === Postoji samo nekoliko [[štetočina]] koje mogu naštetiti ''P.&nbsp;somniferum''.<ref name="Wilfried-2000" /> Buhe buše listove mladih biljaka, a [[lisne uši]] sišu sok cvjetnih [[pupoljak]]a.<ref name="Wilfried-2000"/> Makov žižak (''[[Stenocarus ruficornis]]'') je još jedna značajna štetočina. [[Insekt]] živi u tlu i migrira u proljeće na polja maka nakon nicanja usjeva. Odrasle jedinke oštećuju listove malih biljaka jedući ih. Ženke polažu jaja u tkivo donjih listova. Larve insekata se izlegu i ukopavaju u tlo, kako bi kao odrasle jedinke završile svoj [[životni ciklus]] na [[korijen]]ju maka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bečka |first1=D. |last2=Cihlář |first2=P. |last3=Vlažný |first3=P. |last4=Pazderů |first4=K. |last5=Vašák |first5=J. |date=3 October 2014 |title=Poppy root weevils (Stenocarus ruficornis, Stephens 1831) control in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) |journal=Plant, Soil and Environment |volume=60 |issue=10 |pages=470–474 |doi=10.17221/417/2014-pse |issn=1214-1178 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Kultivacija== U razvoju rasta vrste ''P. somniferum'' može se razlikovati šest faza. Razvoj rasta počinje rastom [[sadnica]]. U drugom koraku formiraju se listovi i stabljike tipa rozete. Nakon toga, kao treći korak, odvija se pupanje (faza kuke). Fazu kuke prati [[cvjetanje]]. Nakon toga, dostiže se tehnička zrelost, što znači da je biljka spremna za rezidbu. Posljednji korak je biološka zrelost; suho sjeme sazrijeva. Čini se da je [[fotoperiod]] glavni faktor razvoja [[cvijet]]a ''P.&nbsp;somniferum''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mahdavi-Damghani |first1=Abdolmajid |last2=Kamkar |first2=Behnam |last3=Al-Ahmadi |first3=Majid Jami |last4=Testi |first4=Luca |last5=Muñoz-Ledesma |first5=Francisco J. |last6=Villalobos |first6=Francisco J. |date=October 2010 |title=Water stress effects on growth, development and yield of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) |journal=Agricultural Water Management |volume=97 |issue=10 |pages=1582–1590 |bibcode=2010AgWM...97.1582M |doi=10.1016/j.agwat.2010.05.011 |hdl=10261/94915 |issn=0378-3774}}</ref> ''P.&nbsp;somniferum'' pokazuje vrlo spor razvoj na početku vegetacijskog perioda. Zbog toga je konkurencija [[korov]]a vrlo velika u ranim fazama. Vrlo je važno efikasno suzbijati korov u prvih 50 dana nakon sjetve.<ref name="Gaur-1986">{{Cite journal |last1=Gaur |first1=B. L. |last2=Gupta |first2=P. C. |last3=Sharma |first3=D. D. |date=January 1986 |title=Weed management in opium poppy Papaver somniferumL. |journal=Tropical Pest Management |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=267–268 |doi=10.1080/09670878609371076 |issn=0143-6147}}</ref> Osim toga, ''Papaver somniferum'' je prilično osjetljiv na herbicide. Primjena [[herbicid]]a hlortoluron prije nicanja pokazala se učinkovitom u smanjenju nivoa korova.<ref name="Gaur-1986"/> Međutim, u posljednjoj deceniji suzbijanje korova kod ''Papaver somniferum'' prešlo je s tretmana prije nicanja na tretmane nakon [[klijanje|nicanja]].<ref name="Pinke-2014">{{Cite journal |last1=Pinke |first1=Gyula |last2=Tóth |first2=Kálmán |last3=Kovács |first3=Attila J. |last4=Milics |first4=Gábor |last5=Varga |first5=Zoltán |last6=Blazsek |first6=Katinka |last7=Gál |first7=Katalin E. |last8=Botta-Dukát |first8=Zoltán |date=3 July 2014 |title=Use of mesotrione and tembotrione herbicides for post-emergence weed control in alkaloid poppy (Papaver somniferum) |journal=International Journal of Pest Management |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=187–195 |doi=10.1080/09670874.2014.953622 |issn=0967-0874 |s2cid=83721260}}</ref> Posebno je popularna primjena dva [[herbicid]]a, [[mezotrion]]a i [[tembotrion]]a. Kombinirana primjena ova dva herbicida pokazala se preporučljivom za efikasno suzbijanje korova u ''Papaver somniferum''.<ref name="Pinke-2014"/> Vrijeme sjetve (jesen ili proljeće), prethodni usjev i tekstura tla važne su varijable koje utiču na sastav vrsta korova. Pokazalo se da je ''[[Papaver rhoeas]]'' vrlo zastupljena vrsta korova na poljima ''Papaver somniferum''.<ref name="Pinke-2014" />ref name="Pinke-2014" /><ref name="Pinke-2011">{{Cite journal |last1=PINKE |first1=G |last2=PÁL |first2=R W |last3=TÓTH |first3=K |last4=KARÁCSONY |first4=P |last5=CZÚCZ |first5=B |last6=BOTTA-DUKÁT |first6=Z |date=16 September 2011 |title=Weed vegetation of poppy (Papaver somniferum) fields in Hungary: effects of management and environmental factors on species composition |journal=Weed Research |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=621–630 |bibcode=2011WeedR..51..621P |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3180.2011.00885.x |issn=0043-1737}}</ref> ''Papaver somniferum'' i ''Papaver rhoeas'' su [[Biološka specifičnost|kongeneri]] i pripadaju istoj porodici biljaka, što otežava hemijsku kontrolu ove korovske vrste.<ref name="Pinke-2011"/> Stoga, suzbijanje [[korov]]a predstavlja veliki izazov i zahtijeva tehnološko znanje od poljoprivrednika.<ref name="Pinke-2011"/> Da bi se povećala efikasnost suzbijanja korova, ne treba primjenjivati samo hemijsko, već i mehaničko (ručno).<ref name="Pinke-2011"/> Za ''P. somniferum'' preporučuje se gustina rasta od 70 do 80 biljaka po kvadratnom metru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An overview of the Tasmanian poppy industry |url=https://grdc.com.au/resources-and-publications/grdc-update-papers/tab-content/grdc-update-papers/2014/07/an-overview-of-the-tasmanian-poppy-industry |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328004417/https://grdc.com.au/resources-and-publications/grdc-update-papers/tab-content/grdc-update-papers/2014/07/an-overview-of-the-tasmanian-poppy-industry |archive-date=28 March 2020 |access-date=19 January 2020 |website=Grains Research and Development Corporation |language=en-AU}}</ref> Prinos pretvaranja [[lateks]]a u [[biomasa|biomasu]] najveći je u uslovima blagog nedostatka vode.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mahdavi-Damghani |first1=Abdolmajid |last2=Kamkar |first2=Behnam |last3=Al-Ahmadi |first3=Majid Jami |last4=Testi |first4=Luca |last5=Muñoz-Ledesma |first5=Francisco J. |last6=Villalobos |first6=Francisco J. |date=2010 |title=Water stress effects on growth, development and yield of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378377410001733 |journal=Agricultural Water Management |language=en |volume=97 |issue=10 |pages=1582–1590 |bibcode=2010AgWM...97.1582M |doi=10.1016/j.agwat.2010.05.011 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ===Kao ukrasna biljka=== Žive biljke i sjeme opijumskog maka se široko prodaju od strane kompanija za sjeme i rasadnika u većem dijelu zapadnog svijeta, uključujući [[SAD|Sjedinjene Američke Države]]. Mak je tražen među vrtlarima zbog žive boje cvijeća, otpornosti i pouzdanosti biljaka maka, egzotičnog čokoladno-biljnog mirisa nekih [[kultivar]]a i jednostavnosti uzgoja biljaka iz kupljenih sadnica ili direktnom sjetvom sjemena. Čahure sjemena maka se također prodaju za aranžmane od suhog cvijeća. Iako su "opijumski mak i papaver" navedeni u Prilogu II Zakona o kontroliranim supstancama Sjedinjenih Američkih Država, ''P. somniferum'' može se legalno uzgajati u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama kao sjemenska kultura ili kao [[ukrasna biljka]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Culinary Poppy Cultivation |url=http://agsyst.wsu.edu/CulinaryPoppy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421041214/http://agsyst.wsu.edu/CulinaryPoppy.html |archive-date=21 April 2021 |access-date=14 May 2021 |website=WSU Mount Vernon NWREC |publisher=Washington State University}}</ref> Tokom ljeta, opijumski mak se može vidjeti kako cvjeta u vrtovima širom Sjeverne Amerike i Evrope, a eksponati se nalaze u mnogim privatnim zasadima, kao i u javnim botaničkim i muzejskim vrtovima kao što su [[Botanički vrt Sjedinjenih Država]], [[Botanički vrt Missourija]] i [[Botanički vrt Sjeverne Karoline]]. Mnoge zemlje uzgajaju ove biljke, a neke se uveliko oslanjaju na komercijalnu proizvodnju droge kao glavni izvor prihoda. Kao dodatni izvor profita, sjeme istih biljaka se prodaje za upotrebu u hrani, tako da je uzgoj biljke značajan izvor prihoda. Ova međunarodna trgovina sjemenkama ''P. somniferum'' riješena je rezolucijom UN-a "za borbu protiv međunarodne trgovine ilegalnim sjemenkama opijumskog maka" 28. jula 1998. godine. <gallery> Poppy from above.JPG| Crveni [[cvijet]] opijumskog maka Český-modrý-mák detail-květu.jpg| Češki plavi cvijet maka Cesky-modry-mak detail.jpg| Češki plavi mak </gallery> ==Rasprostranjenost i stanište== Autorno područje opijumskog maka je vjerovatno [[Makaronezija]], zapadni i centralni [[Mediteran]] <ref>{{cite web | title=Papaver somniferum L. &#124; Plants of the World Online &#124; Kew Science | url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:673724-1/general-information }}</ref>, ali ekstenzivni uzgoj i uvođenje ove vrste širom Evrope od davnina prikrili su njeno porijeklo. Izbjegla je uzgoj ili je unesena i naturalizirana u svim regijama [[UK|Britanskih ostrva]], posebno na jugu i istoku, a njeno sjeme je pronađeno u arheološkom materijalu koji datira još iz [[bronzano doba|bronzanog doba]]<ref name="PlantAtlas"/> i u gotovo svim drugim zemljama svijeta s pogodnom, umjerenom klimom.<ref name="GBIF.org">{{cite web |title=Papaver somniferum L. |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/2888439 |publisher=Global Biodiversity Information Facility, GBIF.org |location=Copenhagen, Denmark}}</ref> == Taksonomija == ''Papaver somniferum'' dobio je svoje [[prihvaćeno ime]] od strane švedskog botaničara [[Carl Linnaeus|Carla Linea]] na stranici 508 njegove ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' u 1753.<ref name="POWO">{{Cite POWO |last1=POWO |date=2025 |id=673724-1 |title=''Papaver somniferum'' L. |access-date=20 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=673724-1 |title=Papaveraceae Papaver somniferum L. |publisher=ipni.org |volume=1 |access-date=1 November 2017}}</ref> Klasificiran je u [[rod (biologija)|rod]] ''[[Papaver]]'' unutar veće porodice ''[[Papaveraceae]]''. Između njih postoje dvije prihvaćene [[podvrsta|podvrste]] i jedan prirodni [[hibrid (biologija)|hibrid]]:<ref name="POWO" /> * ''Papaver somniferum'' notosubsp. ''authemanii''<br>Ovaj prirodni hibrid porijeklom je iz [[Francuska|Francuske]]. Prvi put je opisan kao hibrid pod nazivom ''Papaver'' × ''authemanii'' 1893. godine i reklasificiran je u svoje prihvaćeno ime 2012.<ref name="POWO nothosubsp ">{{Cite POWO |last1=POWO |date=2025 |id=77125461-1 |title=''Papaver somniferum'' nothosubsp. ''authemanii'' (Rouy) B.Bock |access-date=20 December 2025}}</ref> * ''Papaver somniferum'' subsp. ''setigerum''<br>Ova podvrsta je prvi put nazvana ''Papaver setigerum'' 1815. godine od strane [[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle]]. Reklasifikovana je kao podvrsta 1882. godine od strane [[Giovanni Arcangeli| Giovannija Arcangelija]]. Njeno izvorno područje rasprostranjenosti je [[Sjeverna Afrika]], od [[Maroko|Maroka]] do [[Libija|Libije]] i u južnoj Evropi od [[Portugal]]a do [[Italija|Italije]].<ref name="POWO subsp setigerum">{{Cite POWO |last1=POWO |date=2025 |id=60453010-2 |title=''Papaver somniferum'' subsp. ''setigerum'' (DC.) Arcang. |access-date=20 December 2025}}</ref> * ''Papaver somniferum'' subsp. ''somniferum ''<br>[[Autonim (botanika)|Autonimska]] [[podvrsta]] je [[kultigen]], biljka koja je razvijena ljudskom [[vještačka selekcija|selekcijom]].<ref name="POWO subsp somniferum">{{Cite POWO |last1=POWO |date=2025 |id=111359-3 |title=''Papaver somniferum'' subsp. ''somniferum'' |access-date=20 December 2025}}</ref> Opijumski mak ima {{table row counter|id=Synonyms}} [[Sinonim (botanika)|sinonimi]] svoje dvije podvrste i hibrid.<ref name="POWO nothosubsp" /><ref name="POWO subsp setigerum" /><ref name="POWO subsp somniferum" /> {|class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Tabela sinonima ! Ime ! Godina ! Rang ! Sinonim za: ! Bilješke |- | ''Papaver album'' {{small|Mill.}} | 1768 |data-sort-value=A | vrsta | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver album-nigrum'' {{small|Crantz}} | 1763 |data-sort-value=A | vrsta | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver amoenum'' {{small|Lindl.}} | 1839 |data-sort-value=A | vrsta | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver amplexicaule'' {{small|Stokes}} | 1812 |data-sort-value=A | vrste | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver apodocarpum'' {{small|Hussenot}} | 1835 |data-sort-value=A | vrste | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver × authemanii'' {{small|Rouy}} | 1893 |data-sort-value=J | hibrid | nothosubsp. ''authemanii'' |data-sort-value=A | ≡ hom. |- | ''Papaver glabrum'' {{small|Gilib.}} | 1782 |data-sort-value=A | vrste | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het., [[opus utique oppr.]] |- | ''Papaver glaucum'' var. ''leukum'' {{small|Rothm.}} | 1954 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver hortense'' {{small|Hussenot}} | 1835 |data-sort-value=A | vrste | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver hortense'' {{small|Garsault}} | 1764 |data-sort-value=A | vrste | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het., [[opus utique rej.]] |- | ''Papaver indehiscens'' {{small|Dumort.}} | 1827 |data-sort-value=A | vrste | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver nigrum'' {{small|Garsault}} | 1764 |data-sort-value=A | vrste | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het., [[opus utique rej.]] |- | ''Papaver nigrum'' {{small|(DC.) Ser.}} | 1845 |data-sort-value=A | vrste | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver officinale'' {{mali|C.C.Gmel.}} | 1806 |data-sort-value=A | vrsta | podvrsta ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver officinale'' var. ''monstrosum'' {{mali|Göpp.}} | 1851 |data-sort-value=D | sorta | podvrsta ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver opiiferum'' {{mali|Forssk.}} | 1775 |data-sort-value=A | vrsta | podvrsta ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver opiiferum'' var. ''album'' {{small|DC.}} | 1821 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver paeoniiflorum'' {{small|(Alef.) Corrêa}} | 1926 |data-sort-value=A | podvrste | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver polycephalum'' {{small|E.Vilm.}} | 1863 |data-sort-value=A | vrste | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver setigerum'' {{small|DC.}} | 1815 |data-sort-value=A | vrste | subsp. ''setigerum'' |data-sort-value=A | ≡ hom. |- | ''Papaver setigerum'' var. ''muticum'' {{small|Regel}} | 1856 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''setigerum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver setigerum'' var. ''nigrum'' {{small|(Garsault) P.Fourn.}} | 1936 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver setigerum'' var. ''valdesetosum'' {{small|Maire}} | 1935 |data-sort-value=D | varijetet | subsp. ''setigerum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''album'' {{mali|(Mill.) DC.}} | 1821 |data-sort-value=D | varijetet | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' f. ''album'' {{mali|(Mill.) Kuntze}} | 1887 |data-sort-value=F | oblik | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' convar. ''album'' {{mali|(Mill.) Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=G | konvarijet | podvrsta ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''apodocarpum'' {{small|(Hussenot) Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''atroviolaceum'' {{small|Maire}} | 1934 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''setigerum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | Podvar "Papaver somniferum". ''atroviolaceum'' {{small|(Maire) Maire}} | 1964 |data-sort-value=E | podvrsta | subsp. ''setigerum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''austroviolaceum'' {{mala|posuda.}} | 1975 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''cezijum'' {{mali|Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''coccineum'' {{small|Maire}} | 1932 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''setigerum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''dinokarpum'' {{mali|Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=D | sorta | podvrsta ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' f. ''dissectum'' {{mali|Kuntze}} | 1887 |data-sort-value=F | oblik | podvrsta ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' convar. ''drogist'' {{mali|(Basil. & Žuk.) Posuda.}} | 1975 |data-sort-value=G | konvariejetet | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''genuinovilaceum'' {{mala|posuda.}} | 1975 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''glabrum'' {{small|Boiss.}} | 1867 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''griseum'' {{mali|Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''haageanum'' {{mali|Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' subsp. ''hortenzija'' {{small|Arcang.}} | 1882 |data-sort-value=B | podvrsta | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' podvrsta ''hortense'' {{mali|(Hussenot) Syme}} | 1863 |data-sort-value=B | podvrsta | podvrsta ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''hortense'' {{mali|(Hussenot) Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=D | varijetet | podvrsta ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''hortense'' {{mali|(Hussenot) Rouy & Foucaud}} | 1893 |data-sort-value=D | varijetet | podvrsta ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''hussenotii'' {{mali|Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' convar. ''indicum'' {{mala|posuda.}} | 1975 |data-sort-value=G | konvarijetet | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het., [[bez tipa.]] |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' f. ''laciniatum'' {{small|Kuntze}} | 1887 |data-sort-value=F | forma | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''leucum'' {{mali|(Rothm.) K.Hammer}} | 1987 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''luteum'' {{mali|Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' f. ''marginatum'' {{small|Kuntze}} | 1887 |data-sort-value=F | forma | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum monstrosum'' {{small|Van Houtte ex T.Moore}} | 1860 |data-sort-value=J | | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' subsp. ''nigrum'' {{small|Schübl. & G.Martens}} | 1834 |data-sort-value=B | podvrsta | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het., [[nom. ileg.]] |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' subsp. ''nigrum'' {{small|(DC.) Thell.}} | 1908 |data-sort-value=B | podvrsta | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''nigrum'' {{small|DC.}} | 1821 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' f. ''nigrum'' {{mali|(DC.) Kuntze}} | 1887 |data-sort-value=F | forma | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' convar. ''nigrum'' {{mali|(DC.) Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=G | konvarijetet | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' subsp. ''officinale'' {{small|(C.C.Gmel.) Bonnier & Layens}} | 1894 |data-sort-value=B | podvrsta | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''officinale'' {{small|(C.C.Gmel.) Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' proles ''officinale'' {{small|(C.C.Gmel.) Rouy & Foucaud}} | 1893 |data-sort-value=C | proles | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' convar. ''opiiferum'' {{mala|(Forssk.) Posuda.}} | 1975 |data-sort-value=G | konvarijetet | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' subsp. ''opiiferum'' {{small|(Forssk.) Juel, Cedergr. & Örtendahl}} | 1914 |data-sort-value=B | podvrsta | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''paeoniiflorum'' {{small|Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' f. ''poecilospermum'' {{mali|(Alef.) Kuntze}} | 1887 |data-sort-value=F | forma | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' convar. ''poecilospermum'' {{small|Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=G | konvarijetet | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''pullatum'' {{mala|posuda.}} | 1975 |data-sort-value=D | sorta | podvrsta ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''kvasandum'' {{mali|Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''rozeum'' {{mali|Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''rubelum'' {{mala|posuda.}} | 1975 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''setigerum'' {{small|(DC.) Webb & Berthel.}} | 1836 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''setigerum'' |data-sort-value=A | ≡ hom. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' proles ''setigerum'' {{small|(DC.) Rouy & Foucaud}} | 1893 |data-sort-value=C | prole | subsp. ''setigerum'' |data-sort-value=A | ≡ hom. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''stipitatum'' {{mali|(Husenot) Alef.}} | 1866 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' convar. ''tarbagataicum'' {{mala|(Basil.) Posuda.}} | 1975 |data-sort-value=G | konvarijetet | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' f. ''trobojna'' {{small|Kuntze}} | 1887 |data-sort-value=F | forma | subsp. ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''valdesetosum'' {{small|(Maire) Maire}} | 1964 |data-sort-value=D | raznolikost | subsp. ''setigerum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver somniferum'' var. ''violiflorum'' {{mala|Posuda.}} | 1975 |data-sort-value=D | sorta | podvrsta ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver stipitatum'' {{mala|Hussenot}} | 1835 |data-sort-value=A | vrsta | podvrsta ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Papaver sylvestre'' {{mala|Godr.}} | 1854 |data-sort-value=A | vrsta | podvrsta ''somniferum'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- !colspan=4 style="text-align: left;" | Napomene: ≡ [[homotipski sinonim]] ; = [[heterotipski sinonim]] |} ===Kultivari === ''P.&nbsp;somniferum'' ima veoma dugu tradiciju upotrebe, počevši od neolita. Ovaj dugi vremenski period omogućio je razvoj širokog spektra različitih oblika. Ukupno postoji 52 botaničke [[sorta (botanika)|sorte]].<ref name="Dittbrenner-2009"/> Uzgoj ''P. somniferum'' suočava se s izazovom uzrokovanim kontradiktornim ciljevima uzgoja za ovu vrstu.<ref name="Dittbrenner-2009"/> S jedne strane, za medicinsku upotrebu potreban je vrlo visok sadržaj [[alkaloid]]a. Globalna potražnja za alkaloidima i njihovim farmaceutskim derivatima porasla je posljednjih godina. Stoga postoji potreba za razvojem kultivara s visokim prinosom opijuma.<ref name="Yadav-2006">{{Cite journal |last1=Yadav |first1=Hemant K. |last2=Shukla |first2=S. |last3=Singh |first3=S. P. |date=16 August 2006 |title=Genetic Variability and Interrelationship Among Opium and its Alkaloids in Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) |journal=Euphytica |volume=150 |issue=1–2 |pages=207–214 |bibcode=2006Euphy.150..207Y |doi=10.1007/s10681-006-9111-x |issn=0014-2336 |s2cid=25242061}}</ref> S druge strane, prehrambena [[industrija]] zahtijeva da sadržaj alkaloida bude što je moguće niži.<ref name="Dittbrenner-2009">{{Cite journal |last=Dittbrenner |first=A. |date=2009 |title=Variability of alkaloid content in Papaver somniferum L . |journal=Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality |volume=107 |pages=103–107}}</ref> Također postoje mnoge ukrasne sorte odabrane zbog boje ili broja [[latica]] ili drugih karakteristika. Postoje sorte s dvostrukim cvjetovima, često nazivane božurom ili 'paeoniflorum' u nizu boja. Postoje čak i sorte odabrane zbog oblika svojih čahura, kao što je 'Hen and Chickens' s manjim mahunama oko veće središnje čahure.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grey-Wilson |first1=Christopher |url=https://archive.org/details/poppiesguidetopo0000grey |title=Poppies : A Guide to the Poppy Family in the Wild and in Cultivation |date=1993 |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=978-0-88192-232-5 |location=Portland, Oregon |pages=72, 132–137 |access-date=28 December 2025 |url-access=registration}}</ref> ==Upotreba== Ovaj mak se uzgaja kao poljoprivredna kultura u velikim razmjerima, za jednu od tri primarne svrhe; za proizvodnju sjemena, za proizvodnju [[opijum]]a za upotrebu uglavnom u farmaceutskoj industriji,<ref name="Bradsher-2014">{{cite news |last1=Bradsher |first1=Keith |date=19 July 2014 |title=Shake-Up on Opium Island |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/20/business/international/tasmania-big-supplier-to-drug-companies-faces-changes.html |access-date=8 January 2018 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> i za proizvodnju drugih [[alkaloid]]a (uglavnom [[tebain]]a i [[oripavin]]a) koje farmaceutske kompanije prerađuju u lijekove poput [[hidrokodon]]a i [[oksikodon]]a.<ref name="Bradsher-2014"/> Svaki od ovih ciljeva ima posebne sorte koje su usmjerene na jedno od ovih preduzeća, a napori u uzgoju (uključujući [[biotehnologija|biotehnološke]]) su u kontinuitetu u toku.<ref name="Bradsher-2014"/><ref name="Gaevskii-1999">{{cite journal |last=Gaevskii |first=A.V. |date=1999 |title=On the intraspecies classification of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) |journal=Khimiko-Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=32–36 |doi=10.1007/BF02508453 |s2cid=9716321}}</ref><ref name="Chaturvedi-2014">{{cite journal |last=Chaturvedi |first=Nidarshana |date=2014 |title=Latex-less opium poppy: cause for less latex and reduced peduncle strength) |url=http://staff.cimap.res.in/PublicationFiles/Physiologia_Plantarum_50436.pdf |journal=Physiologia Plantarum |volume=150 |issue=3 |pages=436–445 |bibcode=2014PPlan.150..436C |doi=10.1111/ppl.12086 |pmid=24033330 |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> Relativno mala količina sjemena ''P. somniferum'' također se komercijalno proizvodi u ukrasne svrhe. Danas je uzgojeno mnogo [[kultivar]]a koji ne proizvode značajnu količinu opijuma.<ref name="UniWisconsin"/><ref name="Gaevskii-1999"/> Kultivar 'Sujata' uopće ne proizvodi [[lateks]].<ref name="Chaturvedi-2014"/> Ova diferencijacija ima snažne implikacije na pravnu politiku koja se odnosi na uzgoj biljke.<ref name="Gaevskii-1999"/> {{gallery|mode=packed |Coquelicots - Parc floral 6.JPG| Biljka tipičnog sivkastozelenog izgleda |Opium poppy.jpg|[[Cvijet]] |Schlafmohn Papaver somniferum 2019-06-17 13-19-31 (C).jpg| Krupni plan središta cvijeta |Opium pod cut to demonstrate fluid extraction1.jpg| Kapsula koja pokazuje [[lateks]] ([[opijum]]) koji se izlučuje iz reza |Poppy-seeds.jpg| Krupni plan sjemenke bijelog maka }} ===Sjemenke maka i ulje=== {{glavni|Sjemenke maka}} [[Datoteka:3mohn z01.JPG|thumb| Sušene plave, sive i bijele sjemenke maka koje se koriste za peciva u [[Njemačka|Njemačkoj]].]] [[Slika:Makowiec.jpg|thumb|Poljski [[makowiec (pecivo)|makowiec]], [[rolnica od orašastih plodova]] punjena pastom od maka]] Mak ''Papaver somniferum'' je važna namirnica i izvor [[makovo ulje|ulja od maka]], jestivog ulja koje ima mnogo upotreba. Sjemenke sadrže vrlo niske nivoe opijata, a ulje koje se iz njih ekstrahuje sadrži još manje.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 January 1998 |title=Papaver somniferum |url=https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Papaver_somniferum.html |website=New Crop Resource Online Program |publisher=Purdue University}}</ref> I ulje i ostatak sjemena imaju i komercijalnu upotrebu. Makova pogačica, kao ostatak presanja ulja, može se koristiti kao hrana za različite [[životinje]], poput [[goveda]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Knutsen |first1=Helle Katrine |last2=Alexander |first2=Jan |last3=Barregård |first3=Lars |last4=Bignami |first4=Margherita |last5=Brüschweiler |first5=Beat |last6=Ceccatelli |first6=Sandra |last7=Cottrill |first7=Bruce |last8=Dinovi |first8=Michael |last9=Edler |first9=Lutz |last10=Grasl-Kraupp |first10=Bettina |last11=Hogstrand |first11=Christer |last12=Hoogenboom |first12=Laurentius |last13=Nebbia |first13=Carlo Stefano |last14=Oswald |first14=Isabelle P |date=16 May 2018 |title=Update of the Scientific Opinion on opium alkaloids in poppy seeds |journal=EFSA Journal |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=e05243 |doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5243 |pmc=7009406 |pmid=32625895 |collaboration=EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM)}}</ref> Posebno u vrijeme mitarenja peradi i ukrasnih ptica, pogača je hranjiva i odgovara njihovim posebnim potrebama. Pored stočne hrane, mak nudi i druge nusproizvode. Naprimjer, stabljika biljke može se koristiti za energetske brikete i pelet za grijanje.<ref name="Wilfried-2000">{{Cite book |last1=Wilfried |first1=Ahrens |title=Mohn: Sorten, Anbau, Rezepte |last2=Sneyd |first2=Jan |date=2000 |publisher=Ulmer |isbn=978-3-8001-3112-9 |location=Stuttgart |oclc=76179514 |lang=de}}</ref> Mak se koristi kao hrana u mnogim kulturama. Pekari ga mogu koristiti cijelog za ukrašavanje svojih proizvoda ili ga mogu samljeti i pomiješati sa šećerom kao slatki nadjev. Ima kremast i orašasti okus, a kada se koristi s mljevenim kokosom, sjemenke pružaju jedinstvenu i bogatu bazu za kari. Može se suho pržiti i samljeti za upotrebu u mokrom kaariju (curry pasta) ili suhom curryju.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahanandi " Gasagasalu ~ Bendakaaya |url=http://www.nandyala.org/mahanandi/?p=941 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103083002/http://www.nandyala.org/mahanandi/?p=941 |archive-date=3 November 2022 |access-date=30 December 2011 |publisher=Nandyala.org}}</ref> ===Opijati=== {{glavni|Opijum}} [[Datoteka:Poppies-seeds-dry.png|thumb| Sušene čahure i stabljike maka (tanjir) i sjemenke (zdjela)]] Opijumski mak je glavni izvor opijuma, sušenog [[lateks]]a koji proizvode čahure sjemena iz [[jajnik (botanika)|jajnika]]. Opijum sadrži klasu prirodnih alkaloida poznatih kao [[opijati]], koji uključuju [[morfin]], [[kodein]], [[tebain]], [[oripavin]], [[papaverin]] i [[noskapin]].<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Aparna |last1=Singh |first2=Ivette M. |last2=Menéndez-Perdomo |first3=Peter J. |last3=Facchini |doi=10.1007/s11101-019-09644-w |year=2019 |title=Benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis in opium poppy: an update |journal=Phytochem Rev |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=1457–1482 |bibcode=2019PChRv..18.1457S }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Ivette M. |last1=Menéndez-Perdomo |first2=Jillian M. |last2=Hagel |first3=Peter J. |last3=Facchini |doi=10.1002/jms.4683 |year=2021 |title=Benzylisoquinoline alkaloid analysis using high-resolution Orbitrap LC-MS<sup>n</sup> |journal=J Mass Spectrom |volume=56 |issue=2 |article-number=e4683 |pmid=33410198 }}</ref> Specifični epitet ''somniferum'' znači "uspavljujući", što se odnosi na [[sedativ]]na svojstva nekih od ovih opijata.<ref name="Bryant">Bronwen Jean Bryant and Kathleen Mary Knights {{google books|TQV6sLzYsOYC|Pharmacology for Health Professionals|page=290}}</ref> Opijati se ekstrahuju iz opijuma. [[Lateks]] se cijedi iz rezova napravljenih na zelenim sjemenskim mahunama i sakuplja se nakon sušenja. Tinktura opijuma ili [[laudanum]], koja se sastoji od opijuma [[rastvor]]enog u [[alkohol]]u ili mješavini alkohola i vode, jedan je od mnogih neodobrenih lijekova koje reguliše američka [[Administracija za hranu i lijekove]] (FDA). Njegov marketing i distribucija nastavljaju se jer je njegova historijska upotreba prethodila Federalnom zakonu o hrani, lijekovima i kozmetici iz 1938.<ref name="IJPC-2006">{{cite web |title=Unapproved Drugs, What's the Big Deal? |url=http://www.ijpc.com/RxTriad/pdf/RxTriad_V09_N02_Sample.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705075733/http://www.ijpc.com/rxtriad/pdf/RxTriad_V09_N02_Sample.pdf |archive-date=5 July 2010 |access-date=3 January 2009 |publisher=International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding, Winter 2006}}</ref> Tinktura opijuma B.P., koja sadrži 1% w/v bezvodnog [[morfin]]a, također ostaje u [[Britanska farmakopeja|Britanskoj farmakopeji]],<ref>''The Extra Pharmacopeia Martindale''. Vol. 1, 24th edition. London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1958, page 924.</ref> [[Lista kontroliranih droga u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu|navedenih kao supstanca klase A]] prema [[Zakonu o zloupotrebi droga iz 1971.]]. Morfin je dominantan alkaloid koji se nalazi u kultiviranim sortama opijumskog maka koje se koriste za proizvodnju opijuma.<ref name="INCB">{{cite web |title=International Narcotics Control Bureau, Technical Reports, 2008, Part IV, Statistical information on narcotic drugs |url=http://www.incb.org/pdf/technical-reports/narcotic-drugs/2008/part_four_All_2008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301174402/http://www.incb.org/pdf/technical-reports/narcotic-drugs/2008/part_four_All_2008.pdf |archive-date=1 March 2012 |access-date=30 December 2011}}</ref> Ostale [[sorta (botanika)|sorte]] proizvode minimalno opijuma ili ga uopšte ne proizvode, kao što je vrsta Sujata bez lateksa. Sorte koje ne sadrže opijum, a uzgajaju se za proizvodnju droga, imaju visok nivo tebaina ili oripavina. Rafiniraju se u droge poput [[oksikodon]]a. Sirovi opijum sadrži oko 8–14% morfina po suhoj težini, ili više u visokoprinosnim sortama.<ref name="Kapoor-1995"/> Koristi se direktno i/ili kao prirodni opioidi [[kodein]], [[papaverin]], [[tebain]] i/ili [[sinteza|polusintetski]] [[buprenorfin]], [[diamorfin|diamorfin (heroin)]], [[dihidromorfon]], [[oksikodon]] i/ili [[Sintetička biologija|sintetski]]: [[alfentanil]], [[fentanil]], [[metadon]], [[petidin]], [[remifentanil]], [[tapentadol]]. Sintetički derivati opijuma sadrže sve sintetičke sastojke – neki od poznatijih sintetskih opijata uključuju: [[atarax]], [[demerol]], [[dilaudid]], [[fentanil]], [[lortab]], [[metadon]], [[Hidrokodon]]/[[paracetamol|norco]].<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Hasan Pathan|author2=John Williams|title=Basic opioid pharmacology: an update|journal=[[Br J Pain.]]|publication-date=February 2012|volume=6|issue=1|pages=11–16 |doi=10.1177/2049463712438493 |pmid=26516461 |pmc=4590096 }}</ref> Centri za liječenje pružaju alternativnu (drugačiju) listu <ref name=opium.org>{{cite web|url=https://www.opium.org/list-opiates-derived-opium-poppy.html|title=List of Opiates That Are Derived from the Opium Poppy|date=23 December 2016 |publisher=opium.org, American Addiction Centers| }}</ref>}} ===Proizvodnja=== {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:left; width:18em; text-align:center;" ! colspan=2|Proizvodnja maka – 2018 |- ! style="background:#ddf; width:75%;"| Zemlja ! style="background:#ddf; width:25%;"| <small>([[tona]]s)</small> |- | {{flag|Turska}} || 26.991 |- | {{flag|Češka}} || 13.666 |- | {{flag|Španija}} || 12.360 |- | {{flag|UN}} ''''Svijet''' || '''76.240''' |- |colspan=2 style="text-align:left;"|<small>Izvor: [[FAOSTAT]] of the [[United Nations]]<ref name="FAOSTAT-2019">{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Poppy seed production in 2018, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists) |url=http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QC/E |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122053717/http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QC/E |archive-date=22 November 2016 |access-date=28 November 2020 |publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)}}</ref></small> |} ====Hrana==== U 2018. godini, svjetska proizvodnja maka za konzumaciju iznosila je 76.240 [[tona]] , a prednjačila je [[Turska]] sa 35% ukupne svjetske proizvodnje (tabela). Proizvodnja i trgovina makom podložne su fluktuacijama uglavnom zbog nestabilnih prinosa. Performanse većine [[genotip]]ova vrste ''Papaver somniferum'' vrlo su podložne promjenama u okolini.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yadav |first1=H. |last2=Shukla |first2=S. |last3=Singh |first3=S. |year=2007 |title=Assessment of genotype × environment interactions for yield and morphine content in opium poppy (Papaver somniferumL.) |journal=Acta Agronomica Hungarica |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=331–338 |doi=10.1556/AAgr.55.2007.3.9}}</ref> Ovakvo ponašanje dovelo je do stagnacije tržišne vrijednosti maka između 2008. i 2009. godine kao posljedica visokih zaliha, lošeg vremena i lošeg kvaliteta.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Procházka |first1=Petr |last2=Smutka |first2=Lubos |date=30 June 2012 |title=Czech Republic as an Important Producer of Poppy Seed |url=http://purl.umn.edu/131361 |journal=AGRIS On-Line Papers in Economics and Informatics |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=35–47 |access-date=15 November 2018}}</ref> Vodeći svjetski uvoznik maka je [[Indija]] (16.000 tona), a slijede [[Rusija]], [[Poljska]] i [[Njemačka]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sergeeva |first1=Anna |title=Global Poppy Seed Market – The Czech Republic Is the Key Producing Country |url=https://www.indexbox.io/blog/global-poppy-seed-market/ |access-date=15 November 2018 |website=Index Box}}</ref> Ulje maka ostaje nišni proizvod zbog nižeg prinosa u poređenju s konvencionalnim [[uljarica]]ma.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frick |first1=Claudia |last2=Hebeisen |first2=Thomas |date=2005 |title=Mohn als alternative Ölpflanze |journal=AGRARForschung |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=4–9}}</ref> ====Medicina==== [[Australija]] ([[Tasmanija]]), [[Turska]] i [[Indija]] glavni su proizvođači maka u medicinske svrhe i lijekova na bazi maka, kao što su [[morfij]] ili [[kodein]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Dicker, Jason |title=The Poppy Industry in Tasmania |url=http://www.launc.tased.edu.au/online/sciences/agsci/alkalo/popindus.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211054348/http://www.launc.tased.edu.au/online/sciences/agsci/alkalo/popindus.htm |archive-date=11 December 2011 |access-date=2 September 2009 |work=University of Tasmania}}</ref><ref name="Yadav-2006" /> ''The New York Times'' izvijestio je 2014. godine da je [[Tasmanija]] najveći proizvođač kultivara maka koji se koriste za proizvodnju [[tebain]]a (85% svjetske proizvodnje) i [[oripavin]]a (100% svjetske proizvodnje). Tasmanija je također imala 25% svjetske proizvodnje opijuma i kodeina.<ref name="Bradsher-2014"/> ===Restrikcije=== [[Slika:Poppy Fields - geograph.org.uk - 1361923.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Polja opijumskog maka u blizini [[Metheringham]]a, Lincolnshire, [[Engleska]]. Na polju su također vidljivi crveni [[Papaver rhoeas|poljski mak]], još jedna srodna vrsta maka koja često raste uz ''P. somniferum'' kao korov]] U većem dijelu [[Srednja Evropa|srednje]] i [[Istočna Evropa|istočne Evrope]], mak se obično koristi za tradicionalne peciva i kolače, a uzgoj maka u cijeloj regiji je legalan, iako [[Njemačka]] zahtijeva dozvolu.<ref>Ursula Heinzelmann (2008) ''Food Culture in Germany'' p. 48</ref> Od januara 1999. godine u [[Ćeška|Češkoj Republici]], prema ''Zakonu o supstancama koje izazivaju ovisnost 167/1998 Sb.'', mak koji raste na poljima većim od 100 m<sup>2</sup> podliježe obavezi prijavljivanja lokalnoj carinskoj upravi.<ref>167/1998 Sb. Zákon o návykových látkách a o změně některých dalších zákonů, Czech Republic, effective since 1 January 1999; § 29 effective since 1 January 1999; § 29</ref><ref>[https://www.celnisprava.cz/cz/o-nas/informace-dle-zak-c-1061999sb/zivotni-situace/Stranky/ohlasovaci-povinnost-pestitelu-maku-a-konopi-podle-par-29-zakona-c-1671998-sb-o-navykovych-latkach.aspx Ohlašovací povinnost pěstitelů máku a konopí podle par. 29 zákona č. 167/1999 Sb., o návykových látkách], Celní správa (Custom Service of the Czech Republic), 19. 6. 2014</ref> Ekstrakcija opijuma iz biljaka je zakonom zabranjena (§ 15 slovo d/ zakona). Također je zabranjeno uzgajati sorte sa više od 0,8% morfina u suhoj materiji njihovih [[Kapsula (plod)|kapsula]], isključujući u istraživačke i eksperimentalne svrhe (§24/1b/ zakona). Naziv „češki plavi mak“ odnosi se na plavo sjeme maka koje se koristi za hranu ([[kolač]]e). [[Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo]] ne zahtijeva dozvolu za uzgoj opijumskog maka, ali zahtijeva za ekstrakciju opijuma za medicinske proizvode.<ref>{{cite web |author=Phillip, Rhodri, & Barry Wigmore |date=14 July 2007 |title=The painkilling fields: England's opium poppies that tackle the NHS morphine crisis |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/hp/front/the-painkilling-fields-englands-opium-poppies-that-tackle-the-nhs-morphine-crisis-6597885.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130505140353/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23404311details/The%20painkilling%20fields:%20England's%20opium%20poppies%20that%20tackle%20the%20NHS%20morphine%20crisis/article.do |archive-date=5 May 2013 |access-date=2 September 2009 |url-status=live |work=Evening Standard}}</ref> Kada je [[Evropska unija]] pokušala zabraniti uzgoj 'Papaver somniferum' od strane privatnih osoba u malom obimu (kao što su lični vrtovi), građani u zemljama EU u kojima se mak konzumira u velikim količinama, poput zemalja u centralno-istočnoj regiji, snažno su se usprotivili planu, što je uzrokovalo promjenu kursa [[EU]]. U [[SAD|Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama]], [[opijum]]ski mak i makove slamke su zabranjeni.<ref>{{cite web |date=2008 |title=Authorized Sources of Narcotic Raw Materials, 21 CFR Part 1312; Docket No. DEA-282F, RIN 1117-AB03 |url=https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/fed_regs/rules/2008/fr0206.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103083003/https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/fed_regs/rules/2008/fr0206.htm |archive-date=3 November 2022 |access-date=13 September 2017 |publisher=Drug Enforcement Administration, US Department of Justice}}</ref> Budući da je opijumski mak legalan iz kulinarskih ili estetskih razloga, mak su nekada uzgajali kao tržišnu kulturu farmeri u Kaliforniji. Zakon o uzgoju maka u Sjedinjenim Državama je donekle dvosmislen,<ref>{{cite web |title=Bulletin on Narcotics – 1950 Issue 3 – 002 |url=http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1950-01-01_3_page003.html#s009 |access-date=30 December 2011 |publisher=UNODC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Controlled Substances Import and Export Act |url=https://www.fda.gov/RegulatoryInformation/Legislation/ucm148751.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710011353/http://www.fda.gov/RegulatoryInformation/Legislation/ucm148751.htm |archive-date=10 July 2009 |access-date=30 December 2011 |publisher=US Food and Drug Administration}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=21 U.S.C. § 188: US Code – Section 188 TO 188N: Repealed. Pub. L. 91-513, title III, Sec. 1101(a)(7), Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1292 |url=http://codes.lp.findlaw.com/uscode/21/6/188%20to%20188n |access-date=30 December 2011 |publisher=Codes.lp.findlaw.com}}</ref> navodi se da svaki opijumski mak treba proglasiti ilegalnim, osim ako su poljoprivrednici dobili državnu [[licenca|dozvolu]]. Član 3. Zakona o kontroli opijumskog maka navodi: <blockquote>Nezakonito je da svaka osoba koja nije vlasnik licence koja joj ovlašćuje proizvodnju opijumskog maka, koju joj je propisno izdao Sekretar za finansije u skladu s odredbama ovog Zakona, proizvodi opijumski mak ili dozvoljava proizvodnju opijumskog maka na ili na bilo kojem mjestu koje je u njenom vlasništvu, koje zauzima, koristi ili kontroliše.</blockquote> To je dovelo do Pobune protiv maka i do toga da je Biro za narkotike uhapsio svakoga ko je sadio opijumski mak i prisilio na uništavanje polja maka svakoga ko je prkosio zabrani uzgoja maka.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Harry J. Anslinger |year=1959 |title=The traffic in narcotic drugs: The implementation of treaty obligations in regulating the traffic in narcotic drugs |url=http://www.wcl.american.edu/journal/lawrev/08/anslinger.pdf?rd=1 |journal=The American University Law Review |volume=8 |pages=112–116 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401175114/http://www.wcl.american.edu/journal/lawrev/08/anslinger.pdf?rd=1 |archive-date=1 April 2012 |access-date=31 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |author=Young, Richard |date=September 1952 |title=The development of international law |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ha4oHkIiIuUC&q=opium+poppy+control+act+of+1944&pg=PA780 |journal=American Bar Association Journal |volume=38 |pages=778–80 |doi=<!--Citation bot -->}}</ref> Iako je štampa tog vremena favorizirala [[Federalni biro za narkotike]], država [[Kalifornija]] podržavala je poljoprivrednike koji su uzgajali opijumski mak za svoje sjeme koje se koristilo u hrani poput mafina od maka. Danas je ovo područje prava ostalo nejasno i donekle kontroverzno u Sjedinjenim Državama.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Richter |first1=Skip |title=Poppin' Up Poppies |url=http://www.texasgardener.com/pastissues/sepoct07/Poppies.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104183830/http://www.texasgardener.com/pastissues/sepoct07/Poppies.html |archive-date=4 January 2019 |access-date=20 May 2021 |website=Texas Gardener}}</ref> Zakon o kontroli opijumskog maka iz 1942. godine ukinut je 27. oktobra 1970.<ref>{{cite web |title=United States Code: Title 21,188 to 188n. Repealed. Pub. L. 91–513, title III, 1101(a)(7), Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1292 &#124; LII / Legal Information Institute |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/188- |access-date=30 December 2011 |publisher=Law.cornell.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=21 USC Chapter 6 – Narcotic Drugs 01/03/2007 |url=http://www.joffelaw.com/uscode/21C6.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306102240/http://www.joffelaw.com/uscode/21C6.html |archive-date=6 March 2014 |access-date=30 December 2011 |publisher=Joffelaw.com}}</ref> Prema saveznom [[Zakon o kontroliranim supstancama|Zakonu o kontroliranim supstancama]], opijumski mak i makova slama navedeni su kao [[Lista droga iz Priloga II (SAD)|Droge iz Priloga II]] pod ACSN 9630. Većina država također koristi ovu klasifikaciju prema jedinstvenom krivičnom zakoniku. Posjedovanje droge iz Priloga II je savezno i državno krivično djelo. [[Kanada]] zabranjuje posjedovanje, traženje ili nabavku opijumskog maka (''Papaver somniferum''), njegovih preparata, derivata, [[alkaloid]]a i [[soli]], iako je napravljen izuzetak za sjemena maka.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 April 2018 |title=Controlled Drugs and Substances Act 1996 |url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-38.8/ |access-date=20 June 2018 |publisher=Justice Laws Website, Government of Canada}}</ref> U nekim dijelovima [[Australija|Australije]], uzgoj ''P. somniferum'' je ilegalan, ali u [[Tasmanija| Tasmaniji]] se uzgaja oko 50% svjetske ponude.<ref>{{cite web |date=2016 |title=Poppy Regulation Act |url=https://dpir.nt.gov.au/primary-industry/agricultural-developments/agricultural-developments-poppy-regulation-act |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628133514/https://dpir.nt.gov.au/primary-industry/agricultural-developments/agricultural-developments-poppy-regulation-act |archive-date=28 June 2019 |access-date=13 September 2017 |publisher=Department of Primary Industry and Resources, Northern Territory Government, Australia}}</ref> U [[Novi Zeland| Novom Zelandu]] je legalno uzgajati opijumski mak, sve dok se ne koristi za proizvodnju kontroliranih droga. {{Citat| Član 9(4) Zakona o zloupotrebi droga navodi: "Optužba prema pododjeljku (1) ''[Uzgoj zabranjenih biljaka]'' smatrat će se odbranom ako optužena osoba dokaže da je zabranjena biljka na koju se optužba odnosi bila vrste ''Papaver somniferum'' i da nije bila namijenjena da bude izvor bilo koje kontrolirane droge ili da nije razvijana kao soj iz kojeg bi se mogla proizvesti kontrolirana droga." <ref>{{cite web |title=New Zealand Legislation: Misuse of Drugs Act 1975 |url=http://legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1975/0116/latest/DLM436264.html?search=sw_096be8ed80861bf8_Papaver+somniferum_25&p=1&sr=1 |access-date=7 July 2012}}</ref>}} [[Singapur]], [[UAE]] i [[Saudijska Arabija]] su među zemljama koje zabranjuju čak i posjedovanje maka, ne samo uzgoj biljaka za njega.<ref>{{cite web |title=5 Recent Food Bans from Around the World |url=https://www.femina.in/lifestyle/in-the-news/5-recent-food-bans-from-around-the-world-357.html |access-date=8 January 2018 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> U [[Ujedinjeni Arapski Emirati|Ujedinjenim Arapskim Emiratima]] uzgoj opijumskog maka je ilegalan, kao i posjedovanje maka. Najmanje jedan muškarac je zatvoren zbog posjedovanja maka dobivenog iz peciva.<ref>{{cite news |author=McGrath, Ginny |date=8 February 2008 |title=Travellers who 'smuggle' poppy seeds face Dubai jail |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/news/article3333905.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010125643/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/news/article3333905.ece |archive-date=10 October 2011 |access-date=2 September 2009 |work=The Times |location=UK}}</ref> UAE imaju dugu zatvorsku kaznu za svakoga ko posjeduje sjeme maka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Travel Warning – Khas Khas (Poppy Seed) Imprisonment in UAE |url=http://www.hoax-slayer.com/khas-khas-poppy-seed-warning.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619080132/http://www.hoax-slayer.com/khas-khas-poppy-seed-warning.shtml |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=8 January 2018 |publisher=Brett M.Christensen}}</ref> [[Mjanmar]] zabranjuje uzgoj u određenim provincijama. Na sjeveru Mjanmara zabrane su okončale stoljetnu tradiciju uzgoja opijumskog maka. Između 20.000 i 30.000 bivših uzgajivača maka napustilo je regiju [[Kokang]] kao rezultat zabrane 2002.<ref>[http://www.tni.org/briefing/golden-triangle-rubber-belt page 4 of the Drug Policy Briefing nr. 29] by the Transnational Institute</ref> Ljudi iz regije [[Država Wa|Wa]], gdje je zabrana uvedena 2005. godine, pobjegli su u područja gdje je uzgoj opijuma još uvijek moguć. U [[Južna Koreja|Južnoj Koreji]], uzgoj opijumskog maka je strogo zabranjen.<ref>[https://www.nongmin.com/news/NEWS/FLD/CNT/291598/view 양귀비·대마 재배 땐 '큰일'…관상용 한포기도 절대 안돼]</ref> ===Historija=== {{glavni|Opijum}} Upotreba opijumskog maka prethodi pisanoj historiji. Proizvodnja i upotreba opijuma bila je poznata [[minojska civilizacija|drevnim Minojcima]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Askitopoulou |first1=Helen |last2=Ramoutsaki |first2=Ioanna A |last3=Konsolaki |first3=Eleni |year=2002 |title=Archaeological evidence on the use of opium in the Minoan world |journal=International Congress Series |volume=1242 |pages=23–29 |doi=10.1016/S0531-5131(02)00769-0}}</ref> Njegov sok su kasnije nazvali "opion" od strane [[drevna Grčka|starih Grka]]. Engleski naziv zasnovan je na [[latinski|latinskoj]] adaptaciji grčkog oblika. Dokazi o ranom uzgoju opijumskog maka otkriveni su kroz male botaničke ostatke pronađene u regijama [[Mediteran]]a i zapadno od [[rijeka Rajna|rijeke Rajne]], a datiraju još iz perioda prije otprilike 5000. godine prije nove ere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Salavert |first1=Aurélie |last2=Zazzo |first2=Antoine |last3=Martin |first3=Lucie |last4=Antolín |first4=Ferran |last5=Gauthier |first5=Caroline |last6=Thil |first6=François |last7=Tombret |first7=Olivier |last8=Bouby |first8=Laurent |last9=Manen |first9=Claire |last10=Mineo |first10=Mario |last11=Mueller-Bieniek |first11=Aldona |date=20 November 2020 |title=Direct dating reveals the early history of opium poppy in western Europe |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=20263 |bibcode=2020NatSR..1020263S |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-76924-3 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=7679390 |pmid=33219318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ovi uzorci pronađeni na raznim [[neolit]]skim nalazištima pokazuju nevjerovatno rano uzgajanje i prirodno širenje biljke širom zapadne Evrope. Opijum se koristio za liječenje [[astma|astme]], želučanih bolesti i lošeg [[vid]]a. Opijum je postao glavna kolonijalna roba, krećući se legalno i ilegalno kroz trgovinske mreže na [[Indijski potkontinent|indijskom potkontinentu]], [[Kolonijalna historija Sjedinjenih Američkih Država|Kolonijalnim Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama]], [[dinastija Qing|Kini Qing]] i drugim zemljama.<ref name="Farooqui-2016">{{cite journal |last1=Farooqui |first1=Amar |date=December 2016 |title=The Global Career of Indian Opium and Local Destinies |url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/alm/n14/2236-4633-alm-14-00052.pdf |journal=Almanack |issue=14 |pages=52–73 |doi=10.1590/2236-463320161404 |access-date=5 September 2018 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Članovi [[Istočnoindijska kompanija|Istočnoindijske kompanije]] vidjeli su trgovinu opijumom kao investicijsku priliku počevši od 1683.<ref name="Asthana-1954">{{cite journal |vauthors=Asthana SN |date=1954 |title=The Cultivation of the Opium Poppy in India |url=https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1954-01-01_3_page002.html#s020 |journal=Bulletin on Narcotics |issue=3 |access-date=5 September 2018}}</ref> U 1773., guverner [[Bengal]]a uspostavio je monopol na proizvodnju bengalskog opijuma, u ime uprave Istočnoindijske kompanije. Uzgoj i proizvodnja indijskog opijuma dodatno su centralizirani i kontrolirani nizom zakona izdatih između 1797. i 1949. godine.<ref name="Asthana-1954"/><ref name="Deming-2011">{{cite journal |last1=Deming |first1=Sarah |date=2011 |title=The Economic Importance of Indian Opium and Trade with China on Britain's Economy, 1843–1890 |url=https://www.whitman.edu/Documents/Academics/Economics/Working%20Paper%20Contents/WP_25.pdf |journal=Economic Working Papers |volume=25 |issue=Spring |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112023133/https://www.whitman.edu/Documents/Academics/Economics/Working |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=5 September 2018}}</ref> Trgovci Istočnoindijske kompanije uravnotežili su ekonomski deficit od uvoza kineskog čaja, prodajom indijskog opijuma koji je krijumčaren u Kinu prkoseći zabranama vlade dinastije Qing. Ova trgovina dovela je do [[Prvi opijumski rat|Prvog]] i [[Drugi opijumski rat| Drugog opijumskog rata]].<ref name="Rinde-2018">{{cite journal |last1=Rinde |first1=Meir |date=2018 |title=Opioids' Devastating Return |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/opioids-devastating-return |journal=Distillations |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=12–23 |access-date=23 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="Deming-2011"/><ref name="Farooqui-2016"/><ref name="Mills-2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Mills |first1=James H. |date=2016 |title=Review of 'Opium and Empire in Southeast Asia: Regulating Consumption in British Burma' |url=https://www.recensio.net/rezensionen/zeitschriften/reviews-in-history/2016/october/opium-and-empire-in-southeast-asia |journal=Reviews in History |series=Cambridge imperial and post-colonial studies |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |doi=10.14296/RiH/2014/2010 |isbn=978-0-230-29646-6 |access-date=5 September 2018 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mnogi moderni pisci, posebno u 19. stoljeću, pisali su o opijumskom maku i njegovim efektima, posebno [[Thomas de Quincey]] u djelu ''[[Ispovijesti engleskog jedeča opijuma]]''. Francuski romantični kompozitor [[Hector Berlioz]] koristio je opijum za inspiraciju, naknadno stvarajući svoju [[Fantastična simfonija|Fantastičnu simfoniju]]. U ovom djelu, mladi umjetnik se predozira opijumom i doživljava niz vizija svoje neuzvraćene [[ljubav]]i. U SAD-u, [[Administracija za suzbijanje droga]] izvršila je raciju na imanje [[Thomas Jefferson| Thomasa Jeffersona]] u Monticello-u 1987. godine. Uklonili su biljke maka koje su kontinuirano bile zasađene tamo otkako je Jefferson bio živ i koristio opijum iz njih. Zaposleni u fondaciji također su uništili predmete iz suvenirnice poput majica s prikazom maka i paketića naslijeđenog [[sjeme]]na.<ref name="AlterNet-2010">{{cite journal |date=2 March 2010 |title=How the DEA Scrubbed Thomas Jefferson's Monticello Poppy Garden from Public Memory |url=https://www.alternet.org/story/145872/how_the_dea_scrubbed_thomas_jefferson%27s_monticello_poppy_garden_from_public_memory |url-status=live |journal=AlterNet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204005754/https://www.alternet.org/story/145872/how_the_dea_scrubbed_thomas_jefferson%27s_monticello_poppy_garden_from_public_memory |archive-date=4 December 2018 |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> ==Kultura== Opijumski mak (cvijet i plod) pojavljuje se na grbu [[Kraljevski koledž anesteziologa| Kraljevskog koledža anesteziologa]]. === Književnost === ==== More maka ==== {{Glavni|More maka}} More maka, fiktivni roman [[Amitav Ghosh|Amitava Ghosha]], koristi opijumski mak kao centralnu temu kroz cijelu naraciju, s glavnim okruženjem polja maka u [[ravnica rijeke Ganges|ravnici rijeke Ganges]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Amitav |title=Sea of Poppies |date=14 October 2008 |publisher=Viking Press |isbn=978-0-374-17422-4 |location=India}}</ref> {{clear}} ==Reference== {{reflist}} ==Dodatni izvori== * {{Cite book |last=Rätsch |first=Christian |title=The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants, Enthnopharmacology and Its Applications |date=2005 |publisher=Park Street Press |isbn=978-0-89281-978-2 |location=Rochester, Vermont |translator=John R. Baker, with assistance from Annabel Lee and Cornelia Ballent |oclc=57007969 |orig-date=German edition: 1998}} ==Vaanjski linkovi== {{Commons category|Papaver somniferum}} *[https://vizyonpara.com/hashas-yetistiriciligi/ ''Grow Papaver Somniferum''] from vizyonpara.com *[http://www.maltawildplants.com/PAPV/Papaver_somniferum_subsp_setigerum.php Comprehensive profile for ''Papaver somniferum''] from MaltaWildPlants.com *[http://opioids.com/opium/faq.html Opium FAQ v1.0] from Opioids.com *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090426104305/http://www.shaps.hawaii.edu/drugs/dea20026/dea20026.html Opium Poppy Cultivation and Heroin Processing in Southeast Asia] from the School of Pacific and Asian Studies {{Dead link|date=July 2022}} *[http://www.tni.org/briefing/downward-spiral "Downward Spiral – Banning Opium in Afghanistan and Burma", Transnational Institute TNI, Debate Paper, June 2005] *[http://www.tni.org/report/withdrawal-symptoms-golden-triangle-4 "Withdrawal Symptoms in the Golden Triangle – A Drugs Market in Disarray" TNI Paper by Tom Kramer et al.] * Chouvy P.A., 2009, [https://web.archive.org/web/20111026180046/http://www.geopium.org/opium_uncovering_politics_poppy_chouvy_ibtauris_harvard.htm "Opium. Uncovering the Politics of the Poppy"], London, I.B. Tauris (Cambridge, Harvard University Press: 2010) {{Opioidi}} {{Ljekovito bilje i gljive}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q131584}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategorija:Bilje]] [[Kategorija:Ljekovito bilje]] [[Kategorija:Morfin]] [[Kategorija:Opijum]] [[Kategorija:Enteogeni]] [[Kategorija:Soma (piće)]] [[Kategorija:Papaver|somniferum]] [[Kategorija:Biljke opisane 1753. godine]] [[Kategorija:Taksoni koje je imenovao Carl Linnaeus]] [[Kategorija:Ukrasne biljke]] [[Kategorija:Botanika]] 2ev6u730wnba4yruis0fepkqtxbxntq Pitomi mak 0 534976 3849313 3849232 2026-05-25T17:03:39Z KWiki 9400 Izmijenjeno odredište preusmjerenja sa [[Papaver somniferum]] na [[Opijumski mak]] 3849313 wikitext text/x-wiki #Preusmjeri [[Opijumski mak]] ih75o8ekjun3m39lacvwh2dxbf4ud9r Razgovor:Geografija Norveške 1 534978 3849315 3849242 2026-05-25T17:15:25Z KWiki 9400 3849315 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vremenski okvir | naslov = naslov <!-- * Prosječna temperatura * --> | pt_jan = 12,5 | pt_feb = 13,8 | pt_mar = 21,5 | pt_apr = 6,8 | pt_maj = 8,3 | pt_jun = 10,2 | pt_jul = 10,9 | pt_aug = 9,3 | pt_sep = 7,3 | pt_okt = 5,4 | pt_nov = 3,2 | pt_dec = 2,1 <!-- * Najviša prosječna temperatura * --> | vt_jan = 12,5 | vt_feb = 13,8 | vt_mar = 21,5 | vt_apr = 18,7 | vt_maj = 20,3 | vt_jun = 22,2 | vt_jul = 23,4 | vt_aug = 21,5 | vt_sep = 19,2 | vt_okt = 17,6 | vt_nov = 15,9 | vt_dec = 13,8 <!-- * Najniža prosječna temperatura * --> | nt_jan = −12,3 | nt_feb = −10,6 | nt_mar = −9,8 | nt_apr = −6,5 | nt_maj = −3,2 | nt_jun = −1,0 | nt_jul = 0,2 | nt_aug = −0,3 | nt_sep = −5,5 | nt_okt = −7,1 | nt_nov = −10,2 | nt_dec = −11,3 <!-- * Padavine * --> | p_jan = 15,2 | p_feb = 13,2 | p_mar = 28,7 | p_apr = 100,9 | p_maj = 150,3 | p_jun = 210,2 | p_jul = 170,5 | p_aug = 120,6 | p_sep = 63,3 | p_okt = 42,4 | p_nov = 25,5 | p_dec = 19,8 <!-- * Broj kišnih dana * --> | kd_jan = 0,0 | kd_feb = 0,0 | kd_mar = 1,8 | kd_apr = 9,1 | kd_maj = 15,2 | kd_jun = 21,0 | kd_jul = 17,6 | kd_aug = 12,4 | kd_sep = 5,5 | kd_okt = 2,1 | kd_nov = 0,2 | kd_dec = 0,0 <!-- * Prosječna vlažnost zraka * --> | vz_jan = 7 | vz_feb = 6 | vz_mar = 45 | vz_apr = 68 | vz_maj = 68 | vz_jun = 95 | vz_jul = 77 | vz_aug = 55 | vz_sep = 27 | vz_okt = 18 | vz_nov = 12 | vz_dec = 8 <!-- * Broj sunčanih sati * --> | ss_jan = 7,1 | ss_feb = 6,7 | ss_mar = 6,4 | ss_apr = 6,4 | ss_maj = 5,9 | ss_jun = 5,5 | ss_jul = 6,4 | ss_aug = 7,1 | ss_sep = 7,2 | ss_okt = 7,2 | ss_nov = 7,8 | ss_dec = 7,6 <!-- --> | izvor = }} {{Spomeni|AnToni}} Pogledaj šablon na EN Wiki. Naš je djelomično usklađen s njim, tj. neki su parametri jednaki, ali drugi nisu. Naprimjer, "Najviša prosječna" i "Record high" nije ista stvar. – [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 19:15, 25 maj 2026 (CEST) 5qofmmwvpnjmghwcwozeexkhqnwg8o9 Srž nadbubrežne žlijezde 0 534979 3849301 3849255 2026-05-25T15:36:03Z AnToni 2325 /* Vanjski linkovi */ 3849301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija anatomija |Ime = Srž nadbubrežne žlijezde | Latin =''Medulla glandulae suprarenalis'' | Image = Adrenal gland hariadhi.svg | Caption = [[Nadbubrežna žlijezda]] sa srži u sredini | Image2 = Adrenal gland (medulla).JPG | Caption2 = Srž nadbubrežne žlijezde (na pokazivaču) boji se svjetlije od [[kora nadbubrežne žlijezde|njene kore]], [[boja H&E]] | Precursor = [[Nervni greben]] | System =[[Endokrini sistem|Endokrini]] | PartOf = [[Nadbubrežna žlijezda]] | Artery = [[Gornja suprabubrežna arterija]], [[srednja suprabubrežna arterija]], [[donja suprbubrežna arterija]] | Vein = [[Suprabibrežna vena|Suprabibrežne vene]] | Nerve = [[Celijačni pleksus]], [[bubrežni pleksus]] | Lymph = [[Slabinske žlijezde]] }} '''Srž nadbubrežne žlijezde''' ([[latinski|lat ]]''medulla glandulae suprarenalis'') je unutrašnji dio [[nadbubrežna žlijezda|nadbubrežne žlijezde]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Carmichael|first=Stephen W.|chapter=8. The Adrenal Medulla|date=1997 |chapter-url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1569258297800359|title=Principles of Medical Biology|volume=10|pages=207–225|editor-last=Bittar|editor-first=E. Edward|series=Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology|publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/s1569-2582(97)80035-9|isbn=978-1-55938-815-3 |editor2-last=Bittar|editor2-first=Neville}}</ref> Nalazi se u središtu žlijezde, okružena [[kora nadbubrežne žlijezde|korom nadbubrežne žlijezde]].<ref name=":0"/> To je najdublji dio nadbubrežne žlijezde, koji se sastoji od [[hromafinska ćelija| hromafinskih ćelija]] koje luče [[kateholamin]]e, uključujući [[epinefrin]] (adrenalin), [[norepinefrin]] (noradrenalin) i malu količinu [[dopamin]]a, kao odgovor na stimulaciju [[SNS|simpatičkog nervnog sistema (simpatičkih preganglijskih neurona)]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last1=Hinson|first1=Joy|date=2010 |chapter-url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780702033728000057|title=The Endocrine System |edition=2nd |pages=53–60|editor-last=Hinson|editor-first=Joy|publisher=Churchill Livingstone |doi=10.1016/b978-0-7020-3372-8.00005-7|isbn=978-0-7020-3372-8 |last2=Raven|first2=Peter|last3=Chew|first3=Shern|chapter=The Adrenal Glands Part I|editor2-last=Raven|editor2-first=Peter|editor3-last=Chew|editor3-first=Shern}}</ref> ==Struktura== Srž nadbubrežne žlijezde sastoji se od nepravilno oblikovanih ćelija grupiranih oko [[ktvni sud|krvnih sudova]]. Ove ćelije su blisko povezane sa simpatičkom podjelom [[ANS|autonomnog nervnog sistema]] (ANS). Ove ćelije srži nadbubrežne žlijezde modificirani su postganglijski [[neuron]]i, a preganglijska autonomna nervna vlakna vode do njih direktno iz [[CNS|centralnog nervnog sistema]]. Srž nadbubrežne žlijezde utiče na dostupnost energije, [[puls|otkucaje srca]] i [[bazni metabolizam]]. Nedavna istraživanja pokazuju da srž nadbubrežne žlijezde može primati impulse iz kognitivnih centara višeg reda u [[čeoni režanj|prefrontalnom korteksu]], kao i senzornih i motornih korteksa, što potvrđuje ideju da postoje psihosomatske bolesti.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dum|first=Richard|year=2016|title=Motor, cognitive, and affective areas of the cerebral cortex influence the adrenal medulla|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=113|issue=35|pages=9922–7|doi=10.1073/pnas.1605044113|pmc=5024624|pmid=27528671|doi-access=free}}</ref> ===Razvoj=== [[Hromafinska ćelija|Hromafinske ćelije]] nastaju iz [[embrion]]skog [[nervni greben|nervnog grebena]] i predstavljaju modificirane [[Postganglijsko nervno vlakno|postganglijske simpatičke neurone]].<ref name=":0"/> To su modificirani postganglijski simpatički neuroni [[ANS|autonomnog nervnog sistema]] koji su izgubili svoje [[akson]]e i [[dendrit]]e, primajući inervaciju od odgovarajućih [[preganglijsko vlakno|preganglijskih vlakana]]. Ćelije formiraju klastere oko fenestriranih kapilara gdje oslobađaju norepinefrin i epinefrin u krv. Kao skup neuronskih ćelija, srž nadbubrežne žlijezde smatra se modificiranim [[autonomna ganglija|gangliom]] simpatičkog nervnog sistema.<ref name=":1"/> ==Funkcija== Umjesto oslobađanja [[neurotransmiter]]a, ćelije srži nadbubrežne žlijezde luče [[hormon]]e.<ref name=":0"/> Srž nadbubrežne žlijezde jeste glavno mjesto konverzije [[aminokiseline]] [[tirozin]]a u [[kateholamin]]e; [[Adrenalin|epinefrin]], [[norepinefrin]] i [[dopamin]]. Budući da ANS, posebno simpatički dio, vrši direktnu kontrolu nad [[hromafinska ćelija| hromafinskim ćelijama]], oslobađanje hormona može se dogoditi prilično brzo.<ref name=":1"/> Kao odgovor na [[stresor]]e, kao što su [[vježbanje]] ili neposredna opasnost, ćelije srži oslobađaju kateholamine adrenalin i noradrenalin u [[krv]]. Adrenalin čini oko 85% oslobođenih kateholamina, a noradrenalin ostatak od 15%. Značajni efekti adrenalina (epinefrina) i noradrenalina (norepinefrina) uključuju povećan [[puls|otkucaje srca]] i [[krvni pritisak]], [[vazokonstrikcija|suženje krvnih sudova]] u koži i gastrointestinalnom traktu, dilataciju glatkih mišića ([[bronhiola]] i [[kapilar]]a) i povećan [[metabolizam]], što je sve karakteristično za [[reakcija borbe ili bijega|reakciju borbe ili bijega]].<ref name=":0"/> Oslobađanje kateholamina stimuliraju nervni impulsi, a receptori za kateholamine su široko rasprostranjeni po cijelom tijelu. ==Klinički značaj== Neoplazme uključuju: * [[Feohromocitom]] (najčešći), tumor nadbubrežne srži koji luči [[kateholamin]]-lučeće.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="fung">{{cite journal|last=Fung|first=M. M.|author2=Viveros, O. H.|author3=O'Connor, D. T.|date=16 November 2007|title=Diseases of the adrenal medulla|journal=Acta Physiologica|volume=192|issue=2|pages=325–335|doi=10.1111/j.1748-1716.2007.01809.x|pmc=2576282|pmid=18021328}}</ref> Feokromocitomi mogu izazvati iznenadne napade paroksizmnih simptoma zbog prekomjernog lučenja kateholamina. U klasičnoj prezentaciji ovih [[tumor]]a, neki od simptoma koji se obično javljaju su palpitacije, [[znojenje]] i [[glavobolje]]; oni traju različito vrijeme (od minuta do sati) i javljaju se periodično. Ostali simptomi uključuju, ali nisu ograničeni na, bljedilo, mučninu i napade panike. Feokromocitom naziva se često medicinskim "mimikom" jer se često manifestira znacima i simptomima koji oponašaju druga stanja. Naprimjer, feokromocitom može uzrokovati crvenilo, mučninu, gubitak težine, [[umor]], bol u trbuhu, [[zatvor (probava)|zatvor]], bol u prsima i pojavu [[dijabetes]]a.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Därr |first1=Roland |last2=Lenders |first2=Jacques W.M. |last3=Hofbauer |first3=Lorenz C. |last4=Naumann |first4=Bernd |last5=Bornstein |first5=Stefan R. |last6=Eisenhofer |first6=Graeme |title=Pheochromocytoma – update on disease management |journal=Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism |date=February 2012 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=11–26 |doi=10.1177/2042018812437356 |pmid=23148191 |pmc=3474647 }}</ref> * [[Neuroblastom]], neuroendokrini tumor bilo kojeg tkiva nervnog grebena [[SNS|simpatičkog nervnog sistema]].<ref name="fung" /> * [[Ganglioneurom]], tumor u nervnim ćelijama [[PNS|perifernog nervnog sistema]].<ref name="fung" /> Srž nadbubrežne žlijezde može biti slabo formirana ili odsutna u slučajevima odsutne [[nadbubrežna ćlijezda|nadbubrežne žlijezde]]. Nedostatak kateholamina u cirkulaciji je blago simptomski zbog kompenzacije od strane [[ANS|autonomnog nervnog sistema]], osim u epizodama [[hipoglikemija| hipoglikemije]] gdje [[glikogenoliza]] ne može biti stimulisana cirkulirajućim adrenalinom.<ref name=fung/> Kod [[deficit dopamin beta-hidroksilaze|deficita dopamin beta-hidroksilaze]], cijelo tijelo ne može efikasno proizvoditi adrenalin i norepinefrin iz dopamina, što rezultira teškom [[disautonomija|disautonomijom]], ali najvažnije zbog zatajenja [[ANS|autonomnog nervnog sistema]], koji zahtijeva [[adrenalin]] i [[norepinefrin]] kao [[neurotransmiter]]e, a [[dopamin]] se u ovoj patologiji koristi kao neadekvatna zamjena.<ref name=fung/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Robertson|first=D|author2=Haile, V|author3= Perry, SE|author4= Robertson, RM|author5= Phillips JA, 3rd|author6= Biaggioni, I|title=Dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency. A genetic disorder of cardiovascular regulation.|journal=Hypertension|date=July 1991|volume=18|issue=1|pages=1–8|pmid=1677640|doi=10.1161/01.hyp.18.1.1|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Također pogledajte== * [[Nadbubrežna žlijezda]] * [[Hromafina ćelija]] * [[Historija istraživanja kateholamina]] ==Reference== {{Reflist}} ==Vanjski linkovi== * {{SUNYAnatomyLabs|40|04|02|02}} — "Posterior Abdominal Wall: Blood Supply to the Suprarenal Glands" * {{AnatomyAtlasesMicroscopic|15|292}} — "Adrenal Gland" {{Commonscat|Adrenal medulla}} {{Anatomija endokrinog sistema}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategorija: Anatomija čovjeka]] [[Kategorija: Nadbubrežna žlijezda]] [[Kategorija: Simpatički nervni sistem]] [[Kategorija:Bioantropologija]] [[Kategorija:Endokrinologija]] qqk5fbubsrn9zbynm9nxhrug7lq7p2m Kateholamin 0 534984 3849256 2026-05-25T12:03:49Z Genetičar 181151 Nova stranica: <div class="skin-invert-image"> {{multiple image |style=float:right |direction = vertical |header= Kateholamini |image1=Adrenalin - Adrenaline.svg |size1=190px |caption1=[[Epinefrin]] (adrenalin) |image2=Noradrenalin - Noradrenaline.svg |size2=160px |caption2=[[Norepinefrin]] (noradrenalin) |image3=Dopamin - Dopamine.svg |size3=160px |caption3=[[Dopamin]] }}</div> [[Slika:Pyrocatechol.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|100px|[[Katehol]]]] '''Kateholamin''', skraćeno '''CA''',... 3849256 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="skin-invert-image"> {{multiple image |style=float:right |direction = vertical |header= Kateholamini |image1=Adrenalin - Adrenaline.svg |size1=190px |caption1=[[Epinefrin]] (adrenalin) |image2=Noradrenalin - Noradrenaline.svg |size2=160px |caption2=[[Norepinefrin]] (noradrenalin) |image3=Dopamin - Dopamine.svg |size3=160px |caption3=[[Dopamin]] }}</div> [[Slika:Pyrocatechol.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|100px|[[Katehol]]]] '''Kateholamin''', skraćeno '''CA''', najčešće '''3,4-dihidroksifenetilamin''', je [[monoaminski neurotransmiter]], [[organski spoj]] koji ima [[katehol]] ([[benzen]] s dvije [[hidroksil]]ne [[bočni lanac|bočne grupe]] jednu do druge i [[amin (hemija)|aminski]] [[Bočni lanac|bočni lanac]]. <ref>{{cite book | last = Fitzgerald | first = P. A. | chapter = Chapter 11. Adrenal Medulla and Paraganglia | editor1-last = Gardner | editor1-first = D. G. | editor2-last = Shoback | editor2-first= D. | title = Greenspan's Basic & Clinical Endocrinology | edition = 9th | location = New York | publisher = McGraw-Hill | year = 2011 | chapter-url = http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=8404198 | access-date = October 26, 2011 }}</ref> [[Katehol]] može biti ili slobodna molekula ili [[supstituent]] veće molekule, gdje predstavlja 1,2-dihidroksibenzensku grupu. Kateholamini se izvode iz [[aminokiseline]] [[tirozin]]a, koja se dobija iz prehrambenih izvora, kao i sintezom iz [[fenilalanin]]a.<ref name="Purves">{{cite book |editor1-last=Purves |editor1-first=D. |editor2-last=Augustine |editor2-first=G. J. |editor3-last=Fitzpatrick |editor3-first=D. |editor4-last=Hall |editor4-first=W. C. |editor5-last=LaMantia |editor5-first=A. S. |editor6-last=McNamara |editor6-first=J. O. |editor7-last=White |editor7-first=L. E. | title = Neuroscience | edition = 4th | publisher = Sinauer Associates | pages = 137–138 | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-87893-697-7 }}</ref> Kateholamini su rastvorljivi u vodi i 50% se vežu za proteine plazme u cirkulaciji. Među kateholaminima su [[epinefrin]] (adrenalin), [[norepinefrin]] (noradrenalin) i [[dopamin]]. Oslobađanje [[hormon]]a epinefrina i norepinefrina iz [[srž nadbubrežne žlijezde|srži nadbubrežne žlijezde]] dio je [[reakcija borbe ili bijega]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://myhealth.ucsd.edu/library/healthguide/en-us/support/topic.asp?hwid=te7424 | publisher = University of California | location = San Diego, CA | work = Health Library | title = Catecholamines | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110716025522/http://myhealth.ucsd.edu/library/healthguide/en-us/support/topic.asp?hwid=te7424 | archive-date = July 16, 2011 }}</ref> [[Tirozin]] stvara se iz [[fenilalanin]]a putem [[hidroksilacija|hidroksilacije]] pomoću [[enzim]]a [[fenilalanin-hidroksilaza]]. Tirozin se također unosi direktno iz proteina iz hrane. Ćelije koje luče kateholamin koriste nekoliko reakcija da bi serijski pretvorile tirozin u [[L-DOPA|<small>L</small>-DOPA]], a zatim u dopamin. U zavisnosti od tipa ćelije, dopamin se može dalje pretvoriti u norepinefrin ili čak dalje pretvoriti u [[epinefrin]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Joh |first1=T. H. |last2=Hwang |first2=O. | title = Dopamine Beta-Hydroxylase: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology | journal = Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | volume = 493 | pages = 342–350 | year = 1987 | pmid = 3473965 | doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb27217.x |s2cid=86229251 }}</ref> Različiti [[stimulans]]i droge (kao što su brojni [[supstituirani amfetamini]]) analozi su kateholamina. ==Struktura== Kateholamini imaju različitu strukturu [[benzenski prsten|benzenskog prstena]] sa dvije [[hidroksil]]ne grupe, međuproizvodnim [[etil grupa|etilnim]] lancem i terminalnom [[amin (hemija)|aminskom]] grupom. Feniletanolamini poput norepinefrina imaju hidroksilnu grupu na etilnom lancu. ==Proizvodnja i degradacija== {{Biosinteza kateholamina i tragova amina|align=right|caption=Kod ljudi, kateholamini (prikazani žutom bojom) nastaju iz [[aminokiseline]] <small>L</small>-fenilalanina.<br /><small>L</small>-Fenilalanin se pretvara u <small>L</small>-tirozin pomoću enzima [[aromatska aminokiselinska hidroksilaza|aromatska aminokiselinska hidroksilaza (AAAH)]] ([[fenilalanin 4-hidroksilaza]]), sa molekularnim [[kisik]]om (O<sub>2</sub>) i [[tetrahidrobiopterin]]om kao [[kofaktor|kofaktorom]]. <small>L</small>-Tirozin se pretvara u <small>L</small>-DOPA, pomoću drugog AAAH enzima ([[tirozin 3-hidroksilaza]]) sa [[tetrahidrobiopterin]]om, O<sub>2</sub> i [[feri-željezo|feri–]] [[željezo]]m (Fe<sup>2+</sup>) kao kofaktorima. <small>L</small>-DOPA se pretvara u dopamin pomoću enzima [[aromatska L-aminokiselinska dekarboksilaza|aromatska <small>L</small>-aminokiselinska dekarboksilaza (AADC)]], sa [[piridoksal-fosfat]]om kao kofaktorom. Sam dopamin se također koristi kao prekursor u sintezi [[neurotransmiter]]a [[norepinefrin]]a i [[epinefrin]]a. Dopamin se pretvara u norepinefrin pomoću enzima [[dopamin beta-hidroksilaza|dopamin β-hidroksilaza (DBH)]], sa O<sub>2</sub> i [[askorbinska kiselina|<small>L</small>-askorbinske kiseline]] kao kofaktorima. Norepinefrin se pretvara u epinefrin pomoću enzima [[feniletanolamin N-metiltransferaza|feniletanolamin ''N''-metiltransferaza]] (PNMT) sa [[S-adenozil metionin|''S''-adenozil-<small>L</small>-metioninom]] kao kofaktorom.}} ===Lokacija=== Kateholamine uglavnom proizvode [[hromafina ćelija|hromafine ćelije]] [[srž nasbubrečne žlijezde]] i [[postganglijska vlakna]] [[SNS|simpatičkog nervnog sistema]]. [[Dopamin]], koji djeluje kao [[neurotransmiter]] u [[CNS|centralnom nervnom sistemu]], uglavnom se proizvodi u [[neuron]]skim ćelijskim tijelima u dva područja [[moždano stablo|moždanog stabla]]: [[ventralno tegmentno području|ventralnom tegmentnom području]] i ''[[substantia nigra]]'', od kojih potonja sadrži [[neuromelanin]]-pigmentirane neurone. Slično neuromelanin-pigmentirana ćelijska tijela ''[[locus coeruleus]]'' proizvode [[norepinefrin]]. [[Epinefrin]] se proizvodi u malim grupama neurona u ljudskom mozgu koji eksprimiraju njegov sintetski [[enzim]], [[feniletanolamin N-metiltransferaza|feniletanolamin ''N''-metiltransferazu]];<ref name="Human PNMT neurons">{{cite journal | last1= Kitahama |first1=K. |last2=Pearson |first2=J. |last3=Denoroy |first3=L. |last4=Kopp |first4=N. |last5=Ulrich |first5=J. |last6=Maeda |first6=T. |last7=Jouvet |first7=M. | title = Adrenergic neurons in human brain demonstrated by immunohistochemistry with antibodies to phenylethanolamine-''N''-methyltransferase (PNMT): discovery of a new group in the nucleus tractus solitarius | journal = Neuroscience Letters | volume = 53 | issue = 3 | pages = 303–308 | year = 1985 | pmid = 3885079 | doi = 10.1016/0304-3940(85)90555-5|s2cid=2578817 }}</ref> Ovi neuroni se projektuju iz jezgra koje je susjedno (ventrolateralno) od ''[[area postrema]]'' i iz jezgra u dorzalnoj regiji [[solitarni trakt|solitarnog trakta]].<ref name="Human PNMT neurons" /> ===Biosinteza=== Dopamin je prvi kateholamin sintetiziran iz [[DOPA]]. Zauzvrat, norepinefrin i epinefrin nastaju daljnjom metaboličkom modifikacijom dopamina. Enzim dopamin-[[hidroksilaza]] zahtijeva [[bakar]] kao [[Kofaktor|kofaktor]] (nije prikazan na dijagramu), a DOPA-dekarboksilaza zahtijeva [[Piridoksal-fosfat|PLP]] (nije prikazan na dijagramu). Korak koji ograničava brzinu u [[biosinteza|biosintezi]] kateholamina kroz predominantni metabolički put je [[hidroksilacija]] <small>L</small>-tirozina u <small>L</small>-DOPA.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00702-014-1238-7 |doi=10.1007/s00702-014-1238-7 |title=Complex molecular regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase |date=2014 |last1=Tekin |first1=Izel |last2=Roskoski |first2=Robert |last3=Carkaci-Salli |first3=Nurgul |last4=Vrana |first4=Kent E. |journal=Journal of Neural Transmission |volume=121 |issue=12 |pages=1451–1481 |pmid=24866693 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Aminokiseline]] [[fenilalanin]] i [[tirozin]] prekursori su kateholamina. Obje aminokiseline nalaze se u visokim koncentracijama u [[krvna plazma|krvnoj plazmi]] i [[mozak|mozgu]]. Kod [[sisar]]a, tirozin se može formirati iz fenilalanina unesenog hranom, pomoću enzima [[fenilalanin-hidroksilaza]], koji se u velikim količinama nalazi u jetri. Nedovoljne količine fenilalanin-hidroksilaze rezultiraju [[fenilketonurija|fenilketonurijom]], [[metabolički poremećaj| metaboličkim poremećajem]] koji dovodi do [[mentalna retardacija|intelektualnih deficita]], osim ako se ne liječi. Obično se smatra da sinteza kateholamina počinje tirozinom. Enzim [[tirozin-hidroksilaza]] (TH) pretvara aminokiselinu <small>L</small>-tirozin u 3,4-dihidroksifenilalanin (<small>L</small>-DOPA). Hidroksilacija <small>L</small>-tirozina pomoću TH rezultira stvaranjem DA prekursora <small>L</small>-DOPA, koji se metabolizira putem [[Aromatska L-aminokiselinska dekarboksilaza|aromatska <small>L</small>-aminokiselinska dekarboksilaza]] (AADC) u transmiter dopamin. Ovaj korak odvija se tako brzo da je teško izmjeriti <small>L</small>-DOPA u mozgu bez prethodne inhibicije AADC. U [[neuron]]imaima koji koriste DA kao transmiter, [[dekarboksilacija]] <small>L</small>-DOPA u dopamin je posljednji korak u formiranju transmitera; međutim, u onim neuronima koji koriste [[norepinefrin]] (noradrenalin) ili [[epinefrin]] (adrenalin) kao transmitere, prisutan je i enzim [[dopamin beta-hidroksilaza|dopamin β-hidroksilaza]] (DBH), koji pretvara dopamin dajući norepinefrin. U još nekim neuronima u kojima je epinefrin transmiter, treći enzim [[feniletanolamin N-metiltransferaza|feniletanolamin ''N''-metiltransferaza (PNMT)]] pretvara norepinefrin u epinefrin. Dakle, ćelija koja koristi epinefrin kao svoj transmiter sadrži četiri enzima (TH, AADC, DBH i PNMT), dok neuroni norepinefrina sadrže samo tri enzima (nedostaje im PNMT), a dopaminske ćelije samo dva (TH i AADC). ===Degradacija=== Kateholamini imaju poluživot od nekoliko minuta kada cirkulišu u krvi. Mogu se degradirati ili metilacijom pomoću [[Katehol-O-metil transferaze|katehol-''O''-metiltransferaze (COMT)]] ili deaminacijom pomoću [[Monoaminooksidaze|monoaminooksidaze (MAO)]]. [[MAOI]] se vežu za MAO, čime ga sprječavaju da razgradi kateholamine i druge monoamine. {{clear right}} [[Katabolizam]] kateholamina posredovan je dvama glavnim enzimima: katehol-''O''-metiltransferazom (COMT) koja je prisutna u sinaptičkoj pukotini i citosolu ćelije i monoaminooksidazom (MAO) koja se nalazi u [[mitohondrijska membrana|mitohondrijskoj membrani]]. Oba [[enzim]]a zahtijevaju kofaktore: COMT koristi [[Magnezij u biologiji|Mg<sup>2+</sup>]] kao kofaktor, dok MAO koristi [[Flavin adenin-dinukleotid|FAD]]. Prvi korak kataboličkog procesa posredovan je ili MAO ili COMT-om, što zavisi od tkiva i lokacije kateholamina (naprimjer, razgradnja kateholamina u sinapsnoj pukotini posredovana je COMT-om jer je MAO mitohondrijski enzim). Sljedeći katabolički koraci u putu uključuju [[alkohol-dehidrogenaza|alkohol-dehidrogenazu]], [[aldehid-dehidrogenaza|aldehid-dehidrogenazu]] i [[aldehid-reduktaza|aldehid-reduktazu]]. Krajnji produkt epinefrina i norepinefrina je [[vanililmandelična kiselina|vanililmandelična kiselina (VMA)]] koja se izlučuje [[urin|mokraćom]]. Katabolizam dopamina dovodi do proizvodnje [[homovanilična kiselina|homovanilične kiseline (HVA)]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Eisenhofer|first1=G.|last2=Kopin|first2=I. J.|last3=Goldstein|first3=D. S.|s2cid=12825309|title=Catecholamine metabolism: a contemporary view with implications for physiology and medicine|journal= Pharmacological Reviews|date=2004|volume=3|issue=56|pages=331–349|pmid=15317907|doi=10.1124/pr.56.3.1}}</ref> ==Funkcija== ===Modalitet=== Dva kateholamina, [[norepinefrin]] i [[dopamin]], djeluju kao [[neuromodulatori]] u [[CNS|centralnom nervnom sistemu]] i kao hormoni u cirkulaciji krvi. Kateholamin [[norepinefrin]] je neuromodulator [[PNS|perifernog simpatičkog nervnog sistema]], ali je prisutan i u krvi (uglavnom putem "prelivanja" iz [[sinapsa|sinapsi]] simpatičkog sistema). Visoki nivoi kateholamina u krvi povezani su sa [[Stres|stresom]], koji može biti izazvan psihološkim reakcijama ili stresorima iz okoline kao što su [[uticaj buke na zdravlje|povišeni nivoi zvuka]], [[svjetlosno zagađenje|intenzivna svjetlost]] ili [[hipoglikemija|nizak nivo šećera u krvi]].<ref>{{Citation |last1=Chu |first1=Brianna |title=Physiology, Stress Reaction |date=2024 |work=StatPearls |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541120/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=31082164 |last2=Marwaha |first2=Komal |last3=Sanvictores |first3=Terrence |last4=Awosika |first4=Ayoola O. |last5=Ayers |first5=Derek}}</ref> Izuzetno visoki nivoi kateholamina (također poznati kao [[toksičnost]] kateholamina) mogu se javiti kod traume [[CNS|centralnog nervnog sistema]] zbog stimulacije ili oštećenja [[jezgro (neuroanatomija)|jezgara]] u [[moždano stablo|moždanom stablu]], posebno onih jezgara koja utiču na [[simpatički nervni sistem]]. U [[hitna medicina|hitnoj medicini]], ova pojava je široko poznata kao "izbacivanje kateholamina". Izuzetno visoki nivoi kateholamina mogu biti uzrokovani i [[neuroendokrini tumor| neuroendokrinim tumorima]] u [[srž nadbubrežne žlijezde|srži nadbubrežne žlijezde]], stanje koje se može liječiti poznato kao [[feohromocitom]]. Visoki nivoi kateholamina mogu biti uzrokovani i nedostatkom [[monoaminooksidaza- A|monoaminooksidaze-A (MAO-A)]], poznatim kao [[Brunnerov sindrom]]. Budući da je MAO-A jedan od enzima odgovornih za razgradnju ovih [[neurotransmiter]]a, njegov nedostatak značajno povećava [[bioraspoloživost]] ovih neurotransmitera. Javlja se u odsustvu feohromocitoma, neuroendokrinih tumora i karcinoidnog sindroma, ali izgleda slično karcinoidnom sindromu sa simptomima kao što su crvenilo lica i agresija.<ref>{{ cite journal | last1 = Manor | first1 = I. | last2 = Tyano | first2 = S. | last3 = Mel | first3 = E. | last4 = Eisenberg | first4 = J. | last5 = Bachner-Melman | first5 = R. | last6 = Kotler | first6 = M. | last7 = Ebstein | first7 = R. P. | title = Family-Based and Association Studies of Monoamine Oxidase A and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Preferential Transmission of the Long Promoter-Region Repeat and its Association with Impaired Performance on a Continuous Performance Test (TOVA) | journal = Molecular Psychiatry | volume = 7 | issue = 6 | pages = 626–632 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12140786 | doi = 10.1038/sj.mp.4001037 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{ Cite book | author = Brunner, H. G. | chapter = MAOA Deficiency and Abnormal Behaviour: Perspectives on an Association | title = Genetics of Criminal and Antisocial Behaviour | series = Ciba Foundation Symposium | volume = 194 | pages = 155–167 | year = 1996 | pmid = 8862875 | doi = 10.1002/9780470514825.ch9 | publisher = Wiley| isbn = 978-0-470-51482-5 }}</ref> Akutna [[porfirija]] može uzrokovati povišene kateholamine.<ref>{{cite journal| last1=Stewart |first1=M. F. |last2=Croft |first2=J. |last3=Reed |first3=P. |last4=New |first4=J. P. | pmc= 1994495 | pmid=17660335 | doi=10.1136/jcp.2005.032722 | volume=60 |issue=8 | title=Acute intermittent porphyria and phaeochromocytoma: shared features | journal=Journal of Clinical Pathology | pages=935–936 | year=2006}}</ref> ==Starenje== Degeneracija ''[[locus coeruleus]]'' i smanjena proizvodnja norepinefrina tokom starenja, u preliminarnim istraživanjima, oznaćeni su kao mogući faktori u patogenezi [[Alzheimerova bolest| Alzheimerove bolesti]].<ref name="heneka">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heneka MT, Carson MJ, El Khoury J, et al. |title=Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease |journal=The Lancet. Neurology |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=388–405 |date=April 2015 |pmid=25792098 |pmc=5909703 |doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(15)70016-5}}</ref> == Fiziološki efekti == Kateholamini uzrokuju opće fiziološke promjene koje pripremaju tijelo za fizičku aktivnost ([[reakcija borba ili bijeg]]). Neki tipični efekti su povećanje [[puls|otkucaja srca]], [[krvni pritisak| krvnog pritiska]], [[nivo glukoze u krvi|nivoa glukoze u krvi]] i opće reakcije [[ANA|simpatičkog nervnog sistema]]. Neki lijekovi, poput [[tolkapon]]a (centralnog [[COMT]]-inhibitora), povećavaju nivoe svih kateholamina. Povećani kateholamini također mogu uzrokovati ubrzano disanje ([[Tahipneja|tahipneja]]) kod pacijenata.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Estes|first=Mary|title=Health assessment and physical examination|publisher=Cengage|year=2016|isbn=978-0-17-035484-4|edition=2nd|location=[[Melbourne]]|pages=143}}</ref> Kateholamin se izlučuje u urin nakon razgradnje, a njegov nivo sekrecije može se mjeriti za dijagnozu bolesti povezanih s nivoima kateholamina u tijelu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Catecholamines in Urine|url=http://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/catecholamines-14697#1|website=webmd.com|access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref> [[urinski test|Testiranje urina]] na kateholamine koristi se za detekciju [[feohromocitom]]a. ===Funkcija u biljkama=== {{blockquote|Pronađeni su u 44 biljne porodice, ali za njih nije utvrđena esencijalna metabolička funkcija. Oni su prekursori benzo[''c'']fenantridinskih [[alkaloida]], koji su aktivni glavni sastojci mnogih ekstrakata [[ljekovit biljka|ljekovitih biljaka]]. Za CA se pretpostavlja da imaju moguću zaštitnu ulogu protiv insekata-[[predator]]a, [[povreda]] i detoksikacije dušika. Pokazalo se da postiču rast biljnog tkiva, somatsku [[embriogeneza|embriogenezu]] iz ''[[in vitro]]'' kultura i cvjetanje. CA inhibiraju oksidaciju [[indol-3-sirćetna kiselina|indol-3-sirćetne kiseline]] i poboljšavaju biosintezu [[etilen]]a. Također je pokazano da [[sinergija|sinergijski]] pojačavaju različite efekte [[giberelin]]a.<ref>{{ cite journal |last1=Kuklin |first1=A. I. |last2=Conger |first2=B. V. | title = Catecholamines in Plants | journal = Journal of Plant Growth Regulation | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | year = 1995 | doi = 10.1007/BF00203119 | pages = 91–97 |bibcode=1995JPGR...14...91K |s2cid=41493767 }}</ref>}} == Testiranje na kateholamine == Kateholamine luče ćelije u tkivima različitih sistema ljudskog tijela, uglavnom nervni i endokrini sistem. Nadbubrežne žlijezde luče određene kateholamine u krv kada osoba osjeti prijetnju i pripremi se za [[reakcija borba ili bijeg|reakciju borbe ili bijega]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adrenal Medulla: Hormone Regulation and Action - Free Sketchy MCAT Lesson |url=https://www.sketchy.com/mcat-lessons/adrenal-medulla-hormone-regulation-and-action |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=www.sketchy.com}}</ref> Međutim, akutni ili hronični višak kateholamina u cirkulaciji može potencijalno povećati [[krvni pritisak]] i [[puls|broj otkucaja srca]] na vrlo visoke nivoe i na kraju izazvati opasne efekte. Testovi za frakcionisane slobodne metanefrine u plazmi ili metanefrine u urinu koriste se za potvrdu ili isključivanje određenih bolesti kada ljekar identifikuje znakove [[hipertenzija| hipertenzije]] i [[tahikardija| tahikardije]] koji ne reaguju adekvatno na liječenje.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://labtestsonline.org/tests/plasma-free-metanephrines|title=Plasma Free Metanephrines {{!}} Lab Tests Online|website=labtestsonline.org|access-date=2019-12-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://labtestsonline.org/tests/urine-metanephrines|title=Urine Metanephrines {{!}} Lab Tests Online|website=labtestsonline.org|date=6 December 2019|access-date=2019-12-24}}</ref> Svaki od testova mjeri količinu [[metabolit]]a [[adrenalin]]a i noradrenalina, koji se redom nazivaju [[metanefrin]] i [[normetanefrin]]. Također se rade analize krvi kako bi se analizirala količina kateholamina prisutnih u tijelu. Testovi kateholamina se rade kako bi se identificirali rijetki tumori nadbubrežne žlijezde ili nervnog sistema. Testovi kateholamina pružaju informacije o tumorima kao što su: [[feohromocitom]], [[paragangliom]] i [[neuroblastom]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/catecholamines-test-facts|title=Catecholamine Urine & Blood Tests|website=WebMD|language=en|access-date=2019-10-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://labtestsonline.org/tests/catecholamines|title=Catecholamines|website=labtestsonline.org|language=en|access-date=2019-10-09}}</ref> ==Također pogledajte== {{colbegin|colwidth=25em}} *[[Katehol-O-metiltransferaza|Katehol-''O''-metiltransferaza]] *[[Kateholaminergička polimorfna ventrikularna tahikardija]] *[[Historija istraživanja kateholamina]] *[[Hormon]] *[[Julius Axelrod]] *[[Peptidni hormon]] *[[Fenetilamin]] *[[Steroidni hormon]] *[[Simpatomimetički lijek]] *[[Vanilin-mandelična kiselina]] {{colend}} ==Reference== {{reflist}} ==Vanjski linkovi== * {{MeshName|Catecholamines}} {{Commonscat|Catecholamines}} {{Neurotransmiteri}} {{Intermedijari metabolizma neurotransmitera}} {{TAAR ligandi}} {{Hemijske klase psihoaktivnih lijekova}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategorija:Kateholamini| ]] [[Kategorija:Neurotransmiteri]] [[Kategorija:TAAR1 agonisti]] [[Kategorija:Hormoni stresa]] [[Kategorija:Hormoni]] [[Kategorija:Endokrinologija]] j03bw9jgzyl183z1op8q4idnvm5r4nu El-Mukadasi 0 534985 3849264 2026-05-25T12:34:54Z AdnanSa 226 Nova stranica: {{Infokutija naučnik | ime = Šemsudin Ebu Abdullah Muhamed ibn Ahmed ibn Ebu Bekr (El-Mukadasi) | slika = | slika_širina = | naslov = | datum_rođenja = 945-946. | mjesto_rođenja = Jerusalem, Abasidski Halifat | datum_smrti = {{Datum smrti i godine|991|||945||}} | mjesto_smrti = Fatimidski Halifat | prebivalište = <!-- [[Grad]], [[Država]] --> | drža... 3849264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija naučnik | ime = Šemsudin Ebu Abdullah Muhamed ibn Ahmed ibn Ebu Bekr (El-Mukadasi) | slika = | slika_širina = | naslov = | datum_rođenja = 945-946. | mjesto_rođenja = Jerusalem, Abasidski Halifat | datum_smrti = {{Datum smrti i godine|991|||945||}} | mjesto_smrti = Fatimidski Halifat | prebivalište = <!-- [[Grad]], [[Država]] --> | državljanstvo = | narodnost = | etnicitet = | polje = Astronomija, matematika, astrologija | radna_institucija = | alma_mater = Geografija u srednjovjekovnom islamu | doktorski_mentor = | doktorski_studenti = | akademski_savjetnici = | uticao_na = | uticali_na_njega = Ebu Zejd al-Balhi | poznat_po = Najbolje podjele u poznavanju regija | autor_kratica_bot = | autor_kratica_zoo = | nagrade = | religija = | fusnote = }} '''Šemsudin Ebu Abdullah Muhamed ibn Ahmed ibn Ebu Bekr''', poznatiji kao '''nisba El-Makdisi''' ili '''El-Mukadasi''', što znači Jerusalemljanin, bio je [[Geografija i kartografija u srednjovjekovnom islamu|srednjovjekovni arapski geograf]]<ref>Rahman, Mushtaqur (2008). "Al‐Muqaddasī". Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. p. 145. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0_8963. ISBN 978-1-4020-4559-2.</ref>, autor djela "Najbolje podjele u poznavanju regija" i "Opis Sirije". Njegovo djelo je hvaljeno zbog živopisnih opisa, posebno njegove rodne regije [[Palestina|Palestine]], [[Toponim|toponimskog]] identiteta s kojim se s ponosom identifikovao. == Biografija == === Izvori === Osim njegovog vlastitog djela, postoji malo biografskih podataka dostupnih o El-Mukadasiju.<ref>Miquel, A. (1993). "Al-Mukaddasi". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VII: Mif–Naz. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 492–493. ISBN 978-90-04-09419-2. p. 492.</ref> Ne spominje se ni u obimnim biografijama Ibn Halikana (umro 1282.), niti su aspekti njegovog života spomenuti u djelima njegovih savremenika. == Reference == {{Reference}} [[Kategorija:Arapski kartografi]] [[Kategorija:Geografi srednjovjekovnog islama]] 0bx7y040hh2cu0llk2dgv9a0kduhns2 3849271 3849264 2026-05-25T12:46:22Z AdnanSa 226 3849271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija naučnik | ime = Šemsudin Ebu Abdullah Muhamed ibn Ahmed ibn Ebu Bekr (El-Mukadasi) | slika = | slika_širina = | naslov = | datum_rođenja = 945-946. | mjesto_rođenja = Jerusalem, Abasidski Halifat | datum_smrti = {{Datum smrti i godine|991|||945||}} | mjesto_smrti = Fatimidski Halifat | prebivalište = <!-- [[Grad]], [[Država]] --> | državljanstvo = | narodnost = | etnicitet = | polje = Astronomija, matematika, astrologija | radna_institucija = | alma_mater = Geografija u srednjovjekovnom islamu | doktorski_mentor = | doktorski_studenti = | akademski_savjetnici = | uticao_na = | uticali_na_njega = Ebu Zejd al-Balhi | poznat_po = Najbolje podjele u poznavanju regija | autor_kratica_bot = | autor_kratica_zoo = | nagrade = | religija = | fusnote = }} '''Šemsudin Ebu Abdullah Muhamed ibn Ahmed ibn Ebu Bekr''', poznatiji kao '''nisba El-Makdisi''' ili '''El-Mukadasi''', što znači Jerusalemljanin, bio je [[Geografija i kartografija u srednjovjekovnom islamu|srednjovjekovni arapski geograf]]<ref>Rahman, Mushtaqur (2008). "Al‐Muqaddasī". Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. p. 145. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0_8963. ISBN 978-1-4020-4559-2.</ref>, autor djela "Najbolje podjele u poznavanju regija" i "Opis Sirije". Njegovo djelo je hvaljeno zbog živopisnih opisa, posebno njegove rodne regije [[Palestina|Palestine]], [[Toponim|toponimskog]] identiteta s kojim se s ponosom identifikovao. == Biografija == === Izvori === Osim njegovog vlastitog djela, postoji malo biografskih podataka dostupnih o El-Mukadasiju.<ref>Miquel, A. (1993). "Al-Mukaddasi". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VII: Mif–Naz. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 492–493. ISBN 978-90-04-09419-2. p. 492.</ref> Ne spominje se ni u obimnim biografijama Ibn Halikana (umro 1282.), niti su aspekti njegovog života spomenuti u djelima njegovih savremenika. === Rani život i obrazovanje === Rođen je u Jerusalemu oko 946. godine i pripadao je porodici srednje klase čiji korijeni s područjaa tog grada datiraju iz perioda približnog muslimanskom osvajanju u VII vijeku.<ref>Mukaddasi (1886). Le Strange, G. (ed.). Description of Syria, including Palestine. London: Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society.</ref> El-Mukadasi ili alternativno El-Makdisi bio je nisba što ukazuje na to da je bio iz "Bejt'ul-Makdisa" ili "Bejt'ul Mukadasa", muslimanskih naziva za Jerusalem. Njegov djed po ocu, Ebu Bekr Al-Banna, bio je odgovoran za izgradnju pomorskih utvrđenja u Acreu po naređenju Ahmeda ibn Tuluna (vladao 868–884), autonomnog abasidskog guvernera Egipta i Sirije. El-Mukadasijev djed po majci, Ebu Tajjib al-Šavva, preselio se u Jerusalem iz Bihara u Horasanu i bio je također [[Arhitektura|arhitekta]]. Kao što se može zaključiti iz njegovog rada i društvene pozadine, vjerovatno je bio dobro obrazovan. Historičar André Miquel primjećuje da El-Mukadasijeva upotreba "rimovane [[Proza|proze]], čak i [[Poezija|poezije]]" ukazuje na snažno poznavanje arapske gramatike i [[Arapska književnost|književnosti]]. Slično tome, njegovi spisi pokazuju da je rano pokazivao interes za [[Fikh]] (islamsku jurisprudenciju), historiju, [[Filologija|filologiju]] i [[hadis]]. == Reference == {{Reference}} [[Kategorija:Arapski kartografi]] [[Kategorija:Geografi srednjovjekovnog islama]] 56lhzy51mzqel7ng0uvw1qdod7nvo8v Katica Lacković-Grgin 0 534986 3849267 2026-05-25T12:44:54Z Bosancica by MK 173186 Napravljen članak 3849267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija naučnik | ime = Katica Lacković-Grgin | slika = | slika_širina = 250px | naslov = | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja i godine|1940|10|22}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Reka (Koprivnica)|Reka]], [[Koprivnica]], [[Hrvatska]] | datum_smrti = | mjesto_smrti = | prebivalište = [[Zadar]], [[Hrvatska]] | državljanstvo = Hrvatsko | narodnost = | etnicitet = | polje = [[Razvojna psihologija]] | radna_institucija = {{Plainlist| * [[Univerzitet u Rijeci]] * [[Univerzitet u Zadru]] }} | alma_mater = {{Plainlist| * [[Univerzitet u Zagrebu]] (Filozofski fakultet) * [[Univerzitet u Ljubljani]] (Filozofski fakultet) }} | doktorski_mentor = | doktorski_studenti = | akademski_savjetnici = | uticao_na = | uticali_na_njega = | poznat_po = {{Plainlist| * [[Psihologija adolescencije]] * Psihologija odrasle dobi i starenja * Istraživanja usamljenosti i samopoimanja * Prvi univerzitetski udžbenici iz psihologije odrasle dobi i starenja u regiji }} | autor_kratica_bot = | autor_kratica_zoo = | nagrade = "Psihologijska nagrada Ramiro Bujas" za životno djelo (2009) | religija = | fusnote = Katica Lacković-Grgin je dala značajan doprinos razvoju psihologije na prostorima bivše [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija|Jugoslavije]] }} '''Katica Lacković-Grgin''' (rođena 22. oktobra 1940) je [[hrvatska]] [[Psihologija|psihologinja]] i univerzitetska profesorica, poznata po istraživanjima iz oblasti [[Razvojna psihologija|razvojne psihologije]], posebno psihologije adolescencije i psihologije odraslog doba i starenja, sa fokusom na stres i strategije suočavanja, samopoimanje i samopoštovanje, psihosocijalno prilagođavanje, usamljenost i subjektivnu dobrobit.<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Unizd">{{cite web |title=Katica Lacković-Grgin, red. prof. u miru – Pozvani predavači |url=https://www.unizd.hr/danipsih/hrvatski/pozvani-predavaci/katica-lackovic-grgin |website=Sveučilište u Zadru - Dani psihologije |access-date=24. 5. 2026 |language=hr}}</ref> == Obrazovanje i akademska karijera == Katica Lacković-Grgin završila je učiteljsku školu 1960. godine. Studirala je psihologiju na Filozofskom fakultetu [[Univerzitet u Zagrebu|Univerziteta u Zagrebu]], gdje je diplomirala 1967. Doktorirala je 1982. na Filozofskom fakultetu [[Univerzitet u Ljubljani|Univerziteta u Ljubljani]], odbranivši disertaciju pod naslovom ''Roditeljski stil rukovođenja i socijalno ponašanje učenika''.<ref name="Metel_LackovicGrgin">{{cite web |title=Katica Lacković-Grgin – Biografija i bibliografija |url=https://library.foi.hr/autori/autor.php?B=1&A=0000005592&E=E0011VLA-Gradska%20knji%C5%BEnica%20i%20%C3%A8itaonica%20METEL%20O%C5%BDEGOVI%C3%86%20Vara%C5%BEdin |website=Baza autora Metelgrad – Fakultet organizacije i informatike Varaždin |access-date=24. 5. 2026 |language=hr}}</ref> Profesionalnu karijeru započela je 1967. kao [[Školska psihologija|školska psihologinja]] u [[Rijeka (grad)|Rijeci]]. Od 1970. radila je kao asistentica, a zatim od 1974. kao profesorica na Pedagoškoj akademiji u Rijeci.<ref name="Metel_LackovicGrgin" /> Godine 1976. prelazi na [[Filozofski fakultet u Zadru]], gdje je predavala predmete iz oblasti [[Razvojna psihologija|razvojne psihologije]]. Godine 1978, zajedno sa svojim kolegama, osnovala je Odsjek za psihologiju pri Filozofskom fakultetu u Zadru, tada u sastavu [[Univerzitet u Splitu|Univerziteta u Splitu]].<ref name="O_Autoru">{{cite book |title=O autoru knjige Parenthood and Parenting in Croatia |publisher=Google Books |url=https://novapublishers.com/shop/parenthood-and-parenting-in-croatia-a-developmental-and-socio-cultural-perspective/ |date=2015 |access-date=25. 5. 2026 |language=hr}}</ref> Za docenticu je izabrana 1984, za vanrednu profesoricu 1990, za redovnu profesoricu 1996, a za redovnu profesoricu u trajnom zvanju 2001.<ref name="Metel_LackovicGrgin" /> U zvanju redovne profesorice radila je do penzionisanja 2008. Tokom akademske karijere predavala je kao gostujuća profesorica na dodiplomskim, postdiplomskim i doktorskim studijima psihologije na [[Univerzitet u Zagrebu|Univerzitetu u Zagrebu]], kao i na doktorskom studiju [[Filozofski fakultet u Sarajevu|Filozofskog fakulteta u Sarajevu]].<ref name="Metel_LackovicGrgin" /> Bila je mentorica velikog broja diplomskih, magistarskih i doktorskih radova te voditeljica više naučnih i istraživačkih projekata iz oblasti razvojne psihologije, sa posebnim fokusom na [[Psihologija adolescencije|psihologiju adolescencije]] i [[Razvoj u odrasloj dobi|psihologiju odrasle dobi]] i [[Starenje|starenja]]. == Naučna i publicistička djelatnost == Naučni rad Katice Lacković-Grgin usmjeren je na [[Razvojna psihologija|razvojnu psihologiju]], posebno [[Psihologija adolescencije|psihologiju adolescencije]], [[Razvoj u odrasloj dobi|psihologiju odrasle dobi]] i [[Starenje|psihologiju starenja]]. Objavila je oko stotinu naučnih i stručnih radova u domaćim i međunarodnim časopisima i zbornicima radova, među kojima su ''Radovi Filozofskog fakulteta u Zadru'', ''Društvena istraživanja'', ''Suvremena psihologija'', ''Social Indicators Research'', ''Journal of Adult Development'', ''Adolescence'' i ''Psychology and Education''. Autorica, koautorica i urednica je više univerzitetskih udžbenika i monografija. U svojim istraživanjima bavila se razvojem samopoimanja i samopoštovanja, stresom i strategijama suočavanja, usamljenošću, žaljenjem, subjektivnom dobrobiti, životnim tranzicijama i samoregulacijom kroz životni ciklus. Posebnu pažnju posvetila je proučavanju stresa u dječjoj i adolescentskoj dobi, posebno izvorima [[Psihološki stres|stresa]], strategijama suočavanja, ulogom ličnih i okolinskih faktora te psihosocijalnim posljedicama stresnih iskustava. Rezultate višegodišnjih istraživanja objedinila je u monografiji ''Stres u djece i adolescenata: Izvori, posrednici i učinci'' (2004), u kojoj je dala sistematski prikaz teorijskih pristupa i empirijskih istraživanja stresa, s posebnim osvrtom na kognitivne modele stresa, socijalnu podršku, porodične odnose i školski kontekst. Knjiga predstavlja značajan doprinos proučavanju psihosocijalnog prilagođavanja djece i adolescenata te se koristi kao univerzitetska literatura iz oblasti razvojne psihologije.<ref name="JokicBegic_Recenzija_2008">{{cite journal |last=Jokić-Begić |first=Nataša |title=Recenzija knjige: Katica Lacković-Grgin: Stres u djece i adolescenata |journal=Sociologija i prostor |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/en/file/39355 |date=2008 |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=101–106 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> Posebno mjesto u njenom naučnom radu zauzimala su istraživanja [[Usamljenost|usamljenosti]] u različitoj životnoj dobi. Analizirala je emocionalne i socijalne dimenzije usamljenosti, njenu povezanost sa kvalitetom međuljudskih odnosa i psihološkim faktorima prilagođavanja. U okviru ovog istraživačkog područja objavila je više naučnih radova,<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Penezic_Soric_1998">{{cite journal |last1=Lacković-Grgin |first1=Katica |last2=Penezić |last2=Zvjezdan |last3=Sorić |first3=Izabela |title=Usamljenost i samoća studenata: uloga afilijativne motivacije i nekih osobnih značajki |journal=Društvena istraživanja: časopis za opća društvena pitanja |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/32155 |date=1998 |volume=7 |issue=4-5 (36-37) |pages=625–641 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="LackovicGrgin_Nekic_Penezic_2009">{{cite journal |last1=Lacković-Grgin |first1=Katica |last2=Nekić |first2=Marina |last3=Penezić |first3=Zvjezdan |title=Usamljenost žena odrasle dobi: Uloga percipirane kvalitete bračnog odnosa i samostišavanja |journal=Suvremena psihologija |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/122952 |date=2009 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=7–22 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="Soric_LackovicGrgin_Penezic_2000">{{cite journal |last1=Sorić |first1=Izabela |last2=Lacković-Grgin |first2=Katica |last3=Penezić |first3=Zvjezdan |title=Suočavanje s usamljenošću: značenje iskustva i uzroka usamljenosti |journal=Radovi Filozofskog fakulteta u Zadru. Razdio filozofije, psihologije, sociologije i pedagogije |url=https://morepress.unizd.hr/journals/radovifpsp/article/view/2530 |date=2000 |volume=39 |issue=16 |pages=17–32 |doi=10.15291/radovifpsp.2530 |language=hr}}</ref> kao i monografiju ''Usamljenost: fenomenologija, teorije i istraživanja'', u kojoj je sistematizovala teorijske pristupe i empirijska istraživanja ovog fenomena.<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Usamljenost_2008">{{cite book |last=Lacković-Grgin |first=Katica |title=Usamljenost |url=https://www.nakladaslap.com/public/docs/knjige/usamljenost%200.pdf |date=2008 |publisher=Naklada Slap |location=Jastrebarsko |isbn=978-953-191-362-1 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> Istraživala je i proces [[Žaljenje|žaljenja]], pri čemu je analizirala njegove kognitivne i emocionalne komponente, kao i ulogu propuštenih prilika i pogrešnih odluka u njegovom nastanku. U koautorskom radu ''Žaljenja: fenomenologija, konceptualizacije i istraživanja'' razmatrana je povezanost žaljenja sa životnim domenima kao što su [[obrazovanje]], karijera i međuljudski odnosi, te njegova uloga u samoregulaciji kroz životni ciklus.<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Zaljenja_2012">{{cite journal |last=Lacković-Grgin |first=Katica |title=Žaljenja: fenomenologija, konceptualizacije i istraživanja |journal=Društvena istraživanja : časopis za opća društvena pitanja |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/133665 |date=2012 |volume=21 |issue=3 (117) |pages=635–655 |doi=10.5559/di.21.3.03 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> U kasnijim istraživanjima bavila se psihologijom starenja, generativnošću, kvalitetom života i mehanizmima samoregulacije u odrasloj i starijoj dobi.<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Motivacijska_2007">{{cite journal |last=Lacković-Grgin |first=Katica |title=Motivacijska osnovica samoregulacije tijekom životnih tranzicija |journal=Suvremena psihologija |url=https://selfdeterminationtheory.org/SDT/documents/2007_Lackovic-Grgin_CroatianArticle.pdf |date=2007 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=257–275 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> Posebno je istraživala generativnost u kontekstu [[Eriksonove faze psihosocijalnog razvoja|Eriksonove teorije psihosocijalnog razvoja]], analizirajući njen odnos s razvojnim komponentama ličnosti kroz životni ciklus, uključujući povjerenje, autonomiju, inicijativu, produktivnost, [[identitet]] i intimnost.<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Penezic_Tucak_2002">{{cite journal |last1=Lacković-Grgin |first1=Katica |last2=Penezić |first2=Zvjezdan |last3=Tucak |first3=Ivana |title=Odnos generativnosti i drugih komponenti ličnosti Eriksonova modela u osoba mlađe, srednje i starije odrasle dobi |journal=Suvremena psihologija |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/en/3213 |date=2002 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=7–21 |language=hr}}</ref> Bila je stručna redaktorica i urednica hrvatskog izdanja knjige ''Psihologija odrasle dobi i starenja'' autora K. Warnera Schaiea i Sherry L. Willis, koju je 2001. objavila Naklada Slap. Riječ je o univerzitetskom udžbeniku iz oblasti razvojne psihologije, koji je široko korišten u nastavi psihologije na univerzitetima u zemljama regiona.<ref name="Metel_LackovicGrgin" /> == Djela == === Autorske knjige === * ''Psiho-pedagoški tretman školske djece s teškoćama u učenju i ponašanju'' (1978)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Tretman_1978">{{cite book |last=Lacković-Grgin |first=Katica |title=Psiho-pedagoški tretman školske djece s teškoćama u učenju i ponašanju |date=1978 |publisher=Zavod za prosvjetno-pedagošku službu |location=Rijeka |language=hr}}</ref> * ''Samopoimanje mladih'' (1994)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Samopoimanje_1994">{{cite book |last=Lacković-Grgin |first=Katica |title=Samopoimanje mladih |date=1994 |publisher=Naklada Slap |location=Jastrebarsko |language=hr}}</ref> * ''Stres u djece i adolescenata'' (2000, 2004)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Stres_2000">{{cite book |last=Lacković-Grgin |first=Katica |title=Stres u djece i adolescenata |url=https://www.nakladaslap.com/public/docs/knjige/stres%20u%20djece%20sadr.pdf |date=2000 |publisher=Naklada Slap |location=Jastrebarsko |isbn=953-191-135-5 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> * ''Psihologija adolescencije'' (2006)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Adolescencija_2006">{{cite book |last=Lacković-Grgin |first=Katica |title=Psihologija adolescencije |url=https://www.nakladaslap.com/public/docs/knjige/Psihologija%20adolescencije%20-%20poglavlje.pdf |date=2006 |publisher=Naklada Slap |location=Jastrebarsko |isbn=953-191-288-2 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> * ''Usamljenost: fenomenologija, teorije i istraživanja'' (2008)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Usamljenost_2008" /> === Uredničke i koautorske publikacije === * ''Problemi adolescenata iz gradskih sredina: (zavisnost tih problema od nekih ličnih, socio-demografskih i interpersonalnih faktora)'' (1988)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Problemi_1988">{{cite book |last1=Lacković-Grgin |first1=Katica |last2=Božičević |first2=Viktor |last3=Milosavljević |first3=Branko |last4=Rijavec |first4=Majda |title=Problemi adolescenata iz gradskih sredina: (zavisnost tih problema od nekih ličnih, socio-demografskih i interpersonalnih faktora) |url=https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/cg/cnr_latn/data/cobib/1746178?format=isbd |date=1988 |publisher=Narodni list |location=Zadar |isbn=86-7377-012-2 |language=sh}}</ref> * ''Psihologija odrasle dobi i starenja'' (2001)<ref name="Schaie_Willis_2001">{{cite book |last1=Schaie |first1=K. Warner |last2=Willis |first2=Sherry L. |editor1-last=Lacković-Grgin |editor1-first=Katica |title=Psihologija odrasle dobi i starenja |url=https://doaj.org/article/65580f5b64d34b889c2f77d938307038 |date=2001 |publisher=Naklada Slap |location=Jastrebarsko |isbn=978-953-191-139-9 |language=hr}}</ref> * ''Zbirka psihologijskih skala i upitnika: svezak 1'' (2002, 2019)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Zbirka_2019">{{cite book |editor1-last=Lacković-Grgin |editor1-first=Katica |editor2-last=Proroković |editor2-first=Ana |editor3-last=Ćubela |editor3-first=Vera |editor4-last=Penezić |editor4-first=Zvjezdan |title=Zbirka psihologijskih skala i upitnika: svezak 1 |url=https://morepress.unizd.hr/books/index.php/press/hr/catalog/view/28/24/365 |date=2019 |publisher=Morepress Books |isbn=953-6721-05-8 |language=hr}}</ref> * ''Zbirka psihologijskih skala i upitnika: svezak 2'' (2004, 2019)<ref name="Prorokovic_Zbirka_2019">{{cite book |editor1-last=Proroković |editor1-first=Ana |editor2-last=Lacković-Grgin |editor2-first=Katica |editor3-last=Ćubela Adorić |editor3-first=Vera |editor4-last=Penezić |editor4-first=Zvjezdan |title=Zbirka psihologijskih skala i upitnika: svezak 2 |url=https://morepress.unizd.hr/books/index.php/press/hr/catalog/view/29/25/367 |date=2019 |publisher=Morepress Books |isbn=953-99229-4-1 |language=hr}}</ref> * ''Odabrane teme iz psihologije odraslih'' (2005)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Adoric_2006">{{cite book |editor1-last=Lacković-Grgin |editor1-first=Katica |editor2-last=Ćubela Adorić |editor2-first=Vera |title=Odabrane teme iz psihologije odraslih |url=https://www.nakladaslap.com/public/docs/knjige/Odabrane%20teme%20iz%20psihologije%20odraslih%20-%20sadrzaj.pdf |date=2006 |publisher=Naklada Slap |location=Jastrebarsko |isbn=953-191-289-0 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> * ''Parenthood and Parenting in Croatia'' (2015)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Penezic_Parenthood_2015">{{cite book |last1=Lacković-Grgin |first1=Katica |last2=Penezić |first2=Zvjezdan |title=Parenthood and Parenting in Croatia: A Developmental and Socio-cultural Perspective |url=http://ebooks.wiki/parenthood-and-parenting-in-croatia-a-developmental-and-socio-cultural-perspective/ |date=2015 |publisher=Nova Science Publishers |location=New York |isbn=978-1-63482-836-9 |language=en}}</ref> * ''Ličnost: razvojno-psihološka perspektiva'' (2018)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Penezic_Licnost">{{cite book |last1=Lacković-Grgin |first1=Katica |last2=Penezić |first2=Zvjezdan |title=Ličnost: Razvojno-psihološka perspektiva |url=https://www.nakladaslap.com/public/docs/knjige/li%C4%8Dnost_lackovi%C4%87%20grgin_penezi%C4%87%200.pdf |publisher=Naklada Slap |location=Jastrebarsko |isbn=978-953-191-864-0 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> === Poglavlja u knjigama === * ''Istraživanja razvojno-psiholoških pojava'' u ''Quo vadis psychologia?'' (2008)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Istraživanja_2008">{{cite book |last=Lacković-Grgin |first=Katica |editor1-last=Manenica |editor1-first=Ilija |editor2-last=Šimić |editor2-first=Nataša |title=Quo vadis psychologia? – 30. obljetnica Odjela za psihologiju Sveučilišta u Zadru |chapter=Istraživanja razvojno-psiholoških pojava |url=https://www.psihologija.hr/strucne-sekcije/sekcija-za-ljudska-prava-i-psihologiju/clanak/lackovi%C4%87-grgin,-k-2008-,.html?tmpl=component&print=1 |date=2008 |publisher=Sveučilište u Zadru |location=Zadar |language=hr}}</ref> * ''Self-Regulation Across Some Life Transitions'' u ''Handbook of Stressful Transitions Across the Lifespan'' (2010)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Penezic_2010">{{cite book |last1=Lacković-Grgin |first1=Katica |last2=Penezić |first2=Zvjezdan |editor1-last=Miller |editor1-first=Thomas W. |title=Handbook of Stressful Transitions Across the Lifespan |chapter=Self-Regulation Across Some Life Transitions |url=http://download.e-bookshelf.de/download/0000/0061/29/L-G-0000006129-0002369086.pdf |date=2010 |publisher=Springer |location=New York |pages=411–440 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4419-0748-6_21 |isbn=978-1-4419-0747-9 |language=en |format=PDF}}</ref> === Odabrani naučni radovi === * ''Percepcija vlastita položaja i uloga kod žena zrele dobi'' (1996)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Percepcija_1996">{{cite journal |last=Lacković-Grgin |first=Katica |title=Percepcija vlastita položaja i uloga kod žena zrele dobi |journal=Radovi Filozofskog fakulteta u Zadru. Razdio filozofije, psihologije, sociologije i pedagogije |url=https://morepress.unizd.hr/journals/index.php/radovifpsp/en/article/view/2664/3321 |date=1996 |volume=35 |issue=12 |pages=49–58 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> * ''Korelati prilagodbe studiju tijekom prve godine'' (1997)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Soric_1997">{{cite journal |last1=Lacković-Grgin |first1=Katica |last2=Sorić |first2=Izabela |title=Korelati prilagodbe studiju tijekom prve godine |journal=Društvena istraživanja: časopis za opća društvena pitanja |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/50175 |date=1997 |volume=6 |issue=4-5 (30-31) |pages=493–507 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> * ''Dobne i spolne razlike u samootkrivanju adolescenata različitim osobama'' (2001)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Penezic_Zutelija_2001">{{cite journal |last1=Lacković-Grgin |first1=Katica |last2=Penezić |last2=Zvjezdan |last3=Žutelija |first3=Sandra |title=Dobne i spolne razlike u samootkrivanju adolescenata različitim osobama |journal=Društvena istraživanja: časopis za opća društvena pitanja |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/31337 |date=2001 |volume=10 |issue=3 (53) |pages=423–444 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> * ''Proces umirovljenja: pokušaj provjere Atchleyeva modela prilagodbe'' (2006)<ref name="Penezic_LackovicGrgin_Bacinic_2006">{{cite journal |last1=Penezić |first1=Zvjezdan |last2=Lacković-Grgin |first2=Katica |last3=Bačinić |first3=Andrijana |title=Proces umirovljenja: pokušaj provjere Atchleyeva modela prilagodbe |journal=Medica Jadertina |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/19419 |date=2006 |volume=36 |issue=3-4 |pages=97–110 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> === Književno stvaralaštvo === Godine 2008. objavila je zbirku poezije ''Pjesme uz put'' u Zadru.<ref name="057info_Usamljenost_2009">{{cite web |title=Usamljenost kao znanost i poezija |url=https://www.057info.hr/vijesti/2009-05-20/usamljenost-kao-znanost-i-poezija/ |website=057info |date=2009 |access-date=25. 5. 2026 |language=hr}}</ref> Riječ je o autorskom književnom djelu koje nije direktno povezano s njenim naučnim radom iz oblasti psihologije. == Nagrade i priznanja == Za svoj naučni i stručni doprinos psihologiji dobitnica je više priznanja [[Hrvatsko psihološko društvo|Hrvatskog psihološkog društva]]: * "Psihologijska nagrada Ramiro Bujas" za posebno vrijedno psihologijsko naučno djelo Hrvatskog psihološkog društva za knjigu ''Stres u djece i adolescenata''<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Unizd" /> * "Psihologijska nagrada Ramiro Bujas" za posebno vrijedno psihologijsko naučno djelo Hrvatskog psihološkog društva za knjigu ''Usamljenost: fenomenologija, teorije i istraživanja''<ref name="Ljubotina_Bujas_2009">{{cite journal |last=Ljubotina |first=Damir |title=Report: 19th Ramiro and Zoran Bujas' Days |journal=Review of Psychology |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/162346 |date=2009 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=67–68 |language=en |format=PDF}}</ref> * Psihologijska nagrada ″Ramiro Bujas″ za životno djelo Hrvatskog psihološkog društva<ref name="Ljubotina_Bujas_2009" /> == Lični život == Katica Lacković-Grgin bila je supruga hrvatskog psihologa i univerzitetskog profesora [[Tomislav Grgin|Tomislava Grgina]], s kojim je sarađivala u naučnom i akademskom radu iz oblasti [[Razvojna psihologija|razvojne]] i [[Pedagoška psihologija|edukacijske psihologije]].<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Predictors_2001">{{cite journal |last1=Lacković-Grgin |first1=Katica |last2=Grgin |first2=Tomislav |last3=Penezić |first3=Zvjezdan |last4=Sorić |first4=Izabela |title=Some Predictors of Primary Control of Development in Three Transitional Periods of Life |journal=Journal of Adult Development |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1009587306847 |date=2001 |volume=8 |pages=149–160 |doi=10.1023/A:1009587306847 |language=en}}</ref> == Također pogledajte == * [[Razvojna psihologija]] * [[Psihologija adolescencije]] * [[Razvoj u odrasloj dobi]] * [[Starenje]] * [[Socijalizacija]] * [[Samopoimanje]] * [[Samopoštovanje]] * [[Usamljenost]] * [[Erik Erikson]] * [[Paul Baltes]] * [[Tomislav Grgin]] == Reference == {{Refspisak}} {{Ljudski psihološki razvoj}} {{Psihologija}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lacković-Grgin, Katica}} [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1940.]] [[Kategorija:Živi ljudi]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Koprivnica]] [[Kategorija:Hrvatski psiholozi]] [[Kategorija:Razvojni psiholozi]] 9e7vmh3wxpfybo6xhvvzn4dryxtrejq 3849283 3849267 2026-05-25T13:46:20Z AnToni 2325 1940. je to bila Kraljevina J. 3849283 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija naučnik | ime = Katica Lacković-Grgin | slika = | slika_širina = 250px | naslov = | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja i godine|1940|10|22}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Reka (Koprivnica)|Reka]], [[Koprivnica]], [[Kraljevina Jugoslavija]] | datum_smrti = | mjesto_smrti = | prebivalište = [[Zadar]], [[Hrvatska]] | državljanstvo = Hrvatsko | narodnost = | etnicitet = | polje = [[Razvojna psihologija]] | radna_institucija = {{Plainlist| * [[Univerzitet u Rijeci]] * [[Univerzitet u Zadru]] }} | alma_mater = {{Plainlist| * [[Univerzitet u Zagrebu]] (Filozofski fakultet) * [[Univerzitet u Ljubljani]] (Filozofski fakultet) }} | doktorski_mentor = | doktorski_studenti = | akademski_savjetnici = | uticao_na = | uticali_na_njega = | poznat_po = {{Plainlist| * [[Psihologija adolescencije]] * Psihologija odrasle dobi i starenja * Istraživanja usamljenosti i samopoimanja * Prvi univerzitetski udžbenici iz psihologije odrasle dobi i starenja u regiji }} | autor_kratica_bot = | autor_kratica_zoo = | nagrade = "Psihologijska nagrada Ramiro Bujas" za životno djelo (2009) | religija = | fusnote = Katica Lacković-Grgin je dala značajan doprinos razvoju psihologije na prostorima bivše [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija|Jugoslavije]] }} '''Katica Lacković-Grgin''' (rođena 22. oktobra 1940) je [[hrvatska]] [[Psihologija|psihologinja]] i univerzitetska profesorica, poznata po istraživanjima iz oblasti [[Razvojna psihologija|razvojne psihologije]], posebno psihologije adolescencije i psihologije odraslog doba i starenja, sa fokusom na stres i strategije suočavanja, samopoimanje i samopoštovanje, psihosocijalno prilagođavanje, usamljenost i subjektivnu dobrobit.<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Unizd">{{cite web |title=Katica Lacković-Grgin, red. prof. u miru – Pozvani predavači |url=https://www.unizd.hr/danipsih/hrvatski/pozvani-predavaci/katica-lackovic-grgin |website=Sveučilište u Zadru - Dani psihologije |access-date=24. 5. 2026 |language=hr}}</ref> == Obrazovanje i akademska karijera == Katica Lacković-Grgin završila je učiteljsku školu 1960. godine. Studirala je psihologiju na Filozofskom fakultetu [[Univerzitet u Zagrebu|Univerziteta u Zagrebu]], gdje je diplomirala 1967. Doktorirala je 1982. na Filozofskom fakultetu [[Univerzitet u Ljubljani|Univerziteta u Ljubljani]], odbranivši disertaciju pod naslovom ''Roditeljski stil rukovođenja i socijalno ponašanje učenika''.<ref name="Metel_LackovicGrgin">{{cite web |title=Katica Lacković-Grgin – Biografija i bibliografija |url=https://library.foi.hr/autori/autor.php?B=1&A=0000005592&E=E0011VLA-Gradska%20knji%C5%BEnica%20i%20%C3%A8itaonica%20METEL%20O%C5%BDEGOVI%C3%86%20Vara%C5%BEdin |website=Baza autora Metelgrad – Fakultet organizacije i informatike Varaždin |access-date=24. 5. 2026 |language=hr}}</ref> Profesionalnu karijeru započela je 1967. kao [[Školska psihologija|školska psihologinja]] u [[Rijeka (grad)|Rijeci]]. Od 1970. radila je kao asistentica, a zatim od 1974. kao profesorica na Pedagoškoj akademiji u Rijeci.<ref name="Metel_LackovicGrgin" /> Godine 1976. prelazi na [[Filozofski fakultet u Zadru]], gdje je predavala predmete iz oblasti [[Razvojna psihologija|razvojne psihologije]]. Godine 1978, zajedno sa svojim kolegama, osnovala je Odsjek za psihologiju pri Filozofskom fakultetu u Zadru, tada u sastavu [[Univerzitet u Splitu|Univerziteta u Splitu]].<ref name="O_Autoru">{{cite book |title=O autoru knjige Parenthood and Parenting in Croatia |publisher=Google Books |url=https://novapublishers.com/shop/parenthood-and-parenting-in-croatia-a-developmental-and-socio-cultural-perspective/ |date=2015 |access-date=25. 5. 2026 |language=hr}}</ref> Za docenticu je izabrana 1984, za vanrednu profesoricu 1990, za redovnu profesoricu 1996, a za redovnu profesoricu u trajnom zvanju 2001.<ref name="Metel_LackovicGrgin" /> U zvanju redovne profesorice radila je do penzionisanja 2008. Tokom akademske karijere predavala je kao gostujuća profesorica na dodiplomskim, postdiplomskim i doktorskim studijima psihologije na [[Univerzitet u Zagrebu|Univerzitetu u Zagrebu]], kao i na doktorskom studiju [[Filozofski fakultet u Sarajevu|Filozofskog fakulteta u Sarajevu]].<ref name="Metel_LackovicGrgin" /> Bila je mentorica velikog broja diplomskih, magistarskih i doktorskih radova te voditeljica više naučnih i istraživačkih projekata iz oblasti razvojne psihologije, sa posebnim fokusom na [[Psihologija adolescencije|psihologiju adolescencije]] i [[Razvoj u odrasloj dobi|psihologiju odrasle dobi]] i [[Starenje|starenja]]. == Naučna i publicistička djelatnost == Naučni rad Katice Lacković-Grgin usmjeren je na [[Razvojna psihologija|razvojnu psihologiju]], posebno [[Psihologija adolescencije|psihologiju adolescencije]], [[Razvoj u odrasloj dobi|psihologiju odrasle dobi]] i [[Starenje|psihologiju starenja]]. Objavila je oko stotinu naučnih i stručnih radova u domaćim i međunarodnim časopisima i zbornicima radova, među kojima su ''Radovi Filozofskog fakulteta u Zadru'', ''Društvena istraživanja'', ''Suvremena psihologija'', ''Social Indicators Research'', ''Journal of Adult Development'', ''Adolescence'' i ''Psychology and Education''. Autorica, koautorica i urednica je više univerzitetskih udžbenika i monografija. U svojim istraživanjima bavila se razvojem samopoimanja i samopoštovanja, stresom i strategijama suočavanja, usamljenošću, žaljenjem, subjektivnom dobrobiti, životnim tranzicijama i samoregulacijom kroz životni ciklus. Posebnu pažnju posvetila je proučavanju stresa u dječjoj i adolescentskoj dobi, posebno izvorima [[Psihološki stres|stresa]], strategijama suočavanja, ulogom ličnih i okolinskih faktora te psihosocijalnim posljedicama stresnih iskustava. Rezultate višegodišnjih istraživanja objedinila je u monografiji ''Stres u djece i adolescenata: Izvori, posrednici i učinci'' (2004), u kojoj je dala sistematski prikaz teorijskih pristupa i empirijskih istraživanja stresa, s posebnim osvrtom na kognitivne modele stresa, socijalnu podršku, porodične odnose i školski kontekst. Knjiga predstavlja značajan doprinos proučavanju psihosocijalnog prilagođavanja djece i adolescenata te se koristi kao univerzitetska literatura iz oblasti razvojne psihologije.<ref name="JokicBegic_Recenzija_2008">{{cite journal |last=Jokić-Begić |first=Nataša |title=Recenzija knjige: Katica Lacković-Grgin: Stres u djece i adolescenata |journal=Sociologija i prostor |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/en/file/39355 |date=2008 |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=101–106 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> Posebno mjesto u njenom naučnom radu zauzimala su istraživanja [[Usamljenost|usamljenosti]] u različitoj životnoj dobi. Analizirala je emocionalne i socijalne dimenzije usamljenosti, njenu povezanost sa kvalitetom međuljudskih odnosa i psihološkim faktorima prilagođavanja. U okviru ovog istraživačkog područja objavila je više naučnih radova,<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Penezic_Soric_1998">{{cite journal |last1=Lacković-Grgin |first1=Katica |last2=Penezić |last2=Zvjezdan |last3=Sorić |first3=Izabela |title=Usamljenost i samoća studenata: uloga afilijativne motivacije i nekih osobnih značajki |journal=Društvena istraživanja: časopis za opća društvena pitanja |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/32155 |date=1998 |volume=7 |issue=4-5 (36-37) |pages=625–641 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="LackovicGrgin_Nekic_Penezic_2009">{{cite journal |last1=Lacković-Grgin |first1=Katica |last2=Nekić |first2=Marina |last3=Penezić |first3=Zvjezdan |title=Usamljenost žena odrasle dobi: Uloga percipirane kvalitete bračnog odnosa i samostišavanja |journal=Suvremena psihologija |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/122952 |date=2009 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=7–22 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="Soric_LackovicGrgin_Penezic_2000">{{cite journal |last1=Sorić |first1=Izabela |last2=Lacković-Grgin |first2=Katica |last3=Penezić |first3=Zvjezdan |title=Suočavanje s usamljenošću: značenje iskustva i uzroka usamljenosti |journal=Radovi Filozofskog fakulteta u Zadru. Razdio filozofije, psihologije, sociologije i pedagogije |url=https://morepress.unizd.hr/journals/radovifpsp/article/view/2530 |date=2000 |volume=39 |issue=16 |pages=17–32 |doi=10.15291/radovifpsp.2530 |language=hr}}</ref> kao i monografiju ''Usamljenost: fenomenologija, teorije i istraživanja'', u kojoj je sistematizovala teorijske pristupe i empirijska istraživanja ovog fenomena.<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Usamljenost_2008">{{cite book |last=Lacković-Grgin |first=Katica |title=Usamljenost |url=https://www.nakladaslap.com/public/docs/knjige/usamljenost%200.pdf |date=2008 |publisher=Naklada Slap |location=Jastrebarsko |isbn=978-953-191-362-1 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> Istraživala je i proces [[Žaljenje|žaljenja]], pri čemu je analizirala njegove kognitivne i emocionalne komponente, kao i ulogu propuštenih prilika i pogrešnih odluka u njegovom nastanku. U koautorskom radu ''Žaljenja: fenomenologija, konceptualizacije i istraživanja'' razmatrana je povezanost žaljenja sa životnim domenima kao što su [[obrazovanje]], karijera i međuljudski odnosi, te njegova uloga u samoregulaciji kroz životni ciklus.<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Zaljenja_2012">{{cite journal |last=Lacković-Grgin |first=Katica |title=Žaljenja: fenomenologija, konceptualizacije i istraživanja |journal=Društvena istraživanja : časopis za opća društvena pitanja |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/133665 |date=2012 |volume=21 |issue=3 (117) |pages=635–655 |doi=10.5559/di.21.3.03 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> U kasnijim istraživanjima bavila se psihologijom starenja, generativnošću, kvalitetom života i mehanizmima samoregulacije u odrasloj i starijoj dobi.<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Motivacijska_2007">{{cite journal |last=Lacković-Grgin |first=Katica |title=Motivacijska osnovica samoregulacije tijekom životnih tranzicija |journal=Suvremena psihologija |url=https://selfdeterminationtheory.org/SDT/documents/2007_Lackovic-Grgin_CroatianArticle.pdf |date=2007 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=257–275 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> Posebno je istraživala generativnost u kontekstu [[Eriksonove faze psihosocijalnog razvoja|Eriksonove teorije psihosocijalnog razvoja]], analizirajući njen odnos s razvojnim komponentama ličnosti kroz životni ciklus, uključujući povjerenje, autonomiju, inicijativu, produktivnost, [[identitet]] i intimnost.<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Penezic_Tucak_2002">{{cite journal |last1=Lacković-Grgin |first1=Katica |last2=Penezić |first2=Zvjezdan |last3=Tucak |first3=Ivana |title=Odnos generativnosti i drugih komponenti ličnosti Eriksonova modela u osoba mlađe, srednje i starije odrasle dobi |journal=Suvremena psihologija |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/en/3213 |date=2002 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=7–21 |language=hr}}</ref> Bila je stručna redaktorica i urednica hrvatskog izdanja knjige ''Psihologija odrasle dobi i starenja'' autora K. Warnera Schaiea i Sherry L. Willis, koju je 2001. objavila Naklada Slap. Riječ je o univerzitetskom udžbeniku iz oblasti razvojne psihologije, koji je široko korišten u nastavi psihologije na univerzitetima u zemljama regiona.<ref name="Metel_LackovicGrgin" /> == Djela == === Autorske knjige === * ''Psiho-pedagoški tretman školske djece s teškoćama u učenju i ponašanju'' (1978)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Tretman_1978">{{cite book |last=Lacković-Grgin |first=Katica |title=Psiho-pedagoški tretman školske djece s teškoćama u učenju i ponašanju |date=1978 |publisher=Zavod za prosvjetno-pedagošku službu |location=Rijeka |language=hr}}</ref> * ''Samopoimanje mladih'' (1994)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Samopoimanje_1994">{{cite book |last=Lacković-Grgin |first=Katica |title=Samopoimanje mladih |date=1994 |publisher=Naklada Slap |location=Jastrebarsko |language=hr}}</ref> * ''Stres u djece i adolescenata'' (2000, 2004)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Stres_2000">{{cite book |last=Lacković-Grgin |first=Katica |title=Stres u djece i adolescenata |url=https://www.nakladaslap.com/public/docs/knjige/stres%20u%20djece%20sadr.pdf |date=2000 |publisher=Naklada Slap |location=Jastrebarsko |isbn=953-191-135-5 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> * ''Psihologija adolescencije'' (2006)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Adolescencija_2006">{{cite book |last=Lacković-Grgin |first=Katica |title=Psihologija adolescencije |url=https://www.nakladaslap.com/public/docs/knjige/Psihologija%20adolescencije%20-%20poglavlje.pdf |date=2006 |publisher=Naklada Slap |location=Jastrebarsko |isbn=953-191-288-2 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> * ''Usamljenost: fenomenologija, teorije i istraživanja'' (2008)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Usamljenost_2008" /> === Uredničke i koautorske publikacije === * ''Problemi adolescenata iz gradskih sredina: (zavisnost tih problema od nekih ličnih, socio-demografskih i interpersonalnih faktora)'' (1988)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Problemi_1988">{{cite book |last1=Lacković-Grgin |first1=Katica |last2=Božičević |first2=Viktor |last3=Milosavljević |first3=Branko |last4=Rijavec |first4=Majda |title=Problemi adolescenata iz gradskih sredina: (zavisnost tih problema od nekih ličnih, socio-demografskih i interpersonalnih faktora) |url=https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/cg/cnr_latn/data/cobib/1746178?format=isbd |date=1988 |publisher=Narodni list |location=Zadar |isbn=86-7377-012-2 |language=sh}}</ref> * ''Psihologija odrasle dobi i starenja'' (2001)<ref name="Schaie_Willis_2001">{{cite book |last1=Schaie |first1=K. Warner |last2=Willis |first2=Sherry L. |editor1-last=Lacković-Grgin |editor1-first=Katica |title=Psihologija odrasle dobi i starenja |url=https://doaj.org/article/65580f5b64d34b889c2f77d938307038 |date=2001 |publisher=Naklada Slap |location=Jastrebarsko |isbn=978-953-191-139-9 |language=hr}}</ref> * ''Zbirka psihologijskih skala i upitnika: svezak 1'' (2002, 2019)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Zbirka_2019">{{cite book |editor1-last=Lacković-Grgin |editor1-first=Katica |editor2-last=Proroković |editor2-first=Ana |editor3-last=Ćubela |editor3-first=Vera |editor4-last=Penezić |editor4-first=Zvjezdan |title=Zbirka psihologijskih skala i upitnika: svezak 1 |url=https://morepress.unizd.hr/books/index.php/press/hr/catalog/view/28/24/365 |date=2019 |publisher=Morepress Books |isbn=953-6721-05-8 |language=hr}}</ref> * ''Zbirka psihologijskih skala i upitnika: svezak 2'' (2004, 2019)<ref name="Prorokovic_Zbirka_2019">{{cite book |editor1-last=Proroković |editor1-first=Ana |editor2-last=Lacković-Grgin |editor2-first=Katica |editor3-last=Ćubela Adorić |editor3-first=Vera |editor4-last=Penezić |editor4-first=Zvjezdan |title=Zbirka psihologijskih skala i upitnika: svezak 2 |url=https://morepress.unizd.hr/books/index.php/press/hr/catalog/view/29/25/367 |date=2019 |publisher=Morepress Books |isbn=953-99229-4-1 |language=hr}}</ref> * ''Odabrane teme iz psihologije odraslih'' (2005)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Adoric_2006">{{cite book |editor1-last=Lacković-Grgin |editor1-first=Katica |editor2-last=Ćubela Adorić |editor2-first=Vera |title=Odabrane teme iz psihologije odraslih |url=https://www.nakladaslap.com/public/docs/knjige/Odabrane%20teme%20iz%20psihologije%20odraslih%20-%20sadrzaj.pdf |date=2006 |publisher=Naklada Slap |location=Jastrebarsko |isbn=953-191-289-0 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> * ''Parenthood and Parenting in Croatia'' (2015)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Penezic_Parenthood_2015">{{cite book |last1=Lacković-Grgin |first1=Katica |last2=Penezić |first2=Zvjezdan |title=Parenthood and Parenting in Croatia: A Developmental and Socio-cultural Perspective |url=http://ebooks.wiki/parenthood-and-parenting-in-croatia-a-developmental-and-socio-cultural-perspective/ |date=2015 |publisher=Nova Science Publishers |location=New York |isbn=978-1-63482-836-9 |language=en}}</ref> * ''Ličnost: razvojno-psihološka perspektiva'' (2018)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Penezic_Licnost">{{cite book |last1=Lacković-Grgin |first1=Katica |last2=Penezić |first2=Zvjezdan |title=Ličnost: Razvojno-psihološka perspektiva |url=https://www.nakladaslap.com/public/docs/knjige/li%C4%8Dnost_lackovi%C4%87%20grgin_penezi%C4%87%200.pdf |publisher=Naklada Slap |location=Jastrebarsko |isbn=978-953-191-864-0 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> === Poglavlja u knjigama === * ''Istraživanja razvojno-psiholoških pojava'' u ''Quo vadis psychologia?'' (2008)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Istraživanja_2008">{{cite book |last=Lacković-Grgin |first=Katica |editor1-last=Manenica |editor1-first=Ilija |editor2-last=Šimić |editor2-first=Nataša |title=Quo vadis psychologia? – 30. obljetnica Odjela za psihologiju Sveučilišta u Zadru |chapter=Istraživanja razvojno-psiholoških pojava |url=https://www.psihologija.hr/strucne-sekcije/sekcija-za-ljudska-prava-i-psihologiju/clanak/lackovi%C4%87-grgin,-k-2008-,.html?tmpl=component&print=1 |date=2008 |publisher=Sveučilište u Zadru |location=Zadar |language=hr}}</ref> * ''Self-Regulation Across Some Life Transitions'' u ''Handbook of Stressful Transitions Across the Lifespan'' (2010)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Penezic_2010">{{cite book |last1=Lacković-Grgin |first1=Katica |last2=Penezić |first2=Zvjezdan |editor1-last=Miller |editor1-first=Thomas W. |title=Handbook of Stressful Transitions Across the Lifespan |chapter=Self-Regulation Across Some Life Transitions |url=http://download.e-bookshelf.de/download/0000/0061/29/L-G-0000006129-0002369086.pdf |date=2010 |publisher=Springer |location=New York |pages=411–440 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4419-0748-6_21 |isbn=978-1-4419-0747-9 |language=en |format=PDF}}</ref> === Odabrani naučni radovi === * ''Percepcija vlastita položaja i uloga kod žena zrele dobi'' (1996)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Percepcija_1996">{{cite journal |last=Lacković-Grgin |first=Katica |title=Percepcija vlastita položaja i uloga kod žena zrele dobi |journal=Radovi Filozofskog fakulteta u Zadru. Razdio filozofije, psihologije, sociologije i pedagogije |url=https://morepress.unizd.hr/journals/index.php/radovifpsp/en/article/view/2664/3321 |date=1996 |volume=35 |issue=12 |pages=49–58 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> * ''Korelati prilagodbe studiju tijekom prve godine'' (1997)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Soric_1997">{{cite journal |last1=Lacković-Grgin |first1=Katica |last2=Sorić |first2=Izabela |title=Korelati prilagodbe studiju tijekom prve godine |journal=Društvena istraživanja: časopis za opća društvena pitanja |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/50175 |date=1997 |volume=6 |issue=4-5 (30-31) |pages=493–507 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> * ''Dobne i spolne razlike u samootkrivanju adolescenata različitim osobama'' (2001)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Penezic_Zutelija_2001">{{cite journal |last1=Lacković-Grgin |first1=Katica |last2=Penezić |last2=Zvjezdan |last3=Žutelija |first3=Sandra |title=Dobne i spolne razlike u samootkrivanju adolescenata različitim osobama |journal=Društvena istraživanja: časopis za opća društvena pitanja |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/31337 |date=2001 |volume=10 |issue=3 (53) |pages=423–444 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> * ''Proces umirovljenja: pokušaj provjere Atchleyeva modela prilagodbe'' (2006)<ref name="Penezic_LackovicGrgin_Bacinic_2006">{{cite journal |last1=Penezić |first1=Zvjezdan |last2=Lacković-Grgin |first2=Katica |last3=Bačinić |first3=Andrijana |title=Proces umirovljenja: pokušaj provjere Atchleyeva modela prilagodbe |journal=Medica Jadertina |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/19419 |date=2006 |volume=36 |issue=3-4 |pages=97–110 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> === Književno stvaralaštvo === Godine 2008. objavila je zbirku poezije ''Pjesme uz put'' u Zadru.<ref name="057info_Usamljenost_2009">{{cite web |title=Usamljenost kao znanost i poezija |url=https://www.057info.hr/vijesti/2009-05-20/usamljenost-kao-znanost-i-poezija/ |website=057info |date=2009 |access-date=25. 5. 2026 |language=hr}}</ref> Riječ je o autorskom književnom djelu koje nije direktno povezano s njenim naučnim radom iz oblasti psihologije. == Nagrade i priznanja == Za svoj naučni i stručni doprinos psihologiji dobitnica je više priznanja [[Hrvatsko psihološko društvo|Hrvatskog psihološkog društva]]: * "Psihologijska nagrada Ramiro Bujas" za posebno vrijedno psihologijsko naučno djelo Hrvatskog psihološkog društva za knjigu ''Stres u djece i adolescenata''<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Unizd" /> * "Psihologijska nagrada Ramiro Bujas" za posebno vrijedno psihologijsko naučno djelo Hrvatskog psihološkog društva za knjigu ''Usamljenost: fenomenologija, teorije i istraživanja''<ref name="Ljubotina_Bujas_2009">{{cite journal |last=Ljubotina |first=Damir |title=Report: 19th Ramiro and Zoran Bujas' Days |journal=Review of Psychology |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/162346 |date=2009 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=67–68 |language=en |format=PDF}}</ref> * Psihologijska nagrada ″Ramiro Bujas″ za životno djelo Hrvatskog psihološkog društva<ref name="Ljubotina_Bujas_2009" /> == Lični život == Katica Lacković-Grgin bila je supruga hrvatskog psihologa i univerzitetskog profesora [[Tomislav Grgin|Tomislava Grgina]], s kojim je sarađivala u naučnom i akademskom radu iz oblasti [[Razvojna psihologija|razvojne]] i [[Pedagoška psihologija|edukacijske psihologije]].<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Predictors_2001">{{cite journal |last1=Lacković-Grgin |first1=Katica |last2=Grgin |first2=Tomislav |last3=Penezić |first3=Zvjezdan |last4=Sorić |first4=Izabela |title=Some Predictors of Primary Control of Development in Three Transitional Periods of Life |journal=Journal of Adult Development |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1009587306847 |date=2001 |volume=8 |pages=149–160 |doi=10.1023/A:1009587306847 |language=en}}</ref> == Također pogledajte == * [[Razvojna psihologija]] * [[Psihologija adolescencije]] * [[Razvoj u odrasloj dobi]] * [[Starenje]] * [[Socijalizacija]] * [[Samopoimanje]] * [[Samopoštovanje]] * [[Usamljenost]] * [[Erik Erikson]] * [[Paul Baltes]] * [[Tomislav Grgin]] == Reference == {{Refspisak}} {{Ljudski psihološki razvoj}} {{Psihologija}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lacković-Grgin, Katica}} [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1940.]] [[Kategorija:Živi ljudi]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Koprivnica]] [[Kategorija:Hrvatski psiholozi]] [[Kategorija:Razvojni psiholozi]] tpu2hup8l51poe4c387or4tpkvgmb8l 3849321 3849283 2026-05-25T17:57:29Z Bosancica by MK 173186 Višak: godine 3849321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija naučnik | ime = Katica Lacković-Grgin | slika = | slika_širina = 250px | naslov = | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja i godine|1940|10|22}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Reka (Koprivnica)|Reka]], [[Koprivnica]], [[Hrvatska]] | datum_smrti = | mjesto_smrti = | prebivalište = [[Zadar]], [[Hrvatska]] | državljanstvo = Hrvatsko | narodnost = | etnicitet = | polje = [[Razvojna psihologija]] | radna_institucija = {{Plainlist| * [[Univerzitet u Rijeci]] * [[Univerzitet u Zadru]] }} | alma_mater = {{Plainlist| * [[Univerzitet u Zagrebu]] (Filozofski fakultet) * [[Univerzitet u Ljubljani]] (Filozofski fakultet) }} | doktorski_mentor = | doktorski_studenti = | akademski_savjetnici = | uticao_na = | uticali_na_njega = | poznat_po = {{Plainlist| * [[Psihologija adolescencije]] * Psihologija odrasle dobi i starenja * Istraživanja usamljenosti i samopoimanja * Prvi univerzitetski udžbenici iz psihologije odrasle dobi i starenja u regiji }} | autor_kratica_bot = | autor_kratica_zoo = | nagrade = "Psihologijska nagrada Ramiro Bujas" za životno djelo (2009) | religija = | fusnote = Katica Lacković-Grgin je dala značajan doprinos razvoju psihologije na prostorima bivše [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija|Jugoslavije]] }} '''Katica Lacković-Grgin''' (rođena 22. oktobra 1940) je [[hrvatska]] [[Psihologija|psihologinja]] i univerzitetska profesorica, poznata po istraživanjima iz oblasti [[Razvojna psihologija|razvojne psihologije]], posebno psihologije adolescencije i psihologije odraslog doba i starenja, sa fokusom na stres i strategije suočavanja, samopoimanje i samopoštovanje, psihosocijalno prilagođavanje, usamljenost i subjektivnu dobrobit.<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Unizd">{{cite web |title=Katica Lacković-Grgin, red. prof. u miru – Pozvani predavači |url=https://www.unizd.hr/danipsih/hrvatski/pozvani-predavaci/katica-lackovic-grgin |website=Sveučilište u Zadru - Dani psihologije |access-date=24. 5. 2026 |language=hr}}</ref> == Obrazovanje i akademska karijera == Katica Lacković-Grgin završila je učiteljsku školu 1960. Studirala je psihologiju na Filozofskom fakultetu [[Univerzitet u Zagrebu|Univerziteta u Zagrebu]], gdje je diplomirala 1967. Doktorirala je 1982. na Filozofskom fakultetu [[Univerzitet u Ljubljani|Univerziteta u Ljubljani]], odbranivši disertaciju pod naslovom ''Roditeljski stil rukovođenja i socijalno ponašanje učenika''.<ref name="Metel_LackovicGrgin">{{cite web |title=Katica Lacković-Grgin – Biografija i bibliografija |url=https://library.foi.hr/autori/autor.php?B=1&A=0000005592&E=E0011VLA-Gradska%20knji%C5%BEnica%20i%20%C3%A8itaonica%20METEL%20O%C5%BDEGOVI%C3%86%20Vara%C5%BEdin |website=Baza autora Metelgrad – Fakultet organizacije i informatike Varaždin |access-date=24. 5. 2026 |language=hr}}</ref> Profesionalnu karijeru započela je 1967. kao [[Školska psihologija|školska psihologinja]] u [[Rijeka (grad)|Rijeci]]. Od 1970. radila je kao asistentica, a zatim od 1974. kao profesorica na Pedagoškoj akademiji u Rijeci.<ref name="Metel_LackovicGrgin" /> Godine 1976. prelazi na [[Filozofski fakultet u Zadru]], gdje je predavala predmete iz oblasti [[Razvojna psihologija|razvojne psihologije]]. Godine 1978, zajedno sa svojim kolegama, osnovala je Odsjek za psihologiju pri Filozofskom fakultetu u Zadru, tada u sastavu [[Univerzitet u Splitu|Univerziteta u Splitu]].<ref name="O_Autoru">{{cite book |title=O autoru knjige Parenthood and Parenting in Croatia |publisher=Google Books |url=https://novapublishers.com/shop/parenthood-and-parenting-in-croatia-a-developmental-and-socio-cultural-perspective/ |date=2015 |access-date=25. 5. 2026 |language=hr}}</ref> Za docenticu je izabrana 1984, za vanrednu profesoricu 1990, za redovnu profesoricu 1996, a za redovnu profesoricu u trajnom zvanju 2001.<ref name="Metel_LackovicGrgin" /> U zvanju redovne profesorice radila je do penzionisanja 2008. Tokom akademske karijere predavala je kao gostujuća profesorica na dodiplomskim, postdiplomskim i doktorskim studijima psihologije na [[Univerzitet u Zagrebu|Univerzitetu u Zagrebu]], kao i na doktorskom studiju [[Filozofski fakultet u Sarajevu|Filozofskog fakulteta u Sarajevu]].<ref name="Metel_LackovicGrgin" /> Bila je mentorica velikog broja diplomskih, magistarskih i doktorskih radova te voditeljica više naučnih i istraživačkih projekata iz oblasti razvojne psihologije, sa posebnim fokusom na [[Psihologija adolescencije|psihologiju adolescencije]] i [[Razvoj u odrasloj dobi|psihologiju odrasle dobi]] i [[Starenje|starenja]]. == Naučna i publicistička djelatnost == Naučni rad Katice Lacković-Grgin usmjeren je na [[Razvojna psihologija|razvojnu psihologiju]], posebno [[Psihologija adolescencije|psihologiju adolescencije]], [[Razvoj u odrasloj dobi|psihologiju odrasle dobi]] i [[Starenje|psihologiju starenja]]. Objavila je oko stotinu naučnih i stručnih radova u domaćim i međunarodnim časopisima i zbornicima radova, među kojima su ''Radovi Filozofskog fakulteta u Zadru'', ''Društvena istraživanja'', ''Suvremena psihologija'', ''Social Indicators Research'', ''Journal of Adult Development'', ''Adolescence'' i ''Psychology and Education''. Autorica, koautorica i urednica je više univerzitetskih udžbenika i monografija. U svojim istraživanjima bavila se razvojem samopoimanja i samopoštovanja, stresom i strategijama suočavanja, usamljenošću, žaljenjem, subjektivnom dobrobiti, životnim tranzicijama i samoregulacijom kroz životni ciklus. Posebnu pažnju posvetila je proučavanju stresa u dječjoj i adolescentskoj dobi, posebno izvorima [[Psihološki stres|stresa]], strategijama suočavanja, ulogom ličnih i okolinskih faktora te psihosocijalnim posljedicama stresnih iskustava. Rezultate višegodišnjih istraživanja objedinila je u monografiji ''Stres u djece i adolescenata: Izvori, posrednici i učinci'' (2004), u kojoj je dala sistematski prikaz teorijskih pristupa i empirijskih istraživanja stresa, s posebnim osvrtom na kognitivne modele stresa, socijalnu podršku, porodične odnose i školski kontekst. Knjiga predstavlja značajan doprinos proučavanju psihosocijalnog prilagođavanja djece i adolescenata te se koristi kao univerzitetska literatura iz oblasti razvojne psihologije.<ref name="JokicBegic_Recenzija_2008">{{cite journal |last=Jokić-Begić |first=Nataša |title=Recenzija knjige: Katica Lacković-Grgin: Stres u djece i adolescenata |journal=Sociologija i prostor |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/en/file/39355 |date=2008 |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=101–106 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> Posebno mjesto u njenom naučnom radu zauzimala su istraživanja [[Usamljenost|usamljenosti]] u različitoj životnoj dobi. Analizirala je emocionalne i socijalne dimenzije usamljenosti, njenu povezanost sa kvalitetom međuljudskih odnosa i psihološkim faktorima prilagođavanja. U okviru ovog istraživačkog područja objavila je više naučnih radova,<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Penezic_Soric_1998">{{cite journal |last1=Lacković-Grgin |first1=Katica |last2=Penezić |last2=Zvjezdan |last3=Sorić |first3=Izabela |title=Usamljenost i samoća studenata: uloga afilijativne motivacije i nekih osobnih značajki |journal=Društvena istraživanja: časopis za opća društvena pitanja |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/32155 |date=1998 |volume=7 |issue=4-5 (36-37) |pages=625–641 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="LackovicGrgin_Nekic_Penezic_2009">{{cite journal |last1=Lacković-Grgin |first1=Katica |last2=Nekić |first2=Marina |last3=Penezić |first3=Zvjezdan |title=Usamljenost žena odrasle dobi: Uloga percipirane kvalitete bračnog odnosa i samostišavanja |journal=Suvremena psihologija |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/122952 |date=2009 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=7–22 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="Soric_LackovicGrgin_Penezic_2000">{{cite journal |last1=Sorić |first1=Izabela |last2=Lacković-Grgin |first2=Katica |last3=Penezić |first3=Zvjezdan |title=Suočavanje s usamljenošću: značenje iskustva i uzroka usamljenosti |journal=Radovi Filozofskog fakulteta u Zadru. Razdio filozofije, psihologije, sociologije i pedagogije |url=https://morepress.unizd.hr/journals/radovifpsp/article/view/2530 |date=2000 |volume=39 |issue=16 |pages=17–32 |doi=10.15291/radovifpsp.2530 |language=hr}}</ref> kao i monografiju ''Usamljenost: fenomenologija, teorije i istraživanja'', u kojoj je sistematizovala teorijske pristupe i empirijska istraživanja ovog fenomena.<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Usamljenost_2008">{{cite book |last=Lacković-Grgin |first=Katica |title=Usamljenost |url=https://www.nakladaslap.com/public/docs/knjige/usamljenost%200.pdf |date=2008 |publisher=Naklada Slap |location=Jastrebarsko |isbn=978-953-191-362-1 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> Istraživala je i proces [[Žaljenje|žaljenja]], pri čemu je analizirala njegove kognitivne i emocionalne komponente, kao i ulogu propuštenih prilika i pogrešnih odluka u njegovom nastanku. U koautorskom radu ''Žaljenja: fenomenologija, konceptualizacije i istraživanja'' razmatrana je povezanost žaljenja sa životnim domenima kao što su [[obrazovanje]], karijera i međuljudski odnosi, te njegova uloga u samoregulaciji kroz životni ciklus.<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Zaljenja_2012">{{cite journal |last=Lacković-Grgin |first=Katica |title=Žaljenja: fenomenologija, konceptualizacije i istraživanja |journal=Društvena istraživanja : časopis za opća društvena pitanja |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/133665 |date=2012 |volume=21 |issue=3 (117) |pages=635–655 |doi=10.5559/di.21.3.03 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> U kasnijim istraživanjima bavila se psihologijom starenja, generativnošću, kvalitetom života i mehanizmima samoregulacije u odrasloj i starijoj dobi.<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Motivacijska_2007">{{cite journal |last=Lacković-Grgin |first=Katica |title=Motivacijska osnovica samoregulacije tijekom životnih tranzicija |journal=Suvremena psihologija |url=https://selfdeterminationtheory.org/SDT/documents/2007_Lackovic-Grgin_CroatianArticle.pdf |date=2007 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=257–275 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> Posebno je istraživala generativnost u kontekstu [[Eriksonove faze psihosocijalnog razvoja|Eriksonove teorije psihosocijalnog razvoja]], analizirajući njen odnos s razvojnim komponentama ličnosti kroz životni ciklus, uključujući povjerenje, autonomiju, inicijativu, produktivnost, [[identitet]] i intimnost.<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Penezic_Tucak_2002">{{cite journal |last1=Lacković-Grgin |first1=Katica |last2=Penezić |first2=Zvjezdan |last3=Tucak |first3=Ivana |title=Odnos generativnosti i drugih komponenti ličnosti Eriksonova modela u osoba mlađe, srednje i starije odrasle dobi |journal=Suvremena psihologija |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/en/3213 |date=2002 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=7–21 |language=hr}}</ref> Bila je stručna redaktorica i urednica hrvatskog izdanja knjige ''Psihologija odrasle dobi i starenja'' autora K. Warnera Schaiea i Sherry L. Willis, koju je 2001. objavila Naklada Slap. Riječ je o univerzitetskom udžbeniku iz oblasti razvojne psihologije, koji je široko korišten u nastavi psihologije na univerzitetima u zemljama regiona.<ref name="Metel_LackovicGrgin" /> == Djela == === Autorske knjige === * ''Psiho-pedagoški tretman školske djece s teškoćama u učenju i ponašanju'' (1978)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Tretman_1978">{{cite book |last=Lacković-Grgin |first=Katica |title=Psiho-pedagoški tretman školske djece s teškoćama u učenju i ponašanju |date=1978 |publisher=Zavod za prosvjetno-pedagošku službu |location=Rijeka |language=hr}}</ref> * ''Samopoimanje mladih'' (1994)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Samopoimanje_1994">{{cite book |last=Lacković-Grgin |first=Katica |title=Samopoimanje mladih |date=1994 |publisher=Naklada Slap |location=Jastrebarsko |language=hr}}</ref> * ''Stres u djece i adolescenata'' (2000, 2004)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Stres_2000">{{cite book |last=Lacković-Grgin |first=Katica |title=Stres u djece i adolescenata |url=https://www.nakladaslap.com/public/docs/knjige/stres%20u%20djece%20sadr.pdf |date=2000 |publisher=Naklada Slap |location=Jastrebarsko |isbn=953-191-135-5 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> * ''Psihologija adolescencije'' (2006)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Adolescencija_2006">{{cite book |last=Lacković-Grgin |first=Katica |title=Psihologija adolescencije |url=https://www.nakladaslap.com/public/docs/knjige/Psihologija%20adolescencije%20-%20poglavlje.pdf |date=2006 |publisher=Naklada Slap |location=Jastrebarsko |isbn=953-191-288-2 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> * ''Usamljenost: fenomenologija, teorije i istraživanja'' (2008)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Usamljenost_2008" /> === Uredničke i koautorske publikacije === * ''Problemi adolescenata iz gradskih sredina: (zavisnost tih problema od nekih ličnih, socio-demografskih i interpersonalnih faktora)'' (1988)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Problemi_1988">{{cite book |last1=Lacković-Grgin |first1=Katica |last2=Božičević |first2=Viktor |last3=Milosavljević |first3=Branko |last4=Rijavec |first4=Majda |title=Problemi adolescenata iz gradskih sredina: (zavisnost tih problema od nekih ličnih, socio-demografskih i interpersonalnih faktora) |url=https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/cg/cnr_latn/data/cobib/1746178?format=isbd |date=1988 |publisher=Narodni list |location=Zadar |isbn=86-7377-012-2 |language=sh}}</ref> * ''Psihologija odrasle dobi i starenja'' (2001)<ref name="Schaie_Willis_2001">{{cite book |last1=Schaie |first1=K. Warner |last2=Willis |first2=Sherry L. |editor1-last=Lacković-Grgin |editor1-first=Katica |title=Psihologija odrasle dobi i starenja |url=https://doaj.org/article/65580f5b64d34b889c2f77d938307038 |date=2001 |publisher=Naklada Slap |location=Jastrebarsko |isbn=978-953-191-139-9 |language=hr}}</ref> * ''Zbirka psihologijskih skala i upitnika: svezak 1'' (2002, 2019)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Zbirka_2019">{{cite book |editor1-last=Lacković-Grgin |editor1-first=Katica |editor2-last=Proroković |editor2-first=Ana |editor3-last=Ćubela |editor3-first=Vera |editor4-last=Penezić |editor4-first=Zvjezdan |title=Zbirka psihologijskih skala i upitnika: svezak 1 |url=https://morepress.unizd.hr/books/index.php/press/hr/catalog/view/28/24/365 |date=2019 |publisher=Morepress Books |isbn=953-6721-05-8 |language=hr}}</ref> * ''Zbirka psihologijskih skala i upitnika: svezak 2'' (2004, 2019)<ref name="Prorokovic_Zbirka_2019">{{cite book |editor1-last=Proroković |editor1-first=Ana |editor2-last=Lacković-Grgin |editor2-first=Katica |editor3-last=Ćubela Adorić |editor3-first=Vera |editor4-last=Penezić |editor4-first=Zvjezdan |title=Zbirka psihologijskih skala i upitnika: svezak 2 |url=https://morepress.unizd.hr/books/index.php/press/hr/catalog/view/29/25/367 |date=2019 |publisher=Morepress Books |isbn=953-99229-4-1 |language=hr}}</ref> * ''Odabrane teme iz psihologije odraslih'' (2005)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Adoric_2006">{{cite book |editor1-last=Lacković-Grgin |editor1-first=Katica |editor2-last=Ćubela Adorić |editor2-first=Vera |title=Odabrane teme iz psihologije odraslih |url=https://www.nakladaslap.com/public/docs/knjige/Odabrane%20teme%20iz%20psihologije%20odraslih%20-%20sadrzaj.pdf |date=2006 |publisher=Naklada Slap |location=Jastrebarsko |isbn=953-191-289-0 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> * ''Parenthood and Parenting in Croatia'' (2015)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Penezic_Parenthood_2015">{{cite book |last1=Lacković-Grgin |first1=Katica |last2=Penezić |first2=Zvjezdan |title=Parenthood and Parenting in Croatia: A Developmental and Socio-cultural Perspective |url=http://ebooks.wiki/parenthood-and-parenting-in-croatia-a-developmental-and-socio-cultural-perspective/ |date=2015 |publisher=Nova Science Publishers |location=New York |isbn=978-1-63482-836-9 |language=en}}</ref> * ''Ličnost: razvojno-psihološka perspektiva'' (2018)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Penezic_Licnost">{{cite book |last1=Lacković-Grgin |first1=Katica |last2=Penezić |first2=Zvjezdan |title=Ličnost: Razvojno-psihološka perspektiva |url=https://www.nakladaslap.com/public/docs/knjige/li%C4%8Dnost_lackovi%C4%87%20grgin_penezi%C4%87%200.pdf |publisher=Naklada Slap |location=Jastrebarsko |isbn=978-953-191-864-0 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> === Poglavlja u knjigama === * ''Istraživanja razvojno-psiholoških pojava'' u ''Quo vadis psychologia?'' (2008)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Istraživanja_2008">{{cite book |last=Lacković-Grgin |first=Katica |editor1-last=Manenica |editor1-first=Ilija |editor2-last=Šimić |editor2-first=Nataša |title=Quo vadis psychologia? – 30. obljetnica Odjela za psihologiju Sveučilišta u Zadru |chapter=Istraživanja razvojno-psiholoških pojava |url=https://www.psihologija.hr/strucne-sekcije/sekcija-za-ljudska-prava-i-psihologiju/clanak/lackovi%C4%87-grgin,-k-2008-,.html?tmpl=component&print=1 |date=2008 |publisher=Sveučilište u Zadru |location=Zadar |language=hr}}</ref> * ''Self-Regulation Across Some Life Transitions'' u ''Handbook of Stressful Transitions Across the Lifespan'' (2010)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Penezic_2010">{{cite book |last1=Lacković-Grgin |first1=Katica |last2=Penezić |first2=Zvjezdan |editor1-last=Miller |editor1-first=Thomas W. |title=Handbook of Stressful Transitions Across the Lifespan |chapter=Self-Regulation Across Some Life Transitions |url=http://download.e-bookshelf.de/download/0000/0061/29/L-G-0000006129-0002369086.pdf |date=2010 |publisher=Springer |location=New York |pages=411–440 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4419-0748-6_21 |isbn=978-1-4419-0747-9 |language=en |format=PDF}}</ref> === Odabrani naučni radovi === * ''Percepcija vlastita položaja i uloga kod žena zrele dobi'' (1996)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Percepcija_1996">{{cite journal |last=Lacković-Grgin |first=Katica |title=Percepcija vlastita položaja i uloga kod žena zrele dobi |journal=Radovi Filozofskog fakulteta u Zadru. Razdio filozofije, psihologije, sociologije i pedagogije |url=https://morepress.unizd.hr/journals/index.php/radovifpsp/en/article/view/2664/3321 |date=1996 |volume=35 |issue=12 |pages=49–58 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> * ''Korelati prilagodbe studiju tijekom prve godine'' (1997)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Soric_1997">{{cite journal |last1=Lacković-Grgin |first1=Katica |last2=Sorić |first2=Izabela |title=Korelati prilagodbe studiju tijekom prve godine |journal=Društvena istraživanja: časopis za opća društvena pitanja |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/50175 |date=1997 |volume=6 |issue=4-5 (30-31) |pages=493–507 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> * ''Dobne i spolne razlike u samootkrivanju adolescenata različitim osobama'' (2001)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Penezic_Zutelija_2001">{{cite journal |last1=Lacković-Grgin |first1=Katica |last2=Penezić |last2=Zvjezdan |last3=Žutelija |first3=Sandra |title=Dobne i spolne razlike u samootkrivanju adolescenata različitim osobama |journal=Društvena istraživanja: časopis za opća društvena pitanja |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/31337 |date=2001 |volume=10 |issue=3 (53) |pages=423–444 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> * ''Proces umirovljenja: pokušaj provjere Atchleyeva modela prilagodbe'' (2006)<ref name="Penezic_LackovicGrgin_Bacinic_2006">{{cite journal |last1=Penezić |first1=Zvjezdan |last2=Lacković-Grgin |first2=Katica |last3=Bačinić |first3=Andrijana |title=Proces umirovljenja: pokušaj provjere Atchleyeva modela prilagodbe |journal=Medica Jadertina |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/19419 |date=2006 |volume=36 |issue=3-4 |pages=97–110 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> === Književno stvaralaštvo === Godine 2008. objavila je zbirku poezije ''Pjesme uz put'' u Zadru.<ref name="057info_Usamljenost_2009">{{cite web |title=Usamljenost kao znanost i poezija |url=https://www.057info.hr/vijesti/2009-05-20/usamljenost-kao-znanost-i-poezija/ |website=057info |date=2009 |access-date=25. 5. 2026 |language=hr}}</ref> Riječ je o autorskom književnom djelu koje nije direktno povezano s njenim naučnim radom iz oblasti psihologije. == Nagrade i priznanja == Za svoj naučni i stručni doprinos psihologiji dobitnica je više priznanja [[Hrvatsko psihološko društvo|Hrvatskog psihološkog društva]]: * "Psihologijska nagrada Ramiro Bujas" za posebno vrijedno psihologijsko naučno djelo Hrvatskog psihološkog društva za knjigu ''Stres u djece i adolescenata''<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Unizd" /> * "Psihologijska nagrada Ramiro Bujas" za posebno vrijedno psihologijsko naučno djelo Hrvatskog psihološkog društva za knjigu ''Usamljenost: fenomenologija, teorije i istraživanja''<ref name="Ljubotina_Bujas_2009">{{cite journal |last=Ljubotina |first=Damir |title=Report: 19th Ramiro and Zoran Bujas' Days |journal=Review of Psychology |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/162346 |date=2009 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=67–68 |language=en |format=PDF}}</ref> * Psihologijska nagrada ″Ramiro Bujas″ za životno djelo Hrvatskog psihološkog društva<ref name="Ljubotina_Bujas_2009" /> == Lični život == Katica Lacković-Grgin bila je supruga hrvatskog psihologa i univerzitetskog profesora [[Tomislav Grgin|Tomislava Grgina]], s kojim je sarađivala u naučnom i akademskom radu iz oblasti [[Razvojna psihologija|razvojne]] i [[Pedagoška psihologija|edukacijske psihologije]].<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Predictors_2001">{{cite journal |last1=Lacković-Grgin |first1=Katica |last2=Grgin |first2=Tomislav |last3=Penezić |first3=Zvjezdan |last4=Sorić |first4=Izabela |title=Some Predictors of Primary Control of Development in Three Transitional Periods of Life |journal=Journal of Adult Development |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1009587306847 |date=2001 |volume=8 |pages=149–160 |doi=10.1023/A:1009587306847 |language=en}}</ref> == Također pogledajte == * [[Razvojna psihologija]] * [[Psihologija adolescencije]] * [[Razvoj u odrasloj dobi]] * [[Starenje]] * [[Socijalizacija]] * [[Samopoimanje]] * [[Samopoštovanje]] * [[Usamljenost]] * [[Erik Erikson]] * [[Paul Baltes]] * [[Tomislav Grgin]] == Reference == {{Refspisak}} {{Ljudski psihološki razvoj}} {{Psihologija}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lacković-Grgin, Katica}} [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1940.]] [[Kategorija:Živi ljudi]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Koprivnica]] [[Kategorija:Hrvatski psiholozi]] [[Kategorija:Razvojni psiholozi]] 32bu80ajx95xifbyuo6ps0zp3qphg7a 3849322 3849321 2026-05-25T18:18:21Z Bosancica by MK 173186 Dodan access-date u referencama gdje je nedostajao 3849322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija naučnik | ime = Katica Lacković-Grgin | slika = | slika_širina = 250px | naslov = | datum_rođenja = {{Datum rođenja i godine|1940|10|22}} | mjesto_rođenja = [[Reka (Koprivnica)|Reka]], [[Koprivnica]], [[Hrvatska]] | datum_smrti = | mjesto_smrti = | prebivalište = [[Zadar]], [[Hrvatska]] | državljanstvo = Hrvatsko | narodnost = | etnicitet = | polje = [[Razvojna psihologija]] | radna_institucija = {{Plainlist| * [[Univerzitet u Rijeci]] * [[Univerzitet u Zadru]] }} | alma_mater = {{Plainlist| * [[Univerzitet u Zagrebu]] (Filozofski fakultet) * [[Univerzitet u Ljubljani]] (Filozofski fakultet) }} | doktorski_mentor = | doktorski_studenti = | akademski_savjetnici = | uticao_na = | uticali_na_njega = | poznat_po = {{Plainlist| * [[Psihologija adolescencije]] * Psihologija odrasle dobi i starenja * Istraživanja usamljenosti i samopoimanja * Prvi univerzitetski udžbenici iz psihologije odrasle dobi i starenja u regiji }} | autor_kratica_bot = | autor_kratica_zoo = | nagrade = "Psihologijska nagrada Ramiro Bujas" za životno djelo (2009) | religija = | fusnote = Katica Lacković-Grgin je dala značajan doprinos razvoju psihologije na prostorima bivše [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija|Jugoslavije]] }} '''Katica Lacković-Grgin''' (rođena 22. oktobra 1940) je [[hrvatska]] [[Psihologija|psihologinja]] i univerzitetska profesorica, poznata po istraživanjima iz oblasti [[Razvojna psihologija|razvojne psihologije]], posebno psihologije adolescencije i psihologije odraslog doba i starenja, sa fokusom na stres i strategije suočavanja, samopoimanje i samopoštovanje, psihosocijalno prilagođavanje, usamljenost i subjektivnu dobrobit.<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Unizd">{{cite web |title=Katica Lacković-Grgin, red. prof. u miru – Pozvani predavači |url=https://www.unizd.hr/danipsih/hrvatski/pozvani-predavaci/katica-lackovic-grgin |website=Sveučilište u Zadru - Dani psihologije |access-date=24. 5. 2026 |language=hr}}</ref> == Obrazovanje i akademska karijera == Katica Lacković-Grgin završila je učiteljsku školu 1960. Studirala je psihologiju na Filozofskom fakultetu [[Univerzitet u Zagrebu|Univerziteta u Zagrebu]], gdje je diplomirala 1967. Doktorirala je 1982. na Filozofskom fakultetu [[Univerzitet u Ljubljani|Univerziteta u Ljubljani]], odbranivši disertaciju pod naslovom ''Roditeljski stil rukovođenja i socijalno ponašanje učenika''.<ref name="Metel_LackovicGrgin">{{cite web |title=Katica Lacković-Grgin – Biografija i bibliografija |url=https://library.foi.hr/autori/autor.php?B=1&A=0000005592&E=E0011VLA-Gradska%20knji%C5%BEnica%20i%20%C3%A8itaonica%20METEL%20O%C5%BDEGOVI%C3%86%20Vara%C5%BEdin |website=Baza autora Metelgrad – Fakultet organizacije i informatike Varaždin |access-date=24. 5. 2026 |language=hr}}</ref> Profesionalnu karijeru započela je 1967. kao [[Školska psihologija|školska psihologinja]] u [[Rijeka (grad)|Rijeci]]. Od 1970. radila je kao asistentica, a zatim od 1974. kao profesorica na Pedagoškoj akademiji u Rijeci.<ref name="Metel_LackovicGrgin" /> Godine 1976. prelazi na [[Filozofski fakultet u Zadru]], gdje je predavala predmete iz oblasti [[Razvojna psihologija|razvojne psihologije]]. Godine 1978, zajedno sa svojim kolegama, osnovala je Odsjek za psihologiju pri Filozofskom fakultetu u Zadru, tada u sastavu [[Univerzitet u Splitu|Univerziteta u Splitu]].<ref name="O_Autoru">{{cite book |title=O autoru knjige Parenthood and Parenting in Croatia |publisher=Google Books |url=https://novapublishers.com/shop/parenthood-and-parenting-in-croatia-a-developmental-and-socio-cultural-perspective/ |date=2015 |access-date=25. 5. 2026 |language=hr}}</ref> Za docenticu je izabrana 1984, za vanrednu profesoricu 1990, za redovnu profesoricu 1996, a za redovnu profesoricu u trajnom zvanju 2001.<ref name="Metel_LackovicGrgin" /> U zvanju redovne profesorice radila je do penzionisanja 2008. Tokom akademske karijere predavala je kao gostujuća profesorica na dodiplomskim, postdiplomskim i doktorskim studijima psihologije na [[Univerzitet u Zagrebu|Univerzitetu u Zagrebu]], kao i na doktorskom studiju [[Filozofski fakultet u Sarajevu|Filozofskog fakulteta u Sarajevu]].<ref name="Metel_LackovicGrgin" /> Bila je mentorica velikog broja diplomskih, magistarskih i doktorskih radova te voditeljica više naučnih i istraživačkih projekata iz oblasti razvojne psihologije, sa posebnim fokusom na [[Psihologija adolescencije|psihologiju adolescencije]] i [[Razvoj u odrasloj dobi|psihologiju odrasle dobi]] i [[Starenje|starenja]]. == Naučna i publicistička djelatnost == Naučni rad Katice Lacković-Grgin usmjeren je na [[Razvojna psihologija|razvojnu psihologiju]], posebno [[Psihologija adolescencije|psihologiju adolescencije]], [[Razvoj u odrasloj dobi|psihologiju odrasle dobi]] i [[Starenje|psihologiju starenja]]. Objavila je oko stotinu naučnih i stručnih radova u domaćim i međunarodnim časopisima i zbornicima radova, među kojima su ''Radovi Filozofskog fakulteta u Zadru'', ''Društvena istraživanja'', ''Suvremena psihologija'', ''Social Indicators Research'', ''Journal of Adult Development'', ''Adolescence'' i ''Psychology and Education''. Autorica, koautorica i urednica je više univerzitetskih udžbenika i monografija. U svojim istraživanjima bavila se razvojem samopoimanja i samopoštovanja, stresom i strategijama suočavanja, usamljenošću, žaljenjem, subjektivnom dobrobiti, životnim tranzicijama i samoregulacijom kroz životni ciklus. Posebnu pažnju posvetila je proučavanju stresa u dječjoj i adolescentskoj dobi, posebno izvorima [[Psihološki stres|stresa]], strategijama suočavanja, ulogom ličnih i okolinskih faktora te psihosocijalnim posljedicama stresnih iskustava. Rezultate višegodišnjih istraživanja objedinila je u monografiji ''Stres u djece i adolescenata: Izvori, posrednici i učinci'' (2004), u kojoj je dala sistematski prikaz teorijskih pristupa i empirijskih istraživanja stresa, s posebnim osvrtom na kognitivne modele stresa, socijalnu podršku, porodične odnose i školski kontekst. Knjiga predstavlja značajan doprinos proučavanju psihosocijalnog prilagođavanja djece i adolescenata te se koristi kao univerzitetska literatura iz oblasti razvojne psihologije.<ref name="JokicBegic_Recenzija_2008">{{cite journal |last=Jokić-Begić |first=Nataša |title=Recenzija knjige: Katica Lacković-Grgin: Stres u djece i adolescenata |journal=Sociologija i prostor |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/en/file/39355 |date=2008 |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=101–106 |access-date=25. 5. 2026 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> Posebno mjesto u njenom naučnom radu zauzimala su istraživanja [[Usamljenost|usamljenosti]] u različitoj životnoj dobi. Analizirala je emocionalne i socijalne dimenzije usamljenosti, njenu povezanost sa kvalitetom međuljudskih odnosa i psihološkim faktorima prilagođavanja. U okviru ovog istraživačkog područja objavila je više naučnih radova,<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Penezic_Soric_1998">{{cite journal |last1=Lacković-Grgin |first1=Katica |last2=Penezić |last2=Zvjezdan |last3=Sorić |first3=Izabela |title=Usamljenost i samoća studenata: uloga afilijativne motivacije i nekih osobnih značajki |journal=Društvena istraživanja: časopis za opća društvena pitanja |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/32155 |date=1998 |volume=7 |issue=4-5 (36-37) |pages=625–641 |access-date=25. 5. 2026 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="LackovicGrgin_Nekic_Penezic_2009">{{cite journal |last1=Lacković-Grgin |first1=Katica |last2=Nekić |first2=Marina |last3=Penezić |first3=Zvjezdan |title=Usamljenost žena odrasle dobi: Uloga percipirane kvalitete bračnog odnosa i samostišavanja |journal=Suvremena psihologija |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/122952 |date=2009 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=7–22 |access-date=25. 5. 2026 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="Soric_LackovicGrgin_Penezic_2000">{{cite journal |last1=Sorić |first1=Izabela |last2=Lacković-Grgin |first2=Katica |last3=Penezić |first3=Zvjezdan |title=Suočavanje s usamljenošću: značenje iskustva i uzroka usamljenosti |journal=Radovi Filozofskog fakulteta u Zadru. Razdio filozofije, psihologije, sociologije i pedagogije |url=https://morepress.unizd.hr/journals/radovifpsp/article/view/2530 |date=2000 |volume=39 |issue=16 |pages=17–32 |doi=10.15291/radovifpsp.2530 |access-date=25. 5. 2026 |language=hr}}</ref> kao i monografiju ''Usamljenost: fenomenologija, teorije i istraživanja'', u kojoj je sistematizovala teorijske pristupe i empirijska istraživanja ovog fenomena.<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Usamljenost_2008">{{cite book |last=Lacković-Grgin |first=Katica |title=Usamljenost |url=https://www.nakladaslap.com/public/docs/knjige/usamljenost%200.pdf |date=2008 |publisher=Naklada Slap |location=Jastrebarsko |isbn=978-953-191-362-1 |access-date=25. 5. 2026 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> Istraživala je i proces [[Žaljenje|žaljenja]], pri čemu je analizirala njegove kognitivne i emocionalne komponente, kao i ulogu propuštenih prilika i pogrešnih odluka u njegovom nastanku. U koautorskom radu ''Žaljenja: fenomenologija, konceptualizacije i istraživanja'' razmatrana je povezanost žaljenja sa životnim domenima kao što su [[obrazovanje]], karijera i međuljudski odnosi, te njegova uloga u samoregulaciji kroz životni ciklus.<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Zaljenja_2012">{{cite journal |last=Lacković-Grgin |first=Katica |title=Žaljenja: fenomenologija, konceptualizacije i istraživanja |journal=Društvena istraživanja : časopis za opća društvena pitanja |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/133665 |date=2012 |volume=21 |issue=3 (117) |pages=635–655 |doi=10.5559/di.21.3.03 |access-date=25. 5. 2026 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> U kasnijim istraživanjima bavila se psihologijom starenja, generativnošću, kvalitetom života i mehanizmima samoregulacije u odrasloj i starijoj dobi.<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Motivacijska_2007">{{cite journal |last=Lacković-Grgin |first=Katica |title=Motivacijska osnovica samoregulacije tijekom životnih tranzicija |journal=Suvremena psihologija |url=https://selfdeterminationtheory.org/SDT/documents/2007_Lackovic-Grgin_CroatianArticle.pdf |date=2007 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=257–275 |access-date=25. 5. 2026 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> Posebno je istraživala generativnost u kontekstu [[Eriksonove faze psihosocijalnog razvoja|Eriksonove teorije psihosocijalnog razvoja]], analizirajući njen odnos s razvojnim komponentama ličnosti kroz životni ciklus, uključujući povjerenje, autonomiju, inicijativu, produktivnost, [[identitet]] i intimnost.<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Penezic_Tucak_2002">{{cite journal |last1=Lacković-Grgin |first1=Katica |last2=Penezić |first2=Zvjezdan |last3=Tucak |first3=Ivana |title=Odnos generativnosti i drugih komponenti ličnosti Eriksonova modela u osoba mlađe, srednje i starije odrasle dobi |journal=Suvremena psihologija |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/en/3213 |date=2002 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=7–21 |access-date=25. 5. 2026 |language=hr}}</ref> Bila je stručna redaktorica i urednica hrvatskog izdanja knjige ''Psihologija odrasle dobi i starenja'' autora K. Warnera Schaiea i Sherry L. Willis, koju je 2001. objavila Naklada Slap. Riječ je o univerzitetskom udžbeniku iz oblasti razvojne psihologije, koji je široko korišten u nastavi psihologije na univerzitetima u zemljama regiona.<ref name="Metel_LackovicGrgin" /> == Djela == === Autorske knjige === * ''Psiho-pedagoški tretman školske djece s teškoćama u učenju i ponašanju'' (1978)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Tretman_1978">{{cite book |last=Lacković-Grgin |first=Katica |title=Psiho-pedagoški tretman školske djece s teškoćama u učenju i ponašanju |date=1978 |publisher=Zavod za prosvjetno-pedagošku službu |location=Rijeka |language=hr}}</ref> * ''Samopoimanje mladih'' (1994)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Samopoimanje_1994">{{cite book |last=Lacković-Grgin |first=Katica |title=Samopoimanje mladih |date=1994 |publisher=Naklada Slap |location=Jastrebarsko |language=hr}}</ref> * ''Stres u djece i adolescenata'' (2000, 2004)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Stres_2000">{{cite book |last=Lacković-Grgin |first=Katica |title=Stres u djece i adolescenata |url=https://www.nakladaslap.com/public/docs/knjige/stres%20u%20djece%20sadr.pdf |date=2000 |publisher=Naklada Slap |location=Jastrebarsko |isbn=953-191-135-5 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> * ''Psihologija adolescencije'' (2006)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Adolescencija_2006">{{cite book |last=Lacković-Grgin |first=Katica |title=Psihologija adolescencije |url=https://www.nakladaslap.com/public/docs/knjige/Psihologija%20adolescencije%20-%20poglavlje.pdf |date=2006 |publisher=Naklada Slap |location=Jastrebarsko |isbn=953-191-288-2 |access-date=25. 5. 2026 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> * ''Usamljenost: fenomenologija, teorije i istraživanja'' (2008)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Usamljenost_2008" /> === Uredničke i koautorske publikacije === * ''Problemi adolescenata iz gradskih sredina: (zavisnost tih problema od nekih ličnih, socio-demografskih i interpersonalnih faktora)'' (1988)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Problemi_1988">{{cite book |last1=Lacković-Grgin |first1=Katica |last2=Božičević |first2=Viktor |last3=Milosavljević |first3=Branko |last4=Rijavec |first4=Majda |title=Problemi adolescenata iz gradskih sredina: (zavisnost tih problema od nekih ličnih, socio-demografskih i interpersonalnih faktora) |url=https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/cg/cnr_latn/data/cobib/1746178?format=isbd |date=1988 |publisher=Narodni list |location=Zadar |isbn=86-7377-012-2 |access-date=25. 5. 2026 |language=sh}}</ref> * ''Psihologija odrasle dobi i starenja'' (2001)<ref name="Schaie_Willis_2001">{{cite book |last1=Schaie |first1=K. Warner |last2=Willis |first2=Sherry L. |editor1-last=Lacković-Grgin |editor1-first=Katica |title=Psihologija odrasle dobi i starenja |url=https://doaj.org/article/65580f5b64d34b889c2f77d938307038 |date=2001 |publisher=Naklada Slap |location=Jastrebarsko |isbn=978-953-191-139-9 |access-date=25. 5. 2026 |language=hr}}</ref> * ''Zbirka psihologijskih skala i upitnika: svezak 1'' (2002, 2019)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Zbirka_2019">{{cite book |editor1-last=Lacković-Grgin |editor1-first=Katica |editor2-last=Proroković |editor2-first=Ana |editor3-last=Ćubela |editor3-first=Vera |editor4-last=Penezić |editor4-first=Zvjezdan |title=Zbirka psihologijskih skala i upitnika: svezak 1 |url=https://morepress.unizd.hr/books/index.php/press/hr/catalog/view/28/24/365 |date=2019 |publisher=Morepress Books |isbn=953-6721-05-8 |access-date=25. 5. 2026 |language=hr}}</ref> * ''Zbirka psihologijskih skala i upitnika: svezak 2'' (2004, 2019)<ref name="Prorokovic_Zbirka_2019">{{cite book |editor1-last=Proroković |editor1-first=Ana |editor2-last=Lacković-Grgin |editor2-first=Katica |editor3-last=Ćubela Adorić |editor3-first=Vera |editor4-last=Penezić |editor4-first=Zvjezdan |title=Zbirka psihologijskih skala i upitnika: svezak 2 |url=https://morepress.unizd.hr/books/index.php/press/hr/catalog/view/29/25/367 |date=2019 |publisher=Morepress Books |isbn=953-99229-4-1 |access-date=25. 5. 2026 |language=hr}}</ref> * ''Odabrane teme iz psihologije odraslih'' (2005)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Adoric_2006">{{cite book |editor1-last=Lacković-Grgin |editor1-first=Katica |editor2-last=Ćubela Adorić |editor2-first=Vera |title=Odabrane teme iz psihologije odraslih |url=https://www.nakladaslap.com/public/docs/knjige/Odabrane%20teme%20iz%20psihologije%20odraslih%20-%20sadrzaj.pdf |date=2006 |publisher=Naklada Slap |location=Jastrebarsko |isbn=953-191-289-0 |language=hr |access-date=25. 5. 2026 |format=PDF}}</ref> * ''Parenthood and Parenting in Croatia'' (2015)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Penezic_Parenthood_2015">{{cite book |last1=Lacković-Grgin |first1=Katica |last2=Penezić |first2=Zvjezdan |title=Parenthood and Parenting in Croatia: A Developmental and Socio-cultural Perspective |url=http://ebooks.wiki/parenthood-and-parenting-in-croatia-a-developmental-and-socio-cultural-perspective/ |date=2015 |publisher=Nova Science Publishers |location=New York |isbn=978-1-63482-836-9 |access-date=25. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> * ''Ličnost: razvojno-psihološka perspektiva'' (2018)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Penezic_Licnost">{{cite book |last1=Lacković-Grgin |first1=Katica |last2=Penezić |first2=Zvjezdan |title=Ličnost: Razvojno-psihološka perspektiva |url=https://www.nakladaslap.com/public/docs/knjige/li%C4%8Dnost_lackovi%C4%87%20grgin_penezi%C4%87%200.pdf |publisher=Naklada Slap |location=Jastrebarsko |isbn=978-953-191-864-0 |access-date=25. 5. 2026 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> === Poglavlja u knjigama === * ''Istraživanja razvojno-psiholoških pojava'' u ''Quo vadis psychologia?'' (2008)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Istraživanja_2008">{{cite book |last=Lacković-Grgin |first=Katica |editor1-last=Manenica |editor1-first=Ilija |editor2-last=Šimić |editor2-first=Nataša |title=Quo vadis psychologia? – 30. obljetnica Odjela za psihologiju Sveučilišta u Zadru |chapter=Istraživanja razvojno-psiholoških pojava |url=https://www.psihologija.hr/strucne-sekcije/sekcija-za-ljudska-prava-i-psihologiju/clanak/lackovi%C4%87-grgin,-k-2008-,.html?tmpl=component&print=1 |date=2008 |publisher=Sveučilište u Zadru |location=Zadar |access-date=25. 5. 2026 |language=hr}}</ref> * ''Self-Regulation Across Some Life Transitions'' u ''Handbook of Stressful Transitions Across the Lifespan'' (2010)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Penezic_2010">{{cite book |last1=Lacković-Grgin |first1=Katica |last2=Penezić |first2=Zvjezdan |editor1-last=Miller |editor1-first=Thomas W. |title=Handbook of Stressful Transitions Across the Lifespan |chapter=Self-Regulation Across Some Life Transitions |url=http://download.e-bookshelf.de/download/0000/0061/29/L-G-0000006129-0002369086.pdf |date=2010 |publisher=Springer |location=New York |pages=411–440 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4419-0748-6_21 |isbn=978-1-4419-0747-9 |access-date=25. 5. 2026 |language=en |format=PDF}}</ref> === Odabrani naučni radovi === * ''Percepcija vlastita položaja i uloga kod žena zrele dobi'' (1996)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Percepcija_1996">{{cite journal |last=Lacković-Grgin |first=Katica |title=Percepcija vlastita položaja i uloga kod žena zrele dobi |journal=Radovi Filozofskog fakulteta u Zadru. Razdio filozofije, psihologije, sociologije i pedagogije |url=https://morepress.unizd.hr/journals/index.php/radovifpsp/en/article/view/2664/3321 |date=1996 |volume=35 |issue=12 |pages=49–58 |access-date=25. 5. 2026 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> * ''Korelati prilagodbe studiju tijekom prve godine'' (1997)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Soric_1997">{{cite journal |last1=Lacković-Grgin |first1=Katica |last2=Sorić |first2=Izabela |title=Korelati prilagodbe studiju tijekom prve godine |journal=Društvena istraživanja: časopis za opća društvena pitanja |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/50175 |date=1997 |volume=6 |issue=4-5 (30-31) |pages=493–507 |access-date=25. 5. 2026 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> * ''Dobne i spolne razlike u samootkrivanju adolescenata različitim osobama'' (2001)<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Penezic_Zutelija_2001">{{cite journal |last1=Lacković-Grgin |first1=Katica |last2=Penezić |last2=Zvjezdan |last3=Žutelija |first3=Sandra |title=Dobne i spolne razlike u samootkrivanju adolescenata različitim osobama |journal=Društvena istraživanja: časopis za opća društvena pitanja |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/31337 |date=2001 |volume=10 |issue=3 (53) |pages=423–444 |access-date=25. 5. 2026 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> * ''Proces umirovljenja: pokušaj provjere Atchleyeva modela prilagodbe'' (2006)<ref name="Penezic_LackovicGrgin_Bacinic_2006">{{cite journal |last1=Penezić |first1=Zvjezdan |last2=Lacković-Grgin |first2=Katica |last3=Bačinić |first3=Andrijana |title=Proces umirovljenja: pokušaj provjere Atchleyeva modela prilagodbe |journal=Medica Jadertina |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/19419 |date=2006 |volume=36 |issue=3-4 |pages=97–110 |access-date=25. 5. 2026 |language=hr |format=PDF}}</ref> === Književno stvaralaštvo === Godine 2008. objavila je zbirku poezije ''Pjesme uz put'' u Zadru.<ref name="057info_Usamljenost_2009">{{cite web |title=Usamljenost kao znanost i poezija |url=https://www.057info.hr/vijesti/2009-05-20/usamljenost-kao-znanost-i-poezija/ |website=057info |date=2009 |access-date=25. 5. 2026 |language=hr}}</ref> Riječ je o autorskom književnom djelu koje nije direktno povezano s njenim naučnim radom iz oblasti psihologije. == Nagrade i priznanja == Za svoj naučni i stručni doprinos psihologiji dobitnica je više priznanja [[Hrvatsko psihološko društvo|Hrvatskog psihološkog društva]]: * "Psihologijska nagrada Ramiro Bujas" za posebno vrijedno psihologijsko naučno djelo Hrvatskog psihološkog društva za knjigu ''Stres u djece i adolescenata''<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Unizd" /> * "Psihologijska nagrada Ramiro Bujas" za posebno vrijedno psihologijsko naučno djelo Hrvatskog psihološkog društva za knjigu ''Usamljenost: fenomenologija, teorije i istraživanja''<ref name="Ljubotina_Bujas_2009">{{cite journal |last=Ljubotina |first=Damir |title=Report: 19th Ramiro and Zoran Bujas' Days |journal=Review of Psychology |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/162346 |date=2009 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=67–68 |access-date=25. 5. 2026 |language=en |format=PDF}}</ref> * Psihologijska nagrada ″Ramiro Bujas″ za životno djelo Hrvatskog psihološkog društva<ref name="Ljubotina_Bujas_2009" /> == Lični život == Katica Lacković-Grgin bila je supruga hrvatskog psihologa i univerzitetskog profesora [[Tomislav Grgin|Tomislava Grgina]], s kojim je sarađivala u naučnom i akademskom radu iz oblasti [[Razvojna psihologija|razvojne]] i [[Pedagoška psihologija|edukacijske psihologije]].<ref name="LackovicGrgin_Predictors_2001">{{cite journal |last1=Lacković-Grgin |first1=Katica |last2=Grgin |first2=Tomislav |last3=Penezić |first3=Zvjezdan |last4=Sorić |first4=Izabela |title=Some Predictors of Primary Control of Development in Three Transitional Periods of Life |journal=Journal of Adult Development |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1009587306847 |date=2001 |volume=8 |pages=149–160 |doi=10.1023/A:1009587306847 |access-date=25. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> == Također pogledajte == * [[Razvojna psihologija]] * [[Psihologija adolescencije]] * [[Razvoj u odrasloj dobi]] * [[Starenje]] * [[Socijalizacija]] * [[Samopoimanje]] * [[Samopoštovanje]] * [[Usamljenost]] * [[Erik Erikson]] * [[Paul Baltes]] * [[Tomislav Grgin]] == Reference == {{Refspisak}} {{Ljudski psihološki razvoj}} {{Psihologija}} {{Normativna kontrola}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lacković-Grgin, Katica}} [[Kategorija:Rođeni 1940.]] [[Kategorija:Živi ljudi]] [[Kategorija:Biografije, Koprivnica]] [[Kategorija:Hrvatski psiholozi]] [[Kategorija:Razvojni psiholozi]] trsvkkq3nota04mkhkagm83pf9kdccz Razgovor:Katica Lacković-Grgin 1 534987 3849270 2026-05-25T12:46:14Z Bosancica by MK 173186 https://fountain.toolforge.org/editathons/ceew2026-bs 3849270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{CEE žene 2026.}} fci8p87e6q3j6y6ghnr470z98om38r9 3849285 3849270 2026-05-25T13:51:05Z AnToni 2325 3849285 wikitext text/x-wiki {{CEE žene 2026.}} {{CEE proljeće 2026. | korisnik = Bosancica by MK | tema = žene | tema2 = kultura | tema3 = | država = Hrvatska | država2 = | država3 = }} kdxvakijoai2lok26s9rttyl2rc1kja Bor (biljka) 0 534988 3849304 2026-05-25T15:46:00Z Genetičar 181151 Preusmjereno na [[Crni bor]] 3849304 wikitext text/x-wiki #Preusmjeri [[Crni bor]] hdl22asyj0c9rp3enjyv9yerefao2eo Papaver somniferum 0 534989 3849312 2026-05-25T17:02:20Z KWiki 9400 KWiki premjestio je stranicu [[Papaver somniferum]] na [[Opijumski mak]] preko preusmjerenja: @[[Korisnik:Genetičar|Genetičar]]: Druga je stvar kad postoji rašireni domaći naziv. Tu onda on ima prednost nad latinskim. 3849312 wikitext text/x-wiki #PREUSMJERI [[Opijumski mak]] aazaz5falqu818plh615appuospd799 Fotoperiod 0 534990 3849331 2026-05-25T19:39:39Z Genetičar 181151 Preusmjereno na [[Fotoperiodizam]] 3849331 wikitext text/x-wiki #Preusmjeri [[Fotoperiodizam]] nzj45o1vwpbd980fj5i9c8j0cju9jbt Sheehanov sindrom 0 534991 3849333 2026-05-25T19:44:06Z Genetičar 181151 Nova stranica: {{Infokutija zdravstveno stanje | ime = Sheehanov sindrom | sinonimi = [[Simmondov sindrom]], [[postporođajni hipopituitarizam]], [[postporođajna nekroza hipofize]] | slika = Pituitary gland-optic chiasm-sella turcica.jpg | opis_slike = Anatomija normalne hipofize i okolnih struktura | slika2 = Brain MRI 0077 25 - Annotation.jpg | opis_slike2 = Prazna ''[[sella turcica]]'' na [[MRI]]-snimku, kao što se vidi u teškim slučajevima Sheehanovog sindrom... 3849333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija zdravstveno stanje | ime = Sheehanov sindrom | sinonimi = [[Simmondov sindrom]], [[postporođajni hipopituitarizam]], [[postporođajna nekroza hipofize]] | slika = Pituitary gland-optic chiasm-sella turcica.jpg | opis_slike = Anatomija normalne hipofize i okolnih struktura | slika2 = Brain MRI 0077 25 - Annotation.jpg | opis_slike2 = Prazna ''[[sella turcica]]'' na [[MRI]]-snimku, kao što se vidi u teškim slučajevima Sheehanovog sindroma | specijalnost = [[Endokrinologija]] | simptomi = [[Umor]], [[Osjetljivost na hladnoću|intolerancija na hladnoću]], [[zatvor (probava)|zatvor]], [[debljanje]], [[Alopecija|gubitak kose]], usporeno razmišljanje, kao i [[Bradikardija|usporen rad srca]] i [[Hipotenzija|nizak krvni pritisak]]. | komplikacije = | pojava =''[[In utero]]'' | trajanje =Doživotno | vrste =Specifični, nespecifični | uzroci = Značajno [[krvarenje]] i [[hipovolemijski šok]] (ishemijske [[nekroza|nekroze]]) ili [[moždani udar]], | rizici = | dijagnoza =[[Fenotipski pregled]], klinička | diferencijalna_dijagnoza =[[Hipopituarizam]] | prevencija = | liječenje = Osnova liječenja je hormonska nadomjesna terapija za hormone koji nedostaju | lijek =Nedostajući [[hormoni]], [[glukokortikoidi]] | prognoza = |frekvencija =[[Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija]] procijenila je da je 1966. tri miliona žena pogođeno Sheehanovim sindromom. | smrtnost = }} '''Sheehanov sindrom''', također poznat kao '''postpartalna nekroza hipofize''', javlja se kada je [[hipofiza]] oštećena zbog značajnog [[krvarenja|gubitka krvi]] i [[hipovolemijski šok| hipovolemijskog šoka]] (ishemijske [[nekroza|nekroze]]) ili [[moždani udar| moždanog udara]], prvobitno opisanog tokom ili nakon [[porođaj]]a, što dovodi do smanjene funkcije hipofize ([[hipopituitarizam|hipopituitarizma]]).<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Kaufman MS, Stead LG |title=First aid for the obstetrics & gynecology clerkship |date=2011 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional |isbn=9780071634199 |oclc=768527672 |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> Klasično, kod blažeg parcijalnog oblika, majka ne može dojiti svoju bebu zbog nemogućnosti hipofize da luči [[hormon]] [[prolaktin]], a također nema više [[menstruacija]], jer se [[folikulostimulirajući hormon|folikulostimulirajući]] FSH i ([[luteinizirajući hormon]] LH ne luče. Iako je u postmenopauzi, majka s ovim blažim oblikom Sheehanovog sindroma ne doživljava valunge, jer hipofiza ne luči FSH (visoki nivoi FSH, koje luči hipofiza kod zdravih žena u postmenopauzi, pokušaj su izazivanja ovulacije, a ovi visoki nivoi FSH uzrokuju valunge). Nedostavljanje dojenja i amenoreja su smatrani sindromom (skupom simptoma), ali sada Sheehanov sindrom posmatramo kao nemogućnost hipofize da luči 1–5 od 9 hormona koje normalno proizvodi. [[Prednji režanj hipofize]] proizvodi [[FSH]], [[LH]], [[prolaktin]], [[ACTH]] (adrenokortikotrofni hormon), [[TSH]] (tireotropin stimulirajući hormon) i GH ([[hormon rasta]]); [[stražnji režanj hipofize]] proizvodi [[ADH]] (antidiuretski hormon) i [[oksitocin]], tj. [[hipofiza]] jest uključena u regulaciju mnogih hormona. Vrlo je važno prepoznati Sheehanov moždani udar jer nedostatak ACTH-a kod Sheehanove bolesti u prisustvu stresa uzrokovanog bakterijskom infekcijom, poput urinarne infekcije, rezultirat će smrću majke od Addisonove krize. (U teškom obliku Sheehanove bolesti, s potpunim uništenjem hipofize, majka može imati [[polidipsija| polidipsiju]] (žeđ) i [[poliurija| poliuriju]] (prekomjerno [[mokrenje]]) i nekontroliranu [[laktacija|laktaciju]], s [[glavobolja|glavoboljom]].[[<ref name="Hammer_2019">{{Cite book | vauthors = Hammer G, McPhee S |title=Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-260-02650-4 |edition=8th |location=New York, NY |chapter=Disorders of the Hypothalamus & Pituitary Gland}}</ref> Ova [[žlijezda]] nalazi se na donjoj površini mozga, oblika je trešnje i veličine slanutka, u udubljenju sfenoidne kosti poznatoj kao ''[[sella turcica]]'' (tursko sedlo).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chapman PR, Singhal A, Gaddamanugu S, Prattipati V | title = Neuroimaging of the Pituitary Gland: Practical Anatomy and Pathology | journal = Radiologic Clinics of North America | volume = 58 | issue = 6 | pages = 1115–1133 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 33040852 | doi = 10.1016/j.rcl.2020.07.009 | s2cid = 222299889 }}</ref> Hipofiza radi zajedno s hipotalamusom i drugim endokrinim organima kako bi modulirala brojne tjelesne funkcije, uključujući rast, metabolizam, menstruaciju, laktaciju, pa čak i reakciju "bori se ili bježi" ([[odgovor bori se ili bježi]]).<ref name="Hammer_2019" /> Ovi endokrini organi (poput štitne žlijezde u vratu ili nadbubrežnih žlijezda na gornjem polu bubrega) oslobađaju hormone vrlo specifičnim putevima, poznatim kao hormonske ose. Naprimjer, oslobađanje hormona u [[hipotalamus]]u ciljati će hipofizu, kako bi pokrenulo oslobađanje hormona koji stimulira štitnjaču (TSH), a oslobođeni hormon hipofize (TSH) će ciljati sljedeći organ u putu, tj. štitnjaču, kako bi oslobodila [[tiroksin]].<ref name="Hammer_2019" /> Stoga, oštećenje hipofize može imati posljedice na bilo koju od gore navedenih tjelesnih funkcija. ==Znaci i simptomi== Različiti znaci i simptomi Sheehanovog sindroma uzrokovani su oštećenjem hipofize, što uzrokuje smanjenje jednog ili više hormona koje ona normalno luči. Budući da hipofiza kontrolira mnoge žlijezde u [[endokrinom sistemu]], može doći do djelomičnog ili potpunog gubitka različitih funkcija.<ref name="Keleştimur_2003">{{cite journal | vauthors = Keleştimur F | title = Sheehan's syndrome | journal = Pituitary | volume = 6 | issue = 4 | pages = 181–188 | date = December 2003 | pmid = 15237929 | doi = 10.1023/B:PITU.0000023425.20854.8e | name-list-style = vanc | s2cid = 25547320 }}</ref> Mnogi znaci i simptomi Sheehanovog sindroma smatraju se "nespecifičnim" u medicinskoj zajednici; drugim riječima, ovi znaci i simptomi se javljaju ko<rd brojnih različitih bolesti i nisu specifični za jednu bolest ili sindrom.<ref name="Laway_2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Laway BA, Baba MS | title = Sheehan syndrome | journal = The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association | volume = 71 | issue = 4 | pages = 1282–12568 | date = April 2021 | pmid = 34125791 }}</ref> U nekim slučajevima, žena sa Sheehanovim sindromom može u početku biti relativno asimptomska; stoga se dijagnoza ne postavlja sve do nekoliko godina kasnije kada postanu očigledni znaci hipopituitarizma.<ref name="Schrager_20012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schrager S, Sabo L | title = Sheehan syndrome: a rare complication of postpartum hemorrhage | journal = The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice | volume = 14 | issue = 5 | pages = 389–391 | date = September 2001 | pmid = 11572546 | url = https://www.jabfm.org/content/14/5/389 }}</ref> In rare instances this syndrome can present acutely with unstable vital signs, dangerously low blood glucose levels, heart failure, or even psychosis.<ref name="Shivaprasad_2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Shivaprasad C | title = Sheehan's syndrome: Newer advances | journal = Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism | volume = 15 | issue = Suppl 3 | pages = S203–S207 | date = September 2011 | pmid = 22029025 | pmc = 3183525 | doi = 10.4103/2230-8210.84869 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Halit_2016"/> [[Hipopituitarizam]] može dovesti do prekida u bilo kojem od sljedećih hormonskih puteva: poremećaj štitnjače (sekundarni [[hipotireoza]]), nadbubrežna žlijezda (adrenalna insuficijencija zbog nedostatka [[glukokortikoid]]a), spolni hormon (nedostatak [[gonadotropin]]a), [[prolaktin]] (hormon odgovoran za laktaciju), [[hormon rasta]] ili rijetko nedostatak antidiuretskog hormona (centralni [[diabetes insipidus]]).<ref name="Hammer_2019"/> Budući da oštećenje hipofize može uzrokovati nedostatak u više od jednog od ovih hormonskih puteva istovremeno, moguće je imati kombinaciju bilo kojeg od znakova ili simptoma navedenih u nastavku.<ref name="Halit_2016"/> Najčešći početni simptomi Sheehanovog sindroma su poteškoće s laktacijom ili potpuni nedostatak laktacije ([[agalaktoreja]]).<ref name="Schrager_20012"/> Drugi uobičajeni znak su rijetki menstrualni ciklusi ([[oligomenoreja]]) ili odsutni menstrualni ciklusi ([[amenoreja]]) nakon [[porođaj]]a.<ref name="Halit_2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Halit D, Karaca Z, Tanriverdi F, Unluhizarci K, Kelestimur F | title = Sheehan's syndrome: new insights into an old disease | journal = Endocrine | volume = 51 | issue = 1 | pages = 22–31 | date = January 2016 | pmid = 26323346 | doi = 10.1007/s12020-015-0726-3 | s2cid = 6560041 }}</ref> Pored menstruacijskih nepravilnosti, drugi znaci nedostatka spolnih hormona su valunzi, smanjen [[libido]] i involucija dojki.<ref name="Laway_2021"/> Simptomi i znaci poremećaja štitnjače su [[umor]], [[Osjetljivost na hladnoću|intolerancija na hladnoću]], [[zatvor (probava)|zatvor]], [[debljanje]], [[Alopecija|gubitak kose]], usporeno razmišljanje, kao i [[Bradikardija|usporen rad srca]] i [[Hipotenzija|nizak krvni pritisak]].<ref name="Schury_2022">{{cite book |title=StatPearls |vauthors=Schury MP, Adigun R |date=2022 |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |place=Treasure Island (FL) |chapter=Sheehan Syndrome |pmid=29083621 |access-date=2023-01-25 |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459166/}}</ref> Poremećaj rada nadbubrežne žlijezde može se pojaviti akutno ili hronično. U hroničnijem slučaju, sličan je Addisonovoj bolesti sa simptomima koji uključuju [[umor|zamor]], [[gubitak težine]], hipoglikemiju (nizak nivo šećera u krvi), anemiju (nizak nivo [[hemoglobin]]a)] i hiponatremiju (nizak nivo natrija) koji se razvijaju tokom nekoliko mjeseci ili godina.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Addison's disease - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/addisons-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20350293 |access-date=2019-04-29 |website=Mayo Clinic |language=en}}</ref> Acute adrenal insufficiency is referred to as an adrenal crisis, which can be life-threatening, and occurs very shortly after the inciting event i.e. significant blood loss post-partum in the context of Sheehan's syndrome. <ref name="Elshimy_2022">{{cite book | vauthors = Elshimy G, Chippa V, Jeong JM |title=Adrenal Crisis |date=2022 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499968/ |work=StatPearls |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29763143 |access-date=2023-01-25 }}</ref> Znaci i simptomi adrenalne krize uključuju hipoglikemiju, hipotenziju, slabost, umor i [[epilepsijski napad|napade]], uzrokovane teškom [[hiponatremija|hiponatremijom]].<ref name="Elshimy_2022"/> Nedostatak hormona rasta jedan je od najčešćih hormonskih nedostataka hipopituitarizma koji se javlja kod Sheehanovog sindroma.<ref name="Schury_2022"/> Niske razine [[hormon rasta|hormona rasta]] mogu se manifestirati niskom energijom, bolovima u tijelu ili suptilnim naboranjem kože oko [[oči]]ju ili [[usta]].<ref name="Laway_2021"/><ref name="Shivaprasad_2011"/> Simptomi nedostatka antidiuretskog hormona su povećana žeđ, prekomjerno mokrenje, glavobolja i umor.<ref name="Olmes_2022">{{cite journal | vauthors = Olmes GL, Solomayer EF, Radosa JC, Sklavounos P, Agne P, Schunk SJ, Haj Hamoud B | title = Acute Sheehan's syndrome manifesting initially with diabetes insipidus postpartum: a case report and systematic literature review | journal = Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics | volume = 306 | issue = 3 | pages = 699–706 | date = September 2022 | pmid = 34779875 | pmc = 9411080 | doi = 10.1007/s00404-021-06294-2 }}</ref> Mogu se uočiti i hematološke promjene poput anemije ili niskog broja trombocita (trombocitopenija).<ref name="Schury_2022"/> [[Hiponatremija]] javlja se u mnogim slučajevima Sheehanovog sindroma, jer može biti posljedica višestrukih [[etiologija]]. Padovi hormona štitnjače i glukokortikoidnih/adrenalnih hormona mogu indirektno dovesti do hiponatremije zbog zadržavanja vode, dok gubitak krvi može izazvati hiponatremiju, zbog lučenja [[ADH]].<ref name="Shivaprasad_2011"/> Razvoj sindroma neodgovarajućeg antidiuretskog hormona kod pacijenata sa Sheehanovim sindromom dokumentovan je u literaturi, iako mehanizam nije dobro shvaćen.<ref name="Shivaprasad_2011"/> ==Uzroci== Kao što je navedeno, Sheehanov sindrom je uzrokovan oštećenjem hipofize, što uzrokuje smanjenje jednog ili više hormona koje normalno luči. Sheehanov sindrom se obično javlja zbog prekomjernog gubitka krvi nakon porođaja (postpartalno krvarenje), iako postoji nekoliko faktora rizika koji mogu doprinijeti njegovom razvoju.<ref name="Halit_2016" /> Čini se da ovaj sindrom nije isključivo povezan s [[porođaj]]em, jer je Sheehanov sindrom zabilježen kod [[trudnica]] koje su doživjele masovno [[krvarenje]] iz neopstetričkih uzroka.<ref name="Halit_2016"/> Hipofiza raste i ima veće metaboličke potrebe tokom trudnoće jer treba da poveća proizvodnju određenih hormona povezanih s trudnoćom.<ref name="Halit_2016" /><ref name="Keleştimur_2003"/> Ove veće metaboličke potrebe, zauzvrat, dovode do veće potrebe za protokom krvi.<ref name="Keleştimur_2003"/> Dakle, ako tijelo uđe u stanje šoka zbog prekomjernog gubitka krvi tokom postpartalnog porođaja, hipofiza je podložnija povredama.<ref name="Keleştimur_2003"/> Iako velika većina slučajeva Sheehanov sindrom javlja se u kontekstu masovnog gubitka [[krv]]i, dokumentirani su slučajevi akutnog Sheehanovog sindroma koji se javlja s volumenima gubitka krvi koji se ne smatraju "masivnim".<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Matsuzaki S, Endo M, Ueda Y, Mimura K, Kakigano A, Egawa-Takata T, Kumasawa K, Yoshino K, Kimura T | display-authors = 6 | title = A case of acute Sheehan's syndrome and literature review: a rare but life-threatening complication of postpartum hemorrhage | journal = BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | pages = 188 | date = June 2017 | pmid = 28615049 | doi = 10.1186/s12884-017-1380-y | pmc = 5471854 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Keleştimur_2003" /> Neki mogući predisponirajući faktori za Sheehanov sindrom mogu uključivati: [[Diseminirana intravaskularna koagulacija|diseminirana koagulacija krvi]] (DIC), [[hipotenzija]], mala ''[[Sella turcica|sella]]'' veličina turcike i krvni ugrušci iz prethodno postojećeg hiperkoagulabilnog poremećaja.<ref name="Halit_2016" /> [[Atonija]] maternice vodeći je uzrok postporođajnog krvarenja, stoga atonija maternice može izazvati Sheehanov sindrom.<ref name="Karaca_20162">{{cite journal | vauthors = Karaca Z, Laway BA, Dokmetas HS, Atmaca H, Kelestimur F | title = Sheehan syndrome | journal = Nature Reviews. Disease Primers | volume = 2 | pages = 16092 | date = December 2016 | pmid = 28004764 | doi = 10.1038/nrdp.2016.92 | s2cid = 36776064 }}</ref> ==Patofiziologija== Čini se da ovaj sindrom nastaje kada se određeni faktori međusobno kombinuju i uzrokuju oštećenje hipofize. Fiziološko povećanje hipofize u kombinaciji s poremećajem u njenoj opskrbi krvlju, poput epiziotomije koja napreduje do [[anus]]nog pucanja, na kraju rezultira ishemijom i nekrozom hipofize.<ref name="Halit_2016"/> Jedan od uzroka rasta hipofize povezan s rizikom od Sheehanovog sindroma je hiperplazija laktotrofa koji proizvode prolaktin, hormon odgovoran za proizvodnju mlijeka.<ref name="Keleştimur_2003"/> Drugi režnjevi hipofize koje luče hormone također brzo rastu kod trudnica, što doprinosi povećanju žlijezde.<ref name="Schury_2022"/> [[Prednji režanj hipofize]] opskrbljuje se [[portni venski sistem]] niskog pritiska.<ref name="Karaca_20162"/> Prednji režanj hipofize je češće pogođen Sheehanovim sindromom zbog strukture portalnog venskog sistema. Zahvaćenost zadnjeg dijela hipofize koja dovodi do centralnog dijabetesa insipidusa je mnogo rjeđa i obično odražava opsežnije oštećenje organa i težu bolest.<ref name="Olmes_2022"/> Pretpostavlja se da raspored opskrbe krvlju hipofize doprinosi njenoj podložnosti oštećenjima. "Visoko vaskularizirano tkivo hipofize uključuje jedan od najbržih protoka krvi u ljudskom tijelu i vjerovatno stoga ima tendenciju ka infarktu jer čak i mali stepeni promjene intravaskularnog pritiska u hipofizi uzrokuju zastoj protoka krvi".<ref name="Halit_2016" /> [[Ishemija]] može se javiti kao rezultat [[vazospazam|vazospazma]], usljed šoka, hipotenzije, [[tromboza|tromboze]] ili direktne vaskularne kompresije hipofizne arterije od same uvećane hipofize.<ref name="Halit_2016" /><ref name="Keleştimur_2003" /><ref name="Karaca_20162"/> Prisustvo [[diseminirane intravaskularne koagulacije]] (tj. kod [[embolije amnionske tečnosti]] ili [[HELL sindrom]]a) takođe se čini kao faktor u njenom razvoju.<ref name="Halit_2016"/> ==Dijagnoza== Tipično važan trag koji vodi do dijagnoza Sheehanovog sindroma se postavlja utvrđivanjem nedostatka jednog ili više hormona koje direktno ili indirektno proizvodi hipofiza. Stepen nedostatka hormona i koji su hormoni pogođeni zavisi od stepena oštećenja hipofize. Hormonski testovi mjere nivoe ovih hormona, koji uključuju, ali nisu ograničeni na [[tiroksin|T4]], [[tireoid- stimulirajući |TSH]], [[estrogen]], [[gonadotropin]], [[kortizol]] i [[ACTH]].<ref name="Shivaprasad_2011" /> Može biti teško otkriti oštećenje ovih hormonskih puteva ako su nivoi hormona na granici abnormalnog raspona. U ovom slučaju, bit će provedeni testovi stimulacije kako bi se utvrdilo da li hipofiza reaguje na hipotalamičke hormone.<ref name="Karaca_20162" /> [[Magnetna rezonanca|MRI]] korisna je u dijagnosticiranju Sheehanovog sindroma, jer ispituje strukturu hipofize i može identificirati bilo kakvo anatomsko oštećenje.<ref name="Keleştimur_2003" /> Nalazi MRI će varirati ovisno o tome koliko rano ili kasno u procesu bolesti se test provodi. Ako se MRI provede dovoljno rano u procesu bolesti, hipofiza može izgledati veća nego normalno i pokazivati promjene koje su u skladu s oštećenjem zbog nedostatka opskrbe krvlju.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Morani A, Parmar H, Ibrahim M | title = Teaching neuroimages: sequential MRI of the pituitary in Sheehan syndrome | journal = Neurology | volume = 78 | issue = 1 | pages = e3 | date = January 2012 | pmid = 22201118 | doi = 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31823ed07d | s2cid = 32669801 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Kasnije u procesu bolesti kod ovog sindroma, oštećenje hipofize uzrokovat će njeno smanjenje i ostaviti djelomično praznu ili potpuno praznu sella turcicu na MRI snimku.<ref name="Shivaprasad_2011"/> ==Liječenje== Osnova liječenja je hormonska nadomjesna terapija za hormone koji nedostaju.<ref name="Errarhay_20092">{{cite journal | vauthors = Errarhay S, Kamaoui I, Bouchikhi C, Châara H, Bouguern H, Tizniti S, Melhouf A, Banani A | display-authors = 6 | title = Sheehan's Syndrome A Case Report and Literature Review | journal = The Libyan Journal of Medicine | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | pages = 81–82 | date = June 2009 | pmid = 21483515 | pmc = 3066722 | doi = 10.4176/081201 }}</ref> Planove liječenja i doze treba individualizirati endokrinolog. [[Glukokortikoidi]] mogu se primijeniti za rješavanje ili sprječavanje adrenalne krize, potencijalne ozbiljne komplikacije Sheehanovog sindroma.<ref name="Keleştimur_2003" /> Hormonska nadomjesna terapija je ključna za smanjenje morbiditeta i mortaliteta ovog sindroma.<ref name="Keleştimur_2003" /> ==Epidemiologija== Tačnu prevalenciju ovog sindroma teško je definirati jer se incidencija uveliko razlikuje od zemlje do zemlje. Sheehanov sindrom je češći u zemljama u razvoju nego u razvijenim zemljama..<ref name="Karaca_20162"/> U studiji iz Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva iz 2001. godine, samo 1,4% pacijenata s hipopituitarizmom imalo je dijagnozu Sheehanovog sindroma.<ref name="Laway_2021"/> Samo nekoliko godina ranije, 1996. godine, Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija procijenila je da je 3 miliona žena pogođeno Sheehanovim sindromom.<ref name="Halit_2016" /> U studiji na 1.034 simptomatskih odraslih osoba, utvrđeno je da je Sheehanov sindrom šesta najčešća etiologija nedostatka hormona rasta, odgovorna za 3,1% slučajeva (u odnosu na 53,9% zbog tumora hipofize).<ref name="Shivaprasad_2011" /> Osim toga, utvrđeno je da je većina žena koje su iskusile Sheehanov sindrom rodila kod kuće, a ne u bolnici.<ref name="Karaca_20162" /> ==Historija== Specifična povezanost s postporođajnim šokom ili krvarenjem opisana je 1937. godine od strane britanskog patologa [[Harold Leeming Sheehan|Harolda Leeminga Sheehana]] (1900–1988).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sheehan HL | title = The Repair of Post-Partum Necrosis of the Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland | journal = Acta Endocrinologica | volume = 48 | issue = 1 | pages = 40–60 | date = January 1965 | pmid = 14254773 | doi = 10.1530/acta.0.0480040 }}</ref> Prva razlika je napravljena u istraživačkom članku "Postpartalna nekroza prednjeg režnja hipofize".<ref name="Sheehan_1937">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Sheehan HL |date=1937|title=Post-partum necrosis of the anterior pituitary|journal=The Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology|volume=45|issue=1|pages=189–214|doi=10.1002/path.1700450118|issn=0368-3494}}</ref> U svom istraživanju, dr. Sheehan je pregledao (putem [[autopsije]]) efekte nekroze hipofize na 12 slučajeva pacijenata koji su iskusili postporođajnu nekrozu.<ref name="Sheehan_1937" /> Posmatrao je slučajeve u kojima su se lezije i smrt dogodili tokom ili nakon trudnoće, kao i slučajeve u kojima je smrt nastupila u kasnoj fazi nekroze (godinama kasnije). Ovo je započelo početno razlikovanje Sheehanovog sindroma od Simmondsove bolesti (poznate i kao [[hipopituitarizam]]). Sheehan je primijetio da je značajna karakteristika slučajeva ovih pacijenata bilo krvarenje, koje je, prema njegovom iskustvu, najčešće uzrokovano: ''[[Placenta praevia|placenta previa]]'' (niska posteljica), ruptura maternice, [[cerviks]]ne ili materične rupture, postporođajna [[atonija]] ili zadržavanje posteljice. [[Hipopituitarizam|Simmondsova bolest]], pak, javlja se kod oba spola zbog uzroka koji nisu povezani s trudnoćom.<ref name="Karaca_20162" /> Međutim, u svojoj publikaciji iz 1939. godine, "Simmondsova bolest zbog postporođajne nekroze prednjeg režnja hipofize", Sheehan prikazuje postporođajnu nekrozu kao uzrok Simmondsove bolesti, čime uspostavlja vezu između dva stanja.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cooke RT | title = Simmonds's Disease due to Post-partum Necrosis of Anterior Pituitary | journal = British Medical Journal | volume = 2 | issue = 4423 | pages = 493–494 | date = October 1945 | pmid = 20786336 | pmc = 2059949 | doi = 10.1093/oxfordjournals.qjmed.a069138 }}</ref> Prema Sheehanu iz 1939. godine, otprilike 41% preživjelih od teškog [[postporođajno krvarenje|postporođajne hemoragije]] (PPH) i/ili [[hipovolemijski šok]] iskusilo je teški ili djelomični hipopituitarizam.<ref name="Karaca_20162" /> == Društvo i kultura == U razvijenom svijetu Sheehanov sindrom je rijetka komplikacija [[trudnoće]]; iako je ovaj sindrom češći u zemljama u razvoju, on i dalje pogađa žene širom svijeta.<ref name="Halit_2016"/> Retrospektivna studija u Turskoj otkrila je da je prevalencija Sheehanovog sindroma direktno proporcionalna broju porođaja kod kuće svake decenije.<ref name="Shivaprasad_2011"/> To može biti posljedica ranije ograničenih akušerskih tehnika prisutnih u kućnom okruženju. Gubitak krvi povezan s epiziotomijom i forcepsom pogoršava gubitak krvi kada se posteljica odvoji od zida maternice, posebno kod majki s niskim krvnim pritiskom, čak i u akušerskom okruženju, odnosno bolnici, uzrokovao je suptilniji Sheehanov sindrom nedostatka hormona rasta, antidiuretičkog hormona i ACTH-a, koji može biti opasan po život ako se propusti; Sheehanov sindrom u moderno doba: nacionalna retrospektivna studija Island 2011, gdje svaka majka rađa u bolnici, uz dostupnu punu akušersku njegu. == Istraživanje == Danas je uloga koju [[autoimunost]] ima u razvoju Sheehanovog sindroma neizvjesna. Nekoliko izvještaja o slučajevima identificiralo je antihipofizna antitijela kod pacijenata s dijagnozom Sheehanovog sindroma.<ref name="Keleştimur_2003"/> Neke pacijentice bile su također pozitivne na antihipotalamusna antitijela.<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=De Bellis A, Kelestimur F, Sinisi AA, Ruocco G, Tirelli G, Battaglia M, Bellastella G, Conzo G, Tanriverdi F, Unluhizarci K, Bizzarro A, Bellastella A |date=February 2008 |title=Anti-hypothalamus and anti-pituitary antibodies may contribute to perpetuate the hypopituitarism in patients with Sheehan's syndrome |journal=European Journal of Endocrinology |volume=158 |issue=2 |pages=147–152 |doi=10.1530/EJE-07-0647 |pmid=18230820 |s2cid=24922671|doi-access=free }}</ref> S obzirom na to da mnogi pacijenti koji su razvili Sheehanov sindrom nemaju detektabilne nivoe ovih [[antitijela]], nije jasno da li ova antitijela uzrokuju ovaj sindrom ili su njegov rezultat.<ref name="Halit_2016" /> == Reference == {{reflist}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Medicinski izvori | ICD10 = {{ICD10|E|23|0|e|20}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|253.2}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | DiseasesDB = 11998 | MedlinePlus = 001175 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 1914 | MeshID = D007018 }} {{Bolest hipofize}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategorija: Poremećaji hipofize]] [[Kategorija: Akušerstvo]] [[Kategorija: Sindromi]] kqfdfy54de6ejv5rbvlvuqtsjyfpr3b 3849338 3849333 2026-05-25T19:48:19Z Genetičar 181151 3849338 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija zdravstveno stanje | ime = Sheehanov sindrom | sinonimi = Simmondov sindrom, postporođajni hipopituitarizam, postporođajna nekroza hipofize | slika = Pituitary gland-optic chiasm-sella turcica.jpg | opis_slike = Anatomija normalne hipofize i okolnih struktura | slika2 = Brain MRI 0077 25 - Annotation.jpg | opis_slike2 = Prazna ''[[sella turcica]]'' na [[MRI]]-snimku, kao što se vidi u teškim slučajevima Sheehanovog sindroma | specijalnost = [[Endokrinologija]] | simptomi = [[Umor]], [[Osjetljivost na hladnoću|intolerancija na hladnoću]], [[zatvor (probava)|zatvor]], [[debljanje]], [[Alopecija|gubitak kose]], usporeno razmišljanje, kao i [[Bradikardija|usporen rad srca]] i [[Hipotenzija|nizak krvni pritisak]]. | komplikacije = | pojava =''[[In utero]]'' | trajanje =Doživotno | vrste =Specifični, nespecifični | uzroci = Značajno [[krvarenje]] i [[hipovolemijski šok]] (ishemijske [[nekroza|nekroze]]) ili [[moždani udar]], | rizici = | dijagnoza =[[Fenotipski pregled]], klinička | diferencijalna_dijagnoza =[[Hipopituarizam]] | prevencija = | liječenje = Osnova liječenja je hormonska nadomjesna terapija za hormone koji nedostaju | lijek =Nedostajući [[hormoni]], [[glukokortikoidi]] | prognoza = |frekvencija =[[Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija]] procijenila je da je 1966. tri miliona žena pogođeno Sheehanovim sindromom. | smrtnost = }} '''Sheehanov sindrom''', također poznat kao '''postpartalna nekroza hipofize''', javlja se kada je [[hipofiza]] oštećena zbog značajnog [[krvarenja|gubitka krvi]] i [[hipovolemijski šok| hipovolemijskog šoka]] (ishemijske [[nekroza|nekroze]]) ili [[moždani udar| moždanog udara]], prvobitno opisanog tokom ili nakon [[porođaj]]a, što dovodi do smanjene funkcije hipofize ([[hipopituitarizam|hipopituitarizma]]).<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Kaufman MS, Stead LG |title=First aid for the obstetrics & gynecology clerkship |date=2011 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional |isbn=9780071634199 |oclc=768527672 |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> Klasično, kod blažeg parcijalnog oblika, majka ne može dojiti svoju bebu zbog nemogućnosti hipofize da luči [[hormon]] [[prolaktin]], a također nema više [[menstruacija]], jer se [[folikulostimulirajući hormon|folikulostimulirajući]] FSH i ([[luteinizirajući hormon]] LH ne luče. Iako je u postmenopauzi, majka s ovim blažim oblikom Sheehanovog sindroma ne doživljava valunge, jer hipofiza ne luči FSH (visoki nivoi FSH, koje luči hipofiza kod zdravih žena u postmenopauzi, pokušaj su izazivanja ovulacije, a ovi visoki nivoi FSH uzrokuju valunge). Nedostavljanje dojenja i amenoreja su smatrani sindromom (skupom simptoma), ali sada Sheehanov sindrom posmatramo kao nemogućnost hipofize da luči 1–5 od 9 hormona koje normalno proizvodi. [[Prednji režanj hipofize]] proizvodi [[FSH]], [[LH]], [[prolaktin]], [[ACTH]] (adrenokortikotrofni hormon), [[TSH]] (tireotropin stimulirajući hormon) i GH ([[hormon rasta]]); [[stražnji režanj hipofize]] proizvodi [[ADH]] (antidiuretski hormon) i [[oksitocin]], tj. [[hipofiza]] jest uključena u regulaciju mnogih hormona. Vrlo je važno prepoznati Sheehanov moždani udar jer nedostatak ACTH-a kod Sheehanove bolesti u prisustvu stresa uzrokovanog bakterijskom infekcijom, poput urinarne infekcije, rezultirat će smrću majke od Addisonove krize. (U teškom obliku Sheehanove bolesti, s potpunim uništenjem hipofize, majka može imati [[polidipsija| polidipsiju]] (žeđ) i [[poliurija| poliuriju]] (prekomjerno [[mokrenje]]) i nekontroliranu [[laktacija|laktaciju]], s [[glavobolja|glavoboljom]].[[<ref name="Hammer_2019">{{Cite book | vauthors = Hammer G, McPhee S |title=Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-260-02650-4 |edition=8th |location=New York, NY |chapter=Disorders of the Hypothalamus & Pituitary Gland}}</ref> Ova [[žlijezda]] nalazi se na donjoj površini mozga, oblika je trešnje i veličine slanutka, u udubljenju sfenoidne kosti poznatoj kao ''[[sella turcica]]'' (tursko sedlo).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chapman PR, Singhal A, Gaddamanugu S, Prattipati V | title = Neuroimaging of the Pituitary Gland: Practical Anatomy and Pathology | journal = Radiologic Clinics of North America | volume = 58 | issue = 6 | pages = 1115–1133 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 33040852 | doi = 10.1016/j.rcl.2020.07.009 | s2cid = 222299889 }}</ref> Hipofiza radi zajedno s hipotalamusom i drugim endokrinim organima kako bi modulirala brojne tjelesne funkcije, uključujući rast, metabolizam, menstruaciju, laktaciju, pa čak i reakciju "bori se ili bježi" ([[odgovor bori se ili bježi]]).<ref name="Hammer_2019" /> Ovi endokrini organi (poput štitne žlijezde u vratu ili nadbubrežnih žlijezda na gornjem polu bubrega) oslobađaju hormone vrlo specifičnim putevima, poznatim kao hormonske ose. Naprimjer, oslobađanje hormona u [[hipotalamus]]u ciljati će hipofizu, kako bi pokrenulo oslobađanje hormona koji stimulira štitnjaču (TSH), a oslobođeni hormon hipofize (TSH) će ciljati sljedeći organ u putu, tj. štitnjaču, kako bi oslobodila [[tiroksin]].<ref name="Hammer_2019" /> Stoga, oštećenje hipofize može imati posljedice na bilo koju od gore navedenih tjelesnih funkcija. ==Znaci i simptomi== Različiti znaci i simptomi Sheehanovog sindroma uzrokovani su oštećenjem hipofize, što uzrokuje smanjenje jednog ili više hormona koje ona normalno luči. Budući da hipofiza kontrolira mnoge žlijezde u [[endokrinom sistemu]], može doći do djelomičnog ili potpunog gubitka različitih funkcija.<ref name="Keleştimur_2003">{{cite journal | vauthors = Keleştimur F | title = Sheehan's syndrome | journal = Pituitary | volume = 6 | issue = 4 | pages = 181–188 | date = December 2003 | pmid = 15237929 | doi = 10.1023/B:PITU.0000023425.20854.8e | name-list-style = vanc | s2cid = 25547320 }}</ref> Mnogi znaci i simptomi Sheehanovog sindroma smatraju se "nespecifičnim" u medicinskoj zajednici; drugim riječima, ovi znaci i simptomi se javljaju ko<rd brojnih različitih bolesti i nisu specifični za jednu bolest ili sindrom.<ref name="Laway_2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Laway BA, Baba MS | title = Sheehan syndrome | journal = The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association | volume = 71 | issue = 4 | pages = 1282–12568 | date = April 2021 | pmid = 34125791 }}</ref> U nekim slučajevima, žena sa Sheehanovim sindromom može u početku biti relativno asimptomska; stoga se dijagnoza ne postavlja sve do nekoliko godina kasnije kada postanu očigledni znaci hipopituitarizma.<ref name="Schrager_20012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schrager S, Sabo L | title = Sheehan syndrome: a rare complication of postpartum hemorrhage | journal = The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice | volume = 14 | issue = 5 | pages = 389–391 | date = September 2001 | pmid = 11572546 | url = https://www.jabfm.org/content/14/5/389 }}</ref> In rare instances this syndrome can present acutely with unstable vital signs, dangerously low blood glucose levels, heart failure, or even psychosis.<ref name="Shivaprasad_2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Shivaprasad C | title = Sheehan's syndrome: Newer advances | journal = Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism | volume = 15 | issue = Suppl 3 | pages = S203–S207 | date = September 2011 | pmid = 22029025 | pmc = 3183525 | doi = 10.4103/2230-8210.84869 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Halit_2016"/> [[Hipopituitarizam]] može dovesti do prekida u bilo kojem od sljedećih hormonskih puteva: poremećaj štitnjače (sekundarni [[hipotireoza]]), nadbubrežna žlijezda (adrenalna insuficijencija zbog nedostatka [[glukokortikoid]]a), spolni hormon (nedostatak [[gonadotropin]]a), [[prolaktin]] (hormon odgovoran za laktaciju), [[hormon rasta]] ili rijetko nedostatak antidiuretskog hormona (centralni [[diabetes insipidus]]).<ref name="Hammer_2019"/> Budući da oštećenje hipofize može uzrokovati nedostatak u više od jednog od ovih hormonskih puteva istovremeno, moguće je imati kombinaciju bilo kojeg od znakova ili simptoma navedenih u nastavku.<ref name="Halit_2016"/> Najčešći početni simptomi Sheehanovog sindroma su poteškoće s laktacijom ili potpuni nedostatak laktacije ([[agalaktoreja]]).<ref name="Schrager_20012"/> Drugi uobičajeni znak su rijetki menstrualni ciklusi ([[oligomenoreja]]) ili odsutni menstrualni ciklusi ([[amenoreja]]) nakon [[porođaj]]a.<ref name="Halit_2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Halit D, Karaca Z, Tanriverdi F, Unluhizarci K, Kelestimur F | title = Sheehan's syndrome: new insights into an old disease | journal = Endocrine | volume = 51 | issue = 1 | pages = 22–31 | date = January 2016 | pmid = 26323346 | doi = 10.1007/s12020-015-0726-3 | s2cid = 6560041 }}</ref> Pored menstruacijskih nepravilnosti, drugi znaci nedostatka spolnih hormona su valunzi, smanjen [[libido]] i involucija dojki.<ref name="Laway_2021"/> Simptomi i znaci poremećaja štitnjače su [[umor]], [[Osjetljivost na hladnoću|intolerancija na hladnoću]], [[zatvor (probava)|zatvor]], [[debljanje]], [[Alopecija|gubitak kose]], usporeno razmišljanje, kao i [[Bradikardija|usporen rad srca]] i [[Hipotenzija|nizak krvni pritisak]].<ref name="Schury_2022">{{cite book |title=StatPearls |vauthors=Schury MP, Adigun R |date=2022 |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |place=Treasure Island (FL) |chapter=Sheehan Syndrome |pmid=29083621 |access-date=2023-01-25 |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459166/}}</ref> Poremećaj rada nadbubrežne žlijezde može se pojaviti akutno ili hronično. U hroničnijem slučaju, sličan je Addisonovoj bolesti sa simptomima koji uključuju [[umor|zamor]], [[gubitak težine]], hipoglikemiju (nizak nivo šećera u krvi), anemiju (nizak nivo [[hemoglobin]]a)] i hiponatremiju (nizak nivo natrija) koji se razvijaju tokom nekoliko mjeseci ili godina.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Addison's disease - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/addisons-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20350293 |access-date=2019-04-29 |website=Mayo Clinic |language=en}}</ref> Acute adrenal insufficiency is referred to as an adrenal crisis, which can be life-threatening, and occurs very shortly after the inciting event i.e. significant blood loss post-partum in the context of Sheehan's syndrome. <ref name="Elshimy_2022">{{cite book | vauthors = Elshimy G, Chippa V, Jeong JM |title=Adrenal Crisis |date=2022 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499968/ |work=StatPearls |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29763143 |access-date=2023-01-25 }}</ref> Znaci i simptomi adrenalne krize uključuju hipoglikemiju, hipotenziju, slabost, umor i [[epilepsijski napad|napade]], uzrokovane teškom [[hiponatremija|hiponatremijom]].<ref name="Elshimy_2022"/> Nedostatak hormona rasta jedan je od najčešćih hormonskih nedostataka hipopituitarizma koji se javlja kod Sheehanovog sindroma.<ref name="Schury_2022"/> Niske razine [[hormon rasta|hormona rasta]] mogu se manifestirati niskom energijom, bolovima u tijelu ili suptilnim naboranjem kože oko [[oči]]ju ili [[usta]].<ref name="Laway_2021"/><ref name="Shivaprasad_2011"/> Simptomi nedostatka antidiuretskog hormona su povećana žeđ, prekomjerno mokrenje, glavobolja i umor.<ref name="Olmes_2022">{{cite journal | vauthors = Olmes GL, Solomayer EF, Radosa JC, Sklavounos P, Agne P, Schunk SJ, Haj Hamoud B | title = Acute Sheehan's syndrome manifesting initially with diabetes insipidus postpartum: a case report and systematic literature review | journal = Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics | volume = 306 | issue = 3 | pages = 699–706 | date = September 2022 | pmid = 34779875 | pmc = 9411080 | doi = 10.1007/s00404-021-06294-2 }}</ref> Mogu se uočiti i hematološke promjene poput anemije ili niskog broja trombocita (trombocitopenija).<ref name="Schury_2022"/> [[Hiponatremija]] javlja se u mnogim slučajevima Sheehanovog sindroma, jer može biti posljedica višestrukih [[etiologija]]. Padovi hormona štitnjače i glukokortikoidnih/adrenalnih hormona mogu indirektno dovesti do hiponatremije zbog zadržavanja vode, dok gubitak krvi može izazvati hiponatremiju, zbog lučenja [[ADH]].<ref name="Shivaprasad_2011"/> Razvoj sindroma neodgovarajućeg antidiuretskog hormona kod pacijenata sa Sheehanovim sindromom dokumentovan je u literaturi, iako mehanizam nije dobro shvaćen.<ref name="Shivaprasad_2011"/> ==Uzroci== Kao što je navedeno, Sheehanov sindrom je uzrokovan oštećenjem hipofize, što uzrokuje smanjenje jednog ili više hormona koje normalno luči. Sheehanov sindrom se obično javlja zbog prekomjernog gubitka krvi nakon porođaja (postpartalno krvarenje), iako postoji nekoliko faktora rizika koji mogu doprinijeti njegovom razvoju.<ref name="Halit_2016" /> Čini se da ovaj sindrom nije isključivo povezan s [[porođaj]]em, jer je Sheehanov sindrom zabilježen kod [[trudnica]] koje su doživjele masovno [[krvarenje]] iz neopstetričkih uzroka.<ref name="Halit_2016"/> Hipofiza raste i ima veće metaboličke potrebe tokom trudnoće jer treba da poveća proizvodnju određenih hormona povezanih s trudnoćom.<ref name="Halit_2016" /><ref name="Keleştimur_2003"/> Ove veće metaboličke potrebe, zauzvrat, dovode do veće potrebe za protokom krvi.<ref name="Keleştimur_2003"/> Dakle, ako tijelo uđe u stanje šoka zbog prekomjernog gubitka krvi tokom postpartalnog porođaja, hipofiza je podložnija povredama.<ref name="Keleştimur_2003"/> Iako velika većina slučajeva Sheehanov sindrom javlja se u kontekstu masovnog gubitka [[krv]]i, dokumentirani su slučajevi akutnog Sheehanovog sindroma koji se javlja s volumenima gubitka krvi koji se ne smatraju "masivnim".<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Matsuzaki S, Endo M, Ueda Y, Mimura K, Kakigano A, Egawa-Takata T, Kumasawa K, Yoshino K, Kimura T | display-authors = 6 | title = A case of acute Sheehan's syndrome and literature review: a rare but life-threatening complication of postpartum hemorrhage | journal = BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | pages = 188 | date = June 2017 | pmid = 28615049 | doi = 10.1186/s12884-017-1380-y | pmc = 5471854 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Keleştimur_2003" /> Neki mogući predisponirajući faktori za Sheehanov sindrom mogu uključivati: [[Diseminirana intravaskularna koagulacija|diseminirana koagulacija krvi]] (DIC), [[hipotenzija]], mala ''[[Sella turcica|sella]]'' veličina turcike i krvni ugrušci iz prethodno postojećeg hiperkoagulabilnog poremećaja.<ref name="Halit_2016" /> [[Atonija]] maternice vodeći je uzrok postporođajnog krvarenja, stoga atonija maternice može izazvati Sheehanov sindrom.<ref name="Karaca_20162">{{cite journal | vauthors = Karaca Z, Laway BA, Dokmetas HS, Atmaca H, Kelestimur F | title = Sheehan syndrome | journal = Nature Reviews. Disease Primers | volume = 2 | pages = 16092 | date = December 2016 | pmid = 28004764 | doi = 10.1038/nrdp.2016.92 | s2cid = 36776064 }}</ref> ==Patofiziologija== Čini se da ovaj sindrom nastaje kada se određeni faktori međusobno kombinuju i uzrokuju oštećenje hipofize. Fiziološko povećanje hipofize u kombinaciji s poremećajem u njenoj opskrbi krvlju, poput epiziotomije koja napreduje do [[anus]]nog pucanja, na kraju rezultira ishemijom i nekrozom hipofize.<ref name="Halit_2016"/> Jedan od uzroka rasta hipofize povezan s rizikom od Sheehanovog sindroma je hiperplazija laktotrofa koji proizvode prolaktin, hormon odgovoran za proizvodnju mlijeka.<ref name="Keleştimur_2003"/> Drugi režnjevi hipofize koje luče hormone također brzo rastu kod trudnica, što doprinosi povećanju žlijezde.<ref name="Schury_2022"/> [[Prednji režanj hipofize]] opskrbljuje se [[portni venski sistem]] niskog pritiska.<ref name="Karaca_20162"/> Prednji režanj hipofize je češće pogođen Sheehanovim sindromom zbog strukture portalnog venskog sistema. Zahvaćenost zadnjeg dijela hipofize koja dovodi do centralnog dijabetesa insipidusa je mnogo rjeđa i obično odražava opsežnije oštećenje organa i težu bolest.<ref name="Olmes_2022"/> Pretpostavlja se da raspored opskrbe krvlju hipofize doprinosi njenoj podložnosti oštećenjima. "Visoko vaskularizirano tkivo hipofize uključuje jedan od najbržih protoka krvi u ljudskom tijelu i vjerovatno stoga ima tendenciju ka infarktu jer čak i mali stepeni promjene intravaskularnog pritiska u hipofizi uzrokuju zastoj protoka krvi".<ref name="Halit_2016" /> [[Ishemija]] može se javiti kao rezultat [[vazospazam|vazospazma]], usljed šoka, hipotenzije, [[tromboza|tromboze]] ili direktne vaskularne kompresije hipofizne arterije od same uvećane hipofize.<ref name="Halit_2016" /><ref name="Keleştimur_2003" /><ref name="Karaca_20162"/> Prisustvo [[diseminirane intravaskularne koagulacije]] (tj. kod [[embolije amnionske tečnosti]] ili [[HELL sindrom]]a) takođe se čini kao faktor u njenom razvoju.<ref name="Halit_2016"/> ==Dijagnoza== Tipično važan trag koji vodi do dijagnoza Sheehanovog sindroma se postavlja utvrđivanjem nedostatka jednog ili više hormona koje direktno ili indirektno proizvodi hipofiza. Stepen nedostatka hormona i koji su hormoni pogođeni zavisi od stepena oštećenja hipofize. Hormonski testovi mjere nivoe ovih hormona, koji uključuju, ali nisu ograničeni na [[tiroksin|T4]], [[tireoid- stimulirajući |TSH]], [[estrogen]], [[gonadotropin]], [[kortizol]] i [[ACTH]].<ref name="Shivaprasad_2011" /> Može biti teško otkriti oštećenje ovih hormonskih puteva ako su nivoi hormona na granici abnormalnog raspona. U ovom slučaju, bit će provedeni testovi stimulacije kako bi se utvrdilo da li hipofiza reaguje na hipotalamičke hormone.<ref name="Karaca_20162" /> [[Magnetna rezonanca|MRI]] korisna je u dijagnosticiranju Sheehanovog sindroma, jer ispituje strukturu hipofize i može identificirati bilo kakvo anatomsko oštećenje.<ref name="Keleştimur_2003" /> Nalazi MRI će varirati ovisno o tome koliko rano ili kasno u procesu bolesti se test provodi. Ako se MRI provede dovoljno rano u procesu bolesti, hipofiza može izgledati veća nego normalno i pokazivati promjene koje su u skladu s oštećenjem zbog nedostatka opskrbe krvlju.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Morani A, Parmar H, Ibrahim M | title = Teaching neuroimages: sequential MRI of the pituitary in Sheehan syndrome | journal = Neurology | volume = 78 | issue = 1 | pages = e3 | date = January 2012 | pmid = 22201118 | doi = 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31823ed07d | s2cid = 32669801 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Kasnije u procesu bolesti kod ovog sindroma, oštećenje hipofize uzrokovat će njeno smanjenje i ostaviti djelomično praznu ili potpuno praznu sella turcicu na MRI snimku.<ref name="Shivaprasad_2011"/> ==Liječenje== Osnova liječenja je hormonska nadomjesna terapija za hormone koji nedostaju.<ref name="Errarhay_20092">{{cite journal | vauthors = Errarhay S, Kamaoui I, Bouchikhi C, Châara H, Bouguern H, Tizniti S, Melhouf A, Banani A | display-authors = 6 | title = Sheehan's Syndrome A Case Report and Literature Review | journal = The Libyan Journal of Medicine | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | pages = 81–82 | date = June 2009 | pmid = 21483515 | pmc = 3066722 | doi = 10.4176/081201 }}</ref> Planove liječenja i doze treba individualizirati endokrinolog. [[Glukokortikoidi]] mogu se primijeniti za rješavanje ili sprječavanje adrenalne krize, potencijalne ozbiljne komplikacije Sheehanovog sindroma.<ref name="Keleştimur_2003" /> Hormonska nadomjesna terapija je ključna za smanjenje morbiditeta i mortaliteta ovog sindroma.<ref name="Keleştimur_2003" /> ==Epidemiologija== Tačnu prevalenciju ovog sindroma teško je definirati jer se incidencija uveliko razlikuje od zemlje do zemlje. Sheehanov sindrom je češći u zemljama u razvoju nego u razvijenim zemljama..<ref name="Karaca_20162"/> U studiji iz Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva iz 2001. godine, samo 1,4% pacijenata s hipopituitarizmom imalo je dijagnozu Sheehanovog sindroma.<ref name="Laway_2021"/> Samo nekoliko godina ranije, 1996. godine, Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija procijenila je da je 3 miliona žena pogođeno Sheehanovim sindromom.<ref name="Halit_2016" /> U studiji na 1.034 simptomatskih odraslih osoba, utvrđeno je da je Sheehanov sindrom šesta najčešća etiologija nedostatka hormona rasta, odgovorna za 3,1% slučajeva (u odnosu na 53,9% zbog tumora hipofize).<ref name="Shivaprasad_2011" /> Osim toga, utvrđeno je da je većina žena koje su iskusile Sheehanov sindrom rodila kod kuće, a ne u bolnici.<ref name="Karaca_20162" /> ==Historija== Specifična povezanost s postporođajnim šokom ili krvarenjem opisana je 1937. godine od strane britanskog patologa [[Harold Leeming Sheehan|Harolda Leeminga Sheehana]] (1900–1988).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sheehan HL | title = The Repair of Post-Partum Necrosis of the Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland | journal = Acta Endocrinologica | volume = 48 | issue = 1 | pages = 40–60 | date = January 1965 | pmid = 14254773 | doi = 10.1530/acta.0.0480040 }}</ref> Prva razlika je napravljena u istraživačkom članku "Postpartalna nekroza prednjeg režnja hipofize".<ref name="Sheehan_1937">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Sheehan HL |date=1937|title=Post-partum necrosis of the anterior pituitary|journal=The Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology|volume=45|issue=1|pages=189–214|doi=10.1002/path.1700450118|issn=0368-3494}}</ref> U svom istraživanju, dr. Sheehan je pregledao (putem [[autopsije]]) efekte nekroze hipofize na 12 slučajeva pacijenata koji su iskusili postporođajnu nekrozu.<ref name="Sheehan_1937" /> Posmatrao je slučajeve u kojima su se lezije i smrt dogodili tokom ili nakon trudnoće, kao i slučajeve u kojima je smrt nastupila u kasnoj fazi nekroze (godinama kasnije). Ovo je započelo početno razlikovanje Sheehanovog sindroma od Simmondsove bolesti (poznate i kao [[hipopituitarizam]]). Sheehan je primijetio da je značajna karakteristika slučajeva ovih pacijenata bilo krvarenje, koje je, prema njegovom iskustvu, najčešće uzrokovano: ''[[Placenta praevia|placenta previa]]'' (niska posteljica), ruptura maternice, [[cerviks]]ne ili materične rupture, postporođajna [[atonija]] ili zadržavanje posteljice. [[Hipopituitarizam|Simmondsova bolest]], pak, javlja se kod oba spola zbog uzroka koji nisu povezani s trudnoćom.<ref name="Karaca_20162" /> Međutim, u svojoj publikaciji iz 1939. godine, "Simmondsova bolest zbog postporođajne nekroze prednjeg režnja hipofize", Sheehan prikazuje postporođajnu nekrozu kao uzrok Simmondsove bolesti, čime uspostavlja vezu između dva stanja.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cooke RT | title = Simmonds's Disease due to Post-partum Necrosis of Anterior Pituitary | journal = British Medical Journal | volume = 2 | issue = 4423 | pages = 493–494 | date = October 1945 | pmid = 20786336 | pmc = 2059949 | doi = 10.1093/oxfordjournals.qjmed.a069138 }}</ref> Prema Sheehanu iz 1939. godine, otprilike 41% preživjelih od teškog [[postporođajno krvarenje|postporođajne hemoragije]] (PPH) i/ili [[hipovolemijski šok]] iskusilo je teški ili djelomični hipopituitarizam.<ref name="Karaca_20162" /> == Društvo i kultura == U razvijenom svijetu Sheehanov sindrom je rijetka komplikacija [[trudnoće]]; iako je ovaj sindrom češći u zemljama u razvoju, on i dalje pogađa žene širom svijeta.<ref name="Halit_2016"/> Retrospektivna studija u Turskoj otkrila je da je prevalencija Sheehanovog sindroma direktno proporcionalna broju porođaja kod kuće svake decenije.<ref name="Shivaprasad_2011"/> To može biti posljedica ranije ograničenih akušerskih tehnika prisutnih u kućnom okruženju. Gubitak krvi povezan s epiziotomijom i forcepsom pogoršava gubitak krvi kada se posteljica odvoji od zida maternice, posebno kod majki s niskim krvnim pritiskom, čak i u akušerskom okruženju, odnosno bolnici, uzrokovao je suptilniji Sheehanov sindrom nedostatka hormona rasta, antidiuretičkog hormona i ACTH-a, koji može biti opasan po život ako se propusti; Sheehanov sindrom u moderno doba: nacionalna retrospektivna studija Island 2011, gdje svaka majka rađa u bolnici, uz dostupnu punu akušersku njegu. == Istraživanje == Danas je uloga koju [[autoimunost]] ima u razvoju Sheehanovog sindroma neizvjesna. Nekoliko izvještaja o slučajevima identificiralo je antihipofizna antitijela kod pacijenata s dijagnozom Sheehanovog sindroma.<ref name="Keleştimur_2003"/> Neke pacijentice bile su također pozitivne na antihipotalamusna antitijela.<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=De Bellis A, Kelestimur F, Sinisi AA, Ruocco G, Tirelli G, Battaglia M, Bellastella G, Conzo G, Tanriverdi F, Unluhizarci K, Bizzarro A, Bellastella A |date=February 2008 |title=Anti-hypothalamus and anti-pituitary antibodies may contribute to perpetuate the hypopituitarism in patients with Sheehan's syndrome |journal=European Journal of Endocrinology |volume=158 |issue=2 |pages=147–152 |doi=10.1530/EJE-07-0647 |pmid=18230820 |s2cid=24922671|doi-access=free }}</ref> S obzirom na to da mnogi pacijenti koji su razvili Sheehanov sindrom nemaju detektabilne nivoe ovih [[antitijela]], nije jasno da li ova antitijela uzrokuju ovaj sindrom ili su njegov rezultat.<ref name="Halit_2016" /> == Reference == {{reflist}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Medicinski izvori | ICD10 = {{ICD10|E|23|0|e|20}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|253.2}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | DiseasesDB = 11998 | MedlinePlus = 001175 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 1914 | MeshID = D007018 }} {{Bolest hipofize}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategorija: Poremećaji hipofize]] [[Kategorija: Akušerstvo]] [[Kategorija: Sindromi]] 5ovoo4gom8nktyk90har415hyw078t4 3849433 3849338 2026-05-26T10:39:49Z Genetičar 181151 3849433 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija zdravstveno stanje | ime = Sheehanov sindrom | sinonimi = Simmondov sindrom, postporođajni hipopituitarizam, postporođajna nekroza hipofize | slika = Pituitary gland-optic chiasm-sella turcica.jpg | opis_slike = Anatomija normalne hipofize i okolnih struktura | slika2 = Brain MRI 0077 25 - Annotation.jpg | opis_slike2 = Prazna ''[[sella turcica]]'' na [[MRI]]-snimku, kao što se vidi u teškim slučajevima Sheehanovog sindroma | specijalnost = [[Endokrinologija]] | simptomi = [[Umor]], [[Osjetljivost na hladnoću|intolerancija na hladnoću]], [[zatvor (probava)|zatvor]], [[debljanje]], [[Alopecija|gubitak kose]], usporeno razmišljanje, kao i [[Bradikardija|usporen rad srca]] i [[Hipotenzija|nizak krvni pritisak]]. | komplikacije = | pojava =''[[In utero]]'' | trajanje =Doživotno | vrste =Specifični, nespecifični | uzroci = Značajno [[krvarenje]] i [[hipovolemijski šok]] (ishemijske [[nekroza|nekroze]]) ili [[moždani udar]], | rizici = | dijagnoza =[[Fenotipski pregled]], klinička | diferencijalna_dijagnoza =[[Hipopituarizam]] | prevencija = | liječenje = Osnova liječenja je hormonska nadomjesna terapija za hormone koji nedostaju | lijek =Nedostajući [[hormoni]], [[glukokortikoidi]] | prognoza = |frekvencija =[[Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija]] procijenila je da je 1966. tri miliona žena pogođeno Sheehanovim sindromom. | smrtnost = }} '''Sheehanov sindrom''', također poznat kao '''postpartalna nekroza hipofize''', javlja se kada je [[hipofiza]] oštećena zbog značajnog [[krvarenja|gubitka krvi]] i [[hipovolemijski šok| hipovolemijskog šoka]] (ishemijske [[nekroza|nekroze]]) ili [[moždani udar| moždanog udara]], prvobitno opisanog tokom ili nakon [[porođaj]]a, što dovodi do smanjene funkcije hipofize ([[hipopituitarizam|hipopituitarizma]]).<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Kaufman MS, Stead LG |title=First aid for the obstetrics & gynecology clerkship |date=2011 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional |isbn=9780071634199 |oclc=768527672 |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> Klasično, kod blažeg parcijalnog oblika, majka ne može dojiti svoju bebu zbog nemogućnosti hipofize da luči [[hormon]] [[prolaktin]], a također nema više [[menstruacija]], jer se [[folikulostimulirajući hormon|folikulostimulirajući]] FSH i ([[luteinizirajući hormon]] LH ne luče. Iako je u postmenopauzi, majka s ovim blažim oblikom Sheehanovog sindroma ne doživljava valunge, jer hipofiza ne luči FSH (visoki nivoi FSH, koje luči hipofiza kod zdravih žena u postmenopauzi, pokušaj su izazivanja ovulacije, a ovi visoki nivoi FSH uzrokuju valunge). Nedostavljanje dojenja i amenoreja su smatrani sindromom (skupom simptoma), ali sada Sheehanov sindrom posmatramo kao nemogućnost hipofize da luči 1–5 od 9 hormona koje normalno proizvodi. [[Prednji režanj hipofize]] proizvodi [[FSH]], [[LH]], [[prolaktin]], [[ACTH]] (adrenokortikotrofni hormon), [[TSH]] (tireotropin stimulirajući hormon) i GH ([[hormon rasta]]); [[stražnji režanj hipofize]] proizvodi [[ADH]] (antidiuretski hormon) i [[oksitocin]], tj. [[hipofiza]] jest uključena u regulaciju mnogih hormona. Vrlo je važno prepoznati Sheehanov moždani udar jer nedostatak ACTH-a kod Sheehanove bolesti u prisustvu stresa uzrokovanog bakterijskom infekcijom, poput urinarne infekcije, rezultirat će smrću majke od Addisonove krize. (U teškom obliku Sheehanove bolesti, s potpunim uništenjem hipofize, majka može imati [[polidipsija| polidipsiju]] (žeđ) i [[poliurija| poliuriju]] (prekomjerno [[mokrenje]]) i nekontroliranu [[laktacija|laktaciju]], s [[glavobolja|glavoboljom]].[[<ref name="Hammer_2019">{{Cite book | vauthors = Hammer G, McPhee S |title=Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-260-02650-4 |edition=8th |location=New York, NY |chapter=Disorders of the Hypothalamus & Pituitary Gland}}</ref> Ova [[žlijezda]] nalazi se na donjoj površini mozga, oblika je trešnje i veličine slanutka, u udubljenju sfenoidne kosti poznatoj kao ''[[sella turcica]]'' (tursko sedlo).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chapman PR, Singhal A, Gaddamanugu S, Prattipati V | title = Neuroimaging of the Pituitary Gland: Practical Anatomy and Pathology | journal = Radiologic Clinics of North America | volume = 58 | issue = 6 | pages = 1115–1133 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 33040852 | doi = 10.1016/j.rcl.2020.07.009 | s2cid = 222299889 }}</ref> [[Hipofiza]] radi zajedno s [[hipotalamus]]om i drugim endokrinim organima kako bi modulirala brojne tjelesne funkcije, uključujući rast, metabolizam, menstruaciju, laktaciju, pa čak i reakciju "bori se ili bježi" ([[reakcija borbe ili bijega]]).<ref name="Hammer_2019" /> Ovi endokrini organi (poput štitne žlijezde u vratu ili nadbubrežnih žlijezda na gornjem polu bubrega) oslobađaju hormone vrlo specifičnim putevima, poznatim kao hormonske ose. Naprimjer, oslobađanje hormona u [[hipotalamus]]u ciljati će hipofizu, kako bi pokrenulo oslobađanje hormona koji stimulira štitnjaču (TSH), a oslobođeni hormon hipofize (TSH) će ciljati sljedeći organ u putu, tj. štitnjaču, kako bi oslobodila [[tiroksin]].<ref name="Hammer_2019" /> Stoga, oštećenje hipofize može imati posljedice na bilo koju od gore navedenih tjelesnih funkcija. ==Znaci i simptomi== Različiti znaci i simptomi Sheehanovog sindroma uzrokovani su oštećenjem hipofize, što uzrokuje smanjenje jednog ili više hormona koje ona normalno luči. Budući da hipofiza kontrolira mnoge žlijezde u [[endokrinom sistemu]], može doći do djelomičnog ili potpunog gubitka različitih funkcija.<ref name="Keleştimur_2003">{{cite journal | vauthors = Keleştimur F | title = Sheehan's syndrome | journal = Pituitary | volume = 6 | issue = 4 | pages = 181–188 | date = December 2003 | pmid = 15237929 | doi = 10.1023/B:PITU.0000023425.20854.8e | name-list-style = vanc | s2cid = 25547320 }}</ref> Mnogi znaci i simptomi Sheehanovog sindroma smatraju se "nespecifičnim" u medicinskoj zajednici; drugim riječima, ovi znaci i simptomi se javljaju ko<rd brojnih različitih bolesti i nisu specifični za jednu bolest ili sindrom.<ref name="Laway_2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Laway BA, Baba MS | title = Sheehan syndrome | journal = The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association | volume = 71 | issue = 4 | pages = 1282–12568 | date = April 2021 | pmid = 34125791 }}</ref> U nekim slučajevima, žena sa Sheehanovim sindromom može u početku biti relativno asimptomska; stoga se dijagnoza ne postavlja sve do nekoliko godina kasnije kada postanu očigledni znaci hipopituitarizma.<ref name="Schrager_20012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schrager S, Sabo L | title = Sheehan syndrome: a rare complication of postpartum hemorrhage | journal = The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice | volume = 14 | issue = 5 | pages = 389–391 | date = September 2001 | pmid = 11572546 | url = https://www.jabfm.org/content/14/5/389 }}</ref> In rare instances this syndrome can present acutely with unstable vital signs, dangerously low blood glucose levels, heart failure, or even psychosis.<ref name="Shivaprasad_2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Shivaprasad C | title = Sheehan's syndrome: Newer advances | journal = Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism | volume = 15 | issue = Suppl 3 | pages = S203–S207 | date = September 2011 | pmid = 22029025 | pmc = 3183525 | doi = 10.4103/2230-8210.84869 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Halit_2016"/> [[Hipopituitarizam]] može dovesti do prekida u bilo kojem od sljedećih hormonskih puteva: poremećaj štitnjače (sekundarni [[hipotireoza]]), nadbubrežna žlijezda (adrenalna insuficijencija zbog nedostatka [[glukokortikoid]]a), spolni hormon (nedostatak [[gonadotropin]]a), [[prolaktin]] (hormon odgovoran za laktaciju), [[hormon rasta]] ili rijetko nedostatak antidiuretskog hormona (centralni [[diabetes insipidus]]).<ref name="Hammer_2019"/> Budući da oštećenje hipofize može uzrokovati nedostatak u više od jednog od ovih hormonskih puteva istovremeno, moguće je imati kombinaciju bilo kojeg od znakova ili simptoma navedenih u nastavku.<ref name="Halit_2016"/> Najčešći početni simptomi Sheehanovog sindroma su poteškoće s laktacijom ili potpuni nedostatak laktacije ([[agalaktoreja]]).<ref name="Schrager_20012"/> Drugi uobičajeni znak su rijetki menstrualni ciklusi ([[oligomenoreja]]) ili odsutni menstrualni ciklusi ([[amenoreja]]) nakon [[porođaj]]a.<ref name="Halit_2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Halit D, Karaca Z, Tanriverdi F, Unluhizarci K, Kelestimur F | title = Sheehan's syndrome: new insights into an old disease | journal = Endocrine | volume = 51 | issue = 1 | pages = 22–31 | date = January 2016 | pmid = 26323346 | doi = 10.1007/s12020-015-0726-3 | s2cid = 6560041 }}</ref> Pored menstruacijskih nepravilnosti, drugi znaci nedostatka spolnih hormona su valunzi, smanjen [[libido]] i involucija dojki.<ref name="Laway_2021"/> Simptomi i znaci poremećaja štitnjače su [[umor]], [[Osjetljivost na hladnoću|intolerancija na hladnoću]], [[zatvor (probava)|zatvor]], [[debljanje]], [[Alopecija|gubitak kose]], usporeno razmišljanje, kao i [[Bradikardija|usporen rad srca]] i [[Hipotenzija|nizak krvni pritisak]].<ref name="Schury_2022">{{cite book |title=StatPearls |vauthors=Schury MP, Adigun R |date=2022 |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |place=Treasure Island (FL) |chapter=Sheehan Syndrome |pmid=29083621 |access-date=2023-01-25 |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459166/}}</ref> Poremećaj rada nadbubrežne žlijezde može se pojaviti akutno ili hronično. U hroničnijem slučaju, sličan je Addisonovoj bolesti sa simptomima koji uključuju [[umor|zamor]], [[gubitak težine]], hipoglikemiju (nizak nivo šećera u krvi), anemiju (nizak nivo [[hemoglobin]]a)] i hiponatremiju (nizak nivo natrija) koji se razvijaju tokom nekoliko mjeseci ili godina.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Addison's disease - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/addisons-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20350293 |access-date=2019-04-29 |website=Mayo Clinic |language=en}}</ref> Acute adrenal insufficiency is referred to as an adrenal crisis, which can be life-threatening, and occurs very shortly after the inciting event i.e. significant blood loss post-partum in the context of Sheehan's syndrome. <ref name="Elshimy_2022">{{cite book | vauthors = Elshimy G, Chippa V, Jeong JM |title=Adrenal Crisis |date=2022 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499968/ |work=StatPearls |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29763143 |access-date=2023-01-25 }}</ref> Znaci i simptomi adrenalne krize uključuju hipoglikemiju, hipotenziju, slabost, umor i [[epilepsijski napad|napade]], uzrokovane teškom [[hiponatremija|hiponatremijom]].<ref name="Elshimy_2022"/> Nedostatak hormona rasta jedan je od najčešćih hormonskih nedostataka hipopituitarizma koji se javlja kod Sheehanovog sindroma.<ref name="Schury_2022"/> Niske razine [[hormon rasta|hormona rasta]] mogu se manifestirati niskom energijom, bolovima u tijelu ili suptilnim naboranjem kože oko [[oči]]ju ili [[usta]].<ref name="Laway_2021"/><ref name="Shivaprasad_2011"/> Simptomi nedostatka antidiuretskog hormona su povećana žeđ, prekomjerno mokrenje, glavobolja i umor.<ref name="Olmes_2022">{{cite journal | vauthors = Olmes GL, Solomayer EF, Radosa JC, Sklavounos P, Agne P, Schunk SJ, Haj Hamoud B | title = Acute Sheehan's syndrome manifesting initially with diabetes insipidus postpartum: a case report and systematic literature review | journal = Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics | volume = 306 | issue = 3 | pages = 699–706 | date = September 2022 | pmid = 34779875 | pmc = 9411080 | doi = 10.1007/s00404-021-06294-2 }}</ref> Mogu se uočiti i hematološke promjene poput anemije ili niskog broja trombocita (trombocitopenija).<ref name="Schury_2022"/> [[Hiponatremija]] javlja se u mnogim slučajevima Sheehanovog sindroma, jer može biti posljedica višestrukih [[etiologija]]. Padovi hormona štitnjače i glukokortikoidnih/adrenalnih hormona mogu indirektno dovesti do hiponatremije zbog zadržavanja vode, dok gubitak krvi može izazvati hiponatremiju, zbog lučenja [[ADH]].<ref name="Shivaprasad_2011"/> Razvoj sindroma neodgovarajućeg antidiuretskog hormona kod pacijenata sa Sheehanovim sindromom dokumentovan je u literaturi, iako mehanizam nije dobro shvaćen.<ref name="Shivaprasad_2011"/> ==Uzroci== Kao što je navedeno, Sheehanov sindrom je uzrokovan oštećenjem hipofize, što uzrokuje smanjenje jednog ili više hormona koje normalno luči. Sheehanov sindrom se obično javlja zbog prekomjernog gubitka krvi nakon porođaja (postpartalno krvarenje), iako postoji nekoliko faktora rizika koji mogu doprinijeti njegovom razvoju.<ref name="Halit_2016" /> Čini se da ovaj sindrom nije isključivo povezan s [[porođaj]]em, jer je Sheehanov sindrom zabilježen kod [[trudnica]] koje su doživjele masovno [[krvarenje]] iz neopstetričkih uzroka.<ref name="Halit_2016"/> Hipofiza raste i ima veće metaboličke potrebe tokom trudnoće jer treba da poveća proizvodnju određenih hormona povezanih s trudnoćom.<ref name="Halit_2016" /><ref name="Keleştimur_2003"/> Ove veće metaboličke potrebe, zauzvrat, dovode do veće potrebe za protokom krvi.<ref name="Keleştimur_2003"/> Dakle, ako tijelo uđe u stanje šoka zbog prekomjernog gubitka krvi tokom postpartalnog porođaja, hipofiza je podložnija povredama.<ref name="Keleştimur_2003"/> Iako velika većina slučajeva Sheehanov sindrom javlja se u kontekstu masovnog gubitka [[krv]]i, dokumentirani su slučajevi akutnog Sheehanovog sindroma koji se javlja s volumenima gubitka krvi koji se ne smatraju "masivnim".<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Matsuzaki S, Endo M, Ueda Y, Mimura K, Kakigano A, Egawa-Takata T, Kumasawa K, Yoshino K, Kimura T | display-authors = 6 | title = A case of acute Sheehan's syndrome and literature review: a rare but life-threatening complication of postpartum hemorrhage | journal = BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | pages = 188 | date = June 2017 | pmid = 28615049 | doi = 10.1186/s12884-017-1380-y | pmc = 5471854 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Keleştimur_2003" /> Neki mogući predisponirajući faktori za Sheehanov sindrom mogu uključivati: [[Diseminirana intravaskularna koagulacija|diseminirana koagulacija krvi]] (DIC), [[hipotenzija]], mala ''[[Sella turcica|sella]]'' veličina turcike i krvni ugrušci iz prethodno postojećeg hiperkoagulabilnog poremećaja.<ref name="Halit_2016" /> [[Atonija]] maternice vodeći je uzrok postporođajnog krvarenja, stoga atonija maternice može izazvati Sheehanov sindrom.<ref name="Karaca_20162">{{cite journal | vauthors = Karaca Z, Laway BA, Dokmetas HS, Atmaca H, Kelestimur F | title = Sheehan syndrome | journal = Nature Reviews. Disease Primers | volume = 2 | pages = 16092 | date = December 2016 | pmid = 28004764 | doi = 10.1038/nrdp.2016.92 | s2cid = 36776064 }}</ref> ==Patofiziologija== Čini se da ovaj sindrom nastaje kada se određeni faktori međusobno kombinuju i uzrokuju oštećenje hipofize. Fiziološko povećanje hipofize u kombinaciji s poremećajem u njenoj opskrbi krvlju, poput epiziotomije koja napreduje do [[anus]]nog pucanja, na kraju rezultira ishemijom i nekrozom hipofize.<ref name="Halit_2016"/> Jedan od uzroka rasta hipofize povezan s rizikom od Sheehanovog sindroma je hiperplazija laktotrofa koji proizvode prolaktin, hormon odgovoran za proizvodnju mlijeka.<ref name="Keleştimur_2003"/> Drugi režnjevi hipofize koje luče hormone također brzo rastu kod trudnica, što doprinosi povećanju žlijezde.<ref name="Schury_2022"/> [[Prednji režanj hipofize]] opskrbljuje se [[portni venski sistem]] niskog pritiska.<ref name="Karaca_20162"/> Prednji režanj hipofize je češće pogođen Sheehanovim sindromom zbog strukture portalnog venskog sistema. Zahvaćenost zadnjeg dijela hipofize koja dovodi do centralnog dijabetesa insipidusa je mnogo rjeđa i obično odražava opsežnije oštećenje organa i težu bolest.<ref name="Olmes_2022"/> Pretpostavlja se da raspored opskrbe krvlju hipofize doprinosi njenoj podložnosti oštećenjima. "Visoko vaskularizirano tkivo hipofize uključuje jedan od najbržih protoka krvi u ljudskom tijelu i vjerovatno stoga ima tendenciju ka infarktu jer čak i mali stepeni promjene intravaskularnog pritiska u hipofizi uzrokuju zastoj protoka krvi".<ref name="Halit_2016" /> [[Ishemija]] može se javiti kao rezultat [[vazospazam|vazospazma]], usljed šoka, hipotenzije, [[tromboza|tromboze]] ili direktne vaskularne kompresije hipofizne arterije od same uvećane hipofize.<ref name="Halit_2016" /><ref name="Keleştimur_2003" /><ref name="Karaca_20162"/> Prisustvo [[diseminirane intravaskularne koagulacije]] (tj. kod [[embolije amnionske tečnosti]] ili [[HELL sindrom]]a) takođe se čini kao faktor u njenom razvoju.<ref name="Halit_2016"/> ==Dijagnoza== Tipično važan trag koji vodi do dijagnoza Sheehanovog sindroma se postavlja utvrđivanjem nedostatka jednog ili više hormona koje direktno ili indirektno proizvodi hipofiza. Stepen nedostatka hormona i koji su hormoni pogođeni zavisi od stepena oštećenja hipofize. Hormonski testovi mjere nivoe ovih hormona, koji uključuju, ali nisu ograničeni na [[tiroksin|T4]], [[tireoid- stimulirajući |TSH]], [[estrogen]], [[gonadotropin]], [[kortizol]] i [[ACTH]].<ref name="Shivaprasad_2011" /> Može biti teško otkriti oštećenje ovih hormonskih puteva ako su nivoi hormona na granici abnormalnog raspona. U ovom slučaju, bit će provedeni testovi stimulacije kako bi se utvrdilo da li hipofiza reaguje na hipotalamičke hormone.<ref name="Karaca_20162" /> [[Magnetna rezonanca|MRI]] korisna je u dijagnosticiranju Sheehanovog sindroma, jer ispituje strukturu hipofize i može identificirati bilo kakvo anatomsko oštećenje.<ref name="Keleştimur_2003" /> Nalazi MRI će varirati ovisno o tome koliko rano ili kasno u procesu bolesti se test provodi. Ako se MRI provede dovoljno rano u procesu bolesti, hipofiza može izgledati veća nego normalno i pokazivati promjene koje su u skladu s oštećenjem zbog nedostatka opskrbe krvlju.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Morani A, Parmar H, Ibrahim M | title = Teaching neuroimages: sequential MRI of the pituitary in Sheehan syndrome | journal = Neurology | volume = 78 | issue = 1 | pages = e3 | date = January 2012 | pmid = 22201118 | doi = 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31823ed07d | s2cid = 32669801 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Kasnije u procesu bolesti kod ovog sindroma, oštećenje hipofize uzrokovat će njeno smanjenje i ostaviti djelomično praznu ili potpuno praznu sella turcicu na MRI snimku.<ref name="Shivaprasad_2011"/> ==Liječenje== Osnova liječenja je hormonska nadomjesna terapija za hormone koji nedostaju.<ref name="Errarhay_20092">{{cite journal | vauthors = Errarhay S, Kamaoui I, Bouchikhi C, Châara H, Bouguern H, Tizniti S, Melhouf A, Banani A | display-authors = 6 | title = Sheehan's Syndrome A Case Report and Literature Review | journal = The Libyan Journal of Medicine | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | pages = 81–82 | date = June 2009 | pmid = 21483515 | pmc = 3066722 | doi = 10.4176/081201 }}</ref> Planove liječenja i doze treba individualizirati endokrinolog. [[Glukokortikoidi]] mogu se primijeniti za rješavanje ili sprječavanje adrenalne krize, potencijalne ozbiljne komplikacije Sheehanovog sindroma.<ref name="Keleştimur_2003" /> Hormonska nadomjesna terapija je ključna za smanjenje morbiditeta i mortaliteta ovog sindroma.<ref name="Keleştimur_2003" /> ==Epidemiologija== Tačnu prevalenciju ovog sindroma teško je definirati jer se incidencija uveliko razlikuje od zemlje do zemlje. Sheehanov sindrom je češći u zemljama u razvoju nego u razvijenim zemljama..<ref name="Karaca_20162"/> U studiji iz Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva iz 2001. godine, samo 1,4% pacijenata s hipopituitarizmom imalo je dijagnozu Sheehanovog sindroma.<ref name="Laway_2021"/> Samo nekoliko godina ranije, 1996. godine, Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija procijenila je da je 3 miliona žena pogođeno Sheehanovim sindromom.<ref name="Halit_2016" /> U studiji na 1.034 simptomatskih odraslih osoba, utvrđeno je da je Sheehanov sindrom šesta najčešća etiologija nedostatka hormona rasta, odgovorna za 3,1% slučajeva (u odnosu na 53,9% zbog tumora hipofize).<ref name="Shivaprasad_2011" /> Osim toga, utvrđeno je da je većina žena koje su iskusile Sheehanov sindrom rodila kod kuće, a ne u bolnici.<ref name="Karaca_20162" /> ==Historija== Specifična povezanost s postporođajnim šokom ili krvarenjem opisana je 1937. godine od strane britanskog patologa [[Harold Leeming Sheehan|Harolda Leeminga Sheehana]] (1900–1988).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sheehan HL | title = The Repair of Post-Partum Necrosis of the Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland | journal = Acta Endocrinologica | volume = 48 | issue = 1 | pages = 40–60 | date = January 1965 | pmid = 14254773 | doi = 10.1530/acta.0.0480040 }}</ref> Prva razlika je napravljena u istraživačkom članku "Postpartalna nekroza prednjeg režnja hipofize".<ref name="Sheehan_1937">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Sheehan HL |date=1937|title=Post-partum necrosis of the anterior pituitary|journal=The Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology|volume=45|issue=1|pages=189–214|doi=10.1002/path.1700450118|issn=0368-3494}}</ref> U svom istraživanju, dr. Sheehan je pregledao (putem [[autopsije]]) efekte nekroze hipofize na 12 slučajeva pacijenata koji su iskusili postporođajnu nekrozu.<ref name="Sheehan_1937" /> Posmatrao je slučajeve u kojima su se lezije i smrt dogodili tokom ili nakon trudnoće, kao i slučajeve u kojima je smrt nastupila u kasnoj fazi nekroze (godinama kasnije). Ovo je započelo početno razlikovanje Sheehanovog sindroma od Simmondsove bolesti (poznate i kao [[hipopituitarizam]]). Sheehan je primijetio da je značajna karakteristika slučajeva ovih pacijenata bilo krvarenje, koje je, prema njegovom iskustvu, najčešće uzrokovano: ''[[Placenta praevia|placenta previa]]'' (niska posteljica), ruptura maternice, [[cerviks]]ne ili materične rupture, postporođajna [[atonija]] ili zadržavanje posteljice. [[Hipopituitarizam|Simmondsova bolest]], pak, javlja se kod oba spola zbog uzroka koji nisu povezani s trudnoćom.<ref name="Karaca_20162" /> Međutim, u svojoj publikaciji iz 1939. godine, "Simmondsova bolest zbog postporođajne nekroze prednjeg režnja hipofize", Sheehan prikazuje postporođajnu nekrozu kao uzrok Simmondsove bolesti, čime uspostavlja vezu između dva stanja.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cooke RT | title = Simmonds's Disease due to Post-partum Necrosis of Anterior Pituitary | journal = British Medical Journal | volume = 2 | issue = 4423 | pages = 493–494 | date = October 1945 | pmid = 20786336 | pmc = 2059949 | doi = 10.1093/oxfordjournals.qjmed.a069138 }}</ref> Prema Sheehanu iz 1939. godine, otprilike 41% preživjelih od teškog [[postporođajno krvarenje|postporođajne hemoragije]] (PPH) i/ili [[hipovolemijski šok]] iskusilo je teški ili djelomični hipopituitarizam.<ref name="Karaca_20162" /> == Društvo i kultura == U razvijenom svijetu Sheehanov sindrom je rijetka komplikacija [[trudnoće]]; iako je ovaj sindrom češći u zemljama u razvoju, on i dalje pogađa žene širom svijeta.<ref name="Halit_2016"/> Retrospektivna studija u Turskoj otkrila je da je prevalencija Sheehanovog sindroma direktno proporcionalna broju porođaja kod kuće svake decenije.<ref name="Shivaprasad_2011"/> To može biti posljedica ranije ograničenih akušerskih tehnika prisutnih u kućnom okruženju. Gubitak krvi povezan s epiziotomijom i forcepsom pogoršava gubitak krvi kada se posteljica odvoji od zida maternice, posebno kod majki s niskim krvnim pritiskom, čak i u akušerskom okruženju, odnosno bolnici, uzrokovao je suptilniji Sheehanov sindrom nedostatka hormona rasta, antidiuretičkog hormona i ACTH-a, koji može biti opasan po život ako se propusti; Sheehanov sindrom u moderno doba: nacionalna retrospektivna studija Island 2011, gdje svaka majka rađa u bolnici, uz dostupnu punu akušersku njegu. == Istraživanje == Danas je uloga koju [[autoimunost]] ima u razvoju Sheehanovog sindroma neizvjesna. Nekoliko izvještaja o slučajevima identificiralo je antihipofizna antitijela kod pacijenata s dijagnozom Sheehanovog sindroma.<ref name="Keleştimur_2003"/> Neke pacijentice bile su također pozitivne na antihipotalamusna antitijela.<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=De Bellis A, Kelestimur F, Sinisi AA, Ruocco G, Tirelli G, Battaglia M, Bellastella G, Conzo G, Tanriverdi F, Unluhizarci K, Bizzarro A, Bellastella A |date=February 2008 |title=Anti-hypothalamus and anti-pituitary antibodies may contribute to perpetuate the hypopituitarism in patients with Sheehan's syndrome |journal=European Journal of Endocrinology |volume=158 |issue=2 |pages=147–152 |doi=10.1530/EJE-07-0647 |pmid=18230820 |s2cid=24922671|doi-access=free }}</ref> S obzirom na to da mnogi pacijenti koji su razvili Sheehanov sindrom nemaju detektabilne nivoe ovih [[antitijela]], nije jasno da li ova antitijela uzrokuju ovaj sindrom ili su njegov rezultat.<ref name="Halit_2016" /> == Reference == {{reflist}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Medicinski izvori | ICD10 = {{ICD10|E|23|0|e|20}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|253.2}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | DiseasesDB = 11998 | MedlinePlus = 001175 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 1914 | MeshID = D007018 }} {{Bolest hipofize}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategorija: Poremećaji hipofize]] [[Kategorija: Akušerstvo]] [[Kategorija: Sindromi]] 4rtzlsik3ec5ros8p74162f4lene2zz 3849435 3849433 2026-05-26T10:41:10Z Genetičar 181151 /* Znaci i simptomi */ 3849435 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija zdravstveno stanje | ime = Sheehanov sindrom | sinonimi = Simmondov sindrom, postporođajni hipopituitarizam, postporođajna nekroza hipofize | slika = Pituitary gland-optic chiasm-sella turcica.jpg | opis_slike = Anatomija normalne hipofize i okolnih struktura | slika2 = Brain MRI 0077 25 - Annotation.jpg | opis_slike2 = Prazna ''[[sella turcica]]'' na [[MRI]]-snimku, kao što se vidi u teškim slučajevima Sheehanovog sindroma | specijalnost = [[Endokrinologija]] | simptomi = [[Umor]], [[Osjetljivost na hladnoću|intolerancija na hladnoću]], [[zatvor (probava)|zatvor]], [[debljanje]], [[Alopecija|gubitak kose]], usporeno razmišljanje, kao i [[Bradikardija|usporen rad srca]] i [[Hipotenzija|nizak krvni pritisak]]. | komplikacije = | pojava =''[[In utero]]'' | trajanje =Doživotno | vrste =Specifični, nespecifični | uzroci = Značajno [[krvarenje]] i [[hipovolemijski šok]] (ishemijske [[nekroza|nekroze]]) ili [[moždani udar]], | rizici = | dijagnoza =[[Fenotipski pregled]], klinička | diferencijalna_dijagnoza =[[Hipopituarizam]] | prevencija = | liječenje = Osnova liječenja je hormonska nadomjesna terapija za hormone koji nedostaju | lijek =Nedostajući [[hormoni]], [[glukokortikoidi]] | prognoza = |frekvencija =[[Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija]] procijenila je da je 1966. tri miliona žena pogođeno Sheehanovim sindromom. | smrtnost = }} '''Sheehanov sindrom''', također poznat kao '''postpartalna nekroza hipofize''', javlja se kada je [[hipofiza]] oštećena zbog značajnog [[krvarenja|gubitka krvi]] i [[hipovolemijski šok| hipovolemijskog šoka]] (ishemijske [[nekroza|nekroze]]) ili [[moždani udar| moždanog udara]], prvobitno opisanog tokom ili nakon [[porođaj]]a, što dovodi do smanjene funkcije hipofize ([[hipopituitarizam|hipopituitarizma]]).<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Kaufman MS, Stead LG |title=First aid for the obstetrics & gynecology clerkship |date=2011 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional |isbn=9780071634199 |oclc=768527672 |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> Klasično, kod blažeg parcijalnog oblika, majka ne može dojiti svoju bebu zbog nemogućnosti hipofize da luči [[hormon]] [[prolaktin]], a također nema više [[menstruacija]], jer se [[folikulostimulirajući hormon|folikulostimulirajući]] FSH i ([[luteinizirajući hormon]] LH ne luče. Iako je u postmenopauzi, majka s ovim blažim oblikom Sheehanovog sindroma ne doživljava valunge, jer hipofiza ne luči FSH (visoki nivoi FSH, koje luči hipofiza kod zdravih žena u postmenopauzi, pokušaj su izazivanja ovulacije, a ovi visoki nivoi FSH uzrokuju valunge). Nedostavljanje dojenja i amenoreja su smatrani sindromom (skupom simptoma), ali sada Sheehanov sindrom posmatramo kao nemogućnost hipofize da luči 1–5 od 9 hormona koje normalno proizvodi. [[Prednji režanj hipofize]] proizvodi [[FSH]], [[LH]], [[prolaktin]], [[ACTH]] (adrenokortikotrofni hormon), [[TSH]] (tireotropin stimulirajući hormon) i GH ([[hormon rasta]]); [[stražnji režanj hipofize]] proizvodi [[ADH]] (antidiuretski hormon) i [[oksitocin]], tj. [[hipofiza]] jest uključena u regulaciju mnogih hormona. Vrlo je važno prepoznati Sheehanov moždani udar jer nedostatak ACTH-a kod Sheehanove bolesti u prisustvu stresa uzrokovanog bakterijskom infekcijom, poput urinarne infekcije, rezultirat će smrću majke od Addisonove krize. (U teškom obliku Sheehanove bolesti, s potpunim uništenjem hipofize, majka može imati [[polidipsija| polidipsiju]] (žeđ) i [[poliurija| poliuriju]] (prekomjerno [[mokrenje]]) i nekontroliranu [[laktacija|laktaciju]], s [[glavobolja|glavoboljom]].[[<ref name="Hammer_2019">{{Cite book | vauthors = Hammer G, McPhee S |title=Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-260-02650-4 |edition=8th |location=New York, NY |chapter=Disorders of the Hypothalamus & Pituitary Gland}}</ref> Ova [[žlijezda]] nalazi se na donjoj površini mozga, oblika je trešnje i veličine slanutka, u udubljenju sfenoidne kosti poznatoj kao ''[[sella turcica]]'' (tursko sedlo).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chapman PR, Singhal A, Gaddamanugu S, Prattipati V | title = Neuroimaging of the Pituitary Gland: Practical Anatomy and Pathology | journal = Radiologic Clinics of North America | volume = 58 | issue = 6 | pages = 1115–1133 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 33040852 | doi = 10.1016/j.rcl.2020.07.009 | s2cid = 222299889 }}</ref> [[Hipofiza]] radi zajedno s [[hipotalamus]]om i drugim endokrinim organima kako bi modulirala brojne tjelesne funkcije, uključujući rast, metabolizam, menstruaciju, laktaciju, pa čak i reakciju "bori se ili bježi" ([[reakcija borbe ili bijega]]).<ref name="Hammer_2019" /> Ovi endokrini organi (poput štitne žlijezde u vratu ili nadbubrežnih žlijezda na gornjem polu bubrega) oslobađaju hormone vrlo specifičnim putevima, poznatim kao hormonske ose. Naprimjer, oslobađanje hormona u [[hipotalamus]]u ciljati će hipofizu, kako bi pokrenulo oslobađanje hormona koji stimulira štitnjaču (TSH), a oslobođeni hormon hipofize (TSH) će ciljati sljedeći organ u putu, tj. štitnjaču, kako bi oslobodila [[tiroksin]].<ref name="Hammer_2019" /> Stoga, oštećenje hipofize može imati posljedice na bilo koju od gore navedenih tjelesnih funkcija. ==Znaci i simptomi== Različiti znaci i simptomi Sheehanovog sindroma uzrokovani su oštećenjem hipofize, što uzrokuje smanjenje jednog ili više hormona koje ona normalno luči. Budući da hipofiza kontrolira mnoge žlijezde u [[endokrini sistem|endokrinom sistemu]], može doći do djelomičnog ili potpunog gubitka različitih funkcija.<ref name="Keleştimur_2003">{{cite journal | vauthors = Keleştimur F | title = Sheehan's syndrome | journal = Pituitary | volume = 6 | issue = 4 | pages = 181–188 | date = December 2003 | pmid = 15237929 | doi = 10.1023/B:PITU.0000023425.20854.8e | name-list-style = vanc | s2cid = 25547320 }}</ref> Mnogi znaci i simptomi Sheehanovog sindroma smatraju se "nespecifičnim" u medicinskoj zajednici; drugim riječima, ovi znaci i simptomi se javljaju ko<rd brojnih različitih bolesti i nisu specifični za jednu bolest ili sindrom.<ref name="Laway_2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Laway BA, Baba MS | title = Sheehan syndrome | journal = The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association | volume = 71 | issue = 4 | pages = 1282–12568 | date = April 2021 | pmid = 34125791 }}</ref> U nekim slučajevima, žena sa Sheehanovim sindromom može u početku biti relativno asimptomska; stoga se dijagnoza ne postavlja sve do nekoliko godina kasnije kada postanu očigledni znaci hipopituitarizma.<ref name="Schrager_20012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schrager S, Sabo L | title = Sheehan syndrome: a rare complication of postpartum hemorrhage | journal = The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice | volume = 14 | issue = 5 | pages = 389–391 | date = September 2001 | pmid = 11572546 | url = https://www.jabfm.org/content/14/5/389 }}</ref> In rare instances this syndrome can present acutely with unstable vital signs, dangerously low blood glucose levels, heart failure, or even psychosis.<ref name="Shivaprasad_2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Shivaprasad C | title = Sheehan's syndrome: Newer advances | journal = Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism | volume = 15 | issue = Suppl 3 | pages = S203–S207 | date = September 2011 | pmid = 22029025 | pmc = 3183525 | doi = 10.4103/2230-8210.84869 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Halit_2016"/> [[Hipopituitarizam]] može dovesti do prekida u bilo kojem od sljedećih hormonskih puteva: poremećaj štitnjače (sekundarni [[hipotireoza]]), nadbubrežna žlijezda (adrenalna insuficijencija zbog nedostatka [[glukokortikoid]]a), spolni hormon (nedostatak [[gonadotropin]]a), [[prolaktin]] (hormon odgovoran za laktaciju), [[hormon rasta]] ili rijetko nedostatak antidiuretskog hormona (centralni [[diabetes insipidus]]).<ref name="Hammer_2019"/> Budući da oštećenje hipofize može uzrokovati nedostatak u više od jednog od ovih hormonskih puteva istovremeno, moguće je imati kombinaciju bilo kojeg od znakova ili simptoma navedenih u nastavku.<ref name="Halit_2016"/> Najčešći početni simptomi Sheehanovog sindroma su poteškoće s laktacijom ili potpuni nedostatak laktacije ([[agalaktoreja]]).<ref name="Schrager_20012"/> Drugi uobičajeni znak su rijetki menstrualni ciklusi ([[oligomenoreja]]) ili odsutni menstrualni ciklusi ([[amenoreja]]) nakon [[porođaj]]a.<ref name="Halit_2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Halit D, Karaca Z, Tanriverdi F, Unluhizarci K, Kelestimur F | title = Sheehan's syndrome: new insights into an old disease | journal = Endocrine | volume = 51 | issue = 1 | pages = 22–31 | date = January 2016 | pmid = 26323346 | doi = 10.1007/s12020-015-0726-3 | s2cid = 6560041 }}</ref> Pored menstruacijskih nepravilnosti, drugi znaci nedostatka spolnih hormona su valunzi, smanjen [[libido]] i involucija dojki.<ref name="Laway_2021"/> Simptomi i znaci poremećaja štitnjače su [[umor]], [[Osjetljivost na hladnoću|intolerancija na hladnoću]], [[zatvor (probava)|zatvor]], [[debljanje]], [[Alopecija|gubitak kose]], usporeno razmišljanje, kao i [[Bradikardija|usporen rad srca]] i [[Hipotenzija|nizak krvni pritisak]].<ref name="Schury_2022">{{cite book |title=StatPearls |vauthors=Schury MP, Adigun R |date=2022 |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |place=Treasure Island (FL) |chapter=Sheehan Syndrome |pmid=29083621 |access-date=2023-01-25 |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459166/}}</ref> Poremećaj rada nadbubrežne žlijezde može se pojaviti akutno ili hronično. U hroničnijem slučaju, sličan je Addisonovoj bolesti sa simptomima koji uključuju [[umor|zamor]], [[gubitak težine]], hipoglikemiju (nizak nivo šećera u krvi), anemiju (nizak nivo [[hemoglobin]]a)] i hiponatremiju (nizak nivo natrija) koji se razvijaju tokom nekoliko mjeseci ili godina.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Addison's disease - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/addisons-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20350293 |access-date=2019-04-29 |website=Mayo Clinic |language=en}}</ref> Acute adrenal insufficiency is referred to as an adrenal crisis, which can be life-threatening, and occurs very shortly after the inciting event i.e. significant blood loss post-partum in the context of Sheehan's syndrome. <ref name="Elshimy_2022">{{cite book | vauthors = Elshimy G, Chippa V, Jeong JM |title=Adrenal Crisis |date=2022 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499968/ |work=StatPearls |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29763143 |access-date=2023-01-25 }}</ref> Znaci i simptomi adrenalne krize uključuju hipoglikemiju, hipotenziju, slabost, umor i [[epilepsijski napad|napade]], uzrokovane teškom [[hiponatremija|hiponatremijom]].<ref name="Elshimy_2022"/> Nedostatak hormona rasta jedan je od najčešćih hormonskih nedostataka hipopituitarizma koji se javlja kod Sheehanovog sindroma.<ref name="Schury_2022"/> Niske razine [[hormon rasta|hormona rasta]] mogu se manifestirati niskom energijom, bolovima u tijelu ili suptilnim naboranjem kože oko [[oči]]ju ili [[usta]].<ref name="Laway_2021"/><ref name="Shivaprasad_2011"/> Simptomi nedostatka antidiuretskog hormona su povećana žeđ, prekomjerno mokrenje, glavobolja i umor.<ref name="Olmes_2022">{{cite journal | vauthors = Olmes GL, Solomayer EF, Radosa JC, Sklavounos P, Agne P, Schunk SJ, Haj Hamoud B | title = Acute Sheehan's syndrome manifesting initially with diabetes insipidus postpartum: a case report and systematic literature review | journal = Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics | volume = 306 | issue = 3 | pages = 699–706 | date = September 2022 | pmid = 34779875 | pmc = 9411080 | doi = 10.1007/s00404-021-06294-2 }}</ref> Mogu se uočiti i hematološke promjene poput anemije ili niskog broja trombocita (trombocitopenija).<ref name="Schury_2022"/> [[Hiponatremija]] javlja se u mnogim slučajevima Sheehanovog sindroma, jer može biti posljedica višestrukih [[etiologija]]. Padovi hormona štitnjače i glukokortikoidnih/adrenalnih hormona mogu indirektno dovesti do hiponatremije zbog zadržavanja vode, dok gubitak krvi može izazvati hiponatremiju, zbog lučenja [[ADH]].<ref name="Shivaprasad_2011"/> Razvoj sindroma neodgovarajućeg antidiuretskog hormona kod pacijenata sa Sheehanovim sindromom dokumentovan je u literaturi, iako mehanizam nije dobro shvaćen.<ref name="Shivaprasad_2011"/> ==Uzroci== Kao što je navedeno, Sheehanov sindrom je uzrokovan oštećenjem hipofize, što uzrokuje smanjenje jednog ili više hormona koje normalno luči. Sheehanov sindrom se obično javlja zbog prekomjernog gubitka krvi nakon porođaja (postpartalno krvarenje), iako postoji nekoliko faktora rizika koji mogu doprinijeti njegovom razvoju.<ref name="Halit_2016" /> Čini se da ovaj sindrom nije isključivo povezan s [[porođaj]]em, jer je Sheehanov sindrom zabilježen kod [[trudnica]] koje su doživjele masovno [[krvarenje]] iz neopstetričkih uzroka.<ref name="Halit_2016"/> Hipofiza raste i ima veće metaboličke potrebe tokom trudnoće jer treba da poveća proizvodnju određenih hormona povezanih s trudnoćom.<ref name="Halit_2016" /><ref name="Keleştimur_2003"/> Ove veće metaboličke potrebe, zauzvrat, dovode do veće potrebe za protokom krvi.<ref name="Keleştimur_2003"/> Dakle, ako tijelo uđe u stanje šoka zbog prekomjernog gubitka krvi tokom postpartalnog porođaja, hipofiza je podložnija povredama.<ref name="Keleştimur_2003"/> Iako velika većina slučajeva Sheehanov sindrom javlja se u kontekstu masovnog gubitka [[krv]]i, dokumentirani su slučajevi akutnog Sheehanovog sindroma koji se javlja s volumenima gubitka krvi koji se ne smatraju "masivnim".<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Matsuzaki S, Endo M, Ueda Y, Mimura K, Kakigano A, Egawa-Takata T, Kumasawa K, Yoshino K, Kimura T | display-authors = 6 | title = A case of acute Sheehan's syndrome and literature review: a rare but life-threatening complication of postpartum hemorrhage | journal = BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | pages = 188 | date = June 2017 | pmid = 28615049 | doi = 10.1186/s12884-017-1380-y | pmc = 5471854 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Keleştimur_2003" /> Neki mogući predisponirajući faktori za Sheehanov sindrom mogu uključivati: [[Diseminirana intravaskularna koagulacija|diseminirana koagulacija krvi]] (DIC), [[hipotenzija]], mala ''[[Sella turcica|sella]]'' veličina turcike i krvni ugrušci iz prethodno postojećeg hiperkoagulabilnog poremećaja.<ref name="Halit_2016" /> [[Atonija]] maternice vodeći je uzrok postporođajnog krvarenja, stoga atonija maternice može izazvati Sheehanov sindrom.<ref name="Karaca_20162">{{cite journal | vauthors = Karaca Z, Laway BA, Dokmetas HS, Atmaca H, Kelestimur F | title = Sheehan syndrome | journal = Nature Reviews. Disease Primers | volume = 2 | pages = 16092 | date = December 2016 | pmid = 28004764 | doi = 10.1038/nrdp.2016.92 | s2cid = 36776064 }}</ref> ==Patofiziologija== Čini se da ovaj sindrom nastaje kada se određeni faktori međusobno kombinuju i uzrokuju oštećenje hipofize. Fiziološko povećanje hipofize u kombinaciji s poremećajem u njenoj opskrbi krvlju, poput epiziotomije koja napreduje do [[anus]]nog pucanja, na kraju rezultira ishemijom i nekrozom hipofize.<ref name="Halit_2016"/> Jedan od uzroka rasta hipofize povezan s rizikom od Sheehanovog sindroma je hiperplazija laktotrofa koji proizvode prolaktin, hormon odgovoran za proizvodnju mlijeka.<ref name="Keleştimur_2003"/> Drugi režnjevi hipofize koje luče hormone također brzo rastu kod trudnica, što doprinosi povećanju žlijezde.<ref name="Schury_2022"/> [[Prednji režanj hipofize]] opskrbljuje se [[portni venski sistem]] niskog pritiska.<ref name="Karaca_20162"/> Prednji režanj hipofize je češće pogođen Sheehanovim sindromom zbog strukture portalnog venskog sistema. Zahvaćenost zadnjeg dijela hipofize koja dovodi do centralnog dijabetesa insipidusa je mnogo rjeđa i obično odražava opsežnije oštećenje organa i težu bolest.<ref name="Olmes_2022"/> Pretpostavlja se da raspored opskrbe krvlju hipofize doprinosi njenoj podložnosti oštećenjima. "Visoko vaskularizirano tkivo hipofize uključuje jedan od najbržih protoka krvi u ljudskom tijelu i vjerovatno stoga ima tendenciju ka infarktu jer čak i mali stepeni promjene intravaskularnog pritiska u hipofizi uzrokuju zastoj protoka krvi".<ref name="Halit_2016" /> [[Ishemija]] može se javiti kao rezultat [[vazospazam|vazospazma]], usljed šoka, hipotenzije, [[tromboza|tromboze]] ili direktne vaskularne kompresije hipofizne arterije od same uvećane hipofize.<ref name="Halit_2016" /><ref name="Keleştimur_2003" /><ref name="Karaca_20162"/> Prisustvo [[diseminirane intravaskularne koagulacije]] (tj. kod [[embolije amnionske tečnosti]] ili [[HELL sindrom]]a) takođe se čini kao faktor u njenom razvoju.<ref name="Halit_2016"/> ==Dijagnoza== Tipično važan trag koji vodi do dijagnoza Sheehanovog sindroma se postavlja utvrđivanjem nedostatka jednog ili više hormona koje direktno ili indirektno proizvodi hipofiza. Stepen nedostatka hormona i koji su hormoni pogođeni zavisi od stepena oštećenja hipofize. Hormonski testovi mjere nivoe ovih hormona, koji uključuju, ali nisu ograničeni na [[tiroksin|T4]], [[tireoid- stimulirajući |TSH]], [[estrogen]], [[gonadotropin]], [[kortizol]] i [[ACTH]].<ref name="Shivaprasad_2011" /> Može biti teško otkriti oštećenje ovih hormonskih puteva ako su nivoi hormona na granici abnormalnog raspona. U ovom slučaju, bit će provedeni testovi stimulacije kako bi se utvrdilo da li hipofiza reaguje na hipotalamičke hormone.<ref name="Karaca_20162" /> [[Magnetna rezonanca|MRI]] korisna je u dijagnosticiranju Sheehanovog sindroma, jer ispituje strukturu hipofize i može identificirati bilo kakvo anatomsko oštećenje.<ref name="Keleştimur_2003" /> Nalazi MRI će varirati ovisno o tome koliko rano ili kasno u procesu bolesti se test provodi. Ako se MRI provede dovoljno rano u procesu bolesti, hipofiza može izgledati veća nego normalno i pokazivati promjene koje su u skladu s oštećenjem zbog nedostatka opskrbe krvlju.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Morani A, Parmar H, Ibrahim M | title = Teaching neuroimages: sequential MRI of the pituitary in Sheehan syndrome | journal = Neurology | volume = 78 | issue = 1 | pages = e3 | date = January 2012 | pmid = 22201118 | doi = 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31823ed07d | s2cid = 32669801 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Kasnije u procesu bolesti kod ovog sindroma, oštećenje hipofize uzrokovat će njeno smanjenje i ostaviti djelomično praznu ili potpuno praznu sella turcicu na MRI snimku.<ref name="Shivaprasad_2011"/> ==Liječenje== Osnova liječenja je hormonska nadomjesna terapija za hormone koji nedostaju.<ref name="Errarhay_20092">{{cite journal | vauthors = Errarhay S, Kamaoui I, Bouchikhi C, Châara H, Bouguern H, Tizniti S, Melhouf A, Banani A | display-authors = 6 | title = Sheehan's Syndrome A Case Report and Literature Review | journal = The Libyan Journal of Medicine | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | pages = 81–82 | date = June 2009 | pmid = 21483515 | pmc = 3066722 | doi = 10.4176/081201 }}</ref> Planove liječenja i doze treba individualizirati endokrinolog. [[Glukokortikoidi]] mogu se primijeniti za rješavanje ili sprječavanje adrenalne krize, potencijalne ozbiljne komplikacije Sheehanovog sindroma.<ref name="Keleştimur_2003" /> Hormonska nadomjesna terapija je ključna za smanjenje morbiditeta i mortaliteta ovog sindroma.<ref name="Keleştimur_2003" /> ==Epidemiologija== Tačnu prevalenciju ovog sindroma teško je definirati jer se incidencija uveliko razlikuje od zemlje do zemlje. Sheehanov sindrom je češći u zemljama u razvoju nego u razvijenim zemljama..<ref name="Karaca_20162"/> U studiji iz Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva iz 2001. godine, samo 1,4% pacijenata s hipopituitarizmom imalo je dijagnozu Sheehanovog sindroma.<ref name="Laway_2021"/> Samo nekoliko godina ranije, 1996. godine, Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija procijenila je da je 3 miliona žena pogođeno Sheehanovim sindromom.<ref name="Halit_2016" /> U studiji na 1.034 simptomatskih odraslih osoba, utvrđeno je da je Sheehanov sindrom šesta najčešća etiologija nedostatka hormona rasta, odgovorna za 3,1% slučajeva (u odnosu na 53,9% zbog tumora hipofize).<ref name="Shivaprasad_2011" /> Osim toga, utvrđeno je da je većina žena koje su iskusile Sheehanov sindrom rodila kod kuće, a ne u bolnici.<ref name="Karaca_20162" /> ==Historija== Specifična povezanost s postporođajnim šokom ili krvarenjem opisana je 1937. godine od strane britanskog patologa [[Harold Leeming Sheehan|Harolda Leeminga Sheehana]] (1900–1988).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sheehan HL | title = The Repair of Post-Partum Necrosis of the Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland | journal = Acta Endocrinologica | volume = 48 | issue = 1 | pages = 40–60 | date = January 1965 | pmid = 14254773 | doi = 10.1530/acta.0.0480040 }}</ref> Prva razlika je napravljena u istraživačkom članku "Postpartalna nekroza prednjeg režnja hipofize".<ref name="Sheehan_1937">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Sheehan HL |date=1937|title=Post-partum necrosis of the anterior pituitary|journal=The Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology|volume=45|issue=1|pages=189–214|doi=10.1002/path.1700450118|issn=0368-3494}}</ref> U svom istraživanju, dr. Sheehan je pregledao (putem [[autopsije]]) efekte nekroze hipofize na 12 slučajeva pacijenata koji su iskusili postporođajnu nekrozu.<ref name="Sheehan_1937" /> Posmatrao je slučajeve u kojima su se lezije i smrt dogodili tokom ili nakon trudnoće, kao i slučajeve u kojima je smrt nastupila u kasnoj fazi nekroze (godinama kasnije). Ovo je započelo početno razlikovanje Sheehanovog sindroma od Simmondsove bolesti (poznate i kao [[hipopituitarizam]]). Sheehan je primijetio da je značajna karakteristika slučajeva ovih pacijenata bilo krvarenje, koje je, prema njegovom iskustvu, najčešće uzrokovano: ''[[Placenta praevia|placenta previa]]'' (niska posteljica), ruptura maternice, [[cerviks]]ne ili materične rupture, postporođajna [[atonija]] ili zadržavanje posteljice. [[Hipopituitarizam|Simmondsova bolest]], pak, javlja se kod oba spola zbog uzroka koji nisu povezani s trudnoćom.<ref name="Karaca_20162" /> Međutim, u svojoj publikaciji iz 1939. godine, "Simmondsova bolest zbog postporođajne nekroze prednjeg režnja hipofize", Sheehan prikazuje postporođajnu nekrozu kao uzrok Simmondsove bolesti, čime uspostavlja vezu između dva stanja.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cooke RT | title = Simmonds's Disease due to Post-partum Necrosis of Anterior Pituitary | journal = British Medical Journal | volume = 2 | issue = 4423 | pages = 493–494 | date = October 1945 | pmid = 20786336 | pmc = 2059949 | doi = 10.1093/oxfordjournals.qjmed.a069138 }}</ref> Prema Sheehanu iz 1939. godine, otprilike 41% preživjelih od teškog [[postporođajno krvarenje|postporođajne hemoragije]] (PPH) i/ili [[hipovolemijski šok]] iskusilo je teški ili djelomični hipopituitarizam.<ref name="Karaca_20162" /> == Društvo i kultura == U razvijenom svijetu Sheehanov sindrom je rijetka komplikacija [[trudnoće]]; iako je ovaj sindrom češći u zemljama u razvoju, on i dalje pogađa žene širom svijeta.<ref name="Halit_2016"/> Retrospektivna studija u Turskoj otkrila je da je prevalencija Sheehanovog sindroma direktno proporcionalna broju porođaja kod kuće svake decenije.<ref name="Shivaprasad_2011"/> To može biti posljedica ranije ograničenih akušerskih tehnika prisutnih u kućnom okruženju. Gubitak krvi povezan s epiziotomijom i forcepsom pogoršava gubitak krvi kada se posteljica odvoji od zida maternice, posebno kod majki s niskim krvnim pritiskom, čak i u akušerskom okruženju, odnosno bolnici, uzrokovao je suptilniji Sheehanov sindrom nedostatka hormona rasta, antidiuretičkog hormona i ACTH-a, koji može biti opasan po život ako se propusti; Sheehanov sindrom u moderno doba: nacionalna retrospektivna studija Island 2011, gdje svaka majka rađa u bolnici, uz dostupnu punu akušersku njegu. == Istraživanje == Danas je uloga koju [[autoimunost]] ima u razvoju Sheehanovog sindroma neizvjesna. Nekoliko izvještaja o slučajevima identificiralo je antihipofizna antitijela kod pacijenata s dijagnozom Sheehanovog sindroma.<ref name="Keleştimur_2003"/> Neke pacijentice bile su također pozitivne na antihipotalamusna antitijela.<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=De Bellis A, Kelestimur F, Sinisi AA, Ruocco G, Tirelli G, Battaglia M, Bellastella G, Conzo G, Tanriverdi F, Unluhizarci K, Bizzarro A, Bellastella A |date=February 2008 |title=Anti-hypothalamus and anti-pituitary antibodies may contribute to perpetuate the hypopituitarism in patients with Sheehan's syndrome |journal=European Journal of Endocrinology |volume=158 |issue=2 |pages=147–152 |doi=10.1530/EJE-07-0647 |pmid=18230820 |s2cid=24922671|doi-access=free }}</ref> S obzirom na to da mnogi pacijenti koji su razvili Sheehanov sindrom nemaju detektabilne nivoe ovih [[antitijela]], nije jasno da li ova antitijela uzrokuju ovaj sindrom ili su njegov rezultat.<ref name="Halit_2016" /> == Reference == {{reflist}} == Vanjski linkovi == {{Medicinski izvori | ICD10 = {{ICD10|E|23|0|e|20}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|253.2}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | DiseasesDB = 11998 | MedlinePlus = 001175 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 1914 | MeshID = D007018 }} {{Bolest hipofize}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategorija: Poremećaji hipofize]] [[Kategorija: Akušerstvo]] [[Kategorija: Sindromi]] phweollld8zsvgzgfjc19nb6fmzhnk8 Simmondov sindrom 0 534992 3849335 2026-05-25T19:46:19Z Genetičar 181151 Preusmjereno na [[Sheehanov sindrom]] 3849335 wikitext text/x-wiki #Preusmjeri [[Sheehanov sindrom]] 4gmmj5yktj39c9an1vzn0pc6dqqumab Postporođajni hipopituitarizam 0 534993 3849336 2026-05-25T19:46:41Z Genetičar 181151 Preusmjereno na [[Sheehanov sindrom]] 3849336 wikitext text/x-wiki #Preusmjeri [[Sheehanov sindrom]] 4gmmj5yktj39c9an1vzn0pc6dqqumab Postporođajna nekroza hipofize 0 534994 3849337 2026-05-25T19:47:07Z Genetičar 181151 Preusmjereno na [[Sheehanov sindrom]] 3849337 wikitext text/x-wiki #Preusmjeri [[Sheehanov sindrom]] 4gmmj5yktj39c9an1vzn0pc6dqqumab Tri prim netranslatirana regija 0 534995 3849342 2026-05-25T20:21:07Z Genetičar 181151 Preusmjereno na [[3'-neprevedena regija]] 3849342 wikitext text/x-wiki #Preusmjeri [[3'-neprevedena regija]] fa80gow2ikfehdv71rhz7kqcovmylf6 Pet prim-kraj 0 534996 3849344 2026-05-25T20:27:07Z ~2026-31111-50 181759 Preusmjereno na [[Pet-prim kapa]] 3849344 wikitext text/x-wiki #Preusmjeri [[Pet-prim kapa]] bwmmpgvf95gqcggfsaevxmpp5xs5w6w Razgovor s korisnikom:~2026-31111-50 3 534997 3849345 2026-05-25T20:35:57Z ~2026-31111-50 181759 /* Čemu ta igra? */ novi odlomak 3849345 wikitext text/x-wiki == Čemu ta igra? == Zašto nevalja prepisana lozinka iliti zašto nevalja [[Rifat Hadžiselimović]]?! [[Posebno:Doprinosi/&#126;2026-31111-50|&#126;2026-31111-50]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:&#126;2026-31111-50|talk]]) 22:35, 25 maj 2026 (CEST) dhszljqap8j4rdhtk84ik7bjrhkwb2r 3849355 3849345 2026-05-25T22:08:43Z KWiki 9400 /* Čemu ta igra? */ odgovor 3849355 wikitext text/x-wiki == Čemu ta igra? == Zašto nevalja prepisana lozinka iliti zašto nevalja [[Rifat Hadžiselimović]]?! [[Posebno:Doprinosi/&#126;2026-31111-50|&#126;2026-31111-50]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:&#126;2026-31111-50|talk]]) 22:35, 25 maj 2026 (CEST) :Zaista ne znam o čemu govorite. A vjerovatno ni ostali. [[Korisnik:KWiki|KWiki]] ([[Razgovor s korisnikom:KWiki|razgovor]]) 00:08, 26 maj 2026 (CEST) s5yfdviftkmk21bxmdqzsybuqsveukm 5'UTR 0 534998 3849347 2026-05-25T20:50:27Z GENETIČAR-2 181763 Preusmjereno na [[5-primarna netranslatirana regija]] 3849347 wikitext text/x-wiki #Preusmjeri [[5-primarna netranslatirana regija]] rkaf2ugm53z7dwyyqkbnb9tkzr9s0d6 Univerzitet u Ljubljani 0 534999 3849366 2026-05-26T00:15:26Z Bosancica by MK 173186 Prevedeno sa wikipedia en 3849366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija univerzitet | naziv = Univerzitet u Ljubljani | slika = University of Ljubljana Building in the Congress Square, Ljubljana, Slovenia (36427664981).jpg | latinsko_ime = Universitas Labacensis<ref name="Latitude_Ljubljana">{{cite web |title=University of Ljubljana |url=https://latitude.to/articles-by-country/si/slovenia/15694/university-of-ljubljana |website=Latitude.to |access-date=25. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> | moto = | motobos = | osnovan = {{start date and age|1919|df=y}} | vrsta = [[Javni univerzitet]] | krovna = | vjerska_pripadnost = | akademska_pripadnost = | izdaci = | budžet = | rukovodilac = | chairman = | chairperson = | chancellor = | predsjednik = | potpredsjednik = | vice_chancellor = | rektor = Gregor Majdič | prorektor = | dekan = | direktor = | vođa_titula = | akademsko_osoblje = cca 4.000 | admin_osoblje = cca 2.000 | studenti = 37,509<ref name="TopUniversities_Ljubljana">{{cite web |title=University of Ljubljana |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/university-ljubljana |website=TopUniversities |access-date=25. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> | dodipl = | dipl = | doktorat = | ostali = | lokacija = | grad = [[Ljubljana]] i [[Portorož]] | savezna_država = | provincija = | država = [[Slovenija]] | koor = {{coord|46|02|56|N|14|30|14|E|region:SI-061_type:edu|display=inline,title}} | kampus = | prijašnja_imena = {{Plainlist| * Univerzitet kralja Aleksandra u Ljubljani * Univerzitet ″Edvard Kardelj″ u Ljubljani }} | slobodna_oznaka = | boje = | atletika = | sportovi = | nadimak = | maskota = | udruženja = {{Plainlist| * [[Udruženje evropskih istraživačkih univerziteta]] * [[Mreža Utrecht]] * [[Mreža univerziteta iz glavnih gradova Evrope]] (UNICA) }} | web-sajt = [https://www.uni-lj.si/eng/ uni-lj.si/eng] | logo = | pushin_map = | fusnote = }} '''Univerzitet u Ljubljani''', skraćeno '''UL''', javni je [[univerzitet]] i najstarija te najveća visokoškolska ustanova u [[Slovenija|Sloveniji]]. Osnovan je u [[Ljubljana|Ljubljani]], gdje se i danas nalaze centralna univerzitetska zgrada i većina njegovih fakulteta, dok su pojedini noviji objekti izgrađeni u širem gradskom području. U sastavu Univerziteta djeluju 23 [[fakultet]]a i tri umjetničke akademije, na kojima studira oko 38.000 studenata.<ref name="TopUniversities_Ljubljana" /> U nastavno-istraživačkom procesu učestvuje približno 4.000 nastavnika i istraživača, uz oko 2.000 zaposlenih u tehničkim i administrativnim službama. Na Univerzitetu u Ljubljani izvode se studijski programi iz humanističkih, [[Društvene nauke|društvenih]] i [[Prirodne nauke|prirodnih nauka]], [[tehnika|tehnike]] i [[Tehnologija|tehnologije]], kao i iz oblasti [[Medicina|medicine]], [[Stomatologija|stomatologije]] i [[Veterinarska medicina|veterinarske medicine]]. == Historija == === Počeci === Počeci visokog obrazovanja na prostoru današnje Slovenia sežu u 17. vijek, kada su [[Isusovci|isusovci]] u Ljubljana organizovali studije [[Filozofija|filozofije]], [[Teologija|teologije]] i [[Prirodne nauke|prirodnih nauka]]. Tokom 18. vijeka nastava iz [[Matematika|matematike]] i [[Fizika|fizike]] dodatno je razvijena uvođenjem eksperimentalne nastave i savremenijih nastavnih metoda.<ref name="NTF_History">{{cite web |title=History of the Faculty of Technical Sciences |url=https://www.ntf.uni-lj.si/omm/en/about-deparment/general-information/history/ |website=Naravoslovnotehniška fakulteta, Oddelek za materiale in metalurgiju – Univerza v Ljubljani |access-date=25. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Važan korak u razvoju visokog obrazovanja predstavljalo je osnivanje Carsko-kraljevskog liceja u Ljubljani 1791. Ova ustanova djelovala je kao viši obrazovni centar sa studijima [[Filozofija|filozofije]], [[Teologija|teologije]], [[Medicina|medicine]] i [[Hirurgija|hirurgije]], a obuhvatala je i nastavu iz prirodnih i tehničkih disciplina.<ref name="NTF_History" /> Za vrijeme uprave [[Prvo Francusko Carstvo|Francuskog Carstva]] nad [[Ilirske provincije|Ilirskim provincijama]], u Ljubljani je 1810. osnovan prvi univerzitet. Univerzitet je djelovao u okviru francuskog obrazovnog sistema ''Écoles centrales'', a nastava se izvodila iz [[Medicina|medicine]], [[Hirurgija|hirurgije]], [[Inženjerstvo|inženjerstva]], [[Arhitektura|arhitekture]], [[pravo|prava]] i [[Teologija|teologije]]. Njegov kancelar bio je Joseph Walland.<ref name="NTF_History" /> Nakon ponovnog uspostavljanja vlasti [[Austrijsko Carstvo|Austrijskog Carstva]] 1813, univerzitet je ukinut, a obrazovni sistem vraćen pod upravu Carsko-kraljevskog liceja u Ljubljani.<ref name="NTF_History" /> === Osnivanje nacionalnog univerziteta === Tokom druge polovine 19. vijeka među slovenskim intelektualcima i političkim predstavnicima jačale su inicijative za osnivanje univerziteta na [[Slovenski jezik|slovenskom jeziku]] u Ljubljana. Potreba za nacionalnim univerzitetom posebno je došla do izražaja krajem vijeka, kada je sve veći broj slovenskih studenata studirao na univerzitetima u okviru [[Austro-Ugarska|Austro-Ugarske]], naročito u [[Austrija|Austriji]] i češkim zemljama, dok su brojni slovenski naučnici ostvarivali akademske karijere širom [[Srednja Evropa|srednje Evrope]]. Među univerzitetima na kojima su djelovali slovenski intelektualci bio je [[Karlov univerzitet u Pragu]] i [[Univerzitet Palackog u Olomoucu]]. S ciljem organizovanog djelovanja, tokom 1890-ih formiran je odbor za osnivanje slovenskog univerziteta, među čijim su najistaknutijim članovima bili [[Ivan Hribar]], Henrik Tuma i [[Aleš Ušeničnik]]. Kao dio priprema za budući univerzitet, Zemaljski sabor Kranjske je 1898. uveo stipendije za studente koji su se pripremali za univerzitetsku karijeru, uz obavezu da po osnivanju univerziteta preuzmu nastavne dužnosti u Ljubljani. Time je postepeno stvaran budući nastavni kadar.<ref name="Ciperle_90let_2009">{{cite book|last=Ciperle |first=Jože |title=90 let Univerze v Ljubljani: Med tradicijo in izzivi časa |chapter=Skozi stoletja po poti ljubljanskega višjega šolstva do univerze |url=https://www.uni-lj.si/assets/Sluzba-za-pravne-zadeve/Arhivsko-muzejska-sluzba/Dokumenti/Publikacije/2009/90-let-Univerze-v-Ljubljani-Med-tradicijo-in-izzivi-casa-Monografija-90-let-Univerze.pdf |date=2009 |publisher=Univerza v Ljubljani |pages=24–35 |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=sl |format=PDF}}</ref> Osnivanje univerziteta dugo je bilo onemogućeno političkim okolnostima u Austro-Ugarskoj Monarhiji. Tek nakon njenog raspada 1918. i formiranja [[Država Slovenaca, Hrvata i Srba|Države Slovenaca, Hrvata i Srba]], a potom i [[Kraljevina Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca|Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca]], stvoreni su uslovi za realizaciju ove ideje. Prvi sastanak osnivačkog odbora Univerziteta u Ljubljani održan je 23. novembra 1918. pod predsjedavanjem [[Mihajlo Rostohar|Mihajla Rostohara]], profesora [[Psihologija|psihologije]] na [[Karlov univerzitet u Pragu|Karlovom univerzitetu u Pragu]]. U saradnji sa [[Danilo Majaron|Danilom Majaronom]], Rostohar je učestvovao u pregovorima sa vladom u [[Beograd]]u radi donošenja zakona o osnivanju univerziteta. Zakon o osnivanju Univerziteta u Ljubljani usvojen je 23. jula 1919. Tokom iste godine imenovani su prvi profesori i formirano Univerzitetsko vijeće, čime je univerzitet započeo redovan rad. Prvo predavanje održao je [[Lingvistika|lingvista]] Franc Ramovš 3. decembra 1919. u dvorani Zemaljskog dvorca u Ljubljani, što se i danas slavi kao Dan Univerziteta u Ljubljani.<ref name="GovSI_Stoletnica">{{cite web |title=Stoletnica Univerze v Ljubljani – V družbi treh odstotkov najboljših na svetu |url=https://www.gov.si/novice/2019-09-23-stoletnica-univerze-v-ljubljani-v-druzbi-treh-odstotkov-najboljsih-na-svetu/ |website=Portal GOV.SI |date=2019 |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=sl}}</ref> === Prve decenije rada === [[Datoteka:Univerza v Ljubljani 1929.jpg|mini|desno|300px|Univerzitetska upravna zgrada 1929.]] Nakon osnivanja 1919, Univerzitet u Ljubljani započeo je rad sa pet osnovnih fakulteta: pravnim, filozofskim, tehničkim, teološkim i medicinskim. Univerzitet je bio smješten u centru [[Ljubljana|Ljubljane]], na Kongresnom trgu, u zgradi koja je ranije služila kao sjedište Zemaljske vlade Kranjske u periodu od 1902. do 1918. Tokom 1920-ih godina univerzitet je preimenovan u Univerzitet kralja Aleksandra u Ljubljani (''Universitas Alexandrina Labacensis''), u čast [[Aleksandar, kralj Jugoslavije|kralja Jugoslavije Aleksandra I]]. Uprkos finansijskim poteškoćama i političkim pritiscima centralističkog sistema u okviru [[Kraljevina Jugoslavija|Kraljevine Jugoslavije]], univerzitet je postupno jačao svoju organizacijsku strukturu i proširivao akademsku djelatnost.<ref name="UL_Zgodovina">{{cite web |title=Zgodovina univerze |url=https://www.uni-lj.si/univerza/o-nas/zgodovina-univerze |website=Univerza v Ljubljani |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=sl}}</ref> U ovom periodu realizovani su i značajni infrastrukturni projekti, među kojima se posebno izdvaja izgradnja [[Nacionalna i univerzitetska biblioteka Slovenije|Nacionalne i univerzitetske biblioteke Slovenije]], završena 1941. prema projektu arhitekte [[Jože Plečnik]]a.<ref name="HiddenArch_NUK">{{cite web |title=NUK: National and University Library |url=https://hiddenarchitecture.net/nuk-national-and-university-library/ |website=Hidden Architecture |date=25. 11. 2018 |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Izbijanjem [[aprilski rat|Invazije na Jugoslaviju]] u aprilu 1941, univerzitet je nastavio s radom u izuzetno otežanim okolnostima pod italijanskom i njemačkom okupacijom. Njegova autonomija bila je značajno ograničena, a dio nastavnog osoblja izložen represiji, uključujući hapšenja i deportacije u [[koncentracijski logor|koncentracijske logore]]. U tom periodu dio studenata i profesora uključio se u [[Osobodilačka fronta slovenačkog naroda|Osobodilačku frontu slovenačkog naroda]], dok su se drugi pridružili [[Slovensko domobranstvo|Slovenskom domobranstvu]]. === 1945. i kasniji period === Nakon završetka [[Drugi svjetski rat|Drugog svjetskog rata]], upravljanje Univerzitetom u Ljubljani preuzelo je novo akademsko rukovodstvo, a za [[rektor]]a je izabran [[Češka|češki]] profesor Alois Král, jedini strani državljanin koji je obavljao tu funkciju. Král je bio dugogodišnji nastavnik na Fakultetu tehničkih nauka, gdje je od 1920. radio kao profesor, a u više navrata obavljao je i dužnost [[dekan]]a.<ref name="UL_Rectors2009">{{cite web |title=The University of Ljubljana and its rectors |url=http://www.uni-lj.si/files/ULJ/userfiles/ulj/o_univerzi_v_lj/uni_arhiv/Razstave/ULinRektorji2009/Univerza_LJ_Rektorji_ANG-2009.pdf |website=Univerza v Ljubljani |date=2009 |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719233126/http://www.uni-lj.si/files/ULJ/userfiles/ulj/o_univerzi_v_lj/uni_arhiv/Razstave/ULinRektorji2009/Univerza_LJ_Rektorji_ANG-2009.pdf |archive-date=19. 7. 2011 |language=en}}</ref> U poslijeratnom periodu, u okviru uspostave [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija|Socijalističke Federativne Republike Jugoslavije]], univerzitet je došao pod pojačan politički nadzor. U tom kontekstu došlo je do kadrovskih promjena, uključujući razrješenja pojedinih profesora, dok su neki nastavnici bili izloženi hapšenjima i sudskim postupcima. Također, Teološki fakultet je izdvojen iz sastava univerziteta, a dio akademskog osoblja i studenata napustio je zemlju. Uprkos ovim promjenama, univerzitet je nastavio sa radom i očuvao svoju osnovnu obrazovnu i naučnu funkciju. Od sredine 1950-ih postepeno je obnovljen određeni stepen akademske [[Autonomija|autonomije]], što je omogućilo stabilizaciju nastavnog i istraživačkog rada. Tokom 1970-ih i početkom 1980-ih ponovo su zabilježena ograničenja univerzitetske autonomije, uključujući smjene pojedinih profesora. Godine 1979. univerzitet je preimenovan u Univerzitet ″Edvard Kardelj″ u Ljubljani, po jednom od političkih lidera [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija|socijalističke Jugoslavije]]. Nakon političkih promjena krajem 1980-ih i [[Raspad Jugoslavije|raspada Jugoslavije]], 1990. univerzitetu je vraćeno prvobitno ime – Univerzitet u Ljubljani. == Organizacija == === Fakulteti i akademije === [[Datoteka:StiskiDvorec1-Ljubljana.JPG|mini|desno|300px|Muzička akademija]] U okviru Univerziteta u Ljubljani djeluju 23 fakulteta i tri umjetničke akademije, koji su raspoređeni na različitim lokacijama u urbanom području Ljubljane:<ref name="UL_Members">{{cite web |title=Faculties and academies |url=https://www.uni-lj.si/en/university/member-faculties-and-academies-ul |website=University of Ljubljana |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> * [[Akademija za pozorište, radio, film i televiziju u Ljubljani|Akademija za pozorište, radio, film i televiziju]] * [[Akademija likovnih umjetnosti i dizajna u Ljubljani|Akademija likovnih umjetnosti i dizajna]] * [[Muzička akademija u Ljubljani|Muzička akademija]] * [[Fakultet za upravu u Ljubljani|Fakultet za upravu]] * [[Arhitektonski fakultet u Ljubljani|Arhitektonski fakultet]] * [[Filozofski fakultet u Ljubljani|Filozofski fakultet]] * [[Biotehnički fakultet u Ljubljani|Biotehnički fakultet]] * [[Fakultet za hemiju i hemijsku tehnologiju u Ljubljani|Fakultet za hemiju i hemijsku tehnologiju]] * [[Fakultet za građevinarstvo i geodeziju u Ljubljani|Fakultet za građevinarstvo i geodeziju]] * [[Fakultet za računarstvo i informatiku u Ljubljani|Fakultet za računarstvo i informatiku]] * [[Ekonomski fakultet u Ljubljani|Ekonomski fakultet]] * [[Pedagoški fakultet u Ljubljani|Pedagoški fakultet]] * [[Elektrotehnički fakultet u Ljubljani|Elektrotehnički fakultet]] * [[Pravni fakultet u Ljubljani|Pravni fakultet]] * [[Fakultet za pomorstvo i saobraćaj u Portorožu|Fakultet za pomorstvo i saobraćaj]] * [[Fakultet za matematiku i fiziku u Ljubljani|Fakultet za matematiku i fiziku]] * [[Mašinski fakultet u Ljubljani|Mašinski fakultet]] * [[Medicinski fakultet u Ljubljani|Medicinski fakultet]] * [[Prirodno-matematički i tehnički fakultet u Ljubljani|Prirodno-matematički i tehnički fakultet]] * [[Farmaceutski fakultet u Ljubljani|Farmaceutski fakultet]] * [[Fakultet društvenih nauka u Ljubljani|Fakultet društvenih nauka]] * [[Fakultet za socijalni rad u Ljubljani|Fakultet za socijalni rad]] * [[Fakultet za sport u Ljubljani|Fakultet za sport]] * [[Teološki fakultet u Ljubljani|Teološki fakultet]] * [[Veterinarski fakultet u Ljubljani|Veterinarski fakultet]] * [[Zdravstveni fakultet u Ljubljani|Zdravstveni fakultet]] Prvobitno je univerzitet bio smješten u centru Ljubljane, gdje se i danas nalaze centralna zgrada univerziteta i većina njegovih fakulteta. Kasnije su u drugim dijelovima grada ([[Bežigrad]], [[Vič]], [[Brdo, Ljubljana|Brdo]]) izgrađene nove, moderne zgrade i manji univerzitetski kompleksi (kampusi). === Biblioteke === Univerzitet u Ljubljani raspolaže razvijenim bibliotečkim sistemom koji uključuje univerzitetske, nacionalne i fakultetske [[Biblioteka|biblioteke]]. Posebno mjesto u tom sistemu zauzima [[Nacionalna i univerzitetska biblioteka Slovenije]], koja istovremeno ima funkciju [[Nacionalna biblioteka|nacionalne biblioteke]] i [[Univerzitetska biblioteka|univerzitetske biblioteke]]. Ova institucija posjeduje oko 1,3 miliona knjiga, kao i brojne zbirke štampanih, vizuelnih i multimedijalnih izvora. Druga centralna institucija je Centralna tehnička biblioteka Univerziteta u Ljubljana, koja predstavlja nacionalni informacijski centar u oblasti prirodnih i tehničkih nauka. Ova biblioteka ima značajnu ulogu u podršci naučno-istraživačkom radu iz područja [[Nauka|nauke]] i [[Tehnologija|tehnologije]]. Pored centralnih biblioteka, u okviru Univerziteta u Ljubljana djeluje više od 30 biblioteka pri pojedinim fakultetima, institutima i odjeljenjima. Među najvećim i najznačajnijim izdvajaju se Centralna humanistička biblioteka u okviru Filozofskog fakulteta, Centralna ekonomska biblioteka, Centralna medicinska biblioteka i Biblioteka Biotehničkog fakulteta, koji pokriva oblasti [[Biologija|biologije]] i [[Biotehnologija|biotehnologije]].<ref name="UL_Libraries">{{cite web |title=University libraries |url=https://www.uni-lj.si/en/university/university-press-and-libraries/university-libraries |website=University of Ljubljana |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> === Galerija === Univerzitet u Ljubljani upravlja univerzitetskom galerijom koja je otvorena 18. juna 2012.<ref name="UL_Gallery">{{cite web |title=UL Gallery |url=https://www.uni-lj.si/en/university/arts/activities/ul-gallery |website=University of Ljubljana |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> == Nastavna i naučnoistraživačka djelatnost == Univerzitet u Ljubljani razvija nastavnu i naučnoistraživačku djelatnost u širokom spektru disciplina, uključujući [[Prirodne nauke|prirodne]] i tehničke nauke, [[Društvene nauke|društvene]] i humanističke nauke, [[Lingvistika|lingvistiku]], [[umjetnost]], [[Medicina|medicinu]] te različita interdisciplinarna područja. U okviru svoje međunarodne akademske saradnje, Univerzitet je u periodu od 2004. do 2013. bio sjedište Međunarodnog udruženja studenata političkih nauka (IAPSS), globalne studentske organizacije koja okuplja studente [[Političke nauke|političkih nauka]] iz brojnih zemalja. Sjedište ove organizacije je 2013. premješteno u Nijmegen u [[Nizozemska|Nizozemskoj]].<ref name="UIA_IAPSS">{{cite web |title=International Association for Political Science Students (IAPSS) |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100039220 |website=Union of International Associations |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Prema ''QS World University Rankings'' za 2026, Univerzitet u Ljubljani zauzima 535. mjesto među svjetskim univerzitetima.<ref name="TopUniversities_Ljubljana" /> == Značajne ličnosti == * [[Slavoj Žižek]] – slovenački [[filozof]], kulturni kritičar i predstavnik lacanovske psihoanalize i hegelijanskog marksizma. Na Univerzitetu u Ljubljani diplomirao je i magistrirao filozofiju 1975,<ref name="Zizek_Chronology">{{Cite web |url=https://www.lacan.com/zizekchro1.htm |title=Slavoj Zizek: Chronology - His Life |website=Lacan.com |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> a kasnije je radio kao viši istraživač na Institutu za sociologiju i filozofiju univerziteta. * [[Marko Bošnjak (sudija)]] – slovenački pravnik, sudija [[Evropski sud za ljudska prava|Evropskog suda za ljudska prava]], [[advokat]] i profesor. * [[Matjaž Gams]] – glavni i odgovorni urednik časopisa ''Informatica''.<ref name="Informatica_Editorial">{{Cite web |title=Editorial Team |url=https://www.informatica.si/index.php/informatica/about/editorialTeam |website=Informatica |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Član je Slovenačke inženjerske akademije<ref name="IAS_Gams">{{Cite web |title=Matjaž Gams — IAS/SAE |url=https://www.ias.si/en/matjaz-gams |website=Inženirska akademija Slovenije |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=en-GB}}</ref> i [[Evropska akademija nauka i umjetnosti|Evropske akademije nauka i umjetnosti]].<ref name="EASA_Report2024">{{Cite web |title=2024 Annual Report |url=https://euro-acad.eu/files/Jahresbericht_2024_v08_Ansicht_DS.pdf |website=European Academy of Sciences and Arts |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> == Također pogledajte == * [[Spisak modernih univerziteta u Evropi (1801–1945)]] * [[Slovenačka akademija nauka i umjetnosti]] * [[Institut "Jožef Stefan"]] * [[Studentska organizacija Univerziteta u Ljubljani]] == Vanjski linkovi == * [https://www.uni-lj.si/eng/ Službeni sajt] (si) (en) == Reference == {{Refspisak}} [[Kategorija:Univerziteti u Sloveniji]] [[Kategorija:Univerziteti u Ljubljani]] [[Kategorija:Udruženje evropskih istraživačkih univerziteta]] [[Kategorija:Mreža univerziteta iz glavnih gradova Evrope]] [[Kategorija:Obrazovne institucije osnovane 1919.]] 48sri2ksu13fy3emyvyarwodhhaxz98 3849388 3849366 2026-05-26T05:58:54Z Panasko 146730 −[[Kategorija:Univerziteti u Sloveniji]]; +[[Kategorija:Javni univerziteti]]; +[[Kategorija:Obrazovanje u Ljubljani]] (uz pomoć [[Wikipedia:HotCat|HotCat]]a) 3849388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infokutija univerzitet | naziv = Univerzitet u Ljubljani | slika = University of Ljubljana Building in the Congress Square, Ljubljana, Slovenia (36427664981).jpg | latinsko_ime = Universitas Labacensis<ref name="Latitude_Ljubljana">{{cite web |title=University of Ljubljana |url=https://latitude.to/articles-by-country/si/slovenia/15694/university-of-ljubljana |website=Latitude.to |access-date=25. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> | moto = | motobos = | osnovan = {{start date and age|1919|df=y}} | vrsta = [[Javni univerzitet]] | krovna = | vjerska_pripadnost = | akademska_pripadnost = | izdaci = | budžet = | rukovodilac = | chairman = | chairperson = | chancellor = | predsjednik = | potpredsjednik = | vice_chancellor = | rektor = Gregor Majdič | prorektor = | dekan = | direktor = | vođa_titula = | akademsko_osoblje = cca 4.000 | admin_osoblje = cca 2.000 | studenti = 37,509<ref name="TopUniversities_Ljubljana">{{cite web |title=University of Ljubljana |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/university-ljubljana |website=TopUniversities |access-date=25. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> | dodipl = | dipl = | doktorat = | ostali = | lokacija = | grad = [[Ljubljana]] i [[Portorož]] | savezna_država = | provincija = | država = [[Slovenija]] | koor = {{coord|46|02|56|N|14|30|14|E|region:SI-061_type:edu|display=inline,title}} | kampus = | prijašnja_imena = {{Plainlist| * Univerzitet kralja Aleksandra u Ljubljani * Univerzitet ″Edvard Kardelj″ u Ljubljani }} | slobodna_oznaka = | boje = | atletika = | sportovi = | nadimak = | maskota = | udruženja = {{Plainlist| * [[Udruženje evropskih istraživačkih univerziteta]] * [[Mreža Utrecht]] * [[Mreža univerziteta iz glavnih gradova Evrope]] (UNICA) }} | web-sajt = [https://www.uni-lj.si/eng/ uni-lj.si/eng] | logo = | pushin_map = | fusnote = }} '''Univerzitet u Ljubljani''', skraćeno '''UL''', javni je [[univerzitet]] i najstarija te najveća visokoškolska ustanova u [[Slovenija|Sloveniji]]. Osnovan je u [[Ljubljana|Ljubljani]], gdje se i danas nalaze centralna univerzitetska zgrada i većina njegovih fakulteta, dok su pojedini noviji objekti izgrađeni u širem gradskom području. U sastavu Univerziteta djeluju 23 [[fakultet]]a i tri umjetničke akademije, na kojima studira oko 38.000 studenata.<ref name="TopUniversities_Ljubljana" /> U nastavno-istraživačkom procesu učestvuje približno 4.000 nastavnika i istraživača, uz oko 2.000 zaposlenih u tehničkim i administrativnim službama. Na Univerzitetu u Ljubljani izvode se studijski programi iz humanističkih, [[Društvene nauke|društvenih]] i [[Prirodne nauke|prirodnih nauka]], [[tehnika|tehnike]] i [[Tehnologija|tehnologije]], kao i iz oblasti [[Medicina|medicine]], [[Stomatologija|stomatologije]] i [[Veterinarska medicina|veterinarske medicine]]. == Historija == === Počeci === Počeci visokog obrazovanja na prostoru današnje Slovenia sežu u 17. vijek, kada su [[Isusovci|isusovci]] u Ljubljana organizovali studije [[Filozofija|filozofije]], [[Teologija|teologije]] i [[Prirodne nauke|prirodnih nauka]]. Tokom 18. vijeka nastava iz [[Matematika|matematike]] i [[Fizika|fizike]] dodatno je razvijena uvođenjem eksperimentalne nastave i savremenijih nastavnih metoda.<ref name="NTF_History">{{cite web |title=History of the Faculty of Technical Sciences |url=https://www.ntf.uni-lj.si/omm/en/about-deparment/general-information/history/ |website=Naravoslovnotehniška fakulteta, Oddelek za materiale in metalurgiju – Univerza v Ljubljani |access-date=25. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Važan korak u razvoju visokog obrazovanja predstavljalo je osnivanje Carsko-kraljevskog liceja u Ljubljani 1791. Ova ustanova djelovala je kao viši obrazovni centar sa studijima [[Filozofija|filozofije]], [[Teologija|teologije]], [[Medicina|medicine]] i [[Hirurgija|hirurgije]], a obuhvatala je i nastavu iz prirodnih i tehničkih disciplina.<ref name="NTF_History" /> Za vrijeme uprave [[Prvo Francusko Carstvo|Francuskog Carstva]] nad [[Ilirske provincije|Ilirskim provincijama]], u Ljubljani je 1810. osnovan prvi univerzitet. Univerzitet je djelovao u okviru francuskog obrazovnog sistema ''Écoles centrales'', a nastava se izvodila iz [[Medicina|medicine]], [[Hirurgija|hirurgije]], [[Inženjerstvo|inženjerstva]], [[Arhitektura|arhitekture]], [[pravo|prava]] i [[Teologija|teologije]]. Njegov kancelar bio je Joseph Walland.<ref name="NTF_History" /> Nakon ponovnog uspostavljanja vlasti [[Austrijsko Carstvo|Austrijskog Carstva]] 1813, univerzitet je ukinut, a obrazovni sistem vraćen pod upravu Carsko-kraljevskog liceja u Ljubljani.<ref name="NTF_History" /> === Osnivanje nacionalnog univerziteta === Tokom druge polovine 19. vijeka među slovenskim intelektualcima i političkim predstavnicima jačale su inicijative za osnivanje univerziteta na [[Slovenski jezik|slovenskom jeziku]] u Ljubljana. Potreba za nacionalnim univerzitetom posebno je došla do izražaja krajem vijeka, kada je sve veći broj slovenskih studenata studirao na univerzitetima u okviru [[Austro-Ugarska|Austro-Ugarske]], naročito u [[Austrija|Austriji]] i češkim zemljama, dok su brojni slovenski naučnici ostvarivali akademske karijere širom [[Srednja Evropa|srednje Evrope]]. Među univerzitetima na kojima su djelovali slovenski intelektualci bio je [[Karlov univerzitet u Pragu]] i [[Univerzitet Palackog u Olomoucu]]. S ciljem organizovanog djelovanja, tokom 1890-ih formiran je odbor za osnivanje slovenskog univerziteta, među čijim su najistaknutijim članovima bili [[Ivan Hribar]], Henrik Tuma i [[Aleš Ušeničnik]]. Kao dio priprema za budući univerzitet, Zemaljski sabor Kranjske je 1898. uveo stipendije za studente koji su se pripremali za univerzitetsku karijeru, uz obavezu da po osnivanju univerziteta preuzmu nastavne dužnosti u Ljubljani. Time je postepeno stvaran budući nastavni kadar.<ref name="Ciperle_90let_2009">{{cite book|last=Ciperle |first=Jože |title=90 let Univerze v Ljubljani: Med tradicijo in izzivi časa |chapter=Skozi stoletja po poti ljubljanskega višjega šolstva do univerze |url=https://www.uni-lj.si/assets/Sluzba-za-pravne-zadeve/Arhivsko-muzejska-sluzba/Dokumenti/Publikacije/2009/90-let-Univerze-v-Ljubljani-Med-tradicijo-in-izzivi-casa-Monografija-90-let-Univerze.pdf |date=2009 |publisher=Univerza v Ljubljani |pages=24–35 |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=sl |format=PDF}}</ref> Osnivanje univerziteta dugo je bilo onemogućeno političkim okolnostima u Austro-Ugarskoj Monarhiji. Tek nakon njenog raspada 1918. i formiranja [[Država Slovenaca, Hrvata i Srba|Države Slovenaca, Hrvata i Srba]], a potom i [[Kraljevina Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca|Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca]], stvoreni su uslovi za realizaciju ove ideje. Prvi sastanak osnivačkog odbora Univerziteta u Ljubljani održan je 23. novembra 1918. pod predsjedavanjem [[Mihajlo Rostohar|Mihajla Rostohara]], profesora [[Psihologija|psihologije]] na [[Karlov univerzitet u Pragu|Karlovom univerzitetu u Pragu]]. U saradnji sa [[Danilo Majaron|Danilom Majaronom]], Rostohar je učestvovao u pregovorima sa vladom u [[Beograd]]u radi donošenja zakona o osnivanju univerziteta. Zakon o osnivanju Univerziteta u Ljubljani usvojen je 23. jula 1919. Tokom iste godine imenovani su prvi profesori i formirano Univerzitetsko vijeće, čime je univerzitet započeo redovan rad. Prvo predavanje održao je [[Lingvistika|lingvista]] Franc Ramovš 3. decembra 1919. u dvorani Zemaljskog dvorca u Ljubljani, što se i danas slavi kao Dan Univerziteta u Ljubljani.<ref name="GovSI_Stoletnica">{{cite web |title=Stoletnica Univerze v Ljubljani – V družbi treh odstotkov najboljših na svetu |url=https://www.gov.si/novice/2019-09-23-stoletnica-univerze-v-ljubljani-v-druzbi-treh-odstotkov-najboljsih-na-svetu/ |website=Portal GOV.SI |date=2019 |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=sl}}</ref> === Prve decenije rada === [[Datoteka:Univerza v Ljubljani 1929.jpg|mini|desno|300px|Univerzitetska upravna zgrada 1929.]] Nakon osnivanja 1919, Univerzitet u Ljubljani započeo je rad sa pet osnovnih fakulteta: pravnim, filozofskim, tehničkim, teološkim i medicinskim. Univerzitet je bio smješten u centru [[Ljubljana|Ljubljane]], na Kongresnom trgu, u zgradi koja je ranije služila kao sjedište Zemaljske vlade Kranjske u periodu od 1902. do 1918. Tokom 1920-ih godina univerzitet je preimenovan u Univerzitet kralja Aleksandra u Ljubljani (''Universitas Alexandrina Labacensis''), u čast [[Aleksandar, kralj Jugoslavije|kralja Jugoslavije Aleksandra I]]. Uprkos finansijskim poteškoćama i političkim pritiscima centralističkog sistema u okviru [[Kraljevina Jugoslavija|Kraljevine Jugoslavije]], univerzitet je postupno jačao svoju organizacijsku strukturu i proširivao akademsku djelatnost.<ref name="UL_Zgodovina">{{cite web |title=Zgodovina univerze |url=https://www.uni-lj.si/univerza/o-nas/zgodovina-univerze |website=Univerza v Ljubljani |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=sl}}</ref> U ovom periodu realizovani su i značajni infrastrukturni projekti, među kojima se posebno izdvaja izgradnja [[Nacionalna i univerzitetska biblioteka Slovenije|Nacionalne i univerzitetske biblioteke Slovenije]], završena 1941. prema projektu arhitekte [[Jože Plečnik]]a.<ref name="HiddenArch_NUK">{{cite web |title=NUK: National and University Library |url=https://hiddenarchitecture.net/nuk-national-and-university-library/ |website=Hidden Architecture |date=25. 11. 2018 |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Izbijanjem [[aprilski rat|Invazije na Jugoslaviju]] u aprilu 1941, univerzitet je nastavio s radom u izuzetno otežanim okolnostima pod italijanskom i njemačkom okupacijom. Njegova autonomija bila je značajno ograničena, a dio nastavnog osoblja izložen represiji, uključujući hapšenja i deportacije u [[koncentracijski logor|koncentracijske logore]]. U tom periodu dio studenata i profesora uključio se u [[Osobodilačka fronta slovenačkog naroda|Osobodilačku frontu slovenačkog naroda]], dok su se drugi pridružili [[Slovensko domobranstvo|Slovenskom domobranstvu]]. === 1945. i kasniji period === Nakon završetka [[Drugi svjetski rat|Drugog svjetskog rata]], upravljanje Univerzitetom u Ljubljani preuzelo je novo akademsko rukovodstvo, a za [[rektor]]a je izabran [[Češka|češki]] profesor Alois Král, jedini strani državljanin koji je obavljao tu funkciju. Král je bio dugogodišnji nastavnik na Fakultetu tehničkih nauka, gdje je od 1920. radio kao profesor, a u više navrata obavljao je i dužnost [[dekan]]a.<ref name="UL_Rectors2009">{{cite web |title=The University of Ljubljana and its rectors |url=http://www.uni-lj.si/files/ULJ/userfiles/ulj/o_univerzi_v_lj/uni_arhiv/Razstave/ULinRektorji2009/Univerza_LJ_Rektorji_ANG-2009.pdf |website=Univerza v Ljubljani |date=2009 |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719233126/http://www.uni-lj.si/files/ULJ/userfiles/ulj/o_univerzi_v_lj/uni_arhiv/Razstave/ULinRektorji2009/Univerza_LJ_Rektorji_ANG-2009.pdf |archive-date=19. 7. 2011 |language=en}}</ref> U poslijeratnom periodu, u okviru uspostave [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija|Socijalističke Federativne Republike Jugoslavije]], univerzitet je došao pod pojačan politički nadzor. U tom kontekstu došlo je do kadrovskih promjena, uključujući razrješenja pojedinih profesora, dok su neki nastavnici bili izloženi hapšenjima i sudskim postupcima. Također, Teološki fakultet je izdvojen iz sastava univerziteta, a dio akademskog osoblja i studenata napustio je zemlju. Uprkos ovim promjenama, univerzitet je nastavio sa radom i očuvao svoju osnovnu obrazovnu i naučnu funkciju. Od sredine 1950-ih postepeno je obnovljen određeni stepen akademske [[Autonomija|autonomije]], što je omogućilo stabilizaciju nastavnog i istraživačkog rada. Tokom 1970-ih i početkom 1980-ih ponovo su zabilježena ograničenja univerzitetske autonomije, uključujući smjene pojedinih profesora. Godine 1979. univerzitet je preimenovan u Univerzitet ″Edvard Kardelj″ u Ljubljani, po jednom od političkih lidera [[Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija|socijalističke Jugoslavije]]. Nakon političkih promjena krajem 1980-ih i [[Raspad Jugoslavije|raspada Jugoslavije]], 1990. univerzitetu je vraćeno prvobitno ime – Univerzitet u Ljubljani. == Organizacija == === Fakulteti i akademije === [[Datoteka:StiskiDvorec1-Ljubljana.JPG|mini|desno|300px|Muzička akademija]] U okviru Univerziteta u Ljubljani djeluju 23 fakulteta i tri umjetničke akademije, koji su raspoređeni na različitim lokacijama u urbanom području Ljubljane:<ref name="UL_Members">{{cite web |title=Faculties and academies |url=https://www.uni-lj.si/en/university/member-faculties-and-academies-ul |website=University of Ljubljana |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> * [[Akademija za pozorište, radio, film i televiziju u Ljubljani|Akademija za pozorište, radio, film i televiziju]] * [[Akademija likovnih umjetnosti i dizajna u Ljubljani|Akademija likovnih umjetnosti i dizajna]] * [[Muzička akademija u Ljubljani|Muzička akademija]] * [[Fakultet za upravu u Ljubljani|Fakultet za upravu]] * [[Arhitektonski fakultet u Ljubljani|Arhitektonski fakultet]] * [[Filozofski fakultet u Ljubljani|Filozofski fakultet]] * [[Biotehnički fakultet u Ljubljani|Biotehnički fakultet]] * [[Fakultet za hemiju i hemijsku tehnologiju u Ljubljani|Fakultet za hemiju i hemijsku tehnologiju]] * [[Fakultet za građevinarstvo i geodeziju u Ljubljani|Fakultet za građevinarstvo i geodeziju]] * [[Fakultet za računarstvo i informatiku u Ljubljani|Fakultet za računarstvo i informatiku]] * [[Ekonomski fakultet u Ljubljani|Ekonomski fakultet]] * [[Pedagoški fakultet u Ljubljani|Pedagoški fakultet]] * [[Elektrotehnički fakultet u Ljubljani|Elektrotehnički fakultet]] * [[Pravni fakultet u Ljubljani|Pravni fakultet]] * [[Fakultet za pomorstvo i saobraćaj u Portorožu|Fakultet za pomorstvo i saobraćaj]] * [[Fakultet za matematiku i fiziku u Ljubljani|Fakultet za matematiku i fiziku]] * [[Mašinski fakultet u Ljubljani|Mašinski fakultet]] * [[Medicinski fakultet u Ljubljani|Medicinski fakultet]] * [[Prirodno-matematički i tehnički fakultet u Ljubljani|Prirodno-matematički i tehnički fakultet]] * [[Farmaceutski fakultet u Ljubljani|Farmaceutski fakultet]] * [[Fakultet društvenih nauka u Ljubljani|Fakultet društvenih nauka]] * [[Fakultet za socijalni rad u Ljubljani|Fakultet za socijalni rad]] * [[Fakultet za sport u Ljubljani|Fakultet za sport]] * [[Teološki fakultet u Ljubljani|Teološki fakultet]] * [[Veterinarski fakultet u Ljubljani|Veterinarski fakultet]] * [[Zdravstveni fakultet u Ljubljani|Zdravstveni fakultet]] Prvobitno je univerzitet bio smješten u centru Ljubljane, gdje se i danas nalaze centralna zgrada univerziteta i većina njegovih fakulteta. Kasnije su u drugim dijelovima grada ([[Bežigrad]], [[Vič]], [[Brdo, Ljubljana|Brdo]]) izgrađene nove, moderne zgrade i manji univerzitetski kompleksi (kampusi). === Biblioteke === Univerzitet u Ljubljani raspolaže razvijenim bibliotečkim sistemom koji uključuje univerzitetske, nacionalne i fakultetske [[Biblioteka|biblioteke]]. Posebno mjesto u tom sistemu zauzima [[Nacionalna i univerzitetska biblioteka Slovenije]], koja istovremeno ima funkciju [[Nacionalna biblioteka|nacionalne biblioteke]] i [[Univerzitetska biblioteka|univerzitetske biblioteke]]. Ova institucija posjeduje oko 1,3 miliona knjiga, kao i brojne zbirke štampanih, vizuelnih i multimedijalnih izvora. Druga centralna institucija je Centralna tehnička biblioteka Univerziteta u Ljubljana, koja predstavlja nacionalni informacijski centar u oblasti prirodnih i tehničkih nauka. Ova biblioteka ima značajnu ulogu u podršci naučno-istraživačkom radu iz područja [[Nauka|nauke]] i [[Tehnologija|tehnologije]]. Pored centralnih biblioteka, u okviru Univerziteta u Ljubljana djeluje više od 30 biblioteka pri pojedinim fakultetima, institutima i odjeljenjima. Među najvećim i najznačajnijim izdvajaju se Centralna humanistička biblioteka u okviru Filozofskog fakulteta, Centralna ekonomska biblioteka, Centralna medicinska biblioteka i Biblioteka Biotehničkog fakulteta, koji pokriva oblasti [[Biologija|biologije]] i [[Biotehnologija|biotehnologije]].<ref name="UL_Libraries">{{cite web |title=University libraries |url=https://www.uni-lj.si/en/university/university-press-and-libraries/university-libraries |website=University of Ljubljana |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> === Galerija === Univerzitet u Ljubljani upravlja univerzitetskom galerijom koja je otvorena 18. juna 2012.<ref name="UL_Gallery">{{cite web |title=UL Gallery |url=https://www.uni-lj.si/en/university/arts/activities/ul-gallery |website=University of Ljubljana |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> == Nastavna i naučnoistraživačka djelatnost == Univerzitet u Ljubljani razvija nastavnu i naučnoistraživačku djelatnost u širokom spektru disciplina, uključujući [[Prirodne nauke|prirodne]] i tehničke nauke, [[Društvene nauke|društvene]] i humanističke nauke, [[Lingvistika|lingvistiku]], [[umjetnost]], [[Medicina|medicinu]] te različita interdisciplinarna područja. U okviru svoje međunarodne akademske saradnje, Univerzitet je u periodu od 2004. do 2013. bio sjedište Međunarodnog udruženja studenata političkih nauka (IAPSS), globalne studentske organizacije koja okuplja studente [[Političke nauke|političkih nauka]] iz brojnih zemalja. Sjedište ove organizacije je 2013. premješteno u Nijmegen u [[Nizozemska|Nizozemskoj]].<ref name="UIA_IAPSS">{{cite web |title=International Association for Political Science Students (IAPSS) |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100039220 |website=Union of International Associations |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Prema ''QS World University Rankings'' za 2026, Univerzitet u Ljubljani zauzima 535. mjesto među svjetskim univerzitetima.<ref name="TopUniversities_Ljubljana" /> == Značajne ličnosti == * [[Slavoj Žižek]] – slovenački [[filozof]], kulturni kritičar i predstavnik lacanovske psihoanalize i hegelijanskog marksizma. Na Univerzitetu u Ljubljani diplomirao je i magistrirao filozofiju 1975,<ref name="Zizek_Chronology">{{Cite web |url=https://www.lacan.com/zizekchro1.htm |title=Slavoj Zizek: Chronology - His Life |website=Lacan.com |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> a kasnije je radio kao viši istraživač na Institutu za sociologiju i filozofiju univerziteta. * [[Marko Bošnjak (sudija)]] – slovenački pravnik, sudija [[Evropski sud za ljudska prava|Evropskog suda za ljudska prava]], [[advokat]] i profesor. * [[Matjaž Gams]] – glavni i odgovorni urednik časopisa ''Informatica''.<ref name="Informatica_Editorial">{{Cite web |title=Editorial Team |url=https://www.informatica.si/index.php/informatica/about/editorialTeam |website=Informatica |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Član je Slovenačke inženjerske akademije<ref name="IAS_Gams">{{Cite web |title=Matjaž Gams — IAS/SAE |url=https://www.ias.si/en/matjaz-gams |website=Inženirska akademija Slovenije |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=en-GB}}</ref> i [[Evropska akademija nauka i umjetnosti|Evropske akademije nauka i umjetnosti]].<ref name="EASA_Report2024">{{Cite web |title=2024 Annual Report |url=https://euro-acad.eu/files/Jahresbericht_2024_v08_Ansicht_DS.pdf |website=European Academy of Sciences and Arts |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> == Također pogledajte == * [[Spisak modernih univerziteta u Evropi (1801–1945)]] * [[Slovenačka akademija nauka i umjetnosti]] * [[Institut "Jožef Stefan"]] * [[Studentska organizacija Univerziteta u Ljubljani]] == Vanjski linkovi == * [https://www.uni-lj.si/eng/ Službeni sajt] (si) (en) == Reference == {{Refspisak}} [[Kategorija:Univerziteti u Ljubljani]] [[Kategorija:Udruženje evropskih istraživačkih univerziteta]] [[Kategorija:Mreža univerziteta iz glavnih gradova Evrope]] [[Kategorija:Obrazovne institucije osnovane 1919.]] [[Kategorija:Javni univerziteti]] [[Kategorija:Obrazovanje u Ljubljani]] 642jow05d2xw2qsr4wdnxnthjcjr5e6 Sekundarni metabolizam 0 535000 3849411 2026-05-26T09:19:41Z Genetičar 181151 Nova stranica: [[Slika:Streptomycin structure.svg|thumb|right|[[Streptomicin]], važan [[antibiotik]], lijek koji proizvode [[bakterije]] [[rod (biologija)|roda]] [[Streptomyces]].]] U [[biohemija| biohemiji]], '''sekundarni metabolizam''' (također zvani '''[[specijalizirani metabolizam]]''') jeste termin i pojava za puteve i [[mala molekula|male molekule]], produkte [[metabolizam| metabolizma]] koji su uključeni u ekološku [[biološka interakcija|interakcije]], ali nisu apsolutno neo... 3849411 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Slika:Streptomycin structure.svg|thumb|right|[[Streptomicin]], važan [[antibiotik]], lijek koji proizvode [[bakterije]] [[rod (biologija)|roda]] [[Streptomyces]].]] U [[biohemija| biohemiji]], '''sekundarni metabolizam''' (također zvani '''[[specijalizirani metabolizam]]''') jeste termin i pojava za puteve i [[mala molekula|male molekule]], produkte [[metabolizam| metabolizma]] koji su uključeni u ekološku [[biološka interakcija|interakcije]], ali nisu apsolutno neophodni za opstanak [[organizam]]a. Ove molekule ponekad proizvode [[biljno sekretorno tkivo|specijalizirane ćelije]], kao što su [[laticifera|laticifere]] u [[biljka]]ma.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www1.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/e20/20.htm|title=Botany online: The Secondary Metabolism of Plants: Secondary Defence Compounds|website=www1.biologie.uni-hamburg.de|access-date=2020-04-27}}</ref> [[Sekundarni metabolit]]i obično posreduju u antagonističkim interakcijama, kao što su [[kompeticija]] i [[predacija]], kao i u [[mutuslizam]]skim interakcijama, kao što su [[oprašivanje]] i resursni [[trofički mutualizam|mutualizma]]. Primjeri sekundarnih metabolita uključuju [[antibiotik]]e, [[pigment]] ei [[miris|arome]]. Suprotnost sekundarnim metabolitima su [[primarni metabolit]]i, koji se smatraju esencijalnim za normalan rast ili razvoj organizma. Sekundarne [[metabolit]]e proizvode mnogi [[mikrobi]], [[biljke]], [[gljive|gljive]] i [[životinje]], koje obično žive u prenaseljenim [[stanište|staništima]], gdje [[hemijska odbrana]] predstavlja bolju opciju od fizičkog bijega.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cavalier-Smith|first=T. |title=Ciba Foundation Symposium 171 - Secondary Metabolites: Their Function and Evolution |chapter=Origins of Secondary Metabolism |series=Novartis Foundation Symposia |date=1992 |volume=171|pages=64–80; discussion 80–87|doi=10.1002/9780470514344.ch5|issn=0300-5208|pmid=1302186|isbn=9780470514344}}</ref> Vrlo je teško razlikovati primarne i sekundarne metabolite, zbog čestog preklapanja međuprodukata i puteva primarnog i sekundarnog metabolizma. Jedan takav primjer su [[sterol]]i, koji su produkti sekundarnog metabolizma i istovremeno predstavljaju osnovu za ćelijsku strukturu.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Fagundes |first1=Mariane Bittencourt |title=Sterols Biosynthesis in Algae |date=2021-04-08 |url=https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/76087 |work=Bioactive Compounds - Biosynthesis, Characterization and Applications |access-date=2023-09-20 |publisher=IntechOpen |language=en |isbn=978-1-83969-270-3 |last2=Wagner |first2=Roger}}</ref> == Značajniji sekundarni metaboliti == {{glavni|Sekundarni metabolit}} *[[Antibiotik]], kao što su [[streptomicin]] i [[penicilin]] *[[Pigmenti]], kao što su [[delfinidin]] *[[Miris]]i, kao što je [[ionon]] == Također pogledajte == * [[Sekundarni metabolizam biljaka]] * [[Fitohemija]] * [[Ophiocordyceps unilateralis]] == Reference == {{Reflist}} == Vanjski linkovi == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20061006094907/http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/e20/20.htm Secondary metabolism in plants] * [http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/169/3/1512.short Evolution of plant specialized metabolic pathways] [[Kategorija:Metabolizam]] [[Kategorija:Metaboliti]] 52fq6stkus28l0p1lq09k1rm66nz07s 3849414 3849411 2026-05-26T09:26:26Z Genetičar 181151 3849414 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Slika:Streptomycin structure.svg|thumb|right|[[Streptomicin]], važan [[antibiotik]], lijek koji proizvode [[bakterije]] [[rod (biologija)|roda]] [[Streptomyces]].]] U [[biohemija| biohemiji]], '''sekundarni metabolizam''' (također zvani '''specijalizirani metabolizam''') jeste termin i pojava za puteve i [[mala molekula|male molekule]], produkte [[metabolizam| metabolizma]] koji su uključeni u ekološku [[biološka interakcija|interakcije]], ali nisu apsolutno neophodni za opstanak [[organizam]]a. Ove molekule ponekad proizvode [[biljno sekretorno tkivo|specijalizirane ćelije]], kao što su [[laticifera|laticifere]] u [[biljka]]ma.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www1.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/e20/20.htm|title=Botany online: The Secondary Metabolism of Plants: Secondary Defence Compounds|website=www1.biologie.uni-hamburg.de|access-date=2020-04-27}}</ref> [[Sekundarni metabolit]]i obično posreduju u antagonističkim interakcijama, kao što su [[kompeticija]] i [[predacija]], kao i u [[mutualizam]]skim interakcijama, kao što su [[oprašivanje]] i resursni [[trofički mutualizam|mutualizma]]. Primjeri sekundarnih [[metabolit]]a uključuju [[antibiotik]]e, [[pigment]]e i [[miris|arome]]. Suprotnost sekundarnim metabolitima su [[primarni metabolit]]i, koji se smatraju esencijalnim za normalan rast ili razvoj organizma. Sekundarne [[metabolit]]e proizvode mnogi [[mikrobi]], [[biljke]], [[gljive|gljive]] i [[životinje]], koje obično žive u prenaseljenim [[stanište|staništima]], gdje [[hemijska odbrana]] predstavlja bolju opciju od fizičkog bijega.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cavalier-Smith|first=T. |title=Ciba Foundation Symposium 171 - Secondary Metabolites: Their Function and Evolution |chapter=Origins of Secondary Metabolism |series=Novartis Foundation Symposia |date=1992 |volume=171|pages=64–80; discussion 80–87|doi=10.1002/9780470514344.ch5|issn=0300-5208|pmid=1302186|isbn=9780470514344}}</ref> Vrlo je teško razlikovati primarne i sekundarne metabolite, zbog čestog preklapanja međuprodukata i puteva primarnog i sekundarnog metabolizma. Jedan takav primjer su [[sterol]]i, koji su produkti sekundarnog metabolizma i istovremeno predstavljaju osnovu za ćelijsku strukturu.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Fagundes |first1=Mariane Bittencourt |title=Sterols Biosynthesis in Algae |date=2021-04-08 |url=https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/76087 |work=Bioactive Compounds - Biosynthesis, Characterization and Applications |access-date=2023-09-20 |publisher=IntechOpen |language=en |isbn=978-1-83969-270-3 |last2=Wagner |first2=Roger}}</ref> == Značajniji sekundarni metaboliti == {{glavni|Sekundarni metabolit}} *[[Antibiotik]], kao što su [[streptomicin]] i [[penicilin]] *[[Pigmenti]], kao što su [[delfinidin]] *[[Miris]]i, kao što je [[ionon]] == Također pogledajte == * [[Sekundarni metabolizam biljaka]] * [[Fitohemija]] * [[Ophiocordyceps unilateralis]] == Reference == {{Reflist}} == Vanjski linkovi == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20061006094907/http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/e20/20.htm Secondary metabolism in plants] * [http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/169/3/1512.short Evolution of plant specialized metabolic pathways] [[Kategorija:Metabolizam]] [[Kategorija:Metaboliti]] g8aiu8fwvucs6owmn0qdv4mwagm8d4c Specijalizirani metabolizam 0 535001 3849412 2026-05-26T09:20:55Z Genetičar 181151 Preusmjereno na [[Sekundarni metabolizam]] 3849412 wikitext text/x-wiki #Preusmjeri [[Sekundarni metabolizam]] crxio7qsyrf272ky7r3fh29mjb7iwq0 Alelna heterogenost 0 535002 3849415 2026-05-26T09:35:23Z GENETIČAR-2 181763 Nova stranica: [[Slika:Allelic Heterogeneity-Locus Heterogeneity.jpg|thumb|300px| [[Alel]]na heterogenost – lokusna heterogenost]] '''Alelna heterogenost''' jest [[fenomen]] u kojem različite [[mutacije]] na istom [[lokus (genetika)|lokusu]] dovode do istih ili vrlo sličnih [[fenotip]]ova. Ove alelne varijacije mogu nastati kao rezultat procesa [[prirodno odabiranje|prirodne selekcije]], kao rezultat [[egzogen]]ih [[mutagen]]a, [[genetički drift|genetičkog drifta]] ili genetička m... 3849415 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Slika:Allelic Heterogeneity-Locus Heterogeneity.jpg|thumb|300px| [[Alel]]na heterogenost – lokusna heterogenost]] '''Alelna heterogenost''' jest [[fenomen]] u kojem različite [[mutacije]] na istom [[lokus (genetika)|lokusu]] dovode do istih ili vrlo sličnih [[fenotip]]ova. Ove alelne varijacije mogu nastati kao rezultat procesa [[prirodno odabiranje|prirodne selekcije]], kao rezultat [[egzogen]]ih [[mutagen]]a, [[genetički drift|genetičkog drifta]] ili [[genetička migracija|genetičke migracije]]. Mnoge od ovih mutacija imaju oblik [[SNP|jednonukleotidnih polimorfizama]] u kojima je jednonukleotidna baza promijenjena u poređenju sa [[konsenzusna sekvenca|konsenzusom sekvence]]. Također mogu postojati kao [[varijacija broja kopija|varijante broja kopija]] (CNV) u kojima se kopije gena ili sekvence [[DNK]] razlikuju od populacijske.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Abinash|title=Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine: Allelic Heterogeneity|date=2013|publisher=Springer|location=New York|pages=66–67}}</ref> Mutirani [[alel]]i koji izražavaju alelnu heterogenost mogu se klasificirati kao adaptivni ili disadaptivni. Ove mutacije se mogu javiti u ćelijama [[klicin list|germinativne linije]], [[somatska ćelija|somatskim ćelijama]] ili u [[mitohondrijski genom|mitohondrijskom genomu]]. Mutacije u ćelijama germinativne linije mogu se naslijeđivati, kao i mitohondrijskne alelne mutacije. Mitohondrijske alelne mutacije nasljeđuju se majčinski. Tipično u ljudskom [[genom]]u mala količina alelnih varijanti čini ~75% mutacija pronađenih na određenom lokusu unutar populacije. Druge pronađene varijante smatraju se rijetkim ili ekskluzivnim za jedan [[Genealogija|pedigre]]. [[OMIM|Online Mendelovo nasljeđivanje čovjeka]] ima evidenciju o preko 1000 gena i njihovim povezanim alelnim varijantama. Ovi geni pokazuju alelnu heterogenost na svojim lokusima i odgovorni su za različite [[fenotip]]ove bolesti. Neke od ovih bolesti su [[alkaptonurija]], [[albinizam]], [[ahondroplazija]] i [[fenilketonurija]], naprimjer.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Scriver|first1=Charles R|title=Encyclopedia of Life Sciences|date=2005|publisher=John Wiley & Sons Ltd.|location=Etobicoke, Canada}}</ref><ref>"Genetics Home Reference", 25 September 2009, [https://web.archive.org/web/20081208231714/http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/glossary=allelicheterogeneity Allelic heterogeneity], 29 September 2009</ref> Naprimjer, [[beta-talasemija|β-talasemija]] može biti uzrokovana nekoliko različitih mutacija u genu za [[beta globin|β-globin]]. Alelnu heterogenost ne treba miješati sa [[heterogenost lokusa|heterogenošću lokusa]], u kojoj [[mutacija]] na drugom genu uzrokuje sličan [[fenotip]]. Niti je treba miješati sa [[fenotipska heterogenost| fenotipskom heterogenošću]] u kojoj mutacija unutar istog gena uzrokuje drugačiji fenotip. Ostale glavne bolesti koje pokazuju alelnu heterogenost su alelne mutacije u genu za [[distrofin]] koje uzrokuju [[Duchenneova distrofija|Duchenneovu distrofiju]] i mutacije u genu [[CFTR]], za koje se zna da uzrokuju [[cistasta fibroza|cistastu fibrozu]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Abinash|title=Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine: Allelic Heterogeneity|date=2013|publisher=Springer|location=New York|pages=66–67}}</ref> ==Alkaptonurija== {{glavni|Alkaptonurija}} Ljudski gen za [[nukleotid]]nu sekvencu [[Homogentizat 1,2-dioksigenaza|HGD]] pokazuje niz alelnih mutacija koje uzrokuju AKU. Dokumentovano je približno 40 različitih alelnih varijanti. Većina ovih varijanti nema uticaja na funkciju katalize [[enzim]]a. Nekoliko poznatih alela ima indirektan uticaj na funkciju proteina uzrokujući pogrešno savijanje i remete pravilno sastavljanje enzimskog kompleksa. Alkaptonurija se smatra klasičnim primjerom alelne heterogenosti, koja pokazuje jednu varijantu u ljudskom fenotipu.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Scriver|first1=Charles R|title=Encyclopedia of Life Sciences|date=2005|publisher=John Wiley & Sons Ltd.|location=Etobicoke, Canada}}</ref> == Također pogledajte == * [[Heterogenost lokusa]] ==Reference== {{Reflist}} [[Kategorija:Klasična genetika]] [[Kategorija:Mutacije]] 3z4bupkwn2wwfeslnub9kscur23gwmo Duchenneova distrofija 0 535003 3849416 2026-05-26T09:38:41Z GENETIČAR-2 181763 Preusmjereno na [[Duchenneova mišićna distrofija]] 3849416 wikitext text/x-wiki #Preusmjeri [[Duchenneova mišićna distrofija]] lrp7ch60g8u8ydcrknaxxpmpbrk2ha4 Eriksonove faze psihosocijalnog razvoja 0 535004 3849418 2026-05-26T09:42:31Z Bosancica by MK 173186 Preveden prvi dio teksta sa wikipedia en 3849418 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Šablon:Psihologija bočna traka}} [[Datoteka:Erik_Erikson.jpg|mini|desno|300px|Erik Erikson]] '''Eriksonove faze psihosocijalnog razvoja''' predstavljaju teoriju razvoja ličnosti koju je tokom druge polovine 20. stoljeća razvio [[Erik Erikson]] u saradnji sa svojom suprugom [[Joan Erikson]].<ref name="NYT_JoanErikson">{{Cite news |last=Thomas |first=Robert Mcg. Jr. |date=1997 |title=Joan Erikson Is Dead at 95; Shaped Thought on Life Cycles |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/08/us/joan-erikson-is-dead-at-95-shaped-thought-on-life-cycles.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |url-status=live |issn=0362-4331 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ova teorija ubraja se među najpoznatije [[psihoanaliza|psihoanalitičke]] pristupe razvoju ličnosti i opisuje osam uzastopnih faza kroz koje pojedinac prolazi od rođenja do starosti i smrti. Erikson je smatrao da razvoj ličnosti traje tokom cijelog života, a ne samo u djetinjstvu, kako se ranije često pretpostavljalo.<ref name="Syed_McLean_2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Syed |first1=Moin |last2=McLean |first2=Kate C. |date=2017 |title=Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development |url=https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/zf35d_v1 |journal=PsyArXiv |publisher=Center for Open Science |doi=10.31234/osf.io/zf35d |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Prema njegovoj teoriji, svaka razvojna faza obilježena je posebnim psihosocijalnim konfliktom koji nastaje u odnosu između unutrašnjih psiholoških potreba pojedinca i zahtjeva društvenog okruženja. Način na koji osoba riješi taj konflikt utječe na njen daljnji emocionalni, socijalni i psihološki razvoj.<ref name="Escalona_1951">{{Cite journal |last=Escalona |first=Sibylle |date=1951 |title=Childhood and Society. Erik H. Erikson. New York: Norton, 1950. 397 pp. $4.00 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.113.2931.253.a |journal=Science |volume=113 |issue=2931 |pages=253–253 |doi=10.1126/science.113.2931.253.a |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |issn=0036-8075 |language=en}}</ref> Na formiranje Eriksonove teorije značajno je utjecao rad [[Sigmund Freud|Sigmunda Freuda]] i njegova teorija [[Psihoseksualni razvoj|psihoseksualnog razvoja]]. Iako je Erikson u početku prihvatao osnovne psihoanalitičke postavke, kasnije je proširio Freudov pristup naglašavajući značaj društvenih odnosa, kulture i životnog iskustva u oblikovanju ličnosti.<ref name="Knight_2017">{{Cite journal |last=Knight |first=Zelda Gillian |date=2017 |title=A proposed model of psychodynamic psychotherapy linked to Erik Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312932996_A_proposed_model_of_psychodynamic_psychotherapy_linked_to_Erik_Erikson%27s_eight_stages_of_psychosocial_development |journal=Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=1047–1058 |doi=10.1002/cpp.2066 |pmid=28124459 |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Svoje ideje Erikson je sistematizirao u knjizi ''[[Childhood and Society]]'' iz 1950,<ref name="Erikson_1950">{{cite book |last=Erikson |first=Erik H. |title=Childhood and Society |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.19961 |date=1950 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |location=New York |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> u kojoj je detaljno predstavio model osam faza psihosocijalnog razvoja.<ref name="Knight_2017" /> Teorija je kasnije stekla širok utjecaj u oblastima [[razvojna psihologija|razvojne psihologije]], [[Obrazovanje|obrazovanja]], [[Psihoterapija|psihoterapije]] i socijalnog rada, posebno zbog naglašavanja povezanosti individualnog razvoja i društvenog okruženja.<ref name="Syed_McLean_2017" /> Eriksonova teorija faza psihosocijalnog razvoja opisuje ljudski razvoj kao proces koji se odvija kroz osam međusobno povezanih životnih faza. Prema Eriksonu, razvoj pojedinca rezultat je stalnog međudjelovanja bioloških i sociokulturnih faktora.<ref name="Orenstein_Lewis_2021">{{Cite book |last1=Orenstein |first1=Gabriel A. |last2=Lewis |first2=Lindsay |title=Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial Development |date=2021 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556096/ |work=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |location=Treasure Island (FL) |pmid=32310556 |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Svaka razvojna faza obilježena je određenom [[psihosocijalni razvoj|psihosocijalnom krizom]], odnosno unutrašnjim konfliktom između dvije suprotstavljene tendencije ili razvojne mogućnosti. Način na koji pojedinac odgovori na taj konflikt utječe na njegovo dalje emocionalno, socijalno i psihološko sazrijevanje. Uspješno prevazilaženje razvojne krize doprinosi razvoju pozitivnih osobina i sposobnosti koje Erikson naziva vrlinama. Na primjer, ukoliko dijete u najranijoj fazi razvoja stekne više povjerenja nego nepovjerenja prema okolini, razvija osjećaj nade koji postaje osnova za kasniji razvoj ličnosti.<ref name="Crain_2011">{{cite book |last=Crain |first=William |title=Theories of Development: Concepts and Applications |url=https://dn710104.ca.archive.org/0/items/WilliamCrainTheoriesOfDevelopmentConceptsBook4You/%5BWilliam_Crain%5D_Theories_of_development__concepts%28Book4You%29.pdf |date=2011 |publisher=Pearson Education, Inc. |location=Upper Saddle River, NJ |edition=6. |isbn=978-0-205-81046-8 |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Erikson je smatrao da su razvojne faze međusobno povezane i da se nadograđuju jedna na drugu. Iskustva stečena u ranijim fazama utječu na sposobnost pojedinca da se suoči sa izazovima u kasnijim životnim razdobljima.<ref name="Mitchell_2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Mitchell |first1=Lauren L. |last2=Lodi-Smith |first2=Jennifer |last3=Baranski |first3=Erica N. |last4=Whitbourne |first4=Susan Krauss |date=2021 |title=Implications of identity resolution in emerging adulthood for intimacy, generativity, and integrity across the adult lifespan |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8455066/ |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=545–556 |doi=10.1037/pag0000537 |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |issn=1939-1498 |language=en}}</ref> Konflikti koji nisu uspješno razriješeni u jednoj fazi mogu se ponovo pojaviti kao problemi u kasnijim periodima života. Ipak, Erikson nije smatrao da je potpuno savladavanje jedne faze neophodan uslov za prelazak u narednu. Istraživanja su pokazala da organizovane aktivnosti i životna iskustva mogu doprinijeti razvoju identiteta i psihosocijalnom sazrijevanju pojedinca.<ref name="Duerden_2009">{{Cite journal |last1=Duerden |first1=Mat D. |last2=Widmer |first2=Mark A. |last3=Taniguchi |first3=Stacy T. |last4=McCoy |first4=J. Kelly |date=2009 |title=Adventures in Identity Development: The Impact of Adventure Recreation on Adolescent Identity Development |url=http://www.seereducation.com/files/4713/6441/7230/Adv_in_Identity_Dvlp_Duerden_Widmer_Taniguchi__McCoy_2009.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809121149/http://www.seereducation.com/files/4713/6441/7230/Adv_in_Identity_Dvlp_Duerden_Widmer_Taniguchi__McCoy_2009.pdf |archive-date=9. 8. 2017 |url-status=usurped |journal=Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=341–359 |doi=10.1080/15283480903422806 |issn=1528-3488 |quote=Results indicated that program participants experienced significant identity development when contrasted with the comparison group. |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Na oblikovanje Eriksonove teorije značajno su utjecala njegova lična iskustva i porodične okolnosti. Rođen je u [[Njemačka|Njemačkoj]] od majke jevrejskog porijekla, a tokom djetinjstva nije poznavao svog biološkog oca te je odrastao uz više očinskih figura.<ref name="Whitfield_2000">{{Cite journal |last=Whitfield |first=Stephen J. |date=2000 |title=Becoming Erikson |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/29164 |journal=Reviews in American History |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=134–141 |doi=10.1353/rah.2000.0019 |issn=1080-6628 |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Zbog takvih okolnosti Erikson je često osjećao da ne pripada u potpunosti ni njemačkoj ni jevrejskoj zajednici, što je kod njega razvilo osjećaj otuđenosti i unutrašnjeg konflikta u vezi sa vlastitim [[identitet]]om. Pitanja identiteta i pripadnosti kasnije su postala jedno od centralnih obilježja Eriksonove teorije psihosocijalnog razvoja. Nakon uspona nacističkog režima i dolaska [[Adolf Hitler|Adolfa Hitlera]] na vlast, Erikson je napustio Njemačku i neposredno svjedočio djelovanju [[Nacionalizam|nacionalizma]], [[Diskriminacija|diskriminacije]] i društvene represije. Ova iskustva dodatno su usmjerila njegovo interesovanje prema proučavanju načina na koji društvene okolnosti, [[Predrasuda|predrasude]] i različiti oblici društvene isključenosti utječu na razvoj ličnosti i identiteta. Erikson je posebno naglašavao da razvoj pojedinca nije moguće posmatrati odvojeno od društvenog i kulturnog okruženja u kojem osoba odrasta i živi.<ref name="Martin-Joy_2025">{{Cite journal |last=Martin-Joy |first=John |date=2025 |title=Race and Prejudice in Erik Erikson’s Childhood and Society |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/962859 |journal=American Imago |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=93–127 |doi=10.1353/aim.2025.a962859 |issn=1085-7931 |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> == Međukulturna istraživanja == U kontekstu 1930-ih godina Eriksonov istraživački rad smatrao se relativno progresivnim, posebno zbog njegovog interesovanja za utjecaj kulture, diskriminacije i društvenih okolnosti na razvoj identiteta. Erikson je provodio istraživanja među [[Indijanci|američkim starosjedilačkim narodima]] i [[Afroamerikanci|afroameričkom populacijom]], nastojeći razumjeti povezanost društvenog okruženja i psihološkog razvoja pojedinca. Posebno je poznat po terenskim istraživanjima među plemenima Oglala Lakota i Yurok, gdje je proučavao odgoj djece, razvoj [[identitet]]a i odnos pojedinca prema zajednici. Erikson je uočio da su starosjedilačke zajednice često bile suočene sa krizama identiteta koje su nastajale kao posljedica diskriminacije, kolonizacije i prisilnih društvenih promjena. Način na koji su se te zajednice prilagođavale posljedicama kolonijalizma imao je značajan utjecaj na njegovo razumijevanje formiranja identiteta i razvoja ličnosti.<ref name="Martin-Joy_2025" /> U istraživanjima [[Afroamerikanci|afroameričke populacije]] Erikson se usmjerio na iskustva života tokom perioda rasne segregacije u [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama]]. Posebnu pažnju posvetio je utjecaju internalizovanog [[Rasizam|rasizma]], društvene stigmatizacije i [[Segregacija|segregacije]] na razvoj identiteta. Smatrao je da segregacija značajno utječe na način na koji Afroamerikanci doživljavaju vlastiti identitet i društveni položaj. Iako su njegova istraživanja predstavljala značajan doprinos proučavanju društvenih i kulturnih utjecaja na razvoj ličnosti, Erikson je kasnije priznao da njegovo razumijevanje iskustava afroameričke zajednice ostaje ograničeno. Također je smatrao da sama teorija psihosocijalnog razvoja nije dovoljna za potpuno objašnjenje složenih iskustava života pod rasnom diskriminacijom i društvenom nejednakošću.<ref name="Martin-Joy_2025" /> == Faze == {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" |- ! Približna dob<ref name="Boeree_2006">{{Cite web |title=Erik Erikson |url=https://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/erikson.html |last1=Boeree |first1=Cornelis George |date=2006 |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |website=webspace.ship.edu |publisher=Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania |language=en}}</ref> ! Vrline<ref name="Boeree_2006" /> ! Psihosocijalna kriza<ref name="Boeree_2006" /> ! Značajni odnos<ref name="Boeree_2006" /> ! Egzistencijalno pitanje<ref name="MCAT_2016">{{cite book |title=MCAT Behavioral Science Review |url=https://archive.org/details/mcatbehavioralsc0000unse_g1a6 |date=2016 |publisher=Kaplan Publishing |location=New York |edition=3. |isbn=978-1-5062-0323-2 |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> ! Događaji<ref name="MCAT_2016" /> |- ! Dojenačka dob Do 1 godine<ref name="Boeree_2006" /><ref name="Dunkel_Harbke_2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Dunkel |first1=Curtis S. |last2=Harbke |first2=Colin |date=1. 3. 2017 |title=A Review of Measures of Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: Evidence for a General Factor |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307141257_A_Review_of_Measures_of_Erikson's_Stages_of_Psychosocial_Development_Evidence_for_a_General_Factor |journal=Journal of Adult Development |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=58–76 |doi=10.1007/s10804-016-9247-4 |issn=1068-0667 |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> || Nada || Povjerenje naspram nepovjerenja || Majka / staratelj || Mogu li vjerovati svijetu? || Hranjenje, napuštanje |- ! Rana dječija dob 1–2 godine<ref name="Boeree_2006" /><ref name="Dunkel_Harbke_2017" /> || Volja || Autonomija naspram stida i sumnje || Roditelji || Da li je u redu da budem ja? || Kontrola mokrenja, samostalno oblačenje |- ! Rano djetinjstvo 3–6 godina<ref name="Boeree_2006" /><ref name="Lugo_Hershey_1979">{{cite book |last1=Lugo |first1=James O. |last2=Hershey |first2=Gerald L. |title=Human development: a psychological, biological, and sociological approach to the life span |url=https://archive.org/details/humandevelopment0000lugo |date=1979 |publisher=Macmillan |location=New York |isbn=978-0-02372-300-1 |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> || Svrha || Inicijativa naspram krivnje || Porodica || Da li je u redu da djelujem i istražujem? || Igra, korištenje alata, crtanje |- ! Školska dob 7–10 godina<ref name="Boeree_2006" /><ref name="Lugo_Hershey_1979" /> || Kompetentnost || Marljivost naspram inferiornosti || Škola, vršnjaci || Mogu li uspjeti u svijetu ljudi i stvari? || Škola, sport |- ! Adolescencija 11–19 godina<ref name="Lugo_Hershey_1979" /> || Vjernost || Identitet naspram konfuzije uloga || Vršnjaci, uzori || Ko sam ja? Ko mogu postati? || Društveni odnosi |- ! Rana odrasla dob 20–44 godine<ref name="Lugo_Hershey_1979" /> || Ljubav || Intimnost naspram izolacije || Partneri, prijatelji || Mogu li se povezati s drugom osobom? || Romantične veze |- ! Srednja odrasla dob 45–64 godine<ref name="Lugo_Hershey_1979" /> || Briga || Generativnost naspram stagnacije || Porodica, kolege || Da li moj život ima smisla? || Posao, roditeljstvo |- ! Pozna odrasla dob 65+ godina<ref name="Lugo_Hershey_1979" /> || Mudrost || Integritet ega naspram očaja || Čovječanstvo || Da li je bilo u redu da budem ja? || Refleksija o životu |} == Također pogledajte == * [[Razvoj djeteta]] * [[Razvojna psihologija]] * [[Razvoj etničkog identiteta]] * [[Kohlbergove faze moralnog razvoja]] * [[Neofrojdizam]] * [[Pozitivna dezintegracija]] == Reference == {{Refspisak}} {{Šablon:Ljudski psihološki razvoj}} {{Normativna kontrola}} [[Kategorija:Razvojna psihologija]] [[Kategorija:Teorije razvojnih faza]] [[Kategorija:Psihoanaliza]] hpll4xphy839rk1aolnnl2l2lshiur7 3849423 3849418 2026-05-26T09:55:55Z Mhare 481 3849423 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Šablon:Psihoanaliza}} [[Datoteka:Erik_Erikson.jpg|mini|desno|300px|Erik Erikson]] '''Eriksonove faze psihosocijalnog razvoja''' predstavljaju teoriju razvoja ličnosti koju je tokom druge polovine 20. stoljeća razvio [[Erik Erikson]] u saradnji sa svojom suprugom [[Joan Erikson]].<ref name="NYT_JoanErikson">{{Cite news |last=Thomas |first=Robert Mcg. Jr. |date=1997 |title=Joan Erikson Is Dead at 95; Shaped Thought on Life Cycles |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/08/us/joan-erikson-is-dead-at-95-shaped-thought-on-life-cycles.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |url-status=live |issn=0362-4331 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ova teorija ubraja se među najpoznatije [[psihoanaliza|psihoanalitičke]] pristupe razvoju ličnosti i opisuje osam uzastopnih faza kroz koje pojedinac prolazi od rođenja do starosti i smrti. Erikson je smatrao da razvoj ličnosti traje tokom cijelog života, a ne samo u djetinjstvu, kako se ranije često pretpostavljalo.<ref name="Syed_McLean_2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Syed |first1=Moin |last2=McLean |first2=Kate C. |date=2017 |title=Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development |url=https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/zf35d_v1 |journal=PsyArXiv |publisher=Center for Open Science |doi=10.31234/osf.io/zf35d |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Prema njegovoj teoriji, svaka razvojna faza obilježena je posebnim psihosocijalnim konfliktom koji nastaje u odnosu između unutrašnjih psiholoških potreba pojedinca i zahtjeva društvenog okruženja. Način na koji osoba riješi taj konflikt utječe na njen daljnji emocionalni, socijalni i psihološki razvoj.<ref name="Escalona_1951">{{Cite journal |last=Escalona |first=Sibylle |date=1951 |title=Childhood and Society. Erik H. Erikson. New York: Norton, 1950. 397 pp. $4.00 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.113.2931.253.a |journal=Science |volume=113 |issue=2931 |pages=253–253 |doi=10.1126/science.113.2931.253.a |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |issn=0036-8075 |language=en}}</ref> Na formiranje Eriksonove teorije značajno je utjecao rad [[Sigmund Freud|Sigmunda Freuda]] i njegova teorija [[Psihoseksualni razvoj|psihoseksualnog razvoja]]. Iako je Erikson u početku prihvatao osnovne psihoanalitičke postavke, kasnije je proširio Freudov pristup naglašavajući značaj društvenih odnosa, kulture i životnog iskustva u oblikovanju ličnosti.<ref name="Knight_2017">{{Cite journal |last=Knight |first=Zelda Gillian |date=2017 |title=A proposed model of psychodynamic psychotherapy linked to Erik Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312932996_A_proposed_model_of_psychodynamic_psychotherapy_linked_to_Erik_Erikson%27s_eight_stages_of_psychosocial_development |journal=Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=1047–1058 |doi=10.1002/cpp.2066 |pmid=28124459 |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Svoje ideje Erikson je sistematizirao u knjizi ''[[Childhood and Society]]'' iz 1950,<ref name="Erikson_1950">{{cite book |last=Erikson |first=Erik H. |title=Childhood and Society |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.19961 |date=1950 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |location=New York |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> u kojoj je detaljno predstavio model osam faza psihosocijalnog razvoja.<ref name="Knight_2017" /> Teorija je kasnije stekla širok utjecaj u oblastima [[razvojna psihologija|razvojne psihologije]], [[Obrazovanje|obrazovanja]], [[Psihoterapija|psihoterapije]] i socijalnog rada, posebno zbog naglašavanja povezanosti individualnog razvoja i društvenog okruženja.<ref name="Syed_McLean_2017" /> Eriksonova teorija faza psihosocijalnog razvoja opisuje ljudski razvoj kao proces koji se odvija kroz osam međusobno povezanih životnih faza. Prema Eriksonu, razvoj pojedinca rezultat je stalnog međudjelovanja bioloških i sociokulturnih faktora.<ref name="Orenstein_Lewis_2021">{{Cite book |last1=Orenstein |first1=Gabriel A. |last2=Lewis |first2=Lindsay |title=Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial Development |date=2021 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556096/ |work=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |location=Treasure Island (FL) |pmid=32310556 |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Svaka razvojna faza obilježena je određenom [[psihosocijalni razvoj|psihosocijalnom krizom]], odnosno unutrašnjim konfliktom između dvije suprotstavljene tendencije ili razvojne mogućnosti. Način na koji pojedinac odgovori na taj konflikt utječe na njegovo dalje emocionalno, socijalno i psihološko sazrijevanje. Uspješno prevazilaženje razvojne krize doprinosi razvoju pozitivnih osobina i sposobnosti koje Erikson naziva vrlinama. Na primjer, ukoliko dijete u najranijoj fazi razvoja stekne više povjerenja nego nepovjerenja prema okolini, razvija osjećaj nade koji postaje osnova za kasniji razvoj ličnosti.<ref name="Crain_2011">{{cite book |last=Crain |first=William |title=Theories of Development: Concepts and Applications |url=https://dn710104.ca.archive.org/0/items/WilliamCrainTheoriesOfDevelopmentConceptsBook4You/%5BWilliam_Crain%5D_Theories_of_development__concepts%28Book4You%29.pdf |date=2011 |publisher=Pearson Education, Inc. |location=Upper Saddle River, NJ |edition=6. |isbn=978-0-205-81046-8 |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Erikson je smatrao da su razvojne faze međusobno povezane i da se nadograđuju jedna na drugu. Iskustva stečena u ranijim fazama utječu na sposobnost pojedinca da se suoči sa izazovima u kasnijim životnim razdobljima.<ref name="Mitchell_2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Mitchell |first1=Lauren L. |last2=Lodi-Smith |first2=Jennifer |last3=Baranski |first3=Erica N. |last4=Whitbourne |first4=Susan Krauss |date=2021 |title=Implications of identity resolution in emerging adulthood for intimacy, generativity, and integrity across the adult lifespan |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8455066/ |journal=Psychology and Aging |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=545–556 |doi=10.1037/pag0000537 |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |issn=1939-1498 |language=en}}</ref> Konflikti koji nisu uspješno razriješeni u jednoj fazi mogu se ponovo pojaviti kao problemi u kasnijim periodima života. Ipak, Erikson nije smatrao da je potpuno savladavanje jedne faze neophodan uslov za prelazak u narednu. Istraživanja su pokazala da organizovane aktivnosti i životna iskustva mogu doprinijeti razvoju identiteta i psihosocijalnom sazrijevanju pojedinca.<ref name="Duerden_2009">{{Cite journal |last1=Duerden |first1=Mat D. |last2=Widmer |first2=Mark A. |last3=Taniguchi |first3=Stacy T. |last4=McCoy |first4=J. Kelly |date=2009 |title=Adventures in Identity Development: The Impact of Adventure Recreation on Adolescent Identity Development |url=http://www.seereducation.com/files/4713/6441/7230/Adv_in_Identity_Dvlp_Duerden_Widmer_Taniguchi__McCoy_2009.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809121149/http://www.seereducation.com/files/4713/6441/7230/Adv_in_Identity_Dvlp_Duerden_Widmer_Taniguchi__McCoy_2009.pdf |archive-date=9. 8. 2017 |url-status=usurped |journal=Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=341–359 |doi=10.1080/15283480903422806 |issn=1528-3488 |quote=Results indicated that program participants experienced significant identity development when contrasted with the comparison group. |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Na oblikovanje Eriksonove teorije značajno su utjecala njegova lična iskustva i porodične okolnosti. Rođen je u [[Njemačka|Njemačkoj]] od majke jevrejskog porijekla, a tokom djetinjstva nije poznavao svog biološkog oca te je odrastao uz više očinskih figura.<ref name="Whitfield_2000">{{Cite journal |last=Whitfield |first=Stephen J. |date=2000 |title=Becoming Erikson |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/29164 |journal=Reviews in American History |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=134–141 |doi=10.1353/rah.2000.0019 |issn=1080-6628 |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Zbog takvih okolnosti Erikson je često osjećao da ne pripada u potpunosti ni njemačkoj ni jevrejskoj zajednici, što je kod njega razvilo osjećaj otuđenosti i unutrašnjeg konflikta u vezi sa vlastitim [[identitet]]om. Pitanja identiteta i pripadnosti kasnije su postala jedno od centralnih obilježja Eriksonove teorije psihosocijalnog razvoja. Nakon uspona nacističkog režima i dolaska [[Adolf Hitler|Adolfa Hitlera]] na vlast, Erikson je napustio Njemačku i neposredno svjedočio djelovanju [[Nacionalizam|nacionalizma]], [[Diskriminacija|diskriminacije]] i društvene represije. Ova iskustva dodatno su usmjerila njegovo interesovanje prema proučavanju načina na koji društvene okolnosti, [[Predrasuda|predrasude]] i različiti oblici društvene isključenosti utječu na razvoj ličnosti i identiteta. Erikson je posebno naglašavao da razvoj pojedinca nije moguće posmatrati odvojeno od društvenog i kulturnog okruženja u kojem osoba odrasta i živi.<ref name="Martin-Joy_2025">{{Cite journal |last=Martin-Joy |first=John |date=2025 |title=Race and Prejudice in Erik Erikson’s Childhood and Society |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/962859 |journal=American Imago |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=93–127 |doi=10.1353/aim.2025.a962859 |issn=1085-7931 |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> == Međukulturna istraživanja == U kontekstu 1930-ih godina Eriksonov istraživački rad smatrao se relativno progresivnim, posebno zbog njegovog interesovanja za utjecaj kulture, diskriminacije i društvenih okolnosti na razvoj identiteta. Erikson je provodio istraživanja među [[Indijanci|američkim starosjedilačkim narodima]] i [[Afroamerikanci|afroameričkom populacijom]], nastojeći razumjeti povezanost društvenog okruženja i psihološkog razvoja pojedinca. Posebno je poznat po terenskim istraživanjima među plemenima Oglala Lakota i Yurok, gdje je proučavao odgoj djece, razvoj [[identitet]]a i odnos pojedinca prema zajednici. Erikson je uočio da su starosjedilačke zajednice često bile suočene sa krizama identiteta koje su nastajale kao posljedica diskriminacije, kolonizacije i prisilnih društvenih promjena. Način na koji su se te zajednice prilagođavale posljedicama kolonijalizma imao je značajan utjecaj na njegovo razumijevanje formiranja identiteta i razvoja ličnosti.<ref name="Martin-Joy_2025" /> U istraživanjima [[Afroamerikanci|afroameričke populacije]] Erikson se usmjerio na iskustva života tokom perioda rasne segregacije u [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama]]. Posebnu pažnju posvetio je utjecaju internalizovanog [[Rasizam|rasizma]], društvene stigmatizacije i [[Segregacija|segregacije]] na razvoj identiteta. Smatrao je da segregacija značajno utječe na način na koji Afroamerikanci doživljavaju vlastiti identitet i društveni položaj. Iako su njegova istraživanja predstavljala značajan doprinos proučavanju društvenih i kulturnih utjecaja na razvoj ličnosti, Erikson je kasnije priznao da njegovo razumijevanje iskustava afroameričke zajednice ostaje ograničeno. Također je smatrao da sama teorija psihosocijalnog razvoja nije dovoljna za potpuno objašnjenje složenih iskustava života pod rasnom diskriminacijom i društvenom nejednakošću.<ref name="Martin-Joy_2025" /> == Faze == {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" |- ! Približna dob<ref name="Boeree_2006">{{Cite web |title=Erik Erikson |url=https://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/erikson.html |last1=Boeree |first1=Cornelis George |date=2006 |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |website=webspace.ship.edu |publisher=Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania |language=en}}</ref> ! Vrline<ref name="Boeree_2006" /> ! Psihosocijalna kriza<ref name="Boeree_2006" /> ! Značajni odnos<ref name="Boeree_2006" /> ! Egzistencijalno pitanje<ref name="MCAT_2016">{{cite book |title=MCAT Behavioral Science Review |url=https://archive.org/details/mcatbehavioralsc0000unse_g1a6 |date=2016 |publisher=Kaplan Publishing |location=New York |edition=3. |isbn=978-1-5062-0323-2 |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> ! Događaji<ref name="MCAT_2016" /> |- ! Dojenačka dob Do 1 godine<ref name="Boeree_2006" /><ref name="Dunkel_Harbke_2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Dunkel |first1=Curtis S. |last2=Harbke |first2=Colin |date=1. 3. 2017 |title=A Review of Measures of Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: Evidence for a General Factor |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307141257_A_Review_of_Measures_of_Erikson's_Stages_of_Psychosocial_Development_Evidence_for_a_General_Factor |journal=Journal of Adult Development |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=58–76 |doi=10.1007/s10804-016-9247-4 |issn=1068-0667 |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> || Nada || Povjerenje naspram nepovjerenja || Majka / staratelj || Mogu li vjerovati svijetu? || Hranjenje, napuštanje |- ! Rana dječija dob 1–2 godine<ref name="Boeree_2006" /><ref name="Dunkel_Harbke_2017" /> || Volja || Autonomija naspram stida i sumnje || Roditelji || Da li je u redu da budem ja? || Kontrola mokrenja, samostalno oblačenje |- ! Rano djetinjstvo 3–6 godina<ref name="Boeree_2006" /><ref name="Lugo_Hershey_1979">{{cite book |last1=Lugo |first1=James O. |last2=Hershey |first2=Gerald L. |title=Human development: a psychological, biological, and sociological approach to the life span |url=https://archive.org/details/humandevelopment0000lugo |date=1979 |publisher=Macmillan |location=New York |isbn=978-0-02372-300-1 |access-date=26. 5. 2026 |language=en}}</ref> || Svrha || Inicijativa naspram krivnje || Porodica || Da li je u redu da djelujem i istražujem? || Igra, korištenje alata, crtanje |- ! Školska dob 7–10 godina<ref name="Boeree_2006" /><ref name="Lugo_Hershey_1979" /> || Kompetentnost || Marljivost naspram inferiornosti || Škola, vršnjaci || Mogu li uspjeti u svijetu ljudi i stvari? || Škola, sport |- ! Adolescencija 11–19 godina<ref name="Lugo_Hershey_1979" /> || Vjernost || Identitet naspram konfuzije uloga || Vršnjaci, uzori || Ko sam ja? Ko mogu postati? || Društveni odnosi |- ! Rana odrasla dob 20–44 godine<ref name="Lugo_Hershey_1979" /> || Ljubav || Intimnost naspram izolacije || Partneri, prijatelji || Mogu li se povezati s drugom osobom? || Romantične veze |- ! Srednja odrasla dob 45–64 godine<ref name="Lugo_Hershey_1979" /> || Briga || Generativnost naspram stagnacije || Porodica, kolege || Da li moj život ima smisla? || Posao, roditeljstvo |- ! Pozna odrasla dob 65+ godina<ref name="Lugo_Hershey_1979" /> || Mudrost || Integritet ega naspram očaja || Čovječanstvo || Da li je bilo u redu da budem ja? || Refleksija o životu |} == Također pogledajte == * [[Razvoj djeteta]] * [[Razvojna psihologija]] * [[Razvoj etničkog identiteta]] * [[Kohlbergove faze moralnog razvoja]] * [[Neofrojdizam]] * [[Pozitivna dezintegracija]] == Reference == {{Refspisak}} {{Šablon:Ljudski psihološki razvoj}} {{Normativna kontrola}} [[Kategorija:Razvojna psihologija]] [[Kategorija:Teorije razvojnih faza]] [[Kategorija:Psihoanaliza]] ifatdqcxw84nem1d1mh649sm2enjc31 Amesov test 0 535005 3849419 2026-05-26T09:45:37Z GENETIČAR-2 181763 Nova stranica: [[Slika:Ames test.svg|500px|right|thumb|Procedura Amesovog testa]] '''Amesov test''' je široko korištena metoda koja koristi [[bakterije]] za testiranje da li određena hemikalija može izazvati [[mutacije]] u [[DNK]] testiranog organizma. Formalnije, to je [[biološki test|biološka analiza]] za procjenu [[mutagen]]og potencijala [[hemijski spoj|hemijskih spojeva]].<ref name="pmid11113466">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mortelmans K, Zeiger E | title = The Ames Salmonella/mi... 3849419 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Slika:Ames test.svg|500px|right|thumb|Procedura Amesovog testa]] '''Amesov test''' je široko korištena metoda koja koristi [[bakterije]] za testiranje da li određena hemikalija može izazvati [[mutacije]] u [[DNK]] testiranog organizma. Formalnije, to je [[biološki test|biološka analiza]] za procjenu [[mutagen]]og potencijala [[hemijski spoj|hemijskih spojeva]].<ref name="pmid11113466">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mortelmans K, Zeiger E | title = The Ames Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay | journal = Mutation Research | volume = 455 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 29–60 | date = November 2000 | pmid = 11113466 | doi = 10.1016/S0027-5107(00)00064-6 | bibcode = 2000MRFMM.455...29M }}</ref> Pozitivan test ukazuje na to da je hemikalija [[mutagen]]a i stoga može djelovati kao [[kancerogen]], jer je rak često povezan s [[mutacija|mutacijom]]. Test služi kao brz i praktičan test za procjenu kancerogenog potencijala spoja jer su standardni testovi kancerogenosti na [[miševi]]ma i [[pacov]]ima dugotrajni (traju dvije do tri godine) i skupi. Međutim, poznati su [[lažna pozitivnost i negativnost|lažno pozitivni i lažno negativni rezultati]].<ref name="urlAmes Test: Encyclopedia of Public Health">{{cite encyclopedia | title = Ames Test | author = Charnley G |year = 2002 | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Public Health | publisher = eNotes.com |url=http://www.enotes.com/public-health-encyclopedia/ames-test |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090204185058/http://www.enotes.com/public-health-encyclopedia/ames-test| archive-date= 4 February 2009 | url-status=dead |access-date=2014-05-02}}</ref> Postupak je opisan u nizu radova početkom 1970-ih od strane [[Bruce Ames|Brucea Amesa]] i njegove grupe na Univerzitetu Kalifornije, [[Berkeley]].<ref name="ames"/><ref name="ames 1"/><ref name="ames 2"/><ref name="ames 3"/> == Opći postupak == Amesov test koristi nekoliko sojeva bakterije ''[[Salmonella typhimurium]]'' koji nose mutacije u genima uključenim u [[biosintezu histidina]]. Ovi sojevi su [[aksotrof]]ni mutanti, tj. potreban im je [[histidin]] za rast, ali ga ne mogu proizvesti. Metoda testira sposobnost testirane supstance u stvaranju mutacija koje rezultiraju povratkom u "prototrofno" stanje, tako da ćelije mogu rasti na mediju bez histidina. [[soj (botanika)|Sojevi]] koji se testiraju su posebno konstruirani za detekciju ili translacijskog [[pomaka okvira čitanja|pomaka okvira čitanja]] (npr. sojevi TA-1537 i TA-1538) ili [[tačkasta mutacija|tačkaste mutacije]] (npr. soj TA-1531) [[mutacije]] u genima potrebnim za sintezu histidina, tako da se mogu identificirati mutageni koji djeluju putem različitih mehanizama. Neki spojevi su prilično specifični, uzrokujući reverzije u samo jednom ili dva soja.<ref name="ames 1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ames BN, Gurney EG, Miller JA, Bartsch H | title = Carcinogens as frameshift mutagens: metabolites and derivatives of 2-acetylaminofluorene and other aromatic amine carcinogens | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 69 | issue = 11 | pages = 3128–32 | date = November 1972 | pmid = 4564203 | pmc = 389719 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.69.11.3128 | bibcode = 1972PNAS...69.3128A | doi-access = free }}</ref> Sojevi testera također nose mutacije u genima odgovornim za sintezu [[lipopolisaharid]]a, što čini [[ćelijski zid]] bakterija propusnijim,<ref name="ames 2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ames BN, Lee FD, Durston WE | title = An improved bacterial test system for the detection and classification of mutagens and carcinogens | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 70 | issue = 3 | pages = 782–6 | date = March 1973 | pmid = 4577135 | pmc = 433358 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.70.3.782 | bibcode = 1973PNAS...70..782A | doi-access = free }}</ref> i u [[Nukleotidna ekscizijska popravka|sistem ekscizijskog popravki]], kako bi test bio osjetljiviji.<ref name="ames 3">{{cite journal | vauthors = McCann J, Spingarn NE, Kobori J, Ames BN | title = Detection of carcinogens as mutagens: bacterial tester strains with R factor plasmids | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 72 | issue = 3 | pages = 979–83 | date = March 1975 | pmid = 165497 | pmc = 432447 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.72.3.979 | bibcode = 1975PNAS...72..979M | doi-access = free }}</ref> Veći organizmi poput [[sisar]]a imaju metaboličke procese koji bi potencijalno mogli pretvoriti hemikaliju koja se smatra mutagenom u onu koja jeste ili onu koja se smatra mutagenom u onu koja to nije.<ref>{{cite book | first1 = Leland | last1 = Hartwell | first2 = Michael | last2 = Goldberg | first3 = Leroy | last3 = Hood | first4 = Ann | last4 = Reynolds | first5= Lee | last5 = Silver | name-list-style = vanc | title = Genetics: from genes to genomes|date=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill | isbn = 978-0-07-352526-6 |edition=4th|location=New York|oclc=317623365}}</ref> Stoga, kako bi se efikasnije testirala mutagenost hemijskog spoja u odnosu na veće organizme, mogu se dodati enzimi jetre pacova u pokušaju da se replicira učinak metaboličkih procesa na spoj koji se testira u Amesovom testu. Ekstrakt pacovske [[jetra|jetre]] se opciono dodaje, kako bi se simulirao učinak [[metabolizam| metabolizma]], jer neki spojevi, poput [[benzo(a)piren|benzo[''a'']pirena]], sami po sebi nisu mutageni, ali njihovi metabolički produkti jesu.<ref name="ames">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ames BN, Durston WE, Yamasaki E, Lee FD | title = Carcinogens are mutagens: a simple test system combining liver homogenates for activation and bacteria for detection | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 70 | issue = 8 | pages = 2281–5 | date = August 1973 | pmid = 4151811 | pmc = 433718 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.70.8.2281 | bibcode = 1973PNAS...70.2281A | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[Bakterije]] se rasprostiru na [[agar]]noj ploči s malom količinom [[histidin]]a. Ova mala količina histidina u mediju za rast omogućava bakterijama da rastu u početnom periodu i imaju priliku za mutaciju. Kada se histidin potroši, preživjet će samo bakterije koje su mutirale i stekle sposobnost proizvodnje vlastitog histidina. Ploča se inkubira 48 sati. Mutagenost tvari proporcionalna je broju uočenih kolonija. ==Amesov test i karcinogeni== Mutageni identificirani Amesovim testom također su mogući karcinogeni, a rane Amesove studije pokazale su da se 90% poznatih karcinogena može identificirati ovim testom.<ref name="ames75">{{cite journal | vauthors = McCann J, Choi E, Yamasaki E, Ames BN | title = Detection of carcinogens as mutagens in the Salmonella/microsome test: assay of 300 chemicals | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 72 | issue = 12 | pages = 5135–9 | date = December 1975 | pmid = 1061098 | pmc = 388891 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.72.12.5135 | bibcode = 1975PNAS...72.5135M | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ames BN | title = Identifying environmental chemicals causing mutations and cancer | journal = Science | volume = 204 | issue = 4393 | pages = 587–93 | date = May 1979 | pmid = 373122 | doi = 10.1126/science.373122 | url = http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/documentStore/e/p/c/epc74e00/Sepc74e00.pdf | author-link1 = Bruce Ames | jstor = 1748159 | bibcode = 1979Sci...204..587A }}</ref> Primjeri uključuju [[tris(2,3-dibromopropil)fosfat]], koji se koristio kao usporivač gorenja u plastici i tekstilu poput dječje odjeće za spavanje,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Prival MJ, McCoy EC, Gutter B, Rosendranz HS | title = Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate: mutagenicity of a widely used flame retardant | journal = Science | volume = 195 | issue = 4273 | pages = 76–8 | date = January 1977 | pmid = 318761 | doi = 10.1126/science.318761 | bibcode = 1977Sci...195...76P }}</ref> i [[furilfuramid]], koji se koristio kao antibakterijski aditiv u hrani u [[Japan]]u 1960-ih i 1970-ih. Furilfuramid je zapravo prethodno prošao testove na životinjama, ali rigorozniji testovi nakon njegove identifikacije u Amesovom testu pokazali su da je kancerogen.<ref> {{Citation | last = Hayatsu | first = Hiroka | title = Mutagens in Food: Detection and Prevention | publisher = CRC Press | year = 1991 | pages = 286 pages | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=eQyMCWRIVf4C&q=carcinogen+preservative+(furylfuramide%7Caf2)&pg=RA1-PA1 |isbn = 978-0-8493-5877-7 }}</ref> Njihovi pozitivni testovi rezultirali su povlačenjem tih hemikalija iz upotrebe u potrošačkim proizvodima. Jedan zanimljiv rezultat Amesovog testa je da je krivulja doze i odgovora korištenjem različitih koncentracija hemikalije gotovo uvijek linearna,<ref name="ames75"/> što ukazuje na to da ne postoji granična koncentracija za mutagenezu. Stoga to sugerira da, kao i kod zračenja, može postojati [[Linearni model bez praga|nema sigurnog praga]] za hemijske mutagene ili kancerogene.<ref>{{cite book | first = Andrew | last = Teasdale | name-list-style = vanc | title = Genotoxic Impurities: Strategies for Identification and Control |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-470-49919-1 }}</ref><ref name="linear">{{cite journal | vauthors = Tubiana M | title = The carcinogenic effect of exposure to low doses of carcinogens | journal = British Journal of Industrial Medicine | volume = 49 | issue = 9 | pages = 601–5 | date = September 1992 | pmid = 1390264 | pmc = 1039303 | doi = 10.1136/oem.49.9.601 }}</ref> Međutim, neki su predložili da organizmi mogu tolerirati niske nivoe mutagena zbog zaštitnih mehanizama kao što je [[popravka DNK]], te da stoga može postojati prag za određene hemijske mutagene.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jenkins GJ, Doak SH, Johnson GE, Quick E, Waters EM, Parry JM | title = Do dose response thresholds exist for genotoxic alkylating agents? | journal = Mutagenesis | volume = 20 | issue = 6 | pages = 389–98 | date = November 2005 | pmid = 16135536 | doi = 10.1093/mutage/gei054 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Sam Bruce Ames protivio se linearnoj ekstrapolaciji doze i odgovora sa visoke doze korištene u testovima karcinogeneze na [[modelni organizam|životinjskim sistemima]] na nižu dozu hemikalija koja se normalno susreće kod ljudi, jer rezultati mogu biti lažno pozitivni zbog [[mitogen]]og odgovora uzrokovanog vještački visokom dozom hemikalija korištenih u takvim testovima.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Forman D | title = Ames, the Ames test, and the causes of cancer | journal = BMJ | volume = 303 | issue = 6800 | pages = 428–9 | date = August 1991 | pmid = 1912830 | pmc = 1670593 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.303.6800.428 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ames BN, Gold LS | title = Chemical carcinogenesis: too many rodent carcinogens | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 87 | issue = 19 | pages = 7772–6 | date = October 1990 | pmid = 2217209 | pmc = 54830 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.87.19.7772 | bibcode = 1990PNAS...87.7772A | doi-access = free }}</ref> Također je upozorio na "histeriju oko sitnih tragova hemikalija koje mogu, ali i ne moraju uzrokovati rak", koja "potpuno isključuje glavne rizike kojih biste trebali biti svjesni".<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Twombly R | title = Federal carcinogen report debuts new list of nominees | journal = Journal of the National Cancer Institute | volume = 93 | issue = 18 | pages = 1372 | date = September 2001 | pmid = 11562386 | doi = 10.1093/jnci/93.18.1372 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Amesov test koristi se često kao jedan od početnih probira za potencijalne lijekove kako bi se uklonili mogući kancerogeni, i jedan je od osam testova potrebnih prema [[Federalni zakon o insekticidima, fungicidima i rodenticidima|Zakonu o pesticidima]] ([[SAD]]) i jedan od šest testova potrebnih prema [[Zakon o kontroli toksičnih supstanci iz 1976.|Zakonu o kontroli toksičnih supstanci]] (SAD).<ref>{{cite book |title=The Molecular Basis of Cancer | first1 = Peter B | last1 = Farmer | first2 = John M | last2 = Walker | name-list-style = vanc |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t9ENAAAAQAAJ |publisher=Krieger Publishing Company |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7099-1044-2 }}</ref> ==Ograničenja== ''[[Salmonella]] typhimurium'' je [[prokariot]]ski [[organizam]]; stoga nije savršen model za ljude. Jetra pacova [[S9 frakcija]] koristi se za oponašanje metaboličkih uslova [[sisar]]a, kako bi se mogao procijeniti mutageni potencijal [[metabolit]]a koje formira matična molekula u jetrenom sistemu; međutim, postoje razlike u metabolizmu između ljudi i pacova, koje mogu uticati na mutagenost hemikalija koje se testiraju.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hakura A, Suzuki S, Satoh T | title = Advantage of the use of human liver S9 in the Ames test | journal = Mutation Research | volume = 438 | issue = 1 | pages = 29–36 | date = January 1999 | pmid = 9858674 | doi = 10.1016/s1383-5718(98)00159-4 | bibcode = 1999MRGTE.438...29H }}</ref> Test se stoga može poboljšati korištenjem S9 frakcije ljudske [[jetra|jetre]]; njegova upotreba je ranije bila ograničena dostupnošću, ali sada je komercijalno dostupna i stoga može biti izvodljivija.<ref>{{cite book | title=Optimization in Drug Discovery: in vitro methods | series=Methods in Pharmacology and toxicology | editor1-first=Zhengyin | editor1-last=Yan | editor2-first=Gary | editor2-last=Caldwell | name-list-style = vanc | publisher=Humana Press | year=2004 | isbn=978-1-58829-332-9 | first1 = Atsushi | last1 = Hakura | first2 = Satoshi | last2 = Suzuki | first3 = Tetsuo | last3 = Satoh | chapter=Improvement of the Ames test using human liver S9 preparation }}</ref> Za [[eukariot]]ske ćelije, na primjer [[kvasac]], napravljen je prilagođeni model ''[[in vitro]]''. Mutageni identificirani Amesovim testom ne moraju nužno biti [[kancerogen]]i, a potrebna su daljnja ispitivanja za svaki potencijalni kancerogen identificiran u testu. Lijekovi koji sadrže nitratni dio ponekad se pokažu pozitivnima na Ames test kada su zaista sigurni. Nitratni spojevi mogu generirati [[dušik-oksid]], važnu signalnu molekulu koja može dati lažno pozitivan rezultat. [[Nitroglicerin]] je primjer koji daje pozitivan Amesov test, ali se i danas koristi u liječenju. Međutim, [[nitrat]]i u hrani mogu se reducirati bakterijskim djelovanjem na [[nitrit]]e za koje se zna da stvaraju kancerogene tvari reagirajući s [[amin (hemija)|aminima]] i [[amid]]ima. Potrebne su dugotrajne toksikološke i ishodne studije s takvim spojevima, kako bi se opovrgnuo pozitivan Amesov test. ==Metoda fluktuacije== [[Datoteka:Wiki muta2.png|300px|right|thumb| Metoda fluktuacije: sa [[96-jažična ploča|96-jažičnom pločom]]]] [[Slika:Ames MPF 384 plate.jpg|thumb|300px| Metoda fluktuacije: sa [[384-jažična ploča|384-jažičnom pločom]] Amesov test prvobitno je razvijen korištenjem [[agar]]nih ploča (tehnika ugradnje ploče), kao što je gore opisano. Od tada je razvijena alternativa izvođenju Amesovog testa, koja je poznata kao "metoda fluktuacije". Ova tehnika je konceptualno ista kao i metoda zasnovana na agaru, pri čemu se [[bakterije]] dodaju u reakcijsku smjesu s malom količinom [[histidin]]a, što im omogućava da rastu i mutiraju, vraćajući se da sintetiziraju vlastiti histidin. Uključivanjem [[pH-indikator]]a, učestalost mutacije se broji u [[mikroploča]]ma, kao broj jažica koje su promijenile boju (uzrokovano padom pH vrijednosti zbog metaboličkih procesa reprodukcije bakterija). Kao i kod tradicionalnog Amesovog testa, uzorak se poredi s prirodnom brzinom [[reverzne mutacije]] kako bi se utvrdila [[genotoksičnost]] supstance. Metoda fluktuacije se u potpunosti izvodi u tečnoj kulturi i ocjenjuje se brojanjem broja jažica koje postanu žute iz ljubičaste u mikropločama sa 96 ili 384 jažica. Kod metode ploče sa 96 jažica, učestalost mutacije se računa kao broj jažica od 96 koje su promijenile boju. Ploče se inkubiraju do pet dana, pri čemu se mutirane (žute) kolonije broje svaki dan i upoređuju sa osnovnom stopom reverzne mutacije koristeći utvrđene tabele značajnosti kako bi se utvrdile značajne razlike između osnovne stope mutacije i one za testirane uzorke. Kod metode mikrofluktuacije na ploči sa 384 jažice, koja je smanjenija, učestalost mutacije računa se kao broj jažica od 48 koje su promijenile boju nakon dva dana inkubacije. Testni uzorak analizira se u šest nivoa doze sa istovremenom nultom dozom (pozadina) i pozitivnim kontrolama koje se sve uklapaju u jednu ploču sa 384 jažice. Test se izvodi u tri ponavljanja, kako bi se osigurala statistička robusnost. Koristi preporučene [[OECD smjernice za testiranje hemikalija|OECD smjernica 471]] sojeve testera (histidinske i [[triptofan]]ski auksotrofi). Metoda fluktuacije je uporediva s tradicionalnom metodom siromašne ploče u smislu osjetljivosti i tačnosti; međutim, ima niz prednosti: potrebno je manje [[uzorak|uzorka]] za testiranje, ima jednostavnu kolorimetrijsku završnu tačku, brojanje pozitivnih jažica od mogućih 96 ili 48 jažica oduzima mnogo manje vremena nego brojanje pojedinačnih kolonija na agarnoj ploči. Dostupno je nekoliko komercijalnih kompleta. Većina kompleta ima potrošne komponente u stanju spremnom za upotrebu, uključujući liofilizirane bakterije, a testovi se mogu izvoditi pomoću višekanalnih pipeta. Metoda fluktuacije također omogućava testiranje većih volumena vodenih uzoraka (do 75% v/v), povećavajući osjetljivost i proširujući njenu primjenu na mutagene iz okoliša niskog nivoa.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bridges BA | title = The fluctuation test | journal = Archives of Toxicology | volume = 46 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 41–4 | date = November 1980 | pmid = 7235997 | doi = 10.1007/BF00361244 | bibcode = 1980ArTox..46...41B | s2cid = 23769437 }}</ref> == Reference == {{reflist|32em}} == Dodatni izvori == {{refbegin|32em}} *{{Cite journal|date=1989-03-01|title=Metabolic action of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to mutagens in the Ames test by various animal species including man|journal=Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis|language=en|volume=211|issue=1|pages=147–151|doi=10.1016/0027-5107(89)90115-2|issn=0027-5107|last1=Phillipson|first1=Caroline E.|last2=Ioannides|first2=Costas|pmid=2493576|bibcode=1989MRFMM.211..147P }} *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zm3sCgAAQBAJ&q=the+ames+test+gelboin&pg=PA72|title=The Understanding, Prevention and Control of Human Cancer: The Historic Work and Lives of Elizabeth Cavert Miller and James A. Miller|last=McKinnell|first=Robert Gilmore | name-list-style = vanc |date=2015-11-06|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004286801|language=en}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Claxton LD, Umbuzeiro GD, DeMarini DM | title = The Salmonella mutagenicity assay: the stethoscope of genetic toxicology for the 21st century | journal = Environmental Health Perspectives | volume = 118 | issue = 11 | pages = 1515–22 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 20682480 | pmc = 2974687 | doi = 10.1289/ehp.1002336 | bibcode = 2010EnvHP.118.1515C }} {{refend}} {{Genotoksičnost}} [[Kategorija:Primijenjena genetika]] [[Kategorija:Biohemija]] [[Kategorija:Laboratorijske tehnike]] [[Kategorija:Toksikologija]] [[Kategorija:Klasična genetika]] g2knb4vm1w87h962g8q2midoqmzouol 3849421 3849419 2026-05-26T09:50:16Z GENETIČAR-2 181763 /* Metoda fluktuacije */ 3849421 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Slika:Ames test.svg|500px|right|thumb|Procedura Amesovog testa]] '''Amesov test''' je široko korištena metoda koja koristi [[bakterije]] za testiranje da li određena hemikalija može izazvati [[mutacije]] u [[DNK]] testiranog organizma. Formalnije, to je [[biološki test|biološka analiza]] za procjenu [[mutagen]]og potencijala [[hemijski spoj|hemijskih spojeva]].<ref name="pmid11113466">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mortelmans K, Zeiger E | title = The Ames Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay | journal = Mutation Research | volume = 455 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 29–60 | date = November 2000 | pmid = 11113466 | doi = 10.1016/S0027-5107(00)00064-6 | bibcode = 2000MRFMM.455...29M }}</ref> Pozitivan test ukazuje na to da je hemikalija [[mutagen]]a i stoga može djelovati kao [[kancerogen]], jer je rak često povezan s [[mutacija|mutacijom]]. Test služi kao brz i praktičan test za procjenu kancerogenog potencijala spoja jer su standardni testovi kancerogenosti na [[miševi]]ma i [[pacov]]ima dugotrajni (traju dvije do tri godine) i skupi. Međutim, poznati su [[lažna pozitivnost i negativnost|lažno pozitivni i lažno negativni rezultati]].<ref name="urlAmes Test: Encyclopedia of Public Health">{{cite encyclopedia | title = Ames Test | author = Charnley G |year = 2002 | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Public Health | publisher = eNotes.com |url=http://www.enotes.com/public-health-encyclopedia/ames-test |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090204185058/http://www.enotes.com/public-health-encyclopedia/ames-test| archive-date= 4 February 2009 | url-status=dead |access-date=2014-05-02}}</ref> Postupak je opisan u nizu radova početkom 1970-ih od strane [[Bruce Ames|Brucea Amesa]] i njegove grupe na Univerzitetu Kalifornije, [[Berkeley]].<ref name="ames"/><ref name="ames 1"/><ref name="ames 2"/><ref name="ames 3"/> == Opći postupak == Amesov test koristi nekoliko sojeva bakterije ''[[Salmonella typhimurium]]'' koji nose mutacije u genima uključenim u [[biosintezu histidina]]. Ovi sojevi su [[aksotrof]]ni mutanti, tj. potreban im je [[histidin]] za rast, ali ga ne mogu proizvesti. Metoda testira sposobnost testirane supstance u stvaranju mutacija koje rezultiraju povratkom u "prototrofno" stanje, tako da ćelije mogu rasti na mediju bez histidina. [[soj (botanika)|Sojevi]] koji se testiraju su posebno konstruirani za detekciju ili translacijskog [[pomaka okvira čitanja|pomaka okvira čitanja]] (npr. sojevi TA-1537 i TA-1538) ili [[tačkasta mutacija|tačkaste mutacije]] (npr. soj TA-1531) [[mutacije]] u genima potrebnim za sintezu histidina, tako da se mogu identificirati mutageni koji djeluju putem različitih mehanizama. Neki spojevi su prilično specifični, uzrokujući reverzije u samo jednom ili dva soja.<ref name="ames 1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ames BN, Gurney EG, Miller JA, Bartsch H | title = Carcinogens as frameshift mutagens: metabolites and derivatives of 2-acetylaminofluorene and other aromatic amine carcinogens | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 69 | issue = 11 | pages = 3128–32 | date = November 1972 | pmid = 4564203 | pmc = 389719 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.69.11.3128 | bibcode = 1972PNAS...69.3128A | doi-access = free }}</ref> Sojevi testera također nose mutacije u genima odgovornim za sintezu [[lipopolisaharid]]a, što čini [[ćelijski zid]] bakterija propusnijim,<ref name="ames 2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ames BN, Lee FD, Durston WE | title = An improved bacterial test system for the detection and classification of mutagens and carcinogens | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 70 | issue = 3 | pages = 782–6 | date = March 1973 | pmid = 4577135 | pmc = 433358 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.70.3.782 | bibcode = 1973PNAS...70..782A | doi-access = free }}</ref> i u [[Nukleotidna ekscizijska popravka|sistem ekscizijskog popravki]], kako bi test bio osjetljiviji.<ref name="ames 3">{{cite journal | vauthors = McCann J, Spingarn NE, Kobori J, Ames BN | title = Detection of carcinogens as mutagens: bacterial tester strains with R factor plasmids | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 72 | issue = 3 | pages = 979–83 | date = March 1975 | pmid = 165497 | pmc = 432447 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.72.3.979 | bibcode = 1975PNAS...72..979M | doi-access = free }}</ref> Veći organizmi poput [[sisar]]a imaju metaboličke procese koji bi potencijalno mogli pretvoriti hemikaliju koja se smatra mutagenom u onu koja jeste ili onu koja se smatra mutagenom u onu koja to nije.<ref>{{cite book | first1 = Leland | last1 = Hartwell | first2 = Michael | last2 = Goldberg | first3 = Leroy | last3 = Hood | first4 = Ann | last4 = Reynolds | first5= Lee | last5 = Silver | name-list-style = vanc | title = Genetics: from genes to genomes|date=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill | isbn = 978-0-07-352526-6 |edition=4th|location=New York|oclc=317623365}}</ref> Stoga, kako bi se efikasnije testirala mutagenost hemijskog spoja u odnosu na veće organizme, mogu se dodati enzimi jetre pacova u pokušaju da se replicira učinak metaboličkih procesa na spoj koji se testira u Amesovom testu. Ekstrakt pacovske [[jetra|jetre]] se opciono dodaje, kako bi se simulirao učinak [[metabolizam| metabolizma]], jer neki spojevi, poput [[benzo(a)piren|benzo[''a'']pirena]], sami po sebi nisu mutageni, ali njihovi metabolički produkti jesu.<ref name="ames">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ames BN, Durston WE, Yamasaki E, Lee FD | title = Carcinogens are mutagens: a simple test system combining liver homogenates for activation and bacteria for detection | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 70 | issue = 8 | pages = 2281–5 | date = August 1973 | pmid = 4151811 | pmc = 433718 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.70.8.2281 | bibcode = 1973PNAS...70.2281A | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[Bakterije]] se rasprostiru na [[agar]]noj ploči s malom količinom [[histidin]]a. Ova mala količina histidina u mediju za rast omogućava bakterijama da rastu u početnom periodu i imaju priliku za mutaciju. Kada se histidin potroši, preživjet će samo bakterije koje su mutirale i stekle sposobnost proizvodnje vlastitog histidina. Ploča se inkubira 48 sati. Mutagenost tvari proporcionalna je broju uočenih kolonija. ==Amesov test i karcinogeni== Mutageni identificirani Amesovim testom također su mogući karcinogeni, a rane Amesove studije pokazale su da se 90% poznatih karcinogena može identificirati ovim testom.<ref name="ames75">{{cite journal | vauthors = McCann J, Choi E, Yamasaki E, Ames BN | title = Detection of carcinogens as mutagens in the Salmonella/microsome test: assay of 300 chemicals | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 72 | issue = 12 | pages = 5135–9 | date = December 1975 | pmid = 1061098 | pmc = 388891 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.72.12.5135 | bibcode = 1975PNAS...72.5135M | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ames BN | title = Identifying environmental chemicals causing mutations and cancer | journal = Science | volume = 204 | issue = 4393 | pages = 587–93 | date = May 1979 | pmid = 373122 | doi = 10.1126/science.373122 | url = http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/documentStore/e/p/c/epc74e00/Sepc74e00.pdf | author-link1 = Bruce Ames | jstor = 1748159 | bibcode = 1979Sci...204..587A }}</ref> Primjeri uključuju [[tris(2,3-dibromopropil)fosfat]], koji se koristio kao usporivač gorenja u plastici i tekstilu poput dječje odjeće za spavanje,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Prival MJ, McCoy EC, Gutter B, Rosendranz HS | title = Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate: mutagenicity of a widely used flame retardant | journal = Science | volume = 195 | issue = 4273 | pages = 76–8 | date = January 1977 | pmid = 318761 | doi = 10.1126/science.318761 | bibcode = 1977Sci...195...76P }}</ref> i [[furilfuramid]], koji se koristio kao antibakterijski aditiv u hrani u [[Japan]]u 1960-ih i 1970-ih. Furilfuramid je zapravo prethodno prošao testove na životinjama, ali rigorozniji testovi nakon njegove identifikacije u Amesovom testu pokazali su da je kancerogen.<ref> {{Citation | last = Hayatsu | first = Hiroka | title = Mutagens in Food: Detection and Prevention | publisher = CRC Press | year = 1991 | pages = 286 pages | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=eQyMCWRIVf4C&q=carcinogen+preservative+(furylfuramide%7Caf2)&pg=RA1-PA1 |isbn = 978-0-8493-5877-7 }}</ref> Njihovi pozitivni testovi rezultirali su povlačenjem tih hemikalija iz upotrebe u potrošačkim proizvodima. Jedan zanimljiv rezultat Amesovog testa je da je krivulja doze i odgovora korištenjem različitih koncentracija hemikalije gotovo uvijek linearna,<ref name="ames75"/> što ukazuje na to da ne postoji granična koncentracija za mutagenezu. Stoga to sugerira da, kao i kod zračenja, može postojati [[Linearni model bez praga|nema sigurnog praga]] za hemijske mutagene ili kancerogene.<ref>{{cite book | first = Andrew | last = Teasdale | name-list-style = vanc | title = Genotoxic Impurities: Strategies for Identification and Control |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-470-49919-1 }}</ref><ref name="linear">{{cite journal | vauthors = Tubiana M | title = The carcinogenic effect of exposure to low doses of carcinogens | journal = British Journal of Industrial Medicine | volume = 49 | issue = 9 | pages = 601–5 | date = September 1992 | pmid = 1390264 | pmc = 1039303 | doi = 10.1136/oem.49.9.601 }}</ref> Međutim, neki su predložili da organizmi mogu tolerirati niske nivoe mutagena zbog zaštitnih mehanizama kao što je [[popravka DNK]], te da stoga može postojati prag za određene hemijske mutagene.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jenkins GJ, Doak SH, Johnson GE, Quick E, Waters EM, Parry JM | title = Do dose response thresholds exist for genotoxic alkylating agents? | journal = Mutagenesis | volume = 20 | issue = 6 | pages = 389–98 | date = November 2005 | pmid = 16135536 | doi = 10.1093/mutage/gei054 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Sam Bruce Ames protivio se linearnoj ekstrapolaciji doze i odgovora sa visoke doze korištene u testovima karcinogeneze na [[modelni organizam|životinjskim sistemima]] na nižu dozu hemikalija koja se normalno susreće kod ljudi, jer rezultati mogu biti lažno pozitivni zbog [[mitogen]]og odgovora uzrokovanog vještački visokom dozom hemikalija korištenih u takvim testovima.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Forman D | title = Ames, the Ames test, and the causes of cancer | journal = BMJ | volume = 303 | issue = 6800 | pages = 428–9 | date = August 1991 | pmid = 1912830 | pmc = 1670593 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.303.6800.428 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ames BN, Gold LS | title = Chemical carcinogenesis: too many rodent carcinogens | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 87 | issue = 19 | pages = 7772–6 | date = October 1990 | pmid = 2217209 | pmc = 54830 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.87.19.7772 | bibcode = 1990PNAS...87.7772A | doi-access = free }}</ref> Također je upozorio na "histeriju oko sitnih tragova hemikalija koje mogu, ali i ne moraju uzrokovati rak", koja "potpuno isključuje glavne rizike kojih biste trebali biti svjesni".<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Twombly R | title = Federal carcinogen report debuts new list of nominees | journal = Journal of the National Cancer Institute | volume = 93 | issue = 18 | pages = 1372 | date = September 2001 | pmid = 11562386 | doi = 10.1093/jnci/93.18.1372 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Amesov test koristi se često kao jedan od početnih probira za potencijalne lijekove kako bi se uklonili mogući kancerogeni, i jedan je od osam testova potrebnih prema [[Federalni zakon o insekticidima, fungicidima i rodenticidima|Zakonu o pesticidima]] ([[SAD]]) i jedan od šest testova potrebnih prema [[Zakon o kontroli toksičnih supstanci iz 1976.|Zakonu o kontroli toksičnih supstanci]] (SAD).<ref>{{cite book |title=The Molecular Basis of Cancer | first1 = Peter B | last1 = Farmer | first2 = John M | last2 = Walker | name-list-style = vanc |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t9ENAAAAQAAJ |publisher=Krieger Publishing Company |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7099-1044-2 }}</ref> ==Ograničenja== ''[[Salmonella]] typhimurium'' je [[prokariot]]ski [[organizam]]; stoga nije savršen model za ljude. Jetra pacova [[S9 frakcija]] koristi se za oponašanje metaboličkih uslova [[sisar]]a, kako bi se mogao procijeniti mutageni potencijal [[metabolit]]a koje formira matična molekula u jetrenom sistemu; međutim, postoje razlike u metabolizmu između ljudi i pacova, koje mogu uticati na mutagenost hemikalija koje se testiraju.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hakura A, Suzuki S, Satoh T | title = Advantage of the use of human liver S9 in the Ames test | journal = Mutation Research | volume = 438 | issue = 1 | pages = 29–36 | date = January 1999 | pmid = 9858674 | doi = 10.1016/s1383-5718(98)00159-4 | bibcode = 1999MRGTE.438...29H }}</ref> Test se stoga može poboljšati korištenjem S9 frakcije ljudske [[jetra|jetre]]; njegova upotreba je ranije bila ograničena dostupnošću, ali sada je komercijalno dostupna i stoga može biti izvodljivija.<ref>{{cite book | title=Optimization in Drug Discovery: in vitro methods | series=Methods in Pharmacology and toxicology | editor1-first=Zhengyin | editor1-last=Yan | editor2-first=Gary | editor2-last=Caldwell | name-list-style = vanc | publisher=Humana Press | year=2004 | isbn=978-1-58829-332-9 | first1 = Atsushi | last1 = Hakura | first2 = Satoshi | last2 = Suzuki | first3 = Tetsuo | last3 = Satoh | chapter=Improvement of the Ames test using human liver S9 preparation }}</ref> Za [[eukariot]]ske ćelije, na primjer [[kvasac]], napravljen je prilagođeni model ''[[in vitro]]''. Mutageni identificirani Amesovim testom ne moraju nužno biti [[kancerogen]]i, a potrebna su daljnja ispitivanja za svaki potencijalni kancerogen identificiran u testu. Lijekovi koji sadrže nitratni dio ponekad se pokažu pozitivnima na Ames test kada su zaista sigurni. Nitratni spojevi mogu generirati [[dušik-oksid]], važnu signalnu molekulu koja može dati lažno pozitivan rezultat. [[Nitroglicerin]] je primjer koji daje pozitivan Amesov test, ali se i danas koristi u liječenju. Međutim, [[nitrat]]i u hrani mogu se reducirati bakterijskim djelovanjem na [[nitrit]]e za koje se zna da stvaraju kancerogene tvari reagirajući s [[amin (hemija)|aminima]] i [[amid]]ima. Potrebne su dugotrajne toksikološke i ishodne studije s takvim spojevima, kako bi se opovrgnuo pozitivan Amesov test. ==Metoda fluktuacije== [[Slika:Wiki muta2.png|300px|right|thumb|Metoda fluktuacije: sa 96-jažičnom pločom.]] [[Slika:Ames MPF 384 plate.jpg|thumb|300px| Metoda fluktuacije: sa [[384-jažična ploča|384-jažičnom pločom]] Amesov test prvobitno je razvijen korištenjem [[agar]]nih ploča (tehnika ugradnje ploče), kao što je gore opisano. Od tada je razvijena alternativa izvođenju Amesovog testa, koja je poznata kao "metoda fluktuacije". Ova tehnika je konceptualno ista kao i metoda zasnovana na agaru, pri čemu se [[bakterije]] dodaju u reakcijsku smjesu s malom količinom [[histidin]]a, što im omogućava da rastu i mutiraju, vraćajući se da sintetiziraju vlastiti histidin. Uključivanjem [[pH-indikator]]a, učestalost mutacije se broji u [[mikroploča]]ma, kao broj jažica koje su promijenile boju (uzrokovano padom pH vrijednosti zbog metaboličkih procesa reprodukcije bakterija). Kao i kod tradicionalnog Amesovog testa, uzorak se poredi s prirodnom brzinom [[reverzne mutacije]] kako bi se utvrdila [[genotoksičnost]] supstance. Metoda fluktuacije se u potpunosti izvodi u tečnoj kulturi i ocjenjuje se brojanjem broja jažica koje postanu žute iz ljubičaste u mikropločama sa 96 ili 384 jažica. Kod metode ploče sa 96 jažica, učestalost mutacije se računa kao broj jažica od 96 koje su promijenile boju. Ploče se inkubiraju do pet dana, pri čemu se mutirane (žute) kolonije broje svaki dan i upoređuju sa osnovnom stopom reverzne mutacije koristeći utvrđene tabele značajnosti kako bi se utvrdile značajne razlike između osnovne stope mutacije i one za testirane uzorke. Kod metode mikrofluktuacije na ploči sa 384 jažice, koja je smanjenija, učestalost mutacije računa se kao broj jažica od 48 koje su promijenile boju nakon dva dana inkubacije. Testni uzorak analizira se u šest nivoa doze sa istovremenom nultom dozom (pozadina) i pozitivnim kontrolama koje se sve uklapaju u jednu ploču sa 384 jažice. Test se izvodi u tri ponavljanja, kako bi se osigurala statistička robusnost. Koristi preporučene [[OECD smjernice za testiranje hemikalija|OECD smjernica 471]] sojeve testera (histidinske i [[triptofan]]ski auksotrofi). Metoda fluktuacije je uporediva s tradicionalnom metodom siromašne ploče u smislu osjetljivosti i tačnosti; međutim, ima niz prednosti: potrebno je manje [[uzorak|uzorka]] za testiranje, ima jednostavnu kolorimetrijsku završnu tačku, brojanje pozitivnih jažica od mogućih 96 ili 48 jažica oduzima mnogo manje vremena nego brojanje pojedinačnih kolonija na agarnoj ploči. Dostupno je nekoliko komercijalnih kompleta. Većina kompleta ima potrošne komponente u stanju spremnom za upotrebu, uključujući liofilizirane bakterije, a testovi se mogu izvoditi pomoću višekanalnih pipeta. Metoda fluktuacije također omogućava testiranje većih volumena vodenih uzoraka (do 75% v/v), povećavajući osjetljivost i proširujući njenu primjenu na mutagene iz okoliša niskog nivoa.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bridges BA | title = The fluctuation test | journal = Archives of Toxicology | volume = 46 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 41–4 | date = November 1980 | pmid = 7235997 | doi = 10.1007/BF00361244 | bibcode = 1980ArTox..46...41B | s2cid = 23769437 }}</ref> == Reference == {{reflist|32em}} == Dodatni izvori == {{refbegin|32em}} *{{Cite journal|date=1989-03-01|title=Metabolic action of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to mutagens in the Ames test by various animal species including man|journal=Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis|language=en|volume=211|issue=1|pages=147–151|doi=10.1016/0027-5107(89)90115-2|issn=0027-5107|last1=Phillipson|first1=Caroline E.|last2=Ioannides|first2=Costas|pmid=2493576|bibcode=1989MRFMM.211..147P }} *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zm3sCgAAQBAJ&q=the+ames+test+gelboin&pg=PA72|title=The Understanding, Prevention and Control of Human Cancer: The Historic Work and Lives of Elizabeth Cavert Miller and James A. Miller|last=McKinnell|first=Robert Gilmore | name-list-style = vanc |date=2015-11-06|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004286801|language=en}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Claxton LD, Umbuzeiro GD, DeMarini DM | title = The Salmonella mutagenicity assay: the stethoscope of genetic toxicology for the 21st century | journal = Environmental Health Perspectives | volume = 118 | issue = 11 | pages = 1515–22 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 20682480 | pmc = 2974687 | doi = 10.1289/ehp.1002336 | bibcode = 2010EnvHP.118.1515C }} {{refend}} {{Genotoksičnost}} [[Kategorija:Primijenjena genetika]] [[Kategorija:Biohemija]] [[Kategorija:Laboratorijske tehnike]] [[Kategorija:Toksikologija]] [[Kategorija:Klasična genetika]] 0p1zd1h9cgbj73kix27ibjlgoglxiuj 3849425 3849421 2026-05-26T09:58:31Z Genetičar 181151 /* Opći postupak */ 3849425 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Slika:Ames test.svg|500px|right|thumb|Procedura Amesovog testa]] '''Amesov test''' je široko korištena metoda koja koristi [[bakterije]] za testiranje da li određena hemikalija može izazvati [[mutacije]] u [[DNK]] testiranog organizma. Formalnije, to je [[biološki test|biološka analiza]] za procjenu [[mutagen]]og potencijala [[hemijski spoj|hemijskih spojeva]].<ref name="pmid11113466">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mortelmans K, Zeiger E | title = The Ames Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay | journal = Mutation Research | volume = 455 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 29–60 | date = November 2000 | pmid = 11113466 | doi = 10.1016/S0027-5107(00)00064-6 | bibcode = 2000MRFMM.455...29M }}</ref> Pozitivan test ukazuje na to da je hemikalija [[mutagen]]a i stoga može djelovati kao [[kancerogen]], jer je rak često povezan s [[mutacija|mutacijom]]. Test služi kao brz i praktičan test za procjenu kancerogenog potencijala spoja jer su standardni testovi kancerogenosti na [[miševi]]ma i [[pacov]]ima dugotrajni (traju dvije do tri godine) i skupi. Međutim, poznati su [[lažna pozitivnost i negativnost|lažno pozitivni i lažno negativni rezultati]].<ref name="urlAmes Test: Encyclopedia of Public Health">{{cite encyclopedia | title = Ames Test | author = Charnley G |year = 2002 | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Public Health | publisher = eNotes.com |url=http://www.enotes.com/public-health-encyclopedia/ames-test |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090204185058/http://www.enotes.com/public-health-encyclopedia/ames-test| archive-date= 4 February 2009 | url-status=dead |access-date=2014-05-02}}</ref> Postupak je opisan u nizu radova početkom 1970-ih od strane [[Bruce Ames|Brucea Amesa]] i njegove grupe na Univerzitetu Kalifornije, [[Berkeley]].<ref name="ames"/><ref name="ames 1"/><ref name="ames 2"/><ref name="ames 3"/> == Opći postupak == Amesov test koristi nekoliko sojeva bakterije ''[[Salmonella typhimurium]]'' koji nose mutacije u genima uključenim u [[biosinteza histidina|biosintezu histidina]]. Ovi sojevi su [[aksotrof]]ni mutanti, tj. potreban im je [[histidin]] za rast, ali ga ne mogu proizvesti. Metoda testira sposobnost testirane supstance u stvaranju mutacija koje rezultiraju povratkom u "prototrofno" stanje, tako da ćelije mogu rasti na mediju bez histidina. [[sorta (botanika)|Sojevi]] koji se testiraju su posebno konstruirani za detekciju ili translacijskog [[otvoreni okvir čitanja|pomaka okvira čitanja]] (npr. sojevi TA-1537 i TA-1538) ili [[tačkasta mutacija|tačkaste mutacije]] (npr. soj TA-1531) [[mutacije]] u genima potrebnim za sintezu histidina, tako da se mogu identificirati mutageni koji djeluju putem različitih mehanizama. Neki spojevi su prilično specifični, uzrokujući reverzije u samo jednom ili dva soja.<ref name="ames 1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ames BN, Gurney EG, Miller JA, Bartsch H | title = Carcinogens as frameshift mutagens: metabolites and derivatives of 2-acetylaminofluorene and other aromatic amine carcinogens | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 69 | issue = 11 | pages = 3128–32 | date = November 1972 | pmid = 4564203 | pmc = 389719 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.69.11.3128 | bibcode = 1972PNAS...69.3128A | doi-access = free }}</ref> Sojevi testera također nose mutacije u genima odgovornim za sintezu [[lipopolisaharid]]a, što čini [[ćelijski zid]] bakterija propusnijim,<ref name="ames 2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ames BN, Lee FD, Durston WE | title = An improved bacterial test system for the detection and classification of mutagens and carcinogens | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 70 | issue = 3 | pages = 782–6 | date = March 1973 | pmid = 4577135 | pmc = 433358 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.70.3.782 | bibcode = 1973PNAS...70..782A | doi-access = free }}</ref> i u [[Nukleotidna ekscizijska popravka|sistem ekscizijskog popravki]], kako bi test bio osjetljiviji.<ref name="ames 3">{{cite journal | vauthors = McCann J, Spingarn NE, Kobori J, Ames BN | title = Detection of carcinogens as mutagens: bacterial tester strains with R factor plasmids | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 72 | issue = 3 | pages = 979–83 | date = March 1975 | pmid = 165497 | pmc = 432447 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.72.3.979 | bibcode = 1975PNAS...72..979M | doi-access = free }}</ref> Veći organizmi poput [[sisar]]a imaju metaboličke procese koji bi potencijalno mogli pretvoriti hemikaliju koja se smatra mutagenom u onu koja jeste ili onu koja se smatra mutagenom u onu koja to nije.<ref>{{cite book | first1 = Leland | last1 = Hartwell | first2 = Michael | last2 = Goldberg | first3 = Leroy | last3 = Hood | first4 = Ann | last4 = Reynolds | first5= Lee | last5 = Silver | name-list-style = vanc | title = Genetics: from genes to genomes|date=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill | isbn = 978-0-07-352526-6 |edition=4th|location=New York|oclc=317623365}}</ref> Stoga, kako bi se efikasnije testirala mutagenost hemijskog spoja u odnosu na veće organizme, mogu se dodati enzimi jetre pacova u pokušaju da se replicira učinak metaboličkih procesa na spoj koji se testira u Amesovom testu. Ekstrakt pacovske [[jetra|jetre]] se opciono dodaje, kako bi se simulirao učinak [[metabolizam| metabolizma]], jer neki spojevi, poput [[benzopiren|benzo[''a'']pirena]], sami po sebi nisu mutageni, ali njihovi metabolički produkti jesu.<ref name="ames">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ames BN, Durston WE, Yamasaki E, Lee FD | title = Carcinogens are mutagens: a simple test system combining liver homogenates for activation and bacteria for detection | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 70 | issue = 8 | pages = 2281–5 | date = August 1973 | pmid = 4151811 | pmc = 433718 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.70.8.2281 | bibcode = 1973PNAS...70.2281A | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[Bakterije]] se rasprostiru na [[agar]]noj ploči s malom količinom [[histidin]]a. Ova mala količina histidina u mediju za rast omogućava bakterijama da rastu u početnom periodu i imaju priliku za mutaciju. Kada se histidin potroši, preživjet će samo bakterije koje su mutirale i stekle sposobnost proizvodnje vlastitog histidina. Ploča se inkubira 48 sati. Mutagenost tvari proporcionalna je broju uočenih kolonija. ==Amesov test i karcinogeni== Mutageni identificirani Amesovim testom također su mogući karcinogeni, a rane Amesove studije pokazale su da se 90% poznatih karcinogena može identificirati ovim testom.<ref name="ames75">{{cite journal | vauthors = McCann J, Choi E, Yamasaki E, Ames BN | title = Detection of carcinogens as mutagens in the Salmonella/microsome test: assay of 300 chemicals | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 72 | issue = 12 | pages = 5135–9 | date = December 1975 | pmid = 1061098 | pmc = 388891 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.72.12.5135 | bibcode = 1975PNAS...72.5135M | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ames BN | title = Identifying environmental chemicals causing mutations and cancer | journal = Science | volume = 204 | issue = 4393 | pages = 587–93 | date = May 1979 | pmid = 373122 | doi = 10.1126/science.373122 | url = http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/documentStore/e/p/c/epc74e00/Sepc74e00.pdf | author-link1 = Bruce Ames | jstor = 1748159 | bibcode = 1979Sci...204..587A }}</ref> Primjeri uključuju [[tris(2,3-dibromopropil)fosfat]], koji se koristio kao usporivač gorenja u plastici i tekstilu poput dječje odjeće za spavanje,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Prival MJ, McCoy EC, Gutter B, Rosendranz HS | title = Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate: mutagenicity of a widely used flame retardant | journal = Science | volume = 195 | issue = 4273 | pages = 76–8 | date = January 1977 | pmid = 318761 | doi = 10.1126/science.318761 | bibcode = 1977Sci...195...76P }}</ref> i [[furilfuramid]], koji se koristio kao antibakterijski aditiv u hrani u [[Japan]]u 1960-ih i 1970-ih. Furilfuramid je zapravo prethodno prošao testove na životinjama, ali rigorozniji testovi nakon njegove identifikacije u Amesovom testu pokazali su da je kancerogen.<ref> {{Citation | last = Hayatsu | first = Hiroka | title = Mutagens in Food: Detection and Prevention | publisher = CRC Press | year = 1991 | pages = 286 pages | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=eQyMCWRIVf4C&q=carcinogen+preservative+(furylfuramide%7Caf2)&pg=RA1-PA1 |isbn = 978-0-8493-5877-7 }}</ref> Njihovi pozitivni testovi rezultirali su povlačenjem tih hemikalija iz upotrebe u potrošačkim proizvodima. Jedan zanimljiv rezultat Amesovog testa je da je krivulja doze i odgovora korištenjem različitih koncentracija hemikalije gotovo uvijek linearna,<ref name="ames75"/> što ukazuje na to da ne postoji granična koncentracija za mutagenezu. Stoga to sugerira da, kao i kod zračenja, može postojati [[Linearni model bez praga|nema sigurnog praga]] za hemijske mutagene ili kancerogene.<ref>{{cite book | first = Andrew | last = Teasdale | name-list-style = vanc | title = Genotoxic Impurities: Strategies for Identification and Control |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-470-49919-1 }}</ref><ref name="linear">{{cite journal | vauthors = Tubiana M | title = The carcinogenic effect of exposure to low doses of carcinogens | journal = British Journal of Industrial Medicine | volume = 49 | issue = 9 | pages = 601–5 | date = September 1992 | pmid = 1390264 | pmc = 1039303 | doi = 10.1136/oem.49.9.601 }}</ref> Međutim, neki su predložili da organizmi mogu tolerirati niske nivoe mutagena zbog zaštitnih mehanizama kao što je [[popravka DNK]], te da stoga može postojati prag za određene hemijske mutagene.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jenkins GJ, Doak SH, Johnson GE, Quick E, Waters EM, Parry JM | title = Do dose response thresholds exist for genotoxic alkylating agents? | journal = Mutagenesis | volume = 20 | issue = 6 | pages = 389–98 | date = November 2005 | pmid = 16135536 | doi = 10.1093/mutage/gei054 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Sam Bruce Ames protivio se linearnoj ekstrapolaciji doze i odgovora sa visoke doze korištene u testovima karcinogeneze na [[modelni organizam|životinjskim sistemima]] na nižu dozu hemikalija koja se normalno susreće kod ljudi, jer rezultati mogu biti lažno pozitivni zbog [[mitogen]]og odgovora uzrokovanog vještački visokom dozom hemikalija korištenih u takvim testovima.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Forman D | title = Ames, the Ames test, and the causes of cancer | journal = BMJ | volume = 303 | issue = 6800 | pages = 428–9 | date = August 1991 | pmid = 1912830 | pmc = 1670593 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.303.6800.428 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ames BN, Gold LS | title = Chemical carcinogenesis: too many rodent carcinogens | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 87 | issue = 19 | pages = 7772–6 | date = October 1990 | pmid = 2217209 | pmc = 54830 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.87.19.7772 | bibcode = 1990PNAS...87.7772A | doi-access = free }}</ref> Također je upozorio na "histeriju oko sitnih tragova hemikalija koje mogu, ali i ne moraju uzrokovati rak", koja "potpuno isključuje glavne rizike kojih biste trebali biti svjesni".<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Twombly R | title = Federal carcinogen report debuts new list of nominees | journal = Journal of the National Cancer Institute | volume = 93 | issue = 18 | pages = 1372 | date = September 2001 | pmid = 11562386 | doi = 10.1093/jnci/93.18.1372 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Amesov test koristi se često kao jedan od početnih probira za potencijalne lijekove kako bi se uklonili mogući kancerogeni, i jedan je od osam testova potrebnih prema [[Federalni zakon o insekticidima, fungicidima i rodenticidima|Zakonu o pesticidima]] ([[SAD]]) i jedan od šest testova potrebnih prema [[Zakon o kontroli toksičnih supstanci iz 1976.|Zakonu o kontroli toksičnih supstanci]] (SAD).<ref>{{cite book |title=The Molecular Basis of Cancer | first1 = Peter B | last1 = Farmer | first2 = John M | last2 = Walker | name-list-style = vanc |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t9ENAAAAQAAJ |publisher=Krieger Publishing Company |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7099-1044-2 }}</ref> ==Ograničenja== ''[[Salmonella]] typhimurium'' je [[prokariot]]ski [[organizam]]; stoga nije savršen model za ljude. Jetra pacova [[S9 frakcija]] koristi se za oponašanje metaboličkih uslova [[sisar]]a, kako bi se mogao procijeniti mutageni potencijal [[metabolit]]a koje formira matična molekula u jetrenom sistemu; međutim, postoje razlike u metabolizmu između ljudi i pacova, koje mogu uticati na mutagenost hemikalija koje se testiraju.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hakura A, Suzuki S, Satoh T | title = Advantage of the use of human liver S9 in the Ames test | journal = Mutation Research | volume = 438 | issue = 1 | pages = 29–36 | date = January 1999 | pmid = 9858674 | doi = 10.1016/s1383-5718(98)00159-4 | bibcode = 1999MRGTE.438...29H }}</ref> Test se stoga može poboljšati korištenjem S9 frakcije ljudske [[jetra|jetre]]; njegova upotreba je ranije bila ograničena dostupnošću, ali sada je komercijalno dostupna i stoga može biti izvodljivija.<ref>{{cite book | title=Optimization in Drug Discovery: in vitro methods | series=Methods in Pharmacology and toxicology | editor1-first=Zhengyin | editor1-last=Yan | editor2-first=Gary | editor2-last=Caldwell | name-list-style = vanc | publisher=Humana Press | year=2004 | isbn=978-1-58829-332-9 | first1 = Atsushi | last1 = Hakura | first2 = Satoshi | last2 = Suzuki | first3 = Tetsuo | last3 = Satoh | chapter=Improvement of the Ames test using human liver S9 preparation }}</ref> Za [[eukariot]]ske ćelije, na primjer [[kvasac]], napravljen je prilagođeni model ''[[in vitro]]''. Mutageni identificirani Amesovim testom ne moraju nužno biti [[kancerogen]]i, a potrebna su daljnja ispitivanja za svaki potencijalni kancerogen identificiran u testu. Lijekovi koji sadrže nitratni dio ponekad se pokažu pozitivnima na Ames test kada su zaista sigurni. Nitratni spojevi mogu generirati [[dušik-oksid]], važnu signalnu molekulu koja može dati lažno pozitivan rezultat. [[Nitroglicerin]] je primjer koji daje pozitivan Amesov test, ali se i danas koristi u liječenju. Međutim, [[nitrat]]i u hrani mogu se reducirati bakterijskim djelovanjem na [[nitrit]]e za koje se zna da stvaraju kancerogene tvari reagirajući s [[amin (hemija)|aminima]] i [[amid]]ima. Potrebne su dugotrajne toksikološke i ishodne studije s takvim spojevima, kako bi se opovrgnuo pozitivan Amesov test. ==Metoda fluktuacije== [[Slika:Wiki muta2.png|300px|right|thumb|Metoda fluktuacije: sa 96-jažičnom pločom.]] [[Slika:Ames MPF 384 plate.jpg|thumb|300px| Metoda fluktuacije: sa [[384-jažična ploča|384-jažičnom pločom]] Amesov test prvobitno je razvijen korištenjem [[agar]]nih ploča (tehnika ugradnje ploče), kao što je gore opisano. Od tada je razvijena alternativa izvođenju Amesovog testa, koja je poznata kao "metoda fluktuacije". Ova tehnika je konceptualno ista kao i metoda zasnovana na agaru, pri čemu se [[bakterije]] dodaju u reakcijsku smjesu s malom količinom [[histidin]]a, što im omogućava da rastu i mutiraju, vraćajući se da sintetiziraju vlastiti histidin. Uključivanjem [[pH-indikator]]a, učestalost mutacije se broji u [[mikroploča]]ma, kao broj jažica koje su promijenile boju (uzrokovano padom pH vrijednosti zbog metaboličkih procesa reprodukcije bakterija). Kao i kod tradicionalnog Amesovog testa, uzorak se poredi s prirodnom brzinom [[reverzne mutacije]] kako bi se utvrdila [[genotoksičnost]] supstance. Metoda fluktuacije se u potpunosti izvodi u tečnoj kulturi i ocjenjuje se brojanjem broja jažica koje postanu žute iz ljubičaste u mikropločama sa 96 ili 384 jažica. Kod metode ploče sa 96 jažica, učestalost mutacije se računa kao broj jažica od 96 koje su promijenile boju. Ploče se inkubiraju do pet dana, pri čemu se mutirane (žute) kolonije broje svaki dan i upoređuju sa osnovnom stopom reverzne mutacije koristeći utvrđene tabele značajnosti kako bi se utvrdile značajne razlike između osnovne stope mutacije i one za testirane uzorke. Kod metode mikrofluktuacije na ploči sa 384 jažice, koja je smanjenija, učestalost mutacije računa se kao broj jažica od 48 koje su promijenile boju nakon dva dana inkubacije. Testni uzorak analizira se u šest nivoa doze sa istovremenom nultom dozom (pozadina) i pozitivnim kontrolama koje se sve uklapaju u jednu ploču sa 384 jažice. Test se izvodi u tri ponavljanja, kako bi se osigurala statistička robusnost. Koristi preporučene [[OECD smjernice za testiranje hemikalija|OECD smjernica 471]] sojeve testera (histidinske i [[triptofan]]ski auksotrofi). Metoda fluktuacije je uporediva s tradicionalnom metodom siromašne ploče u smislu osjetljivosti i tačnosti; međutim, ima niz prednosti: potrebno je manje [[uzorak|uzorka]] za testiranje, ima jednostavnu kolorimetrijsku završnu tačku, brojanje pozitivnih jažica od mogućih 96 ili 48 jažica oduzima mnogo manje vremena nego brojanje pojedinačnih kolonija na agarnoj ploči. Dostupno je nekoliko komercijalnih kompleta. Većina kompleta ima potrošne komponente u stanju spremnom za upotrebu, uključujući liofilizirane bakterije, a testovi se mogu izvoditi pomoću višekanalnih pipeta. Metoda fluktuacije također omogućava testiranje većih volumena vodenih uzoraka (do 75% v/v), povećavajući osjetljivost i proširujući njenu primjenu na mutagene iz okoliša niskog nivoa.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bridges BA | title = The fluctuation test | journal = Archives of Toxicology | volume = 46 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 41–4 | date = November 1980 | pmid = 7235997 | doi = 10.1007/BF00361244 | bibcode = 1980ArTox..46...41B | s2cid = 23769437 }}</ref> == Reference == {{reflist|32em}} == Dodatni izvori == {{refbegin|32em}} *{{Cite journal|date=1989-03-01|title=Metabolic action of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to mutagens in the Ames test by various animal species including man|journal=Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis|language=en|volume=211|issue=1|pages=147–151|doi=10.1016/0027-5107(89)90115-2|issn=0027-5107|last1=Phillipson|first1=Caroline E.|last2=Ioannides|first2=Costas|pmid=2493576|bibcode=1989MRFMM.211..147P }} *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zm3sCgAAQBAJ&q=the+ames+test+gelboin&pg=PA72|title=The Understanding, Prevention and Control of Human Cancer: The Historic Work and Lives of Elizabeth Cavert Miller and James A. Miller|last=McKinnell|first=Robert Gilmore | name-list-style = vanc |date=2015-11-06|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004286801|language=en}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Claxton LD, Umbuzeiro GD, DeMarini DM | title = The Salmonella mutagenicity assay: the stethoscope of genetic toxicology for the 21st century | journal = Environmental Health Perspectives | volume = 118 | issue = 11 | pages = 1515–22 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 20682480 | pmc = 2974687 | doi = 10.1289/ehp.1002336 | bibcode = 2010EnvHP.118.1515C }} {{refend}} {{Genotoksičnost}} [[Kategorija:Primijenjena genetika]] [[Kategorija:Biohemija]] [[Kategorija:Laboratorijske tehnike]] [[Kategorija:Toksikologija]] [[Kategorija:Klasična genetika]] ibc9ltjai8s2k3orfb9fy5w4ybegxfj Šablon:Psihoanaliza 10 535006 3849422 2026-05-26T09:55:30Z Mhare 481 + 3849422 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bočni stubac sa sklopivim spiskovima | name = Psihoanaliza | wraplinks = true | pretitle = Tema | title = [[Psihoanaliza]] | caption = Freudov kauč | image = [[Datoteka:Freud's couch, London, 2004 (2).jpeg|220px|class=notpageimage]] | listtitlestyle = text-align:center; | expanded = {{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}} | list1name = pojmovi | list1title = Pojmovi | list1 = {{flatlist| * [[Psihoseksualni razvoj]] * [[Eriksonove faze psihosocijalnog razvoja|Psihosocijalni razvoj (Erikson)]] * [[Nesvjesni um|Nesvjesno]] * [[Predsvjesno]] * [[Svijest]] * [[Psihički aparat]] * [[Id, ego i super-ego]] * [[Odbrambeni mehanizmi|Odbrane ega]] * [[Psihološka projekcija|Projekcija]] * [[Introjekcija]] * [[Libido]] * [[Teorija nagona|Nagon]] * [[Transfer]] * [[Kontratransfer]] * [[Otpor (psihoanaliza)|Otpor]] * [[Poricanje (Freud)|Poricanje]] * [[Rad sna]] * [[Kateksa]] }} | list2name = osobe | list2title = Važne osobe | list2 = {{flatlist| '''Klasični psihoanalitičari''' * [[Karl Abraham|Abraham]] * [[Alfred Adler|Adler]] * [[Michael Balint|Balint]] * [[Wilfred Bion|Bion]] * [[Josef Breuer|Breuer]] * [[Erik Erikson|Erikson]] * [[Ronald Fairbairn|Fairbairn]] * [[Sándor Ferenczi|Ferenczi]] * [[Anna Freud|Freud (Anna)]] * [[Sigmund Freud|Freud (Sigmund)]] * [[Erich Fromm|Fromm]] * [[Félix Guattari|Guattari]] * [[Karen Horney|Horney]] * [[Edith Jacobson|Jacobson]] * [[Ernest Jones|Jones]] * [[Carl Gustav Jung|Jung]] * [[Heinz Kohut|Kohut]] * [[Melanie Klein|Klein]] * [[Jacques Lacan|Lacan]] * [[R. D. Laing|Laing]] * [[Jean Laplanche|Laplanche]] * [[Margaret Mahler|Mahler]] * [[Otto Rank|Rank]] * [[Wilhelm Reich|Reich]] * [[Sabina Spielrein|Spielrein]] * [[Wilhelm Stekel|Stekel]] * [[James Strachey|Strachey]] * [[Harry Stack Sullivan|Sullivan]] * [[Donald Winnicott|Winnicott]] '''Utjecajne osobe koje su primjenjivale psihoanalizu''' * [[Nancy Chodorow|Chodorow]] * [[Julia Kristeva|Kristeva]] * [[Luce Irigaray|Irigaray]] * [[Slavoj Žižek|Žižek]] }} | list3name = djela | list3title = Važna djela | list3 = {{flatlist| '''Klasični psihoanalitički tekstovi''' * ''[[Tumačenje snova]]'' {{small|(1899)}} * ''[[Psihopatologija svakodnevnog života]]'' {{small|(1901)}} * ''[[Tri rasprave o teoriji seksualnosti]]'' {{small|(1905)}} * ''[[Psihologija nesvjesnog]]'' {{small|(1912)}} * ''[[S one strane principa zadovoljstva]]'' {{small|(1920)}} * ''[[Ego i id]]'' {{small|(1923)}} * ''[[Nelagoda u kulturi]]'' {{small|(1930)}} * ''[[Masovna psihologija fašizma]]'' {{small|(1933)}} * ''[[Četiri temeljna pojma psihoanalize]]'' {{small|(1964)}} '''Utjecajna djela koja primjenjuju psihoanalizu''' * ''[[Anti-Edip]]'' {{small|(1972)}} * ''[[Uzvišeni objekt ideologije]]'' {{small|(1989)}} }} | list4name = skole | list4title = Škole mišljenja | list4 = {{flatlist| * [[Individualna psihologija|Adlerovska]] * [[Ego-psihologija]] * [[Analitička psihologija|Jungovska]] * [[Lakanizam|Lakanovska]] * [[Interpersonalna psihoanaliza|Interpersonalna]] * [[Intersubjektivna psihoanaliza|Intersubjektivna]] * [[Freudomarksizam|Marksistička]] * [[Teorija objektnih odnosa|Objektni odnosi]] * [[Reichova terapija|Reichovska]] * [[Relacijska psihoanaliza|Relacijska]] * [[Psihologija sebstva]] }} | list5name = obuka | list5title = Obuka | list5 = {{flatlist| * [[Bostonska postdiplomska škola psihoanalize]] * [[Britansko psihoanalitičko vijeće]] * [[Britansko psihoanalitičko društvo]] * [[Centar Univerziteta Columbia za psihoanalitičku obuku i istraživanje]] * [[Međunarodno psihoanalitičko udruženje]] * [[Svjetsko udruženje za psihoanalizu]] * [[Spisak škola psihoanalize]] }} | list6name = vidi | list6title = Također pogledajte | list6 = {{flatlist| * [[Dječija psihoanaliza]] * [[Dubinska psihologija]] * [[Psihodinamika]] * [[Psihoanalitička teorija]] }} }}<noinclude> {{dokumentacija}} </noinclude> i6bxz7vo4hcridgs0uw8b8wx9qeuemz 3849424 3849422 2026-05-26T09:57:07Z Mhare 481 3849424 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bočni stubac sa sklopivim spiskovima | name = Psihoanaliza | wraplinks = true | pretitle = Tema | title = [[Psihoanaliza]] | caption = Freudov kauč | image = [[Datoteka:Freud's couch, London, 2004 (2).jpeg|220px|class=notpageimage]] | listtitlestyle = text-align:center; | expanded = {{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}} | list1name = pojmovi | list1title = Pojmovi | list1 = {{flatlist| * [[Psihoseksualni razvoj]] * [[Eriksonove faze psihosocijalnog razvoja|Psihosocijalni razvoj (Erikson)]] * [[Nesvjesni um|Nesvjesno]] * [[Predsvjesno]] * [[Svijest]] * [[Psihički aparat]] * [[Id, ego i super-ego]] * [[Odbrambeni mehanizmi|Odbrane ega]] * [[Psihološka projekcija|Projekcija]] * [[Introjekcija]] * [[Libido]] * [[Teorija nagona|Nagon]] * [[Transfer]] * [[Kontratransfer]] * [[Otpor (psihoanaliza)|Otpor]] * [[Poricanje (Freud)|Poricanje]] * [[Rad sna]] * [[Kateksa]] }} | list2name = osobe | list2title = Važne osobe | list2 = {{flatlist| '''Klasični psihoanalitičari''' * [[Karl Abraham|Abraham]] * [[Alfred Adler|Adler]] * [[Michael Balint|Balint]] * [[Wilfred Bion|Bion]] * [[Josef Breuer|Breuer]] * [[Erik Erikson|Erikson]] * [[Ronald Fairbairn|Fairbairn]] * [[Sándor Ferenczi|Ferenczi]] * [[Anna Freud|Freud (Anna)]] * [[Sigmund Freud|Freud (Sigmund)]] * [[Erich Fromm|Fromm]] * [[Félix Guattari|Guattari]] * [[Karen Horney|Horney]] * [[Edith Jacobson|Jacobson]] * [[Ernest Jones|Jones]] * [[Carl Gustav Jung|Jung]] * [[Heinz Kohut|Kohut]] * [[Melanie Klein|Klein]] * [[Jacques Lacan|Lacan]] * [[R. D. Laing|Laing]] * [[Jean Laplanche|Laplanche]] * [[Margaret Mahler|Mahler]] * [[Otto Rank|Rank]] * [[Wilhelm Reich|Reich]] * [[Sabina Spielrein|Spielrein]] * [[Wilhelm Stekel|Stekel]] * [[James Strachey|Strachey]] * [[Harry Stack Sullivan|Sullivan]] * [[Donald Winnicott|Winnicott]] '''Utjecajne osobe koje su primjenjivale psihoanalizu''' * [[Nancy Chodorow|Chodorow]] * [[Julia Kristeva|Kristeva]] * [[Luce Irigaray|Irigaray]] * [[Slavoj Žižek|Žižek]] }} | list3name = djela | list3title = Važna djela | list3 = {{flatlist| '''Klasični psihoanalitički tekstovi''' * ''[[Tumačenje snova]]'' {{small|(1899)}} * ''[[Psihopatologija svakodnevnog života]]'' {{small|(1901)}} * ''[[Tri rasprave o teoriji seksualnosti]]'' {{small|(1905)}} * ''[[Psihologija nesvjesnog]]'' {{small|(1912)}} * ''[[S one strane principa zadovoljstva]]'' {{small|(1920)}} * ''[[Ego i id]]'' {{small|(1923)}} * ''[[Nelagoda u kulturi]]'' {{small|(1930)}} * ''[[Masovna psihologija fašizma]]'' {{small|(1933)}} * ''[[Četiri temeljna pojma psihoanalize]]'' {{small|(1964)}} '''Utjecajna djela koja primjenjuju psihoanalizu''' * ''[[Anti-Edip]]'' {{small|(1972)}} * ''[[Uzvišeni objekt ideologije]]'' {{small|(1989)}} }} | list4name = skole | list4title = Škole mišljenja | list4 = {{flatlist| * [[Individualna psihologija|Adlerovska]] * [[Ego-psihologija]] * [[Analitička psihologija|Jungovska]] * [[Lakanizam|Lakanovska]] * [[Interpersonalna psihoanaliza|Interpersonalna]] * [[Intersubjektivna psihoanaliza|Intersubjektivna]] * [[Freudomarksizam|Marksistička]] * [[Teorija objektnih odnosa|Objektni odnosi]] * [[Reichova terapija|Reichovska]] * [[Relacijska psihoanaliza|Relacijska]] * [[Psihologija sebstva]] }} | list5name = obuka | list5title = Obuka | list5 = {{flatlist| * [[Bostonska postdiplomska škola psihoanalize]] * [[Britansko psihoanalitičko vijeće]] * [[Britansko psihoanalitičko društvo]] * [[Centar Univerziteta Columbia za psihoanalitičku obuku i istraživanje]] * [[Međunarodno psihoanalitičko udruženje]] * [[Svjetsko udruženje za psihoanalizu]] * [[Spisak škola psihoanalize]] }} | list6name = vidi | list6title = Također pogledajte | list6 = {{flatlist| * [[Dječija psihoanaliza]] * [[Dubinska psihologija]] * [[Psihodinamika]] * [[Psihoanalitička teorija]] }} }}<noinclude> {{dokumentacija}} </noinclude> [[Kategorija:Šabloni za psihologiju]] j8mei5y68tbcban52eq5u8r79j1kxqy 3849431 3849424 2026-05-26T10:18:51Z KWiki 9400 3849431 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bočni stubac sa sklopivim spiskovima | name = Psihoanaliza | wraplinks = true | pretitle = Tema | title = [[Psihoanaliza]] | caption = Freudov kauč | image = [[Datoteka:Freud's couch, London, 2004 (2).jpeg|220px|class=notpageimage]] | listtitlestyle = text-align:center; | expanded = {{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}} | list1name = pojmovi | list1title = Pojmovi | list1 = {{flatlist| * [[Psihoseksualni razvoj]] * [[Eriksonove faze psihosocijalnog razvoja|Psihosocijalni razvoj (Erikson)]] * [[Nesvjesni um|Nesvjesno]] * [[Predsvjesno]] * [[Svijest]] * [[Psihički aparat]] * [[Id, ego i super-ego]] * [[Odbrambeni mehanizmi|Odbrane ega]] * [[Psihološka projekcija|Projekcija]] * [[Introjekcija]] * [[Libido]] * [[Teorija nagona|Nagon]] * [[Transfer]] * [[Kontratransfer]] * [[Otpor (psihoanaliza)|Otpor]] * [[Poricanje (Freud)|Poricanje]] * [[Rad sna]] * [[Kateksa]] }} | list2name = osobe | list2title = Važne osobe | list2 = {{flatlist| '''Klasični psihoanalitičari''' * [[Karl Abraham|Abraham]] * [[Alfred Adler|Adler]] * [[Michael Balint|Balint]] * [[Wilfred Bion|Bion]] * [[Josef Breuer|Breuer]] * [[Erik Erikson|Erikson]] * [[Ronald Fairbairn|Fairbairn]] * [[Sándor Ferenczi|Ferenczi]] * [[Anna Freud|Freud (Anna)]] * [[Sigmund Freud|Freud (Sigmund)]] * [[Erich Fromm|Fromm]] * [[Félix Guattari|Guattari]] * [[Karen Horney|Horney]] * [[Edith Jacobson|Jacobson]] * [[Ernest Jones|Jones]] * [[Carl Gustav Jung|Jung]] * [[Heinz Kohut|Kohut]] * [[Melanie Klein|Klein]] * [[Jacques Lacan|Lacan]] * [[R. D. Laing|Laing]] * [[Jean Laplanche|Laplanche]] * [[Margaret Mahler|Mahler]] * [[Otto Rank|Rank]] * [[Wilhelm Reich|Reich]] * [[Sabina Spielrein|Spielrein]] * [[Wilhelm Stekel|Stekel]] * [[James Strachey|Strachey]] * [[Harry Stack Sullivan|Sullivan]] * [[Donald Winnicott|Winnicott]] '''Utjecajne osobe koje su primjenjivale psihoanalizu''' * [[Nancy Chodorow|Chodorow]] * [[Julia Kristeva|Kristeva]] * [[Luce Irigaray|Irigaray]] * [[Slavoj Žižek|Žižek]] }} | list3name = djela | list3title = Važna djela | list3 = {{flatlist| '''Klasični psihoanalitički tekstovi''' * ''[[Tumačenje snova]]'' {{small|(1899)}} * ''[[Psihopatologija svakodnevnog života]]'' {{small|(1901)}} * ''[[Tri rasprave o teoriji seksualnosti]]'' {{small|(1905)}} * ''[[Psihologija nesvjesnog]]'' {{small|(1912)}} * ''[[S one strane principa zadovoljstva]]'' {{small|(1920)}} * ''[[Ego i id]]'' {{small|(1923)}} * ''[[Nelagoda u kulturi]]'' {{small|(1930)}} * ''[[Masovna psihologija fašizma]]'' {{small|(1933)}} * ''[[Četiri temeljna pojma psihoanalize]]'' {{small|(1964)}} '''Utjecajna djela koja primjenjuju psihoanalizu''' * ''[[Anti-Edip]]'' {{small|(1972)}} * ''[[Uzvišeni objekt ideologije]]'' {{small|(1989)}} }} | list4name = skole | list4title = Škole mišljenja | list4 = {{flatlist| * [[Individualna psihologija|Adlerovska]] * [[Ego-psihologija]] * [[Analitička psihologija|Jungovska]] * [[Lakanizam|Lakanovska]] * [[Interpersonalna psihoanaliza|Interpersonalna]] * [[Intersubjektivna psihoanaliza|Intersubjektivna]] * [[Freudomarksizam|Marksistička]] * [[Teorija objektnih odnosa|Objektni odnosi]] * [[Reichova terapija|Rajhovska]] * [[Relacijska psihoanaliza|Relacijska]] * [[Psihologija sepstva]] }} | list5name = obuka | list5title = Obuka | list5 = {{flatlist| * [[Bostonska postdiplomska škola psihoanalize]] * [[Britansko psihoanalitičko vijeće]] * [[Britansko psihoanalitičko društvo]] * [[Centar Univerziteta Columbia za psihoanalitičku obuku i istraživanje]] * [[Međunarodno psihoanalitičko udruženje]] * [[Svjetsko udruženje za psihoanalizu]] * [[Spisak škola psihoanalize]] }} | list6name = vidi | list6title = Također pogledajte | list6 = {{flatlist| * [[Dječija psihoanaliza]] * [[Dubinska psihologija]] * [[Psihodinamika]] * [[Psihoanalitička teorija]] }} }}<noinclude> {{dokumentacija}} </noinclude> [[Kategorija:Šabloni za psihologiju]] 9vnzxhmk5wh749hnvpdl6j2pfnh8wnu Amorf 0 535007 3849428 2026-05-26T10:08:59Z GENETIČAR-2 181763 Nova stranica: '''Amorf''' (od [[grčki|grčke riječi]] άμορφος – ''amorphos'' = bez obličja, bezobličan) je [[mutant|mutirani]] [[alel]] koji je izgubio sposobnost roditeljskog alela (bilo da je [[divlji tip]] ili bilo koji drugi tip) da [[kodon|kodira]] bilo koji funkcionalni [[protein]]. Amorfna mutacija, ili nula, je gubitak [[genetička informacija|genetičke informacije]] za sintezu odgovarajuće [[iRNK]]. U zavisnosti od odnosa [[roditelj]]skog alela, amorfni mutant mož... 3849428 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amorf''' (od [[grčki|grčke riječi]] άμορφος – ''amorphos'' = bez obličja, bezobličan) je [[mutant|mutirani]] [[alel]] koji je izgubio sposobnost roditeljskog alela (bilo da je [[divlji tip]] ili bilo koji drugi tip) da [[kodon|kodira]] bilo koji funkcionalni [[protein]]. Amorfna mutacija, ili nula, je gubitak [[genetička informacija|genetičke informacije]] za sintezu odgovarajuće [[iRNK]]. U zavisnosti od odnosa [[roditelj]]skog alela, amorfni mutant može imati različite oblike [[interakcija gena|genskih interakcija]].<ref name="law">{{cite book|editor=Lawrence E. |year=1999|title=Henderson's Dictionary of biological terms|publisher=Longman Group Ltd.|place= London|isbn= 0-582-22708-9}}</ref><ref name="rieger">{{cite book|author1=Rieger R.|author2=Michaelis A.|author3=Green M. M. |year=1976|title= Glossary of genetics and cytogenetics: Classical and molecular|publisher= Springer-Verlag|place=Berlin - Heidelberg - New York|isbn=3-540-07668-9}}</ref> Termin amorf koristi se u nauci, tehnologiji i jeziku za označavanje struktura ili pojava koje nemaju pravilan, definisan oblik ili unutrašnji raspored. Značenje i upotreba ovog termina drastično se razlikuju u zavisnosti od naučne discipline: [[generuka]], [[fizika]], [[hemija]] i [[nauka o materijalima]] Termin "amorf" je koristio [[Hermann Joseph Muller]] 1932. godine. == Pregled == ; Mullerova klasifikacija mutiranih alela <br> {| border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 class="toccolours" style="align: left; margin: 0.5em 0 0 0; border-style: solid; border: 1px solid #999; border-right-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 100%;" |- | style="background:#ddffdd;" align="center" | '''Kategorija''' | colspan=1 style="background:#ddffdd;" align="center" |'''Alternativna funkcija''' |- |'''[[Divlji tip]]''' |Referentna [[ekspresija gena]], potpuna ("normalna"), ekspresija roditeljskog alela |- |'''Amorf''' | Disfunctionalan, sa nultim ekspresijom |- |'''[[Hipomorf]]''' | Smanjena ili djelomično smanjena aktivnost gena |- |'''[[Hipermorf]]''' | Povećana ili delimično povećana aktivnost roditeljskog gena |- |'''[[Neomorf]]''' | Nova funkcija, u usporedbi s početnom, novo svojstvo |- |'''[[Antimorf]]''' | Suprotstavljanje, protivljenje ili ometanje aktivnosti gena |- |'''[[Izomorf (gen)|Izomorf]]''' |Identična ekspresija sa originalnim (roditeljskim) alelom, uglavnom rezultat [[tiha mutacija|tihe]] [[tačkasta mutacija|tačkaste mutacije]] | - |} ==Također pogledajte== * [[Alel]] * [[Mutacija]] * [[Mullerovi morfovi]] ==Reference== {{reflist}} [[Kategorija:Klasična genetika]] [[Kategorija:Naučna terminologija]] 1ov4pen6wzu13l0ljf2l61tzgy8m535 3849429 3849428 2026-05-26T10:15:29Z Genetičar 181151 3849429 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amorf''' (od [[grčki|grčke riječi]] άμορφος – ''amorphos'' = bez obličja, bezobličan) je [[mutant|mutirani]] [[alel]] koji je izgubio sposobnost roditeljskog alela (bilo da je [[divlji tip]] ili bilo koji drugi tip) da [[kodon|kodira]] bilo koji funkcionalni [[protein]]. Amorfna mutacija, ili nula, je gubitak [[genetička informacija|genetičke informacije]] za sintezu odgovarajuće [[iRNK]]. U zavisnosti od odnosa [[roditelj]]skog alela, amorfni mutant može imati različite oblike [[interakcija gena|genskih interakcija]].<ref name="law">{{cite book|editor=Lawrence E. |year=1999|title=Henderson's Dictionary of biological terms|publisher=Longman Group Ltd.|place= London|isbn= 0-582-22708-9}}</ref><ref name="rieger">{{cite book|author1=Rieger R.|author2=Michaelis A.|author3=Green M. M. |year=1976|title= Glossary of genetics and cytogenetics: Classical and molecular|publisher= Springer-Verlag|place=Berlin - Heidelberg - New York|isbn=3-540-07668-9}}</ref> Termin amorf koristi se u nauci, tehnologiji i jeziku za označavanje struktura ili pojava koje nemaju pravilan, definisan oblik ili unutrašnji raspored. Značenje i upotreba ovog termina drastično se razlikuju u zavisnosti od naučne discipline: [[genetika]], [[fizika]], [[hemija]] i [[nauka o materijalima]] Termin "amorf" je koristio [[Hermann Joseph Muller]] 1932. godine. == Pregled == ; Mullerova klasifikacija mutiranih alela <br> {| border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 class="toccolours" style="align: left; margin: 0.5em 0 0 0; border-style: solid; border: 1px solid #999; border-right-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 100%;" |- | style="background:#ddffdd;" align="center" | '''Kategorija''' | colspan=1 style="background:#ddffdd;" align="center" |'''Alternativna funkcija''' |- |'''[[Divlji tip]]''' |Referentna [[ekspresija gena]], potpuna ("normalna"), ekspresija roditeljskog alela |- |'''Amorf''' | Disfunctionalan, sa nultim ekspresijom |- |'''[[Hipomorf]]''' | Smanjena ili djelomično smanjena aktivnost gena |- |'''[[Hipermorf]]''' | Povećana ili delimično povećana aktivnost roditeljskog gena |- |'''[[Neomorf]]''' | Nova funkcija, u usporedbi s početnom, novo svojstvo |- |'''[[Antimorf]]''' | Suprotstavljanje, protivljenje ili ometanje aktivnosti gena |- |'''[[Izomorf (gen)|Izomorf]]''' |Identična ekspresija sa originalnim (roditeljskim) alelom, uglavnom rezultat [[tiha mutacija|tihe]] [[tačkasta mutacija|tačkaste mutacije]] | - |} ==Također pogledajte== * [[Alel]] * [[Mutacija]] * [[Mullerovi morfovi]] ==Reference== {{reflist}} [[Kategorija:Klasična genetika]] [[Kategorija:Naučna terminologija]] ji895oc43cusvh60as53o3w4zkey7zc Razgovor s korisnikom:Temidar 3 535008 3849437 2026-05-26T10:45:42Z KWiki 9400 Nova stranica: {{Dobrodošlica}} 3849437 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dobrodošlica}} gyjoyp37v3u06w731wtwzjdah9c91ny Analiza mutacija 0 535009 3849439 2026-05-26T10:49:31Z GENETIČAR-2 181763 Nova stranica: '''[[Testiranje mutacija]]''' (ili ''analiza mutacija'' ili ''program mutacija '') koristi se za [[dizajn]]iranje novih [[Testiranje softvera|softverskih testova]] i procjenu kvaliteta postojećih softverskih testova. Testiranje mutacija uključuje pravljenje malih promjena u programu koji se testira.<ref name=DLS1978 /> Svaka promijenjena verzija se naziva ''mutant''. Test detektuje, a time i odbacuje, mutanta nakon neuspjeha testa – neuspjeh koji ukazuje na to da je test... 3849439 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Testiranje mutacija]]''' (ili ''analiza mutacija'' ili ''program mutacija '') koristi se za [[dizajn]]iranje novih [[Testiranje softvera|softverskih testova]] i procjenu kvaliteta postojećih softverskih testova. Testiranje mutacija uključuje pravljenje malih promjena u programu koji se testira.<ref name=DLS1978 /> Svaka promijenjena verzija se naziva ''mutant''. Test detektuje, a time i odbacuje, mutanta nakon neuspjeha testa – neuspjeh koji ukazuje na to da je test uspješno prepoznao da se [[ponašanje]] mutanta razlikuje od ponašanja originalnog koda. Odbacivanje se naziva ''ubijanje'' mutanta. Vrijednost [[skup testova|skupa testova]] mjeri se postotkom mutanata koje ubija. Skup testova može se zatim poboljšati, dodavanjem novih testova dizajniranih za ubijanje dodatnih mutanata. Stvaranje mutanata se vrši pomoću dobro definiranih ''operatora mutacija'' koji ili oponašaju tipične programske greške (kao što je korištenje pogrešnog operatora ili naziva varijable) ili prisiljavaju stvaranje vrijednih testova (kao što je dijeljenje svakog izraza s nulom). Testiranje mutacija je oblik [[testiranje bijele kutije|testiranja bijele kutije]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Ostrand|first=Thomas|title=White-Box Testing|date=2002|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/0471028959.sof378|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Software Engineering|publisher=American Cancer Society|language=en|doi=10.1002/0471028959.sof378|isbn=978-0-471-02895-6|access-date=2021-03-16|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Misra|first=S.|title=CCECE 2003 - Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering. Toward a Caring and Humane Technology (Cat. No.03CH37436) |chapter=Evaluating four white-box test coverage methodologies |date=2003|location=Montreal, Que., Canada|publisher=IEEE|volume=3|pages=1739–1742|doi=10.1109/CCECE.2003.1226246|isbn=978-0-7803-7781-3|s2cid=62549502 }}</ref> Its purpose is to help the tester develop effective [[regression tests]] by locating weaknesses in the test data used to test the program and discovering sections of the tested program's code that are seldom or never accessed during [[Execution (computers)|execution]]. ==Uvod== Veći dio ovog članka govori o "mutaciji programa", u kojoj se program modificira. Opšta definicija "analize mutacija" je korištenje dobro definiranih pravila definiranih na sintaktičkim strukturama za sistematske promjene softverskih artefakata.<ref name="AmmannOffutt2008">Paul Ammann and Jeff Offutt. Introduction to Software Testing. Cambridge University Press, 2008.</ref> Analiza mutacija je primijenjena na druge probleme, ali se obično primjenjuje na testiranje. Dakle, „testiranje mutacija“ se definira kao korištenje analize [[mutacija]] za dizajniranje novih softverskih testova ili za procjenu postojećih softverskih testova.<ref name="AmmannOffutt2008"/> Dakle, analiza mutacija i testiranje mogu se primijeniti na modele dizajna, specifikacije, [[baze podataka]], testove, XML i druge vrste [[softver]]skih artefakata, iako je mutacija programa najčešća.<ref>{{cite journal | first1=Yue | last1=Jia | first2=Mark | last2=Harman | title=An Analysis and Survey of the Development of Mutation Testing | journal=IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering | authorlink2=Mark Harman (computer scientist) | date=September 2009 | volume = 37 | issue = 5 | pages = 649–678 | doi = 10.1109/TSE.2010.62 | s2cid = 6853229 | url = https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3277/8a2eb4c74cd437e922ac1eb6a1477dfcb925.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171204061252/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3277/8a2eb4c74cd437e922ac1eb6a1477dfcb925.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2017-12-04 }}</ref> ==Pregled== Testovi se mogu kreirati kako bi se provjerila ispravnost implementacije datog softverskog sistema, ali kreiranje testova i dalje postavlja pitanje da li su testovi ispravni i da li dovoljno pokrivaju zahtjeve povezane s implementacijom.<ref>{{cite book | first1=Aristides | last1=Dasso | first2=Ana | last2=Funes | title=Verification, Validation and Testing in Software Engineering |publisher=Idea Group Inc | year=2007| isbn=978-1591408512}}</ref> (This technological problem is itself an instance of a deeper philosophical problem named "[[Quis custodiet ipsos custodes?]]" ["Who will guard the guards?"].) Ideja iza testiranja mutacija je da program koji se testira radi kako je predviđeno, tako da ako se uvede mutant i funkcionalnost se promijeni, to znači da je uvedena greška, koju testovi zatim trebaju pronaći. Na ovaj način testovi se testiraju. Ako testni paket ne otkrije mutant, to obično ukazuje na to da testni paket nije u stanju locirati greške koje predstavlja mutant, ali također može ukazivati na to da mutacija ne uvodi nikakve greške. To jest, mutacija je validna promjena, ona koja ili proizvodi željeni rezultat ili ona koja ne utiče na funkcionalnost. Jedan (uobičajeni) način na koji mutant može biti validan je da je kod koji je promijenjen "mrtav kod" koji se nikada ne izvršava. Da bi testiranje mutacija funkcionisalo u velikom obimu, obično se uvodi veliki broj mutanata, što dovodi do kompajliranja i izvršavanja izuzetno velikog broja kopija programa. Ovaj problem troškova testiranja mutacija smanjio je njegovu praktičnu upotrebu kao metode testiranja [[softver]]a. Međutim, povećana upotreba okvira za objektno orijentisane programske jezike i jedinično testiranje dovela je do stvaranja alata za testiranje mutacija koji testiraju pojedinačne dijelove aplikacije. ==Ciljevi== Ciljevi testiranja mutacija su višestruki: * identificirati slabo testirane dijelove koda (one za koje mutanti nisu ubijeni)<ref name=DLS1978/> * identificirati slabe testove (one koji nikada ne ubijaju mutante)<ref name="Smith2008"/> * izračunati rezultat mutacije,<ref name="AmmannOffutt2008"/> rezultat mutacije je broj ubijenih mutanata / ukupan broj mutanata. * saznati o propagaciji greške i infekciji stanja u programu. ==Historija== Testiranje mutacija je prvobitno predložio Richard Lipton kao student 1971.,<ref name="mutation2000">[http://cs.gmu.edu/~offutt/rsrch/papers/mut00.pdf Mutation 2000: Uniting the Orthogonal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928184359/http://cs.gmu.edu/~offutt/rsrch/papers/mut00.pdf |date=2011-09-28 }}</ref> autora [[Jeffa Offutt|A. Jeffersona Offutta]] i Rolanda H. Untcha, a prvi put razvijen i objavljen od strane DeMilla, Liptona i Saywarda.<ref name="DLS1978">Richard A. DeMillo, Richard J. Lipton i Fred G. Sayward. Savjeti o odabiru testnih podataka: Pomoć za programere u praksi. IEEE Computer, 11(4):34-41. April 1978.</ref> Prvu implementaciju alata za testiranje mutacija izvršio je Timothy Budd kao dio svog doktorskog rada (pod nazivom ''Analiza mutacija'') na Univerzitetu Yale, 1980.<ref name="Budd1980">Tim A. Budd, Mutation Analysis of Program Test Data. PhD thesis, Yale University New Haven CT, 1980.</ref> Nedavno, s dostupnošću ogromne [[računar]]ske snage, došlo je do ponovnog porasta analize mutacija unutar zajednice [[računarstvo|računarskih nauka]], te je urađen rad na definiranju metoda primjene testiranja mutacija na objektno orijentisane programske jezike i neproceduralne jezike kao što su XML, SMV i konačni automati. U 2004., kompanija pod nazivom Certess Inc. (sada dio Synopsys-a) proširila je mnoge principe na domen verifikacije [[hardver]]a. Dok analiza [[mutacija]] očekuje samo da će otkriti razliku u proizvedenom izlazu, Certess to proširuje provjerom da li će provjerivač u testnom okruženju zapravo otkriti razliku. Ovo proširenje znači da se procjenjuju sve tri faze verifikacije, naime: aktivacija, propagacija i detekcija. To su nazvali funkcionalnom kvalifikacijom. Fuzzing može se smatrati posebnim slučajem testiranja mutacija. U fuzzingu, poruke ili podaci koji se razmjenjuju unutar komunikacijskih interfejsa (i unutar i između softverskih instanci) se mutiraju kako bi se otkrili kvarovi ili razlike u obradi podataka. [[Codenomicon]]<ref>[http://www.codenomicon.com/resources/publications.shtml Kaksonen, Rauli. A Functional Method for Assessing Protocol Implementation Security (Licentiate thesis). Espoo. 2001.]</ref> (2001) i [[Mu Dynamics]] (2005) su razvili koncepte fuzzinga u potpuno prihvstljivu platformu za testiranje mutacija, zajedno s monitorima za temeljito vježbanje implementacija protokola. ==Pregled testiranja mutacija== Testiranje mutacija zasniva se na dvije hipoteze. Prva [[hipoteza]] je „kompetentnog programera“. Ova hipoteza tvrdi da kompetentni programeri pišu programe koji su blizu tačnosti.<ref name=DLS1978 /> „Blisko“ bi trebalo biti zasnovano na ponašanju, a ne na sintaksi. Druga hipoteza se naziva „efekat spajanja“. Efekat spajanja tvrdi da se jednostavni kvarovi mogu kaskadno gomilati ili „sparivati“ kako bi formirali druge emergentne kvarove.<ref name="Offut1992">A. Jefferson Offutt. 1992. Investigations of the software testing coupling effect. ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol. 1, 1 (January 1992), 5-20.</ref><ref name="ABDLS1979">A. T. Acree, T. A. Budd, R. A. DeMillo, R. J. Lipton, and F. G. Sayward, "Mutation Analysis," Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, Technique Report GIT-ICS-79/08, 1979.</ref> Suptilne i važne greške također otkrivaju mutanti višeg reda, što dodatno podržava efekat spajanja.<ref name="JH2008">Yue Jia; Harman, M., "Constructing Subtle Faults Using Higher Order Mutation Testing," Source Code Analysis and Manipulation, 2008 Eighth IEEE International Working Conference on , vol., no., pp.249,258, 28-29 Sept. 2008</ref><ref name="Umar2008">Maryam Umar, "An Evaluation of Mutation Operators For Equivalent Mutants," MS Thesis, 2006</ref><ref name="Smith2008">Smith B., "On Guiding Augmentation of an Automated Test Suite via Mutation Analysis," 2008</ref><ref name="PP2009">Polo M. and Piattini M., "Mutation Testing: practical aspects and cost analysis," University of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain), Presentation, 2009</ref><ref name="Anderson2011">Anderson S., "Mutation Testing", the University of Edinburgh, School of Informatics, Presentation, 2011</ref> Mutanti višeg reda omogućavaju se stvaranjem mutanata s više od jedne mutacije. Testiranje mutacija se vrši odabirom skupa operatora mutacije, a zatim njihovom primjenom na izvorni program jedan po jedan za svaki primjenjivi dio izvornog koda. Rezultat primjene jednog operatora mutacije na program naziva se ''mutant''. Ako je testni paket u stanju detektirati promjenu (tj. jedan od testova ne uspije), tada se kaže da je mutant ''ubijen''. Naprimjer, razmotrimo sljedeći fragment C++ koda: <syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> Ako je (a && b) { c = 1; } else { c = 0; } </syntaxhighlight> Operator mutacije uslova bi zamijenio <code>&&</code> sa <code>||</code> i proizveo bi sljedeći mutant: <syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> if (a || b) { c = 1; } else { c = 0; } </syntaxhighlight> Da bi test ubio ovog mutanta, moraju biti ispunjena sljedeća tri uvjeta: # Test mora ''doseći'' mutiranu naredbu. # Ulazni podaci testa trebaju ''zaraziti'' stanje programa uzrokujući različita stanja programa za mutanta i originalni program. Na primjer, test sa <code>a = 1</code> i <code>b = 0</code> bi to učinio. # Neispravno stanje programa (vrijednost 'c') mora se ''propagirati'' na izlaz programa i biti provjereno testom. Ovi uvjeti se zajednički nazivaju ''RIP model''.<ref name="mutation2000"/> ''Testiranje slabih mutacija'' (ili ''pokrivenost slabih mutacija'') zahtijeva da su ispunjeni samo prvi i drugi uvjet. ''Testiranje jakih mutacija'' zahtijeva da su ispunjena sva tri uvjeta. Jaka mutacija je moćnija, jer osigurava da skup testova zaista može uhvatiti probleme. Slaba mutacija je usko povezana s metodama [[pokrivenost koda]]. Potrebno je mnogo manje računarske snage da bi se osiguralo da testni paket zadovoljava testiranje slabih mutacija nego testiranje jakih mutacija. Međutim, postoje slučajevi kada nije moguće pronaći testni slučaj koji bi mogao ubiti ovog mutanta. Rezultirajući program je bihevioralno ekvivalentan originalnom. Takvi mutanti se nazivaju "ekvivalentni mutanti". Detekcija ekvivalentnih mutanata jedna je od najvećih prepreka praktičnoj upotrebi testiranja mutacija. Napor potreban za provjeru da li su mutanti ekvivalentni ili ne može biti vrlo visok, čak i za male programe.<ref>P. G. Frankl, S. N. Weiss, and C. Hu. All-uses versus mutation testing: An experimental comparison of effectiveness. ''Journal of Systems and Software'', 38:235–253, 1997.</ref> A 2014 systematic literature review of a wide range of approaches to overcome the Equivalent Mutant Problem<ref>[http://madeyski.e-informatyka.pl/download/Madeyski13TSE.pdf Overcoming the Equivalent Mutant Problem: A Systematic Literature Review and a Comparative Experiment of Second Order Mutation] by L. Madeyski, W. Orzeszyna, R. Torkar, M. Józala. ''IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering''</ref> Identificirao je 17 relevantnih tehnika (u 22 članka) i tri kategorije tehnika: otkrivanje (DEM); sugeriranje (SEM); i izbjegavanje generiranja ekvivalentnih mutanata (AEMG). Eksperiment je pokazao da [[mutacija]] višeg reda općenito, a posebno JudyDiffOp strategija, pružaju obećavajući pristup problemu ekvivalentnih mutanata. Pored ekvivalentnih mutanata, postoje i „subsumirani mutanti“ koji postoje na istoj lokaciji izvornog koda kao i drugi mutant, i za koje se kaže da ih je drugi mutant „subsumirao“. Subsumirani mutanti nisu vidljivi alatu za testiranje mutacija i ne doprinose metrikama pokrivenosti. Na primjer, recimo da imate dva mutanta, A i B, koji oba mijenjaju liniju koda na isti način. Mutant A se prvo testira, a rezultat je da kod ne radi ispravno. Mutant B se zatim testira, a rezultat je isti kao i kod mutanta A. U ovom slučaju, smatra se da je Mutant B podvrgnut Mutantu A, budući da je rezultat testiranja Mutanta B isti kao i rezultat testiranja Mutanta A. Stoga, Mutant B ne treba biti testiran, jer će rezultat biti isti kao i kod Mutanta A. ==Operatori mutacije== Da bi se izvršile sintaktičke promjene u programu, operator mutacije služi kao smjernica koja zamjenjuje dijelove izvornog koda. S obzirom na to da mutacije zavise od ovih operatora, naučnici su kreirali kolekciju [[operator (genetika)|operatora]] [[mutacije]], kako bi se prilagodili različitim programskim jezicima, poput Jave. Učinkovitost ovih operatora mutacije igra ključnu ulogu u testiranju mutacije..<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Hamimoune |first1=Soukaina |last2=Falah |first2=Bouchaib |title=2016 International Conference on Engineering & MIS (ICEMIS) |chapter=Mutation testing techniques: A comparative study |date=24 September 2016 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1109/ICEMIS.2016.7745368 |isbn=978-1-5090-5579-1 |s2cid=24301702 |language=en-US }}</ref> Istraživači su istražili mnoge operatore mutacije. Evo nekoliko primjera operatora mutacije za imperativne jezike: * Delecija naredbi * Dupliranje ili umetanje naredbi, npr. <code>goto fail;</code><ref>[https://www.imperialviolet.org/2014/02/22/applebug.html Apple's SSL/TLS bug] by Adam Langley.</ref> * Zamjena logičkih podizraza sa ''true'' i ''false'' * Zamjena nekih aritmetičkih operacija drugima, npr. <code>+</code> sa <code>*</code>, <code>-</code> sa <code>/</code> * Zamjena nekih logičkih relacija drugima, npr. <code>></code> sa <code>>=</code>, <code>==</code> i <code><=</code> * Zamjena varijabli drugima iz istog opsega (tipovi varijabli moraju biti kompatibilni) * Uklanjanje tijela metode.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Niedermayr |first1=Rainer |title=Proceedings of the International Workshop on Continuous Software Evolution and Delivery |last2=Juergens |first2=Elmar |last3=Wagner |first3=Stefan |date=2016-05-14 |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |isbn=978-1-4503-4157-8 |series=CSED '16 |location=Austin, Texas |pages=23–29 |chapter=Will my tests tell me if I break this code? |doi=10.1145/2896941.2896944 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/2896941.2896944 |arxiv=1611.07163 |s2cid=9213147}}</ref> Ovi operatori mutacije se također nazivaju tradicionalnim operatorima mutacije. Postoje i operatori mutacije za objektno orijentirane jezike,<ref>[http://www.cs.gmu.edu/~offutt/rsrch/papers/mujava.pdf MuJava: An Automated Class Mutation System] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311010113/http://www.cs.gmu.edu/~offutt/rsrch/papers/mujava.pdf |date=2012-03-11 }} by Yu-Seung Ma, [[Jeff Offutt]] and Yong Rae Kwo.</ref> for concurrent constructions,<ref>[http://www.irisa.fr/manifestations/2006/Mutation2006/papers/14_Final_version.pdf Mutation Operators for Concurrent Java (J2SE 5.0)] by Jeremy S. Bradbury, James R. Cordy, Juergen Dingel.</ref> complex objects like containers,<ref>[http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~bieman/Pubs/AlexanderBiemanGhoshJiISSRE02.pdf Mutation of Java Objects] by Roger T. Alexander, James M. Bieman, Sudipto Ghosh, Bixia Ji.</ref> itd. === Tipovi operatora mutacije === Operatori za kontejnere nazivaju se operatori mutacije na ''nivou klase''. Operatori na nivou klase mijenjaju strukturu programa dodavanjem, uklanjanjem ili promjenom izraza koji se ispituju. Za svaku kategoriju promjena uspostavljeni su specifični operatori.<ref name=":1" /> Naprimjer, alat muJava nudi različite operatore mutacije na nivou klase kao što su promjena modifikatora pristupa, umetanje operatora pretvaranja tipa i [[delecija (genetika)|delecija]] operatora pretvaranja tipa. Operatori mutacije su također razvijeni za izvođenje testiranja sigurnosnih ranjivosti programa.<ref>[http://qspace.library.queensu.ca/handle/1974/1359 Mutation-based Testing of Buffer Overflows, SQL Injections, and Format String Bugs] by H. Shahriar and M. Zulkernine.</ref> Pored operatora „na nivou klase“, MuJava također uključuje operatore mutacije „na nivou metode“, koji se nazivaju tradicionalnim operatorima. Ovi tradicionalni operatori [[dizajn]]irani su na osnovu karakteristika koje se obično nalaze u proceduralnim jezicima. Oni vrše promjene u iskazima dodavanjem, zamjenom ili uklanjanjem primitivnih operatora. Ovi operatori spadaju u šest kategorija: „aritmetički operatori“, „relacijski operatori“, „uslovni operatori“, „operatori pomjeranja“, „logički operatori“ i „operatori dodjeljivanja“.<ref name=":1"/> == Tipovi testiranja mutacija == Postoje tri tipa testiranja mutacija; === Mutacija iskaza === Mutacija iskaza je proces u kojem se blok [[kodon|koda]] namjerno mijenja delecijom ili kopiranjem određenih iskaza. Štaviše, omogućava promjenu redoslijeda iskaza unutar bloka koda kako bi se generirale različite sekvence.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Walters |first=Amy |date=2023-06-01 |title=Understanding Mutation Testing: A Comprehensive Guide |url=https://testrigor.com/blog/understanding-mutation-testing-a-comprehensive-guide/ |access-date=2023-10-08 |website=testRigor AI-Based Automated Testing Tool |language=en-US}}</ref> Ova tehnika ključna je u testiranju [[softver]]a jer pomaže u identifikaciji potencijalnih slabosti ili grešaka u kodu. Namjernim unošenjem promjena u kod i posmatranjem njegovog ponašanja, programeri mogu otkriti skrivene greške ili nedostatke koji bi mogli proći nezapaženo tokom redovnog testiranja.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Deng |first1=Lin |last2=Offutt |first2=Jeff |last3=Li |first3=Nan |title=2013 IEEE Sixth International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation |chapter=Empirical Evaluation of the Statement Deletion Mutation Operator |date=22 March 2013 |pages=84–93 |language=en-US |doi=10.1109/ICST.2013.20 |isbn=978-0-7695-4968-2 |s2cid=12866713 |issn=2159-4848}}</ref> Mutacija naredbi je poput dijagnostičkog alata koji pruža uvid u robusnost i otpornost koda, pomažući programerima da poboljšaju ukupni kvalitet i pouzdanost svog softvera. Naprimjer, u isječku koda ispod, cijeli dio 'else' je uklonjen: <syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> funkcija provjeriVjerodajnice(korisničkoime, lozinka) { ako (korisničkoime === "admin" && password === "lpassword") { vrati tačno; } } </syntaxhighlight> === Mutacija vrijednosti === [[Mutacija]] vrijednosti se dešava kada se izvrše modifikacije vrijednosti parametara ili konstanti unutar koda. To obično uključuje prilagođavanje vrijednosti dodavanjem ili oduzimanjem 1, ali može uključivati i značajnije promjene vrijednosti. Specifične promjene napravljene tokom mutacije vrijednosti uključuju dva glavna scenarija: Prvo, postoji transformacija iz male vrijednosti u višu vrijednost. To podrazumijeva zamjenu male vrijednosti u kodu većom. Svrha ove promjene je procijeniti kako kod reaguje kada naiđe na veće ulaze. To pomaže da se osigura da kod može precizno i efikasno obraditi ove veće vrijednosti bez nailaženja na greške ili neočekivane probleme.<ref name=":0"/> Suprotno tome, drugi scenario uključuje promjenu veće vrijednosti u manju. U ovom slučaju, zamjenjujemo višu vrijednost unutar koda manjom vrijednošću. Ovaj test ima za cilj procijeniti kako kod obrađuje manje ulaze. Osiguravanje da se kod ispravno izvršava s manjim vrijednostima je ključno kako bi se spriječili nepredviđeni problemi ili greške pri radu s takvim ulaznim podacima.<ref name=":0"/> Naprimjer: <syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> // Originalni kod function multiplyByTwo(value) { return value * 2; } // Mutacija vrijednosti: Manja vrijednost u višu vrijednost function multiplyByTwoMutation1(value) { return value * 10; } // Mutacija vrijednosti: Viša vrijednost u malu vrijednost function multiplyByTwoMutation2(value) { return value / 10; } </syntaxhighlight> === Mutacija odluke === Testiranje mutacije odluke fokusira se na identifikaciju grešaka u dizajnu unutar koda, s posebnim naglaskom na otkrivanje nedostataka ili slabosti u logici donošenja odluka programa. Ova metoda uključuje namjerno mijenjanje aritmetičkih i logičkih operatora kako bi se otkrili potencijalni problemi.<ref name=":0" /> Manipuliranjem ovih operatora, programeri mogu sistematski procijeniti kako kod reagira na različite scenarije donošenja odluka. Ovaj proces pomaže u osiguravanju da su putevi donošenja odluka programa robusni i tačni, sprječavajući skupe greške koje bi mogle nastati zbog pogrešne logike. Testiranje mutacije odluke služi kao vrijedan alat u razvoju softvera, omogućavajući programerima da poboljšaju pouzdanost i efikasnost svojih segmenata koda za donošenje odluka. Na primjer: <syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> // Originalni kod function isPositive(number) { return number > 0; } // Mutacija odluke: Promjena operatora poređenja function isPositiveMutation1(broj) { return broj >= 0; } // Mutacija odluke: Negiranje rezultata function isPositiveMutation2(broj) { return !(broj > 0); } </syntaxhighlight> ==Također pogledajte== * [[Begugging]] (ili zasijavanje grešaka) * [[Testiranje ispravnosti]] * [[Ubrizgavanje greške]] * [[Genetičko testiranje]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{Testiranje softvera}} [[Kategorija:Testiranje softvera]] [[Kategorija:Računarstvo]] [[Kategorija:Genetika]] 4cclxwyicwxcfopwfqkrxbm7pdaqlcu 3849441 3849439 2026-05-26T10:51:09Z GENETIČAR-2 181763 3849441 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Testiranje mutacija''' (ili ''analiza mutacija'' ili ''program mutacija'') koristi se za [[dizajn]]iranje novih [[Testiranje softvera|softverskih testova]] i procjenu kvaliteta postojećih softverskih testova. Testiranje mutacija uključuje pravljenje malih promjena u programu koji se testira.<ref name=DLS1978 /> Svaka promijenjena verzija se naziva ''mutant''. Test detektuje, a time i odbacuje, mutanta nakon neuspjeha testa – neuspjeh koji ukazuje na to da je test uspješno prepoznao da se [[ponašanje]] mutanta razlikuje od ponašanja originalnog koda. Odbacivanje se naziva ''ubijanje'' mutanta. Vrijednost [[skup testova|skupa testova]] mjeri se postotkom mutanata koje ubija. Skup testova može se zatim poboljšati, dodavanjem novih testova dizajniranih za ubijanje dodatnih mutanata. Stvaranje mutanata se vrši pomoću dobro definiranih ''operatora mutacija'' koji ili oponašaju tipične programske greške (kao što je korištenje pogrešnog operatora ili naziva varijable) ili prisiljavaju stvaranje vrijednih testova (kao što je dijeljenje svakog izraza s nulom). Testiranje mutacija je oblik [[testiranje bijele kutije|testiranja bijele kutije]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Ostrand|first=Thomas|title=White-Box Testing|date=2002|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/0471028959.sof378|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Software Engineering|publisher=American Cancer Society|language=en|doi=10.1002/0471028959.sof378|isbn=978-0-471-02895-6|access-date=2021-03-16|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Misra|first=S.|title=CCECE 2003 - Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering. Toward a Caring and Humane Technology (Cat. No.03CH37436) |chapter=Evaluating four white-box test coverage methodologies |date=2003|location=Montreal, Que., Canada|publisher=IEEE|volume=3|pages=1739–1742|doi=10.1109/CCECE.2003.1226246|isbn=978-0-7803-7781-3|s2cid=62549502 }}</ref> Its purpose is to help the tester develop effective [[regression tests]] by locating weaknesses in the test data used to test the program and discovering sections of the tested program's code that are seldom or never accessed during [[Execution (computers)|execution]]. ==Uvod== Veći dio ovog članka govori o "mutaciji programa", u kojoj se program modificira. Opšta definicija "analize mutacija" je korištenje dobro definiranih pravila definiranih na sintaktičkim strukturama za sistematske promjene softverskih artefakata.<ref name="AmmannOffutt2008">Paul Ammann and Jeff Offutt. Introduction to Software Testing. Cambridge University Press, 2008.</ref> Analiza mutacija je primijenjena na druge probleme, ali se obično primjenjuje na testiranje. Dakle, „testiranje mutacija“ se definira kao korištenje analize [[mutacija]] za dizajniranje novih softverskih testova ili za procjenu postojećih softverskih testova.<ref name="AmmannOffutt2008"/> Dakle, analiza mutacija i testiranje mogu se primijeniti na modele dizajna, specifikacije, [[baze podataka]], testove, XML i druge vrste [[softver]]skih artefakata, iako je mutacija programa najčešća.<ref>{{cite journal | first1=Yue | last1=Jia | first2=Mark | last2=Harman | title=An Analysis and Survey of the Development of Mutation Testing | journal=IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering | authorlink2=Mark Harman (computer scientist) | date=September 2009 | volume = 37 | issue = 5 | pages = 649–678 | doi = 10.1109/TSE.2010.62 | s2cid = 6853229 | url = https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3277/8a2eb4c74cd437e922ac1eb6a1477dfcb925.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171204061252/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3277/8a2eb4c74cd437e922ac1eb6a1477dfcb925.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2017-12-04 }}</ref> ==Pregled== Testovi se mogu kreirati kako bi se provjerila ispravnost implementacije datog softverskog sistema, ali kreiranje testova i dalje postavlja pitanje da li su testovi ispravni i da li dovoljno pokrivaju zahtjeve povezane s implementacijom.<ref>{{cite book | first1=Aristides | last1=Dasso | first2=Ana | last2=Funes | title=Verification, Validation and Testing in Software Engineering |publisher=Idea Group Inc | year=2007| isbn=978-1591408512}}</ref> (This technological problem is itself an instance of a deeper philosophical problem named "[[Quis custodiet ipsos custodes?]]" ["Who will guard the guards?"].) Ideja iza testiranja mutacija je da program koji se testira radi kako je predviđeno, tako da ako se uvede mutant i funkcionalnost se promijeni, to znači da je uvedena greška, koju testovi zatim trebaju pronaći. Na ovaj način testovi se testiraju. Ako testni paket ne otkrije mutant, to obično ukazuje na to da testni paket nije u stanju locirati greške koje predstavlja mutant, ali također može ukazivati na to da mutacija ne uvodi nikakve greške. To jest, mutacija je validna promjena, ona koja ili proizvodi željeni rezultat ili ona koja ne utiče na funkcionalnost. Jedan (uobičajeni) način na koji mutant može biti validan je da je kod koji je promijenjen "mrtav kod" koji se nikada ne izvršava. Da bi testiranje mutacija funkcionisalo u velikom obimu, obično se uvodi veliki broj mutanata, što dovodi do kompajliranja i izvršavanja izuzetno velikog broja kopija programa. Ovaj problem troškova testiranja mutacija smanjio je njegovu praktičnu upotrebu kao metode testiranja [[softver]]a. Međutim, povećana upotreba okvira za objektno orijentisane programske jezike i jedinično testiranje dovela je do stvaranja alata za testiranje mutacija koji testiraju pojedinačne dijelove aplikacije. ==Ciljevi== Ciljevi testiranja mutacija su višestruki: * identificirati slabo testirane dijelove koda (one za koje mutanti nisu ubijeni)<ref name=DLS1978/> * identificirati slabe testove (one koji nikada ne ubijaju mutante)<ref name="Smith2008"/> * izračunati rezultat mutacije,<ref name="AmmannOffutt2008"/> rezultat mutacije je broj ubijenih mutanata / ukupan broj mutanata. * saznati o propagaciji greške i infekciji stanja u programu. ==Historija== Testiranje mutacija je prvobitno predložio Richard Lipton kao student 1971.,<ref name="mutation2000">[http://cs.gmu.edu/~offutt/rsrch/papers/mut00.pdf Mutation 2000: Uniting the Orthogonal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928184359/http://cs.gmu.edu/~offutt/rsrch/papers/mut00.pdf |date=2011-09-28 }}</ref> autora [[Jeffa Offutt|A. Jeffersona Offutta]] i Rolanda H. Untcha, a prvi put razvijen i objavljen od strane DeMilla, Liptona i Saywarda.<ref name="DLS1978">Richard A. DeMillo, Richard J. Lipton i Fred G. Sayward. Savjeti o odabiru testnih podataka: Pomoć za programere u praksi. IEEE Computer, 11(4):34-41. April 1978.</ref> Prvu implementaciju alata za testiranje mutacija izvršio je Timothy Budd kao dio svog doktorskog rada (pod nazivom ''Analiza mutacija'') na Univerzitetu Yale, 1980.<ref name="Budd1980">Tim A. Budd, Mutation Analysis of Program Test Data. PhD thesis, Yale University New Haven CT, 1980.</ref> Nedavno, s dostupnošću ogromne [[računar]]ske snage, došlo je do ponovnog porasta analize mutacija unutar zajednice [[računarstvo|računarskih nauka]], te je urađen rad na definiranju metoda primjene testiranja mutacija na objektno orijentisane programske jezike i neproceduralne jezike kao što su XML, SMV i konačni automati. U 2004., kompanija pod nazivom Certess Inc. (sada dio Synopsys-a) proširila je mnoge principe na domen verifikacije [[hardver]]a. Dok analiza [[mutacija]] očekuje samo da će otkriti razliku u proizvedenom izlazu, Certess to proširuje provjerom da li će provjerivač u testnom okruženju zapravo otkriti razliku. Ovo proširenje znači da se procjenjuju sve tri faze verifikacije, naime: aktivacija, propagacija i detekcija. To su nazvali funkcionalnom kvalifikacijom. Fuzzing može se smatrati posebnim slučajem testiranja mutacija. U fuzzingu, poruke ili podaci koji se razmjenjuju unutar komunikacijskih interfejsa (i unutar i između softverskih instanci) se mutiraju kako bi se otkrili kvarovi ili razlike u obradi podataka. [[Codenomicon]]<ref>[http://www.codenomicon.com/resources/publications.shtml Kaksonen, Rauli. A Functional Method for Assessing Protocol Implementation Security (Licentiate thesis). Espoo. 2001.]</ref> (2001) i [[Mu Dynamics]] (2005) su razvili koncepte fuzzinga u potpuno prihvstljivu platformu za testiranje mutacija, zajedno s monitorima za temeljito vježbanje implementacija protokola. ==Pregled testiranja mutacija== Testiranje mutacija zasniva se na dvije hipoteze. Prva [[hipoteza]] je „kompetentnog programera“. Ova hipoteza tvrdi da kompetentni programeri pišu programe koji su blizu tačnosti.<ref name=DLS1978 /> „Blisko“ bi trebalo biti zasnovano na ponašanju, a ne na sintaksi. Druga hipoteza se naziva „efekat spajanja“. Efekat spajanja tvrdi da se jednostavni kvarovi mogu kaskadno gomilati ili „sparivati“ kako bi formirali druge emergentne kvarove.<ref name="Offut1992">A. Jefferson Offutt. 1992. Investigations of the software testing coupling effect. ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol. 1, 1 (January 1992), 5-20.</ref><ref name="ABDLS1979">A. T. Acree, T. A. Budd, R. A. DeMillo, R. J. Lipton, and F. G. Sayward, "Mutation Analysis," Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, Technique Report GIT-ICS-79/08, 1979.</ref> Suptilne i važne greške također otkrivaju mutanti višeg reda, što dodatno podržava efekat spajanja.<ref name="JH2008">Yue Jia; Harman, M., "Constructing Subtle Faults Using Higher Order Mutation Testing," Source Code Analysis and Manipulation, 2008 Eighth IEEE International Working Conference on , vol., no., pp.249,258, 28-29 Sept. 2008</ref><ref name="Umar2008">Maryam Umar, "An Evaluation of Mutation Operators For Equivalent Mutants," MS Thesis, 2006</ref><ref name="Smith2008">Smith B., "On Guiding Augmentation of an Automated Test Suite via Mutation Analysis," 2008</ref><ref name="PP2009">Polo M. and Piattini M., "Mutation Testing: practical aspects and cost analysis," University of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain), Presentation, 2009</ref><ref name="Anderson2011">Anderson S., "Mutation Testing", the University of Edinburgh, School of Informatics, Presentation, 2011</ref> Mutanti višeg reda omogućavaju se stvaranjem mutanata s više od jedne mutacije. Testiranje mutacija se vrši odabirom skupa operatora mutacije, a zatim njihovom primjenom na izvorni program jedan po jedan za svaki primjenjivi dio izvornog koda. Rezultat primjene jednog operatora mutacije na program naziva se ''mutant''. Ako je testni paket u stanju detektirati promjenu (tj. jedan od testova ne uspije), tada se kaže da je mutant ''ubijen''. Naprimjer, razmotrimo sljedeći fragment C++ koda: <syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> Ako je (a && b) { c = 1; } else { c = 0; } </syntaxhighlight> Operator mutacije uslova bi zamijenio <code>&&</code> sa <code>||</code> i proizveo bi sljedeći mutant: <syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> if (a || b) { c = 1; } else { c = 0; } </syntaxhighlight> Da bi test ubio ovog mutanta, moraju biti ispunjena sljedeća tri uvjeta: # Test mora ''doseći'' mutiranu naredbu. # Ulazni podaci testa trebaju ''zaraziti'' stanje programa uzrokujući različita stanja programa za mutanta i originalni program. Na primjer, test sa <code>a = 1</code> i <code>b = 0</code> bi to učinio. # Neispravno stanje programa (vrijednost 'c') mora se ''propagirati'' na izlaz programa i biti provjereno testom. Ovi uvjeti se zajednički nazivaju ''RIP model''.<ref name="mutation2000"/> ''Testiranje slabih mutacija'' (ili ''pokrivenost slabih mutacija'') zahtijeva da su ispunjeni samo prvi i drugi uvjet. ''Testiranje jakih mutacija'' zahtijeva da su ispunjena sva tri uvjeta. Jaka mutacija je moćnija, jer osigurava da skup testova zaista može uhvatiti probleme. Slaba mutacija je usko povezana s metodama [[pokrivenost koda]]. Potrebno je mnogo manje računarske snage da bi se osiguralo da testni paket zadovoljava testiranje slabih mutacija nego testiranje jakih mutacija. Međutim, postoje slučajevi kada nije moguće pronaći testni slučaj koji bi mogao ubiti ovog mutanta. Rezultirajući program je bihevioralno ekvivalentan originalnom. Takvi mutanti se nazivaju "ekvivalentni mutanti". Detekcija ekvivalentnih mutanata jedna je od najvećih prepreka praktičnoj upotrebi testiranja mutacija. Napor potreban za provjeru da li su mutanti ekvivalentni ili ne može biti vrlo visok, čak i za male programe.<ref>P. G. Frankl, S. N. Weiss, and C. Hu. All-uses versus mutation testing: An experimental comparison of effectiveness. ''Journal of Systems and Software'', 38:235–253, 1997.</ref> A 2014 systematic literature review of a wide range of approaches to overcome the Equivalent Mutant Problem<ref>[http://madeyski.e-informatyka.pl/download/Madeyski13TSE.pdf Overcoming the Equivalent Mutant Problem: A Systematic Literature Review and a Comparative Experiment of Second Order Mutation] by L. Madeyski, W. Orzeszyna, R. Torkar, M. Józala. ''IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering''</ref> Identificirao je 17 relevantnih tehnika (u 22 članka) i tri kategorije tehnika: otkrivanje (DEM); sugeriranje (SEM); i izbjegavanje generiranja ekvivalentnih mutanata (AEMG). Eksperiment je pokazao da [[mutacija]] višeg reda općenito, a posebno JudyDiffOp strategija, pružaju obećavajući pristup problemu ekvivalentnih mutanata. Pored ekvivalentnih mutanata, postoje i „subsumirani mutanti“ koji postoje na istoj lokaciji izvornog koda kao i drugi mutant, i za koje se kaže da ih je drugi mutant „subsumirao“. Subsumirani mutanti nisu vidljivi alatu za testiranje mutacija i ne doprinose metrikama pokrivenosti. Na primjer, recimo da imate dva mutanta, A i B, koji oba mijenjaju liniju koda na isti način. Mutant A se prvo testira, a rezultat je da kod ne radi ispravno. Mutant B se zatim testira, a rezultat je isti kao i kod mutanta A. U ovom slučaju, smatra se da je Mutant B podvrgnut Mutantu A, budući da je rezultat testiranja Mutanta B isti kao i rezultat testiranja Mutanta A. Stoga, Mutant B ne treba biti testiran, jer će rezultat biti isti kao i kod Mutanta A. ==Operatori mutacije== Da bi se izvršile sintaktičke promjene u programu, operator mutacije služi kao smjernica koja zamjenjuje dijelove izvornog koda. S obzirom na to da mutacije zavise od ovih operatora, naučnici su kreirali kolekciju [[operator (genetika)|operatora]] [[mutacije]], kako bi se prilagodili različitim programskim jezicima, poput Jave. Učinkovitost ovih operatora mutacije igra ključnu ulogu u testiranju mutacije..<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Hamimoune |first1=Soukaina |last2=Falah |first2=Bouchaib |title=2016 International Conference on Engineering & MIS (ICEMIS) |chapter=Mutation testing techniques: A comparative study |date=24 September 2016 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1109/ICEMIS.2016.7745368 |isbn=978-1-5090-5579-1 |s2cid=24301702 |language=en-US }}</ref> Istraživači su istražili mnoge operatore mutacije. Evo nekoliko primjera operatora mutacije za imperativne jezike: * Delecija naredbi * Dupliranje ili umetanje naredbi, npr. <code>goto fail;</code><ref>[https://www.imperialviolet.org/2014/02/22/applebug.html Apple's SSL/TLS bug] by Adam Langley.</ref> * Zamjena logičkih podizraza sa ''true'' i ''false'' * Zamjena nekih aritmetičkih operacija drugima, npr. <code>+</code> sa <code>*</code>, <code>-</code> sa <code>/</code> * Zamjena nekih logičkih relacija drugima, npr. <code>></code> sa <code>>=</code>, <code>==</code> i <code><=</code> * Zamjena varijabli drugima iz istog opsega (tipovi varijabli moraju biti kompatibilni) * Uklanjanje tijela metode.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Niedermayr |first1=Rainer |title=Proceedings of the International Workshop on Continuous Software Evolution and Delivery |last2=Juergens |first2=Elmar |last3=Wagner |first3=Stefan |date=2016-05-14 |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |isbn=978-1-4503-4157-8 |series=CSED '16 |location=Austin, Texas |pages=23–29 |chapter=Will my tests tell me if I break this code? |doi=10.1145/2896941.2896944 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/2896941.2896944 |arxiv=1611.07163 |s2cid=9213147}}</ref> Ovi operatori mutacije se također nazivaju tradicionalnim operatorima mutacije. Postoje i operatori mutacije za objektno orijentirane jezike,<ref>[http://www.cs.gmu.edu/~offutt/rsrch/papers/mujava.pdf MuJava: An Automated Class Mutation System] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311010113/http://www.cs.gmu.edu/~offutt/rsrch/papers/mujava.pdf |date=2012-03-11 }} by Yu-Seung Ma, [[Jeff Offutt]] and Yong Rae Kwo.</ref> for concurrent constructions,<ref>[http://www.irisa.fr/manifestations/2006/Mutation2006/papers/14_Final_version.pdf Mutation Operators for Concurrent Java (J2SE 5.0)] by Jeremy S. Bradbury, James R. Cordy, Juergen Dingel.</ref> complex objects like containers,<ref>[http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~bieman/Pubs/AlexanderBiemanGhoshJiISSRE02.pdf Mutation of Java Objects] by Roger T. Alexander, James M. Bieman, Sudipto Ghosh, Bixia Ji.</ref> itd. === Tipovi operatora mutacije === Operatori za kontejnere nazivaju se operatori mutacije na ''nivou klase''. Operatori na nivou klase mijenjaju strukturu programa dodavanjem, uklanjanjem ili promjenom izraza koji se ispituju. Za svaku kategoriju promjena uspostavljeni su specifični operatori.<ref name=":1" /> Naprimjer, alat muJava nudi različite operatore mutacije na nivou klase kao što su promjena modifikatora pristupa, umetanje operatora pretvaranja tipa i [[delecija (genetika)|delecija]] operatora pretvaranja tipa. Operatori mutacije su također razvijeni za izvođenje testiranja sigurnosnih ranjivosti programa.<ref>[http://qspace.library.queensu.ca/handle/1974/1359 Mutation-based Testing of Buffer Overflows, SQL Injections, and Format String Bugs] by H. Shahriar and M. Zulkernine.</ref> Pored operatora „na nivou klase“, MuJava također uključuje operatore mutacije „na nivou metode“, koji se nazivaju tradicionalnim operatorima. Ovi tradicionalni operatori [[dizajn]]irani su na osnovu karakteristika koje se obično nalaze u proceduralnim jezicima. Oni vrše promjene u iskazima dodavanjem, zamjenom ili uklanjanjem primitivnih operatora. Ovi operatori spadaju u šest kategorija: „aritmetički operatori“, „relacijski operatori“, „uslovni operatori“, „operatori pomjeranja“, „logički operatori“ i „operatori dodjeljivanja“.<ref name=":1"/> == Tipovi testiranja mutacija == Postoje tri tipa testiranja mutacija; === Mutacija iskaza === Mutacija iskaza je proces u kojem se blok [[kodon|koda]] namjerno mijenja delecijom ili kopiranjem određenih iskaza. Štaviše, omogućava promjenu redoslijeda iskaza unutar bloka koda kako bi se generirale različite sekvence.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Walters |first=Amy |date=2023-06-01 |title=Understanding Mutation Testing: A Comprehensive Guide |url=https://testrigor.com/blog/understanding-mutation-testing-a-comprehensive-guide/ |access-date=2023-10-08 |website=testRigor AI-Based Automated Testing Tool |language=en-US}}</ref> Ova tehnika ključna je u testiranju [[softver]]a jer pomaže u identifikaciji potencijalnih slabosti ili grešaka u kodu. Namjernim unošenjem promjena u kod i posmatranjem njegovog ponašanja, programeri mogu otkriti skrivene greške ili nedostatke koji bi mogli proći nezapaženo tokom redovnog testiranja.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Deng |first1=Lin |last2=Offutt |first2=Jeff |last3=Li |first3=Nan |title=2013 IEEE Sixth International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation |chapter=Empirical Evaluation of the Statement Deletion Mutation Operator |date=22 March 2013 |pages=84–93 |language=en-US |doi=10.1109/ICST.2013.20 |isbn=978-0-7695-4968-2 |s2cid=12866713 |issn=2159-4848}}</ref> Mutacija naredbi je poput dijagnostičkog alata koji pruža uvid u robusnost i otpornost koda, pomažući programerima da poboljšaju ukupni kvalitet i pouzdanost svog softvera. Naprimjer, u isječku koda ispod, cijeli dio 'else' je uklonjen: <syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> funkcija provjeriVjerodajnice(korisničkoime, lozinka) { ako (korisničkoime === "admin" && password === "lpassword") { vrati tačno; } } </syntaxhighlight> === Mutacija vrijednosti === [[Mutacija]] vrijednosti se dešava kada se izvrše modifikacije vrijednosti parametara ili konstanti unutar koda. To obično uključuje prilagođavanje vrijednosti dodavanjem ili oduzimanjem 1, ali može uključivati i značajnije promjene vrijednosti. Specifične promjene napravljene tokom mutacije vrijednosti uključuju dva glavna scenarija: Prvo, postoji transformacija iz male vrijednosti u višu vrijednost. To podrazumijeva zamjenu male vrijednosti u kodu većom. Svrha ove promjene je procijeniti kako kod reaguje kada naiđe na veće ulaze. To pomaže da se osigura da kod može precizno i efikasno obraditi ove veće vrijednosti bez nailaženja na greške ili neočekivane probleme.<ref name=":0"/> Suprotno tome, drugi scenario uključuje promjenu veće vrijednosti u manju. U ovom slučaju, zamjenjujemo višu vrijednost unutar koda manjom vrijednošću. Ovaj test ima za cilj procijeniti kako kod obrađuje manje ulaze. Osiguravanje da se kod ispravno izvršava s manjim vrijednostima je ključno kako bi se spriječili nepredviđeni problemi ili greške pri radu s takvim ulaznim podacima.<ref name=":0"/> Naprimjer: <syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> // Originalni kod function multiplyByTwo(value) { return value * 2; } // Mutacija vrijednosti: Manja vrijednost u višu vrijednost function multiplyByTwoMutation1(value) { return value * 10; } // Mutacija vrijednosti: Viša vrijednost u malu vrijednost function multiplyByTwoMutation2(value) { return value / 10; } </syntaxhighlight> === Mutacija odluke === Testiranje mutacije odluke fokusira se na identifikaciju grešaka u dizajnu unutar koda, s posebnim naglaskom na otkrivanje nedostataka ili slabosti u logici donošenja odluka programa. Ova metoda uključuje namjerno mijenjanje aritmetičkih i logičkih operatora kako bi se otkrili potencijalni problemi.<ref name=":0" /> Manipuliranjem ovih operatora, programeri mogu sistematski procijeniti kako kod reagira na različite scenarije donošenja odluka. Ovaj proces pomaže u osiguravanju da su putevi donošenja odluka programa robusni i tačni, sprječavajući skupe greške koje bi mogle nastati zbog pogrešne logike. Testiranje mutacije odluke služi kao vrijedan alat u razvoju softvera, omogućavajući programerima da poboljšaju pouzdanost i efikasnost svojih segmenata koda za donošenje odluka. Na primjer: <syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> // Originalni kod function isPositive(number) { return number > 0; } // Mutacija odluke: Promjena operatora poređenja function isPositiveMutation1(broj) { return broj >= 0; } // Mutacija odluke: Negiranje rezultata function isPositiveMutation2(broj) { return !(broj > 0); } </syntaxhighlight> ==Također pogledajte== * [[Begugging]] (ili zasijavanje grešaka) * [[Testiranje ispravnosti]] * [[Ubrizgavanje greške]] * [[Genetičko testiranje]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{Testiranje softvera}} [[Kategorija:Testiranje softvera]] [[Kategorija:Računarstvo]] [[Kategorija:Genetika]] f7dujiuui0jon5wp3jcvtp83ccj3lwf 3849442 3849441 2026-05-26T10:53:41Z GENETIČAR-2 181763 /* Pregled testiranja mutacija */ 3849442 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Testiranje mutacija''' (ili ''analiza mutacija'' ili ''program mutacija'') koristi se za [[dizajn]]iranje novih [[Testiranje softvera|softverskih testova]] i procjenu kvaliteta postojećih softverskih testova. Testiranje mutacija uključuje pravljenje malih promjena u programu koji se testira.<ref name=DLS1978 /> Svaka promijenjena verzija se naziva ''mutant''. Test detektuje, a time i odbacuje, mutanta nakon neuspjeha testa – neuspjeh koji ukazuje na to da je test uspješno prepoznao da se [[ponašanje]] mutanta razlikuje od ponašanja originalnog koda. Odbacivanje se naziva ''ubijanje'' mutanta. Vrijednost [[skup testova|skupa testova]] mjeri se postotkom mutanata koje ubija. Skup testova može se zatim poboljšati, dodavanjem novih testova dizajniranih za ubijanje dodatnih mutanata. Stvaranje mutanata se vrši pomoću dobro definiranih ''operatora mutacija'' koji ili oponašaju tipične programske greške (kao što je korištenje pogrešnog operatora ili naziva varijable) ili prisiljavaju stvaranje vrijednih testova (kao što je dijeljenje svakog izraza s nulom). Testiranje mutacija je oblik [[testiranje bijele kutije|testiranja bijele kutije]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Ostrand|first=Thomas|title=White-Box Testing|date=2002|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/0471028959.sof378|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Software Engineering|publisher=American Cancer Society|language=en|doi=10.1002/0471028959.sof378|isbn=978-0-471-02895-6|access-date=2021-03-16|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Misra|first=S.|title=CCECE 2003 - Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering. Toward a Caring and Humane Technology (Cat. No.03CH37436) |chapter=Evaluating four white-box test coverage methodologies |date=2003|location=Montreal, Que., Canada|publisher=IEEE|volume=3|pages=1739–1742|doi=10.1109/CCECE.2003.1226246|isbn=978-0-7803-7781-3|s2cid=62549502 }}</ref> Its purpose is to help the tester develop effective [[regression tests]] by locating weaknesses in the test data used to test the program and discovering sections of the tested program's code that are seldom or never accessed during [[Execution (computers)|execution]]. ==Uvod== Veći dio ovog članka govori o "mutaciji programa", u kojoj se program modificira. Opšta definicija "analize mutacija" je korištenje dobro definiranih pravila definiranih na sintaktičkim strukturama za sistematske promjene softverskih artefakata.<ref name="AmmannOffutt2008">Paul Ammann and Jeff Offutt. Introduction to Software Testing. Cambridge University Press, 2008.</ref> Analiza mutacija je primijenjena na druge probleme, ali se obično primjenjuje na testiranje. Dakle, „testiranje mutacija“ se definira kao korištenje analize [[mutacija]] za dizajniranje novih softverskih testova ili za procjenu postojećih softverskih testova.<ref name="AmmannOffutt2008"/> Dakle, analiza mutacija i testiranje mogu se primijeniti na modele dizajna, specifikacije, [[baze podataka]], testove, XML i druge vrste [[softver]]skih artefakata, iako je mutacija programa najčešća.<ref>{{cite journal | first1=Yue | last1=Jia | first2=Mark | last2=Harman | title=An Analysis and Survey of the Development of Mutation Testing | journal=IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering | authorlink2=Mark Harman (computer scientist) | date=September 2009 | volume = 37 | issue = 5 | pages = 649–678 | doi = 10.1109/TSE.2010.62 | s2cid = 6853229 | url = https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3277/8a2eb4c74cd437e922ac1eb6a1477dfcb925.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171204061252/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3277/8a2eb4c74cd437e922ac1eb6a1477dfcb925.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2017-12-04 }}</ref> ==Pregled== Testovi se mogu kreirati kako bi se provjerila ispravnost implementacije datog softverskog sistema, ali kreiranje testova i dalje postavlja pitanje da li su testovi ispravni i da li dovoljno pokrivaju zahtjeve povezane s implementacijom.<ref>{{cite book | first1=Aristides | last1=Dasso | first2=Ana | last2=Funes | title=Verification, Validation and Testing in Software Engineering |publisher=Idea Group Inc | year=2007| isbn=978-1591408512}}</ref> (This technological problem is itself an instance of a deeper philosophical problem named "[[Quis custodiet ipsos custodes?]]" ["Who will guard the guards?"].) Ideja iza testiranja mutacija je da program koji se testira radi kako je predviđeno, tako da ako se uvede mutant i funkcionalnost se promijeni, to znači da je uvedena greška, koju testovi zatim trebaju pronaći. Na ovaj način testovi se testiraju. Ako testni paket ne otkrije mutant, to obično ukazuje na to da testni paket nije u stanju locirati greške koje predstavlja mutant, ali također može ukazivati na to da mutacija ne uvodi nikakve greške. To jest, mutacija je validna promjena, ona koja ili proizvodi željeni rezultat ili ona koja ne utiče na funkcionalnost. Jedan (uobičajeni) način na koji mutant može biti validan je da je kod koji je promijenjen "mrtav kod" koji se nikada ne izvršava. Da bi testiranje mutacija funkcionisalo u velikom obimu, obično se uvodi veliki broj mutanata, što dovodi do kompajliranja i izvršavanja izuzetno velikog broja kopija programa. Ovaj problem troškova testiranja mutacija smanjio je njegovu praktičnu upotrebu kao metode testiranja [[softver]]a. Međutim, povećana upotreba okvira za objektno orijentisane programske jezike i jedinično testiranje dovela je do stvaranja alata za testiranje mutacija koji testiraju pojedinačne dijelove aplikacije. ==Ciljevi== Ciljevi testiranja mutacija su višestruki: * identificirati slabo testirane dijelove koda (one za koje mutanti nisu ubijeni)<ref name=DLS1978/> * identificirati slabe testove (one koji nikada ne ubijaju mutante)<ref name="Smith2008"/> * izračunati rezultat mutacije,<ref name="AmmannOffutt2008"/> rezultat mutacije je broj ubijenih mutanata / ukupan broj mutanata. * saznati o propagaciji greške i infekciji stanja u programu. ==Historija== Testiranje mutacija je prvobitno predložio Richard Lipton kao student 1971.,<ref name="mutation2000">[http://cs.gmu.edu/~offutt/rsrch/papers/mut00.pdf Mutation 2000: Uniting the Orthogonal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928184359/http://cs.gmu.edu/~offutt/rsrch/papers/mut00.pdf |date=2011-09-28 }}</ref> autora [[Jeffa Offutt|A. Jeffersona Offutta]] i Rolanda H. Untcha, a prvi put razvijen i objavljen od strane DeMilla, Liptona i Saywarda.<ref name="DLS1978">Richard A. DeMillo, Richard J. Lipton i Fred G. Sayward. Savjeti o odabiru testnih podataka: Pomoć za programere u praksi. IEEE Computer, 11(4):34-41. April 1978.</ref> Prvu implementaciju alata za testiranje mutacija izvršio je Timothy Budd kao dio svog doktorskog rada (pod nazivom ''Analiza mutacija'') na Univerzitetu Yale, 1980.<ref name="Budd1980">Tim A. Budd, Mutation Analysis of Program Test Data. PhD thesis, Yale University New Haven CT, 1980.</ref> Nedavno, s dostupnošću ogromne [[računar]]ske snage, došlo je do ponovnog porasta analize mutacija unutar zajednice [[računarstvo|računarskih nauka]], te je urađen rad na definiranju metoda primjene testiranja mutacija na objektno orijentisane programske jezike i neproceduralne jezike kao što su XML, SMV i konačni automati. U 2004., kompanija pod nazivom Certess Inc. (sada dio Synopsys-a) proširila je mnoge principe na domen verifikacije [[hardver]]a. Dok analiza [[mutacija]] očekuje samo da će otkriti razliku u proizvedenom izlazu, Certess to proširuje provjerom da li će provjerivač u testnom okruženju zapravo otkriti razliku. Ovo proširenje znači da se procjenjuju sve tri faze verifikacije, naime: aktivacija, propagacija i detekcija. To su nazvali funkcionalnom kvalifikacijom. Fuzzing može se smatrati posebnim slučajem testiranja mutacija. U fuzzingu, poruke ili podaci koji se razmjenjuju unutar komunikacijskih interfejsa (i unutar i između softverskih instanci) se mutiraju kako bi se otkrili kvarovi ili razlike u obradi podataka. [[Codenomicon]]<ref>[http://www.codenomicon.com/resources/publications.shtml Kaksonen, Rauli. A Functional Method for Assessing Protocol Implementation Security (Licentiate thesis). Espoo. 2001.]</ref> (2001) i [[Mu Dynamics]] (2005) su razvili koncepte fuzzinga u potpuno prihvstljivu platformu za testiranje mutacija, zajedno s monitorima za temeljito vježbanje implementacija protokola. ==Pregled testiranja mutacija== Testiranje mutacija zasniva se na dvije hipoteze. Prva [[hipoteza]] je „kompetentnog programera“. Ova hipoteza tvrdi da kompetentni programeri pišu programe koji su blizu tačnosti.<ref name=DLS1978 /> „Blisko“ bi trebalo biti zasnovano na ponašanju, a ne na sintaksi. Druga hipoteza se naziva „efekat spajanja“. Efekat spajanja tvrdi da se jednostavni kvarovi mogu kaskadno gomilati ili „sparivati“ kako bi formirali druge emergentne kvarove.<ref name="Offut1992">A. Jefferson Offutt. 1992. Investigations of the software testing coupling effect. ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol. 1, 1 (January 1992), 5-20.</ref><ref name="ABDLS1979">A. T. Acree, T. A. Budd, R. A. DeMillo, R. J. Lipton, and F. G. Sayward, "Mutation Analysis," Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, Technique Report GIT-ICS-79/08, 1979.</ref> Suptilne i važne greške također otkrivaju mutanti višeg reda, što dodatno podržava efekat spajanja.<ref name="JH2008">Yue Jia; Harman, M., "Constructing Subtle Faults Using Higher Order Mutation Testing," Source Code Analysis and Manipulation, 2008 Eighth IEEE International Working Conference on , vol., no., pp.249,258, 28-29 Sept. 2008</ref><ref name="Umar2008">Maryam Umar, "An Evaluation of Mutation Operators For Equivalent Mutants," MS Thesis, 2006</ref><ref name="Smith2008">Smith B., "On Guiding Augmentation of an Automated Test Suite via Mutation Analysis," 2008</ref><ref name="PP2009">Polo M. and Piattini M., "Mutation Testing: practical aspects and cost analysis," University of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain), Presentation, 2009</ref><ref name="Anderson2011">Anderson S., "Mutation Testing", the University of Edinburgh, School of Informatics, Presentation, 2011</ref> Mutanti višeg reda omogućavaju se stvaranjem mutanata s više od jedne mutacije. Testiranje mutacija se vrši odabirom skupa operatora mutacije, a zatim njihovom primjenom na izvorni program jedan po jedan za svaki primjenjivi dio izvornog koda. Rezultat primjene jednog operatora mutacije na program naziva se ''mutant''. Ako je testni paket u stanju detektirati promjenu (tj. jedan od testova ne uspije), tada se kaže da je mutant ''ubijen''. Naprimjer, razmotrimo sljedeći fragment C++ koda: <syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> Ako je (a && b) {c = 1;} else {c = 0;} </syntaxhighlight> Operator mutacije uslova bi zamijenio <code>&&</code> sa <code>||</code> i proizveo bi sljedeći mutant: <syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> ako (a || b) {c = 1;} else {c = 0;} </syntaxhighlight> Da bi test ubio ovog mutanta, moraju biti ispunjena sljedeća tri uvjeta: # Test mora ''doseći'' mutiranu naredbu. # Ulazni podaci testa trebaju ''zaraziti'' stanje programa uzrokujući različita stanja programa za mutanta i originalni program. Na primjer, test sa <code>a = 1</code> i <code>b = 0</code> bi to učinio. # Neispravno stanje programa (vrijednost 'c') mora se ''propagirati'' na izlaz programa i biti provjereno testom. Ovi uvjeti se zajednički nazivaju ''RIP model''.<ref name="mutation2000"/> ''Testiranje slabih mutacija'' (ili ''pokrivenost slabih mutacija'') zahtijeva da su ispunjeni samo prvi i drugi uvjet. ''Testiranje jakih mutacija'' zahtijeva da su ispunjena sva tri uvjeta. Jaka mutacija je moćnija, jer osigurava da skup testova zaista može uhvatiti probleme. Slaba mutacija je usko povezana s metodama [[pokrivenost koda]]. Potrebno je mnogo manje računarske snage da bi se osiguralo da testni paket zadovoljava testiranje slabih mutacija nego testiranje jakih mutacija. Međutim, postoje slučajevi kada nije moguće pronaći testni slučaj koji bi mogao ubiti ovog mutanta. Rezultirajući program je bihevioralno ekvivalentan originalnom. Takvi mutanti se nazivaju "ekvivalentni mutanti". Detekcija ekvivalentnih mutanata jedna je od najvećih prepreka praktičnoj upotrebi testiranja mutacija. Napor potreban za provjeru da li su mutanti ekvivalentni ili ne može biti vrlo visok, čak i za male programe.<ref>P. G. Frankl, S. N. Weiss, and C. Hu. All-uses versus mutation testing: An experimental comparison of effectiveness. ''Journal of Systems and Software'', 38:235–253, 1997.</ref> A 2014 systematic literature review of a wide range of approaches to overcome the Equivalent Mutant Problem<ref>[http://madeyski.e-informatyka.pl/download/Madeyski13TSE.pdf Overcoming the Equivalent Mutant Problem: A Systematic Literature Review and a Comparative Experiment of Second Order Mutation] by L. Madeyski, W. Orzeszyna, R. Torkar, M. Józala. ''IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering''</ref> Identificirao je 17 relevantnih tehnika (u 22 članka) i tri kategorije tehnika: otkrivanje (DEM); sugeriranje (SEM); i izbjegavanje generiranja ekvivalentnih mutanata (AEMG). Eksperiment je pokazao da [[mutacija]] višeg reda općenito, a posebno JudyDiffOp strategija, pružaju obećavajući pristup problemu ekvivalentnih mutanata. Pored ekvivalentnih mutanata, postoje i „subsumirani mutanti“ koji postoje na istoj lokaciji izvornog koda kao i drugi mutant, i za koje se kaže da ih je drugi mutant „subsumirao“. Subsumirani mutanti nisu vidljivi alatu za testiranje mutacija i ne doprinose metrikama pokrivenosti. Na primjer, recimo da imate dva mutanta, A i B, koji oba mijenjaju liniju koda na isti način. Mutant A se prvo testira, a rezultat je da kod ne radi ispravno. Mutant B se zatim testira, a rezultat je isti kao i kod mutanta A. U ovom slučaju, smatra se da je Mutant B podvrgnut Mutantu A, budući da je rezultat testiranja Mutanta B isti kao i rezultat testiranja Mutanta A. Stoga, Mutant B ne treba biti testiran, jer će rezultat biti isti kao i kod Mutanta A. ==Operatori mutacije== Da bi se izvršile sintaktičke promjene u programu, operator mutacije služi kao smjernica koja zamjenjuje dijelove izvornog koda. S obzirom na to da mutacije zavise od ovih operatora, naučnici su kreirali kolekciju [[operator (genetika)|operatora]] [[mutacije]], kako bi se prilagodili različitim programskim jezicima, poput Jave. Učinkovitost ovih operatora mutacije igra ključnu ulogu u testiranju mutacije..<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Hamimoune |first1=Soukaina |last2=Falah |first2=Bouchaib |title=2016 International Conference on Engineering & MIS (ICEMIS) |chapter=Mutation testing techniques: A comparative study |date=24 September 2016 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1109/ICEMIS.2016.7745368 |isbn=978-1-5090-5579-1 |s2cid=24301702 |language=en-US }}</ref> Istraživači su istražili mnoge operatore mutacije. Evo nekoliko primjera operatora mutacije za imperativne jezike: * Delecija naredbi * Dupliranje ili umetanje naredbi, npr. <code>goto fail;</code><ref>[https://www.imperialviolet.org/2014/02/22/applebug.html Apple's SSL/TLS bug] by Adam Langley.</ref> * Zamjena logičkih podizraza sa ''true'' i ''false'' * Zamjena nekih aritmetičkih operacija drugima, npr. <code>+</code> sa <code>*</code>, <code>-</code> sa <code>/</code> * Zamjena nekih logičkih relacija drugima, npr. <code>></code> sa <code>>=</code>, <code>==</code> i <code><=</code> * Zamjena varijabli drugima iz istog opsega (tipovi varijabli moraju biti kompatibilni) * Uklanjanje tijela metode.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Niedermayr |first1=Rainer |title=Proceedings of the International Workshop on Continuous Software Evolution and Delivery |last2=Juergens |first2=Elmar |last3=Wagner |first3=Stefan |date=2016-05-14 |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |isbn=978-1-4503-4157-8 |series=CSED '16 |location=Austin, Texas |pages=23–29 |chapter=Will my tests tell me if I break this code? |doi=10.1145/2896941.2896944 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/2896941.2896944 |arxiv=1611.07163 |s2cid=9213147}}</ref> Ovi operatori mutacije se također nazivaju tradicionalnim operatorima mutacije. Postoje i operatori mutacije za objektno orijentirane jezike,<ref>[http://www.cs.gmu.edu/~offutt/rsrch/papers/mujava.pdf MuJava: An Automated Class Mutation System] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311010113/http://www.cs.gmu.edu/~offutt/rsrch/papers/mujava.pdf |date=2012-03-11 }} by Yu-Seung Ma, [[Jeff Offutt]] and Yong Rae Kwo.</ref> for concurrent constructions,<ref>[http://www.irisa.fr/manifestations/2006/Mutation2006/papers/14_Final_version.pdf Mutation Operators for Concurrent Java (J2SE 5.0)] by Jeremy S. Bradbury, James R. Cordy, Juergen Dingel.</ref> complex objects like containers,<ref>[http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~bieman/Pubs/AlexanderBiemanGhoshJiISSRE02.pdf Mutation of Java Objects] by Roger T. Alexander, James M. Bieman, Sudipto Ghosh, Bixia Ji.</ref> itd. === Tipovi operatora mutacije === Operatori za kontejnere nazivaju se operatori mutacije na ''nivou klase''. Operatori na nivou klase mijenjaju strukturu programa dodavanjem, uklanjanjem ili promjenom izraza koji se ispituju. Za svaku kategoriju promjena uspostavljeni su specifični operatori.<ref name=":1" /> Naprimjer, alat muJava nudi različite operatore mutacije na nivou klase kao što su promjena modifikatora pristupa, umetanje operatora pretvaranja tipa i [[delecija (genetika)|delecija]] operatora pretvaranja tipa. Operatori mutacije su također razvijeni za izvođenje testiranja sigurnosnih ranjivosti programa.<ref>[http://qspace.library.queensu.ca/handle/1974/1359 Mutation-based Testing of Buffer Overflows, SQL Injections, and Format String Bugs] by H. Shahriar and M. Zulkernine.</ref> Pored operatora „na nivou klase“, MuJava također uključuje operatore mutacije „na nivou metode“, koji se nazivaju tradicionalnim operatorima. Ovi tradicionalni operatori [[dizajn]]irani su na osnovu karakteristika koje se obično nalaze u proceduralnim jezicima. Oni vrše promjene u iskazima dodavanjem, zamjenom ili uklanjanjem primitivnih operatora. Ovi operatori spadaju u šest kategorija: „aritmetički operatori“, „relacijski operatori“, „uslovni operatori“, „operatori pomjeranja“, „logički operatori“ i „operatori dodjeljivanja“.<ref name=":1"/> == Tipovi testiranja mutacija == Postoje tri tipa testiranja mutacija; === Mutacija iskaza === Mutacija iskaza je proces u kojem se blok [[kodon|koda]] namjerno mijenja delecijom ili kopiranjem određenih iskaza. Štaviše, omogućava promjenu redoslijeda iskaza unutar bloka koda kako bi se generirale različite sekvence.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Walters |first=Amy |date=2023-06-01 |title=Understanding Mutation Testing: A Comprehensive Guide |url=https://testrigor.com/blog/understanding-mutation-testing-a-comprehensive-guide/ |access-date=2023-10-08 |website=testRigor AI-Based Automated Testing Tool |language=en-US}}</ref> Ova tehnika ključna je u testiranju [[softver]]a jer pomaže u identifikaciji potencijalnih slabosti ili grešaka u kodu. Namjernim unošenjem promjena u kod i posmatranjem njegovog ponašanja, programeri mogu otkriti skrivene greške ili nedostatke koji bi mogli proći nezapaženo tokom redovnog testiranja.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Deng |first1=Lin |last2=Offutt |first2=Jeff |last3=Li |first3=Nan |title=2013 IEEE Sixth International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation |chapter=Empirical Evaluation of the Statement Deletion Mutation Operator |date=22 March 2013 |pages=84–93 |language=en-US |doi=10.1109/ICST.2013.20 |isbn=978-0-7695-4968-2 |s2cid=12866713 |issn=2159-4848}}</ref> Mutacija naredbi je poput dijagnostičkog alata koji pruža uvid u robusnost i otpornost koda, pomažući programerima da poboljšaju ukupni kvalitet i pouzdanost svog softvera. Naprimjer, u isječku koda ispod, cijeli dio 'else' je uklonjen: <syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> funkcija provjeriVjerodajnice(korisničkoime, lozinka) { ako (korisničkoime === "admin" && password === "lpassword") { vrati tačno; } } </syntaxhighlight> === Mutacija vrijednosti === [[Mutacija]] vrijednosti se dešava kada se izvrše modifikacije vrijednosti parametara ili konstanti unutar koda. To obično uključuje prilagođavanje vrijednosti dodavanjem ili oduzimanjem 1, ali može uključivati i značajnije promjene vrijednosti. Specifične promjene napravljene tokom mutacije vrijednosti uključuju dva glavna scenarija: Prvo, postoji transformacija iz male vrijednosti u višu vrijednost. To podrazumijeva zamjenu male vrijednosti u kodu većom. Svrha ove promjene je procijeniti kako kod reaguje kada naiđe na veće ulaze. To pomaže da se osigura da kod može precizno i efikasno obraditi ove veće vrijednosti bez nailaženja na greške ili neočekivane probleme.<ref name=":0"/> Suprotno tome, drugi scenario uključuje promjenu veće vrijednosti u manju. U ovom slučaju, zamjenjujemo višu vrijednost unutar koda manjom vrijednošću. Ovaj test ima za cilj procijeniti kako kod obrađuje manje ulaze. Osiguravanje da se kod ispravno izvršava s manjim vrijednostima je ključno kako bi se spriječili nepredviđeni problemi ili greške pri radu s takvim ulaznim podacima.<ref name=":0"/> Naprimjer: <syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> // Originalni kod function multiplyByTwo(value) { return value * 2; } // Mutacija vrijednosti: Manja vrijednost u višu vrijednost function multiplyByTwoMutation1(value) { return value * 10; } // Mutacija vrijednosti: Viša vrijednost u malu vrijednost function multiplyByTwoMutation2(value) { return value / 10; } </syntaxhighlight> === Mutacija odluke === Testiranje mutacije odluke fokusira se na identifikaciju grešaka u dizajnu unutar koda, s posebnim naglaskom na otkrivanje nedostataka ili slabosti u logici donošenja odluka programa. Ova metoda uključuje namjerno mijenjanje aritmetičkih i logičkih operatora kako bi se otkrili potencijalni problemi.<ref name=":0" /> Manipuliranjem ovih operatora, programeri mogu sistematski procijeniti kako kod reagira na različite scenarije donošenja odluka. Ovaj proces pomaže u osiguravanju da su putevi donošenja odluka programa robusni i tačni, sprječavajući skupe greške koje bi mogle nastati zbog pogrešne logike. Testiranje mutacije odluke služi kao vrijedan alat u razvoju softvera, omogućavajući programerima da poboljšaju pouzdanost i efikasnost svojih segmenata koda za donošenje odluka. Na primjer: <syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> // Originalni kod function isPositive(number) { return number > 0; } // Mutacija odluke: Promjena operatora poređenja function isPositiveMutation1(broj) { return broj >= 0; } // Mutacija odluke: Negiranje rezultata function isPositiveMutation2(broj) { return !(broj > 0); } </syntaxhighlight> ==Također pogledajte== * [[Begugging]] (ili zasijavanje grešaka) * [[Testiranje ispravnosti]] * [[Ubrizgavanje greške]] * [[Genetičko testiranje]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{Testiranje softvera}} [[Kategorija:Testiranje softvera]] [[Kategorija:Računarstvo]] [[Kategorija:Genetika]] hc4t78xqjlmd2e4mbqbkuwd7h2azhyi 3849443 3849442 2026-05-26T10:56:49Z GENETIČAR-2 181763 /* Mutacija iskaza */ 3849443 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Testiranje mutacija''' (ili ''analiza mutacija'' ili ''program mutacija'') koristi se za [[dizajn]]iranje novih [[Testiranje softvera|softverskih testova]] i procjenu kvaliteta postojećih softverskih testova. Testiranje mutacija uključuje pravljenje malih promjena u programu koji se testira.<ref name=DLS1978 /> Svaka promijenjena verzija se naziva ''mutant''. Test detektuje, a time i odbacuje, mutanta nakon neuspjeha testa – neuspjeh koji ukazuje na to da je test uspješno prepoznao da se [[ponašanje]] mutanta razlikuje od ponašanja originalnog koda. Odbacivanje se naziva ''ubijanje'' mutanta. Vrijednost [[skup testova|skupa testova]] mjeri se postotkom mutanata koje ubija. Skup testova može se zatim poboljšati, dodavanjem novih testova dizajniranih za ubijanje dodatnih mutanata. Stvaranje mutanata se vrši pomoću dobro definiranih ''operatora mutacija'' koji ili oponašaju tipične programske greške (kao što je korištenje pogrešnog operatora ili naziva varijable) ili prisiljavaju stvaranje vrijednih testova (kao što je dijeljenje svakog izraza s nulom). Testiranje mutacija je oblik [[testiranje bijele kutije|testiranja bijele kutije]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Ostrand|first=Thomas|title=White-Box Testing|date=2002|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/0471028959.sof378|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Software Engineering|publisher=American Cancer Society|language=en|doi=10.1002/0471028959.sof378|isbn=978-0-471-02895-6|access-date=2021-03-16|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Misra|first=S.|title=CCECE 2003 - Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering. Toward a Caring and Humane Technology (Cat. No.03CH37436) |chapter=Evaluating four white-box test coverage methodologies |date=2003|location=Montreal, Que., Canada|publisher=IEEE|volume=3|pages=1739–1742|doi=10.1109/CCECE.2003.1226246|isbn=978-0-7803-7781-3|s2cid=62549502 }}</ref> Its purpose is to help the tester develop effective [[regression tests]] by locating weaknesses in the test data used to test the program and discovering sections of the tested program's code that are seldom or never accessed during [[Execution (computers)|execution]]. ==Uvod== Veći dio ovog članka govori o "mutaciji programa", u kojoj se program modificira. Opšta definicija "analize mutacija" je korištenje dobro definiranih pravila definiranih na sintaktičkim strukturama za sistematske promjene softverskih artefakata.<ref name="AmmannOffutt2008">Paul Ammann and Jeff Offutt. Introduction to Software Testing. Cambridge University Press, 2008.</ref> Analiza mutacija je primijenjena na druge probleme, ali se obično primjenjuje na testiranje. Dakle, „testiranje mutacija“ se definira kao korištenje analize [[mutacija]] za dizajniranje novih softverskih testova ili za procjenu postojećih softverskih testova.<ref name="AmmannOffutt2008"/> Dakle, analiza mutacija i testiranje mogu se primijeniti na modele dizajna, specifikacije, [[baze podataka]], testove, XML i druge vrste [[softver]]skih artefakata, iako je mutacija programa najčešća.<ref>{{cite journal | first1=Yue | last1=Jia | first2=Mark | last2=Harman | title=An Analysis and Survey of the Development of Mutation Testing | journal=IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering | authorlink2=Mark Harman (computer scientist) | date=September 2009 | volume = 37 | issue = 5 | pages = 649–678 | doi = 10.1109/TSE.2010.62 | s2cid = 6853229 | url = https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3277/8a2eb4c74cd437e922ac1eb6a1477dfcb925.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171204061252/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3277/8a2eb4c74cd437e922ac1eb6a1477dfcb925.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2017-12-04 }}</ref> ==Pregled== Testovi se mogu kreirati kako bi se provjerila ispravnost implementacije datog softverskog sistema, ali kreiranje testova i dalje postavlja pitanje da li su testovi ispravni i da li dovoljno pokrivaju zahtjeve povezane s implementacijom.<ref>{{cite book | first1=Aristides | last1=Dasso | first2=Ana | last2=Funes | title=Verification, Validation and Testing in Software Engineering |publisher=Idea Group Inc | year=2007| isbn=978-1591408512}}</ref> (This technological problem is itself an instance of a deeper philosophical problem named "[[Quis custodiet ipsos custodes?]]" ["Who will guard the guards?"].) Ideja iza testiranja mutacija je da program koji se testira radi kako je predviđeno, tako da ako se uvede mutant i funkcionalnost se promijeni, to znači da je uvedena greška, koju testovi zatim trebaju pronaći. Na ovaj način testovi se testiraju. Ako testni paket ne otkrije mutant, to obično ukazuje na to da testni paket nije u stanju locirati greške koje predstavlja mutant, ali također može ukazivati na to da mutacija ne uvodi nikakve greške. To jest, mutacija je validna promjena, ona koja ili proizvodi željeni rezultat ili ona koja ne utiče na funkcionalnost. Jedan (uobičajeni) način na koji mutant može biti validan je da je kod koji je promijenjen "mrtav kod" koji se nikada ne izvršava. Da bi testiranje mutacija funkcionisalo u velikom obimu, obično se uvodi veliki broj mutanata, što dovodi do kompajliranja i izvršavanja izuzetno velikog broja kopija programa. Ovaj problem troškova testiranja mutacija smanjio je njegovu praktičnu upotrebu kao metode testiranja [[softver]]a. Međutim, povećana upotreba okvira za objektno orijentisane programske jezike i jedinično testiranje dovela je do stvaranja alata za testiranje mutacija koji testiraju pojedinačne dijelove aplikacije. ==Ciljevi== Ciljevi testiranja mutacija su višestruki: * identificirati slabo testirane dijelove koda (one za koje mutanti nisu ubijeni)<ref name=DLS1978/> * identificirati slabe testove (one koji nikada ne ubijaju mutante)<ref name="Smith2008"/> * izračunati rezultat mutacije,<ref name="AmmannOffutt2008"/> rezultat mutacije je broj ubijenih mutanata / ukupan broj mutanata. * saznati o propagaciji greške i infekciji stanja u programu. ==Historija== Testiranje mutacija je prvobitno predložio Richard Lipton kao student 1971.,<ref name="mutation2000">[http://cs.gmu.edu/~offutt/rsrch/papers/mut00.pdf Mutation 2000: Uniting the Orthogonal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928184359/http://cs.gmu.edu/~offutt/rsrch/papers/mut00.pdf |date=2011-09-28 }}</ref> autora [[Jeffa Offutt|A. Jeffersona Offutta]] i Rolanda H. Untcha, a prvi put razvijen i objavljen od strane DeMilla, Liptona i Saywarda.<ref name="DLS1978">Richard A. DeMillo, Richard J. Lipton i Fred G. Sayward. Savjeti o odabiru testnih podataka: Pomoć za programere u praksi. IEEE Computer, 11(4):34-41. April 1978.</ref> Prvu implementaciju alata za testiranje mutacija izvršio je Timothy Budd kao dio svog doktorskog rada (pod nazivom ''Analiza mutacija'') na Univerzitetu Yale, 1980.<ref name="Budd1980">Tim A. Budd, Mutation Analysis of Program Test Data. PhD thesis, Yale University New Haven CT, 1980.</ref> Nedavno, s dostupnošću ogromne [[računar]]ske snage, došlo je do ponovnog porasta analize mutacija unutar zajednice [[računarstvo|računarskih nauka]], te je urađen rad na definiranju metoda primjene testiranja mutacija na objektno orijentisane programske jezike i neproceduralne jezike kao što su XML, SMV i konačni automati. U 2004., kompanija pod nazivom Certess Inc. (sada dio Synopsys-a) proširila je mnoge principe na domen verifikacije [[hardver]]a. Dok analiza [[mutacija]] očekuje samo da će otkriti razliku u proizvedenom izlazu, Certess to proširuje provjerom da li će provjerivač u testnom okruženju zapravo otkriti razliku. Ovo proširenje znači da se procjenjuju sve tri faze verifikacije, naime: aktivacija, propagacija i detekcija. To su nazvali funkcionalnom kvalifikacijom. Fuzzing može se smatrati posebnim slučajem testiranja mutacija. U fuzzingu, poruke ili podaci koji se razmjenjuju unutar komunikacijskih interfejsa (i unutar i između softverskih instanci) se mutiraju kako bi se otkrili kvarovi ili razlike u obradi podataka. [[Codenomicon]]<ref>[http://www.codenomicon.com/resources/publications.shtml Kaksonen, Rauli. A Functional Method for Assessing Protocol Implementation Security (Licentiate thesis). Espoo. 2001.]</ref> (2001) i [[Mu Dynamics]] (2005) su razvili koncepte fuzzinga u potpuno prihvstljivu platformu za testiranje mutacija, zajedno s monitorima za temeljito vježbanje implementacija protokola. ==Pregled testiranja mutacija== Testiranje mutacija zasniva se na dvije hipoteze. Prva [[hipoteza]] je „kompetentnog programera“. Ova hipoteza tvrdi da kompetentni programeri pišu programe koji su blizu tačnosti.<ref name=DLS1978 /> „Blisko“ bi trebalo biti zasnovano na ponašanju, a ne na sintaksi. Druga hipoteza se naziva „efekat spajanja“. Efekat spajanja tvrdi da se jednostavni kvarovi mogu kaskadno gomilati ili „sparivati“ kako bi formirali druge emergentne kvarove.<ref name="Offut1992">A. Jefferson Offutt. 1992. Investigations of the software testing coupling effect. ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol. 1, 1 (January 1992), 5-20.</ref><ref name="ABDLS1979">A. T. Acree, T. A. Budd, R. A. DeMillo, R. J. Lipton, and F. G. Sayward, "Mutation Analysis," Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, Technique Report GIT-ICS-79/08, 1979.</ref> Suptilne i važne greške također otkrivaju mutanti višeg reda, što dodatno podržava efekat spajanja.<ref name="JH2008">Yue Jia; Harman, M., "Constructing Subtle Faults Using Higher Order Mutation Testing," Source Code Analysis and Manipulation, 2008 Eighth IEEE International Working Conference on , vol., no., pp.249,258, 28-29 Sept. 2008</ref><ref name="Umar2008">Maryam Umar, "An Evaluation of Mutation Operators For Equivalent Mutants," MS Thesis, 2006</ref><ref name="Smith2008">Smith B., "On Guiding Augmentation of an Automated Test Suite via Mutation Analysis," 2008</ref><ref name="PP2009">Polo M. and Piattini M., "Mutation Testing: practical aspects and cost analysis," University of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain), Presentation, 2009</ref><ref name="Anderson2011">Anderson S., "Mutation Testing", the University of Edinburgh, School of Informatics, Presentation, 2011</ref> Mutanti višeg reda omogućavaju se stvaranjem mutanata s više od jedne mutacije. Testiranje mutacija se vrši odabirom skupa operatora mutacije, a zatim njihovom primjenom na izvorni program jedan po jedan za svaki primjenjivi dio izvornog koda. Rezultat primjene jednog operatora mutacije na program naziva se ''mutant''. Ako je testni paket u stanju detektirati promjenu (tj. jedan od testova ne uspije), tada se kaže da je mutant ''ubijen''. Naprimjer, razmotrimo sljedeći fragment C++ koda: <syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> Ako je (a && b) {c = 1;} else {c = 0;} </syntaxhighlight> Operator mutacije uslova bi zamijenio <code>&&</code> sa <code>||</code> i proizveo bi sljedeći mutant: <syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> ako (a || b) {c = 1;} else {c = 0;} </syntaxhighlight> Da bi test ubio ovog mutanta, moraju biti ispunjena sljedeća tri uvjeta: # Test mora ''doseći'' mutiranu naredbu. # Ulazni podaci testa trebaju ''zaraziti'' stanje programa uzrokujući različita stanja programa za mutanta i originalni program. Na primjer, test sa <code>a = 1</code> i <code>b = 0</code> bi to učinio. # Neispravno stanje programa (vrijednost 'c') mora se ''propagirati'' na izlaz programa i biti provjereno testom. Ovi uvjeti se zajednički nazivaju ''RIP model''.<ref name="mutation2000"/> ''Testiranje slabih mutacija'' (ili ''pokrivenost slabih mutacija'') zahtijeva da su ispunjeni samo prvi i drugi uvjet. ''Testiranje jakih mutacija'' zahtijeva da su ispunjena sva tri uvjeta. Jaka mutacija je moćnija, jer osigurava da skup testova zaista može uhvatiti probleme. Slaba mutacija je usko povezana s metodama [[pokrivenost koda]]. Potrebno je mnogo manje računarske snage da bi se osiguralo da testni paket zadovoljava testiranje slabih mutacija nego testiranje jakih mutacija. Međutim, postoje slučajevi kada nije moguće pronaći testni slučaj koji bi mogao ubiti ovog mutanta. Rezultirajući program je bihevioralno ekvivalentan originalnom. Takvi mutanti se nazivaju "ekvivalentni mutanti". Detekcija ekvivalentnih mutanata jedna je od najvećih prepreka praktičnoj upotrebi testiranja mutacija. Napor potreban za provjeru da li su mutanti ekvivalentni ili ne može biti vrlo visok, čak i za male programe.<ref>P. G. Frankl, S. N. Weiss, and C. Hu. All-uses versus mutation testing: An experimental comparison of effectiveness. ''Journal of Systems and Software'', 38:235–253, 1997.</ref> A 2014 systematic literature review of a wide range of approaches to overcome the Equivalent Mutant Problem<ref>[http://madeyski.e-informatyka.pl/download/Madeyski13TSE.pdf Overcoming the Equivalent Mutant Problem: A Systematic Literature Review and a Comparative Experiment of Second Order Mutation] by L. Madeyski, W. Orzeszyna, R. Torkar, M. Józala. ''IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering''</ref> Identificirao je 17 relevantnih tehnika (u 22 članka) i tri kategorije tehnika: otkrivanje (DEM); sugeriranje (SEM); i izbjegavanje generiranja ekvivalentnih mutanata (AEMG). Eksperiment je pokazao da [[mutacija]] višeg reda općenito, a posebno JudyDiffOp strategija, pružaju obećavajući pristup problemu ekvivalentnih mutanata. Pored ekvivalentnih mutanata, postoje i „subsumirani mutanti“ koji postoje na istoj lokaciji izvornog koda kao i drugi mutant, i za koje se kaže da ih je drugi mutant „subsumirao“. Subsumirani mutanti nisu vidljivi alatu za testiranje mutacija i ne doprinose metrikama pokrivenosti. Na primjer, recimo da imate dva mutanta, A i B, koji oba mijenjaju liniju koda na isti način. Mutant A se prvo testira, a rezultat je da kod ne radi ispravno. Mutant B se zatim testira, a rezultat je isti kao i kod mutanta A. U ovom slučaju, smatra se da je Mutant B podvrgnut Mutantu A, budući da je rezultat testiranja Mutanta B isti kao i rezultat testiranja Mutanta A. Stoga, Mutant B ne treba biti testiran, jer će rezultat biti isti kao i kod Mutanta A. ==Operatori mutacije== Da bi se izvršile sintaktičke promjene u programu, operator mutacije služi kao smjernica koja zamjenjuje dijelove izvornog koda. S obzirom na to da mutacije zavise od ovih operatora, naučnici su kreirali kolekciju [[operator (genetika)|operatora]] [[mutacije]], kako bi se prilagodili različitim programskim jezicima, poput Jave. Učinkovitost ovih operatora mutacije igra ključnu ulogu u testiranju mutacije..<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Hamimoune |first1=Soukaina |last2=Falah |first2=Bouchaib |title=2016 International Conference on Engineering & MIS (ICEMIS) |chapter=Mutation testing techniques: A comparative study |date=24 September 2016 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1109/ICEMIS.2016.7745368 |isbn=978-1-5090-5579-1 |s2cid=24301702 |language=en-US }}</ref> Istraživači su istražili mnoge operatore mutacije. Evo nekoliko primjera operatora mutacije za imperativne jezike: * Delecija naredbi * Dupliranje ili umetanje naredbi, npr. <code>goto fail;</code><ref>[https://www.imperialviolet.org/2014/02/22/applebug.html Apple's SSL/TLS bug] by Adam Langley.</ref> * Zamjena logičkih podizraza sa ''true'' i ''false'' * Zamjena nekih aritmetičkih operacija drugima, npr. <code>+</code> sa <code>*</code>, <code>-</code> sa <code>/</code> * Zamjena nekih logičkih relacija drugima, npr. <code>></code> sa <code>>=</code>, <code>==</code> i <code><=</code> * Zamjena varijabli drugima iz istog opsega (tipovi varijabli moraju biti kompatibilni) * Uklanjanje tijela metode.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Niedermayr |first1=Rainer |title=Proceedings of the International Workshop on Continuous Software Evolution and Delivery |last2=Juergens |first2=Elmar |last3=Wagner |first3=Stefan |date=2016-05-14 |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |isbn=978-1-4503-4157-8 |series=CSED '16 |location=Austin, Texas |pages=23–29 |chapter=Will my tests tell me if I break this code? |doi=10.1145/2896941.2896944 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/2896941.2896944 |arxiv=1611.07163 |s2cid=9213147}}</ref> Ovi operatori mutacije se također nazivaju tradicionalnim operatorima mutacije. Postoje i operatori mutacije za objektno orijentirane jezike,<ref>[http://www.cs.gmu.edu/~offutt/rsrch/papers/mujava.pdf MuJava: An Automated Class Mutation System] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311010113/http://www.cs.gmu.edu/~offutt/rsrch/papers/mujava.pdf |date=2012-03-11 }} by Yu-Seung Ma, [[Jeff Offutt]] and Yong Rae Kwo.</ref> for concurrent constructions,<ref>[http://www.irisa.fr/manifestations/2006/Mutation2006/papers/14_Final_version.pdf Mutation Operators for Concurrent Java (J2SE 5.0)] by Jeremy S. Bradbury, James R. Cordy, Juergen Dingel.</ref> complex objects like containers,<ref>[http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~bieman/Pubs/AlexanderBiemanGhoshJiISSRE02.pdf Mutation of Java Objects] by Roger T. Alexander, James M. Bieman, Sudipto Ghosh, Bixia Ji.</ref> itd. === Tipovi operatora mutacije === Operatori za kontejnere nazivaju se operatori mutacije na ''nivou klase''. Operatori na nivou klase mijenjaju strukturu programa dodavanjem, uklanjanjem ili promjenom izraza koji se ispituju. Za svaku kategoriju promjena uspostavljeni su specifični operatori.<ref name=":1" /> Naprimjer, alat muJava nudi različite operatore mutacije na nivou klase kao što su promjena modifikatora pristupa, umetanje operatora pretvaranja tipa i [[delecija (genetika)|delecija]] operatora pretvaranja tipa. Operatori mutacije su također razvijeni za izvođenje testiranja sigurnosnih ranjivosti programa.<ref>[http://qspace.library.queensu.ca/handle/1974/1359 Mutation-based Testing of Buffer Overflows, SQL Injections, and Format String Bugs] by H. Shahriar and M. Zulkernine.</ref> Pored operatora „na nivou klase“, MuJava također uključuje operatore mutacije „na nivou metode“, koji se nazivaju tradicionalnim operatorima. Ovi tradicionalni operatori [[dizajn]]irani su na osnovu karakteristika koje se obično nalaze u proceduralnim jezicima. Oni vrše promjene u iskazima dodavanjem, zamjenom ili uklanjanjem primitivnih operatora. Ovi operatori spadaju u šest kategorija: „aritmetički operatori“, „relacijski operatori“, „uslovni operatori“, „operatori pomjeranja“, „logički operatori“ i „operatori dodjeljivanja“.<ref name=":1"/> == Tipovi testiranja mutacija == Postoje tri tipa testiranja mutacija; === Mutacija iskaza === Mutacija iskaza je proces u kojem se blok [[kodon|koda]] namjerno mijenja delecijom ili kopiranjem određenih iskaza. Štaviše, omogućava promjenu redoslijeda iskaza unutar bloka koda kako bi se generirale različite sekvence.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Walters |first=Amy |date=2023-06-01 |title=Understanding Mutation Testing: A Comprehensive Guide |url=https://testrigor.com/blog/understanding-mutation-testing-a-comprehensive-guide/ |access-date=2023-10-08 |website=testRigor AI-Based Automated Testing Tool |language=en-US}}</ref> Ova tehnika ključna je u testiranju [[softver]]a jer pomaže u identifikaciji potencijalnih slabosti ili grešaka u kodu. Namjernim unošenjem promjena u kod i posmatranjem njegovog ponašanja, programeri mogu otkriti skrivene greške ili nedostatke koji bi mogli proći nezapaženo tokom redovnog testiranja.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Deng |first1=Lin |last2=Offutt |first2=Jeff |last3=Li |first3=Nan |title=2013 IEEE Sixth International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation |chapter=Empirical Evaluation of the Statement Deletion Mutation Operator |date=22 March 2013 |pages=84–93 |language=en-US |doi=10.1109/ICST.2013.20 |isbn=978-0-7695-4968-2 |s2cid=12866713 |issn=2159-4848}}</ref> Mutacija naredbi je poput dijagnostičkog alata koji pruža uvid u robusnost i otpornost koda, pomažući programerima da poboljšaju ukupni kvalitet i pouzdanost svog softvera. Naprimjer, u isječku koda ispod, cijeli dio 'else' je uklonjen: <syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> funkcija provjeriVjerodajnice(korisničkoime, password) {ako (korisničkoime === "admin" && password === password"){vrati tačno;}} </syntaxhighlight> === Mutacija vrijednosti === [[Mutacija]] vrijednosti se dešava kada se izvrše modifikacije vrijednosti parametara ili konstanti unutar koda. To obično uključuje prilagođavanje vrijednosti dodavanjem ili oduzimanjem 1, ali može uključivati i značajnije promjene vrijednosti. Specifične promjene napravljene tokom mutacije vrijednosti uključuju dva glavna scenarija: Prvo, postoji transformacija iz male vrijednosti u višu vrijednost. To podrazumijeva zamjenu male vrijednosti u kodu većom. Svrha ove promjene je procijeniti kako kod reaguje kada naiđe na veće ulaze. To pomaže da se osigura da kod može precizno i efikasno obraditi ove veće vrijednosti bez nailaženja na greške ili neočekivane probleme.<ref name=":0"/> Suprotno tome, drugi scenario uključuje promjenu veće vrijednosti u manju. U ovom slučaju, zamjenjujemo višu vrijednost unutar koda manjom vrijednošću. Ovaj test ima za cilj procijeniti kako kod obrađuje manje ulaze. Osiguravanje da se kod ispravno izvršava s manjim vrijednostima je ključno kako bi se spriječili nepredviđeni problemi ili greške pri radu s takvim ulaznim podacima.<ref name=":0"/> Naprimjer: <syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> // Originalni kod function multiplyByTwo(value) { return value * 2; } // Mutacija vrijednosti: Manja vrijednost u višu vrijednost function multiplyByTwoMutation1(value) { return value * 10; } // Mutacija vrijednosti: Viša vrijednost u malu vrijednost function multiplyByTwoMutation2(value) { return value / 10; } </syntaxhighlight> === Mutacija odluke === Testiranje mutacije odluke fokusira se na identifikaciju grešaka u dizajnu unutar koda, s posebnim naglaskom na otkrivanje nedostataka ili slabosti u logici donošenja odluka programa. Ova metoda uključuje namjerno mijenjanje aritmetičkih i logičkih operatora kako bi se otkrili potencijalni problemi.<ref name=":0" /> Manipuliranjem ovih operatora, programeri mogu sistematski procijeniti kako kod reagira na različite scenarije donošenja odluka. Ovaj proces pomaže u osiguravanju da su putevi donošenja odluka programa robusni i tačni, sprječavajući skupe greške koje bi mogle nastati zbog pogrešne logike. Testiranje mutacije odluke služi kao vrijedan alat u razvoju softvera, omogućavajući programerima da poboljšaju pouzdanost i efikasnost svojih segmenata koda za donošenje odluka. Na primjer: <syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> // Originalni kod function isPositive(number) { return number > 0; } // Mutacija odluke: Promjena operatora poređenja function isPositiveMutation1(broj) { return broj >= 0; } // Mutacija odluke: Negiranje rezultata function isPositiveMutation2(broj) { return !(broj > 0); } </syntaxhighlight> ==Također pogledajte== * [[Begugging]] (ili zasijavanje grešaka) * [[Testiranje ispravnosti]] * [[Ubrizgavanje greške]] * [[Genetičko testiranje]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{Testiranje softvera}} [[Kategorija:Testiranje softvera]] [[Kategorija:Računarstvo]] [[Kategorija:Genetika]] mnab1c2sk07i894yi3ayfjkjy7drk52 3849444 3849443 2026-05-26T10:59:24Z GENETIČAR-2 181763 /* Mutacija vrijednosti */ 3849444 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Testiranje mutacija''' (ili ''analiza mutacija'' ili ''program mutacija'') koristi se za [[dizajn]]iranje novih [[Testiranje softvera|softverskih testova]] i procjenu kvaliteta postojećih softverskih testova. Testiranje mutacija uključuje pravljenje malih promjena u programu koji se testira.<ref name=DLS1978 /> Svaka promijenjena verzija se naziva ''mutant''. Test detektuje, a time i odbacuje, mutanta nakon neuspjeha testa – neuspjeh koji ukazuje na to da je test uspješno prepoznao da se [[ponašanje]] mutanta razlikuje od ponašanja originalnog koda. Odbacivanje se naziva ''ubijanje'' mutanta. Vrijednost [[skup testova|skupa testova]] mjeri se postotkom mutanata koje ubija. Skup testova može se zatim poboljšati, dodavanjem novih testova dizajniranih za ubijanje dodatnih mutanata. Stvaranje mutanata se vrši pomoću dobro definiranih ''operatora mutacija'' koji ili oponašaju tipične programske greške (kao što je korištenje pogrešnog operatora ili naziva varijable) ili prisiljavaju stvaranje vrijednih testova (kao što je dijeljenje svakog izraza s nulom). Testiranje mutacija je oblik [[testiranje bijele kutije|testiranja bijele kutije]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Ostrand|first=Thomas|title=White-Box Testing|date=2002|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/0471028959.sof378|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Software Engineering|publisher=American Cancer Society|language=en|doi=10.1002/0471028959.sof378|isbn=978-0-471-02895-6|access-date=2021-03-16|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Misra|first=S.|title=CCECE 2003 - Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering. Toward a Caring and Humane Technology (Cat. No.03CH37436) |chapter=Evaluating four white-box test coverage methodologies |date=2003|location=Montreal, Que., Canada|publisher=IEEE|volume=3|pages=1739–1742|doi=10.1109/CCECE.2003.1226246|isbn=978-0-7803-7781-3|s2cid=62549502 }}</ref> Its purpose is to help the tester develop effective [[regression tests]] by locating weaknesses in the test data used to test the program and discovering sections of the tested program's code that are seldom or never accessed during [[Execution (computers)|execution]]. ==Uvod== Veći dio ovog članka govori o "mutaciji programa", u kojoj se program modificira. Opšta definicija "analize mutacija" je korištenje dobro definiranih pravila definiranih na sintaktičkim strukturama za sistematske promjene softverskih artefakata.<ref name="AmmannOffutt2008">Paul Ammann and Jeff Offutt. Introduction to Software Testing. Cambridge University Press, 2008.</ref> Analiza mutacija je primijenjena na druge probleme, ali se obično primjenjuje na testiranje. Dakle, „testiranje mutacija“ se definira kao korištenje analize [[mutacija]] za dizajniranje novih softverskih testova ili za procjenu postojećih softverskih testova.<ref name="AmmannOffutt2008"/> Dakle, analiza mutacija i testiranje mogu se primijeniti na modele dizajna, specifikacije, [[baze podataka]], testove, XML i druge vrste [[softver]]skih artefakata, iako je mutacija programa najčešća.<ref>{{cite journal | first1=Yue | last1=Jia | first2=Mark | last2=Harman | title=An Analysis and Survey of the Development of Mutation Testing | journal=IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering | authorlink2=Mark Harman (computer scientist) | date=September 2009 | volume = 37 | issue = 5 | pages = 649–678 | doi = 10.1109/TSE.2010.62 | s2cid = 6853229 | url = https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3277/8a2eb4c74cd437e922ac1eb6a1477dfcb925.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171204061252/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3277/8a2eb4c74cd437e922ac1eb6a1477dfcb925.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2017-12-04 }}</ref> ==Pregled== Testovi se mogu kreirati kako bi se provjerila ispravnost implementacije datog softverskog sistema, ali kreiranje testova i dalje postavlja pitanje da li su testovi ispravni i da li dovoljno pokrivaju zahtjeve povezane s implementacijom.<ref>{{cite book | first1=Aristides | last1=Dasso | first2=Ana | last2=Funes | title=Verification, Validation and Testing in Software Engineering |publisher=Idea Group Inc | year=2007| isbn=978-1591408512}}</ref> (This technological problem is itself an instance of a deeper philosophical problem named "[[Quis custodiet ipsos custodes?]]" ["Who will guard the guards?"].) Ideja iza testiranja mutacija je da program koji se testira radi kako je predviđeno, tako da ako se uvede mutant i funkcionalnost se promijeni, to znači da je uvedena greška, koju testovi zatim trebaju pronaći. Na ovaj način testovi se testiraju. Ako testni paket ne otkrije mutant, to obično ukazuje na to da testni paket nije u stanju locirati greške koje predstavlja mutant, ali također može ukazivati na to da mutacija ne uvodi nikakve greške. To jest, mutacija je validna promjena, ona koja ili proizvodi željeni rezultat ili ona koja ne utiče na funkcionalnost. Jedan (uobičajeni) način na koji mutant može biti validan je da je kod koji je promijenjen "mrtav kod" koji se nikada ne izvršava. Da bi testiranje mutacija funkcionisalo u velikom obimu, obično se uvodi veliki broj mutanata, što dovodi do kompajliranja i izvršavanja izuzetno velikog broja kopija programa. Ovaj problem troškova testiranja mutacija smanjio je njegovu praktičnu upotrebu kao metode testiranja [[softver]]a. Međutim, povećana upotreba okvira za objektno orijentisane programske jezike i jedinično testiranje dovela je do stvaranja alata za testiranje mutacija koji testiraju pojedinačne dijelove aplikacije. ==Ciljevi== Ciljevi testiranja mutacija su višestruki: * identificirati slabo testirane dijelove koda (one za koje mutanti nisu ubijeni)<ref name=DLS1978/> * identificirati slabe testove (one koji nikada ne ubijaju mutante)<ref name="Smith2008"/> * izračunati rezultat mutacije,<ref name="AmmannOffutt2008"/> rezultat mutacije je broj ubijenih mutanata / ukupan broj mutanata. * saznati o propagaciji greške i infekciji stanja u programu. ==Historija== Testiranje mutacija je prvobitno predložio Richard Lipton kao student 1971.,<ref name="mutation2000">[http://cs.gmu.edu/~offutt/rsrch/papers/mut00.pdf Mutation 2000: Uniting the Orthogonal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928184359/http://cs.gmu.edu/~offutt/rsrch/papers/mut00.pdf |date=2011-09-28 }}</ref> autora [[Jeffa Offutt|A. Jeffersona Offutta]] i Rolanda H. Untcha, a prvi put razvijen i objavljen od strane DeMilla, Liptona i Saywarda.<ref name="DLS1978">Richard A. DeMillo, Richard J. Lipton i Fred G. Sayward. Savjeti o odabiru testnih podataka: Pomoć za programere u praksi. IEEE Computer, 11(4):34-41. April 1978.</ref> Prvu implementaciju alata za testiranje mutacija izvršio je Timothy Budd kao dio svog doktorskog rada (pod nazivom ''Analiza mutacija'') na Univerzitetu Yale, 1980.<ref name="Budd1980">Tim A. Budd, Mutation Analysis of Program Test Data. PhD thesis, Yale University New Haven CT, 1980.</ref> Nedavno, s dostupnošću ogromne [[računar]]ske snage, došlo je do ponovnog porasta analize mutacija unutar zajednice [[računarstvo|računarskih nauka]], te je urađen rad na definiranju metoda primjene testiranja mutacija na objektno orijentisane programske jezike i neproceduralne jezike kao što su XML, SMV i konačni automati. U 2004., kompanija pod nazivom Certess Inc. (sada dio Synopsys-a) proširila je mnoge principe na domen verifikacije [[hardver]]a. Dok analiza [[mutacija]] očekuje samo da će otkriti razliku u proizvedenom izlazu, Certess to proširuje provjerom da li će provjerivač u testnom okruženju zapravo otkriti razliku. Ovo proširenje znači da se procjenjuju sve tri faze verifikacije, naime: aktivacija, propagacija i detekcija. To su nazvali funkcionalnom kvalifikacijom. Fuzzing može se smatrati posebnim slučajem testiranja mutacija. U fuzzingu, poruke ili podaci koji se razmjenjuju unutar komunikacijskih interfejsa (i unutar i između softverskih instanci) se mutiraju kako bi se otkrili kvarovi ili razlike u obradi podataka. [[Codenomicon]]<ref>[http://www.codenomicon.com/resources/publications.shtml Kaksonen, Rauli. A Functional Method for Assessing Protocol Implementation Security (Licentiate thesis). Espoo. 2001.]</ref> (2001) i [[Mu Dynamics]] (2005) su razvili koncepte fuzzinga u potpuno prihvstljivu platformu za testiranje mutacija, zajedno s monitorima za temeljito vježbanje implementacija protokola. ==Pregled testiranja mutacija== Testiranje mutacija zasniva se na dvije hipoteze. Prva [[hipoteza]] je „kompetentnog programera“. Ova hipoteza tvrdi da kompetentni programeri pišu programe koji su blizu tačnosti.<ref name=DLS1978 /> „Blisko“ bi trebalo biti zasnovano na ponašanju, a ne na sintaksi. Druga hipoteza se naziva „efekat spajanja“. Efekat spajanja tvrdi da se jednostavni kvarovi mogu kaskadno gomilati ili „sparivati“ kako bi formirali druge emergentne kvarove.<ref name="Offut1992">A. Jefferson Offutt. 1992. Investigations of the software testing coupling effect. ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol. 1, 1 (January 1992), 5-20.</ref><ref name="ABDLS1979">A. T. Acree, T. A. Budd, R. A. DeMillo, R. J. Lipton, and F. G. Sayward, "Mutation Analysis," Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, Technique Report GIT-ICS-79/08, 1979.</ref> Suptilne i važne greške također otkrivaju mutanti višeg reda, što dodatno podržava efekat spajanja.<ref name="JH2008">Yue Jia; Harman, M., "Constructing Subtle Faults Using Higher Order Mutation Testing," Source Code Analysis and Manipulation, 2008 Eighth IEEE International Working Conference on , vol., no., pp.249,258, 28-29 Sept. 2008</ref><ref name="Umar2008">Maryam Umar, "An Evaluation of Mutation Operators For Equivalent Mutants," MS Thesis, 2006</ref><ref name="Smith2008">Smith B., "On Guiding Augmentation of an Automated Test Suite via Mutation Analysis," 2008</ref><ref name="PP2009">Polo M. and Piattini M., "Mutation Testing: practical aspects and cost analysis," University of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain), Presentation, 2009</ref><ref name="Anderson2011">Anderson S., "Mutation Testing", the University of Edinburgh, School of Informatics, Presentation, 2011</ref> Mutanti višeg reda omogućavaju se stvaranjem mutanata s više od jedne mutacije. Testiranje mutacija se vrši odabirom skupa operatora mutacije, a zatim njihovom primjenom na izvorni program jedan po jedan za svaki primjenjivi dio izvornog koda. Rezultat primjene jednog operatora mutacije na program naziva se ''mutant''. Ako je testni paket u stanju detektirati promjenu (tj. jedan od testova ne uspije), tada se kaže da je mutant ''ubijen''. Naprimjer, razmotrimo sljedeći fragment C++ koda: <syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> Ako je (a && b) {c = 1;} else {c = 0;} </syntaxhighlight> Operator mutacije uslova bi zamijenio <code>&&</code> sa <code>||</code> i proizveo bi sljedeći mutant: <syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> ako (a || b) {c = 1;} else {c = 0;} </syntaxhighlight> Da bi test ubio ovog mutanta, moraju biti ispunjena sljedeća tri uvjeta: # Test mora ''doseći'' mutiranu naredbu. # Ulazni podaci testa trebaju ''zaraziti'' stanje programa uzrokujući različita stanja programa za mutanta i originalni program. Na primjer, test sa <code>a = 1</code> i <code>b = 0</code> bi to učinio. # Neispravno stanje programa (vrijednost 'c') mora se ''propagirati'' na izlaz programa i biti provjereno testom. Ovi uvjeti se zajednički nazivaju ''RIP model''.<ref name="mutation2000"/> ''Testiranje slabih mutacija'' (ili ''pokrivenost slabih mutacija'') zahtijeva da su ispunjeni samo prvi i drugi uvjet. ''Testiranje jakih mutacija'' zahtijeva da su ispunjena sva tri uvjeta. Jaka mutacija je moćnija, jer osigurava da skup testova zaista može uhvatiti probleme. Slaba mutacija je usko povezana s metodama [[pokrivenost koda]]. Potrebno je mnogo manje računarske snage da bi se osiguralo da testni paket zadovoljava testiranje slabih mutacija nego testiranje jakih mutacija. Međutim, postoje slučajevi kada nije moguće pronaći testni slučaj koji bi mogao ubiti ovog mutanta. Rezultirajući program je bihevioralno ekvivalentan originalnom. Takvi mutanti se nazivaju "ekvivalentni mutanti". Detekcija ekvivalentnih mutanata jedna je od najvećih prepreka praktičnoj upotrebi testiranja mutacija. Napor potreban za provjeru da li su mutanti ekvivalentni ili ne može biti vrlo visok, čak i za male programe.<ref>P. G. Frankl, S. N. Weiss, and C. Hu. All-uses versus mutation testing: An experimental comparison of effectiveness. ''Journal of Systems and Software'', 38:235–253, 1997.</ref> A 2014 systematic literature review of a wide range of approaches to overcome the Equivalent Mutant Problem<ref>[http://madeyski.e-informatyka.pl/download/Madeyski13TSE.pdf Overcoming the Equivalent Mutant Problem: A Systematic Literature Review and a Comparative Experiment of Second Order Mutation] by L. Madeyski, W. Orzeszyna, R. Torkar, M. Józala. ''IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering''</ref> Identificirao je 17 relevantnih tehnika (u 22 članka) i tri kategorije tehnika: otkrivanje (DEM); sugeriranje (SEM); i izbjegavanje generiranja ekvivalentnih mutanata (AEMG). Eksperiment je pokazao da [[mutacija]] višeg reda općenito, a posebno JudyDiffOp strategija, pružaju obećavajući pristup problemu ekvivalentnih mutanata. Pored ekvivalentnih mutanata, postoje i „subsumirani mutanti“ koji postoje na istoj lokaciji izvornog koda kao i drugi mutant, i za koje se kaže da ih je drugi mutant „subsumirao“. Subsumirani mutanti nisu vidljivi alatu za testiranje mutacija i ne doprinose metrikama pokrivenosti. Na primjer, recimo da imate dva mutanta, A i B, koji oba mijenjaju liniju koda na isti način. Mutant A se prvo testira, a rezultat je da kod ne radi ispravno. Mutant B se zatim testira, a rezultat je isti kao i kod mutanta A. U ovom slučaju, smatra se da je Mutant B podvrgnut Mutantu A, budući da je rezultat testiranja Mutanta B isti kao i rezultat testiranja Mutanta A. Stoga, Mutant B ne treba biti testiran, jer će rezultat biti isti kao i kod Mutanta A. ==Operatori mutacije== Da bi se izvršile sintaktičke promjene u programu, operator mutacije služi kao smjernica koja zamjenjuje dijelove izvornog koda. S obzirom na to da mutacije zavise od ovih operatora, naučnici su kreirali kolekciju [[operator (genetika)|operatora]] [[mutacije]], kako bi se prilagodili različitim programskim jezicima, poput Jave. Učinkovitost ovih operatora mutacije igra ključnu ulogu u testiranju mutacije..<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Hamimoune |first1=Soukaina |last2=Falah |first2=Bouchaib |title=2016 International Conference on Engineering & MIS (ICEMIS) |chapter=Mutation testing techniques: A comparative study |date=24 September 2016 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1109/ICEMIS.2016.7745368 |isbn=978-1-5090-5579-1 |s2cid=24301702 |language=en-US }}</ref> Istraživači su istražili mnoge operatore mutacije. Evo nekoliko primjera operatora mutacije za imperativne jezike: * Delecija naredbi * Dupliranje ili umetanje naredbi, npr. <code>goto fail;</code><ref>[https://www.imperialviolet.org/2014/02/22/applebug.html Apple's SSL/TLS bug] by Adam Langley.</ref> * Zamjena logičkih podizraza sa ''true'' i ''false'' * Zamjena nekih aritmetičkih operacija drugima, npr. <code>+</code> sa <code>*</code>, <code>-</code> sa <code>/</code> * Zamjena nekih logičkih relacija drugima, npr. <code>></code> sa <code>>=</code>, <code>==</code> i <code><=</code> * Zamjena varijabli drugima iz istog opsega (tipovi varijabli moraju biti kompatibilni) * Uklanjanje tijela metode.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Niedermayr |first1=Rainer |title=Proceedings of the International Workshop on Continuous Software Evolution and Delivery |last2=Juergens |first2=Elmar |last3=Wagner |first3=Stefan |date=2016-05-14 |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |isbn=978-1-4503-4157-8 |series=CSED '16 |location=Austin, Texas |pages=23–29 |chapter=Will my tests tell me if I break this code? |doi=10.1145/2896941.2896944 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/2896941.2896944 |arxiv=1611.07163 |s2cid=9213147}}</ref> Ovi operatori mutacije se također nazivaju tradicionalnim operatorima mutacije. Postoje i operatori mutacije za objektno orijentirane jezike,<ref>[http://www.cs.gmu.edu/~offutt/rsrch/papers/mujava.pdf MuJava: An Automated Class Mutation System] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311010113/http://www.cs.gmu.edu/~offutt/rsrch/papers/mujava.pdf |date=2012-03-11 }} by Yu-Seung Ma, [[Jeff Offutt]] and Yong Rae Kwo.</ref> for concurrent constructions,<ref>[http://www.irisa.fr/manifestations/2006/Mutation2006/papers/14_Final_version.pdf Mutation Operators for Concurrent Java (J2SE 5.0)] by Jeremy S. Bradbury, James R. Cordy, Juergen Dingel.</ref> complex objects like containers,<ref>[http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~bieman/Pubs/AlexanderBiemanGhoshJiISSRE02.pdf Mutation of Java Objects] by Roger T. Alexander, James M. Bieman, Sudipto Ghosh, Bixia Ji.</ref> itd. === Tipovi operatora mutacije === Operatori za kontejnere nazivaju se operatori mutacije na ''nivou klase''. Operatori na nivou klase mijenjaju strukturu programa dodavanjem, uklanjanjem ili promjenom izraza koji se ispituju. Za svaku kategoriju promjena uspostavljeni su specifični operatori.<ref name=":1" /> Naprimjer, alat muJava nudi različite operatore mutacije na nivou klase kao što su promjena modifikatora pristupa, umetanje operatora pretvaranja tipa i [[delecija (genetika)|delecija]] operatora pretvaranja tipa. Operatori mutacije su također razvijeni za izvođenje testiranja sigurnosnih ranjivosti programa.<ref>[http://qspace.library.queensu.ca/handle/1974/1359 Mutation-based Testing of Buffer Overflows, SQL Injections, and Format String Bugs] by H. Shahriar and M. Zulkernine.</ref> Pored operatora „na nivou klase“, MuJava također uključuje operatore mutacije „na nivou metode“, koji se nazivaju tradicionalnim operatorima. Ovi tradicionalni operatori [[dizajn]]irani su na osnovu karakteristika koje se obično nalaze u proceduralnim jezicima. Oni vrše promjene u iskazima dodavanjem, zamjenom ili uklanjanjem primitivnih operatora. Ovi operatori spadaju u šest kategorija: „aritmetički operatori“, „relacijski operatori“, „uslovni operatori“, „operatori pomjeranja“, „logički operatori“ i „operatori dodjeljivanja“.<ref name=":1"/> == Tipovi testiranja mutacija == Postoje tri tipa testiranja mutacija; === Mutacija iskaza === Mutacija iskaza je proces u kojem se blok [[kodon|koda]] namjerno mijenja delecijom ili kopiranjem određenih iskaza. Štaviše, omogućava promjenu redoslijeda iskaza unutar bloka koda kako bi se generirale različite sekvence.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Walters |first=Amy |date=2023-06-01 |title=Understanding Mutation Testing: A Comprehensive Guide |url=https://testrigor.com/blog/understanding-mutation-testing-a-comprehensive-guide/ |access-date=2023-10-08 |website=testRigor AI-Based Automated Testing Tool |language=en-US}}</ref> Ova tehnika ključna je u testiranju [[softver]]a jer pomaže u identifikaciji potencijalnih slabosti ili grešaka u kodu. Namjernim unošenjem promjena u kod i posmatranjem njegovog ponašanja, programeri mogu otkriti skrivene greške ili nedostatke koji bi mogli proći nezapaženo tokom redovnog testiranja.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Deng |first1=Lin |last2=Offutt |first2=Jeff |last3=Li |first3=Nan |title=2013 IEEE Sixth International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation |chapter=Empirical Evaluation of the Statement Deletion Mutation Operator |date=22 March 2013 |pages=84–93 |language=en-US |doi=10.1109/ICST.2013.20 |isbn=978-0-7695-4968-2 |s2cid=12866713 |issn=2159-4848}}</ref> Mutacija naredbi je poput dijagnostičkog alata koji pruža uvid u robusnost i otpornost koda, pomažući programerima da poboljšaju ukupni kvalitet i pouzdanost svog softvera. Naprimjer, u isječku koda ispod, cijeli dio 'else' je uklonjen: <syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> funkcija provjeriVjerodajnice(korisničkoime, password) {ako (korisničkoime === "admin" && password === password"){vrati tačno;}} </syntaxhighlight> === Mutacija vrijednosti === [[Mutacija]] vrijednosti se dešava kada se izvrše modifikacije vrijednosti parametara ili konstanti unutar koda. To obično uključuje prilagođavanje vrijednosti dodavanjem ili oduzimanjem 1, ali može uključivati i značajnije promjene vrijednosti. Specifične promjene napravljene tokom mutacije vrijednosti uključuju dva glavna scenarija: Prvo, postoji transformacija iz male vrijednosti u višu vrijednost. To podrazumijeva zamjenu male vrijednosti u kodu većom. Svrha ove promjene je procijeniti kako kod reaguje kada naiđe na veće ulaze. To pomaže da se osigura da kod može precizno i efikasno obraditi ove veće vrijednosti bez nailaženja na greške ili neočekivane probleme.<ref name=":0"/> Suprotno tome, drugi scenario uključuje promjenu veće vrijednosti u manju. U ovom slučaju, zamjenjujemo višu vrijednost unutar koda manjom vrijednošću. Ovaj test ima za cilj procijeniti kako kod obrađuje manje ulaze. Osiguravanje da se kod ispravno izvršava s manjim vrijednostima je ključno kako bi se spriječili nepredviđeni problemi ili greške pri radu s takvim ulaznim podacima.<ref name=":0"/> Naprimjer: <syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">// Originalni kod function multiplyByTwo(value){return value * 2;}// Mutacija vrijednosti: Manja vrijednost u višu vrijednost function multiplyByTwoMutation1(value) {return value * 10;}// Mutacija vrijednosti: Viša vrijednost u malu vrijednost function multiplyByTwoMutation2(value) {return value/10;} </syntaxhighlight> === Mutacija odluke === Testiranje mutacije odluke fokusira se na identifikaciju grešaka u dizajnu unutar koda, s posebnim naglaskom na otkrivanje nedostataka ili slabosti u logici donošenja odluka programa. Ova metoda uključuje namjerno mijenjanje aritmetičkih i logičkih operatora kako bi se otkrili potencijalni problemi.<ref name=":0" /> Manipuliranjem ovih operatora, programeri mogu sistematski procijeniti kako kod reagira na različite scenarije donošenja odluka. Ovaj proces pomaže u osiguravanju da su putevi donošenja odluka programa robusni i tačni, sprječavajući skupe greške koje bi mogle nastati zbog pogrešne logike. Testiranje mutacije odluke služi kao vrijedan alat u razvoju softvera, omogućavajući programerima da poboljšaju pouzdanost i efikasnost svojih segmenata koda za donošenje odluka. Na primjer: <syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> // Originalni kod function isPositive(number) { return number > 0; } // Mutacija odluke: Promjena operatora poređenja function isPositiveMutation1(broj) { return broj >= 0; } // Mutacija odluke: Negiranje rezultata function isPositiveMutation2(broj) { return !(broj > 0); } </syntaxhighlight> ==Također pogledajte== * [[Begugging]] (ili zasijavanje grešaka) * [[Testiranje ispravnosti]] * [[Ubrizgavanje greške]] * [[Genetičko testiranje]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{Testiranje softvera}} [[Kategorija:Testiranje softvera]] [[Kategorija:Računarstvo]] [[Kategorija:Genetika]] f07jop7bsinr5btoao9mhayiv84juew 3849445 3849444 2026-05-26T11:01:22Z GENETIČAR-2 181763 /* Mutacija odluke */ 3849445 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Testiranje mutacija''' (ili ''analiza mutacija'' ili ''program mutacija'') koristi se za [[dizajn]]iranje novih [[Testiranje softvera|softverskih testova]] i procjenu kvaliteta postojećih softverskih testova. Testiranje mutacija uključuje pravljenje malih promjena u programu koji se testira.<ref name=DLS1978 /> Svaka promijenjena verzija se naziva ''mutant''. Test detektuje, a time i odbacuje, mutanta nakon neuspjeha testa – neuspjeh koji ukazuje na to da je test uspješno prepoznao da se [[ponašanje]] mutanta razlikuje od ponašanja originalnog koda. Odbacivanje se naziva ''ubijanje'' mutanta. Vrijednost [[skup testova|skupa testova]] mjeri se postotkom mutanata koje ubija. Skup testova može se zatim poboljšati, dodavanjem novih testova dizajniranih za ubijanje dodatnih mutanata. Stvaranje mutanata se vrši pomoću dobro definiranih ''operatora mutacija'' koji ili oponašaju tipične programske greške (kao što je korištenje pogrešnog operatora ili naziva varijable) ili prisiljavaju stvaranje vrijednih testova (kao što je dijeljenje svakog izraza s nulom). Testiranje mutacija je oblik [[testiranje bijele kutije|testiranja bijele kutije]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Ostrand|first=Thomas|title=White-Box Testing|date=2002|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/0471028959.sof378|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Software Engineering|publisher=American Cancer Society|language=en|doi=10.1002/0471028959.sof378|isbn=978-0-471-02895-6|access-date=2021-03-16|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Misra|first=S.|title=CCECE 2003 - Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering. Toward a Caring and Humane Technology (Cat. No.03CH37436) |chapter=Evaluating four white-box test coverage methodologies |date=2003|location=Montreal, Que., Canada|publisher=IEEE|volume=3|pages=1739–1742|doi=10.1109/CCECE.2003.1226246|isbn=978-0-7803-7781-3|s2cid=62549502 }}</ref> Its purpose is to help the tester develop effective [[regression tests]] by locating weaknesses in the test data used to test the program and discovering sections of the tested program's code that are seldom or never accessed during [[Execution (computers)|execution]]. ==Uvod== Veći dio ovog članka govori o "mutaciji programa", u kojoj se program modificira. Opšta definicija "analize mutacija" je korištenje dobro definiranih pravila definiranih na sintaktičkim strukturama za sistematske promjene softverskih artefakata.<ref name="AmmannOffutt2008">Paul Ammann and Jeff Offutt. Introduction to Software Testing. Cambridge University Press, 2008.</ref> Analiza mutacija je primijenjena na druge probleme, ali se obično primjenjuje na testiranje. Dakle, „testiranje mutacija“ se definira kao korištenje analize [[mutacija]] za dizajniranje novih softverskih testova ili za procjenu postojećih softverskih testova.<ref name="AmmannOffutt2008"/> Dakle, analiza mutacija i testiranje mogu se primijeniti na modele dizajna, specifikacije, [[baze podataka]], testove, XML i druge vrste [[softver]]skih artefakata, iako je mutacija programa najčešća.<ref>{{cite journal | first1=Yue | last1=Jia | first2=Mark | last2=Harman | title=An Analysis and Survey of the Development of Mutation Testing | journal=IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering | authorlink2=Mark Harman (computer scientist) | date=September 2009 | volume = 37 | issue = 5 | pages = 649–678 | doi = 10.1109/TSE.2010.62 | s2cid = 6853229 | url = https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3277/8a2eb4c74cd437e922ac1eb6a1477dfcb925.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171204061252/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3277/8a2eb4c74cd437e922ac1eb6a1477dfcb925.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2017-12-04 }}</ref> ==Pregled== Testovi se mogu kreirati kako bi se provjerila ispravnost implementacije datog softverskog sistema, ali kreiranje testova i dalje postavlja pitanje da li su testovi ispravni i da li dovoljno pokrivaju zahtjeve povezane s implementacijom.<ref>{{cite book | first1=Aristides | last1=Dasso | first2=Ana | last2=Funes | title=Verification, Validation and Testing in Software Engineering |publisher=Idea Group Inc | year=2007| isbn=978-1591408512}}</ref> (This technological problem is itself an instance of a deeper philosophical problem named "[[Quis custodiet ipsos custodes?]]" ["Who will guard the guards?"].) Ideja iza testiranja mutacija je da program koji se testira radi kako je predviđeno, tako da ako se uvede mutant i funkcionalnost se promijeni, to znači da je uvedena greška, koju testovi zatim trebaju pronaći. Na ovaj način testovi se testiraju. Ako testni paket ne otkrije mutant, to obično ukazuje na to da testni paket nije u stanju locirati greške koje predstavlja mutant, ali također može ukazivati na to da mutacija ne uvodi nikakve greške. To jest, mutacija je validna promjena, ona koja ili proizvodi željeni rezultat ili ona koja ne utiče na funkcionalnost. Jedan (uobičajeni) način na koji mutant može biti validan je da je kod koji je promijenjen "mrtav kod" koji se nikada ne izvršava. Da bi testiranje mutacija funkcionisalo u velikom obimu, obično se uvodi veliki broj mutanata, što dovodi do kompajliranja i izvršavanja izuzetno velikog broja kopija programa. Ovaj problem troškova testiranja mutacija smanjio je njegovu praktičnu upotrebu kao metode testiranja [[softver]]a. Međutim, povećana upotreba okvira za objektno orijentisane programske jezike i jedinično testiranje dovela je do stvaranja alata za testiranje mutacija koji testiraju pojedinačne dijelove aplikacije. ==Ciljevi== Ciljevi testiranja mutacija su višestruki: * identificirati slabo testirane dijelove koda (one za koje mutanti nisu ubijeni)<ref name=DLS1978/> * identificirati slabe testove (one koji nikada ne ubijaju mutante)<ref name="Smith2008"/> * izračunati rezultat mutacije,<ref name="AmmannOffutt2008"/> rezultat mutacije je broj ubijenih mutanata / ukupan broj mutanata. * saznati o propagaciji greške i infekciji stanja u programu. ==Historija== Testiranje mutacija je prvobitno predložio Richard Lipton kao student 1971.,<ref name="mutation2000">[http://cs.gmu.edu/~offutt/rsrch/papers/mut00.pdf Mutation 2000: Uniting the Orthogonal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928184359/http://cs.gmu.edu/~offutt/rsrch/papers/mut00.pdf |date=2011-09-28 }}</ref> autora [[Jeffa Offutt|A. Jeffersona Offutta]] i Rolanda H. Untcha, a prvi put razvijen i objavljen od strane DeMilla, Liptona i Saywarda.<ref name="DLS1978">Richard A. DeMillo, Richard J. Lipton i Fred G. Sayward. Savjeti o odabiru testnih podataka: Pomoć za programere u praksi. IEEE Computer, 11(4):34-41. April 1978.</ref> Prvu implementaciju alata za testiranje mutacija izvršio je Timothy Budd kao dio svog doktorskog rada (pod nazivom ''Analiza mutacija'') na Univerzitetu Yale, 1980.<ref name="Budd1980">Tim A. Budd, Mutation Analysis of Program Test Data. PhD thesis, Yale University New Haven CT, 1980.</ref> Nedavno, s dostupnošću ogromne [[računar]]ske snage, došlo je do ponovnog porasta analize mutacija unutar zajednice [[računarstvo|računarskih nauka]], te je urađen rad na definiranju metoda primjene testiranja mutacija na objektno orijentisane programske jezike i neproceduralne jezike kao što su XML, SMV i konačni automati. U 2004., kompanija pod nazivom Certess Inc. (sada dio Synopsys-a) proširila je mnoge principe na domen verifikacije [[hardver]]a. Dok analiza [[mutacija]] očekuje samo da će otkriti razliku u proizvedenom izlazu, Certess to proširuje provjerom da li će provjerivač u testnom okruženju zapravo otkriti razliku. Ovo proširenje znači da se procjenjuju sve tri faze verifikacije, naime: aktivacija, propagacija i detekcija. To su nazvali funkcionalnom kvalifikacijom. Fuzzing može se smatrati posebnim slučajem testiranja mutacija. U fuzzingu, poruke ili podaci koji se razmjenjuju unutar komunikacijskih interfejsa (i unutar i između softverskih instanci) se mutiraju kako bi se otkrili kvarovi ili razlike u obradi podataka. [[Codenomicon]]<ref>[http://www.codenomicon.com/resources/publications.shtml Kaksonen, Rauli. A Functional Method for Assessing Protocol Implementation Security (Licentiate thesis). Espoo. 2001.]</ref> (2001) i [[Mu Dynamics]] (2005) su razvili koncepte fuzzinga u potpuno prihvstljivu platformu za testiranje mutacija, zajedno s monitorima za temeljito vježbanje implementacija protokola. ==Pregled testiranja mutacija== Testiranje mutacija zasniva se na dvije hipoteze. Prva [[hipoteza]] je „kompetentnog programera“. Ova hipoteza tvrdi da kompetentni programeri pišu programe koji su blizu tačnosti.<ref name=DLS1978 /> „Blisko“ bi trebalo biti zasnovano na ponašanju, a ne na sintaksi. Druga hipoteza se naziva „efekat spajanja“. Efekat spajanja tvrdi da se jednostavni kvarovi mogu kaskadno gomilati ili „sparivati“ kako bi formirali druge emergentne kvarove.<ref name="Offut1992">A. Jefferson Offutt. 1992. Investigations of the software testing coupling effect. ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol. 1, 1 (January 1992), 5-20.</ref><ref name="ABDLS1979">A. T. Acree, T. A. Budd, R. A. DeMillo, R. J. Lipton, and F. G. Sayward, "Mutation Analysis," Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, Technique Report GIT-ICS-79/08, 1979.</ref> Suptilne i važne greške također otkrivaju mutanti višeg reda, što dodatno podržava efekat spajanja.<ref name="JH2008">Yue Jia; Harman, M., "Constructing Subtle Faults Using Higher Order Mutation Testing," Source Code Analysis and Manipulation, 2008 Eighth IEEE International Working Conference on , vol., no., pp.249,258, 28-29 Sept. 2008</ref><ref name="Umar2008">Maryam Umar, "An Evaluation of Mutation Operators For Equivalent Mutants," MS Thesis, 2006</ref><ref name="Smith2008">Smith B., "On Guiding Augmentation of an Automated Test Suite via Mutation Analysis," 2008</ref><ref name="PP2009">Polo M. and Piattini M., "Mutation Testing: practical aspects and cost analysis," University of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain), Presentation, 2009</ref><ref name="Anderson2011">Anderson S., "Mutation Testing", the University of Edinburgh, School of Informatics, Presentation, 2011</ref> Mutanti višeg reda omogućavaju se stvaranjem mutanata s više od jedne mutacije. Testiranje mutacija se vrši odabirom skupa operatora mutacije, a zatim njihovom primjenom na izvorni program jedan po jedan za svaki primjenjivi dio izvornog koda. Rezultat primjene jednog operatora mutacije na program naziva se ''mutant''. Ako je testni paket u stanju detektirati promjenu (tj. jedan od testova ne uspije), tada se kaže da je mutant ''ubijen''. Naprimjer, razmotrimo sljedeći fragment C++ koda: <syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> Ako je (a && b) {c = 1;} else {c = 0;} </syntaxhighlight> Operator mutacije uslova bi zamijenio <code>&&</code> sa <code>||</code> i proizveo bi sljedeći mutant: <syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> ako (a || b) {c = 1;} else {c = 0;} </syntaxhighlight> Da bi test ubio ovog mutanta, moraju biti ispunjena sljedeća tri uvjeta: # Test mora ''doseći'' mutiranu naredbu. # Ulazni podaci testa trebaju ''zaraziti'' stanje programa uzrokujući različita stanja programa za mutanta i originalni program. Na primjer, test sa <code>a = 1</code> i <code>b = 0</code> bi to učinio. # Neispravno stanje programa (vrijednost 'c') mora se ''propagirati'' na izlaz programa i biti provjereno testom. Ovi uvjeti se zajednički nazivaju ''RIP model''.<ref name="mutation2000"/> ''Testiranje slabih mutacija'' (ili ''pokrivenost slabih mutacija'') zahtijeva da su ispunjeni samo prvi i drugi uvjet. ''Testiranje jakih mutacija'' zahtijeva da su ispunjena sva tri uvjeta. Jaka mutacija je moćnija, jer osigurava da skup testova zaista može uhvatiti probleme. Slaba mutacija je usko povezana s metodama [[pokrivenost koda]]. Potrebno je mnogo manje računarske snage da bi se osiguralo da testni paket zadovoljava testiranje slabih mutacija nego testiranje jakih mutacija. Međutim, postoje slučajevi kada nije moguće pronaći testni slučaj koji bi mogao ubiti ovog mutanta. Rezultirajući program je bihevioralno ekvivalentan originalnom. Takvi mutanti se nazivaju "ekvivalentni mutanti". Detekcija ekvivalentnih mutanata jedna je od najvećih prepreka praktičnoj upotrebi testiranja mutacija. Napor potreban za provjeru da li su mutanti ekvivalentni ili ne može biti vrlo visok, čak i za male programe.<ref>P. G. Frankl, S. N. Weiss, and C. Hu. All-uses versus mutation testing: An experimental comparison of effectiveness. ''Journal of Systems and Software'', 38:235–253, 1997.</ref> A 2014 systematic literature review of a wide range of approaches to overcome the Equivalent Mutant Problem<ref>[http://madeyski.e-informatyka.pl/download/Madeyski13TSE.pdf Overcoming the Equivalent Mutant Problem: A Systematic Literature Review and a Comparative Experiment of Second Order Mutation] by L. Madeyski, W. Orzeszyna, R. Torkar, M. Józala. ''IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering''</ref> Identificirao je 17 relevantnih tehnika (u 22 članka) i tri kategorije tehnika: otkrivanje (DEM); sugeriranje (SEM); i izbjegavanje generiranja ekvivalentnih mutanata (AEMG). Eksperiment je pokazao da [[mutacija]] višeg reda općenito, a posebno JudyDiffOp strategija, pružaju obećavajući pristup problemu ekvivalentnih mutanata. Pored ekvivalentnih mutanata, postoje i „subsumirani mutanti“ koji postoje na istoj lokaciji izvornog koda kao i drugi mutant, i za koje se kaže da ih je drugi mutant „subsumirao“. Subsumirani mutanti nisu vidljivi alatu za testiranje mutacija i ne doprinose metrikama pokrivenosti. Na primjer, recimo da imate dva mutanta, A i B, koji oba mijenjaju liniju koda na isti način. Mutant A se prvo testira, a rezultat je da kod ne radi ispravno. Mutant B se zatim testira, a rezultat je isti kao i kod mutanta A. U ovom slučaju, smatra se da je Mutant B podvrgnut Mutantu A, budući da je rezultat testiranja Mutanta B isti kao i rezultat testiranja Mutanta A. Stoga, Mutant B ne treba biti testiran, jer će rezultat biti isti kao i kod Mutanta A. ==Operatori mutacije== Da bi se izvršile sintaktičke promjene u programu, operator mutacije služi kao smjernica koja zamjenjuje dijelove izvornog koda. S obzirom na to da mutacije zavise od ovih operatora, naučnici su kreirali kolekciju [[operator (genetika)|operatora]] [[mutacije]], kako bi se prilagodili različitim programskim jezicima, poput Jave. Učinkovitost ovih operatora mutacije igra ključnu ulogu u testiranju mutacije..<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Hamimoune |first1=Soukaina |last2=Falah |first2=Bouchaib |title=2016 International Conference on Engineering & MIS (ICEMIS) |chapter=Mutation testing techniques: A comparative study |date=24 September 2016 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1109/ICEMIS.2016.7745368 |isbn=978-1-5090-5579-1 |s2cid=24301702 |language=en-US }}</ref> Istraživači su istražili mnoge operatore mutacije. Evo nekoliko primjera operatora mutacije za imperativne jezike: * Delecija naredbi * Dupliranje ili umetanje naredbi, npr. <code>goto fail;</code><ref>[https://www.imperialviolet.org/2014/02/22/applebug.html Apple's SSL/TLS bug] by Adam Langley.</ref> * Zamjena logičkih podizraza sa ''true'' i ''false'' * Zamjena nekih aritmetičkih operacija drugima, npr. <code>+</code> sa <code>*</code>, <code>-</code> sa <code>/</code> * Zamjena nekih logičkih relacija drugima, npr. <code>></code> sa <code>>=</code>, <code>==</code> i <code><=</code> * Zamjena varijabli drugima iz istog opsega (tipovi varijabli moraju biti kompatibilni) * Uklanjanje tijela metode.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Niedermayr |first1=Rainer |title=Proceedings of the International Workshop on Continuous Software Evolution and Delivery |last2=Juergens |first2=Elmar |last3=Wagner |first3=Stefan |date=2016-05-14 |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |isbn=978-1-4503-4157-8 |series=CSED '16 |location=Austin, Texas |pages=23–29 |chapter=Will my tests tell me if I break this code? |doi=10.1145/2896941.2896944 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/2896941.2896944 |arxiv=1611.07163 |s2cid=9213147}}</ref> Ovi operatori mutacije se također nazivaju tradicionalnim operatorima mutacije. Postoje i operatori mutacije za objektno orijentirane jezike,<ref>[http://www.cs.gmu.edu/~offutt/rsrch/papers/mujava.pdf MuJava: An Automated Class Mutation System] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311010113/http://www.cs.gmu.edu/~offutt/rsrch/papers/mujava.pdf |date=2012-03-11 }} by Yu-Seung Ma, [[Jeff Offutt]] and Yong Rae Kwo.</ref> for concurrent constructions,<ref>[http://www.irisa.fr/manifestations/2006/Mutation2006/papers/14_Final_version.pdf Mutation Operators for Concurrent Java (J2SE 5.0)] by Jeremy S. Bradbury, James R. Cordy, Juergen Dingel.</ref> complex objects like containers,<ref>[http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~bieman/Pubs/AlexanderBiemanGhoshJiISSRE02.pdf Mutation of Java Objects] by Roger T. Alexander, James M. Bieman, Sudipto Ghosh, Bixia Ji.</ref> itd. === Tipovi operatora mutacije === Operatori za kontejnere nazivaju se operatori mutacije na ''nivou klase''. Operatori na nivou klase mijenjaju strukturu programa dodavanjem, uklanjanjem ili promjenom izraza koji se ispituju. Za svaku kategoriju promjena uspostavljeni su specifični operatori.<ref name=":1" /> Naprimjer, alat muJava nudi različite operatore mutacije na nivou klase kao što su promjena modifikatora pristupa, umetanje operatora pretvaranja tipa i [[delecija (genetika)|delecija]] operatora pretvaranja tipa. Operatori mutacije su također razvijeni za izvođenje testiranja sigurnosnih ranjivosti programa.<ref>[http://qspace.library.queensu.ca/handle/1974/1359 Mutation-based Testing of Buffer Overflows, SQL Injections, and Format String Bugs] by H. Shahriar and M. Zulkernine.</ref> Pored operatora „na nivou klase“, MuJava također uključuje operatore mutacije „na nivou metode“, koji se nazivaju tradicionalnim operatorima. Ovi tradicionalni operatori [[dizajn]]irani su na osnovu karakteristika koje se obično nalaze u proceduralnim jezicima. Oni vrše promjene u iskazima dodavanjem, zamjenom ili uklanjanjem primitivnih operatora. Ovi operatori spadaju u šest kategorija: „aritmetički operatori“, „relacijski operatori“, „uslovni operatori“, „operatori pomjeranja“, „logički operatori“ i „operatori dodjeljivanja“.<ref name=":1"/> == Tipovi testiranja mutacija == Postoje tri tipa testiranja mutacija; === Mutacija iskaza === Mutacija iskaza je proces u kojem se blok [[kodon|koda]] namjerno mijenja delecijom ili kopiranjem određenih iskaza. Štaviše, omogućava promjenu redoslijeda iskaza unutar bloka koda kako bi se generirale različite sekvence.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Walters |first=Amy |date=2023-06-01 |title=Understanding Mutation Testing: A Comprehensive Guide |url=https://testrigor.com/blog/understanding-mutation-testing-a-comprehensive-guide/ |access-date=2023-10-08 |website=testRigor AI-Based Automated Testing Tool |language=en-US}}</ref> Ova tehnika ključna je u testiranju [[softver]]a jer pomaže u identifikaciji potencijalnih slabosti ili grešaka u kodu. Namjernim unošenjem promjena u kod i posmatranjem njegovog ponašanja, programeri mogu otkriti skrivene greške ili nedostatke koji bi mogli proći nezapaženo tokom redovnog testiranja.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Deng |first1=Lin |last2=Offutt |first2=Jeff |last3=Li |first3=Nan |title=2013 IEEE Sixth International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation |chapter=Empirical Evaluation of the Statement Deletion Mutation Operator |date=22 March 2013 |pages=84–93 |language=en-US |doi=10.1109/ICST.2013.20 |isbn=978-0-7695-4968-2 |s2cid=12866713 |issn=2159-4848}}</ref> Mutacija naredbi je poput dijagnostičkog alata koji pruža uvid u robusnost i otpornost koda, pomažući programerima da poboljšaju ukupni kvalitet i pouzdanost svog softvera. Naprimjer, u isječku koda ispod, cijeli dio 'else' je uklonjen: <syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> funkcija provjeriVjerodajnice(korisničkoime, password) {ako (korisničkoime === "admin" && password === password"){vrati tačno;}} </syntaxhighlight> === Mutacija vrijednosti === [[Mutacija]] vrijednosti se dešava kada se izvrše modifikacije vrijednosti parametara ili konstanti unutar koda. To obično uključuje prilagođavanje vrijednosti dodavanjem ili oduzimanjem 1, ali može uključivati i značajnije promjene vrijednosti. Specifične promjene napravljene tokom mutacije vrijednosti uključuju dva glavna scenarija: Prvo, postoji transformacija iz male vrijednosti u višu vrijednost. To podrazumijeva zamjenu male vrijednosti u kodu većom. Svrha ove promjene je procijeniti kako kod reaguje kada naiđe na veće ulaze. To pomaže da se osigura da kod može precizno i efikasno obraditi ove veće vrijednosti bez nailaženja na greške ili neočekivane probleme.<ref name=":0"/> Suprotno tome, drugi scenario uključuje promjenu veće vrijednosti u manju. U ovom slučaju, zamjenjujemo višu vrijednost unutar koda manjom vrijednošću. Ovaj test ima za cilj procijeniti kako kod obrađuje manje ulaze. Osiguravanje da se kod ispravno izvršava s manjim vrijednostima je ključno kako bi se spriječili nepredviđeni problemi ili greške pri radu s takvim ulaznim podacima.<ref name=":0"/> Naprimjer: <syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">// Originalni kod function multiplyByTwo(value){return value * 2;}// Mutacija vrijednosti: Manja vrijednost u višu vrijednost function multiplyByTwoMutation1(value) {return value * 10;}// Mutacija vrijednosti: Viša vrijednost u malu vrijednost function multiplyByTwoMutation2(value) {return value/10;} </syntaxhighlight> === Mutacija odluke === Testiranje mutacije odluke fokusira se na identifikaciju grešaka u dizajnu unutar koda, s posebnim naglaskom na otkrivanje nedostataka ili slabosti u logici donošenja odluka programa. Ova metoda uključuje namjerno mijenjanje aritmetičkih i logičkih operatora kako bi se otkrili potencijalni problemi.<ref name=":0" /> Manipuliranjem ovih operatora, programeri mogu sistematski procijeniti kako kod reagira na različite scenarije donošenja odluka. Ovaj proces pomaže u osiguravanju da su putevi donošenja odluka programa robusni i tačni, sprječavajući skupe greške koje bi mogle nastati zbog pogrešne logike. Testiranje mutacije odluke služi kao vrijedan alat u razvoju softvera, omogućavajući programerima da poboljšaju pouzdanost i efikasnost svojih segmenata koda za donošenje odluka. Naprimjer: <syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> // Originalni kod function isPositive(number) {return number > 0;}// Mutacija odluke: Promjena operatora poređenja function isPositiveMutation1(broj) {return broj >= 0;}// Mutacija odluke: Negiranje rezultata function isPositiveMutation2(broj) {return !(broj > 0);} </syntaxhighlight> ==Također pogledajte== * [[Begugging]] (ili zasijavanje grešaka) * [[Testiranje ispravnosti]] * [[Ubrizgavanje greške]] * [[Genetičko testiranje]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{Testiranje softvera}} [[Kategorija:Testiranje softvera]] [[Kategorija:Računarstvo]] [[Kategorija:Genetika]] try2ta6c4iy529gd7tha812zkryr166 Testiranje mutacija 0 535010 3849440 2026-05-26T10:50:31Z GENETIČAR-2 181763 Preusmjereno na [[Analiza mutacija]] 3849440 wikitext text/x-wiki #Preusmjeri [[Analiza mutacija]] h866dz25e0jxp56s2tcghxh76xs4ds1 Ciklički AMP 0 535011 3849465 2026-05-26T11:49:44Z Genetičar 181151 Preusmjereno na [[Ciklični adenozin-monofosfat]] 3849465 wikitext text/x-wiki #Preusmjeri [[Ciklični adenozin-monofosfat]] cqyood9k0kxlyumwqmbw7z6p3p73agz