Wikipedia cebwiki https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unang_Panid MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.20 first-letter Medya Espesyal Hisgot Gumagamit Hisgot sa Gumagamit Wikipedia Hisgot sa Wikipedia Payl Hisgot sa Payl MediaWiki Hisgot sa MediaWiki Plantilya Hisgot sa Plantilya Tabang Hisgot sa Tabang Kategoriya Hisgot sa Kategoriya TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 21458 37103189 33587720 2026-09-21T14:34:43Z Kontributor 2K 107579 /* Galeriya sa hulagway */ +CoA 37103189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Komyun sa Pransiya |ngalan=Chambly |ngalang_pranses=Chambly |rehiyon=[[Hauts-de-France]] |departamento=[[Oise]] |latityud=49° 10' N |longhitud=2° 15' E |gihabogon=&nbsp; |langyab=12.86 |molupyo=7,140 |tuig=1999 |densidad=555 |insee=60139 |cap=60230 |nahimutangan=&nbsp;}} Ang '''Chambly''' usa ka [[komyun]] sa [[Pransiya]]. Kini may 7,140 ka molupyo ug nahimutang sa departamento sa [[Oise]] sa rehiyon sa [[Hauts-de-France]]. == Galeriya sa hulagway == <gallery> Chambly_-_Town_hall.jpg Chambly_-_Place_Charles_de_Gaulle_-_1.jpg Panneau_signalant_le_parc_Jacques-De_Chambly,_Chambly.jpg Baie_de_Chambly,_vu_du_parc_Jacques-De_Chambly,_rue_Martel,_Chambly.jpg Baie_de_Chambly_vue_de_la_rue_Martel,_à_Chambly,_avec_le_mont_Saint-Hilaire_en_arrière-plan.jpg Église_Notre-Dame_de_Chambly_01.JPG Fort_Chambly_extérieur.jpg Maison_d'Albani_à_Chambly.png Blason maison fr de Chambly.svg Logo_FC_Chambly_Oise.svg </gallery> [[Kategoriya:Mga komyun sa departamento sa Oise]] [[Kategoriya:Mga komyun sa rehiyon sa Hauts-de-France]] iqk1fkejpzesz8vxdszoqzc1qpj8m3t 0 86463 37103279 35209000 2026-09-22T08:03:59Z Magnefl 12876 foto 37103279 wikitext text/x-wiki {{paghimo ni bot|Lsjbot|dawhilahila|date=2020-12}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Aplysia punctata'' | status = | image = Aplysia punctata.jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Mollusca]] | classis = [[Gastropoda]] | ordo = [[Aplysiida]] | familia = [[Aplysiidae]] | genus = [[Aplysia]] | species = '''Aplysia punctata''' | binomial = Aplysia punctata | binomial_authority = ([[Cuvier (awtor)|Cuvier]], 1803) | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | superfamilia = [[Lukot|Aplysioidea]] | synonyms = ''Aplysia varians'' <small>[[Leach (awtor)|Leach]], 1852</small><br>''Aplysia griffithsiana'' <small>[[Leach (awtor)|Leach]], 1852</small><br>''Aplysia nexa'' <small>Thompson W., 1845</small><br>''Aplysia guttata'' <small>Sars M., 1840</small><br>''Aplysia dumortieri'' <small>Cantraine, 1835</small><br>''Aplysia longicornis'' <small>Rang, 1828</small><br>''Aplysia ferussaci'' <small>Rang, 1828</small><br>''Aplysia cuvieri'' <small>Delle Chiaje, 1828</small><br>''Aplysia marginata'' <small>[[Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville|Blainville]], 1823</small><br>''Aplysia virescens'' <small>[[Antoine Risso|Risso]], 1818</small><br>''Aplysia unicolor'' <small>[[Antoine Risso|Risso]], 1818</small><br>''Aplysia stellata'' <small>[[Antoine Risso|Risso]], 1818</small><br>''Aplysia nigromarginata'' <small>[[Antoine Risso|Risso]], 1818</small><br>''Aplysia mustelina'' <small>[[Thomas Pennant|Pennant]], 1812</small><br>''Aplysia hybrida'' <small>Sowerby J., 1806</small><br>''Aplysia rosea'' <small>[[Martin Heinrich Rathke|Rathke]], 1799</small> }} Kaliwatan sa [[dawhilahila]] ang '''''Aplysia punctata'''''<ref name = "COL"/>. Una ning gihulagway ni [[Cuvier (awtor)|Cuvier]] ni adtong 1803.<ref name = "col54435315"/> Ang ''Aplysia punctata'' sakop sa [[kahenera]] nga ''[[Aplysia]]'', ug [[pamilya (biyolohiya)|kabanay]] nga [[Aplysiidae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Walay nalista nga matang nga sama niini.<ref name = "COL"/> <!-- katapusan sa gisulat --> == Ang mga gi basihan niini == <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= http://www.catalogueoflife.org/DCA_Export/zip-fixed/2019-annual.zip|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2019 Annual Checklist.|author= Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V.|year= 2019|publisher= Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands. ISSN 2405-884X. TaxonID: 54435315|accessdate= 2019-11-11}}</ref> <ref name = "col54435315"> ''Club d'immersió Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona'' , </ref> <ref name = "source">MolluscaBase (2019). WoRMS Mollusca: MolluscaBase (version 2019-03-06). In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life, 2019 Annual Checklist (Roskov Y., Ower G., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., DeWalt R.E., Decock W., Nieukerken E. van, Zarucchi J., Penev L., eds.). Digital resource at www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2019. Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands. ISSN 2405-884X.</ref> </references> <gallery> Aplysia_punctata_(Cuvier,_1803).jpg Aplysia_punctata_Rhodes.jpg Aplysia punctata-s.jpg </gallery> [[Kategoriya:Lukot]] [[Kategoriya:Lukot sa Dagat Mediteraneo]] [[Kategoriya:Lukot sa Dagat Amihanan]] [[Kategoriya:Lukot sa Kadagatang Atlantiko]] [[Kategoriya:Lukot sa Kipot sa Gyibraltar]] [[Kategoriya:Lukot sa Espanya]] [[Kategoriya:Aplysia]] s13kx35gj6i60b4pfxle1nu28t9d06z 0 337006 37103190 35181671 2026-09-21T17:18:37Z ~2026-50931-24 149374 37103190 wikitext text/x-wiki {{paghimo ni bot|Lsjbot|langgam|date=2020-10}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Ochthoeca'' | status = | image = Ochthoeca diadema.jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Maybukobuko (mananap)|Chordata]] | classis = [[Aves]] | ordo = [[Passeriformes]] | familia = [[Tyrannidae]] | genus = '''Ochthoeca''' | species = | binomial = Ochthoeca | binomial_authority = | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Vertebrata]] | synonyms = }} [[Kahenera]] sa [[mga langgam]] ang '''''Ochthoeca'''''<ref name = "COL"/>. Ang ''Ochthoeca'' sakop sa [[pamilya (biyolohiya)|kabanay]] nga [[Tyrannidae]].<ref name = "COL"/> <!-- katapusan sa gisulat --> * [[Ochthoeca nigrita]] Ang [[kladogram]] matud sa [[Catalogue of Life]] mao<ref name = "COL"/>: {{Clade | label1 = '''''Ochthoeca&nbsp;''''' | 1={{Clade | 1=''[[Ochthoeca cinnamomeiventris]]'' | 2=''[[Ochthoeca diadema]]'' | 3=''[[Ochthoeca frontalis]]'' | 4=''[[Ochthoeca fumicolor]]'' | 5=''[[Ochthoeca jelskii]]'' | 6=''[[Ochthoeca leucophrys]]'' | 7=''[[Ochthoeca oenanthoides]]'' | 8=''[[Ochthoeca piurae]]'' | 9=''[[Ochthoeca pulchella]]'' | 10=''[[Ochthoeca rufipectoralis]]'' }} }} == Ang mga gi basihan niini == <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= http://www.catalogueoflife.org/DCA_Export/zip-fixed/2019-annual.zip|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2019 Annual Checklist.|author= Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V.|year= 2019|publisher= Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands. ISSN 2405-884X. TaxonID: 54957665|accessdate= 2019-11-11}}</ref> </references> <gallery> Ochthoeca cinnamomeiventris -NW Ecuador-4.jpg Ochthoeca frontalis -NBII Image Gallery-a00286.jpg </gallery> [[Kategoriya:Langgam]] [[Kategoriya:Ochthoeca]] 9fpn145v81g8n1rajsc5oz798357hvt 37103192 37103190 2026-09-21T17:29:00Z ~2026-50931-24 149374 37103192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{paghimo ni bot|Lsjbot|langgam|date=2020-10}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Ochthoeca'' | status = | image = Ochthoeca diadema.jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Maybukobuko (mananap)|Chordata]] | classis = [[Aves]] | ordo = [[Passeriformes]] | familia = [[Tyrannidae]] | genus = '''Ochthoeca''' | species = | binomial = Ochthoeca | binomial_authority = | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Vertebrata]] | synonyms = }} [[Kahenera]] sa [[mga langgam]] ang '''''Ochthoeca'''''<ref name = "COL"/>. Ang ''Ochthoeca'' sakop sa [[pamilya (biyolohiya)|kabanay]] nga [[Tyrannidae]].<ref name = "COL"/> <!-- katapusan sa gisulat --> Ang [[kladogram]] matud sa [[Catalogue of Life]] mao<ref name = "COL"/>: {{Clade | label1 = '''''Ochthoeca&nbsp;''''' | 1={{Clade | 1=''[[Ochthoeca cinnamomeiventris]]'' | 2=''[[Ochthoeca diadema]]'' | 3=''[[Ochthoeca frontalis]]'' | 4=''[[Ochthoeca fumicolor]]'' | 5=''[[Ochthoeca jelskii]]'' | 6=''[[Ochthoeca leucophrys]]'' | 7=''[[Ochthoeca oenanthoides]]'' | 8=''[[Ochthoeca piurae]]'' | 9=''[[Ochthoeca pulchella]]'' | 10=''[[Ochthoeca rufipectoralis]]'' }} }} == Ang mga gi basihan niini == <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= http://www.catalogueoflife.org/DCA_Export/zip-fixed/2019-annual.zip|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2019 Annual Checklist.|author= Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V.|year= 2019|publisher= Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands. ISSN 2405-884X. TaxonID: 54957665|accessdate= 2019-11-11}}</ref> </references> <gallery> Ochthoeca cinnamomeiventris -NW Ecuador-4.jpg Ochthoeca frontalis -NBII Image Gallery-a00286.jpg </gallery> [[Kategoriya:Langgam]] [[Kategoriya:Ochthoeca]] 8r3ie1duowfe1b4kidw02ft3bfzsz3z 37103193 37103192 2026-09-21T17:32:21Z ~2026-50931-24 149374 37103193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{paghimo ni bot|Lsjbot|langgam|date=2020-10}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Ochthoeca'' | status = | image = Ochthoeca diadema.jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Maybukobuko (mananap)|Chordata]] | classis = [[Aves]] | ordo = [[Passeriformes]] | familia = [[Tyrannidae]] | genus = '''Ochthoeca''' | species = | binomial = Ochthoeca | binomial_authority = | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Vertebrata]] | synonyms = }} [[Kahenera]] sa [[mga langgam]] ang '''''Ochthoeca'''''<ref name = "COL"/>. Ang ''Ochthoeca'' sakop sa [[pamilya (biyolohiya)|kabanay]] nga [[Tyrannidae]].<ref name = "COL"/> <!-- katapusan sa gisulat --> * [[Ochthoeca thoracica]] Ang [[kladogram]] matud sa [[Catalogue of Life]] mao<ref name = "COL"/>: {{Clade | label1 = '''''Ochthoeca&nbsp;''''' | 1={{Clade | 1=''[[Ochthoeca cinnamomeiventris]]'' | 2=''[[Ochthoeca diadema]]'' | 3=''[[Ochthoeca frontalis]]'' | 4=''[[Ochthoeca fumicolor]]'' | 5=''[[Ochthoeca jelskii]]'' | 6=''[[Ochthoeca leucophrys]]'' | 7=''[[Ochthoeca oenanthoides]]'' | 8=''[[Ochthoeca piurae]]'' | 9=''[[Ochthoeca pulchella]]'' | 10=''[[Ochthoeca rufipectoralis]]'' }} }} == Ang mga gi basihan niini == <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= http://www.catalogueoflife.org/DCA_Export/zip-fixed/2019-annual.zip|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2019 Annual Checklist.|author= Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V.|year= 2019|publisher= Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands. ISSN 2405-884X. TaxonID: 54957665|accessdate= 2019-11-11}}</ref> </references> <gallery> Ochthoeca cinnamomeiventris -NW Ecuador-4.jpg Ochthoeca frontalis -NBII Image Gallery-a00286.jpg </gallery> [[Kategoriya:Langgam]] [[Kategoriya:Ochthoeca]] scf83lup35vzzar7jje4gk08su13c9j 37103195 37103193 2026-09-21T17:41:43Z ~2026-50931-24 149374 37103195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{paghimo ni bot|Lsjbot|langgam|date=2020-10}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Ochthoeca'' | status = | image = Ochthoeca diadema.jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Maybukobuko (mananap)|Chordata]] | classis = [[Aves]] | ordo = [[Passeriformes]] | familia = [[Tyrannidae]] | genus = '''Ochthoeca''' | species = | binomial = Ochthoeca | binomial_authority = | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Vertebrata]] | synonyms = }} [[Kahenera]] sa [[mga langgam]] ang '''''Ochthoeca'''''<ref name = "COL"/>. Ang ''Ochthoeca'' sakop sa [[pamilya (biyolohiya)|kabanay]] nga [[Tyrannidae]].<ref name = "COL"/> <!-- katapusan sa gisulat --> Ang [[kladogram]] matud sa [[Catalogue of Life]] mao<ref name = "COL"/>: {{Clade | label1 = '''''Ochthoeca&nbsp;''''' | 1={{Clade | 1=''[[Ochthoeca cinnamomeiventris]]'' | 2=''[[Ochthoeca diadema]]'' | 3=''[[Ochthoeca frontalis]]'' | 4=''[[Ochthoeca fumicolor]]'' | 5=''[[Ochthoeca jelskii]]'' | 6=''[[Ochthoeca leucophrys]]'' | 7=''[[Ochthoeca oenanthoides]]'' | 8=''[[Ochthoeca piurae]]'' | 9=''[[Ochthoeca pulchella]]'' | 10=''[[Ochthoeca rufipectoralis]]'' }} }} == Ang mga gi basihan niini == <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= http://www.catalogueoflife.org/DCA_Export/zip-fixed/2019-annual.zip|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2019 Annual Checklist.|author= Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V.|year= 2019|publisher= Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands. ISSN 2405-884X. TaxonID: 54957665|accessdate= 2019-11-11}}</ref> </references> <gallery> Ochthoeca cinnamomeiventris -NW Ecuador-4.jpg Ochthoeca frontalis -NBII Image Gallery-a00286.jpg </gallery> [[Kategoriya:Langgam]] [[Kategoriya:Ochthoeca]] 8r3ie1duowfe1b4kidw02ft3bfzsz3z 0 337430 37103196 35181786 2026-09-21T18:21:54Z ~2026-50931-24 149374 37103196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{paghimo ni bot|Lsjbot|langgam|date=2020-10}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Serpophaga'' | status = | image = TIQUITUIQUI DE BAÑADO Serpophaga nigricans.jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Maybukobuko (mananap)|Chordata]] | classis = [[Aves]] | ordo = [[Passeriformes]] | familia = [[Tyrannidae]] | genus = '''Serpophaga''' | species = | binomial = Serpophaga | binomial_authority = | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Vertebrata]] | synonyms = }} [[Kahenera]] sa [[mga langgam]] ang '''''Serpophaga'''''<ref name = "COL"/>. Ang ''Serpophaga'' sakop sa [[pamilya (biyolohiya)|kabanay]] nga [[Tyrannidae]].<ref name = "COL"/> <!-- katapusan sa gisulat --> * [[Serpophaga griseicapilla]] Ang [[kladogram]] matud sa [[Catalogue of Life]] mao<ref name = "COL"/>: {{Clade | label1 = '''''Serpophaga&nbsp;''''' | 1={{Clade | 1=''[[Serpophaga cinerea]]'' | 2=''[[Serpophaga hypoleuca]]'' | 3=''[[Serpophaga munda]]'' | 4=''[[Serpophaga nigricans]]'' | 5=''[[Serpophaga subcristata]]'' }} }} == Ang mga gi basihan niini == <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= http://www.catalogueoflife.org/DCA_Export/zip-fixed/2019-annual.zip|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2019 Annual Checklist.|author= Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V.|year= 2019|publisher= Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands. ISSN 2405-884X. TaxonID: 55020371|accessdate= 2019-11-11}}</ref> </references> <gallery> File:Torrent Tyrannulet RWD.jpg </gallery> [[Kategoriya:Langgam]] [[Kategoriya:Serpophaga]] cnq6rcn1llcdukfgfw2o916cp9grdei 37103198 37103196 2026-09-21T18:28:49Z ~2026-50931-24 149374 37103198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{paghimo ni bot|Lsjbot|langgam|date=2020-10}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Serpophaga'' | status = | image = TIQUITUIQUI DE BAÑADO Serpophaga nigricans.jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Maybukobuko (mananap)|Chordata]] | classis = [[Aves]] | ordo = [[Passeriformes]] | familia = [[Tyrannidae]] | genus = '''Serpophaga''' | species = | binomial = Serpophaga | binomial_authority = | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Vertebrata]] | synonyms = }} [[Kahenera]] sa [[mga langgam]] ang '''''Serpophaga'''''<ref name = "COL"/>. Ang ''Serpophaga'' sakop sa [[pamilya (biyolohiya)|kabanay]] nga [[Tyrannidae]].<ref name = "COL"/> <!-- katapusan sa gisulat --> Ang [[kladogram]] matud sa [[Catalogue of Life]] mao<ref name = "COL"/>: {{Clade | label1 = '''''Serpophaga&nbsp;''''' | 1={{Clade | 1=''[[Serpophaga cinerea]]'' | 2=''[[Serpophaga hypoleuca]]'' | 3=''[[Serpophaga munda]]'' | 4=''[[Serpophaga nigricans]]'' | 5=''[[Serpophaga subcristata]]'' }} }} == Ang mga gi basihan niini == <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= http://www.catalogueoflife.org/DCA_Export/zip-fixed/2019-annual.zip|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2019 Annual Checklist.|author= Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V.|year= 2019|publisher= Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands. ISSN 2405-884X. TaxonID: 55020371|accessdate= 2019-11-11}}</ref> </references> <gallery> File:Torrent Tyrannulet RWD.jpg </gallery> [[Kategoriya:Langgam]] [[Kategoriya:Serpophaga]] 0mld7giepdxqo5l8z8xsln4y2hjt7bu 0 363730 37103167 37070842 2026-09-21T12:08:10Z Ziv 111351 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Acipenser sp.1 - Aquarium Finisterrae.JPG]] → [[File:Huso naccarii.001 - Aquarium Finisterrae.jpg]] → The file was renamed on Commons, but the filename in the language versions was not changed ([[c:c:GR]]) 37103167 wikitext text/x-wiki {{paghimo ni bot|Lsjbot|mananap|date=2020-11}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Petromyzon marinus'' | status = LC | image = Sea Lamprey fish.jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Maybukobuko (mananap)|Chordata]] | classis = [[Cephalaspidomorphi]] | ordo = [[Petromyzontiformes]] | familia = [[Petromyzontidae]] | genus = [[Petromyzon]] | species = '''Petromyzon marinus''' | binomial = Petromyzon marinus | binomial_authority = [[Linnaeus (awtor)|Linnaeus]], 1758 | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = Petromyzon marinus2.jpg | image2_caption = | synonyms = ''Petromyzon marinus unicolor'' <small>[[Andrew Thomas Gage|Gage]], 1928</small><br>''Petromyzon wilsoni'' <small>[[Fowler (awtor)|Fowler]], 1908</small><br>''Petromyzon bairdii'' <small>[[Gill (awtor)|Gill]], 1883</small><br>''Petromyzon marinus dorsatus'' <small>Wilder, 1883</small><br>''Petromyzon bairdii'' <small>([[Gill (awtor)|Gill]], 1883)</small><br>''Petromyzon maculosus'' <small>[[Laurens Theodore Gronow|Gronow]], 1854</small><br>''Petromyzon adriaticus'' <small>[[Giovanni Domenico Nardo|Nardo]], 1847</small><br>''Petromyzon concolor'' <small>(non Kirtland, 1840)</small><br>''Petromyzon bicolor'' <small>[[Charles Alexandre Lesueur|Lesueur]], 1818</small><br>''Petromyzon nigricans'' <small>[[Charles Alexandre Lesueur|Lesueur]], 1818</small><br>''Petromyzon americanus'' <small>[[Charles Alexandre Lesueur|Lesueur]], 1818</small><br>''Petromyzon maximus'' <small>[[Cuvier (awtor)|Cuvier]], 1816</small><br>''Petromyzon lampetra'' <small>[[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1814</small><br>''Petromyzon ruber'' <small>Lacepède, 1800</small><br>''Petromyzon marina'' <small>([[Linnaeus (awtor)|Linnaeus]], 1758)</small> | status_ref = <ref name = "iucn"/> | status_system = iucn3.1 }} Kaliwatan sa [[mananap]] ang '''''Petromyzon marinus'''''<ref name = "COL"/>. Una ning gihulagway ni [[Linnaeus (awtor)|Linnaeus]] ni adtong 1758.<ref name = "col42898200"/> Ang ''Petromyzon marinus'' sakop sa [[kahenera]] nga ''[[Petromyzon]]'', ug [[pamilya (biyolohiya)|kabanay]] nga [[Petromyzontidae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Giklaseklase sa [[IUCN]] ang kaliwatan sa [[kinaminosang kalabotan]].<ref name = "iucn"/> Walay nalista nga matang nga sama niini.<ref name = "COL"/> <!-- katapusan sa gisulat --> == Ang mga gi basihan niini == <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= http://www.catalogueoflife.org/DCA_Export/zip-fixed/2019-annual.zip|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2019 Annual Checklist.|author= Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V.|year= 2019|publisher= Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands. ISSN 2405-884X. TaxonID: 42898200|accessdate= 2019-11-11}}</ref> <ref name = "col42898200">Maitland, P.S. and R.N. Campbell (1992) ''Freshwater fishes of the British Isles.'' , HarperCollins Publishers, London.368 p.</ref> <ref name = "source">Froese R. & Pauly D. (eds). (2019). FishBase (version Feb 2018). In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life, 2019 Annual Checklist (Roskov Y., Ower G., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., DeWalt R.E., Decock W., Nieukerken E. van, Zarucchi J., Penev L., eds.). Digital resource at www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2019. Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands. ISSN 2405-884X.</ref> <ref name = "iucn">{{IUCN2012.2|assessors= |year= 2008|id= 16781|title= Petromyzon marinus|accessdate= 2012-10-24}}</ref> </references> <gallery> Lamprey mouth.jpg Petromyzon marinus.jpg Petromyzon-marinus2 FWS.jpg Lampreia (lamprey).jpg Huso naccarii.001 - Aquarium Finisterrae.jpg Sea lamprey wounds (Garden R).JPG </gallery> [[Kategoriya:Maybukobuko]] [[Kategoriya:Maybukobuko sa Kadagatang Atlantiko]] [[Kategoriya:Maybukobuko sa Newfoundland and Labrador]] [[Kategoriya:Petromyzon]] habntsgsagsjbc4zjgzybrd0vwbiib1 0 662927 37103168 37041369 2026-09-21T12:08:11Z Ziv 111351 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Acipenser sp.1 - Aquarium Finisterrae.JPG]] → [[File:Huso naccarii.001 - Aquarium Finisterrae.jpg]] → The file was renamed on Commons, but the filename in the language versions was not changed ([[c:c:GR]]) 37103168 wikitext text/x-wiki {{paghimo ni bot|Lsjbot|isda|date=2020-11}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Acipenser naccarii'' | status = CR | image = Acipenser naccarii.jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Maybukobuko (mananap)|Chordata]] | classis = [[Isdangtunay (mananap)|Actinopterygii]] | ordo = [[Acipenseriformes]] | familia = [[Acipenseridae]] | genus = [[Acipenser]] | species = '''Acipenser naccarii''' | binomial = Acipenser naccarii | binomial_authority = [[Bonaparte (awtor)|Bonaparte]], 1836 | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = Huso naccarii.001 - Aquarium Finisterrae.jpg | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Vertebrata]] | superclassis = [[Osteichthyes]] | synonyms = ''Acipenser sturionaster'' <small>[[Brusina (awtor)|Brusina]], 1902</small><br>''Acipenser ladanus'' <small>[[Ninni (awtor)|Ninni]], 1872</small><br>''Acipenser sturionellus'' <small>[[Giovanni Domenico Nardo|Nardo]], 1860</small><br>''Acipenser nardoi'' <small>[[Heckel (awtor)|Heckel]], 1851</small><br>''Acipenser ladanus'' <small>[[Giovanni Domenico Nardo|Nardo]], 1847</small><br>''Acipenser nasus'' <small>[[Heckel (awtor)|Heckel]], 1847</small><br>''Acipenser naccari'' <small>[[Bonaparte (awtor)|Bonaparte]], 1836</small><br>''Acipenser platycephalus'' <small>[[Heckel (awtor)|Heckel]], 1836</small><br>''Acipenser heckelii'' <small>[[Leopold Fitzinger|Fitzinger]], 1836</small><br>''Acipenser heckelii'' <small>[[Brandt (awtor)|Brandt]] & [[Julius Theodor Christian Ratzeburg|Ratzeburg]], 1833</small><br>''Acipenser lutescens'' <small>[[Rafinesque (awtor)|Rafinesque]], 1820</small> | status_ref = <ref name = "iucn"/> | status_system = iucn3.1 }} Kaliwatan sa [[isda]] ang '''''Acipenser naccarii'''''<ref name = "COL"/>. Una ning gihulagway ni [[Bonaparte (awtor)|Bonaparte]] ni adtong 1836.<ref name = "col42891886"/> Ang ''Acipenser naccarii'' sakop sa [[kahenera]] nga ''[[Acipenser]]'', ug [[pamilya (biyolohiya)|kabanay]] nga [[Acipenseridae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Giklaseklase sa [[IUCN]] ang kaliwatan sa [[kritikal nga nagtikapuo]].<ref name = "iucn"/> Walay nalista nga matang nga sama niini.<ref name = "COL"/> <!-- katapusan sa gisulat --> == Ang mga gi basihan niini == <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= http://www.catalogueoflife.org/DCA_Export/zip-fixed/2019-annual.zip|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2019 Annual Checklist.|author= Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V.|year= 2019|publisher= Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands. ISSN 2405-884X. TaxonID: 42891886|accessdate= 2019-11-11}}</ref> <ref name = "col42891886">Bundesanstalt für Landwirtschaft und Ernährung (2003) ''Verzeichnis der Handelsbezeichnungen für Erzeugnisse der Fischerei und der Aquakultur.'' , Retrieved 17 June 2003, from http://www.ble.de.</ref> <ref name = "source">Froese R. & Pauly D. (eds). (2019). FishBase (version Feb 2018). In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life, 2019 Annual Checklist (Roskov Y., Ower G., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., DeWalt R.E., Decock W., Nieukerken E. van, Zarucchi J., Penev L., eds.). Digital resource at www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2019. Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands. ISSN 2405-884X.</ref> <ref name = "iucn">{{IUCN2012.2|assessors= |year= 2012|id= 224|title= Acipenser naccarii|accessdate= 2012-10-24}}</ref> </references> [[Kategoriya:Isdangtunay]] [[Kategoriya:Isdangtunay sa Uropa]] [[Kategoriya:Isdangtunay sa Albanya]] [[Kategoriya:Isdangtunay sa Espanya]] [[Kategoriya:Acipenser]] s8yrs653od08lk2x5p0nf27kbnnb4cn 0 3122995 37103238 37027295 2026-09-22T02:53:13Z InternetArchiveBot 28475 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260921)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 37103238 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Payl:20201102.Hengnan.Hybrid_rice_Sanyou-1.6.jpg|thumb| Tanom nga humay ( ''[[Oryza sativa]]'' ) nga may mga sanga nga uhay nga adunay daghang lugas sa matag punoan]] [[Payl:Rice_grains_(IRRI).jpg|thumb| Mga lugas sa bugas sa lain-laing klase sa International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)]]'''Ang bugas''' usa ka [[Cereal grain|lugas nga gikan sa sereales]] ug, sa iyang pagka- [[Domestication|binuhi]], mao ang [[Staple food|pangunang pagkaon]] sa kapin sa katunga sa [[World's population|populasyon sa kalibutan]], labi na sa [[Aprika|Africa]] ug [[Asya|Asia]] . Ang humay mao ang liso sa klase sa sagbot ''[[Oryza sativa|nga Oryza sativa]]'' (bugas sa Asya)—o, dili kasagaran, ''[[Oryza glaberrima]]'' (bugas sa Africa). Ang bugas gikan sa Asya gi-amuma sa [[Pangmasang Republika sa Tsina|China]] mga 13,500 ngadto sa 8,200 ka tuig ang milabay; ang bugas gikan sa Africa gi-amuma usab nga independente sa [[West Africa]] mga 3,000 ka tuig ang milabay. Ang bugas nahimong komon sa daghang kultura sa tibuok kalibutan; niadtong 2023, 800 milyon ka tonelada ang nahimo, nga nagbutang niini sa ikatulong pwesto sunod [[Tubo|sa tubo]] ug [[Zea mays|mais]] . Mga 8% lang sa bugas ang gibaligya sa tibuok kalibutan. Ang Tsina, India, ug Indonesia mao ang pinakadakong konsumidor sa bugas. Usa ka dakong kantidad sa bugas nga giprodyus sa mga nag-uswag nga nasud ang mawala human sa pag-ani tungod sa mga hinungdan sama sa dili maayong transportasyon ug pagtipig. Ang ani sa humay mahimong mokunhod tungod sa mga peste lakip na [[Insekto|ang mga insekto]], [[Mangungutkut|ilaga]], ug [[Langgam|mga langgam]], ingon man usab sa [[Weed|mga sagbot]], ug sa [[List of rice diseases|mga sakit]] sama sa [[Pyricularia grisea|pagbuto sa bugas]] . Ang tradisyonal nga [[Rice polyculture|mga polyculture sa humay]] sama sa [[Rice-duck farming|pag-uma og rice-duck]], ug modernong [[integrated pest management]] naningkamot sa pagkontrol sa kadaot gikan sa mga peste sa [[Sustainable agriculture|malungtarong]] paagi. Ang lugas sa uga nga bugas gigaling aron makuha ang panggawas nga mga lut-od; depende kung unsa kadaghan ang matangtang, ang mga produkto gikan sa [[brown rice]] hangtod sa bugas nga adunay germ ug [[white rice]] . Ang uban [[Parboiled rice|gipabukalan og gamay]] aron sayon lutoon. Ang bugas walay [[gluten]] ; kini mohatag og [[Protina (kimika)|protina]] apan dili tanang [[Essential amino acids|importanteng amino acid]] nga gikinahanglan para sa maayong panglawas. Ang lain-laing klase sa bugas gikaon sa tibuok kalibutan. Ang komposisyon sa mga sangkap sa starch sulod sa lugas, [[amylose]] ug [[amylopectin]], naghatag niini og lain-laing mga kinaiya sa tekstura. <ref>{{cite book|last1=Rosell|first1=Cristina M.|last2=Marco|first2=Cristina|title=Gluten-Free Cereal Products and Beverages|chapter=Rice|publisher=Elsevier|year=2008|isbn=978-0-12-373739-7|doi=10.1016/b978-012373739-7.50006-x}}</ref> Ang bugas nga taas og lugas, gikan sa ''Indica'' cultivar, kasagarang magpabiling kompleto kon lutoon, ug uga ug humok. Ang mga klase [[Aromatic rice|sa humot nga bugas]], sama sa [[Basmati rice|basmati]] ug [[Jasmine rice|jasmine]], kaylap nga gigamit sa pagluto sa Asya, ug mailhan pinaagi sa ilang maisog ug lami nga nutty. <ref name="pro3">{{cite web|url=https://www.theculinarypro.com/rice-varieties|title=Rice varieties|website=The Culinery Pro}}</ref> Ang medium-grain nga bugas, gikan sa ''Japonica'' o ''Indica'' cultivar, o hybrid sa duha, basa ug humok ug lagmit magtapot. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theperfectrice.com/medium-grain-rice/|title=Exploring Medium-Grain Rice Varieties|website=The Perfect Rice|date=March 28, 2024}}</ref> Ang mga klase niini naglakip [[O. s. subsp. japonica ‘Calrose’|sa Calrose]], nga nagtukod sa [[Rice production in the United States|industriya sa bugas sa California]], [[Carnaroli|ang Carnaroli]], nga giila nga ''hari sa bugas sa Italya'' tungod sa maayo kaayong mga kinaiya sa pagluto niini, <ref>{{cite book|last1=Paolini|first1=David|last2=Vuga|first2=Michela|title=From Rice to Risotto|url=https://archive.org/details/fromricetorisott00davi|date=1999|publisher=Cartago|isbn=978-1-900826-29-7}}</ref> ug [[Black rice|itom nga bugas]], nga morag itom nga purpura tungod sa taas nga lebel sa [[Anthocyanin|anthocyanins]], ug nailhan usab nga ''gidili nga bugas'' tungod kay kini gitagana alang sa konsumo sa harianong pamilya sa karaang Tsina. <ref name="v1612">{{cite journal|last1=Oikawa|first1=Tetsuo|last2=Maeda|first2=Hiroaki|last3=Oguchi|first3=Taichi|last4=Yamaguchi|first4=Takuya|last5=Tanabe|first5=Noriko|last6=Ebana|first6=Kaworu|last7=Yano|first7=Masahiro|last8=Ebitani|first8=Takeshi|last9=Izawa|first9=Takeshi|title=The Birth of a Black Rice Gene and Its Local Spread by Introgression|journal=The Plant Cell|publisher=Oxford University Press|volume=27|issue=9|year=2015|doi=10.1105/tpc.15.00310|doi-access=free|pages=2401–2414|pmid=26362607|pmc=4815089|bibcode=2015PlanC..27.2401O}}</ref> Ang mubo nga lugas nga bugas, kasagaran gikan sa klase ''sa Japonica'', adunay oval nga panagway ug lagkit nga tekstura. Kini kaylap nga gigamit sa mga pagluto sa Hapon sama sa sushi (uban sa bugas sama sa ''[[Koshihikari]]'', ''Hatsushimo'', ug ''[[Sasanishiki]]'', nga talagsaon sa lainlaing mga rehiyon sa klima ug heyograpiya sa Japan), <ref>{{cite web|url=https://sushiuniversity.jp/basicknowledge/rice|title=What rice to use for sushi?|publisher=Tabimori Incorporated, Japan}}</ref> tungod kay kini nagpabilin sa iyang porma kung lutoon. Gigamit usab kini alang sa mga tam-is nga putahe sama sa [[mochi]] (nga adunay [[glutinous rice]] ), ug sa [[European cuisine|mga linuto sa Europa]] sama sa [[risotto]] (nga adunay [[arborio rice]] ) ug [[payelya|paella]] (nga adunay [[bomba rice]], nga sa tinuud usa ka klase sa ''Indica'' ). <ref name="pro2">{{cite web|url=https://www.theculinarypro.com/rice-varieties|title=Rice varieties|website=The Culinery Pro}}</ref> Ang linuto nga puti nga bugas adunay 29% [[Karbohidrat|nga carbohydrate]] ug 2% nga protina, nga adunay gamay nga [[Manganeso|manganese]] . Ang [[golden rice]] usa ka klase sa bugas nga gihimo pinaagi sa [[genetic engineering]] nga adunay [[Vitamin A|bitamina A.]] Ang produksiyon sa bugas gibanabana nga nakaingon sa kapin sa 1% sa [[Greenhouse gas emissions|mga greenhouse gas emissions]] sa tibuok kalibutan sa tuig 2022. Nagkalainlain ang mga panagna kon unsaon pag-apekto sa pagbag-o sa klima ang ani sa humay sa lainlaing mga lugar ug konteksto sa sosyoekonomiko. Sa kultura sa tawo, ang bugas adunay papel sa lainlaing mga relihiyon ug tradisyon, sama sa [[Wedding|mga kasal]]. == Mga Reperensya == [[Kategoriya:Humay]] 5vvxyow3acq9ow2suge2zgdxzgr6lmb 0 3772896 37103210 20498358 2026-09-21T22:06:20Z Heitor100YT 94745 Adicionada a Bandeira e o Brasão de Espigão Alto do Iguaçu - PR. 37103210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{paghimo ni bot|Lsjbot|Brasil|date=2016-01}} {{geobox | 1 = Region <!-- *** Header *** --> | name = Espigão Alto do Iguaçu | native_name = | other_name = | category = Munisipyo | official_name = | etymology = | motto = | nickname = <!-- *** Image *** --> | image = | image_caption = <!-- *** Symbols *** --> | flag =Bandeira Espigão Alto do Iguaçu.png | symbol = Brasão de Espigão Alto do Iguaçu - PR.jpg | country = {{flag|Brasil}} | country_flag = | state = [[Paraná (estado)|Paraná]] | state_type = Estado | region = | region_type = | district = | district_type = | economic_region = | economic_region_type = <!-- *** Associated with *** --> | border = | part = | city = | landmark = | river = <!-- *** Location *** --> | capital = | capital_type = | capital_location = | capital_region = | capital_country = | capital_elevation = | capital_lat_d = | capital_lat_m = | capital_lat_s = | capital_lat_NS = | capital_long_d = | capital_long_m = | capital_long_s = | capital_long_EW = | highest = | highest_location = | highest_region = | highest_country = | highest_elevation = | highest_lat_d = | highest_lat_m = | highest_lat_s = | highest_lat_NS = | highest_long_d = | highest_long_m = | highest_long_s = | highest_long_EW = | lowest = | lowest_location = | lowest_region = | lowest_country = | lowest_elevation = | lowest_lat_d = | lowest_lat_m = | lowest_lat_s = | lowest_lat_NS = | lowest_long_d = | lowest_long_m = | lowest_long_s = | lowest_long_EW = <!-- *** Dimensions *** --> | length = | length_orientation = | width = | width_orientation = | area = | area_decimals = <!-- *** Population *** --> | population = 4677 | population_date = 2011-04-21 | population_density = <!-- *** History and politics *** --> | established = | date = | government_location = | government_region = | government_country = | government_elevation = | government_lat_d = | government_lat_m = | government_lat_s = | government_lat_NS = | government_long_d = | government_long_m = | government_long_s = | government_long_EW = | leader = | leader_party = <!-- *** Codes *** --> | timezone = [[Fernando de Noronha Time|FNT]] | utc_offset = -2 | timezone_DST = [[Amazon Summer Time|AMST]] | utc_offset_DST = -3 | postal_code = | area_code = | code = <!-- *** Free *** --> | free = | free_type = <!-- *** Maps *** --> | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | map_locator_x = | map_locator_y = <!-- *** Website *** --> | website = <!-- *** Notes *** --> | footnotes = | lat_d = -25.35011 | long_d = -52.77923 | elevation = 634 | population_note = <ref name = "gn6322764"/> | timezone_label = America/Sao_Paulo | geonames = 6322764 }} <!--A.ADM2-->[[administratibo nga mga dibisyon sa Brasil|Munisipyo]] ang '''Espigão Alto do Iguaçu''' sa [[Brasil]].<ref name = "gn6322764"/> Nahimutang ni sa estado sa <!--ADM1-->[[Paraná (estado)|Paraná]], sa habagatang bahin sa nasod, {{formatnum:1200}} km sa habagatan sa [[Brasília (ulohang dakbayan)|Brasília]] ang ulohan sa nasod. Adunay <!--pop-->{{formatnum:4677}} ka molupyo.<ref name = "gn6322764"/> {{Location map|Brazil |float = right |width=300 | caption = Nahimutangan sa Espigão Alto do Iguaçu sa Brasil. | label = Espigão Alto do Iguaçu|position=right|background=white|lat=-25.35011|long=-52.77923}} Hapit nalukop sa [[durowan]] ug [[kabugangan]] ang palibot sa Espigão Alto do Iguaçu.<ref name = "nasalandcover"/> Dunay mga {{formatnum:21}} ka tawo kada kilometro kwadrado sa palibot sa Espigão Alto do Iguaçu medyo gamay nga populasyon.<ref name = "nasapop"/> Ang klima [[umogon]] ug [[subtropikal]].<ref name = "koppen"/> Ang kasarangang giiniton {{formatnum:19}} [[°C]]. Ang kinainitan nga bulan Enero, sa {{formatnum:22}}&nbsp;[[°C]], ug ang kinabugnawan Hulyo, sa {{formatnum:14}}&nbsp;°C.<ref name = "nasa"/> Ang kasarangang pag-ulan {{formatnum:2570}} milimetro matag tuig. Ang kinabasaan nga bulan Hunyo, sa {{formatnum:452}} milimetro nga ulan, ug ang kinaugahan Agosto, sa {{formatnum:59}} milimetro.<ref name = "nasarain"/> {| |- |{{climate chart | Espigão Alto do Iguaçu | 19| 26| 183 | 18| 25| 213 | 18| 25| 203 | 16| 23| 268 | 12| 18| 241 | 12| 19| 452 | 11| 17| 115 | 12| 21| 59 | 13| 25| 256 | 15| 26| 186 | 17| 26| 137 | 17| 26| 257 |float=left |clear=left |source = <ref name = "nasa"/> }} |} == Ang mga gi basihan niini == <references> <ref name = "gn6322764">[{{Geonameslink|gnid=6322764|name=espigao%20alto%20do%20iguacu}} Espigão Alto do Iguaçu] sa [{{Geonamesabout}} GeoNames.Org (cc-by)]; post updated 2011-04-21; database download sa 2015-12-29</ref> <ref name = "nasapop">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=SEDAC_POP|title= NASA Earth Observations: Population Density|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA/SEDAC}}</ref> <ref name = "koppen">{{cite journal |last= Peel|first= M C|last2= Finlayson|first2= B L|date= |title= Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification| url = http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html |journal= Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|publisher= |volume= 11|issue= |pages= 1633-1644|doi= 10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007|access-date=30 Enero 2016}}</ref> <ref name = "nasa">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|title= NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA}}</ref> <ref name = "nasarain">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M&year=2014|title= NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission}}</ref> <ref name = "nasalandcover">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=MCD12C1_T1|title= NASA Earth Observations: Land Cover Classification|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA/MODIS}}</ref> </references> [[Kategoriya:Mga subdibisyon sa Paraná (estado)]] saytk337yqaqz4ug6adbtq6bjz5fhb5 0 3867595 37103257 31249097 2026-09-22T03:59:27Z Gliwi 35323 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Wappen Kyffhäuserland.png]] → [[File:DEU Kyffhäuserland COA.svg]] PNG → SVG 37103257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{paghimo ni bot|Lsjbot|Alemanya|date=2016-01}} {{geobox | 1 = Region <!-- *** Header *** --> | name = Kyffhäuserland | native_name = | other_name = | category = Munisipyo | official_name = | etymology = | motto = | nickname = <!-- *** Image *** --> | image = | image_caption = <!-- *** Symbols *** --> | flag = | symbol = DEU Kyffhäuserland COA.svg | country = {{flag|Alemanya}} | country_flag = | state = [[Thuringia]] | state_type = Estado pederal | region = | region_type = | district = | district_type = | economic_region = | economic_region_type = <!-- *** Associated with *** --> | border = | part = | city = | landmark = | river = <!-- *** Location *** --> | capital = | capital_type = | capital_location = | capital_region = | capital_country = | capital_elevation = | capital_lat_d = | capital_lat_m = | capital_lat_s = | capital_lat_NS = | capital_long_d = | capital_long_m = | capital_long_s = | capital_long_EW = | highest = | highest_location = | highest_region = | highest_country = | highest_elevation = | highest_lat_d = | highest_lat_m = | highest_lat_s = | highest_lat_NS = | highest_long_d = | highest_long_m = | highest_long_s = | highest_long_EW = | lowest = | lowest_location = | lowest_region = | lowest_country = | lowest_elevation = | lowest_lat_d = | lowest_lat_m = | lowest_lat_s = | lowest_lat_NS = | lowest_long_d = | lowest_long_m = | lowest_long_s = | lowest_long_EW = <!-- *** Dimensions *** --> | length = | length_orientation = | width = | width_orientation = | area = 128.40 | area_decimals = <!-- *** Population *** --> | population = 4248 | population_date = | population_density = auto | established = | date = | government_location = | government_region = | government_country = | government_elevation = | government_lat_d = | government_lat_m = | government_lat_s = | government_lat_NS = | government_long_d = | government_long_m = | government_long_s = | government_long_EW = | leader = | leader_party = <!-- *** Codes *** --> | timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset_DST = +2 | postal_code = | area_code = | code = <!-- *** Free *** --> | free = | free_type = <!-- *** Maps *** --> | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | map_locator_x = | map_locator_y = <!-- *** Website *** --> | website = <!-- *** Notes *** --> | footnotes = | lat_d = 51.35538 | long_d = 11.00538 | elevation = 200 | population_note = ^{gikan sa enwiki} | timezone_label = Europe/Berlin | map2 = Kyffhäuserland in KYF.png }} <!--A.ADM4-->[[administratibo nga mga dibisyon sa Alemanya|Munisipyo]] ang '''Kyffhäuserland''' sa [[Alemanya]].<ref name = "gn8658994"/> Nahimutang ni sa estado pederal sa <!--ADM1-->[[Thuringia]], sa sentro nga bahin sa nasod, {{formatnum:210}} km sa habagatan-kasadpan sa [[Berlin (ulohang dakbayan)|Berlin]] ang ulohan sa nasod. Adunay <!--pop-->{{formatnum:4248}} ka molupyo.<ref name = "enwiki"/> Naglangkob kin og {{formatnum:128}} ka kilometro kwadrado. Ang yuta sa Kyffhäuserland kabungtoran sa amihang-sidlakan, apan sa habagatang-kasadpan nga kini mao ang patag.{{efn|group=saysay|Kalkulado gikan sa gitas-on data (DEM 3") gikan sa Viewfinder Panoramas.<ref name = "vp"/> Ang bug-os nga algoritmo anaa [https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Projekt_DotNetWikiBot_Framework/Lsjbot/Make-Geonames dinhi].}} {{Location map|Germany |float = right |width=300 | caption = Nahimutangan sa Kyffhäuserland sa Alemanya. | label = Kyffhäuserland|position=right|background=white|lat=51.35538|long=11.00538}} Hapit nalukop sa [[kaumahan]] ang palibot sa Kyffhäuserland.<ref name = "nasalandcover"/> Dunay mga {{formatnum:86}} ka tawo kada kilometro kwadrado sa palibot sa Kyffhäuserland medyo hilabihan populasyon.<ref name = "nasapop"/> Ang klima [[boreal]].<ref name = "koppen"/> Ang kasarangang giiniton {{formatnum:8}} [[°C]]. Ang kinainitan nga bulan Hulyo, sa {{formatnum:18}}&nbsp;[[°C]], ug ang kinabugnawan Enero, sa {{formatnum:-6}}&nbsp;°C.<ref name = "nasa"/> {| |- |{{climate chart | Kyffhäuserland | -7| -4| 0 | -5| 2| 0 | -2| 8| 0 | 5| 15| 0 | 9| 17| 0 | 11| 20| 0 | 14| 22| 0 | 11| 24| 0 | 9| 20| 0 | 5| 10| 0 | -1| 5| 0 | -5| -3| 0 |float=left |clear=left |source = <ref name = "nasa"/> }} |} == Saysay == <references group="saysay"/> == Ang mga gi basihan niini == <references> <ref name = "gn8658994">[{{Geonameslink|gnid=8658994|name=kyffhaeuserland}} Kyffhäuserland] sa [{{Geonamesabout}} GeoNames.Org (cc-by)]; post updated 2014-01-03; database download sa 2015-05-23</ref> <ref name = "enwiki">(gikopiya gikan sa enwiki 2015-07-17)</ref> <ref name = "vp">{{Cite web |url= {{Viewfinderlink}}|title= Viewfinder Panoramas Digital elevation Model|date= 2015-06-21|format= }}</ref> <ref name = "nasapop">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=SEDAC_POP|title= NASA Earth Observations: Population Density|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA/SEDAC}}</ref> <ref name = "koppen">{{cite journal |last= Peel|first= M C|last2= Finlayson|first2= B L|date= |title= Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification| url = http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html |journal= Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|publisher= |volume= 11|issue= |pages= 1633-1644|doi= 10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007|access-date=30 Enero 2016}}</ref> <ref name = "nasa">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|title= NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA}}</ref> <ref name = "nasalandcover">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=MCD12C1_T1|title= NASA Earth Observations: Land Cover Classification|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA/MODIS}}</ref> </references> == Gikan sa gawas nga tinubdan== {{commonscat|Kyffhäuserland|Kyffhäuserland}} [[Kategoriya:Mga subdibisyon sa Thuringia]] og8wivww1b6bovc1eq4l29lcbx563k6 0 3980277 37103177 34936277 2026-09-21T12:24:59Z Peter James 28395 37103177 wikitext text/x-wiki {{GeoGroup}} Ang '''Fourmile Brook''' ngalan niining mga mosunod: ==Kanada== {{Location map+|Canada |caption = Mga dapit nga gitawag Fourmile Brook sa [[Kanada]]. |float = right |width=300 | places ={{Location map~|Canada| label = 1| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=45.65015|long=-63.24867}} }} # [[Fourmile Brook (suba sa Kanada)]], Nova Scotia, {{Coord|45.65015|-63.24867|region:CA_type:river|name=Fourmile Brook (suba sa Kanada)}}<!--Geonames ID 5956588--> ==Tinipong Bansa== {{Location map+|United States |caption = Mga dapit nga gitawag Fourmile Brook sa [[Tinipong Bansa]]. |float = right |width=300 | places ={{Location map~|United States| label = 1| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=42.03898|long=-72.6187}} {{Location map~|United States| label = 2| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=41.36426|long=-73.14039}} {{Location map~|United States| label = 3| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=41.92732|long=-71.33839}} {{Location map~|United States| label = 4| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=42.61592|long=-72.4787}} {{Location map~|United States| label = 5| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=45.68367|long=-68.32725}} {{Location map~|United States| label = 6| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=46.41977|long=-68.57949}} {{Location map~|United States| label = 7| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=46.61949|long=-68.47449}} {{Location map~|United States| label = 8| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=46.90837|long=-68.74532}} {{Location map~|United States| label = 9| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=46.75253|long=-69.66173}} {{Location map~|United States| label = 10| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=45.8806|long=-69.34339}} {{Location map~|United States| label = 11| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=45.83088|long=-70.27674}} {{Location map~|United States| label = 12| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=45.51449|long=-70.24007}} {{Location map~|United States| label = 13| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=45.19868|long=-67.705}} {{Location map~|United States| label = 14| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=44.88644|long=-71.1698}} {{Location map~|United States| label = 15| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=43.3659|long=-74.88905}} }} # [[Fourmile Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Connecticut, Hartford County)]], {{Coord|42.03898|-72.6187|region:US_type:river|name=Fourmile Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Connecticut, Hartford County)}}<!--Geonames ID 4834703--><!--Geonames ID 4937175--> # [[Fourmile Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Connecticut, New Haven County)]], {{Coord|41.36426|-73.14039|region:US_type:river|name=Fourmile Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Connecticut, New Haven County)}}<!--Geonames ID 4834705--> # [[Fourmile Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)]], {{Coord|41.92732|-71.33839|region:US_type:river|name=Fourmile Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)}}<!--Geonames ID 4937172--> # [[Fourmile Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Franklin County)]], {{Coord|42.61592|-72.4787|region:US_type:river|name=Fourmile Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Franklin County)}}<!--Geonames ID 4937174--> # [[Fourmile Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Maine, Aroostook County, lat 45,68, long -68,33)]], {{Coord|45.68367|-68.32725|region:US_type:river|name=Fourmile Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Maine, Aroostook County, lat 45,68, long -68,33)}}<!--Geonames ID 4964733--> # [[Fourmile Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Maine, Aroostook County, lat 46,42, long -68,58)]], {{Coord|46.41977|-68.57949|region:US_type:river|name=Fourmile Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Maine, Aroostook County, lat 46,42, long -68,58)}}<!--Geonames ID 4964735--> # [[Fourmile Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Maine, Aroostook County, lat 46,62, long -68,47)]], {{Coord|46.61949|-68.47449|region:US_type:river|name=Fourmile Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Maine, Aroostook County, lat 46,62, long -68,47)}}<!--Geonames ID 4964736--> # [[Fourmile Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Maine, Aroostook County, lat 46,91, long -68,75)]], {{Coord|46.90837|-68.74532|region:US_type:river|name=Fourmile Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Maine, Aroostook County, lat 46,91, long -68,75)}}<!--Geonames ID 4964737--> # [[Fourmile Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Maine, Aroostook County, lat 46,75, long -69,66)]], {{Coord|46.75253|-69.66173|region:US_type:river|name=Fourmile Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Maine, Aroostook County, lat 46,75, long -69,66)}}<!--Geonames ID 4964738--> # [[Fourmile Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Maine, Piscataquis County)]], {{Coord|45.8806|-69.34339|region:US_type:river|name=Fourmile Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Maine, Piscataquis County)}}<!--Geonames ID 4964739--> # [[Fourmile Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Maine, Somerset County, lat 45,83, long -70,28)]], {{Coord|45.83088|-70.27674|region:US_type:river|name=Fourmile Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Maine, Somerset County, lat 45,83, long -70,28)}}<!--Geonames ID 4964740--> # [[Fourmile Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Maine, Somerset County, lat 45,51, long -70,24)]], {{Coord|45.51449|-70.24007|region:US_type:river|name=Fourmile Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Maine, Somerset County, lat 45,51, long -70,24)}}<!--Geonames ID 4964741--> # [[Fourmile Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Maine, Washington County)]], {{Coord|45.19868|-67.705|region:US_type:river|name=Fourmile Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Maine, Washington County)}}<!--Geonames ID 4964742--> # [[Fourmile Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New Hampshire)]], Coos County, {{Coord|44.88644|-71.1698|region:US_type:river|name=Fourmile Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New Hampshire)}}<!--Geonames ID 5086301--> # [[Fourmile Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)]], Herkimer County, {{Coord|43.3659|-74.88905|region:US_type:river|name=Fourmile Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)}}<!--Geonames ID 5117763--> {{giklaro paghimo ni bot}} [[Kategoriya:Pagklaro paghimo ni bot 2016-02]] [[Kategoriya:Pagklaro paghimo ni bot Canada]] [[Kategoriya:Pagklaro paghimo ni bot Tinipong Bansa]] rslk1stmjzwjq711sopopt9spq3qw91 0 3980299 37103171 34936179 2026-09-21T12:15:20Z Peter James 28395 37103171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{GeoGroup}} Ang '''Fox Brook''' ngalan niining mga mosunod: ==Kanada== {{Location map+|Canada |caption = Mga dapit nga gitawag Fox Brook sa [[Kanada]]. |float = right |width=300 | places ={{Location map~|Canada| label = 1| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=46.06684|long=-60.56517}} {{Location map~|Canada| label = 2| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=45.58345|long=-62.71534}} {{Location map~|Canada| label = 3| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=45.88345|long=-64.51545}} {{Location map~|Canada| label = 4| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=45.96681|long=-67.3322}} }} # [[Fox Brook (suba sa Kanada, Nova Scotia, lat 46,07, long -60,57)]], {{Coord|46.06684|-60.56517|region:CA_type:river|name=Fox Brook (suba sa Kanada, Nova Scotia, lat 46,07, long -60,57)}}<!--Geonames ID 5956820--> # [[Fox Brook (suba sa Kanada, Nova Scotia, lat 45,58, long -62,72)]], {{Coord|45.58345|-62.71534|region:CA_type:river|name=Fox Brook (suba sa Kanada, Nova Scotia, lat 45,58, long -62,72)}}<!--Geonames ID 5956821--> # [[Fox Brook (suba sa Kanada, New Brunswick, lat 45,88, long -64,52)]], {{Coord|45.88345|-64.51545|region:CA_type:river|name=Fox Brook (suba sa Kanada, New Brunswick, lat 45,88, long -64,52)}}<!--Geonames ID 5956822--> # [[Fox Brook (suba sa Kanada, New Brunswick, lat 45,97, long -67,33)]], {{Coord|45.96681|-67.3322|region:CA_type:river|name=Fox Brook (suba sa Kanada, New Brunswick, lat 45,97, long -67,33)}}<!--Geonames ID 5956823--> ==Tinipong Bansa== {{Location map+|United States |caption = Mga dapit nga gitawag Fox Brook sa [[Tinipong Bansa]]. |float = right |width=300 | places ={{Location map~|United States| label = 1| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=41.8326|long=-73.21039}} {{Location map~|United States| label = 2| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=42.02509|long=-72.8601}} {{Location map~|United States| label = 3| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=41.88843|long=-73.13761}} {{Location map~|United States| label = 4| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=41.46482|long=-72.15258}} {{Location map~|United States| label = 5| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=42.6437|long=-72.7162}} {{Location map~|United States| label = 6| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=42.01899|long=-71.53423}} {{Location map~|United States| label = 7| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=46.77671|long=-68.78171}} {{Location map~|United States| label = 8| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=47.06531|long=-69.24476}} {{Location map~|United States| label = 9| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=46.10337|long=-69.58617}} {{Location map~|United States| label = 10| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=43.10063|long=-72.18342}} {{Location map~|United States| label = 11| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=44.51367|long=-71.48119}} {{Location map~|United States| label = 12| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=42.73648|long=-71.88452}} {{Location map~|United States| label = 13| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=41.05676|long=-74.21904}} {{Location map~|United States| label = 14| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=40.45165|long=-74.64674}} {{Location map~|United States| label = 15| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=43.29729|long=-75.01238}} {{Location map~|United States| label = 16| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=43.52118|long=-75.87353}} }} # [[Fox Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Connecticut, Litchfield County, lat 41,83, long -73,21)]], {{Coord|41.8326|-73.21039|region:US_type:river|name=Fox Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Connecticut, Litchfield County, lat 41,83, long -73,21)}}<!--Geonames ID 4834713--> # [[Fox Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Connecticut, Hartford County)]], {{Coord|42.02509|-72.8601|region:US_type:river|name=Fox Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Connecticut, Hartford County)}}<!--Geonames ID 4834714--><!--Geonames ID 4937192--> # [[Fox Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Connecticut, Litchfield County, lat 41,89, long -73,14)]], {{Coord|41.88843|-73.13761|region:US_type:river|name=Fox Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Connecticut, Litchfield County, lat 41,89, long -73,14)}}<!--Geonames ID 4834715--> # [[Fox Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Connecticut, New London County)]], {{Coord|41.46482|-72.15258|region:US_type:river|name=Fox Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Connecticut, New London County)}}<!--Geonames ID 4834716--> # [[Fox Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Franklin County)]], {{Coord|42.6437|-72.7162|region:US_type:river|name=Fox Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Franklin County)}}<!--Geonames ID 4937190--> # [[Fox Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Worcester County)]], {{Coord|42.01899|-71.53423|region:US_type:river|name=Fox Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Worcester County)}}<!--Geonames ID 4937193--> # [[Fox Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Maine, Aroostook County, lat 46,78, long -68,78)]], {{Coord|46.77671|-68.78171|region:US_type:river|name=Fox Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Maine, Aroostook County, lat 46,78, long -68,78)}}<!--Geonames ID 4964775--> # [[Fox Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Maine, Aroostook County, lat 47,07, long -69,24)]], {{Coord|47.06531|-69.24476|region:US_type:river|name=Fox Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Maine, Aroostook County, lat 47,07, long -69,24)}}<!--Geonames ID 4964777--> # [[Fox Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Maine, Piscataquis County)]], {{Coord|46.10337|-69.58617|region:US_type:river|name=Fox Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Maine, Piscataquis County)}}<!--Geonames ID 4964778--> # [[Fox Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New Hampshire, Cheshire County)]], {{Coord|43.10063|-72.18342|region:US_type:river|name=Fox Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New Hampshire, Cheshire County)}}<!--Geonames ID 5086307--> # [[Fox Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New Hampshire, Coos County)]], {{Coord|44.51367|-71.48119|region:US_type:river|name=Fox Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New Hampshire, Coos County)}}<!--Geonames ID 5086308--> # [[Fox Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New Hampshire, Hillsborough County)]], {{Coord|42.73648|-71.88452|region:US_type:river|name=Fox Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New Hampshire, Hillsborough County)}}<!--Geonames ID 5086309--> # [[Fox Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New Jersey, Bergen County)]], {{Coord|41.05676|-74.21904|region:US_type:river|name=Fox Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New Jersey, Bergen County)}}<!--Geonames ID 5098174--> # [[Fox Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New Jersey, Somerset County)]], {{Coord|40.45165|-74.64674|region:US_type:river|name=Fox Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New Jersey, Somerset County)}}<!--Geonames ID 5098176--> # [[Fox Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Herkimer County)]], {{Coord|43.29729|-75.01238|region:US_type:river|name=Fox Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Herkimer County)}}<!--Geonames ID 5117792--> # [[Fox Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Oswego County)]], {{Coord|43.52118|-75.87353|region:US_type:river|name=Fox Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Oswego County)}}<!--Geonames ID 5117798--> {{giklaro paghimo ni bot}} [[Kategoriya:Pagklaro paghimo ni bot 2016-02]] [[Kategoriya:Pagklaro paghimo ni bot Canada]] [[Kategoriya:Pagklaro paghimo ni bot Tinipong Bansa]] 0v19p1of18tei71u9mnmg0xbb5rre58 0 5655578 37103267 31946927 2026-09-22T06:31:44Z 94jahdielisaac 144432 37103267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{paghimo ni bot|Lsjbot|Mehiko|date=2016-10}} :''Alang sa ubang mga dapit sa mao gihapon nga ngalan, tan-awa ang [[Bacerac]].'' {{geobox | 1 = Settlement <!-- *** Header *** --> | name = Bacerac | native_name = | other_name = | category = Lungsod | etymology = | official_name = | motto = | nickname = <!-- *** Image *** --> | image = | image_caption = <!-- *** Symbols *** --> | flag = | symbol = Escudo de Bacerac, Sonora.png | symbol_type = <!-- *** Admin *** --> | country = {{flag|Mehiko}} | country_flag = | state = [[Estado de Sonora]] | state_type = Estado | region = [[Bacerac (munisipyo)|Bacerac]] | region_type = Munisipyo | district = | district_type = | municipality = | municipality_type = <!-- *** Associated with *** --> | part = | landmark = | river = <!-- *** Location *** --> | location = | elevation = 1040 | lat_d = 30.35565 | lat_m = | lat_s = | lat_NS = | long_d = -108.93147 | long_m = | long_s = | long_EW = | highest = | highest_note = | highest_elevation = | highest_elevation_note = | lowest = | lowest_note = | lowest_elevation = | lowest_elevation_note = <!-- *** Dimensions *** --> | length = | length_orientation = | width = | width_orientation = | area = | area_decimals = | area_land = | area_land_decimals = | area_water = | area_water_decimals = | area_urban = | area_urban_decimals = | area_metro = | area_metro_decimals = | area_municipal = | area_municipal_decimals = <!-- *** Population *** --> | population = 1346 | population_date = | population_note = ^{gikan sa eswiki} | population_urban = | population_urban_date = | population_urban_note = | population_metro = | population_metro_date = | population_metro_note = | population_municipal = | population_municipal_date = | population_municipal_note = | population_density = | population_density_note = | population_urban_density = | population_urban_density_note = | population_metro_density = | population_metro_density_note = | population_municipal_density = | population_municipal_density_note = <!-- *** People *** --> | population1 = | population1_type = | population2 = | population2_type = | population3 = | population3_type = <!-- *** History and politics *** --> | established = | established_type = | date = | date_type = | government = | government_location = | government_region = | government_state = | mayor = | mayor_party = | leader = | leader_type = <!-- *** Codes *** --> | timezone = [[Mountain Standard Time|MST]] | utc_offset = -7 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | postal_code = | postal_code_type = | area_code = | area_code_type = | code = | code_type = | code1 = | code1_type = <!-- *** Free *** --> | free = | free_type = | free1 = | free1_type = <!-- *** Maps *** --> | map = | map_caption = | map_locator = | map_locator_x = | map_locator_y = <!-- *** Website *** --> | website = <!-- *** Notes *** --> | footnotes = | timezone_label = America/Hermosillo }} <!--P.PPL-->[[Lungsod]] ang '''Bacerac''' sa [[Mehiko]].<ref name = "gn4017806"/> Nahimutang ni sa munisipyo sa <!--ADM2-->[[Bacerac (munisipyo)|Bacerac]] ug estado sa <!--ADM1-->[[Estado de Sonora]], sa amihanan-kasadpang bahin sa nasod, {{formatnum:1600}} km sa amihanan-kasadpan sa [[Mexico City]] ang ulohan sa nasod. {{formatnum:1040}} metros ibabaw sa dagat kahaboga ang nahimutangan sa Bacerac<ref name = "gn4017806"/>, ug adunay <!--pop-->{{formatnum:1346}} ka molupyo.<ref name = "eswiki"/> Ang yuta palibot sa Bacerac lain-lain.{{efn|group=saysay|Kalkulado gikan sa pakigbingkil sa tanan nga gitas-on data (DEM 3") gikan sa Viewfinder Panoramas, sa sulod sa 10 ka kilometro radius.<ref name = "vp"/> Ang bug-os nga algoritmo anaa [https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Projekt_DotNetWikiBot_Framework/Lsjbot/Make-Geonames dinhi].}} Kinahabogang dapit sa palibot ang [[Cerro La Piedra (bukid sa Mehiko, Estado de Sonora, Bacerac)|Cerro La Piedra]], {{formatnum:1847}} ka metros ni kahaboga ibabaw sa dagat, {{formatnum:9.3}} km sa sidlakan sa Bacerac.{{efn|group=saysay|Ang punto nga labing taas sa ibabaw sa mga lokal nga kapunawpunawan, sumala sa gihabogon data sa GeoNames.<ref name = "gn4017806"/>}} Kunhod pa sa 2 ka tawo kada kilometro kwadrado sa palibot sa Bacerac.<ref name = "nasapop"/> Bacerac ang kinadak-ang lungsod sa maong dapit. Hapit nalukop sa [[kalibonan ang palibot sa Bacerac.<ref name = "nasalandcover"/> Ang klima bugnaw nga [[ugahon]].<ref name = "koppen"/> Ang kasarangang giiniton {{formatnum:22}} [[°C]]. Ang kinainitan nga bulan Hunyo, sa {{formatnum:33}}&nbsp;[[°C]], ug ang kinabugnawan Enero, sa {{formatnum:12}}&nbsp;°C.<ref name = "nasa"/> Ang kasarangang pag-ulan {{formatnum:637}} milimetro matag tuig. Ang kinabasaan nga bulan Hulyo, sa {{formatnum:211}} milimetro nga ulan, ug ang kinaugahan Mayo, sa {{formatnum:3}} milimetro.<ref name = "nasarain"/> {| |- |{{climate chart | Bacerac | 5| 18| 23 | 5| 20| 8 | 9| 28| 15 | 13| 35| 6 | 17| 42| 3 | 22| 44| 31 | 21| 39| 211 | 20| 35| 145 | 20| 36| 112 | 15| 31| 30 | 9| 25| 30 | 7| 17| 23 |float=left |clear=left |source = <ref name = "nasa"/> }} |} {{Location map|Mexico |float = right |width=300 | caption = Nahimutangan sa Bacerac sa Mehiko. | label = Bacerac|position=right|background=white|lat=30.35565|long=-108.93147}} == Saysay == <references group="saysay"/> == Ang mga gi basihan niini == <references> <ref name = "gn4017806">[{{Geonameslink|gnid=4017806|name=bacerac}} Bacerac] sa [{{Geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (cc-by)]; post updated 2015-06-22; database download sa 2016-10-22</ref> <ref name = "eswiki">(gikopiya gikan sa eswiki 2015-07-19)</ref> <ref name = "vp">{{Cite web |url= {{Viewfinderlink}}|title= Viewfinder Panoramas Digital elevation Model|date= 2015-06-21|format= }}</ref> <ref name = "nasapop">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=SEDAC_POP|title= NASA Earth Observations: Population Density|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA/SEDAC}}</ref> <ref name = "nasalandcover">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=MCD12C1_T1|title= NASA Earth Observations: Land Cover Classification|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA/MODIS}}</ref> <ref name = "koppen">{{cite journal |last= Peel|first= M C|last2= Finlayson|first2= B L|date= |title= Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification| url = http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html |journal= Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|publisher= |volume= 11|issue= |pages= 1633-1644|doi= 10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007|access-date=30 Enero 2016}}</ref> <ref name = "nasa">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|title= NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA}}</ref> <ref name = "nasarain">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M|title= NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission}}</ref> </references> [[Kategoriya:Mga lungsod sa Estado de Sonora]] 19he7svt2n8i7n23frfysfs5zsqp6t1 0 7073076 37103188 34926397 2026-09-21T13:07:53Z Peter James 28395 37103188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{GeoGroup}} Ang '''Double Run Swamp''' ngalan niining mga mosunod: ==Heyograpiya== ===Tinipong Bansa=== {{Location map+|United States |caption = Mga dapit nga gitawag Double Run Swamp sa [[Tinipong Bansa]]. |float = right |width=300 | places ={{Location map~|United States| label = 1| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=30.58951|long=-82.51733}} {{Location map~|United States| label = 2| mark =Blue_pog.svg|position=right|background=white|lat=30.62994|long=-82.53015}} }} # [[Double Run Swamp (kalapukan sa Tinipong Bansa, Georgia, Clinch County, lat 30,59, long -82,52)]], {{Coord|30.58951|-82.51733|region:US_type:waterbody|name=Double Run Swamp (kalapukan sa Tinipong Bansa, Georgia, Clinch County, lat 30,59, long -82,52)}}<!--Geonames ID 4191884--><!--Geonames ID 4153547--> # [[Double Run Swamp (kalapukan sa Tinipong Bansa, Georgia, Clinch County, lat 30,63, long -82,53)]], {{Coord|30.62994|-82.53015|region:US_type:waterbody|name=Double Run Swamp (kalapukan sa Tinipong Bansa, Georgia, Clinch County, lat 30,63, long -82,53)}}<!--Geonames ID 4191885--> {{giklaro paghimo ni bot}} [[Kategoriya:Pagklaro paghimo ni bot 2017-02]] [[Kategoriya:Pagklaro paghimo ni bot Tinipong Bansa]] dlzf6hu9y1kl7qrdjge7baa0lx930ij 0 7130194 37103174 35007782 2026-09-21T12:19:30Z Peter James 28395 Redirected page to [[Dismal Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Connecticut)]] 37103174 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Dismal Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Connecticut)]] co1gikd70blemhet8j2adyc6to3pnel 0 7130966 37103180 34988539 2026-09-21T12:31:28Z Peter James 28395 Redirected page to [[Long Branch Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Connecticut)]] 37103180 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Long Branch Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Connecticut)]] lmkl871loeclkev0g0ljs7660a3jgcg 0 7135641 37103202 34990531 2026-09-21T18:55:33Z Peter James 28395 Redirected page to [[Berlin Mountain (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)]] 37103202 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Berlin Mountain (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)]] qdi606uq5ubpaxnasyc7jc3s62ue8hg 0 7137088 37103184 34955836 2026-09-21T12:39:53Z Peter James 28395 Redirected page to [[Lewin Brook Pond (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, lat 41,74, long -71,19)]] 37103184 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Lewin Brook Pond (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, lat 41,74, long -71,19)]] nx14xy5d0i77prhfj5rlaq9amvd8b5j 0 7455485 37103258 36216064 2026-09-22T05:01:40Z Bokho999 148963 Bokho999 moved page [[Phường Phú Thọ (munisipyo sa Dakbayan sa Ho Chi Minh)]] to [[Phú Thọ (Dakbayan sa Ho Chi Minh)]] 36216064 wikitext text/x-wiki {{paghimo ni bot|Lsjbot|Viyetnam|date=2017-03}} :''Alang sa ubang mga dapit sa mao gihapon nga ngalan, tan-awa ang [[Phường Phú Thọ]].'' {{geobox | 1 = Region <!-- *** Header *** --> | name = Phường Phú Thọ | native_name = | other_name = | category = Munisipyo | official_name = | etymology = | motto = | nickname = <!-- *** Image *** --> | image = | image_caption = <!-- *** Symbols *** --> | flag = | symbol = <!-- *** Admin *** --> | country = {{flag|Viyetnam}} | country_flag = | state = [[Dakbayan sa Ho Chi Minh (lalawigan sa Vietnam)|Dakbayan sa Ho Chi Minh]] | state_type = Lalawigan | region = | region_type = | district = | district_type = | economic_region = | economic_region_type = <!-- *** Associated with *** --> | border = | part = | city = | landmark = | river = <!-- *** Location *** --> | capital = | capital_type = | capital_location = | capital_region = | capital_country = | capital_elevation = | capital_lat_d = | capital_lat_m = | capital_lat_s = | capital_lat_NS = | capital_long_d = | capital_long_m = | capital_long_s = | capital_long_EW = | highest = | highest_location = | highest_region = | highest_country = | highest_elevation = | highest_lat_d = | highest_lat_m = | highest_lat_s = | highest_lat_NS = | highest_long_d = | highest_long_m = | highest_long_s = | highest_long_EW = | lowest = | lowest_location = | lowest_region = | lowest_country = | lowest_elevation = | lowest_lat_d = | lowest_lat_m = | lowest_lat_s = | lowest_lat_NS = | lowest_long_d = | lowest_long_m = | lowest_long_s = | lowest_long_EW = <!-- *** Dimensions *** --> | length = | length_orientation = | width = | width_orientation = | area = | area_decimals = <!-- *** Population *** --> | population = | population_date = | population_density = <!-- *** History and politics *** --> | established = | date = | government_location = | government_region = | government_country = | government_elevation = | government_lat_d = | government_lat_m = | government_lat_s = | government_lat_NS = | government_long_d = | government_long_m = | government_long_s = | government_long_EW = | leader = | leader_party = <!-- *** Codes *** --> | timezone = [[Indochina Time|ICT]] | utc_offset = +7 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | postal_code = | area_code = | code = <!-- *** Free *** --> | free = | free_type = <!-- *** Maps *** --> | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | map_locator_x = | map_locator_y = <!-- *** Website *** --> | website = <!-- *** Notes *** --> | footnotes = | lat_d = 10.7662 | long_d = 106.65001 | elevation = 6 | timezone_label = Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh | geonames = 8335936 }} <!--A.ADM3-->[[administratibo nga mga dibisyon sa Viyetnam|Munisipyo]] ang '''Phường Phú Thọ''' sa [[Viyetnam]].<ref name = "gn8335936"/> Nahimutang ni sa lalawigan sa <!--ADM1-->[[Dakbayan sa Ho Chi Minh (lalawigan sa Vietnam)|Dakbayan sa Ho Chi Minh]], sa habagatang bahin sa nasod, {{formatnum:1100}} km sa habagatan sa [[Hanoi]] ang ulohan sa nasod. Ang [[klima nga savanna]].<ref name = "koppen"/> Ang kasarangang giiniton {{formatnum:26}} [[°C]]. Ang kinainitan nga bulan Abril, sa {{formatnum:27}}&nbsp;[[°C]], ug ang kinabugnawan Hulyo, sa {{formatnum:24}}&nbsp;°C.<ref name = "nasa"/> Ang kasarangang pag-ulan {{formatnum:2038}} milimetro matag tuig. Ang kinabasaan nga bulan Septiyembre, sa {{formatnum:411}} milimetro nga ulan, ug ang kinaugahan Enero, sa {{formatnum:17}} milimetro.<ref name = "nasarain"/> {| |- |{{climate chart | Phường Phú Thọ | 22| 28| 17 | 23| 30| 26 | 23| 30| 28 | 24| 30| 103 | 25| 29| 179 | 25| 27| 323 | 23| 26| 340 | 24| 26| 242 | 25| 26| 411 | 25| 28| 238 | 22| 27| 111 | 22| 27| 20 |float=left |clear=left |source = <ref name = "nasa"/> }} |} {{Location map|Vietnam |float = right |width=300 | caption = Nahimutangan sa Phường Phú Thọ sa Viyetnam. | label = Phường Phú Thọ|position=right|background=white|lat=10.7662|long=106.65001}} == Ang mga gi basihan niini == <references> <ref name = "gn8335936">[{{Geonameslink|gnid=8335936|name=phuong%20muoi%20mot}} Phường Mười Một] sa [{{Geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (cc-by)]; post updated 2014-10-02; database download sa 2017-02-28</ref> <ref name = "koppen">{{cite journal |last= Peel|first= M C|last2= Finlayson|first2= B L|date= |title= Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification| url = http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html |journal= Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|publisher= |volume= 11|issue= |pages= 1633-1644|doi= 10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007|access-date=30 Enero 2016}}</ref> <ref name = "nasa">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|title= NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA}}</ref> <ref name = "nasarain">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M|title= NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission}}</ref> </references> [[Kategoriya:Mga subdibisyon sa Dakbayan sa Ho Chi Minh]] 7qsz4cjij5tdfms6efho966tbj5uyzt 0 7783365 37103272 26461198 2026-09-22T07:11:21Z Prosperosity 74905 Redirected page to [[Huangarua River (suba, lat -41,20, long 175,47)]] 37103272 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Huangarua River (suba, lat -41,20, long 175,47)]] r8qe331oco0s7kns5vy07if31ar90nk 0 8258338 37103187 28448741 2026-09-21T13:07:14Z Peter James 28395 Redirected page to [[Double Run Swamp (kalapukan sa Tinipong Bansa, Georgia, Clinch County, lat 30,59, long -82,52)]] 37103187 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Double Run Swamp (kalapukan sa Tinipong Bansa, Georgia, Clinch County, lat 30,59, long -82,52)]] kr190mh1ax2ukprjblm1oohoy025j9o 0 8273080 37103186 28450133 2026-09-21T13:07:00Z Peter James 28395 37103186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{paghimo ni bot|Lsjbot|Tinipong Bansa|date=2017-06}} :''Alang sa ubang mga dapit sa mao gihapon nga ngalan, tan-awa ang [[Double Run Swamp]].'' {{geobox | 1 = Lake <!-- *** Header *** --> | name = Double Run Swamp | native_name = | other_name = | category = Kalapukan | etymology = | nickname = <!-- *** Image *** --> | image = | image_caption = <!-- *** Admin *** --> | country = {{flag|Tinipong Bansa}} | country_flag = | state = [[Georgia (estado)|Georgia]] | state1 = [[Florida (estado)|Florida]] | state_type = Estado | region = [[Clinch County]] | region1 = [[Columbia County (kondado sa Tinipong Bansa, Florida)|Columbia County]] | region_type = Kondado | district = | district_type = | municipality = | municipality_type = <!-- *** Associated with *** --> | parent = | city = | river = | landmark = <!-- *** Tributaries *** --> | tributary_left = | tributary_right = <!-- *** Source and mouth *** --> | source = | source_location = | source_region = | source_country = | source_elevation = | source_lat_d = | source_lat_m = | source_lat_s = | source_lat_NS = | source_long_d = | source_long_m = | source_long_s = | source_long_EW = | source_confluence = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_region = | mouth_country = | mouth_elevation = | mouth_lat_d = | mouth_lat_m = | mouth_lat_s = | mouth_lat_NS = | mouth_long_d = | mouth_long_m = | mouth_long_s = | mouth_long_EW = <!-- *** Size *** --> | area = | length = | width = | depth = | elevation = 36 | volume = | watershed = <!-- *** Flow *** --> | discharge = | discharge_max = | discharge_min = <!-- *** Free *** --> | free = | free_type = <!-- *** Maps *** --> | map = | map_caption = | map_locator_x = | map_locator_y = <!-- *** Notes *** --> | footnotes = | lat_d = 30.58951 | long_d = -82.51733 | timezone_label = America/New_York | utc_offset = -5 | utc_offset_DST = -4 | timezone = [[Eastern Standard Time|EST]] | timezone_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]] | geonames = 4191884 }} <!--H.SWMP-->[[Kalapukan]] ang '''Double Run Swamp''' sa [[Tinipong Bansa]].<ref name = "gn4191884"/> Nahimutang ni sa kondado sa <!--ADM2-->[[Clinch County]] ug estado sa <!--ADM1-->[[Georgia (estado)|Georgia]], sa habagatan-sidlakang bahin sa nasod, {{formatnum:1100}} km sa habagatan-kasadpan sa [[Washington, D.C.]] Double Run Swamp nga nahimutang sa lanaw sa [[Ellis Bay (lanaw)|Ellis Bay]] ang ulohan sa nasod. Ang klima [[umogon]] ug [[subtropikal]].<ref name = "koppen"/> Ang kasarangang giiniton {{formatnum:18}} [[°C]]. Ang kinainitan nga bulan Hunyo, sa {{formatnum:25}}&nbsp;[[°C]], ug ang kinabugnawan Enero, sa {{formatnum:10}}&nbsp;°C.<ref name = "nasa"/> Ang kasarangang pag-ulan {{formatnum:1695}} milimetro matag tuig. Ang kinabasaan nga bulan Hunyo, sa {{formatnum:271}} milimetro nga ulan, ug ang kinaugahan Oktubre, sa {{formatnum:44}} milimetro.<ref name = "nasarain"/> {| |- |{{climate chart | Double Run Swamp | 5| 14| 65 | 6| 17| 119 | 11| 20| 126 | 14| 23| 136 | 17| 27| 175 | 20| 30| 271 | 21| 27| 192 | 22| 27| 204 | 20| 26| 175 | 14| 23| 44 | 11| 20| 87 | 6| 15| 102 |float=left |clear=left |source = <ref name = "nasa"/> }} |} {{Location map|United States |float = right |width=300 | caption = Nahimutangan sa Double Run Swamp sa Tinipong Bansa. | label = Double Run Swamp|position=right|background=white|lat=30.58951|long=-82.51733}} == Ang mga gi basihan niini == <references> <ref name = "gn4191884">[{{Geonameslink|gnid=4191884|name=double%20run%20swamp}} Double Run Swamp] sa [{{Geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (cc-by)]; post updated 2011-12-11; database download sa 2017-02-28</ref> <ref name = "koppen">{{cite journal |last= Peel|first= M C|last2= Finlayson|first2= B L|date= |title= Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification| url = http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html |journal= Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|publisher= |volume= 11|issue= |pages= 1633-1644|doi= 10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007|access-date=30 Enero 2016}}</ref> <ref name = "nasa">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|title= NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA}}</ref> <ref name = "nasarain">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M|title= NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission}}</ref> </references> [[Kategoriya:Mga kalapukan sa Georgia (estado)]] [[Kategoriya:Mga kalapukan sa Florida (estado)]] f4h6vsq1y1g5s0q2rdbtp264txoydu0 0 8467409 37103172 34495574 2026-09-21T12:18:49Z Peter James 28395 37103172 wikitext text/x-wiki {{paghimo ni bot|Lsjbot|Tinipong Bansa|date=2017-07}} {{geobox | 1 = River <!-- *** Header *** --> | name = Dismal Brook | native_name = | other_name = | category = Suba | etymology = | nickname = <!-- *** Image *** --> | image = | image_caption = <!-- *** Admin *** --> | country = {{flag|Tinipong Bansa}} | country_flag = | state = [[Connecticut]] | state1 = [[Massachusetts (estado sa Tinipong Bansa)|Massachusetts]] | region = [[Hartford County]] | region1 = [[Hampden County]] | district = | municipality = <!-- *** Associated with *** --> | parent = | city = | landmark = <!-- *** Tributaries *** --> | tributary_left = | tributary_right = <!-- *** Source and mouth *** --> | source = | source_location = | source_region = | source_country = | source_elevation = | source_lat_d = | source_lat_m = | source_lat_s = | source_lat_NS = | source_long_d = | source_long_m = | source_long_s = | source_long_EW = | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_region = | source1_country = | source1_elevation = | source1_lat_d = | source1_lat_m = | source1_lat_s = | source1_lat_NS = | source1_long_d = | source1_long_m = | source1_long_s = | source1_long_EW = | source_confluence = | source_confluence_location = | source_confluence_region = | source_confluence_country = | source_confluence_elevation = | source_confluence_lat_d = | source_confluence_lat_m = | source_confluence_lat_s = | source_confluence_lat_NS = | source_confluence_long_d = | source_confluence_long_m = | source_confluence_long_s = | source_confluence_long_EW = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_region = | mouth_country = | mouth_elevation = | mouth_lat_d = | mouth_lat_m = | mouth_lat_s = | mouth_lat_NS = | mouth_long_d = | mouth_long_m = | mouth_long_s = | mouth_long_EW = <!-- *** Size *** --> | length = | width = | depth = | volume = | watershed = | watershed_decimals = <!-- *** Flow *** --> | discharge = | discharge_max = | discharge_min = <!-- *** Free *** --> | free = | free_type = <!-- *** Maps *** --> | map = | map_caption = | map_locator_x = | map_locator_y = <!-- *** Notes *** --> | footnotes = | lat_d = 41.98898 | long_d = -72.82149 | state_type = Estado | region_type = Kondado | elevation = 83 | timezone_label = America/New_York | utc_offset = -5 | utc_offset_DST = -4 | timezone = [[Eastern Standard Time|EST]] | timezone_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]] | geonames = 4832843 }} <!--H.STM-->[[Suba]] ang '''Dismal Brook''' sa [[Tinipong Bansa]].<ref name = "gn4832843"/> Ang Dismal Brook nahimutang sa kondado sa <!--ADM2-->[[Hartford County]] ug estado sa <!--ADM1-->[[Connecticut]], sa sidlakang bahin sa nasod, {{formatnum:500}} km sa amihanan-sidlakan sa ulohang dakbayan [[Washington, D.C.]] {{Location map|United States |float = right |width=300 | caption = Nahimutangan sa Dismal Brook sa Tinipong Bansa. | label = Dismal Brook|position=left|background=white|lat=41.98898|long=-72.82149}} == Ang mga gi basihan niini == <references> <ref name = "gn4832843">[{{Geonameslink|gnid=4832843|name=dismal%20brook}} Dismal Brook] sa [{{Geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (cc-by)]; post updated 2006-01-15; database download sa 2017-02-28</ref> </references> [[Kategoriya:Mga suba sa Connecticut]] [[Kategoriya:Mga suba sa Massachusetts (estado sa Tinipong Bansa)]] jdweiomrh4mfcx6ftcufppldojc84z9 0 8467842 37103175 34496082 2026-09-21T12:23:32Z Peter James 28395 37103175 wikitext text/x-wiki {{paghimo ni bot|Lsjbot|Tinipong Bansa|date=2017-07}} :''Alang sa ubang mga dapit sa mao gihapon nga ngalan, tan-awa ang [[Fourmile Brook]].'' {{geobox | 1 = River <!-- *** Header *** --> | name = Fourmile Brook | native_name = | other_name = | category = Suba | etymology = | nickname = <!-- *** Image *** --> | image = | image_caption = <!-- *** Admin *** --> | country = {{flag|Tinipong Bansa}} | country_flag = | state = [[Connecticut]] | state1 = [[Massachusetts (estado sa Tinipong Bansa)|Massachusetts]] | region = [[Hartford County]] | region1 = [[Hampden County]] | district = | municipality = <!-- *** Associated with *** --> | parent = | city = | landmark = <!-- *** Tributaries *** --> | tributary_left = | tributary_right = <!-- *** Source and mouth *** --> | source = | source_location = | source_region = | source_country = | source_elevation = | source_lat_d = | source_lat_m = | source_lat_s = | source_lat_NS = | source_long_d = | source_long_m = | source_long_s = | source_long_EW = | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_region = | source1_country = | source1_elevation = | source1_lat_d = | source1_lat_m = | source1_lat_s = | source1_lat_NS = | source1_long_d = | source1_long_m = | source1_long_s = | source1_long_EW = | source_confluence = | source_confluence_location = | source_confluence_region = | source_confluence_country = | source_confluence_elevation = | source_confluence_lat_d = | source_confluence_lat_m = | source_confluence_lat_s = | source_confluence_lat_NS = | source_confluence_long_d = | source_confluence_long_m = | source_confluence_long_s = | source_confluence_long_EW = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_region = | mouth_country = | mouth_elevation = | mouth_lat_d = | mouth_lat_m = | mouth_lat_s = | mouth_lat_NS = | mouth_long_d = | mouth_long_m = | mouth_long_s = | mouth_long_EW = <!-- *** Size *** --> | length = | width = | depth = | volume = | watershed = | watershed_decimals = <!-- *** Flow *** --> | discharge = | discharge_max = | discharge_min = <!-- *** Free *** --> | free = | free_type = <!-- *** Maps *** --> | map = | map_caption = | map_locator_x = | map_locator_y = <!-- *** Notes *** --> | footnotes = | lat_d = 42.03898 | long_d = -72.6187 | state_type = Estado | region_type = Kondado | elevation = 32 | timezone_label = America/New_York | utc_offset = -5 | utc_offset_DST = -4 | timezone = [[Eastern Standard Time|EST]] | timezone_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]] | geonames = 4834703 }} <!--H.STM-->[[Suba]] ang '''Fourmile Brook''' sa [[Tinipong Bansa]].<ref name = "gn4834703"/> Nahimutang ni sa kondado sa <!--ADM2-->[[Hartford County]] ug estado sa <!--ADM1-->[[Connecticut]], sa sidlakang bahin sa nasod, {{formatnum:500}} km sa amihanan-sidlakan sa [[Washington, D.C.]] Ang Fourmile Brook mao ang bahin sa [[tubig-saluran]] sa [[Connecticut River]], ug usa ka sanga sa [[Connecticut River]] ang ulohan sa nasod. {{Location map|United States |float = right |width=300 | caption = Nahimutangan sa Fourmile Brook sa Tinipong Bansa. | label = Fourmile Brook|position=left|background=white|lat=42.03898|long=-72.6187}} == Ang mga gi basihan niini == <references> <ref name = "gn4834703">[{{Geonameslink|gnid=4834703|name=fourmile%20brook}} Fourmile Brook] sa [{{Geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (cc-by)]; post updated 2010-02-14; database download sa 2017-02-28</ref> </references> [[Kategoriya:Connecticut River tubig-saluran]] [[Kategoriya:Mga suba sa Connecticut]] [[Kategoriya:Mga suba sa Massachusetts (estado sa Tinipong Bansa)]] ratvbde6zk36lphwjs8q83laig84zl6 0 8467850 37103169 34496090 2026-09-21T12:13:29Z Peter James 28395 37103169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{paghimo ni bot|Lsjbot|Tinipong Bansa|date=2017-07}} :''Alang sa ubang mga dapit sa mao gihapon nga ngalan, tan-awa ang [[Fox Brook]].'' {{geobox | 1 = River <!-- *** Header *** --> | name = Fox Brook | native_name = | other_name = | category = Suba | etymology = | nickname = <!-- *** Image *** --> | image = | image_caption = <!-- *** Admin *** --> | country = {{flag|Tinipong Bansa}} | country_flag = | state = [[Connecticut]] | state1 = [[Massachusetts (estado sa Tinipong Bansa)|Massachusetts]] | region = [[Hartford County]] | region1 = [[Hampden County]] | district = | municipality = <!-- *** Associated with *** --> | parent = | city = | landmark = <!-- *** Tributaries *** --> | tributary_left = | tributary_right = <!-- *** Source and mouth *** --> | source = | source_location = | source_region = | source_country = | source_elevation = | source_lat_d = | source_lat_m = | source_lat_s = | source_lat_NS = | source_long_d = | source_long_m = | source_long_s = | source_long_EW = | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_region = | source1_country = | source1_elevation = | source1_lat_d = | source1_lat_m = | source1_lat_s = | source1_lat_NS = | source1_long_d = | source1_long_m = | source1_long_s = | source1_long_EW = | source_confluence = | source_confluence_location = | source_confluence_region = | source_confluence_country = | source_confluence_elevation = | source_confluence_lat_d = | source_confluence_lat_m = | source_confluence_lat_s = | source_confluence_lat_NS = | source_confluence_long_d = | source_confluence_long_m = | source_confluence_long_s = | source_confluence_long_EW = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_region = | mouth_country = | mouth_elevation = | mouth_lat_d = | mouth_lat_m = | mouth_lat_s = | mouth_lat_NS = | mouth_long_d = | mouth_long_m = | mouth_long_s = | mouth_long_EW = <!-- *** Size *** --> | length = | width = | depth = | volume = | watershed = | watershed_decimals = <!-- *** Flow *** --> | discharge = | discharge_max = | discharge_min = <!-- *** Free *** --> | free = | free_type = <!-- *** Maps *** --> | map = | map_caption = | map_locator_x = | map_locator_y = <!-- *** Notes *** --> | footnotes = | lat_d = 42.02509 | long_d = -72.8601 | state_type = Estado | region_type = Kondado | elevation = 145 | timezone_label = America/New_York | utc_offset = -5 | utc_offset_DST = -4 | timezone = [[Eastern Standard Time|EST]] | timezone_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]] | geonames = 4834714 }} <!--H.STM-->[[Suba]] ang '''Fox Brook''' sa [[Tinipong Bansa]].<ref name = "gn4834714"/> Ang Fox Brook nahimutang sa kondado sa <!--ADM2-->[[Hartford County]] ug estado sa <!--ADM1-->[[Connecticut]], sa sidlakang bahin sa nasod, {{formatnum:500}} km sa amihanan-sidlakan sa ulohang dakbayan [[Washington, D.C.]] {{Location map|United States |float = right |width=300 | caption = Nahimutangan sa Fox Brook sa Tinipong Bansa. | label = Fox Brook|position=left|background=white|lat=42.02509|long=-72.8601}} == Ang mga gi basihan niini == <references> <ref name = "gn4834714">[{{Geonameslink|gnid=4834714|name=fox%20brook}} Fox Brook] sa [{{Geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (cc-by)]; post updated 2010-02-14; database download sa 2017-02-28</ref> </references> [[Kategoriya:Mga suba sa Connecticut]] [[Kategoriya:Mga suba sa Massachusetts (estado sa Tinipong Bansa)]] 675sukawcxc0ijk4ik2u2zh4ai1jotd 0 8469094 37103178 34497970 2026-09-21T12:30:52Z Peter James 28395 37103178 wikitext text/x-wiki {{paghimo ni bot|Lsjbot|Tinipong Bansa|date=2017-07}} :''Alang sa ubang mga dapit sa mao gihapon nga ngalan, tan-awa ang [[Long Branch Brook]].'' {{geobox | 1 = River <!-- *** Header *** --> | name = Long Branch Brook | native_name = | other_name = | category = Suba | etymology = | nickname = <!-- *** Image *** --> | image = | image_caption = <!-- *** Admin *** --> | country = {{flag|Tinipong Bansa}} | country_flag = | state = [[Connecticut]] | state1 = [[Massachusetts (estado sa Tinipong Bansa)|Massachusetts]] | region = [[Windham County (kondado sa Tinipong Bansa, Connecticut)|Windham County]] | region1 = [[Worcester County (kondado sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Worcester County]] | district = | municipality = <!-- *** Associated with *** --> | parent = | city = | landmark = <!-- *** Tributaries *** --> | tributary_left = | tributary_right = <!-- *** Source and mouth *** --> | source = | source_location = | source_region = | source_country = | source_elevation = | source_lat_d = | source_lat_m = | source_lat_s = | source_lat_NS = | source_long_d = | source_long_m = | source_long_s = | source_long_EW = | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_region = | source1_country = | source1_elevation = | source1_lat_d = | source1_lat_m = | source1_lat_s = | source1_lat_NS = | source1_long_d = | source1_long_m = | source1_long_s = | source1_long_EW = | source_confluence = | source_confluence_location = | source_confluence_region = | source_confluence_country = | source_confluence_elevation = | source_confluence_lat_d = | source_confluence_lat_m = | source_confluence_lat_s = | source_confluence_lat_NS = | source_confluence_long_d = | source_confluence_long_m = | source_confluence_long_s = | source_confluence_long_EW = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_region = | mouth_country = | mouth_elevation = | mouth_lat_d = | mouth_lat_m = | mouth_lat_s = | mouth_lat_NS = | mouth_long_d = | mouth_long_m = | mouth_long_s = | mouth_long_EW = <!-- *** Size *** --> | length = | width = | depth = | volume = | watershed = | watershed_decimals = <!-- *** Flow *** --> | discharge = | discharge_max = | discharge_min = <!-- *** Free *** --> | free = | free_type = <!-- *** Maps *** --> | map = | map_caption = | map_locator_x = | map_locator_y = <!-- *** Notes *** --> | footnotes = | lat_d = 42.01232 | long_d = -71.87979 | state_type = Estado | region_type = Kondado | elevation = 122 | timezone_label = America/New_York | utc_offset = -5 | utc_offset_DST = -4 | timezone = [[Eastern Standard Time|EST]] | timezone_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]] | geonames = 4837900 }} <!--H.STM-->[[Suba]] ang '''Long Branch Brook''' sa [[Tinipong Bansa]].<ref name = "gn4837900"/> Ang Long Branch Brook nahimutang sa kondado sa <!--ADM2-->[[Windham County (kondado sa Tinipong Bansa, Connecticut)|Windham County]] ug estado sa <!--ADM1-->[[Connecticut]], sa sidlakang bahin sa nasod, {{formatnum:500}} km sa amihanan-sidlakan sa ulohang dakbayan [[Washington, D.C.]] {{Location map|United States |float = right |width=300 | caption = Nahimutangan sa Long Branch Brook sa Tinipong Bansa. | label = Long Branch Brook|position=left|background=white|lat=42.01232|long=-71.87979}} == Ang mga gi basihan niini == <references> <ref name = "gn4837900">[{{Geonameslink|gnid=4837900|name=long%20branch%20brook}} Long Branch Brook] sa [{{Geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (cc-by)]; post updated 2010-02-14; database download sa 2017-02-28</ref> </references> [[Kategoriya:Mga suba sa Connecticut]] [[Kategoriya:Mga suba sa Massachusetts (estado sa Tinipong Bansa)]] 00pmtie9ft5a68lxa5b6nrgr5msisik 37103179 37103178 2026-09-21T12:31:02Z Peter James 28395 37103179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{paghimo ni bot|Lsjbot|Tinipong Bansa|date=2017-07}} {{geobox | 1 = River <!-- *** Header *** --> | name = Long Branch Brook | native_name = | other_name = | category = Suba | etymology = | nickname = <!-- *** Image *** --> | image = | image_caption = <!-- *** Admin *** --> | country = {{flag|Tinipong Bansa}} | country_flag = | state = [[Connecticut]] | state1 = [[Massachusetts (estado sa Tinipong Bansa)|Massachusetts]] | region = [[Windham County (kondado sa Tinipong Bansa, Connecticut)|Windham County]] | region1 = [[Worcester County (kondado sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Worcester County]] | district = | municipality = <!-- *** Associated with *** --> | parent = | city = | landmark = <!-- *** Tributaries *** --> | tributary_left = | tributary_right = <!-- *** Source and mouth *** --> | source = | source_location = | source_region = | source_country = | source_elevation = | source_lat_d = | source_lat_m = | source_lat_s = | source_lat_NS = | source_long_d = | source_long_m = | source_long_s = | source_long_EW = | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_region = | source1_country = | source1_elevation = | source1_lat_d = | source1_lat_m = | source1_lat_s = | source1_lat_NS = | source1_long_d = | source1_long_m = | source1_long_s = | source1_long_EW = | source_confluence = | source_confluence_location = | source_confluence_region = | source_confluence_country = | source_confluence_elevation = | source_confluence_lat_d = | source_confluence_lat_m = | source_confluence_lat_s = | source_confluence_lat_NS = | source_confluence_long_d = | source_confluence_long_m = | source_confluence_long_s = | source_confluence_long_EW = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_region = | mouth_country = | mouth_elevation = | mouth_lat_d = | mouth_lat_m = | mouth_lat_s = | mouth_lat_NS = | mouth_long_d = | mouth_long_m = | mouth_long_s = | mouth_long_EW = <!-- *** Size *** --> | length = | width = | depth = | volume = | watershed = | watershed_decimals = <!-- *** Flow *** --> | discharge = | discharge_max = | discharge_min = <!-- *** Free *** --> | free = | free_type = <!-- *** Maps *** --> | map = | map_caption = | map_locator_x = | map_locator_y = <!-- *** Notes *** --> | footnotes = | lat_d = 42.01232 | long_d = -71.87979 | state_type = Estado | region_type = Kondado | elevation = 122 | timezone_label = America/New_York | utc_offset = -5 | utc_offset_DST = -4 | timezone = [[Eastern Standard Time|EST]] | timezone_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]] | geonames = 4837900 }} <!--H.STM-->[[Suba]] ang '''Long Branch Brook''' sa [[Tinipong Bansa]].<ref name = "gn4837900"/> Ang Long Branch Brook nahimutang sa kondado sa <!--ADM2-->[[Windham County (kondado sa Tinipong Bansa, Connecticut)|Windham County]] ug estado sa <!--ADM1-->[[Connecticut]], sa sidlakang bahin sa nasod, {{formatnum:500}} km sa amihanan-sidlakan sa ulohang dakbayan [[Washington, D.C.]] {{Location map|United States |float = right |width=300 | caption = Nahimutangan sa Long Branch Brook sa Tinipong Bansa. | label = Long Branch Brook|position=left|background=white|lat=42.01232|long=-71.87979}} == Ang mga gi basihan niini == <references> <ref name = "gn4837900">[{{Geonameslink|gnid=4837900|name=long%20branch%20brook}} Long Branch Brook] sa [{{Geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (cc-by)]; post updated 2010-02-14; database download sa 2017-02-28</ref> </references> [[Kategoriya:Mga suba sa Connecticut]] [[Kategoriya:Mga suba sa Massachusetts (estado sa Tinipong Bansa)]] o29ni0zseawnaxnveajeort2jzfdi0h 0 8574004 37103199 34556029 2026-09-21T18:54:40Z Peter James 28395 37103199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{paghimo ni bot|Lsjbot|Tinipong Bansa|date=2017-08}} :''Alang sa ubang mga dapit sa mao gihapon nga ngalan, tan-awa ang [[Berlin Mountain]].'' {{geobox | 1 = Mountain <!-- *** Header *** --> | name = Berlin Mountain | native_name = | other_name = | category = Bukid | etymology = <!-- *** Image *** --> | image = | image_caption = <!-- *** Administrative *** --> | country = {{flag|Tinipong Bansa}} | country_flag = | state = [[New York (estado)|New York]] | state1 = [[Massachusetts (estado sa Tinipong Bansa)|Massachusetts]] | region = [[Rensselaer County]] | region1 = [[Berkshire County]] | district = | municipality = <!-- *** Mountain range *** --> | range = <!-- *** Position and height *** --> | location = | elevation = 853 | elevation_note = | prominence = | prominence_note = | lat_d = 42.69202 | lat_m = | lat_s = | lat_NS = | long_d = -73.28622 | long_m = | long_s = | long_EW = <!-- *** Properties *** --> | geology = | orogeny = | period = | biome = | plant = | animal = <!-- *** Access *** --> | public = | access = | ascent = | ascent_date = <!-- *** Free *** --> | free = | free_type = <!-- *** Maps *** --> | map = | map_caption = | map_locator_x = | map_locator_y = <!-- *** Notes *** --> | footnotes = | state_type = Estado | region_type = Kondado | timezone_label = America/New_York | utc_offset = -5 | utc_offset_DST = -4 | timezone = [[Eastern Standard Time|EST]] | timezone_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]] | geonames = 5108864 }} <!--T.MT-->[[Bukid]] ang '''Berlin Mountain''' sa [[Tinipong Bansa]].<ref name = "gn5108864"/> Ang Berlin Mountain nahimutang sa kondado sa <!--ADM2-->[[Rensselaer County]] ug estado sa <!--ADM1-->[[New York (estado)|New York]], sa sidlakang bahin sa nasod, {{formatnum:500}} km sa amihanan-sidlakan sa ulohang dakbayan [[Washington, D.C.]] {{formatnum:853}} metros ibabaw sa dagat kahaboga ang nahimutangan sa Berlin Mountain.<ref name = "gn5108864"/> Ang yuta palibot sa Berlin Mountain kay kasagaran kabungtoran.{{efn|group=saysay|Kalkulado gikan sa pakigbingkil sa tanan nga gitas-on data (DEM 3") gikan sa Viewfinder Panoramas, sa sulod sa 10 ka kilometro radius.<ref name = "vp"/> Ang bug-os nga algoritmo anaa [https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Projekt_DotNetWikiBot_Framework/Lsjbot/Make-Geonames dinhi].}} Kinahabogang dapit sa palibot ang [[Mount Greylock (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Mount Greylock]], {{formatnum:1063}} ka metros ni kahaboga ibabaw sa dagat, {{formatnum:11.5}} km sa habagatan-sidlakan sa Berlin Mountain.{{efn|group=saysay|Ang punto nga labing taas sa ibabaw sa mga lokal nga kapunawpunawan, sumala sa gihabogon data sa GeoNames.<ref name = "gn5108864"/>}} Dunay mga {{formatnum:65}} ka tawo kada kilometro kwadrado sa palibot sa Berlin Mountain medyo hilabihan populasyon.<ref name = "nasapop"/> Ang kinadul-ang mas dakong lungsod mao ang [[North Adams (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|North Adams]], {{formatnum:14.5}} km sa sidlakan sa Berlin Mountain. Hapit nalukop sa [[lasang]] nga [[tigkapulak]] ang palibot sa Berlin Mountain.<ref name = "nasalandcover"/> Sa rehiyon palibot sa Berlin Mountain, mga walog talagsaon komon.{{efn|group=saysay|Mas sulod sa 20 ka kilometro gilay-on itandi sa average nga densidad sa Yuta, sumala sa GeoNames.<ref name = "gn5108864"/>}} Ang klima [[hemiboreal]].<ref name = "koppen"/> Ang kasarangang giiniton {{formatnum:6}} [[°C]]. Ang kinainitan nga bulan Agosto, sa {{formatnum:18}}&nbsp;[[°C]], ug ang kinabugnawan Enero, sa {{formatnum:-10}}&nbsp;°C.<ref name = "nasa"/> Ang kasarangang pag-ulan {{formatnum:1404}} milimetro matag tuig. Ang kinabasaan nga bulan Hunyo, sa {{formatnum:170}} milimetro nga ulan, ug ang kinaugahan Nobiyembre, sa {{formatnum:78}} milimetro.<ref name = "nasarain"/> {| |- |{{climate chart | Berlin Mountain | -12| -8| 106 | -11| -6| 83 | -7| 2| 82 | 3| 14| 95 | 8| 19| 151 | 12| 19| 170 | 16| 20| 143 | 16| 21| 123 | 12| 18| 114 | 6| 13| 112 | -3| 6| 78 | -8| -4| 147 |float=left |clear=left |source = <ref name = "nasa"/> }} |} {{Location map|United States |float = right |width=300 | caption = Nahimutangan sa Berlin Mountain sa Tinipong Bansa. | label = Berlin Mountain|position=left|background=white|lat=42.69202|long=-73.28622}} == Saysay == <references group="saysay"/> == Ang mga gi basihan niini == <references> <ref name = "gn5108864">[{{Geonameslink|gnid=5108864|name=berlin%20mountain}} Berlin Mountain] sa [{{Geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (cc-by)]; post updated 2006-01-15; database download sa 2017-02-28</ref> <ref name = "vp">{{Cite web |url= {{Viewfinderlink}}|title= Viewfinder Panoramas Digital elevation Model|date= 2015-06-21|format= }}</ref> <ref name = "nasapop">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=SEDAC_POP|title= NASA Earth Observations: Population Density|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA/SEDAC}}</ref> <ref name = "nasalandcover">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=MCD12C1_T1|title= NASA Earth Observations: Land Cover Classification|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA/MODIS}}</ref> <ref name = "koppen">{{cite journal |last= Peel|first= M C|last2= Finlayson|first2= B L|date= |title= Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification| url = http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html |journal= Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|publisher= |volume= 11|issue= |pages= 1633-1644|doi= 10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007|access-date=30 Enero 2016}}</ref> <ref name = "nasa">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|title= NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA}}</ref> <ref name = "nasarain">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M|title= NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission}}</ref> </references> [[Kategoriya:Kabukiran sa New York (estado)]] [[Kategoriya:Kabukiran sa Massachusetts (estado sa Tinipong Bansa)]] [[Kategoriya:Kabukiran sa Tinipong Bansa nga mas taas kay sa 500 metros ibabaw sa dagat nga lebel]] r4s8acopmlrgzkueezthsq7r1j1feha 37103203 37103199 2026-09-21T18:56:26Z Peter James 28395 37103203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{paghimo ni bot|Lsjbot|Tinipong Bansa|date=2017-08}} {{geobox | 1 = Mountain <!-- *** Header *** --> | name = Berlin Mountain | native_name = | other_name = | category = Bukid | etymology = <!-- *** Image *** --> | image = | image_caption = <!-- *** Administrative *** --> | country = {{flag|Tinipong Bansa}} | country_flag = | state = [[New York (estado)|New York]] | state1 = [[Massachusetts (estado sa Tinipong Bansa)|Massachusetts]] | region = [[Rensselaer County]] | region1 = [[Berkshire County]] | district = | municipality = <!-- *** Mountain range *** --> | range = <!-- *** Position and height *** --> | location = | elevation = 853 | elevation_note = | prominence = | prominence_note = | lat_d = 42.69202 | lat_m = | lat_s = | lat_NS = | long_d = -73.28622 | long_m = | long_s = | long_EW = <!-- *** Properties *** --> | geology = | orogeny = | period = | biome = | plant = | animal = <!-- *** Access *** --> | public = | access = | ascent = | ascent_date = <!-- *** Free *** --> | free = | free_type = <!-- *** Maps *** --> | map = | map_caption = | map_locator_x = | map_locator_y = <!-- *** Notes *** --> | footnotes = | state_type = Estado | region_type = Kondado | timezone_label = America/New_York | utc_offset = -5 | utc_offset_DST = -4 | timezone = [[Eastern Standard Time|EST]] | timezone_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]] | geonames = 5108864 }} <!--T.MT-->[[Bukid]] ang '''Berlin Mountain''' sa [[Tinipong Bansa]].<ref name = "gn5108864"/> Ang Berlin Mountain nahimutang sa kondado sa <!--ADM2-->[[Rensselaer County]] ug estado sa <!--ADM1-->[[New York (estado)|New York]], sa sidlakang bahin sa nasod, {{formatnum:500}} km sa amihanan-sidlakan sa ulohang dakbayan [[Washington, D.C.]] {{formatnum:853}} metros ibabaw sa dagat kahaboga ang nahimutangan sa Berlin Mountain.<ref name = "gn5108864"/> Ang yuta palibot sa Berlin Mountain kay kasagaran kabungtoran.{{efn|group=saysay|Kalkulado gikan sa pakigbingkil sa tanan nga gitas-on data (DEM 3") gikan sa Viewfinder Panoramas, sa sulod sa 10 ka kilometro radius.<ref name = "vp"/> Ang bug-os nga algoritmo anaa [https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Projekt_DotNetWikiBot_Framework/Lsjbot/Make-Geonames dinhi].}} Kinahabogang dapit sa palibot ang [[Mount Greylock (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Mount Greylock]], {{formatnum:1063}} ka metros ni kahaboga ibabaw sa dagat, {{formatnum:11.5}} km sa habagatan-sidlakan sa Berlin Mountain.{{efn|group=saysay|Ang punto nga labing taas sa ibabaw sa mga lokal nga kapunawpunawan, sumala sa gihabogon data sa GeoNames.<ref name = "gn5108864"/>}} Dunay mga {{formatnum:65}} ka tawo kada kilometro kwadrado sa palibot sa Berlin Mountain medyo hilabihan populasyon.<ref name = "nasapop"/> Ang kinadul-ang mas dakong lungsod mao ang [[North Adams (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|North Adams]], {{formatnum:14.5}} km sa sidlakan sa Berlin Mountain. Hapit nalukop sa [[lasang]] nga [[tigkapulak]] ang palibot sa Berlin Mountain.<ref name = "nasalandcover"/> Sa rehiyon palibot sa Berlin Mountain, mga walog talagsaon komon.{{efn|group=saysay|Mas sulod sa 20 ka kilometro gilay-on itandi sa average nga densidad sa Yuta, sumala sa GeoNames.<ref name = "gn5108864"/>}} Ang klima [[hemiboreal]].<ref name = "koppen"/> Ang kasarangang giiniton {{formatnum:6}} [[°C]]. Ang kinainitan nga bulan Agosto, sa {{formatnum:18}}&nbsp;[[°C]], ug ang kinabugnawan Enero, sa {{formatnum:-10}}&nbsp;°C.<ref name = "nasa"/> Ang kasarangang pag-ulan {{formatnum:1404}} milimetro matag tuig. Ang kinabasaan nga bulan Hunyo, sa {{formatnum:170}} milimetro nga ulan, ug ang kinaugahan Nobiyembre, sa {{formatnum:78}} milimetro.<ref name = "nasarain"/> {| |- |{{climate chart | Berlin Mountain | -12| -8| 106 | -11| -6| 83 | -7| 2| 82 | 3| 14| 95 | 8| 19| 151 | 12| 19| 170 | 16| 20| 143 | 16| 21| 123 | 12| 18| 114 | 6| 13| 112 | -3| 6| 78 | -8| -4| 147 |float=left |clear=left |source = <ref name = "nasa"/> }} |} {{Location map|United States |float = right |width=300 | caption = Nahimutangan sa Berlin Mountain sa Tinipong Bansa. | label = Berlin Mountain|position=left|background=white|lat=42.69202|long=-73.28622}} == Saysay == <references group="saysay"/> == Ang mga gi basihan niini == <references> <ref name = "gn5108864">[{{Geonameslink|gnid=5108864|name=berlin%20mountain}} Berlin Mountain] sa [{{Geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (cc-by)]; post updated 2006-01-15; database download sa 2017-02-28</ref> <ref name = "vp">{{Cite web |url= {{Viewfinderlink}}|title= Viewfinder Panoramas Digital elevation Model|date= 2015-06-21|format= }}</ref> <ref name = "nasapop">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=SEDAC_POP|title= NASA Earth Observations: Population Density|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA/SEDAC}}</ref> <ref name = "nasalandcover">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=MCD12C1_T1|title= NASA Earth Observations: Land Cover Classification|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA/MODIS}}</ref> <ref name = "koppen">{{cite journal |last= Peel|first= M C|last2= Finlayson|first2= B L|date= |title= Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification| url = http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html |journal= Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|publisher= |volume= 11|issue= |pages= 1633-1644|doi= 10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007|access-date=30 Enero 2016}}</ref> <ref name = "nasa">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|title= NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA}}</ref> <ref name = "nasarain">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M|title= NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission}}</ref> </references> [[Kategoriya:Kabukiran sa New York (estado)]] [[Kategoriya:Kabukiran sa Massachusetts (estado sa Tinipong Bansa)]] [[Kategoriya:Kabukiran sa Tinipong Bansa nga mas taas kay sa 500 metros ibabaw sa dagat nga lebel]] 4i7afkv1rgwg8xt02xlt9y3qet7zl3p 0 8588736 37103208 34573936 2026-09-21T19:51:39Z Peter James 28395 37103208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{paghimo ni bot|Lsjbot|Tinipong Bansa|date=2017-08}} {{geobox | 1 = Region <!-- *** Header *** --> | name = Westchester County | native_name = Comté de Westchester | other_name = Condado de Westchester | category = Kondado | official_name = | etymology = | motto = | nickname = <!-- *** Image *** --> | image = Westchester Montage.jpg | image_caption = <!-- *** Symbols *** --> | flag = | symbol = <!-- *** Admin *** --> | country = {{flag|Tinipong Bansa}} | country_flag = | state = [[New York (estado)|New York]] | state_type = Estado | region = | region_type = | district = | district_type = | economic_region = | economic_region_type = <!-- *** Associated with *** --> | border = | part = | city = | landmark = | river = <!-- *** Location *** --> | capital = White Plains | capital_type = | capital_location = | capital_region = | capital_country = | capital_elevation = | capital_lat_d = | capital_lat_m = | capital_lat_s = | capital_lat_NS = | capital_long_d = | capital_long_m = | capital_long_s = | capital_long_EW = | highest = | highest_location = | highest_region = | highest_country = | highest_elevation = | highest_lat_d = | highest_lat_m = | highest_lat_s = | highest_lat_NS = | highest_long_d = | highest_long_m = | highest_long_s = | highest_long_EW = | lowest = | lowest_location = | lowest_region = | lowest_country = | lowest_elevation = | lowest_lat_d = | lowest_lat_m = | lowest_lat_s = | lowest_lat_NS = | lowest_long_d = | lowest_long_m = | lowest_long_s = | lowest_long_EW = <!-- *** Dimensions *** --> | length = | length_orientation = | width = | width_orientation = | area = 1.30 | area_decimals = <!-- *** Population *** --> | population = 949113 | population_date = | population_density = auto | established = | date = | government_location = | government_region = | government_country = | government_elevation = | government_lat_d = | government_lat_m = | government_lat_s = | government_lat_NS = | government_long_d = | government_long_m = | government_long_s = | government_long_EW = | leader = | leader_party = <!-- *** Codes *** --> | timezone = [[Eastern Standard Time|EST]] | utc_offset = -5 | timezone_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]] | utc_offset_DST = -4 | postal_code = | area_code = | code = <!-- *** Free *** --> | free = HPN | free_type = [[IATA]] | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | map_locator_x = | map_locator_y = <!-- *** Website *** --> | website = <!-- *** Notes *** --> | footnotes = | lat_d = 41.15148 | long_d = -73.75339 | elevation = 187 | population_note = ^{gikan sa frwiki} | timezone_label = America/New_York | map2 = Map of New York highlighting Westchester County.svg }} <!--A.ADM2-->[[administratibo nga mga dibisyon sa Tinipong Bansa|Kondado]] ang '''Westchester County''' ([[Prinanses]]: '''Comté de Westchester''', [[Kinatsila]]: '''Condado de Westchester''') sa [[Tinipong Bansa]].<ref name = "gn5144050"/> Nahimutang ni sa estado sa <!--ADM1-->[[New York (estado)|New York]], sa sidlakang bahin sa nasod, {{formatnum:400}} km sa amihanan-sidlakan sa [[Washington, D.C.]] Adunay <!--pop-->{{formatnum:949113}} ka molupyo.<ref name = "frwiki"/> Naglangkob kin og {{formatnum:1.3}} ka kilometro kwadrado. Westchester County mopakigbahin sa usa ka utlanan sa [[Putnam County (kondado sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Putnam County]], [[Fairfield County (kondado sa Tinipong Bansa, Connecticut)|Fairfield County]], [[Bergen County]], [[Rockland County]], [[Nassau County (kondado sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Nassau County]], [[The Bronx (kapital sa kondado sa Tinipong Bansa)|The Bronx]], [[Orange County (kondado sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Orange County]], ug [[New York City (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa)|New York City]] ang ulohan sa nasod. Ang yuta sa Westchester County kay patag.{{efn|group=saysay|Kalkulado gikan sa gitas-on data (DEM 3") gikan sa Viewfinder Panoramas.<ref name = "vp"/> Ang bug-os nga algoritmo anaa [https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Projekt_DotNetWikiBot_Framework/Lsjbot/Make-Geonames dinhi].}} Mga lungsod sa Westchester County: * [[Yonkers]] * [[Greenburgh]] * [[New Rochelle]] * [[Mount Vernon (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Mount Vernon]] * [[White Plains (kapital sa kondado)|White Plains]] * [[Port Chester (lungsod)|Port Chester]] * [[Harrison (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Harrison]] * [[Ossining]] * [[Peekskill]] * [[Eastchester (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa, Westchester County)|Eastchester]] * [[Mamaroneck]] * [[Scarsdale]] * [[Rye (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Rye]] * [[Jefferson Valley-Yorktown]] * [[Jefferson Valley]] * [[Tarrytown]] * [[Mount Kisco]] * [[Dobbs Ferry]] * [[Sleepy Hollow (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County, lat 41,09, long -73,86)|Sleepy Hollow]] * [[Rye Brook]] * [[Croton-on-Hudson]] * [[Briarcliff Manor]] * [[Hastings-on-Hudson]] * [[Greenville (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Greenville]] * [[Pleasantville (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Pleasantville]] * [[Pelham (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Pelham]] * [[Tuckahoe (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Tuckahoe]] * [[Irvington (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Irvington]] * [[Bronxville]] * [[Lake Mohegan (lungsod)|Lake Mohegan]] * [[Larchmont]] * [[Pelham Manor]] * [[Hartsdale]] * [[Pound Ridge]] * [[Elmsford]] * [[Purchase]] * [[Hawthorne (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Hawthorne]] * [[Ardsley]] * [[Armonk]] * [[Heritage Hills (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Heritage Hills]] * [[Thornwood]] * [[Valhalla (lungsod)|Valhalla]] * [[Fairview (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Fairview]] * [[Bedford Hills]] * [[Montrose (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Montrose]] * [[Crompond]] * [[Buchanan (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Buchanan]] * [[Shrub Oak]] * [[Shenorock]] * [[Bedford (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Bedford]] * [[Yorktown Heights]] * [[Verplanck]] * [[Katonah]] * [[Goldens Bridge]] * [[Crugers]] * [[Lincolndale]] * [[Chappaqua]] * [[Scotts Corners]] Sa mosunod nga mga natural nga mga bahin makita sa Westchester County: * Mga luuk: :* [[Bear Gutter Inlet]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Cedar Island Inlet]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Croton Bay]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Delancey Cove]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Echo Bay (luuk sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Echo Bay]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Greens Cove]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Gutter Inlet]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Horseshoe Harbor (luuk sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Horseshoe Harbor]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Kniffins Cove]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Larchmont Harbor]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Lents Cove]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Little Harbor Sound]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Louden Cove]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Mamaroneck Harbor]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Milton Harbor]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Monroe Inlet]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Parks Cove (luuk sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Parks Cove]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Peekskill Bay]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Pleasantville Cove]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Port Chester Harbor]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Sandy Cove (luuk sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Sandy Cove]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Spanish Cove]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Webers Cove]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Wetzler Cove]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Woodmans Cove (luuk sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Woodmans Cove]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) * Mga kalapukan: :* [[Cedar Swamp (kalapukan sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Cedar Swamp]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) :* [[Cranberry Meadows]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) :* [[Gedney Swamp]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) :* [[Great Swamp (kalapukan sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Great Swamp]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) :* [[Pitch Swamp]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) :* [[Red Maple Swamp]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) * Mga suba: :* [[Angle Fly Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Annsville Creek]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Bailey Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Bailey Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Barney Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Barney Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Bear Gutter Creek]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Beaver Swamp Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Beaver Swamp Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Blind Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Blind Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Broad Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Broad Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Broccy Creek]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Burling Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Caney Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Chappaqua Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Cornell Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Crook Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Crook Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Cross River (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Cross River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Croton River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Davis Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Davis Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Dickey Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Dickey Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[East Branch Byram River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[East Branch Croton River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[East Branch Silvermine River (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|East Branch Silvermine River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[East Creek (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|East Creek]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Fulton Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa)|Fulton Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Furnace Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Furnace Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Gedney Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Gory Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Grassy Sprain Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Green Briar Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Guion Creek (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Guion Creek]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Hallocks Mill Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Hunter Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Hunter Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Indian Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Indian Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Kisco River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Laurel Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Laurel Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Mamaroneck River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Manursing Island Creek]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[McGregory Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Mill River (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Mill River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Mine Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Mine Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Mohegan Outlet]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Mopus Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Muscoot River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Nanny Hagen Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[New Rochelle Creek]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[North Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|North Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Otter Creek (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Otter Creek]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Pine Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Pine Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Piping Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Plum Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Plum Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Pocantico River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Premium River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Purdy Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa)|Purdy Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Rockefeller Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Rum Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Rum Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Saw Mill River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Scotts Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Scotts Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Shallow Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Shallow Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Sheldon Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Sheldon Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Sheldrake River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Shrub Oak Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Sing Sing Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Sparta Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Sprain Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Sprain Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Sprout Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Sprout Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Stone Hill River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Sunnyside Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Tercia Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Titicus River (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Titicus River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Troublesome Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Waccabuc River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Wampus River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Washburn Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Washburn Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Washington Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Washington Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[West Branch Croton River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[West Branch Mamaroneck River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[West Branch Silvermine River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Wickers Creek]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) * Mga kanal: :* [[Delaware Aqueduct]] (<!--H.CNL-->[[kanal]]) :* [[New Croton Aqueduct]] (<!--H.CNL-->[[kanal]]) :* [[Old Croton Aqueduct (kanal sa Tinipong Bansa, lat 41,20, long -73,87)|Old Croton Aqueduct]] (<!--H.CNL-->[[kanal]]) :* [[Old Croton Aqueduct (kanal sa Tinipong Bansa, lat 41,09, long -73,86)|Old Croton Aqueduct]] (<!--H.CNL-->[[kanal]]) * Mga tubud: :* [[Gramatan Springs]] (<!--H.SPNG-->[[tubud]]) * Mga lanaw: :* [[Ailes Lake]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Amawalk Reservoir]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Bakwin Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Bear Ridge Lake]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Beaver Lake (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Beaver Lake]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Beech Hill Pond (tubiganan)|Beech Hill Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Beechmont Lake]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Bloomingdale Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Blue Heron Lake (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Blue Heron Lake]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Blue Lake (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Blue Lake]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Broccy Creek Reservoir]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Bronxville Lake]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Browns Reservoir (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Browns Reservoir]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Byram Lake Reservoir]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Calder Lake (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa)|Calder Lake]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Camp Field Reservoir]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Campfire Lake (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Campfire Lake]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Carpenter Pond (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Carpenter Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Choate Pond (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Choate Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Cliffdale Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Cobamong Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Cockrene Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Colabaugh Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Converse Lake (tubiganan)|Converse Lake]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Cranberry Lakes (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Cranberry Lakes]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Crane Pond (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Crane Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Crestwood Lake (lanaw)|Crestwood Lake]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Crom Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Cross River Reservoir]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Crystal Lake (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Crystal Lake]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Davis Pond (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Davis Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Deer Pond (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Deer Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Dickerson Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Dickiebusch Lake]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Dream Lake (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County, lat 41,22, long -73,82)|Dream Lake]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Dream Lake (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County, lat 41,23, long -73,87)|Dream Lake]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Duck Pond (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County, lat 40,98, long -73,72)|Duck Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Duck Pond (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County, lat 40,99, long -73,79)|Duck Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Duck Pond (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County, lat 41,20, long -73,88)|Duck Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Echo Lake (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Echo Lake]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Fergusons Lake (tubiganan)|Fergusons Lake]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Forest Lake (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Forest Lake]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Fort Field Reservoir]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Frankcrest Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Freemont Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Furnace Brook Lake]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Gate of Heaven Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Gedney Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Giffords Lake]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Gilmore Pond (tubiganan)|Gilmore Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Glendale Lake (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Glendale Lake]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Glenwood Lake (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Glenwood Lake]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Godeman Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Grassy Sprain Reservoir]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Gregory Pond (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Gregory Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Hardscrabble Lake (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Hardscrabble Lake]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Hartsdale Lake]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Heaptaugua Lake]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Hemingways Lake]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Hemlock Lake (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Hemlock Lake]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Highland Lake (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Highland Lake]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Hillview Reservoir]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Howlands Lake]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Huguenot Lake]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Ice Pond (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Ice Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Indian Brook Reservoir (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Indian Brook Reservoir]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Irvington Reservoir]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Journeys End Lake]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Kemeys Cove]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Kensico Lake]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Kensico Reservoir]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Kinderogen Lake]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Kirby Pond (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Kirby Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Lake Dixon (tubiganan)|Lake Dixon]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Lake Hawthorne]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Lake Ida (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Lake Ida]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Lake Katonah]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Lake Kitchawan]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Lake Lincolndale]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Lake Marie (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Lake Marie]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Lake Meahagh]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Lake Mitchell (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Lake Mitchell]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Lake Mohegan (lanaw)|Lake Mohegan]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Lake Rippowam]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Lake Shenorock]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Lake Waccabuc]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Laurel Lake (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Laurel Lake]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Little Lake (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Little Lake]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Locust Avenue Lake]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Lodge Pool]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Long Pond (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Long Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Loretta Lake (lanaw)|Loretta Lake]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Lounsbury Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Lower Lake (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Lower Lake]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Mallard Lake (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Mallard Lake]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Mamaroneck Reservoir]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Mead Pond (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, Westchester County)|Mead Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Mianus Reservoir (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Mianus Reservoir]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Mill Pond (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Mill Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Miller Pond (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Miller Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Mohansic Lake]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Munson Pond (tubiganan)|Munson Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Muscoot Reservoir]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Naumburg Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Nelson Pond (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Nelson Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Neptune Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[New Croton Reservoir]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[North Lake (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|North Lake]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Oceola Lake]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Oliver Pond (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Oliver Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Oscaleta Lake]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Ossining Reservoir]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Paine Lake (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Paine Lake]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Pea Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Pelham Lake (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Pelham Lake]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Penelope Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Petersons Pond (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Petersons Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Pine Lake (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County, lat 41,25, long -73,89)|Pine Lake]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Pine Lake (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County, lat 41,31, long -73,58)|Pine Lake]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Playland Lake (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Playland Lake]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Pleasant Lake (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Pleasant Lake]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Pocantico Lake]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Potters Pond (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Potters Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Premium Millpond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Purdy Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Quarry Lake (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Quarry Lake]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Quarry Lakes]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Railroad Pond (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Railroad Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Reservoir Number One (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Reservoir Number One]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Reservoir Number Three (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Reservoir Number Three]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Reservoir Number Two (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Reservoir Number Two]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Robin Hood Lake (tubiganan)|Robin Hood Lake]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Rockhill Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Royall Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Rye Lake (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa)|Rye Lake]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Scotts Reservoir]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Shadow Lake (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Shadow Lake]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Sheldrake Lake (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa)|Sheldrake Lake]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Silver Lake (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Silver Lake]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Siscowit Reservoir]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Sparkle Lake (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa)|Sparkle Lake]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Spring Lake (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Spring Lake]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Spruce Lake (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Spruce Lake]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Spy Pond (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Spy Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Still Lake (tubiganan)|Still Lake]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Swan Lake (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Swan Lake]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Tarrytown Reservoir]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Teatown Lake]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Tercia Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[The Lake in the Ledges]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Titicus Reservoir]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Titus Millpond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Todds Pond (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Todds Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Trinity Lake (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Trinity Lake]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Truesdale Lake]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Twin Lakes (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County, lat 41,19, long -73,61)|Twin Lakes]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Twin Lakes (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County, lat 41,26, long -73,86)|Twin Lakes]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Wallace Pond (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Wallace Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Wampus Lake Reservoir]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Van Amringe Millpond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Vernay Lake]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Whatmores Lake]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Whippoorwill Lake (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Whippoorwill Lake]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[White Plains Reservoir Number One]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[White Plains Reservoir Number Two]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Willow Lake (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Willow Lake]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Windmill Lake (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Windmill Lake]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Woodlands Lake]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) * Mga patag: :* [[Hassock Meadow]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[The Flat (patag sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|The Flat]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[The Flats (patag sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County, lat 41,13, long -73,79)|The Flats]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) :* [[The Flats (patag sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County, lat 40,96, long -73,74)|The Flats]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) * Mga estretso: :* [[Dark Hollow (agianan)|Dark Hollow]] (<!--H.CHN-->[[estretso]]) * Mga lapyahan: :* [[Oakland Beach]] (<!--T.BCH-->[[lapyahan]]) :* [[Rye Beach]] (<!--T.BCH-->[[lapyahan]]) * Kapuloan: :* [[Bloomer Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Causeway Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Causeway Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Cedar Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Cedar Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Clifford Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Clifford Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Columbia Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Columbia Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Crab Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Crab Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Crane Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Crane Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Davids Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Davids Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Deer Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Deer Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Dover Kill Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Duck Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Duck Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Echo Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Echo Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Fish Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Fish Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Flat Rock Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa)|Flat Rock Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Fox Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Fox Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Georges Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Georges Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Glen Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Glen Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Goose Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County, lat 40,88, long -73,78)|Goose Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Goose Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County, lat 41,05, long -73,74)|Goose Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Great Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Great Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Harrison Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Harrison Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Hen Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Hen Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Huckleberry Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Huckleberry Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Manursing Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Neptune Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Neptune Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[North Manursing Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Oak Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Oak Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Oscawana Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Paradise Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Paradise Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Pea Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Pea Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Pine Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County, lat 40,90, long -73,76)|Pine Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Pine Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County, lat 40,95, long -73,68)|Pine Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Sedge Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Sedge Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Shootfly Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Spike Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Spike Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Tank Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Tank Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Travers Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa)|Travers Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Wright Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Wright Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) * Nga bato nga pormasyon: :* [[Anthonys Nose (pangpang sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Anthonys Nose]] (<!--T.CLF-->[[pangpang]]) :* [[Raven Rocks (pangpang sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Raven Rocks]] (<!--T.CLF-->[[pangpang]]) * Mga bungtod: :* [[Bear Ridge (tagaytay sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Bear Ridge]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Cabin Ridge (tagaytay sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Cabin Ridge]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Castle Ridge (tagaytay sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Castle Ridge]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Chestnut Ridge (tagaytay sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Chestnut Ridge]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Flewellen Ridge]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Flintlock Ridge]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Gibses Ridge]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Valley Ridge (tagaytay sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Valley Ridge]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) :* [[Wilson Ridge (tagaytay sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Wilson Ridge]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) * Mga lawis: :* [[Bates Point (punta sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Bates Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Beaufort Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Big Peninsula]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Budds Neck]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Burying Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Cedar Point (punta sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County, lat 40,93, long -73,74)|Cedar Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Cedar Point (punta sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County, lat 41,28, long -73,81)|Cedar Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Charles Point (punta sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Charles Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Crawbuckie Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Croton Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Davenport Neck]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Delancey Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Duck Point (punta sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Duck Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Edgewater Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Enochs Neck]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Flat Point (punta sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Flat Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Greacen Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Guion Neck]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Harbor Island (punta)|Harbor Island]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Indian Point (punta sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County, lat 41,27, long -73,95)|Indian Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Indian Point (punta sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County, lat 40,94, long -73,73)|Indian Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Kingsland Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Maries Neck]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Middle Neck (punta sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Middle Neck]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Milton Point (punta sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Milton Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Montrose Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Northwest Point (punta sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Northwest Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Orienta Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Parsonage Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Peningo Neck]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Premium Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Roa Hook]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Rocky Point (punta sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Rocky Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Rye Point (punta sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Rye Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Satans Toe (punta)|Satans Toe]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Tellers Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Travis Point (punta sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Travis Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Umbrella Point (punta sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Umbrella Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Verplanck Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) * Mga walog: :* [[Deer Hollow (walog sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Deer Hollow]] (<!--T.VAL-->[[walog]]) :* [[Halle Ravine]] (<!--T.VAL-->[[walog]]) :* [[Honey Hollow (libaong)|Honey Hollow]] (<!--T.DPR-->[[libaong]]) :* [[Mianus Gorge]] (<!--T.VAL-->[[walog]]) :* [[Sleepy Hollow (walog sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County, lat 41,10, long -73,85)|Sleepy Hollow]] (<!--T.VAL-->[[walog]]) :* [[Wildcat Hollow (walog sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Wildcat Hollow]] (<!--T.VAL-->[[walog]]) * Mga lasang: :* [[Butler Woods]] (<!--V.FRST-->[[lasang]]) :* [[Kitchawan Woods]] (<!--V.FRST-->[[lasang]]) * Kabukiran: :* [[Academy Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Academy Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Bald Mountain (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Bald Mountain]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Battle Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Battle Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Beaver Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Beaver Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Becks Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Becks Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Beech Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Beech Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Blackwell Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Blackwell Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Blackwells Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Blue Mountain (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Blue Mountain]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Budds Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Bull Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Bull Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Burial Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Burial Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Buttermilk Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Buttermilk Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Candlewood Hills]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cat Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Cat Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Catamount Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Catamount Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cedar Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Cedar Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Chappaqua Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Chatterton Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Collaberg Mountain (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, Westchester County)|Collaberg Mountain]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Coman Hills]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Cooney Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Creek Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Creek Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Cronins Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Crow Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Crow Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Dickerson Mountain]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Drum Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Drum Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[East Long Pond Mountain]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Emery Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Emery Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Fisher Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County, lat 41,05, long -73,76)|Fisher Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Fisher Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County, lat 41,02, long -73,78)|Fisher Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Fishs Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Fox Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Fox Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[French Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|French Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Ganungs Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Great Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Great Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Guard Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Guard Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Hackley Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Halls Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Halls Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Harvey Birch Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Hays Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Hays Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Hessian Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[High Point (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|High Point]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Hog Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Hog Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Indian Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County, lat 41,34, long -73,80)|Indian Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Indian Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County, lat 41,21, long -73,63)|Indian Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Jacobs Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Jacobs Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Jones Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Jones Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Kennelwood Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Kykuit Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Long Pond Mountain (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Long Pond Mountain]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Manitou Mountain (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa)|Manitou Mountain]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[McKesson Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Motts Hill (bukid)|Motts Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Mount Airy Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Mount Aspetong]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Mount Zion (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Mount Zion]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Nodine Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Nonames Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Nordica Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[North Mountain (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|North Mountain]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[O'Briens Hill (bukid)|O'Briens Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Oil Mill Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Pell Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Pigeon Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Pigeon Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Pocantico Hills]] (<!--T.MTS-->[[kabukiran]]) :* [[Post Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Post Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Prickly Pear Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Prickly Pear Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Prospect Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Prospect Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Purdy Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Purdy Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Ray Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Ray Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Reynolds Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Reynolds Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Round Top (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Round Top]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Saint Elmo Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Saint Gabriels Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Salt Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Salt Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Sarles Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Snake Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Snake Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Spitzenberg Mountain]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Stayback Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Tappan Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Teatown Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Thealls Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Titicus Mountain (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Titicus Mountain]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Torment Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Turkey Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Turkey Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Turkey Mountain (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Turkey Mountain]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Valentine Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Valentine Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Washington Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County, lat 41,02, long -73,83)|Washington Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Washington Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County, lat 41,27, long -73,95)|Washington Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Villard Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Winterburn Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) * Kagaangan: :* [[Aunt Phebe Rock]] (<!--T.BAR-->[[piliw]]) :* [[Bailey Rock (piliw sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Bailey Rock]] (<!--T.BAR-->[[piliw]]) :* [[Black Tom]] (<!--T.BAR-->[[piliw]]) :* [[Bluefish Shoal]] (<!--T.BAR-->[[piliw]]) :* [[Emerald Rock]] (<!--T.BAR-->[[piliw]]) :* [[Execution Rocks]] (<!--T.BAR-->[[piliw]]) :* [[Forbes Rocks]] (<!--T.BAR-->[[piliw]]) :* [[Forlies Rocks]] (<!--T.BAR-->[[piliw]]) :* [[Glover Reef (piliw)|Glover Reef]] (<!--T.BAR-->[[piliw]]) :* [[Hen and Chickens (piliw sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Hen and Chickens]] (<!--T.BAR-->[[piliw]]) :* [[Hicks Ledge]] (<!--T.BAR-->[[piliw]]) :* [[Manursing Island Reef]] (<!--T.BAR-->[[piliw]]) :* [[Middle Ground (piliw sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)|Middle Ground]] (<!--T.BAR-->[[piliw]]) :* [[North Ledge (piliw sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|North Ledge]] (<!--T.BAR-->[[piliw]]) :* [[Outer Steamboat Rock]] (<!--T.BAR-->[[piliw]]) :* [[Pops Rocks]] (<!--T.BAR-->[[piliw]]) :* [[Porgy Shoal]] (<!--T.BAR-->[[piliw]]) :* [[Scotch Caps]] (<!--T.BAR-->[[piliw]]) :* [[Ship Rock (piliw sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Ship Rock]] (<!--T.BAR-->[[piliw]]) :* [[South Ledge (piliw sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|South Ledge]] (<!--T.BAR-->[[piliw]]) :* [[Spindle Rock (piliw sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Spindle Rock]] (<!--T.BAR-->[[piliw]]) :* [[Stevens Rock (piliw sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)|Stevens Rock]] (<!--T.BAR-->[[piliw]]) :* [[Table Rock (piliw)|Table Rock]] (<!--T.BAR-->[[piliw]]) :* [[Transport Rock]] (<!--T.BAR-->[[piliw]]) :* [[Turkey Rock (piliw)|Turkey Rock]] (<!--T.BAR-->[[piliw]]) :* [[West Rock (piliw)|West Rock]] (<!--T.BAR-->[[piliw]]) Ang klima [[klima sa kontinente]].<ref name = "koppen"/> Ang kasarangang giiniton {{formatnum:10}} [[°C]]. Ang kinainitan nga bulan Agosto, sa {{formatnum:22}}&nbsp;[[°C]], ug ang kinabugnawan Enero, sa {{formatnum:-4}}&nbsp;°C.<ref name = "nasa"/> Ang kasarangang pag-ulan {{formatnum:1390}} milimetro matag tuig. Ang kinabasaan nga bulan Disyembre, sa {{formatnum:161}} milimetro nga ulan, ug ang kinaugahan Oktubre, sa {{formatnum:73}} milimetro.<ref name = "nasarain"/> {| |- |{{climate chart | Westchester County | -6| -3| 118 | -5| 3| 128 | -2| 8| 82 | 5| 17| 114 | 12| 21| 133 | 16| 23| 156 | 17| 25| 129 | 18| 25| 116 | 16| 23| 84 | 8| 15| 73 | 3| 9| 98 | -5| 2| 161 |float=left |clear=left |source = <ref name = "nasa"/> }} |} {{Location map|United States |float = right |width=300 | caption = Nahimutangan sa Westchester County sa Tinipong Bansa. | label = Westchester County|position=left|background=white|lat=41.15148|long=-73.75339}} == Saysay == <references group="saysay"/> == Ang mga gi basihan niini == <references> <ref name = "gn5144050">[{{Geonameslink|gnid=5144050|name=westchester%20county}} Westchester County] sa [{{Geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (cc-by)]; post updated 2013-11-26; database download sa 2017-02-28</ref> <ref name = "frwiki">(gikopiya gikan sa frwiki 2015-07-20)</ref> <ref name = "vp">{{Cite web |url= {{Viewfinderlink}}|title= Viewfinder Panoramas Digital elevation Model|date= 2015-06-21|format= }}</ref> <ref name = "koppen">{{cite journal |last= Peel|first= M C|last2= Finlayson|first2= B L|date= |title= Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification| url = http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html |journal= Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|publisher= |volume= 11|issue= |pages= 1633-1644|doi= 10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007|access-date=30 Enero 2016}}</ref> <ref name = "nasa">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|title= NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA}}</ref> <ref name = "nasarain">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M|title= NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission}}</ref> </references> == Gikan sa gawas nga tinubdan== {{commonscat|Westchester County, New York|Westchester County}} [[Kategoriya:Mga subdibisyon sa New York (estado)]] k1tdpth52myu6far2q1ff8wwjtdc9fm 0 8591484 37103209 34599614 2026-09-21T19:57:24Z Peter James 28395 37103209 wikitext text/x-wiki {{paghimo ni bot|Lsjbot|Tinipong Bansa|date=2017-08}} :''Alang sa ubang mga dapit sa mao gihapon nga ngalan, tan-awa ang [[Creek Hill]].'' {{geobox | 1 = Mountain <!-- *** Header *** --> | name = Creek Hill | native_name = | other_name = Hall Hill | other_name1 = Hawes Hill | category = Bukid | etymology = <!-- *** Image *** --> | image = | image_caption = <!-- *** Administrative *** --> | country = {{flag|Tinipong Bansa}} | country_flag = | state = [[New York (estado)|New York]] | region = [[Westchester County]] | district = | municipality = <!-- *** Mountain range *** --> | range = <!-- *** Position and height *** --> | location = | elevation = 66 | elevation_note = | prominence = | prominence_note = | lat_d = 41.3075 | lat_m = | lat_s = | lat_NS = | long_d = -73.90833 | long_m = | long_s = | long_EW = <!-- *** Properties *** --> | geology = | orogeny = | period = | biome = | plant = | animal = <!-- *** Access *** --> | public = | access = | ascent = | ascent_date = <!-- *** Free *** --> | free = | free_type = <!-- *** Maps *** --> | map = | map_caption = | map_locator_x = | map_locator_y = <!-- *** Notes *** --> | footnotes = | state_type = Estado | region_type = Kondado | timezone_label = America/New_York | utc_offset = -5 | utc_offset_DST = -4 | timezone = [[Eastern Standard Time|EST]] | timezone_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]] | geonames = 7244141 }} <!--T.MT-->[[Bukid]] ang '''Creek Hill''' sa [[Tinipong Bansa]].<ref name = "gn7244141"/> Ang Creek Hill nahimutang sa kondado sa <!--ADM2-->[[Westchester County]] ug estado sa <!--ADM1-->[[New York (estado)|New York]], sa sidlakang bahin sa nasod, {{formatnum:400}} km sa amihanan-sidlakan sa ulohang dakbayan [[Washington, D.C.]] {{formatnum:66}} metros ibabaw sa dagat kahaboga ang nahimutangan sa Creek Hill.<ref name = "gn7244141"/> Ang yuta palibot sa Creek Hill kay kabungtoran sa amihang-kasadpan, apan sa habagatang-sidlakan nga kini mao ang patag.{{efn|group=saysay|Kalkulado gikan sa pakigbingkil sa tanan nga gitas-on data (DEM 3") gikan sa Viewfinder Panoramas, sa sulod sa 10 ka kilometro radius.<ref name = "vp"/> Ang bug-os nga algoritmo anaa [https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Projekt_DotNetWikiBot_Framework/Lsjbot/Make-Geonames dinhi].}} Ang kinahabogang dapit sa palibot dunay gihabogon nga {{formatnum:170}} ka metro ug {{formatnum:1.1 }} km sa habagatan-sidlakan sa Creek Hill.{{efn|group=saysay|Kalkulado gikan sa gitas-on data (DEM 3") gikan sa Viewfinder Panoramas.<ref name = "vp"/> Ang bug-os nga algoritmo anaa [https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Projekt_DotNetWikiBot_Framework/Lsjbot/Make-Geonames dinhi].}} Dunay mga {{formatnum:166}} ka tawo kada kilometro kwadrado sa palibot sa Creek Hill medyo hilabihan populasyon.<ref name = "nasapop"/> Ang kinadul-ang mas dakong lungsod mao ang [[Peekskill]], {{formatnum:2.2}} km sa habagatan-kasadpan sa Creek Hill. Hapit nalukop sa [[lasang]] nga [[tigkapulak]] ang palibot sa Creek Hill.<ref name = "nasalandcover"/> Sa rehiyon palibot sa Creek Hill, mga lanaw talagsaon komon.{{efn|group=saysay|Mas sulod sa 20 ka kilometro gilay-on itandi sa average nga densidad sa Yuta, sumala sa GeoNames.<ref name = "gn7244141"/>}} Ang klima [[klima sa kontinente]].<ref name = "koppen"/> Ang kasarangang giiniton {{formatnum:10}} [[°C]]. Ang kinainitan nga bulan Hulyo, sa {{formatnum:22}}&nbsp;[[°C]], ug ang kinabugnawan Enero, sa {{formatnum:-4}}&nbsp;°C.<ref name = "nasa"/> Ang kasarangang pag-ulan {{formatnum:1390}} milimetro matag tuig. Ang kinabasaan nga bulan Disyembre, sa {{formatnum:161}} milimetro nga ulan, ug ang kinaugahan Oktubre, sa {{formatnum:73}} milimetro.<ref name = "nasarain"/> {| |- |{{climate chart | Creek Hill | -5| -2| 118 | -6| 3| 128 | -2| 7| 82 | 6| 18| 114 | 11| 20| 133 | 16| 25| 156 | 18| 25| 129 | 18| 25| 116 | 16| 22| 84 | 9| 15| 73 | 2| 9| 98 | -3| 3| 161 |float=left |clear=left |source = <ref name = "nasa"/> }} |} {{Location map|United States |float = right |width=300 | caption = Nahimutangan sa Creek Hill sa Tinipong Bansa. | label = Creek Hill|position=left|background=white|lat=41.3075|long=-73.90833}} == Saysay == <references group="saysay"/> == Ang mga gi basihan niini == <references> <ref name = "gn7244141">[{{Geonameslink|gnid=7244141|name=creek%20hill}} Creek Hill] sa [{{Geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (cc-by)]; post updated 2009-05-18; database download sa 2017-02-28</ref> <ref name = "vp">{{Cite web |url= {{Viewfinderlink}}|title= Viewfinder Panoramas Digital elevation Model|date= 2015-06-21|format= }}</ref> <ref name = "nasapop">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=SEDAC_POP|title= NASA Earth Observations: Population Density|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA/SEDAC}}</ref> <ref name = "nasalandcover">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=MCD12C1_T1|title= NASA Earth Observations: Land Cover Classification|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA/MODIS}}</ref> <ref name = "koppen">{{cite journal |last= Peel|first= M C|last2= Finlayson|first2= B L|date= |title= Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification| url = http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html |journal= Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|publisher= |volume= 11|issue= |pages= 1633-1644|doi= 10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007|access-date=30 Enero 2016}}</ref> <ref name = "nasa">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|title= NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA}}</ref> <ref name = "nasarain">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M|title= NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission}}</ref> </references> [[Kategoriya:Kabukiran sa New York (estado)]] igw5tu88arg4mow1xe0dh3w7qifx52b 0 8591571 37103206 34599762 2026-09-21T19:51:01Z Peter James 28395 Redirected page to [[Creek Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)]] 37103206 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Creek Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)]] fchfq1efns6kb81dcsejweazrbz1uzf 0 8721922 37103205 37103112 2026-09-21T19:11:07Z A09 77439 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-50730-06|~2026-50730-06]] ([[User talk:~2026-50730-06|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:EN-Jungwon|EN-Jungwon]] 34911337 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang "Burger King" usa ka internasyonal nga internasyonal nga ahensya sa pagkaon nga namaligyag [[s]]. Ang unang nabuksan nga tindahan [[1954]], [[Miami, Florida]]. Ang usa sa kinatibuk-ang Burger sa paborito nga mga paborito ni King mao ang [[hamburger]] nga gitawag og "Whopper". Sa dihang nakahukom ang Burger King sa pagpalapad sa ilang trabaho sa [[Australia]], nahibal-an nila nga ang ilang negosyo gipatik na sa usa ka runner sa usa ka gamay nga tindahan sa pagkaon nga takeaway. Sa pagkatinuod, ang unang Australian franchise sa Burger King Coporation, nga gitukod sa [[Perth, Australia | Perth]], sayop nga gimarkahan nga '''Matelaina Jack''', ginganlan ang ngalan ug gibati ang franchise Si Jack Cowin. Siguruha nga gibaligya ni Jack ang kasamtangan nga kategoriya sa burger, ingon man usa ka Australian nga espesyalista, ang Burger Aussie. Kini nga burger gibase sa lahi sa Australia [[paborito nga isda ug pagmasahe]], lakip ang mga itlog, Bacon, sibuyas ug beetroot ug karne, sarsa, ug kamatis. [[Kategoriya:Mga restawrante]] == Galeriya sa hulagway == <gallery> Burger_King_Paa_Karl_Johan.jpg Burgerkingheadquarters.jpg Whopper.jpg Burger_King_(9038037850).jpg Burger_King_sign.JPG Burger_King,_Quitman.JPG Burger_King,_FL_121,_Macclenny_(East_face).JPG Burger_King,_Cairo.JPG </gallery> rwd4mm5q0x2ghm72n1i61il1f4ng8pn 0 8978640 37103200 34503886 2026-09-21T18:54:53Z Peter James 28395 Redirected page to [[Berlin Mountain (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)]] 37103200 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Berlin Mountain (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)]] qdi606uq5ubpaxnasyc7jc3s62ue8hg 0 8979048 37103185 34504524 2026-09-21T12:40:16Z Peter James 28395 37103185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{paghimo ni bot|Lsjbot|Tinipong Bansa|date=2017-09}} :''Alang sa ubang mga dapit sa mao gihapon nga ngalan, tan-awa ang [[Bristol County]].'' {{geobox | 1 = Region <!-- *** Header *** --> | name = Bristol County | native_name = Comté de Bristol | other_name = Condado de Bristol | category = Kondado | official_name = | etymology = | motto = | nickname = <!-- *** Image *** --> | image = Bristol Superior Court Taunton.jpg | image_caption = <!-- *** Symbols *** --> | flag = | symbol = <!-- *** Admin *** --> | country = {{flag|Tinipong Bansa}} | country_flag = | state = [[Massachusetts (estado sa Tinipong Bansa)|Massachusetts]] | state_type = Estado | region = | region_type = | district = | district_type = | economic_region = | economic_region_type = <!-- *** Associated with *** --> | border = | part = | city = | landmark = | river = <!-- *** Location *** --> | capital = Taunton | capital_type = | capital_location = | capital_region = | capital_country = | capital_elevation = | capital_lat_d = | capital_lat_m = | capital_lat_s = | capital_lat_NS = | capital_long_d = | capital_long_m = | capital_long_s = | capital_long_EW = | highest = | highest_location = | highest_region = | highest_country = | highest_elevation = | highest_lat_d = | highest_lat_m = | highest_lat_s = | highest_lat_NS = | highest_long_d = | highest_long_m = | highest_long_s = | highest_long_EW = | lowest = | lowest_location = | lowest_region = | lowest_country = | lowest_elevation = | lowest_lat_d = | lowest_lat_m = | lowest_lat_s = | lowest_lat_NS = | lowest_long_d = | lowest_long_m = | lowest_long_s = | lowest_long_EW = <!-- *** Dimensions *** --> | length = | length_orientation = | width = | width_orientation = | area = 1790.00 | area_decimals = <!-- *** Population *** --> | population = 548285 | population_date = | population_density = auto | established = | date = | government_location = | government_region = | government_country = | government_elevation = | government_lat_d = | government_lat_m = | government_lat_s = | government_lat_NS = | government_long_d = | government_long_m = | government_long_s = | government_long_EW = | leader = | leader_party = <!-- *** Codes *** --> | timezone = [[Eastern Standard Time|EST]] | utc_offset = -5 | timezone_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]] | utc_offset_DST = -4 | postal_code = | area_code = | code = <!-- *** Free *** --> | free = | free_type = <!-- *** Maps *** --> | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | map_locator_x = | map_locator_y = <!-- *** Website *** --> | website = <!-- *** Notes *** --> | footnotes = | lat_d = 41.75709 | long_d = -71.08852 | elevation = 47 | population_note = ^{gikan sa frwiki} | timezone_label = America/New_York | map2 = Map of Massachusetts highlighting Bristol County.svg }} <!--A.ADM2-->[[administratibo nga mga dibisyon sa Tinipong Bansa|Kondado]] ang '''Bristol County''' ([[Prinanses]]: '''Comté de Bristol''', [[Kinatsila]]: '''Condado de Bristol''') sa [[Tinipong Bansa]].<ref name = "gn4931378"/> Nahimutang ni sa estado sa <!--ADM1-->[[Massachusetts (estado sa Tinipong Bansa)|Massachusetts]], sa sidlakang bahin sa nasod, {{formatnum:600}} km sa amihanan-sidlakan sa [[Washington, D.C.]] Adunay <!--pop-->{{formatnum:548285}} ka molupyo.<ref name = "frwiki"/> Naglangkob kin og {{formatnum:1790}} ka kilometro kwadrado. Bristol County mopakigbahin sa usa ka utlanan sa [[Norfolk County (kondado)|Norfolk County]], [[Plymouth County (kondado sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Plymouth County]], [[Newport County]], [[Bristol County (kondado sa Tinipong Bansa, Rhode Island)|Bristol County]], [[Providence County]], ug [[Dukes County]] ang ulohan sa nasod. Ang yuta sa Bristol County kay patag.{{efn|group=saysay|Kalkulado gikan sa gitas-on data (DEM 3") gikan sa Viewfinder Panoramas.<ref name = "vp"/> Ang bug-os nga algoritmo anaa [https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Projekt_DotNetWikiBot_Framework/Lsjbot/Make-Geonames dinhi].}} Bristol County may sa mosunod nga mga subdibisyon: * [[Taunton (kapital sa kondado sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Taunton]] Mga lungsod sa Bristol County: * [[New Bedford (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|New Bedford]] * [[Fall River (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Fall River]] * [[Taunton (kapital sa kondado sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Taunton]] * [[Attleboro]] * [[Easton (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Easton]] * [[Mansfield (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Mansfield]] * [[Norton (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Norton]] * [[Somerset (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Somerset]] * [[Swansea (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Swansea]] * [[Fairhaven (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Fairhaven]] * [[Head of Westport]] * [[Seekonk]] * [[Raynham (lungsod)|Raynham]] * [[Rehoboth (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa)|Rehoboth]] * [[Acushnet]] * [[Freetown (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Freetown]] * [[Mansfield Center (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Mansfield Center]] * [[Dighton (lungsod)|Dighton]] * [[Berkley (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Berkley]] * [[Bliss Corner]] * [[Smith Mills]] * [[North Westport]] * [[Raynham Center]] * [[Assonet]] * [[Acushnet Center]] * [[Ocean Grove (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Ocean Grove]] * [[Norton Center]] * [[North Seekonk]] Sa mosunod nga mga natural nga mga bahin makita sa Bristol County: * Mga luuk: :* [[Angeline Cove]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Apponagansett Bay]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Battleship Cove]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Breeds Cove]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Brightman Cove]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Broad Cove (luuk sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Broad Cove]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Cadman Cove]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Cedar Cove (luuk sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Cedar Cove]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Clarks Cove]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Everett Cove]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Fox Hill Cove]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Giles Creek (luuk)|Giles Creek]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Hicks Cove (luuk)|Hicks Cove]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Hulda Cove]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Lee River (luuk)|Lee River]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Little Bay (luuk sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Little Bay]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Mount Hope Bay]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Nasketucket Bay]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[North Cove (luuk sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|North Cove]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Round Cove (luuk sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Round Cove]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Shaws Cove (luuk sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Shaws Cove]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Shepherds Cove]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Slocums River]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[The Let]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) :* [[Weavers Cove]] (<!--H.BAY-->[[luuk]]) * Mga kalapukan: :* [[Acushnet Cedar Swamp]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) :* [[Allens Pond Marshes]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) :* [[Apponagansett Swamp]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) :* [[Bad Luck Swamp]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) :* [[Bay View Marshes]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) :* [[Birch Swamp]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) :* [[Bolton Cedar Swamp]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) :* [[Cedar Swamp (kalapukan sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County, lat 41,75, long -71,03)|Cedar Swamp]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) :* [[Cedar Swamp (kalapukan sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County, lat 41,82, long -71,13)|Cedar Swamp]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) :* [[Colebrook Swamp]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) :* [[Copicut Swamp]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) :* [[Crapo Bog]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) :* [[Dead Swamp (kalapukan sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Dead Swamp]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) :* [[Deerfield Swamp]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) :* [[Flag Swamp (kalapukan sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Flag Swamp]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) :* [[Hathaway Swamp (kalapukan sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Hathaway Swamp]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) :* [[Hemlock Swamp]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) :* [[Hobomock Swamp]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) :* [[Hockomock Swamp]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) :* [[King Phillips Swamp]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) :* [[Little Cedar Swamp (kalapukan sa Tinipong Bansa, Bristol County)|Little Cedar Swamp]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) :* [[Lowlands (kalapukan)|Lowlands]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) :* [[Manwhague Swamp]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) :* [[Maple Swamp (kalapukan sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Maple Swamp]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) :* [[Oak Swamp]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) :* [[Pine Swamp (kalapukan sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Pine Swamp]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) :* [[Pocasset Cedar Swamp (kalapukan sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Pocasset Cedar Swamp]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) :* [[Pond Swamp (kalapukan sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Pond Swamp]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) :* [[Poppasguash Swamp]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) :* [[Sconticut Neck Marshes]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) :* [[Shingle Island Swamp]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) :* [[South Watuppa Pond]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) :* [[Squannakonk Swamp]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) :* [[Sweedens Swamp]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) :* [[The Marsh (kalapukan sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|The Marsh]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) :* [[Titicut Swamp]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) :* [[West Island Marshes]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) :* [[Westport River East Branch Marshes]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) :* [[Westport River West Branch Marshes]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) :* [[Witch Pond Swamp]] (<!--H.SWMP-->[[kalapukan]]) * Mga suba: :* [[Abbott Run (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Abbott Run]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Acushnet River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Allen Creek (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Allen Creek]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Angeline Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Assonet River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Bad Luck Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Bassett Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Bassett Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Beaver Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Beaver Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Beaverdam Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Beaverdam Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Birch Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Birch Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Black Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Black Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Bliss Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Blossom Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Bread and Cheese Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Bungay River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Buttonwood Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Buttonwood Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Canoe River (suba sa Tinipong Bansa)|Canoe River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Carpenter Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Carpenter Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Castle Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Castle Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Chartley Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Clear Run Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Cobb Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Cobb Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Cole River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Coleman Hill Creek]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Coles Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Coles Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Copicut River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Cotley River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Dam Lot Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Deep Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Deep Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Destruction Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Dunhams Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[East Branch Palmer River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[East Branch Westport River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Fall Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County, lat 41,90, long -71,13)|Fall Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Fall Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County, lat 41,78, long -70,95)|Fall Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Forge River (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Forge River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Fourmile Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Fourmile Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Fullers Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Furnance Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Goose Branch (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Goose Branch]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Heath Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County, lat 41,75, long -71,25)|Heath Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Henkes Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Hodges Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Holloway Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Keene River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Kerby Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Kickamuit River (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Kickamuit River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[King Philip Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Labor in Vain Creek (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Bristol County)|Labor in Vain Creek]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Lewin Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Little River (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Little River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Meadow Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Meadow Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Mill River (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Mill River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Miller Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Miller Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Millers River (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Bristol County)|Millers River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Mother Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Bristol County)|Mother Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Muddy Cove Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Mulberry Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Mulberry Meadow Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Nasketucket River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Oak Swamp Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Paskamanset River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Pine Swamp Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Pine Swamp Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Poquanticut Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Poquoy Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quaker Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Quaker Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Queen Gutter Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quequechan River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Queset Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Quiquechan River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Rattlesnake Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Rattlesnake Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Robinson Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Robinson Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Rocky Run (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Rocky Run]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Rumford River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Rumney Marsh Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Runnins River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Scotts Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Scotts Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Segreganset River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Sevenmile River (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Bristol County)|Sevenmile River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Shingle Island River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Simon Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Snake River (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Snake River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Snell Creek (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Snell Creek]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Spring Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Spring Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Squam Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Steep Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Steep Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Stony Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Stony Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Sunken Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa)|Sunken Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Taunton River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Thacher Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Thacher Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[The Creek (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|The Creek]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Threemile River (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Threemile River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Torrey Creek (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Torrey Creek]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Wading River (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Wading River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[West Branch Palmer River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[West Branch Westport River]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Whitman Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Whitman Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) :* [[Wolf Plain Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) * Mga tubud: :* [[King Philip Spring]] (<!--H.SPNG-->[[tubud]]) * Mga lanaw: :* [[Acushnet River Reservoir]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Allens Pond (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Allens Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Ames Pond (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Ames Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Assonet River Reservoir]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Barrowsville Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Barstows Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Betty Spring (lanaw)|Betty Spring]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Big Bearhole Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Bigney Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Black Pond (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County, lat 41,99, long -71,28)|Black Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Black Pond (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County, lat 41,94, long -71,10)|Black Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Bleachery Ponds]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Burrs Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Cabot Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Cain Pond (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Cain Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Cards Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Cedar Dell Lake]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Chartley Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Cockeast Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Cole River Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Cook Pond (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Cook Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Coopers Pond (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Coopers Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Copicut Reservoir]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Cornell Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Dean Pond (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Dean Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Deep Pond (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Deep Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Devol Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Dodgeville Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Falls Pond (tubiganan)|Falls Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Farmers Pond (lanaw)|Farmers Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Firestone Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Flyaway Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Forge Pond (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County, lat 41,63, long -71,05)|Forge Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Forge Pond (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County, lat 41,81, long -71,05)|Forge Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Forge River Reservoir]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[French Pond (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|French Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Fulton Pond (tubiganan)|Fulton Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Furnace Pond (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Furnace Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Georges Pond (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Georges Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Greenwood Lake (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Greenwood Lake]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Gushee Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Hamlins Pond (lanaw)|Hamlins Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Hawes Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Hewitt Pond (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Hewitt Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[High Hill Reservoir]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Hoppin Hill Reservoir]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Johnson Pond (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Johnson Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Jones Pond (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Jones Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Kingman Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Kings Pond (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County, lat 41,94, long -71,06)|Kings Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Kings Pond (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County, lat 41,87, long -70,99)|Kings Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Lake Como (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Lake Como]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Lake Sabbatia]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Leach Pond (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Leach Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Lewin Brook Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Little Bearhole Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Little Cranberry Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Longwater Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Luther Reservoir (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Luther Reservoir]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Manchester Pond (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, lat 41,95, long -71,31)|Manchester Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Manchester Pond (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, lat 41,95, long -71,32)|Manchester Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Manchester Pond Reservoir]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Meadow Brook Pond (tubiganan)|Meadow Brook Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Mechanics Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Middle Pond (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Middle Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Milford Pond (tubiganan)|Milford Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Mill Pond (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County, lat 41,69, long -70,92)|Mill Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Mill River Reservoir (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, Bristol County)|Mill River Reservoir]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Monte Pond (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Monte Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Morse Pond (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Morse Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Mount Hope Pond (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Mount Hope Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Muddy Cove Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[New Bedford Reservoir]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[New Pond (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|New Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Noquochoke Lake]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Norton Reservoir (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Norton Reservoir]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Old Grist Mill Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Old Pond (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Old Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Orrs Pond (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Orrs Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Peck Pond (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Peck Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Perryville Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Prospect Hill Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Richmond Pond (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County, lat 41,88, long -71,02)|Richmond Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Richmond Pond (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County, lat 41,50, long -71,11)|Richmond Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Robin Hollow Pond (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Robin Hollow Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Robinson Pond (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Robinson Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Sabin Pond (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Sabin Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Sassaquin Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Sawdy Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Segreganset River Reservoir]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Shad Factory Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Sheppards Factory Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Shovelshop Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Somerset Reservoir (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Somerset Reservoir]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Ten Mile River Reservoir (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, lat 41,90, long -71,33)|Ten Mile River Reservoir]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Ten Mile River Reservoir (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, lat 41,91, long -71,32)|Ten Mile River Reservoir]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Terry Brook Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Thatchers Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Three Mile River]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Tinkham Pond (tubiganan)|Tinkham Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Todds Pond (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Todds Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Tracy Pond (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Tracy Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Turner Pond (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Turner Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Twinings Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Wading River Reservoir]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Ward Pond (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Ward Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Warren Reservoir (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Warren Reservoir]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Warren Upper Reservoir]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Watson Pond (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Watson Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Watuppa Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Whiteville Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Whiting Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) :* [[Wilbur Pond (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Wilbur Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Willis Pond (lanaw sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Willis Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) :* [[Winnecunnet Pond]] (<!--H.LK-->[[lanaw]]) * Mga patag: :* [[Manwhague Plain]] (<!--T.PLN-->[[patag]]) * Mga estretso: :* [[Horseneck Channel]] (<!--H.CHN-->[[estretso]]) * Mga lapyahan: :* [[Brayton Point Beach]] (<!--T.BCH-->[[lapyahan]]) :* [[East Horseneck Beach]] (<!--T.BCH-->[[lapyahan]]) :* [[Halfmoon Beach (lapyahan sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Halfmoon Beach]] (<!--T.BCH-->[[lapyahan]]) :* [[Horseneck Beach]] (<!--T.BCH-->[[lapyahan]]) :* [[Little Beach (lapyahan sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Little Beach]] (<!--T.BCH-->[[lapyahan]]) :* [[Pierce Beach]] (<!--T.BCH-->[[lapyahan]]) * Kapuloan: :* [[Angelica Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Bailey Flat (pulo)|Bailey Flat]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Bar Rock (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Bar Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Bents Ledge]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Big Pine Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Big Pine Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Big Ram Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Black Rock (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Black Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Briggs Rock (pulo)|Briggs Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Brooklyn Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Canoe Rock (pulo)|Canoe Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Cedar Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Cedar Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Church Rock (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Church Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Conspiracy Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Corys Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Crow Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Crow Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Dartmouth Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Decatur Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Dighton Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Dix Ledge]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Dogfish Ledge (pulo)|Dogfish Ledge]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Egg Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Egg Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Fatal Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Fish Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County, lat 41,64, long -70,92)|Fish Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Fish Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County, lat 41,60, long -70,85)|Fish Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Fishing Rock (pulo)|Fishing Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Flat Rock (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Flat Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Grassy Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Grassy Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Great Flat (pulo)|Great Flat]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Great Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County, lat 41,54, long -71,11)|Great Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Great Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County, lat 41,54, long -71,06)|Great Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Grinnell Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Gull Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Gull Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Gull Rock (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Gull Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Gumbys Head]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Gunning Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Gunning Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Halfmile Rock (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Halfmile Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Halfmoon Flat]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Hemlock Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Hemlock Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Henrietta Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Hicks Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Hodgeman Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Hunts Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Hursell Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Hussey Rock (pulo)|Hussey Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Inez Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Inner Church Ledge]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Inner Mayo Ledge]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Joe Burris Ledge]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Judy Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa)|Judy Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Jug Rock (pulo)|Jug Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Keel Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Kibby Ground]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Lakes Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Little Black Rock (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Little Black Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Little Egg Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Little Egg Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Little Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County, lat 41,59, long -70,95)|Little Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Little Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County, lat 41,80, long -70,89)|Little Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Little Pine Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Little Pine Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Little Ram Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Little Ram Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Little South West Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Lone Rock (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Lone Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Long Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Long Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Long Rock (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Long Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Lower Spectacle Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Lumber Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Markham Ledge]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Middle Ledge (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Middle Ledge]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[North Ledge (pulo)|North Ledge]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Old Bartlemy]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Old Cock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Old Kelick Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Old Skunk]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Old Whale Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Packet Rock (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa)|Packet Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Palmer Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Palmer Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Palmer Ledge (pulo)|Palmer Ledge]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Pawn Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Pea Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Pea Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Pelegs Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Phinney Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Pine Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Pine Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Popes Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Popes Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Round Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Round Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Sanford Flat]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Seal Rock (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Seal Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Shady Isle]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Ship Rock (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Ship Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Slocums Ledge]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[South Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|South Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[South West Rock (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|South West Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Speaking ROCK]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Sunk Rock (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa)|Sunk Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[The Wildcat (pulo)|The Wildcat]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Tripp Ledge]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Twomile Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Upper Spectacle Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Wards Rock (pulo)|Wards Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Wescott Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[West Island (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|West Island]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[West Island Ledge]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Whale Rock (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County, lat 41,80, long -71,12)|Whale Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Whale Rock (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County, lat 41,60, long -70,82)|Whale Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[White Rock (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County, lat 41,55, long -70,92)|White Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[White Rock (pulo sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County, lat 41,62, long -70,85)|White Rock]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) :* [[Wilkes Ledge]] (<!--T.ISL-->[[pulo]]) * Mga bungtod: :* [[Beals Ledge]] (<!--T.RDGE-->[[tagaytay]]) * Mga lawis: :* [[Assonet Neck]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Barneys Joy Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Bay Point (punta sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Bay Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Bial Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Brayton Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Bryants Neck]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Cadman Neck]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Clarks Point (punta sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Clarks Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Cornell Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Deepwater Point (punta sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Deepwater Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Doctors Point (punta sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Doctors Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Fedora Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Ferry Point (punta sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Ferry Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Gardners Neck]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Gooseberry Neck]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Great Neck (punta sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Great Neck]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Hemlock Point (punta sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Hemlock Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Horseneck Point (punta sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Horseneck Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Huddlestone Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Irish Island (punta)|Irish Island]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Jessies Neck]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Long Point (punta sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Long Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Mishaum Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Moshers Point (punta)|Moshers Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[North Point (punta sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County, lat 41,61, long -70,83)|North Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Pelegs Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Peters Point (punta sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Peters Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Pierces Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Pines Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Potomska Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Quicksand Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Ricketsons Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Rocky Point (punta sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Rocky Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Round Hill Point (punta)|Round Hill Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Salters Point (punta sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Salters Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Sandy Point (punta sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Sandy Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Sconticut Neck]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Sewammock Neck]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Shoves Neck]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Slocums Neck]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Smith Neck (punta sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Smith Neck]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Taber Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[The Knubble]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[The Nubble (punta sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|The Nubble]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Toms Point (punta sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Toms Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Touisset]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Westport Point (punta sa Tinipong Bansa, lat 41,52, long -71,07)|Westport Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Westport Point (punta sa Tinipong Bansa, lat 41,50, long -71,02)|Westport Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Widows Point (punta)|Widows Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Wilbur Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Winslow Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) :* [[Wood Point (punta sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Wood Point]] (<!--T.CAPE-->[[punta]]) * Mga walog: :* [[Assonet Bay]] (<!--T.DPR-->[[libaong]]) :* [[Robin Hollow (walog sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Robin Hollow]] (<!--T.VAL-->[[walog]]) * Mga lasang: :* [[Emma N F Hutt Forest]] (<!--V.FRST-->[[lasang]]) :* [[Freetown Fall River State Forest]] (<!--V.FRST-->[[lasang]]) :* [[Great Woods]] (<!--V.FRST-->[[lasang]]) :* [[Rehoboth State Forest]] (<!--V.FRST-->[[lasang]]) :* [[Westport Town Forest]] (<!--V.FRST-->[[lasang]]) * Kabukiran: :* [[Annawan Rock]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Braley Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Braley Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Breakneck Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Breakneck Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Bryant Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Bryant Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Copicut Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Crapo Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Devils Rock (bukid)|Devils Rock]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Fowlers Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Fox Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County, lat 41,72, long -71,19)|Fox Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Great Meadow Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Great Rock (bukid)|Great Rock]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Hoppin Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Hospital Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Hospital Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Hunters Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Hunters Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Ides Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Jacobs Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Jacobs Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Jacobs Mountain (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Jacobs Mountain]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Le Baron Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Long Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Long Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Margarets Rock]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Mendall Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Mount Terrydiddle]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Nootas Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Nootas Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Oak Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Oak Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Pigeon Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Pigeon Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Pinnacle Rock (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Pinnacle Rock]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Profile Rock (bukid)|Profile Rock]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Prospect Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Prospect Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Richmond Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Richmond Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Ridge Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Ridge Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Rocky Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Rocky Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Round Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Round Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Sherman Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Sherman Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Squawbetty Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Stonehouse Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, Bristol County)|Stonehouse Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Tarkiln Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Tarkiln Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Walnut Grove Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Whippoorwill Mountain (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Whippoorwill Mountain]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) :* [[Yellow Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Yellow Hill]] (<!--T.MT-->[[bukid]]) * Kagaangan: :* [[Barekneed Rocks]] (<!--T.BAR-->[[piliw]]) :* [[Black Rocks (piliw sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Black Rocks]] (<!--T.BAR-->[[piliw]]) :* [[Borden Flats]] (<!--T.BAR-->[[piliw]]) :* [[Chickadee Ledge]] (<!--T.BAR-->[[piliw]]) :* [[Dumpling Rocks]] (<!--T.BAR-->[[piliw]]) :* [[Great Ledge (piliw sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts, Bristol County)|Great Ledge]] (<!--T.BAR-->[[piliw]]) :* [[Hen and Chickens (piliw sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Hen and Chickens]] (<!--T.BAR-->[[piliw]]) :* [[Lazy Rocks]] (<!--T.BAR-->[[piliw]]) :* [[Mattapoiset Rock]] (<!--T.BAR-->[[piliw]]) :* [[Mishaum Ledge]] (<!--T.BAR-->[[piliw]]) :* [[Mosher Ledge]] (<!--T.BAR-->[[piliw]]) :* [[Negro Ledge]] (<!--T.BAR-->[[piliw]]) :* [[Newet Rocks]] (<!--T.BAR-->[[piliw]]) :* [[Pinetree Ground]] (<!--T.BAR-->[[piliw]]) :* [[Ragged Rocks (piliw)|Ragged Rocks]] (<!--T.BAR-->[[piliw]]) :* [[Salters Point Ledge]] (<!--T.BAR-->[[piliw]]) :* [[The Sandspit]] (<!--T.BAR-->[[piliw]]) :* [[Twomile Ledge]] (<!--T.BAR-->[[piliw]]) Ang klima [[hemiboreal]].<ref name = "koppen"/> Ang kasarangang giiniton {{formatnum:10}} [[°C]]. Ang kinainitan nga bulan Agosto, sa {{formatnum:20}}&nbsp;[[°C]], ug ang kinabugnawan Disyembre, sa {{formatnum:0}}&nbsp;°C.<ref name = "nasa"/> Ang kasarangang pag-ulan {{formatnum:1394}} milimetro matag tuig. Ang kinabasaan nga bulan Disyembre, sa {{formatnum:185}} milimetro nga ulan, ug ang kinaugahan Septiyembre, sa {{formatnum:83}} milimetro.<ref name = "nasarain"/> {{Location map|United States |float = right |width=300 | caption = Nahimutangan sa Bristol County sa Tinipong Bansa. | label = Bristol County|position=left|background=white|lat=41.75709|long=-71.08852}} == Saysay == <references group="saysay"/> == Ang mga gi basihan niini == <references> <ref name = "gn4931378">[{{Geonameslink|gnid=4931378|name=bristol%20county}} Bristol County] sa [{{Geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (cc-by)]; post updated 2013-03-07; database download sa 2017-02-28</ref> <ref name = "frwiki">(gikopiya gikan sa frwiki 2015-07-20)</ref> <ref name = "vp">{{Cite web |url= {{Viewfinderlink}}|title= Viewfinder Panoramas Digital elevation Model|date= 2015-06-21|format= }}</ref> <ref name = "koppen">{{cite journal |last= Peel|first= M C|last2= Finlayson|first2= B L|date= |title= Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification| url = http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html |journal= Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|publisher= |volume= 11|issue= |pages= 1633-1644|doi= 10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007|access-date=30 Enero 2016}}</ref> <ref name = "nasa">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|title= NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA}}</ref> <ref name = "nasarain">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M|title= NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission}}</ref> </references> == Gikan sa gawas nga tinubdan== {{commonscat|Bristol County, Massachusetts|Bristol County}} [[Kategoriya:Mga subdibisyon sa Massachusetts (estado sa Tinipong Bansa)]] ftahoal9yva0pos9imyn5v5h9aq6ixk 0 8980392 37103173 34506646 2026-09-21T12:19:03Z Peter James 28395 Redirected page to [[Dismal Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Connecticut)]] 37103173 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Dismal Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Connecticut)]] co1gikd70blemhet8j2adyc6to3pnel 0 8981147 37103176 34507402 2026-09-21T12:23:46Z Peter James 28395 Redirected page to [[Fourmile Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Connecticut, Hartford County)]] 37103176 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Fourmile Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Connecticut, Hartford County)]] ab4gccnj4pwca6nay20w95du76a7s4x 0 8981156 37103170 34507411 2026-09-21T12:13:44Z Peter James 28395 Redirected page to [[Fox Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Connecticut, Hartford County)]] 37103170 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Fox Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Connecticut, Hartford County)]] rjv5ugnd246rwkyy49ku2fv5n1gzc2p 0 8982954 37103182 34509201 2026-09-21T12:38:52Z Peter James 28395 37103182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{paghimo ni bot|Lsjbot|Tinipong Bansa|date=2017-09}} {{geobox | 1 = Lake <!-- *** Header *** --> | name = Lewin Brook Pond | native_name = | other_name = | category = Tubiganan | etymology = | nickname = <!-- *** Image *** --> | image = | image_caption = <!-- *** Admin *** --> | country = {{flag|Tinipong Bansa}} | country_flag = | state = [[Massachusetts (estado sa Tinipong Bansa)|Massachusetts]] | state_type = Estado | region = [[Bristol County (kondado sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Bristol County]] | region_type = Kondado | district = | district_type = | municipality = | municipality_type = <!-- *** Associated with *** --> | parent = | city = | river = | landmark = <!-- *** Tributaries *** --> | tributary_left = | tributary_right = <!-- *** Source and mouth *** --> | source = | source_location = | source_region = | source_country = | source_elevation = | source_lat_d = | source_lat_m = | source_lat_s = | source_lat_NS = | source_long_d = | source_long_m = | source_long_s = | source_long_EW = | source_confluence = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_region = | mouth_country = | mouth_elevation = | mouth_lat_d = | mouth_lat_m = | mouth_lat_s = | mouth_lat_NS = | mouth_long_d = | mouth_long_m = | mouth_long_s = | mouth_long_EW = <!-- *** Size *** --> | area = 0.52 | length = | width = | depth = | elevation = 2 | volume = | watershed = <!-- *** Flow *** --> | discharge = | discharge_max = | discharge_min = <!-- *** Free *** --> | free = | free_type = <!-- *** Maps *** --> | map = | map_caption = | map_locator_x = | map_locator_y = <!-- *** Notes *** --> | footnotes = | lat_d = 41.74344 | long_d = -71.19116 | timezone_label = America/New_York | utc_offset = -5 | utc_offset_DST = -4 | timezone = [[Eastern Standard Time|EST]] | timezone_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]] | geonames = 4941912 }} <!--H.RSV-->[[Tubiganan]] ang '''Lewin Brook Pond''' sa [[Tinipong Bansa]].<ref name = "gn4941912"/> Nahimutang ni sa kondado sa <!--ADM2-->[[Bristol County (kondado sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Bristol County]] ug estado sa <!--ADM1-->[[Massachusetts (estado sa Tinipong Bansa)|Massachusetts]], sa sidlakang bahin sa nasod, {{formatnum:600}} km sa amihanan-sidlakan sa [[Washington, D.C.]] {{formatnum:2}} metros ibabaw sa dagat kahaboga ang nahimutangan sa Lewin Brook Pond.<ref name = "gn4941912"/> Naglangkob kin og {{formatnum:0.52}} ka kilometro kwadrado. Ang mga tanom sa palibot sa Lewin Brook Pond kay hapit tanan [[dakbayanon]] ang ulohan sa nasod.<ref name = "nasalandcover"/> Naglukop ni og 1.5 km gikan sa amihanan ngadto sa habagatan ug 0.7 km gikan sa sidlakan ngadto sa kasadpan. Mga lungsod sa Lewin Brook Pond: * [[Swansea (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Swansea]] (16,525 molupyo) Sa mosunod nga mga natural nga mga bahin makita sa Lewin Brook Pond: * [[Lewin Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) * [[Lewin Brook Pond (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, lat 41,75, long -71,19)|Lewin Brook Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) * [[Mount Hope Pond (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Mount Hope Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) {{KML|from=Estados_Unidos/Lewin_Brook_Pond_(tubiganan_sa_Estados_Unidos,_lat_41,74,_long_-71,19)}} Ang klima [[klima sa kontinente]]. Ang kasarangang giiniton {{formatnum:10}} [[°C]]. Ang kinainitan nga bulan Hulyo, sa {{formatnum:22}}&nbsp;[[°C]], ug ang kinabugnawan Enero, sa {{formatnum:-4}}&nbsp;°C.<ref name = "nasa"/> Ang kasarangang pag-ulan {{formatnum:1394}} milimetro matag tuig. Ang kinabasaan nga bulan Disyembre, sa {{formatnum:185}} milimetro nga ulan, ug ang kinaugahan Septiyembre, sa {{formatnum:83}} milimetro.<ref name = "nasarain"/> {{Location map|United States |float = right |width=300 | caption = Nahimutangan sa Lewin Brook Pond sa Tinipong Bansa. | label = Lewin Brook Pond|position=left|background=white|lat=41.74344|long=-71.19116}} == Ang mga gi basihan niini == <references> <ref name = "gn4941912">[{{Geonameslink|gnid=4941912|name=lewin%20brook%20pond}} Lewin Brook Pond] sa [{{Geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (cc-by)]; post updated 2006-01-15; database download sa 2017-02-28</ref> <ref name = "nasalandcover">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=MCD12C1_T1|title= NASA Earth Observations: Land Cover Classification|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA/MODIS}}</ref> <ref name = "nasa">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|title= NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA}}</ref> <ref name = "nasarain">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M|title= NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission}}</ref> </references> [[Kategoriya:Mga lanaw sa Massachusetts (estado sa Tinipong Bansa)]] 5rasyb6ddfe5cxzrexn4k77ss2nsfbr 37103183 37103182 2026-09-21T12:39:11Z Peter James 28395 37103183 wikitext text/x-wiki {{paghimo ni bot|Lsjbot|Tinipong Bansa|date=2017-09}} {{geobox | 1 = Lake <!-- *** Header *** --> | name = Lewin Brook Pond | native_name = | other_name = | category = Tubiganan | etymology = | nickname = <!-- *** Image *** --> | image = | image_caption = <!-- *** Admin *** --> | country = {{flag|Tinipong Bansa}} | country_flag = | state = [[Massachusetts (estado sa Tinipong Bansa)|Massachusetts]] | state_type = Estado | region = [[Bristol County (kondado sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Bristol County]] | region_type = Kondado | district = | district_type = | municipality = | municipality_type = <!-- *** Associated with *** --> | parent = | city = | river = | landmark = <!-- *** Tributaries *** --> | tributary_left = | tributary_right = <!-- *** Source and mouth *** --> | source = | source_location = | source_region = | source_country = | source_elevation = | source_lat_d = | source_lat_m = | source_lat_s = | source_lat_NS = | source_long_d = | source_long_m = | source_long_s = | source_long_EW = | source_confluence = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_region = | mouth_country = | mouth_elevation = | mouth_lat_d = | mouth_lat_m = | mouth_lat_s = | mouth_lat_NS = | mouth_long_d = | mouth_long_m = | mouth_long_s = | mouth_long_EW = <!-- *** Size *** --> | area = 0.52 | length = | width = | depth = | elevation = 2 | volume = | watershed = <!-- *** Flow *** --> | discharge = | discharge_max = | discharge_min = <!-- *** Free *** --> | free = | free_type = <!-- *** Maps *** --> | map = | map_caption = | map_locator_x = | map_locator_y = <!-- *** Notes *** --> | footnotes = | lat_d = 41.74344 | long_d = -71.19116 | timezone_label = America/New_York | utc_offset = -5 | utc_offset_DST = -4 | timezone = [[Eastern Standard Time|EST]] | timezone_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]] | geonames = 4941912 }} <!--H.RSV-->[[Tubiganan]] ang '''Lewin Brook Pond''' sa [[Tinipong Bansa]].<ref name = "gn4941912"/> Nahimutang ni sa kondado sa <!--ADM2-->[[Bristol County (kondado sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Bristol County]] ug estado sa <!--ADM1-->[[Massachusetts (estado sa Tinipong Bansa)|Massachusetts]], sa sidlakang bahin sa nasod, {{formatnum:600}} km sa amihanan-sidlakan sa [[Washington, D.C.]] {{formatnum:2}} metros ibabaw sa dagat kahaboga ang nahimutangan sa Lewin Brook Pond.<ref name = "gn4941912"/> Naglangkob kin og {{formatnum:0.52}} ka kilometro kwadrado. Ang mga tanom sa palibot sa Lewin Brook Pond kay hapit tanan [[dakbayanon]] ang ulohan sa nasod.<ref name = "nasalandcover"/> Naglukop ni og 1.5 km gikan sa amihanan ngadto sa habagatan ug 0.7 km gikan sa sidlakan ngadto sa kasadpan. Mga lungsod sa Lewin Brook Pond: * [[Swansea (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Swansea]] (16,525 molupyo) Sa mosunod nga mga natural nga mga bahin makita sa Lewin Brook Pond: * [[Lewin Brook]] (<!--H.STM-->[[suba]]) * [[Mount Hope Pond (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)|Mount Hope Pond]] (<!--H.RSV-->[[tubiganan]]) {{KML|from=Estados_Unidos/Lewin_Brook_Pond_(tubiganan_sa_Estados_Unidos,_lat_41,74,_long_-71,19)}} Ang klima [[klima sa kontinente]]. Ang kasarangang giiniton {{formatnum:10}} [[°C]]. Ang kinainitan nga bulan Hulyo, sa {{formatnum:22}}&nbsp;[[°C]], ug ang kinabugnawan Enero, sa {{formatnum:-4}}&nbsp;°C.<ref name = "nasa"/> Ang kasarangang pag-ulan {{formatnum:1394}} milimetro matag tuig. Ang kinabasaan nga bulan Disyembre, sa {{formatnum:185}} milimetro nga ulan, ug ang kinaugahan Septiyembre, sa {{formatnum:83}} milimetro.<ref name = "nasarain"/> {{Location map|United States |float = right |width=300 | caption = Nahimutangan sa Lewin Brook Pond sa Tinipong Bansa. | label = Lewin Brook Pond|position=left|background=white|lat=41.74344|long=-71.19116}} == Ang mga gi basihan niini == <references> <ref name = "gn4941912">[{{Geonameslink|gnid=4941912|name=lewin%20brook%20pond}} Lewin Brook Pond] sa [{{Geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (cc-by)]; post updated 2006-01-15; database download sa 2017-02-28</ref> <ref name = "nasalandcover">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=MCD12C1_T1|title= NASA Earth Observations: Land Cover Classification|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA/MODIS}}</ref> <ref name = "nasa">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|title= NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA}}</ref> <ref name = "nasarain">{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M|title= NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)|access-date = 30 Enero 2016 |publisher= NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission}}</ref> </references> [[Kategoriya:Mga lanaw sa Massachusetts (estado sa Tinipong Bansa)]] nv7wv5e3ynrh3urxn4xcak5qi5l4hrd 0 8983169 37103181 34509423 2026-09-21T12:31:31Z Peter James 28395 Redirected page to [[Long Branch Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Connecticut)]] 37103181 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Long Branch Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Connecticut)]] lmkl871loeclkev0g0ljs7660a3jgcg 0 9503484 37103201 28332578 2026-09-21T18:55:06Z Peter James 28395 Changed redirect target from [[Berlin Mountain (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)]] to [[Berlin Mountain (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)]] 37103201 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Berlin Mountain (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)]] qdi606uq5ubpaxnasyc7jc3s62ue8hg 0 9509905 37103207 28356609 2026-09-21T19:51:17Z Peter James 28395 Changed redirect target from [[Hall Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York, Westchester County)]] to [[Creek Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)]] 37103207 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Creek Hill (bukid sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)]] fchfq1efns6kb81dcsejweazrbz1uzf 3 11342880 37103204 37103127 2026-09-21T19:11:04Z A09 77439 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/HI 4De172QpfIms|HI 4De172QpfIms]] ([[User talk:HI 4De172QpfIms|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] 37077783 wikitext text/x-wiki {{not around|date=Disyembre 2025}} {{statustop}}{{Gumagamit:Như Gây Mê/top}} {{Talkpagecool}} == [[Special:Contribs/Konjevod|Konjevod]] == Nhờ bạn nhắc nhở thành viên này. Cảm ơn. [[Gumagamit: NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh | NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh ]] ([[Hisgot sa Gumagamit: NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh |talk]]) 21:33, 7 Septiyembre 2025 (UTC) :Tiện thể, nội dung trang [[MediaWiki:Signature]] hơi lạ. Liên kết wiki không nên có dấu cách đệm xung quanh <code>&colon;</code>, <code>&vert;</code> và <code>&rbrack;&rbrack;</code>. [[Gumagamit: NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh | NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh ]] ([[Hisgot sa Gumagamit: NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh |talk]]) 21:46, 7 Septiyembre 2025 (UTC) :: @[[Gumagamit:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh]] để trưa tôi qua translatewiki sửa. [[Gumagamit:Như Gây Mê|<span style="color:orange;"><strong>Halley</strong></span>]] [[Philippines|<span style="color:#00bbe6;"><strong>^{luv Filipino ❤}</strong></span>]] 23:26, 7 Septiyembre 2025 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-37</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/37|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing team is working on a new check: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Paste check|Paste check]]. This check informs newcomers who paste text into Wikipedia that the content might not be accepted. This check is an effort to increase the likelihood that the new content people are adding to Wikipedia is aligned with the Movement's commitment to offering information under a free content license. This check will soon be tested at a few wikis. If your community is interested in this test, please [[phab:T403680|tell us in this task]], or [[mw:Talk:Edit check|contact the team]]. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Later this week, users of the "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will be able to use a [[w:en:Lint (software)|linting tool]] to see errors or other potential problems in wikitext in real time. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|help page for more information]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381577] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] When browsing a wiki (like <code dir=ltr>en.wikipedia.org</code>), the software responds in one of two ways: a desktop page, or a redirect to a mobile version on an "m" domain (like <code dir=ltr>en.m.wikipedia.org</code>). Over the next three weeks, MediaWiki will start displaying the mobile version to mobile devices directly on the standard domain, without this redirect. This change does not affect existing m-dot URLs, or the "Desktop view" opt-out. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998] * When an edit changes the categories of a page, the changes to the category membership counts are now happening asynchronously. This improves the speed of saving edits, especially when moving many pages to or from the same category, and reduces the risk of site outages, but it means that the counts can show outdated information for a few minutes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365303] * Edits on Wikidata to qualifiers (properties and values) and references (properties and values) in a Wikidata item statement will now not add entries to the RecentChanges or Watchlist pages on all other Wikis. This is a temporary change to improve performance while other solutions are created. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Reduce change propagation noise#Phase 1: Turn off (temporarily) Qualifiers and References Wikidata edits to the Recent Changes tables|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401286][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400698] * Japanese-language wikis have had a major upgrade to the way that search works. The new search should generally give more accurate and more relevant search results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318269] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W37"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:10, 9 Septiyembre 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29238161 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-38</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/38|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * References lists that are made using the <code dir=ltr><nowiki><references/></nowiki></code> [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite#references-tag|tag]] will now automatically display with columns in Vector 2022 when readers are using its 'standard' settings for text-size and page-width. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334941] * Starting in the week of October 6, on [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|small wikis]] and [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|medium wikis]] that have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] enabled, all autoconfirmed users will be able to use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] as an organizer. No changes will be made for [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/large.dblist|large wikis]] unless requested in Phabricator. This change is being made to make it easier for more people to use Event Registration, especially on wikis that are less likely to have policies related to the Event Organizer right. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Proposal to grant autoconfirmed users on small and medium wikis the organizer access to the event registration tool|Learn more]]. * Users that search using regular expressions (regex) can now use additional features including: ** for the <code dir=ltr>intitle:</code> keyword: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Metacharacters|metacharacters]] for start-of-line (<code dir=ltr>^</code>) and end-of-line (<code dir=ltr>$</code>) anchors [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T317599] ** for both <code dir=ltr>intitle:</code> and <code dir=ltr>insource:</code> keywords: shorthand [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Character_Classes|character classes]] for digits (<code dir=ltr>\d</code>), whitespace (<code dir=ltr>\s</code>), and word characters (<code dir=ltr>\w</code>); and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Escape codes|escape codes]] for line feed (<code dir=ltr>\r</code>), newline (<code dir=ltr>\n</code>), tab (<code dir=ltr>\t</code>), and unicode (e.g. <code dir=ltr>\uHHHH</code>). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403212] * When you search for text that looks like an IP, the system will now show search results. It used to take you to the contributions for that IP instead of showing search results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306325] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on September 24. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests which happen twice a year. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the background and details of this process on the Diff blog]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that affected users who used the page-tabs to switch from wikitext editing of a section into the visualeditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401043] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is redesigning the Wikimedia REST API Sandbox with Codex. If you have feedback on improvements for the API documentation or what makes developer experiences smooth (or frustrating), you’re invited to [https://calendar.google.com/calendar/u/0/appointments/schedules/AcZssZ2aZzbXeQvjOF7gB1fJXiwAYemQjKf4sXNaRODPA7_obFyNBwkzNkoVCoTF-aeov89kIjXHbCQm join an upcoming discovery interview], or [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Developer Feedback/Wikimedia Web APIs|leave feedback onwiki]]. [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/C4FBAOA57PH6G5ORVMAUF5TGYBLZDU5Q/|Learn more]]. * Edits to Wikidata aliases (an alternative name for an item or a property) will now be shown in RecentChanges and Watchlist entries on other wikis less often, reducing unnecessary notifications. This will reduce the overall quantity of 'noisy' entries. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Reduce change propagation noise#Phase 1: More granular Alias tracking|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401288] * The new [https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode17.0.0/ Unicode 17.0] version has been released. The [[:c:Category:Unicode Module Datasets|datasets on Commons]] for the [[:d:Q39301585|Module:Unicode data]] have been updated. Wikipedias that do not use the Commons datasets should either update their own data or switch to the Commons datasets. * Users of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] Structured Contents endpoints can now access [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/parsed-wikipedia-tables/ Parsed Tables]. The new Parsed Tables feature extracts and represents Wikipedia tables in structured JSON. This improves machine accessibility as part of the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/api/structured-contents/ Structured Contents initiative]. Structured Contents output is freely available through the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/on-demand/#article-structured-contents-beta On-demand API], or through Wikimedia Cloud Services. * A [https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/wikimedia-foundation/english-wikipedia-people-dataset dataset of English Wikipedia biographical information] from [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] has been published on Kaggle, for evaluation and research. This provides structured data from more than 1.5 million biographies, including birth and death dates, education, affiliations, careers, awards, and more (from a June 2024 snapshot). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Scholarships|Scholarship applications]] for Wikimania 2026 in Paris, France, are open until October 31. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W38"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:02, 15 Septiyembre 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29263921 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-39</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 On September 24th at 15:00 UTC], all Wikimedia sites users will experience a brief read-only period due to a scheduled [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter server switchover]]. The Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team will redirect all traffic from one primary server to its backup. You can listen to the switchover using the [http://listen.hatnote.com/ "Listen to Wikipedia"] tool, where you will hear edits stop for a few minutes during the read-only phase, then resume. This twice-yearly datacenter server switchover ensures reliability by testing the backup datacenter, so that our sites can stay online even if the primary datacenter fails. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the process on the Diff blog]]. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors of [[f:Special:Mylanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-12#Next round of Wiktionaries to receive embedded Wikifunctions calls|60 more Wiktionaries]] will soon be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them into their pages. A function takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, like adding numbers, converting miles to meters, calculating elapsed time, or declining a word into a case. They will join the other [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-29#Wikifunctions available on 65 Wiktionaries|65 Wiktionary language editions]], which already have access to embedded Wikifunctions calls. Later this year, plans are in place to expand to more Wiktionaries and the Incubator. * A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Technical metadata of another page|parser function]] has been added: <code><nowiki>{{#contentmodel}}</nowiki></code>. Template editors and admins can use it to get the localized or canonical name of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|content model]] of a specific page. The function makes it easier to create and edit system messages, such as ''MediaWiki:editinginterface'', even when you switch types of pages, like wiki, JavaScript, CSS or JSON page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328254] * Adding or editing a <code>DISPLAYTITLE</code> for an article using VisualEditor will no longer be broken. Editors who use VisualEditor mode to modify the <code><nowiki>{{DISPLAYTITLE}}</nowiki></code> would no longer have the literal text "DISPLAYTITLE" or its localized variant added to their articles. A list of pages that may have been affected and might need cleanup is documented in [[phab:P83438|this ticket]]. * Beta users of the Wikipedia Android app can now try the redesigned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Activity Tab Experiment|Activity tab]], which replaces the Edits tab. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Wikifunctions users can now import many essential facts involving [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6011|geo-coordinates]], [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6010|quantities]] and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6064|time]] values from Wikidata. This is made possible by the creation of Wikifunctions types for these values, which makes them available for use by functions in Wikifunctions. Learn more about how this works in [[c:File:ImportingWikidataDatatypesIntoWikifunctions.webm|this video]] and Wikifunctions' [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-01#News in Types I: Wikidata quantity|August 1 newsletter]] (for quantities) and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-22#News in Types: Wikidata geo-coordinate|August 22 newsletter]] (for geo-coordinates). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:51, 22 Septiyembre 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29305556 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-40</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * A major software upgrade has been made to [[phab:|Phabricator]]. The update introduces performance improvements, a refreshed search interface, enhancements to Maniphest task search, updates to user profile pages and project workboards, new Herald automation features, as well as general text input, mobile experience improvements and more. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/phame/post/view/321/iterative_improvements_september_2025/] '''Updates for editors''' * The Community Tech team will release the new Community Wishlist extension on October 1, that will improve the way wishes will be submitted. The new extension will allow users to add tags to their wishes to better categorise them, and (in a future iteration) to filter them by status, tags and focus areas. It will also be possible to support individual wishes again, as requested by the community in many instances. The old system will be retired. There will be a brief period of downtime while the extension is deployed and wishes are migrated to the new system. You can read more about this [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|in the latest update]] or you can consult the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CommunityRequests|current documentation on MediaWiki]]. * As announced [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|on Diff blog]], the production trial of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|hCaptcha]] service for bot detection has begun. The trial is currently using hCaptcha to protect account creation on Chinese, Persian, Portuguese, Indonesian, Japanese, and Turkish Wikipedias, where it will replace our existing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ConfirmEdit#FancyCaptcha|CAPTCHA]] (FancyCaptcha). The goal with the trial is to better block bots while also improving usability and accessibility for users who encounter CAPTCHA challenges. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|deployed]] to Wikimedia Commons. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. On Commons, anyone who is a registered user can use it as an event participant. To use it as an organizer, someone needs to have the [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Event organizers|event organizer right]]. * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to German Wikipedia. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|test the feature]] on testwiki or [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on betawiki] as well. Please share your thoughts on [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Templates used in sub-references|using templates in sub-references]] or [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|volunteer to become a pilot wiki]]. * On wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|Mentorship]] system, communities can now opt experienced editors out of Mentorship through [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship}}]]. Within this setting, communities may define thresholds, based on edit count and account age, to decide when an editor is considered experienced enough to no longer receive Mentorship. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403563] * The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tone Check|Tone check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Tone language model for the following languages: Arabic, Czech, German, Hebrew, Indonesian, Dutch, Polish, Russian, Turkish, Chinese, Farsi, Italian, Norwegian, Romanian and Latvian. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/Tone_Check/Model_evaluation|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on October 3, which will be the start date of the test. * The rollout of [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|multiblocks]] had the side effect that non-active block logs may have been shown on {{#special:Contributions}} and on blocked users' user and user_talk pages. This issue will be fully resolved in a few days. As part of the fix, [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=sp-contributions-blocked-notice}} messages prefixed with <code>sp-contributions-blocked-notice</code>] will be removed and replaced with [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=blocked-notice-logextract}} those prefixed with <code>blocked-notice-logextract</code>] in a few weeks. Please help translate the new messages and update any local overrides if needed. * There was a bug with links added using visual editor if they included characters such as <code dir=ltr><nowiki>[ ] |</nowiki></code> after the fragment identifier (<code><nowiki>#</nowiki></code>). They were not encoded properly creating an incorrect link. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404823] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote/en}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[q:ms:|<code>q:ms:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404698] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info Card]] now displays currently active global lock/blocks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401128] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Later this week, editors using Lua modules will be able to use the <code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.title.newBatch|mw.title.newBatch]]</code> function to look up the existence of up to 25 pages at once, in a way that only increases the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parser functions#Expensive parser functions|expensive function]] count once. * A new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Unsupported Tools Working Group]] has been formed as part of ongoing efforts to collectively determine technical work priorities, similar to the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product & Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). The working group will help prioritize and review requests for support of unmaintained extensions, gadgets, bots, and tools. For the first cycle, the group will be prioritizing an unsupported Wikimedia Commons tool. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:47, 29 Septiyembre 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29355230 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-41</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#paste|Paste Check]] is a new Edit Check feature to help avoid and fight copyright violations. When editors paste text into an article, Paste Check prompts them to confirm the origin and licensing of the content. Starting Wednesday, 8 October, [[phab:T403680|22 wikis will test Paste Check]]. Paste Check will help new volunteers understand and follow the policies and guidelines necessary to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia projects. '''Updates for editors''' * Mobile devices will receive mobile articles directly on the standard domain (like <code>en.wikipedia.org</code>), instead of via a redirect to an "m" domain (like <code>en.m.wikipedia.org</code>). This change improves performance. This week it will be enabled on Wikipedias. The existing mobile URLs and the "Desktop view" opt-out remain available. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998] * New [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#creationdate and lasteditdate|date filters]], <code dir=ltr>creationdate:</code> and <code dir=ltr>lasteditdate:</code>, are now available in the wiki search engine. This allows users to filter search results by a page's first or last revision date. The filters support comparison operators (e.g. <code dir=ltr>>2024</code>) and relative dates (e.g. <code dir=ltr>today-1d</code>), making it easier to find recently updated content or pages within specific age ranges. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403593] * [[f:|Wikifunctions]] now supports rich text in embedded calls across the 150 wikis where it's enabled. To showcase this, the team created a [[f:Z26333|Latin declination table]] that Wiktionary editors can use to automatically generate noun forms, producing clear, formatted results — see an [[f:Wikifunctions:Embedded function calls/Wiktionary tables demonstration|example output]]. If you need any help or have any feedback, please [[f:Wikifunctions:Project chat|contact the Wikifunctions Team]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T397402] * An edit link will now appear inside the categories box on article pages for logged in users, which will directly launch the VisualEditor category dialog. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291691] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a problem downloading pdf files last week and that has been resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405957] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The field <code dir=ltr>rev_sha1</code> in the revision database table is being removed in favor of <code dir=ltr>content_sha1</code> in the content database table. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/2D2M3SP4WHR6BXXKTZ2PBLZQYR3EGQVR/ the announcement] for more information. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web|Reader Experience team]] will roll out [[w:en:Light-on-dark color scheme|Dark Mode]] user interface on all Wikimedia sites on October 29, 2025. All anonymous users of Wikimedia sites will have the option to activate a color scheme that features light-colored text on a dark background. This is designed to provide a more comfortable reading experience, especially in low-light situations. Template authors and technical contributors are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|learn how to make pages ready for Dark mode]] and address any compatibility issues found in templates in their wiki before the enablement. Please contact the Web team for questions or any support on [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading#|this talk page]] before the enablement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628] * Starting on Monday, October 6, API endpoints under the <code>rest.php</code> path will be rerouted through a new internal API Gateway. Individual wikis will be updated based on the standard release groups, with total traffic increased over time. This change is expected to be non-breaking and non-disruptive. If any issues are observed, please file a Phabricator ticket to the [[phab:tag/serviceops/|Service Ops team board]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400130] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W41"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:19, 6 Oktubre 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29400897 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-42</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Last week, improvements to account security and two-factor authentication (2FA) features were enabled across all wikis. These changes include user interface improvements for [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity], the support of multiple 2FA methods via authenticator apps and portable security keys (previously users could only enable one method), and a new Recovery Codes module which facilitates fewer account lockouts due to lost two-factor apps and devices. As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project, work is continuing through the rest of 2025 on further user experience improvements, and support for passkeys as an alternate second factor. '''Updates for editors''' * Another part of the Account security project is making 2FA generally available to all users. Along with editors with advanced privileges, such as administrators and bureaucrats, 40% of editors now have access to 2FA. You can check if you have access at [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity]. Instructions for activation are on the linked page. The plan is to continue increasing availability if it is determined that the user support capabilities are able to support global usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400579] * This week, users at wikis where talk page [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|Usability Improvements]] are already available by default (everywhere ''except'' the 12 wikis listed in [[phab:T379264|T379264]]) will gain the ability to Thank a comment directly from the talk page it appears on. Before this change, Thanking could only be done by visiting the revision history of the talk page. You can [[diffblog:2025/10/13/revolutionizing-gratitude-a-new-era-of-thanking-comments/|learn more about this change]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366095] * Users who have not [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|verified their email address]] will soon be receiving monthly Notification reminders to do so. This is because users who have verified their email can more easily recover their account. These reminders will not be sent if the user is inactive or removes the unverified email from their account. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email_confirmation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T58074] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a fix was made for an occasional error with saving translated paragraphs in the Content Translation tool, and the related error messages are now easier to see. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376531] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The Unsupported Tools Working Group has chosen [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] as the first tool for its pilot cycle. The group will explore ways to improve and sustain the tool over the coming months. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Learn more on Meta]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W42"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:55, 13 Oktubre 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29434481 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-43</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * To optimize how user data is stored in our databases, the saved preferences of users who haven't logged in for over five years and have fewer than 100 edits will be cleared. When those users return, default settings will apply. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406724] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a broken link from the GlobalContributions interface message to the XTools GlobalContributions page which has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406415] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The work to reroute all traffic to API endpoints under the <code dir=ltr><nowiki>rest.php</nowiki></code> route through a common API gateway is now complete. If any issues are observed, please file a phabricator ticket to the [[phab:tag/serviceops/|Service Ops team board]]. * Edits to Wikidata references or qualifiers will now be shown in RecentChanges and Watchlist entries on other wikis less often, reducing unnecessary notifications. This will reduce the overall quantity of 'noisy' entries. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401290] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W43"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:31, 20 Oktubre 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29478670 --> == Growth News #35 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Growth team logo - Icon only.svg|right|frameless|class=skin-invert]] ''A quarterly update from the Growth team on our work to improve the new editor experience.'' === New releases === ==== English Wikipedia gets "Add a Link" Structured Task ==== We [[w:Wikipedia_talk:Growth_Team_features#"Add_a_link"_experiment_and_next_steps|released]] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link|"Add a Link" Structured Task]] to 100% of accounts at English Wikipedia on Tuesday, September 2nd (before then it was available to 20% of accounts). ==== Growth features for Wikidata ==== After examining if the Growth features and Mentorship could be adapted to Wikidata, we activated the Growth features on [https://www.wikidata.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page Beta Wikidata] to allow for testing and discussion ([[phab:T400937|T400937]]). Although some features, like Suggested Edits, are Wikipedia-specific, the Growth team designed most features to be more wiki-agnostic. === Work in progress === ==== Revise Tone Structured Task ==== The Growth team is making progress on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise Tone|the technical architecture, onboarding design, and early user testing]]. We are targeting an A/B test before the end of this year, with constructive edits by newcomers as the primary success metric. ==== Add a link to more wikis ==== The machine learning team has been working on a new model that can suggest links to more languages, including Urdu, Chinese, and Japanese Wikipedias. [[phab:T404460|We are starting to release]] the “Add a Link” feature to Wikipedias that weren’t supported by the previous model. [[mw:Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]], which can be [[mw:Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link#Configuration|configured by the community locally]], increases the chance that a new contributor will make their first edit and then continue to participate in Wikipedia. === Research === The Growth team is involved in several research initiatives to help guide our future work: [[mw:Growth/Progression System|Progression System]] – We have [[mw:Growth/Progression_System#Design_Research|published]] initial findings from interviews with 10 English and French Wikipedia newcomers. The research examined motivations, challenges, and feedback on a prototype system intended to help editors build confidence, develop skills, and contribute more constructively over time. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Mobile Web Editing Research|Mobile Web Editing Research]] – This project combines quantitative and qualitative data, community feedback, and user journey analysis to identify possible ways to enhance the mobile editing experience. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Successful Newcomers Survey 2025|Newcomers Survey]] – This project surveys successful newcomers on English Wikipedia to understand their early editing experiences, tool use, and community interactions. === Community events === The Growth team participated in several community events to listen, share, and collaborate on improving newcomer experiences across Wikimedia projects. '''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/RPBSEF/ Organizers as key partners to support newcomers' growth in our movement]''' This session invited organizers to share how they introduce newcomers to Growth features and the challenges they encounter. The discussion focused on common newcomer questions and opportunities to strengthen collaboration in supporting new editors. '''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/review/VCSCUVJCGFRNY89TTKXRVFMGYMWPMSXT Lightning Talk: Structured Tasks]''' This talk demonstrated how Structured Tasks help newcomers take their first successful steps on Wikipedia. It shared impact data, community configurations, and a demo of “Add a Link,” illustrating how these tasks make editing more accessible and sustainable, particularly for mobile contributors. '''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TVCVAB/ Building a Sustainable Future for Wikimedia Contributors]''' With active editor numbers declining, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Strategy|Contributors Strategy]] aims to create a clearer, more engaging path for participation. This session, led by the WMF Contributors group with involvement from the Editing, Growth, Moderator Tools, and Connection (formerly Campaigns) teams, highlighted efforts to streamline contributor experiences, offer structured and mobile-friendly workflows, and foster meaningful engagement. Participants learned about ongoing initiatives and shared feedback to help shape a more inclusive and sustainable future for Wikimedia contributors. '''CEE Meeting - [[metawiki:Wikimedia_CEE_Meeting_2025/Submissions/Retaining_beginners_and_improving_content_moderation:_an_inclusive_and_sustainable_future_for_Wikipedia_contributors|Retaining beginners and improving content moderation: an inclusive and sustainable future for Wikipedia contributors]]''' Many communities face a decline in volunteer engagement. Newcomers often leave soon after joining, while experienced editors struggle to manage increasingly complex workflows and overwhelming backlogs. We presented the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Strategy|Contributors Strategy]] and the different features and workflows that can help communities to address these challenges. We listened to the specific needs of the CEE communities to help guide the Contributors teams' work. ''<small>'''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth team's newsletter]]''' prepared by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|the Growth team]] and posted by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[mw:Talk:Growth|Give feedback]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Growth team updates|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].</small>'' </div> 10:23, 22 Oktubre 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Growth_team_updates&oldid=29457883 --> == Notice of expiration of your interface-admin right == <div dir="ltr">Hi, as part of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], this is an automated reminder to let you know that your permission "interface-admin" (Interface tigdumala) will expire on 2025-10-28 21:08:37. Please renew this right if you would like to continue using it. <i>In other languages: [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot/Messages/default|click here]]</i> [[Gumagamit:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[Hisgot sa Gumagamit:Leaderbot|talk]]) 19:42, 22 Oktubre 2025 (UTC)</div> == Notice of expiration of your sysop right == <div dir="ltr">Hi, as part of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], this is an automated reminder to let you know that your permission "sysop" (Mga tigdumala) will expire on 2025-10-28 21:08:37. Please renew this right if you would like to continue using it. <i>In other languages: [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot/Messages/default|click here]]</i> [[Gumagamit:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[Hisgot sa Gumagamit:Leaderbot|talk]]) 19:42, 22 Oktubre 2025 (UTC)</div> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-44</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikipedia iOS app has launched an A/B/C test of improvements made to the tabbed browsing feature for select regions and languages. The test, named “More dynamic tabs”, explores new tab experiences and includes “Did you know” and “Because you read” article recommendations. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)/New Tab Experience and Recommendations Experiment|read more on the project page]]. * Autoconfirmed users on [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|small]] and [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|medium wikis]] with the CampaignEvents extension can now use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] without the Event Organizer right. This feature lets organizers enable registration, manage participants, and lets users register with one click instead of signing event pages. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue of flashing colors when holding or pressing the arrow keys under the dark mode settings in Vector 2022 has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402285] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The CampaignEvents extension will be deployed to all remaining wikis during the week of 17 November 2025. The extension currently includes three features: Event Registration, Collaboration List, and Invitation List. For this rollout, Invitation List will not be enabled on Wikifunctions and MediaWiki unless requested by those communities. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|Visit the deployment page to learn more]]. * The SwaggerUI-based REST sandbox experience is now live on all wiki projects. The sandbox can be accessed through the [[{{#special:RestSandbox}}]] page. Please report any issues to the MediaWiki Interfaces team board, or join the discussion on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|project launch]] page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/6931/] * Transform endpoints with a trailing slash path in the MediaWiki REST API are now marked as deprecated. They will remain functional during this time, but removal is expected by the end of January 2026. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=mw-extra&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox]. See the [[mw:API/Deprecation|MediaWiki REST API Deprecation]] page for more detailed information about the API deprecation policies and procedures. * A dedicated [[mw:API:REST API/Changelog|changelog now exists for the MediaWiki REST API]]. The changelog provides an overview of these changes, making it easier for developers to keep track of improvements and iterations. Announcements will also continue to flow through the standard communication channels, including Tech News and email distribution lists, but can now be more easily referenced from a central location. If you have feedback about the style, structure, or content of this changelog, please [[mw:API talk:REST API/Changelog|join the discussion]]. * Administrators can delete the tracking category which was previously added by the JsonConfig extension, as it is no longer used. See the categories linked from [[d:Q130635582#sitelinks-wikipedia|Q130635582]]. It is OK if there are still pages listed in the category as that is just a caching issue, and they will be automatically cleared out the next time each page is edited. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378352] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.25|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W44"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:27, 27 Oktubre 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29513638 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-45</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Administrators will now find that [[{{#special:MergeHistory}}]] is now significantly more flexible about what it can merge. It can now merge sections taken from the middle of the history of the source (rather than only the start) and insert revisions anywhere in the history of the destination page (rather than only the start). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382958] * For users with "{{int:discussiontools-preference-autotopicsub}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|enabled in their preferences]], starting a new topic or adding a reply to an existing topic will now subscribe them to replies to that topic. Previously, this would only happen if the DiscussionTools "{{int:Skin-action-addsection}}" or "{{int:Discussiontools-replybutton}}" widgets were used. When DiscussionTools was originally launched existing accounts were not opted in to automatic topic subscriptions, so this change should primarily affect newer accounts and users who have deliberately changed their preferences since that time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290778] * Scribunto modules can now be used to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#SVG library|generate SVG images]]. This can be used to build charts, graphics and other visualizations dynamically through Lua, reducing the need to compose them externally and upload them as files. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405861] * Wikimedia sites now provide all anonymous users with the option to enable a dark mode color scheme, featuring light-colored text on a dark background. This enhancement aims to deliver a more enjoyable reading experience, especially in dimly lit environments. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628] * Users with large watchlists have long faced timeouts when editing [[Special:EditWatchlist|Special:EditWatchlist]]. The page now loads entries in smaller sections instead of all at once due to a paging update, allowing everyone to edit their watchlists smoothly. As part of the database update, sorting by expiry has been removed because it was over 100× slower than sorting by title. A [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Wishlist/W454 community wish] has been created to explore alternative ways to restore sort-by-expiry. If this feature is important to you, please support the wish! [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T41510] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the fixing of the persisting highlighting when using VisualEditor find and replace during a query. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407318] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Since 2019 the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]] at https://w.wiki is available for all Wikimedia wikis to create short links to articles, permalinks, diffs, etc. It is available in the sidebar as "Get shortened URL". There are 30 wikis that also install an older "ShortUrl" extension. The old extension will soon be removed. This means <code>/s/</code> URLs will not be advertised under article titles via HTML <code dir=ltr>class="title-shortlink"</code>. The <code>/s/</code> URLs will keep working. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107188] * On Thursday, October 30, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team|MediaWiki Interfaces]] and [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Service Operations]] teams began rerouting Action API traffic through a common API gateway. Individual wikis will be updated based on the standard release groups, with total traffic increased over time. This change is expected to be non-breaking and non-disruptive. If any issues are observed, please file a Phabricator ticket to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/tag/serviceops/ Service Ops team] board. * MediaWiki Train deployments will pause for the final two weeks of 2025: 22 December and 29 December. Backport windows will also pause between Monday, 22 December 2025 and Thursday, 2 January 2026. A backport window is a scheduled time to add things like bug fixes and configuration changes. There are seven deployment trains remaining for 2025. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/SMWTEAES4SDLDUSK4HMWNBSKNCXZAWYN/] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * In 2025, the Wikimedia Foundation reported that AI systems and search engines increasingly use Wikipedia content without driving users to the site, contributing to an 8% drop in human pageviews compared to 2024. After detecting bots disguised as humans, Wikimedia updated its traffic data to reflect this shift. Read more about current user trends on Wikipedia in [[diffblog:2025/10/17/new-user-trends-on-wikipedia/|a Diff blog post]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W45"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:30, 3 Nobiyembre 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Hisgot sa Gumagamit:Như Gây Mê]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29552512 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-46</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * Starting November 12, users will see a change in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Usability improvements|appearance of talk pages]] on [[Phab:T379264|some Wikipedias]]. Almost [[phab:T392121|all wikis]] have received this design change; [[phab:T409297|English Wikipedia]] will get these changes later. You can read more [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. Users can opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in their user preferences]] in "{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379264] * MediaWiki can now display a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protection indicators|page indicator]] automatically while a page is protected. This feature is disabled by default. It can be enabled by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|community request]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12347] * Using the "{{int:showpreview}}" or "{{int:showdiff}}" buttons in the wikitext editor will now carry over certain URL parameters like '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#useskin|useskin]]', '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#uselang|uselang]]' and '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Section#Editing sections|section]]'. This update also fixes an issue where, if the browser crashed while previewing an edit to a single section, saving this edit could overwrite the entire page with just that section’s content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62744][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24029][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T155097] * Wikivoyage wikis can use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Markers and counters|colored map markers in the article text]]. The text of these markers will now be shown in contrasting black or white color, instead of always being white. Local workarounds for the problem can be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369454] * The Activity tab in the Wikipedia Android app is now available for all users. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/Activity_Tab_Experiment] * The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment called "Image browsing" to test how to make it easier for readers to browse and discover images on Wikipedia articles. This experiment, a mobile-only A/B test, will go live on English Wikipedia in the week of November 17 and will run for four weeks, affecting 0.05% of users on English wiki. The test launched on November 3 on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese wikis, affecting up to 10% of users on those wikis. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Reader_Growth/WE3.1.3_Image_Browsing] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example the inability to lock accounts on mobile sites has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T256185] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#November 2025 committee nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]] members. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open through 2025-11-28. * The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT issuer field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]] has been changed to <code><nowiki>https://meta.wikimedia.org</nowiki></code>. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199] * The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT subject field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] will soon change from <code><user id></code> to <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap">mw:<identity type>:<user id></code>, where <code><identity type></code> is typically <code dir=ltr>CentralAuth:</code><!-- not a typo --> (for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]]) or <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap">local:<wiki id></code> (for other wikis). This is to avoid conflicts between different user ID types, and to make OAuth 2 access tokens and the <code>sessionJwt</code> cookie more similar. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199] * MediaWiki's block messages ([[MediaWiki:Blockedtext|blockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-partial|blockedtext-partial]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext|autoblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Systemblockedtext|systemblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-tempuser|blockedtext-tempuser]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext-tempuser|autoblockedtext-tempuser]]) now support additional parameters indicating whether the user is blocked from editing their own user talk page <code><nowiki>$9</nowiki></code> or emailing other users <code><nowiki>$</nowiki><nowiki>10</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285612] * A <code>REL1_45</code> branch for MediaWiki core and each of the extensions and skins in Wikimedia git has been created. This is the first step in the release process for MediaWiki 1.45.0, scheduled for late November 2025. If you are working on a critical bug fix or working on a new feature, you may need to take note of this change. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/ZUY7TY3Z6XPZWZVAZV63OPO5OW52Q6GE/] * The process for generating CirrusSearch dumps has been updated due to slowing performance. If you encounter any issues migrating to the replacement dumps, please contact the Search Platform Team for support. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366248][https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/3KQPOR6ACVN6OVLMLZPIBXQSWQKW4E3K/] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:35, 10 Nobiyembre 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Hisgot sa Gumagamit:Như Gây Mê]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29606150 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-47</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is experimenting with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4_Reading lists|reading lists on mobile web]], allowing logged-in readers with no edits to save private lists of articles for later. The experiment is running on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias since the week of 10 November, and will begin on English Wikipedia the week of 17 November. * Users who can’t receive their email verification code during login can now get help by submitting a form on a new special page. This update is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] initiative. If your account has an email address, please make sure you still have access to it. When logging in from a new device or location without 2FA, you may be asked to enter a 6-digit code sent by email to finish logging in. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Why are you requiring me to enter a code from my email to log in? Can I opt out of this?|Learn more]]. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q13324|Minangkabau]] ([[s:min:|<code>s:min:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408317] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, the Content Transform Team rolled out Parsoid as the default parser to many low-traffic Wikipedias and is preparing the next step to high traffic ones. This message is an invitation for you to opt-in to Parsoid, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation, and identify any issues you might encounter with your own workflow using bots, gadgets, or user scripts. Please, let us know through the ''"Report Visual Bug"'' link in the Tools sidebar or create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]]. * Unsupported Tools: Several issues with [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] have been fixed, including filename-related upload failures, black-video imports, and retry handling. AV1 support has also been added. Ongoing work focuses on backend stability, ffmpeg errors, subtitle imports, metadata handling, and playlist uploads. To track specific tasks, check the [[phab:tag/video2commons/|Phabricator board]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * Save the date for the next Wikimedia Hackathon happening in Milan, Italy from May 1–3, 2026. Registration will open in January 2026. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/Hackathon-2026/ Scholarship applications are currently open], and will close on November 28, 2025. If you have any questions, please email <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">hackathon@wikimedia.org</bdi>. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W47"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:23, 17 Nobiyembre 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Hisgot sa Gumagamit:Như Gây Mê]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29627455 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-48</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Last week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Wikimedia Search Team]] recreated the "DWIM" (Do What I Mean) gadget functionality server-side, for Russian and Hebrew Wikipedias. This feature adds cross-keyboard suggestions to the standard search-box suggestions. For example, searching for ''<span lang="und" dir="ltr">cxfcnmt</span>'' on Russian Wikipedia will now add suggestions for ''<span lang="ru" dir="ltr">счастье</span>'' ("happiness") that the user probably intended. They plan to enable this feature for other Russian and Hebrew wikis this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408734] * Later this week, users of the "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will have syntax highlighting available in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]]. This requires that the "{{int:discussiontools-preference-sourcemodetoolbar}}" preference be set. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407918] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|Campaign events extension]] – the set of tools for coordinating events and other on-wiki collaborations has now been deployed to all Wikimedia wikis. A new feature known as [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Collaborative contribution]] to help organizers and participants see the impact of activities has also been added. Join the upcoming [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Connection learning session 3|learning session]] to see the new feature in action and share your feedback. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug which stopped CodeReviewBot from working, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410417] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Users of Wikimedia API can join a usability study to help validate the new design of Wikimedia REST API sandboxes. Interested participants should fill the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/487662 recruitment survey]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IREJRRWTZTGCYWQHDMSNJFTQAEPOOAE3/] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is deprecating XSLT stylesheets within the Action API. Support for <code dir=ltr>format=xml'''&xlst={stylesheet}'''</code> will be removed from Wikimedia projects by the end of November, 2025. In addition, it will soon be disabled by default in MediaWiki release versions: v1.43 (LTS), v1.44, and v1.45. Support for XSLT stylesheets will be fully removed from MediaWiki v1.46 (expected to release between April and May 2026). [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/5AX7UWAVVUNUSBOIRHMNOKWOZ5EZI3JX/] * The WDQS legacy endpoint ([https://query-legacy-full.wikidata.org/ query-legacy-full.wikidata.org]) will be decommissioned at the end of December 2025, and finally closed down on 7th January 2026. After this date, users should expect requests to query.wikidata.org that require the full graph to fail or return invalid results if they are not rewritten to use SPARQL federation. The team encourages users to ensure that tools and workflows use the supported WDQS endpoints (<span dir=ltr><nowiki>https://query.wikidata.org/</nowiki></span> - Main graph or <span dir=ltr><nowiki>https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/</nowiki></span> - Scholarly graph). For support with migrating use cases, please review the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Data_access|Data Access]] and [[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query|Request a Query]] pages for details and assistance on alternative access methods. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W48"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:54, 24 Nobiyembre 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29702226 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-49</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikipedia Year in Review 2025 will be available on December 2 for users of iOS and Android Wikipedia apps, featuring new personalized insights, updated reading highlights, and refreshed designs. Learn more on the review's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/Updates|project page]]. * The Growth team is working on improving the text and presentation of the Verification Email sent to new users to make them more welcoming, useful and informative. Some new text have been drafted for A/B testing and you can help by translating them. See [[phab:T396155|Phabricator]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]] will now be deployed at Japanese, Urdu and Chinese Wikipedias on December 2. Add a link is based on a prediction model that suggests links to be added to articles. While this feature has already been available on most Wikipedias, the prediction model could not support certain languages. A new model has now been developed to handle these languages, and it will be gradually rolled out to other Wikipedias over time. If you would like to know more, please contact [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where search boxes on some Commons pages showed no results due to switch from SpecialSearch to MediaSearch, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399476] * Two new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q36846|Toki Pona]] ([[w:tok:|<code>w:tok:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404457] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} in [[d:Q33655|Nigerian Pidgin]] ([[q:pcm:|<code>q:pcm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408318] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Wikimedia Foundation is in the early stages of exploring approaches to '''Article guidance'''. The initiative aims to identify interventions that could help new editors easily understand and apply existing Wikipedia practices and policies when creating an article. The project is in the exploration and early experimental design phase. All community members are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|learn more]] about the project, and share their thoughts on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Article guidance|the talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W49"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:55, 1 Disyembre 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29732328 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-50</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Anybody who wishes to secure their user account can now use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). This is available to all registered users of all Wikimedia projects. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] initiative. Later, 2FA will be required for all users who can take security- or privacy-sensitive actions. '''Updates for editors''' * Following last week's deployments, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]] feature, which allows editors to add suggested links during editing, will be available to an additional [[Phab:T410469|33 Wikipedias]] starting on 9 December. This expansion is possible thanks to the new prediction model that now supports all languages, including those that were previously not covered. While the feature has been available on most Wikipedias for some time, this rollout brings us closer to using the improved model everywhere. If you have any questions or would like more details please contact [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * Last week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Search Platform team]] added [[w:en:Transliteration|transliterated]] as-you-type search suggestions to Georgian wikis. If there are only a few regular search suggestions, then queries in Latin or Cyrillic script [[phab:T127003|are now rewritten into Georgian script]] to look for more matches. For example, searching for either <bdi lang="ka-Latn" dir="ltr">''bedniereba''</bdi> or <bdi lang="ka-Cyrl" dir="ltr">''бедниереба''</bdi> will now suggest the existing article about <bdi lang="ka" dir="ltr">ბედნიერება</bdi> ("happiness"). You can recommend other languages where transliterated suggestions would be useful [[phab:T375215|on Phabricator]] for future development. * Later this week, a controlled experiment will begin for editors on the 100 largest Wikipedias who are editing a section in the mobile web visual editor. 50% of these editors will notice a new "Edit full page" button that will enable them to expand their editing session to the whole page. This feature is intended to make it easier for people on mobile web to edit any article section, regardless of which section-edit icon they tapped to begin. The experiment will last ~4 weeks. You can find [[phab:T409112|more details]] about the project. * Later this week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Reader Growth team]] will launch a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.1.14 Expanded Mobile Sections|mobile web experiment]] to expand all article sections by default (currently they are collapsed by default) and pin the section header the user is currently reading to the top of the page. The experiment will affect 10% of users on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409485] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/2025 Year in Review|Wikipedia Year in Review 2025]], a feature in the Wikipedia mobile apps (iOS and Android) that provides users with a personalised summary of their engagement with Wikipedia over the year, is now available on the iOS and Android apps. This edition includes expanded personalised insights, improved reading highlights, new donor messaging, and updated designs. Open the app to view your Year in Review and explore your reading journey from 2025. * A recent software bug caused edits made with VisualEditor to make unintended changes to wikitext, including removing whitespace and replacing spaces with underscores in wikilinks inside citations. This was partially fixed last week, and further fixes are in progress. Editors who used VisualEditor between November 28 and December 2 should review their edits for unexpected modifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411238] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the incorrect handling of URLs copied from the address bar of Microsoft Edge users, has been resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341281] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting this week, users of the "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] as the editor for Lua, JavaScript, CSS, JSON and Vue content models, instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]]. With this, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linters]] will be upgraded. This is part of a larger effort to eventually replace CodeEditor and provide a consistent code editing experience. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373711] * Developers are encouraged to take the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/552643 2025 Developer Satisfaction Survey], which remains open until 5 January 2026. If you build software for the Wikimedia ecosystem and would like to share your experiences or feedback, your participation is greatly appreciated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/W4WBKO6Q55UWWCCSFWQATKEXBEHP3QNR/] * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W50"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:42, 8 Disyembre 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29738112 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-51</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, one of the fixes addressed an issue for temporary accounts adding an external URL, which triggered an hCaptcha request in more cases than intended, and did not display the required popup on the first attempt to publish the edit. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411927] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * To improve database and site performance, external links to Wikimedia projects will no longer be stored in the database. This means they will not be searchable in [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]], will not be checked by the Spam Blacklist or AbuseFilter as new links, and will not be in the <code dir=ltr>externallinks</code> table on database replicas. In the future this may be extended to other highly-linked trusted websites on a per-wiki basis, such as Creative Commons links on Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405005] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W51"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:00, 15 Disyembre 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29796010 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-52</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W52"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * From January, edit filters [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Access flags|can be set]] to automatically suppress their details such as rules and list of attempted edits and actions. This will help oversighters use edit filters to prevent doxxing or other suppressible material. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290324] * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 12 January 2026 because of the end of year holidays. Thank you to all of the translators, and people who submitted content or feedback, this year. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:16}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:16|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the crash that occurred when tapping "First Steps" in the Wikipedia Android Year in Review has now been fixed, and the feature opens as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411546] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Interface elements such as diffs and categories generated by MediaWiki used to have the attribute <code dir=ltr>data-mw="interface"</code> to distinguish from wiki content. The attribute has been replaced with <code dir=ltr>data-mw-interface=""</code>, to avoid potential conflicts with other <code dir=ltr>data-mw</code> attributes, which are generated by Parsoid. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409187] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications just opened mid-December and will close in mid-January or earlier if capacity is reached. With space for approximately 100 participants, early application is encouraged. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W52"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:42, 22 Disyembre 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29831856 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-03</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * As part of the current work of Community Tech team on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W372|Multiple watchlists]] project, the display of [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]] will be updated as a first step towards multiple watchlists. Additionally, the pagination on [[Special:Search|Search]] will be updated too, as a part of the work on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W186|Revamp pagination / page navigation]] wish. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411596] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] is a MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that lets you see your watchlists from different wikis on the same page. It was recently updated to look more like the regular [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]], such as preparing it for temporary accounts in IP masking (including rerouting user links to contributions pages), making page titles bold, and opening links in edit summaries and tags in new browser tabs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398361][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298919][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273526][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286309] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where global blocks did not have the option to disable sending emails, has now been fixed, and will be available for use in the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401293] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Citation tool|VisualEditor citation tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] now support "map" as a reference type. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411083] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]/[[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W03"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:31, 12 Enero 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29907192 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-04</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The tray shown on [[Special:Diff|Special:Diff]] in mobile view has been redesigned. It is now collapsed by default, and incorporates a link to undo the edit being viewed, making it easier for mobile editors and reviewers to take action while keeping the interface uncluttered. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402297] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now automatically determines the text direction (ensuring correct display of sites with unusual domain names) and shows detailed descriptions for log actions. Later this week, a new permanent link for page creations and CSS classes for each entry element will be added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412505][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287929][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262768][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414135] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the previously observed issue in Vector 2022, where anchor link targets were obscured by the sticky header, has now been addressed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406114] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As mentioned in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|October 2025 deprecation announcement]], MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin sunsetting all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the MediaWiki REST API the week of January 26. Changes are expected to roll out to all wikis on or before January 30th. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found, compared, and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox]. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in Phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * Interactive reference documentation for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia REST API|Wikimedia REST API]] has moved. Requests to API docs previously hosted through [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase|RESTBase]] (e.g.: <code dir=ltr>https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/</code>) are now redirected to the [[w:en:Special:RestSandbox|REST Sandbox]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|WMF Wikidata Platform team]] (WDP) has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|January 2026 newsletter]]. It includes updates on the legacy full-graph endpoint decommissioning, the User-Agent policy change, the monthly Blazegraph migration office hours, and efforts to reduce regressions caused by the legacy endpoint shutdown. As a reminder, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|subscribe to the WDP newsletter]]! * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications opened mid-December and will close soon or when capacity is reached. It's a two-day, technically oriented hackathon bringing together Wikimedians from the region. Hope to see you there! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W04"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:27, 19 Enero 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29943403 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-05</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia Foundation invites comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|proposed future]] of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] until 28 February. * All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). Passkeys are a simple way to log in without using a second device. They verify the user's identity using a fingerprint, face scan, or a PIN code. To set up a passkey, first set up a regular 2FA method. Currently, to log in with a passkey, users must also use a password. Later this quarter, passwordless login will allow users to log in with a single click and a passkey. Users with advanced rights will also be required to have 2FA enabled. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project. * Unregistered contributors on blocked IPs or blocked IP ranges can now interact on-wiki to appeal a block by creating a temporary account to appeal a block on the user talk page, unless the "prevent this user from editing their own talk page" is enabled. This solves the problem of logged-out users unable to use the default unblock process via user talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) methods description on the management page has been updated. It is now clearer and easier for users to understand and make use of. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new AbuseFilter variable, <code>account_type</code>, has been added to provide a reliable way to determine the account type being created in the <code>createaccount</code> and <code>autocreateaccount</code> actions. As part of this change, the variable <code>accountname</code> has been renamed to <code>account_name</code>, and <code>accountname</code> is now deprecated. Edit filter managers should update any filters that use hardcoded account type checks or the deprecated variable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049] * Image thumbnails that are requested in non-standard sizes, and using non-standard methods such as direct requests to <code dir=ltr><nowiki>upload.wikimedia.org/…</nowiki></code> will stop working in the near future. This change is to prevent ongoing external abuse by web-scrapers and bots. Some users with custom CSS/JS, Interface Admins who can fix gadgets and local skins, and Tool-authors, will need to update their code to use standard thumbnail sizes. [[phab:T414805|Details, search-links, and examples of how to fix them, are available in the task]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:15, 26 Enero 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29969530 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-06</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The "{{int:pageinfo-toolboxlink}}" feature, which gives validating information about a page ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=info}} example]), now automatically includes a table of contents. If there is a local [[{{ns:8}}:Pageinfo-header]] page created by individual users, it can now be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363726] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, VisualEditor previously added bold or italic formatting inside link descriptions, making the wikicode complex. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409669] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * There was no XML dump on 20 January. Additionally, from now on, dumps will be generated once per month only. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414389] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team removed support for all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/API:REST%20API MediaWiki REST API]. All API users currently calling those endpoints are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''Weekly highlight''' * Users are reminded that the Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W06"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:41, 2 Pebrero 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30000986 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-07</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Logged-in contributors who manage large or complex watchlists can now organise and filter watched pages in ways that improve their workflows with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Watchlist labels]] feature. By adding custom labels (for example: pages you created, pages being monitored for vandalism, or discussion pages) users can more quickly identify what needs attention, reduce cognitive load, and respond more efficiently. This improves watchlist usability, especially for highly active editors. * A new feature available on [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] shows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] that are likely operated by the same person, and so makes patrolling less time-consuming. Upon checking contributions of a temporary account, users with access to temporary account IP addresses can now see a view of contributions from the related temporary accounts. The feature looks up all the IPs associated with a given temporary account within the data retention period and shows all the contributions of all temporary accounts that have used these IPs. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts#February 2026: Improvements to the patroller tooling|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415674] * When editors preview a wikitext edit, the reminder box that they are only seeing a preview (which is shown at the top), now has a grey/neutral background instead of a yellow/warning background. This makes it easier to distinguish preview notes from actual warnings (for example, edit conflicts or problematic redirect targets), which will now be shown in separate warning or error boxes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414742] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now properly supports more than one Wikibase site, for example both [[d:|Wikidata]] and [[testwikidata:|testwikidata]]. In addition, issues regarding text direction have been fixed for users who prefer Wikidata or other Wikibase sites in right-to-left (RTL) languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415440][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415458] * The automatic "magic links" for ISBN, RFC, and PMID numbers have been [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic links|deprecated in wikitext since 2021]] due to inflexibility and difficulties with localization. Several wikis have successfully replaced RFC and PMID magic links with equivalent external links, but a template was often required to replace the functionality of the ISBN magic link. There is now a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#isbn|built-in parser function]] <code dir=ltr><nowiki>{{#isbn}}</nowiki></code> available to replace the basic functionality of the ISBN magic link. This makes it easier for wikis who wish to migrate off of the deprecated magic link functionality to do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145604] * Two new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35401|Jju]] ([[w:kaj:|<code>w:kaj:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413283] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q1186896|Nawat]] ([[w:ppl:|<code>w:ppl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413273] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new global user group has been created: [[{{int:grouppage-local-bot}}|{{int:group-local-bot}}]]. It will be used internally by the software to allow community bots to bypass rate limits that are applied to abusive [[w:en:Web scraping|web scrapers]]. Accounts that are approved as bots on at least one Wikimedia wiki will be automatically added to this group. It will not change what user permissions the bot has. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415588] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2026|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Spring 2026]] will be held March 25–27 in Salt Lake City, USA. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AZBWVI46SDEB65PGR5J6E4TYOQQEZXM7/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W07"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:28, 9 Pebrero 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30026671 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-08</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Team]] will be performing a cleanup of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Etherpad|Etherpad]] instance, the web-based editor for real-time collaborative document editing. All pads will be permanently deleted after 30 April, 2026 – if there are still migration projects in progress at that point the team can revisit the date on a case by case basis. Please create local backups of any content you wish to keep, as deleted data cannot be recovered. This cleanup helps reduce database size and minimize infrastructure footprint. Etherpad will continue to support real-time collaboration, but long-term storage should not be expected. Additional cleanups may occur in the future without prior notice. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415237] '''Updates for editors''' * The Information Retrieval team will be launching an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|Android mobile app experiment]] that tests hybrid search capabilities which can handle both semantic and keyword queries. The improvement of on-platform search will enable readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. The experiment will first be launched on Greek Wikipedia in late February, followed by English, French, and Portuguese in March. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/ Read more] on Diff blog. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Information_Retrieval] * The Reader Growth team will run [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.10.2 Mobile Table of Contents|an experiment]] for mobile web users, that adds a table of contents and automatically expands all article sections, to learn more about navigation issues they face. The test will be available on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. * Previously, site notices ([[{{ns:8}}:Sitenotice]] and [[{{ns:8}}:Anonnotice]]) would only render on the desktop site. Now, they will render on all platforms. Users on mobile web will now see these notices and be informed. Site administrators should be prepared to test and fix notices on mobile devices to avoid interference with articles. To opt out, interface admins can add <code dir="ltr">#siteNotice { display: none; }</code> to [[{{ns:8}}:Minerva.css]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138572][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416644] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue on [[Special:RecentChanges|Special:RecentChanges]] has been fixed. Previously, clicking hide in the active filters caused the "view new changes since…" button to disappear, though it should have remained visible. The button now behaves as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406339] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * New documentation is now available to help editors debug on-site search features. It supports troubleshooting when pages do not appear in results, when ranking seems unexpected, and when you need to inspect what content is being indexed, helping make search behavior easier to understand and analyze. [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/Debug|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411169] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W08"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:14, 16 Pebrero 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30086330 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-09</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|Reference Check]] has been deployed to English Wikipedia, completing its rollout across all Wikipedias. The feature prompts newcomers to add a citation before publishing new content, helping reduce common citation-related reverts and improve verifiability. In A/B testing, the impact was substantial: newcomers shown Reference Check were approximately 2.2 times more likely to include a reference on desktop and about 17.5 times more likely on mobile web. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/reference_check_ab_test_report_final_2025.html] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InterwikiSorting|InterwikiSorting extension]], which allowed for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interwiki sorting order|sorting of interwiki links]], has been undeployed from Wikipedia. As a result, editors who had enabled interwiki link sorting in non-compact mode (full list format) will now see links reordered. The links moving forward will be listed in the alphabetical order of language code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253764] * Later this week, people who are editing a page-section using the mobile visual editor, will notice a new "Edit full page" button. When tapped, you will be able to edit the entire article. This helps when the change you want to make is outside the section you initially opened. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409112] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|The Reader Experience team]] is inviting editors to assess whether dark mode should still be considered "beta" on their wiki, based on their experience of how well it functions on desktop and mobile. If the feature is deemed mature, editors can update the interface messages in <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:skin-theme-description</code> and <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Vector-night-mode-beta-tag</code> to indicate that dark mode is ready and no longer considered beta. * The improved [[mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Activity_Tab|Activity tab]] which displays user-insights is now available to all users of the Wikipedia iOS app (version 7.9.0 and later). Following earlier A/B testing that showed higher account creation among users with access to the feature, it has been rolled out to 100% of users along with some updates. The Activity tab now shows your edited articles in the timeline, offers editing impact insights like contribution counts and article view trends, and customization options to improve in-app experience for users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug that prevented [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] from working on mobile has now been fixed, restoring full functionality. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415303] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that makes this possible continues to improve. The latest upgrade is the inclusion of a [[mw:Extension:GlobalWatchlist#hook|new hook]], <code dir=ltr>ext.globalwatchlist.rebuild</code>, which fires after each watchlist rebuild. This allows you to run gadgets and user scripts for the Special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275159] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W09"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:01, 23 Pebrero 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30119102 --> == Question from [[User:Abdullah mubassir|Abdullah mubassir]] on [[Wikipedia:Username policy]] (04:32, 24 Pebrero 2026) == Ajmjt --[[Gumagamit:Abdullah mubassir|Abdullah mubassir]] ([[Hisgot sa Gumagamit:Abdullah mubassir|talk]]) 04:32, 24 Pebrero 2026 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-10</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikipedia 25 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|Birthday mode]] is now live on Betawi, Breton, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, English, French, Gorontalo, Indonesian, Italian, Luxembourgish, Madurese, Sicilian, Spanish, Thai, and Vietnamese Wikipedias! This limited-time campaign feature celebrates 25 years of Wikipedia with a birthday mascot, Baby Globe. When turned on, Baby Globe is shown on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments/article configuration|~2,500 articles]], waiting to be discovered by readers. Communities can choose to turn Birthday mode on by getting consensus from their community and asking an admin to enable the feature and customize it via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#Community Configuration Demo|community configuration]] on the local wiki. '''Updates for editors''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to Swedish Wikipedia, Polish Wikipedia and [[:phab:T418209|a couple of other wikis]]. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|try the feature]] on these projects or on testwiki and [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Learnings from the first pilot wiki German Wikipedia have been [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|published in a report]]. Reach out to the Wikimedia Deutschland team if you are [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|interested in becoming a pilot wiki]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Paste check|Paste Check]] will become available at all Wikipedias this week. The feature prompts newcomers who are pasting text they are not likely to have written into VisualEditor to consider whether doing so risks a copyright violation. Paste Check [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|tags]] all edits where it is shown for potential review. Local administrators can configure various aspects of the feature via [[{{#special:EditChecks}}]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#A/B Experiment|Research]] across 22 wikis found that Paste Check resulted in an 18% decrease in relative reverted-edits compared to the control group. Translators can [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&filter=&optional=1&action=translate help to localize] this and related features. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] will be standardizing the user menu in the top right for all mobile users so that it is closer to the desktop experience. Currently this user menu is only visible to users with Advanced Mobile Controls (AMC) turned on. The only change is that a couple buttons previously in the left-side menu will move to the top right for users who do not have AMC turned on. This change is expected to go out March 9 and seeks to improve the user interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413912] * Starting in the week of March 2, the emails sent out when an email address was added, removed, or changed for an account will switch to a substantially nicer and clearer HTML email from the prior plaintext one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410807] * Notifications are currently limited to 2,000 historic entries per user, and extend back to 2013 when the feature was released. This is going to be changed to only store Notifications from the last 5 years, but up to 10,000 of them. This will help with long-term infrastructure health and help to prevent more recent notifications from disappearing too soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page continues to see improvements. The latest update improves label usage experience. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] now allows activating the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback languages|language fallback system]] for Wikidata items without labels in the viewed language, and showing those labels in the user’s preferred Wikidata language if no <code dir=ltr>uselang=</code> URL parameter is provided. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373686][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416111] * The Wikipedia Android team has started a beta test of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|hybrid search]] on Greek Wikipedia. Hybrid search capabilities can handle both semantic and keyword queries enabling readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. * For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Currently, 2FA is required to use the group, but not to be a member of it. Given that this model still has some vulnerabilities, the situation will [[phab:T418580|gradually change in March]]. Members of these groups will be unable to disable last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the second half of March, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. This applies to: CentralNotice administrators, checkusers, interface administrators, suppressors, Wikidata staff, Wikifunctions staff, WMF Office IT and WMF Trust & Safety. Nothing will change for other users. See the linked task for deployment schedule. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418580] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue preventing users from creating an instance in [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ Wikibase.cloud] has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416807] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], over the next month the Wikimedia Foundation will implement global API rate limits across our APIs. In early March, stricter limits will be applied to unidentified requests from outside Toolforge/WMCS and API requests that are made from web browsers. In April, higher limits will be applied to identified traffic. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The Wikidata Query Service Linked Data Fragment (LDF) endpoint will be decommissioned in February. This endpoint served limited traffic, which was successfully migrated to other data access methods that were better suited to support existing use cases. The hardware used to support the LDF endpoint will be reallocated to support the ongoing backend migration efforts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415696] * The new Parsoid parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], improving platform sustainability and making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. Parsoid is now the default parser on 488 WMF wikis (268 Wikipedias), now covering more than 10% of all Wikipedia page views. * The process and criteria for [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise#Access|requesting exceptional access]] to the high volume feed of the ''Wikimedia Enterprise'' APIs (at no cost for mission-aligned usecases), [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Enterprise#Exceptional access criteria|have now been published]]. This is to provide more thorough and clearer documentation for users. * [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Tech Blog], the blog dedicated to the Wikimedia technical community [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2026/02/24/a-tech-blog-diff/ will be migrating] to [[diffblog:|Diff]], the community news and event blog. The migration should be complete in April 2026, after which new posts will be accepted for publishing. Readers will be able to access posts – old and new – on the landing page at https://diff.wikimedia.org/techblog. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W10"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:49, 2 Marso 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30137798 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-11</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. * Last week, all wikis had 2 hours of read-only time, and extended unavailability for user-scripts and gadgets. This was due to a security incident which has since been resolved. Work is ongoing to prevent re-occurrences. For current information please see the [[m:Steward's noticeboard#Statement on Meta about today's user script security incident|post on the Stewards' noticeboard]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Product Safety and Integrity/March 2026 User Script Incident|translations]]). '''Updates for editors''' * Users facing multiple blocks on mobile will now see the reasons for each block separately, instead of a generic message. This helps them understand why they are blocked and what steps they can take to resolve the issue. For example, users affected for using common VPNs (such as [[Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|iCloud Private Relay]]) will receive clearer guidance on what they need to do to start editing again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357118] * Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] will become available as a beta feature within the visual editor at all Wikipedias. This feature proactively suggests various types of actions that people can consider taking to improve Wikipedia articles, and learn about related guidelines. The feature is locally configurable, and can also be locally expanded with custom Suggestions. Current settings can be seen at [[Special:EditChecks]] and there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators %E2%80%93 local customization|instructions for how administrators can customize]] the links to point to local guidelines. The feature is connected to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit check]] which suggests improvements while someone is writing new content. In the future, the Editing team plans to evaluate the feature's impact with newcomers through a controlled experiment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404600] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where the cursor became misaligned during the use of CodeMirror’s syntax highlighting, which makes wikitext and code easier to read, has now been fixed. This problem specifically affected users who defined a font rule in a custom stylesheet while creating a new topic with DiscussionTools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418793] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * API rate limiting update: To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], global API rate limits will be applied this week to requests without a compliant User-Agent that originate from outside Toolforge/WMCS and to unauthenticated requests made from web browsers. Higher limits will be applied to identified traffic in April. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The new GraphQL API has been released. The API was developed as a flexible alternative to select features of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), to improve developer experience and foster adaptability, and efficient data access. Try it out and [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL#Feedback and development|give feedback]]. You can also [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply sign up for usability tests]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|PTAC Unsupported Tools Working Group]] continued improvements to [[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons#|Video2Commons]] in February, with fixes addressing authentication errors, large-file handling, task queue visibility, and clearer upload behavior. Work is still ongoing in some areas, including changes related to deprecated server-side uploads. Read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group#February 2026|this update]] to learn more. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Article Guidance team invites experienced Wikipedia editors from selected [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators#Collaborators|pilot wikis]] and interested contributors from other Wikipedias to fill out this questionnaire which is available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmLeVWnxmsCbPoI_UF2jyRcn73WRGWCVPHzerXb4Cz97X_Ag/viewform English], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd6rzr4XXQw8r4024fE3geTPFe13M_6w7Mitj-YJi0sOlWTAw/viewform?usp=header Arabic], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdok3-RfB18lcugYTUMGkpwmqG_8p760Wv4dCXitOXOszjUDw/viewform?usp=header Bengali], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfjTfYp4jEo0akA4B1e-Nfg3QZPCudUjhJzHzzDi6AHyAaMGA/viewform?usp=header Japanese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScteVoI29Aue4xc72dekk-6RYtvmMgQxzMI900UOawrFrSTWg/viewform?usp=header Portuguese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSetdxnYwL3ub2vqA7awCg5hJZPMIYcDPaiTe12rY9h0GYnVlw/viewform?usp=header Persian], and [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScNvfJF-Ot-4pzA4qAN771_0QDJ4Li19YcUsaTgSKW8Nc7U_Q/viewform?usp=header Turkish]. Your answers will help the team customize guidance for less experienced editors and help them learn community policies and practices while creating an article. Learn more [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|on the project page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W11"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:50, 9 Marso 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30213008 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-12</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature, also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], has been used for wikitext syntax highlighting since November 2024. It will be promoted out of beta by May 2026 in order to bring improvements and new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Features|features]] to all editors who use the standard syntax highlighter. If you have any questions or concerns about promoting the feature out of beta, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|please share]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Some changes to local user groups are performed by stewards on Meta-Wiki and logged there only. Now, interwiki rights changes will be logged both on Meta-Wiki and the wiki of the target user to make it easier to access a full record of user's rights changes on a local wiki. Past log entries for such changes will be backfilled in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6055] * On wikis using [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]], the number of pending changes shown on [[{{#Special:PendingChanges}}]] previously counted pages which were no longer pending review, because they have been removed from the system without being reviewed, e.g. due to being deleted, moved to a different namespace, or due to wiki configuration changes. The count will be correct now. On some wikis the number shown will be much smaller than before. There should be no change to the list of pages itself. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413016] * Wikifunctions composition language has been rewritten, resulting in a new version of the language. This change aims to increase service stability by reducing the orchestrator's memory consumption. This rewrite also enables substantial latency reduction, code simplification, and better abstractions, which will open the door to later feature additions. Read more about [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|the changes]]. * Users can now sort search results alphabetically by page title. The update gives an additional option to finding pages more easily and quickly. Previously, results could be sorted by Edit date, Creation date, or Relevance. To use the new option, open 'Advanced Search' on the search results page and select 'Alphabetically' under 'Sorting Order'. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403775] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons from importing files from Flickr has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419263] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new special page, [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}]], has been created to list transcluded pages that are flagged as containing lint errors to help users discover them easily. The list is sorted by the number of transclusions with errors. For example: [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}/night-mode-unaware-background-color]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170874] * Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature have been using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages, for some time now. Along with promoting CodeMirror 6 out of beta, the plan is to replace CodeEditor as the standard editor for these content models by May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|Feedback or concerns are welcome]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] JavaScript modules will soon be upgraded to CodeMirror 6. Leading up to the upgrade, loading the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror</code> or <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.lib</code> modules from gadgets and user scripts was deprecated in July 2025. The use of the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.switch</code> hook was also deprecated in March 2025. Contributors can now make their scripts or gadgets compatible with CodeMirror 6. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror#Gadgets and user scripts|migration guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373720] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is expanding coverage of REST API module definitions to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API/Extensions|extension APIs]]. REST API modules are groups of related endpoints that can be independently managed and versioned. Modules now exist for [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414470 GrowthExperiments] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419053 Wikifunctions] APIs. As we migrate extension APIs to this structure, documentation will move out of the main MediaWiki OpenAPI spec and REST Sandbox view, and will instead be accessible via module-specific options in the dropdown on the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox] (i.e., [[{{#Special:RestSandbox}}]], available on all wiki projects). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] extension provides different pieces of information about the wiki where the module is being used via the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual|mw.site]] library. Starting last week, the library also provides a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.site.wikiId|way]] of accessing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Wiki ID|wiki ID]] that can be used to facilitate cross-wiki module maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146616] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|2026 Coolest Tool Award]] celebrating outstanding community tools, is now open for nominations! Nominate your favorite tool using the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/435684?lang=en nomination survey] form by 23 March 2026. For more information on privacy and data handling, please see the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Coolest_Tool_Award_2026_Survey_Privacy_Statement|survey privacy statement]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W12"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:33, 16 Marso 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30260505 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys. This is a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. With this change, all users who opt for passwordless login will find it easier, faster, and more secure to log in to their accounts using any device. The new passkey login option currently appears as an autofill suggestion in the username field. An additional [[phab:T417120|"Log in with passkey" button]] will soon be available for users who have already registered a passkey. This update will improve security and user experience. The [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|screen recording]] demonstrates the passwordless login process step by step. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia site users can now export their notifications older than 5 years using a [[toolforge:echo-chamber|new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain their important notifications and avoid them being lost based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, as previously announced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to Special:PersonalDashboard. This is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of an experience]] that introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647] * The [[Special:Block]] now has two minor interface changes. Administrators can now easily perform indefinite blocks through a dedicated radio button in the expiry section. Also, choosing an indefinite expiry provides a different set of common reasons to select from, which can be changed at: [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823] * Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] can now see an improved logged-out edit warning, thanks to the recent updates from the Growth team. These changes released last week are part of ongoing efforts and tests to enhance [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and then increase participation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented mobile web users from seeing the block information when affected by multiple blocks has been fixed. They can now see messages of all the blocks currently affecting them when they access Wikipedia. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Images built using Toolforge will soon get the upgraded buildpacks version, bringing support for newer language versions and other upstream improvements and fixes. If you use Toolforge Build Service, review the recent [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ cloud-announce email] and update your build configuration as necessary to ensure your tools are compatible. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127] * The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] documentation wiki will shut down in June 2026. API keys created on the API Portal will continue to work normally. api.wikimedia.org endpoints will be deprecated gradually starting in July 2026. Documentation on the API Portal is moving to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is considering improvements to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|automatically generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Please check out the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|proposed solutions]] and participate in the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|request for comment]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:49, 23 Marso 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30268305 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-14</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Beta version of [[abstract:|Abstract Wikipedia]] a new Wikimedia project which is language-independent, was launched last week. The project allows communities to build Wikipedia articles in their native language, which can be readily accessed by other users in their own languages. The wiki is powered by instructions from Wikifunctions and also based on structured content from Wikidata. [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|Read more]]. '''Updates for editors''' * The Growth team is running an A/B test to evaluate a clearer, more user-friendly message that promotes account creation on wikis. Currently when logged-out mobile users begin editing, they see a jarring warning message that can feel abrupt and discouraging. This also presents temporary account editing as the default rather than encouraging account creation. The test is running on ten Wikipedias, including Arabic, French, Spanish and German. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#2. Improve logged-out warning message (T415160)|Read more]]. * The Wikimedia Apps team is inviting feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|how editing should work on the Wikipedia mobile apps]]. The discussion focuses on improving how users access editing tools when they tap "Edit". This is part of a broader effort to convert readers who develop an interest in editing, to access a more user-friendly pathway to start contributing. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:45}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:45|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where citation fetching from the large newspaper archive [https://www.newspapers.com Newspapers.com] was no longer working, due to a block in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|Citoid]] requests, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419903] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:23, 30 Marso 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30329462 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] now includes a new group goal-setting feature, enabling organizers to set and track event goals such as the number of articles created and participating contributors in real time. Similarly, participants can work toward shared targets and see their collective impact as the event unfolds. The feature is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Learn more in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|the documentation]]. * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|watchlist labels]] feature (announced in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Tech News 2026-07]]) is now available via VisualEditor, the source editor, and the 'watchstar' (or watch link, for skins that don't have a star icon). Previously it was only possible to assign labels via [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. In all three places it is a new field following the expiry field. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where talk pages on mobile with Parsoid are unusable after empty section headers, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]], which lets editors add details to an existing reference without duplicating it, will be gradually rolled out to [[phab:T414094|more wikis]] later this year. Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] gadget are encouraged to update their version (typically at [[m:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] as shown [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 here]) to ensure compatibility. Other reference-related gadgets may also be affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304] * All Wikinews editions will be closed and switched to read-only mode on 4 May 2026. Content will remain accessible, but no new edits or articles can be added. This closure was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation following extended discussions. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Read more]]. * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Action API|Action API]] has had several formats for requested output. One of them, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>format=php</nowiki></code></bdi>, is being removed soon. Please ensure your scripts or bots use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Data formats#Output|JSON format]]. This removal should affect very few scripts and bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118538] * The [[Special:NamespaceInfo|Special:NamespaceInfo]] page now includes namespace aliases. For example "WP" for the "Project" ("Wikipedia") namespace on the German Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381455] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:17, 6 Abril 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30362761 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Experienced editors are invited to [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Main_Page test] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature, designed to help less-experienced editors create well-structured, policy-compliant Wikipedia articles. Testing instructions are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide|available]]. Also, after reviewing [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance the outlines], please provide feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|project talk page]]. Based on your input, the feature will be refined and transferred to the pilot Wikipedias to translate and adapt. Check out [[c:File:Article Guidance workflow demo - April 2026.webm|the video]] explaining the feature. '''Updates for editors''' * On most wikis, all autoconfirmed users can now use [[Special:ChangeContentModel|Special:ChangeContentModel]] page to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|create new pages with custom content models]], such as mass message lists, making custom page formats more accessible. Check [[Special:ListGroupRights|Special:ListGroupRights]] for the status of your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248294] * The Growth team has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account_Creation_Experiments|account creation experiment]] to evaluate whether adding an account creation button to the mobile web header increases new account registrations and encourages more mobile users to contribute to the wikis. The experiment is currently live on Hindi, Indonesian, Bengali, Thai, and Hebrew Wikipedia, and targets 10% of logged-out mobile web users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where VisualEditor could get stuck loading on Windows devices with animations turned off, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382856] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting later this week, {{int:group-abusefilter}} who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature enabled will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] as the editor at [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. This is part of the broader effort to make the user experience more consistent across all editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399673][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * Tools and bots that access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications/API|Notifications API]] (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=query&meta=notifications</nowiki></code></bdi>) will need to update their OAuth or BotPassword grants to also include access to private notifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421991] * Due to a library upgrade, listings on category pages may be displayed out of order starting on Monday, 20th April. A migration script will be run to correct this, and will take hours to days depending on the size of the wiki (up to a week for English Wikipedia). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T422544] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:16, 13 Abril 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30380527 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * After two years of development, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], is to be promoted out of beta on Tuesday, April 21. It brings better code and wikitext readability, reduction in typing errors, and other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|benefits]] to all users of the standard syntax highlighter. A huge thank you to volunteer [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/p/Bhsd/ Bhsd] who developed many of the new features, including [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Code folding|code folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linting]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * A major update to the Wikipedia app for iOS is now rolling out, redesigning the interface to align with Apple's latest "Liquid Glass" visual design. [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 Download the latest version] and explore the update. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading lists]] is a feature which allows readers to save articles to a list for reading later. This feature is now in beta on Arabic, French, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and by default for all new accounts on all Wikipedias. * An experiment which explores extending [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Page Previews to mobile web]] will be launched in the week of April 20 on Arabic, English, French, Italian, Polish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. Page Previews are pop-ups that display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and a link to open the full article of a blue link, thereby improving content discovery. The feature is already available on desktop and in the apps. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Template|Read more about this experiment and others]]. * On several wikis, logged-in editors who haven't [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|confirmed their email addresses]] can now see a banner encouraging them to do so. Having the email address confirmed allows a user to restore access to the account if they lose it. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421366] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:15}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:15|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where editing very large wiki pages in the 2017 wikitext editor caused slow loading, preview and scrolling lag, and performance issues when selecting, cutting, or pasting content, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184857] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of the promotion of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] from a beta feature, all users will use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The <code>mirrors.wikimedia.org</code> service for Debian and Ubuntu users will sunset and stop working on May 15. The resources for the service will be replaced with new and better options. Some users may need to switch to a different server which should take about a minute. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LJYRIS4WB66HIRCAO4GIDTXCMDVZRBMA/ You can read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416707] * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> table will be removed from [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wikireplicas]]. If your tools or queries access <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> directly, please update them to use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>file</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>filerevision</nowiki></code></bdi> table before 28 May. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28741] * Following the recent implementation of global API rate limits on unidentified traffic, the Wikimedia Foundation will continue efforts to ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]] by applying global limits to identified API traffic beginning the last week of April. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] is now available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. The API fetches information for crediting Wikimedia articles and media files wherever they are used. Reference documentation is available through the REST Sandbox special page available on all Wikimedia wikis (such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=attribution.v0-beta&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST sandbox on English Wikipedia]). Share your feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|project talk page]]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14:58, 20 Abril 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30432763 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * There is a change in how new users are autoconfirmed that will improve anti-vandalism protection. Currently, users who have had an account for a few days and made a few edits are automatically added to the [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]] group. This configuration tends to be exploited by some vandals, who create accounts and start to use them only after some time. To mitigate this, the configuration will be updated next week so that – for the purpose of becoming autoconfirmed – the account age will be counted from their first edit, instead of registration date. The numeric value of the age threshold will remain the same. This change will be deployed only to wikis which require at least one edit as part of the autoconfirmation conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484] * All Wikipedia users with new accounts and those who activated the "automatically enable most beta features" option in their preference can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|reading lists]] beta feature to save articles for later reading. This helps organize reading interests in one place for convenient access. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where infobox images have huge padding in Firefox, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As a reminder, the global API rate limits will be applied this week to identified API traffic. This is to help ensure [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]]. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, including the actual rate limits, see [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:04, 27 Abril 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30458046 --> == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:30, 28 Abril 2026 (UTC) </div> (This message was sent to [[:Hisgot sa Gumagamit:Như Gây Mê]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471712 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] team invites experienced editors of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators|pilot Wikipedias]]—Arabic, Bangla, Japanese, Portuguese, Persian, Turkish, Simple English, Spanish, and French—to help translate and adapt [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance sample outlines]. These outlines will guide editors in creating clear, well-structured, and policy-compliant articles when using [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Special:NewArticle the feature] once it is launched in May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|Simple instructions]] on how to translate and adapt the outlines are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has published [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|draft recommendations]] on a model that affiliates can follow when contributing to the technical space. Community members are invited to provide feedback on the recommendation until May 8th [[:m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|on the talk page]]. * The number of available thumbnail size preferences in MediaWiki is being reduced to three standardized options—Small (180px), Regular (250px), and Large (400px), as part of ongoing efforts to improve performance and reduce strain on thumbnail services. As a result, existing preferences will be mapped to the nearest new size (for example, smaller selections like 120px or 150px will render at 180px, while larger ones like 300px or 360px will render at 400px). The preferences interface will soon be updated to reflect these changes, and users who wish to opt out or provide feedback can do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424909] * From now on, even when a permission expires automatically, users will receive an Echo notification similar to the standard notification for permission changes. There is a difference between this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]] in that the latter reminds users a week ''before'' the rights are due to expire, so that they can renew the rights. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the problem where the ULS language selector in [[m:Special:Translate|Special:Translate]] would scroll vertically when it shouldn't, has been resolved. Previously, when users opened the "Translate to English" dropdown and typed certain inputs, the dialog would scroll vertically by a few pixels even when there was enough space to display all results. The dropdown no longer shifts unnecessarily when filtering languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358864] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]], which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page, continues to improve. For example, watchlists for Wikibase sites such as [[:d:|Wikidata]] now support [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EntitySchema|EntitySchema]] elements for better tracking. The Live Updates mode now refreshes the special page every 60 seconds to comply with the updated [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] for improved real-time responsiveness. Additionally, a directionality bug that displayed links as "changes 3" instead of "3 changes" in mixed-direction lists has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415450][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424422][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418091] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The second phase of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] has been rolled out to reduce the [[diffblog:2026/03/26/quo-vadis-crawlers-progress-and-whats-next-on-safeguarding-our-infrastructure/|impact of AI crawlers]] and ensure fair, sustainable access to Wikimedia resources, prioritising human and mission-aligned traffic. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits#Limits|Limits]] have been shifted from per-hour to per-minute, producing smoother traffic patterns and more predictable API load. Community users are not expected to be affected, and no action is required. Early indications show some User-Agent-based requestors are adjusting behaviour, and around 64% of automated API traffic has been identified. Monitoring continues, and Wikimedia Enterprise remains available for commercial support. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.27|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:41, 4 Mayo 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30498077 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Community Tech has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/How to write a good wish|new guidance]] explaining how wishes on Community Wishlist are triaged and prioritized. The documentation is intended to help contributors write stronger proposals by clarifying the factors that influence prioritization decisions. Beyond vote counts, the guidance highlights considerations such as potential impact on the community when determining which wishes move forward. '''Updates for editors''' * The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment to test a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Share_Card|Share Card feature]] that allows readers to create visually engaging cards from Wikipedia articles or selected article sections and share them online, with each card linking back to the original article to help expand readership and article discovery. The mobile-only A/B test will be available to a portion of readers on Arabic, Chinese, French, Vietnamese, and English Wikipedia to better understand reading and sharing habits, and is scheduled to begin the week of May 18 and run for four weeks. * The Android and iOS Wikipedia apps recently released the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/25th_Birthday_Reading_Challenge|25-day reading challenge]] into Beta, as part of efforts to drive reader engagement by encouraging users to complete reading milestones. To track their reading streak during the challenge, App users can add a widget featuring Baby Globe to their home screen. The challenge officially begins May 11. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:17}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:17|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the global preference for enabling syntax highlighting in wikitext could unexpectedly disable itself after being turned on, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425286] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader module <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.ui.input</nowiki></code></bdi>, deprecated since [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|September 2023]], will be removed this week. There is a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420125] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W20"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:18, 11 Mayo 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30524429 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Abstract Wikipedia team has identified five potential pilot wikis to assess their interest in adopting abstract articles on their wikis. The pilots are Malayalam, Bengali, Dagbani, Arabic, and Indonesian Wikipedia. The feedback period will be open until May 22. If your community is interested in becoming a pilot, [[m:Talk:Abstract Wikipedia|let us know on Meta]]. '''Updates for editors''' * An experiment to show [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] to logged-out readers on mobile web will launch on May 18 across German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu Wikipedias, and will run for one month. The effort supports broader goals of helping readers save and organize articles for later reading, while encouraging habits that could lead to future Wikipedia contributions. * To support a bookmark button in the Reading List beta feature, the "Tools > Action" menu has been updated to display icons, including the watch star indicator that helps editors identify temporarily watched articles. The icons now also match those used on mobile, improving consistency across platforms. The change is currently limited to the actions menu and mainly affects editors with privileged user rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T426008] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] was released as an [[w:en:A/B test|A/B test]] for newcomer editors on the mobile website at [[phab:T421189|~15 Wikipedias]]. The experiment will measure the impact that Suggestion Mode has on the proportion of newcomer mobile web edit sessions that result in constructive (un-reverted) article edits. The experiment will also evaluate the feature's impact on editor retention, and monitor changes in revert and block rates. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue in the Wikipedia Android app where images could sometimes fail to load after opening a recommended reading list notification, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418231] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|Wikidata Platform team]] has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/Backend Replacement|backend replacement recommendation]] and accompanying [[wikitech:Wikidata Query Service/WDQS Architecture re-design|technical architecture]] for the migration of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) away from Blazegraph. Feedback is invited until May 25th 2026, especially on potential gaps and impacts on advanced use cases. Wikidata community members and WDQS users are also encouraged to help identify high-impact tools and workflows that may need attention on [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/High-Impact Use Cases|this page]]. Feedback can be shared on the [[d:Wikidata talk:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update|Migration talk page]] or during the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Blazegraph Migration Office Hours|next office hour]]. See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|WDP team newsletter]] for more details. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * On English, French, Japanese, and a few other Wikipedias, there was a [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|trial of hCaptcha]], a third-party bot detection service. The trial showed that hCaptcha effectively detects and deters some bad-faith automated activity, on its own and by giving [[w:en:Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)/Archive 225#Introducing SuggestedInvestigations|checkusers and stewards]] signals to look into. Because the results were positive, hCaptcha will be rolled out across all wikis over the next few weeks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|See the hCaptcha project page]] for technical information about the implementation and privacy protections. [[diffblog:2026/05/04/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha-part-2/|Learn more]]. * The latest Community Tech update is now available, with progress across several Community Wishlist initiatives, including Reading Lists expansion from the mobile app to the website, new language support for "Who Wrote That" and the Personal Dashboard, improvements to 3D rendering and Charts, and upcoming work on talk page sorting, audio playback, and editing workflows. The update also shares current priorities, wishlist status trends, and opportunities for community feedback on future focus areas and the Wikimedia Foundation’s 2026–2027 Annual Plan. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 13, 2026: Latest updates from the Community Tech team|Read the full newsletter for details]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W21"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:19, 18 Mayo 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30539262 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Following a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#LOWM|successful account creation experiment]], an improved logged-out edit warning message will be deployed to all Wikimedia wikis in the first week of June. The change will only affect logged-out users on mobile web who open an editing session. The updated experience is designed to encourage account creation more clearly, while still allowing users to edit with temporary accounts. Results from the experiment showed a significant increase in account creation, with a 27% relative lift among users shown the updated message. As expected, as more people funnel into account creation, temporary accounts decreased by a relative 16%. The experiment did not show any significant changes in constructive edit rates or other monitored contributor metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424595] '''Updates for editors''' * For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Members of these groups will be unable to disable the last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the next few weeks, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. Notably, this applies to bureaucrats. See the linked tasks for deployment schedules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423119][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423120] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] will run an [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on [[:phab:T415904|10 wikis]], testing [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/Reference Previews|potential improvements for Reference Previews]]. The experiment will run for ~2 weeks at the end of May / beginning of June and will affect 10% of desktop readers on the participating wikis. * After two successful experiments, the Reader Growth team is rolling out an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature for all Wikipedias on mobile on May 25. This means that anyone who has all beta features on by default will start to see this feature, and others can check the box to turn it on in their preferences. The beta feature will include a carousel of all an article's images at the top of the article, with controls for editors to [[mw:Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing#Phase_2.1_beta_feature|exclude images from the article's carousel or to exclude an article from the feature entirely]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, three dimensional STL files were being rendered incorrectly by the media viewer 3D extension which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416723] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The legacy CSS classes <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tright</nowiki></code></bdi> have been replaced with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> as the former do not work consistently across all MediaWiki platforms, notably mobile web and mobile apps. Projects relying on these classes are encouraged to review related usage and plan for migration. Please note that <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> may also be deprecated in future, although there are currently no plans to do so. [[phab:T426452|Read more]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W22"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:50, 25 Mayo 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30584502 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-23</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is conducting an experiment to show the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|reading lists]] feature, which is still in development, to logged-out mobile readers to test whether it encourages account creation at a higher rate compared to the watchstar button. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists#Experiment timeline|experiment]] was launched on May 18th on German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu wikis, and it will run for a month. * The Wikimedia Apps team released [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|Phase 1]] of the redesigned Home Feed to the Android Beta app. The new Home Feed includes a refreshed "Community" tab and a personalized "For You" tab featuring daily updated reading recommendations. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve content discovery and create more engaging learning experiences in the Wikipedia apps. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where images could fail to load for some suggested edits on [[w:Special:Homepage|Special:Homepage]], leaving the thumbnail stuck in a loading state, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424048] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W23"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:06, 1 Hunyo 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30613639 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-24</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/24|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikimedia Enterprise has increased the free usage limits for its API offerings. The monthly request limit for the On-demand API has increased from 5,000 to 50,000 requests, while the Snapshot API limit has increased from 15 to 30 requests per month. In addition, Structured Contents snapshots are now available for free accounts. These changes expand access to Wikimedia Enterprise data for developers, researchers, and organizations using Wikimedia content. [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|refreshed Explore Feed]], now called the Home Feed, is rolling out to 50% of users of the Wikipedia Android app. The Home Feed helps readers discover relevant content through two new tabs: ''Community'' and ''For You''. The Community tab provides a scrollable feed of curated content and updates from the broader Wikimedia community and movement, while the ''For You'' tab offers a full-screen, swipeable experience that shows content tailored to a user's interests. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve discovery and enhance the learning experience in the Wikipedia app. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/"Which came first?" Game|Which came first?]] daily trivia game is now available in the beta version of the Wikipedia iOS app in English, German, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Turkish. The game uses historical events from Wikipedia's "On This Day" content and challenges readers to guess which of two events happened first. The game was previously released on Android. Communities interested in making the game available in their languages can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Games#Game availability by language|read the instructions and requirements]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details, will begin rolling out to Wikimedia wikis following a successful pilot phase. Deployment will start on 8 June for most [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Wednesday|Group 1 wikis]] and French Wikipedia, with additional Wikipedia language editions receiving the feature over the coming months. Communities are encouraged to prepare by checking for [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-cite&language=en&action_source=search&filter=%21translated&optional=1&action=translate untranslated Cite extension messages] in their language and reviewing any use of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]], which may require [[:phab:T416304#11668731|updates]] to support the new functionality. Wikis using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] do not need to take any action. Communities may also wish to create the ''cite-tracking-category-ref-details'' [[Special:TrackingCategories|tracking category]] as a hidden category using <code><nowiki>__HIDDENCAT__</nowiki></code> (or a dedicated template), and connect it to the corresponding Wikidata item [[d:Q129764848]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425662] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews#Experimentation|Page Previews experiment]] on mobile web has concluded. The team decided not to roll out the feature after the results showed no statistically significant impact on reader retention, as the primary success metric was retention improvement. Page Previews, which are already available on desktop and in the apps, display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and link to the full article when readers tap a blue link. The experiment tested this experience on mobile web across six Wikipedias. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Design/Icons|user interface icon library]] will be [[phab:T399175|updated later this week or next week]]. Most of the ~300 icons have been slightly refined and ~30 new icons have been added. These changes improve the icons to make them more consistent and comprehensible, and provide more visual balance when they are used in groups. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector|Universal Language Selector]] (ULS) interface in MediaWiki, which helps users select content in other languages, has been updated. The new version improves speed and accessibility, and users of Wikimedia projects can now pin languages for quicker language switching. The deployment to Wikimedia sites will happen gradually in the coming weeks. You can test it now as a beta feature by selecting [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features]] in your profile preferences and share your feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector/New ULS|the project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the Pageviews Analysis dashboard on pageviews.wmcloud.org stopped updating graph data in May 2026, affecting all users, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427171] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The function signature for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mw.util.addPortletLink()</nowiki></code></bdi> has been simplified. Developers can now pass a configuration object instead of a list of positional parameters when creating portlet links. The previous function signature remains supported for backwards compatibility. For example, instead of: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', '#', 'Stub', 'ca-stubtag', 'Add a stub tag to this page');</nowiki></code></bdi> use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', { href: '#', text: 'Stub', id: 'ca-stubtag', tooltip: 'Add a stub tag to this page' });</nowiki></code></bdi>. Script maintainers are encouraged to review existing uses of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>addPortletLink()</nowiki></code></bdi> and update them where appropriate. This change will be available on all wikis from 11 June. Thanks to community volunteer Gerges for contributing this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427945] * '''Community Wishlist discussion''': Product & Technology [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 20, 2026: Community Tech becomes a program|introduced changes]] meant to increase the number and complexity of wishes fulfilled, including the disbanding of the Community Tech team. They are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|engaging in discussions]] about a [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist#Proposed direction for Wishlist|proposed direction for the wishlist]] from community members. Includes ways to structure annual voting, better tracking of wishes, removing focus areas, and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|staffing updates]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.6|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W24"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:27, 8 Hunyo 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30650573 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Reader Growth team]] has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature on the mobile web version of all Wikipedias. The feature shows an image carousel at the top of articles with 3 or more images. Editors can configure this feature with the following controls: to hide a specific image from a page, either use <code>class=notpageimage</code> excluding it from thumbnail previews, or <code>class=noviewer</code> excluding it from MediaViewer. The carousel can also be disabled from a page entirely, with the magic word <code><nowiki>__NOMEDIAVIEWERCAROUSEL__</nowiki></code>. To submit feedback or flag bugs, please visit the [[mw:Talk:Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|project page]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tables#class="wikitable"|Wikitables]] can now be [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Sortable tables#Forcing the initial sort direction|sorted in descending order]] on the first click by adding <code dir=ltr>data-sort-order="desc"</code> to the header cell. Previously, by default, clicking a column header for the first time sorts it in ascending order. This addition to a Wikitable gives it more control and flexibility, while the default behavior for subsequent clicks remains unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398416] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature is currently being tested with some editors creating new articles on the Simple English, French, and Turkish Wikipedias. The experiment will soon begin on the Arabic and Bangla Wikipedias as well. [[w:simple:Special:NewArticle|This feature]] gives editors community-curated guidance to help them create articles that follow community standards. Experienced editors can continue creating or adapting outlines for specific article types that are commonly created by less experienced contributors. The outlines guide less experienced editors in creating high-quality articles. A quick guide to markups used in outlines can be found on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide#Markups in outlines|this page]]. [[w:simple:Wikipedia:Article Guidance|Example outlines]] that can be adapted and instructions for how to adapt them are on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|this section]] of the project page. * Wikis that wish to replace the "indefinitely" button in Special:Block for temporary accounts (for example, wikis that block temporary users only until account expiration) will be able to do so by creating [[MediaWiki:ipb-indefinite-expiry-temporary-account]] with the block duration they want. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427125] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:41}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:41|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * By the end of June, a valid user-agent string will be required for automated dumps downloads from the dumps.wikimedia.org website. Automated requests that provide a generic or empty user-agent will be blocked. This [[phab:T400119|extends enforcement]] of the long standing [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|user-agent policy]]. Access to dumps through Wikimedia Cloud Services will not change. * The roll out of global [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|API rate limits]] is now complete, with limits enforced across all APIs and at the documented levels for all groups. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki remain exempt. All bots should continue to follow the documented best practices to avoid being rate limited. * The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal wiki] will be read only starting this week (June 15-18). The following week (June 22-25), all API Portal wiki URLs will redirect to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|Wikimedia APIs on mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * On June 17th at 6pm UTC the WMF will be holding Discord call focused on a code review. We've heard through the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Developer Satisfaction Survey/2026|Developer Satisfaction Survey]] that volunteers are struggling with code review and we'd like to discuss these experiences with the goal of surfacing workable solutions. You can join the call [https://discord.gg/wikipedia?event=1514727511102062664 via the Wikimedia Community Discord server]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Conferencia Wikimedia de América Latina 2026|Latin American Wikimedia Conference]] will host a regional hackathon that will bring together the Wikimedia movement’s technical community including developers, system administrators, data scientists, and users with extended rights. Interested technical contributors can [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSf4osJzTHBJjQbYJk7TMVEJjTEQv7IgtsUDfP-o-qTgeRQQxw/viewform apply for a scholarship] to participate until June 21 at midnight (Bolivia time, UTC-4). * Sign up for Wikimania Team Challenges to join this special event. The Team challenges will take place online and in person from July 21 to 22, before Wikimania conference. Everyone is welcome, regardless of skills or Wikimania registration. Teams will work on 10 important challenges supporting the Wikimedia community. For details, visit [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Team challenges|the Team Challenges page]] and [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/wm/teamchallenges/ register there]. Registration closes on June 20th at 11pm UTC. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W25"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:46, 15 Hunyo 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30689604 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-26</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/26|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]] are [[phab:T418115|now available at Wikidata]]. This update enables access to Mentorship ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|if configured]]), Impact module, the Help Panel, and a simplified Newcomer Homepage (without Suggested Edits). Wikidata administrators are still configuring the features through Community Configuration. '''Updates for editors''' * The special page [[{{#special:RangeCalculator}}]] has been created. It allows users to find an IP range without needing to rely on external tools. Until now, this tool was only available to CheckUsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T268429] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]] is a new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details. It will be deployed to most small and medium-sized Wikipedia language versions on June 23. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#deployment|FAQ]] lists possible actions to take on your wiki to support the deployment. Check the [[:phab:T414094|rollout plan]] for the next deployment steps. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428902] * Starting next week, users will get a notification when they are blocked or unblocked from editing, or if this block changes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100974] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting next week, abuse filters that are set to "require CAPTCHA verification" will begin to also affect users with the <code>skipcaptcha</code> right, which includes most autoconfirmed users. Bots are exempted. This change only affects edits that trigger an abuse filter. The <code>skipcaptcha</code> right will continue to exempt users from having to solve CAPTCHAs in the ordinary course of using the wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402595] * Reference documentation for the [[wikitech:Machine_Learning/LiftWing/API|Lift Wing API]] has moved from the API Portal to the interactive [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?api=lift-wing&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox]. * The API Portal wiki is now closed. For API documentation, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_APIs|Wikimedia APIs on mediawiki.org]]. All API Portal wiki URLs (https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/) will redirect to the mediawiki.org page starting June 22. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427537] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.8|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * Join an online call on 25 June at 2:30pm UTC to meet the current Wikimedia interns for [[mw:Google_Summer_of_Code/2026|Google Summer of Code]] and [[mw:Outreachy/Round_32|Outreachy]]. Interns will provide an overview of their projects and a brief demo of their work so far. Attendees are encouraged to [[mw:event:Google_Summer_of_Code/Summer_2026_June_Internship_open_session|share ideas and connections in their community]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W26"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 13:03, 23 Hunyo 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30722494 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-27</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/27|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|Account Creation Experiments]], the Growth team tested adding a user account icon in the mobile web header for logged-out users, providing direct access to "Create account" and "Log in" actions. The experiment increased account creation by about 20% without negatively affecting edit quality or constructive edit rates. The feature will now be rolled out to all Wikimedia Foundation wikis on mobile web in the first week of July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428220] * After a [[phab:T426248|successful experiment]], logged-in users who did not [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email_confirmation|confirm their email address]] when their account was created see a new banner asking them to complete that process. This helps reduce the risk that users get locked out of their account, and makes account email addresses overall more reliable. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428292] * An update to [[Special:Search|Search]] is refining how the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>-prefix:</nowiki></code></bdi> behaves when used to exclude results. Previously, using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>-prefix:</nowiki></code></bdi> with negation could unintentionally broaden search results by adding the namespaces included in the search scope, leading to confusing behavior for users expecting a straightforward exclusion filter. With the update, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>-prefix:</nowiki></code></bdi> will now strictly exclude matching page titles as intended and may display a warning if the relevant namespace has not been explicitly selected. The behavior of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>prefix:</nowiki></code></bdi> without negation however remains unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427443] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where reviewers using the Page Curation toolbar were not automatically subscribed to talk page discussions they started has now been fixed. Reviewers will now receive notifications when someone replies to those discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329346] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting June 29th, automated downloads from the dumps.wikimedia.org website will be subject to the [[Foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|user-agent policy]]. Automated requests that provide a generic or empty user-agent will be blocked. Access to dumps through Wikimedia Cloud Services remains unaffected. This is a follow up to the announcement made in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|2026/25 issue of Tech News]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.9|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W27"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 11:45, 29 Hunyo 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30744833 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-28</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/28|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the search bar results on Wikidata, showed English results instead of using the correct language fallback for users of language variants, has now been fixed. Search suggestions will now follow the expected language fallback chain. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429769] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * In preparation for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Celebrate Women|Celebrate Women campaign]] planned for March 2027, the Wikimedia Foundation’s [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Advancement/Community Growth/Content Enablement|Content Enablement team]] has launched a 22-question survey to better understand technical contributions by women+ (anyone who identifies as a woman) across Wikimedia projects. The survey takes approximately 15–20 minutes to complete and will remain open until 20 July 2026. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Celebrate Women/Technical contributions survey|questions]] are also available on-wiki for review in advance. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Score extension]] now supports rendering music scores as SVG images in addition to PNG, addressing a long-standing [[:phab:T49578|feature request]] and resolving historical image quality issues. Both formats are now provided to clients, with PNG in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>src</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute and SVG in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>srcset</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute. * The new [[wikitech:Parsoid|Parsoid]] parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. It was enabled on French Wikipedia, bringing total progress to covering 78.9% of Wikipedia page views. Rollout to English Wikipedia desktop will progress through this week. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.10|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Wikimedia Hackathon 2026 [[diffblog:2026/06/29/wikimedia-hackathon-2026-building-collaborating-and-shaping-the-future-together/|recap blog post]] is now live. It highlights the projects, sessions, and social activities from this year’s event, and shares initial plans for the 2027 Wikimedia Hackathon. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W28"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 13:54, 6 Hulyo 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30773578 --> == Question from [[User:Europepetrol|Europepetrol]] (19:22, 6 Hulyo 2026) == What projects or tasks are currently active on the Sinugboanong Wikipedia? --[[Gumagamit:Europepetrol|Europepetrol]] ([[Hisgot sa Gumagamit:Europepetrol|talk]]) 19:22, 6 Hulyo 2026 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-29</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/29|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise_Tone|Revise Tone]] helps newcomers identify passages in Wikipedia articles that may contain non-encyclopedic language and encourages them to consider revising the tone. The feature was [[w:en:A/B_testing|A/B tested]] on the Arabic, English, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias, where newcomer task completion rates [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise_Tone#Experiment_Results|increased by 38.7%]] compared to the default Copyedit task, with no decrease in edit quality. The test ended on July 9, and the feature is now available for everyone on these wikis, configurable via Community Configuration. [[phab:T426364|The plan]] is to release Revise Tone to more wikis. * The community configuration that allows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship#Automated mentor list cleanup|automatic removal of inactive mentors]] based on configurable criteria will be enabled on Thursday 16, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment|on some wikis]] to keep mentor lists up to date. Mentors are experienced contributors who opt in to help new users on-wiki through the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth Features]]. Administrators can now prepare the settings via [[w:Special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship|Special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship]]; they will take effect starting Thursday. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:38}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:38|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where some users of the Wikipedia Android app were logged out immediately after signing in, preventing them from staying logged in and editing pages, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316916] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Editing a page via user scripts or gadgets was causing watchlist labels that the user had assigned to that page to reset. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423778] * To work around a Safari bug (see [[phab:T425211]]), on Parsoid-enabled wikis, wikilink hrefs now use absolute urls instead of protocol-relative urls. REST API output remains unchanged and continue to use protocol-relative urls. Gadgets, user scripts, bots, and CSS might need to be adapted if they relied on the presence of protocol-relative urls in wikilink hrefs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T431358] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Wikimedia Foundation’s Experiment Platform Team has published a blog post reflecting on its first year of structured experimentation. It highlights successful experiments such as Paste Check, Reference Check, and Tone Check, which improved editing outcomes and have been rolled out to more users, as well as experiments that did not lead to product changes. [[diffblog:2026/07/07/moving-the-needle-how-we-test-new-ideas-across-wikimedia-projects|Read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W29"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:09, 13 Hulyo 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30804401 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-30</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/30|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reader/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] has incorporated community feedback around the placement of watchstar and watchlist buttons for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading Lists beta feature]], which would allow for saving articles for later reading – a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W102|wishlist item]] to bring the functionality to web. Editors are invited to enable the beta feature to test it out and [[phab:T426453|share their thoughts]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] offers edit suggestions within the VisualEditor for improving Wikipedia articles. [[Special:EditChecks|All suggestions]] are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators – local customization|community-configurable]]. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/TextMatch|TextMatch]] feature is a way for volunteers to create custom local suggestions. The feature searches in articles for strings of text, and now includes support for regular expressions. This gives volunteers greater precision and flexibility over the kinds of local suggestions they can create. Note: Suggestions [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration#:~:text=maximumEditcount|can be targeted]] based on the edit count of the person editing as well as other aspects of the page. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#Create custom local types of Suggestions|find examples from other communities]] for inspiration, including TextMatches that detect: typos, grammar-errors, potential advertisements, clichés, incorrect dash or hyphen usage, non-specific time keywords, outdated names, and more. Any [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|feedback]] is appreciated. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the SVG Translate tool could use an outdated version of a file, causing existing translations to be overwritten when new ones were uploaded, has now [[phab:T430577|been fixed]]. Overall, in the last quarter from April – June 2026 about 337 community tasks were resolved by the Wikimedia Foundation. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * On Parsoid-enabled wikis, Parsoid now renders a maximum of 1,250 images per page. A new tracking category, "media-limit-reached", will be soon made available to identify pages where this limit is reached, making it easier to find content whose media output may have been restricted during rendering. See [[phab:T430854]] for more information and to provide feedback. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W30"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 05:44, 21 Hulyo 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30836091 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-31</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/31|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ContentTranslation|Content Translation]] now supports dark mode, fulfilling a [[m:Community Wishlist/W544|Community Wishlist request]]. This brings the tool in line with the accessibility features available in the Vector 2022 and Minerva skins, helping reduce visual fatigue for users translating content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367077] * DiscussionTools' source mode and the 2017 wikitext editor will now offer autocomplete for links (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>[[</nowiki></code></bdi>), templates (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{</nowiki></code></bdi>), HTML and parser tags (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><</nowiki></code></bdi>), and magic words (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__</nowiki></code></bdi>), making it quicker and easier to insert links, templates, and other wiki markup while editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T432400] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Readers Growth team]] has concluded its experiment with mobile page previews and will not roll out the feature. Page Previews are a pop-up bottom sheet that appears when readers tap a blue link, showing a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and an option to open the article. The experiment showed flat retention and negative indicator metrics, suggesting that mobile web readers preferred navigating directly to linked articles rather than using page previews. * The Reader Experience team has seen encouraging early results from the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists feature]], with 93% of participating users reporting that it was useful. Reading Lists help active readers save articles for future reading and support their learning goals on Wikimedia projects. The team plans further improvements before expanding the feature to more users. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh|Explore Feed Refresh]] initiative was tested with new and casual Wikipedia app readers. The refreshed feed helps readers discover new and relevant content. After a 10.5% increase in engagement with the feed, Wikimedia Apps team has decided to scale the Home Feed redesign to iOS with the learnings from the Android release applied. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where subject names in the Article Guidance feature were displayed with incorrect capitalization on French Wikipedia, has now been fixed. Subject names will now follow the correct capitalization rules for the language. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427201] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * After running several [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|Account Creation Experiments]] to improve registration completion rates, a new version of the username field on [[Special:CreateAccount|Create Account]] has been rolled out. It includes [[:c:File:Create account - July 2026 updates.png|a popover summarizing the username policy]] to provide clearer guidance during account creation. As part of this change, the messages <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-helpusername</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-help</nowiki></code></bdi> that several communities have configured will no longer be used. If communities want to customize the guidance shown in the new popover, they can instead edit the following messages: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet1</nowiki></code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet2</nowiki></code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet3</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430604] * Later this week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror syntax highlighter]] will offer [[w:en:Theme (computing)|themes]]. The themes can be picked from a dropdown menu in the full [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#CodeMirror preferences|CodeMirror preferences]] dialog. For wikitext, available themes are default, colorblind-friendly (previously the colorblind preference option on [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing]]) and no-highlighting. For code languages (i.e., CSS/JavaScript/JSON/Vue/Lua), there are several themes available. These same themes will eventually be available for wikitext, too. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T163533] * From now on, wikis can restrict editing in the "User" namespace to only the page owner and certain user groups. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:$wgRestrictUserPageEditing|Read the configuration documentation]] to learn more. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W31"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:47, 27 Hulyo 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30856308 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-32</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] has developed a [https://82db7c8d4b.catalyst.wmcloud.org/w/index.php?title=Regent%27s_Park&uselang=de patch demo] that wraps the page toolbar onto two lines when there is not enough horizontal space for all the buttons. This aims to reduce crowding in the Vector 2022 toolbar, which can occur on some language Wikipedias at certain screen widths. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429518] * The Reader Experience team is planning to launch [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]], a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Mobile and apps/Have Apps reading lists available on Destop/Mobile|Community Wishlist item]], which is currently available to try in beta, as a full feature in September. Before then, volunteer translator help is needed for [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-readinglists&filter=&action=translate string translations] into a number of languages. The feature supports reading and learning goals on Wikipedia. * Next week, the table of contents on Wikimedia Commons file pages will be improved by consolidating the file page table of contents with the page table of contents. This will make it easier to understand a file page’s structure, navigate to specific sections, and share links to individual sections. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332644] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where some [[w:TIFF|TIFF]] images failed to load after clicking their thumbnail, causing a broken image to be displayed instead of the full-size image, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429326] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The variable and function selector in AbuseFilter has been updated to support search and autocomplete. It will allow filter maintainers to find the desired variable or function more quickly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323698] * The MJPEG and VP8 formats are removed from the video player. The MP4 format (MPEG-4 Part 2) is added instead, which provides higher quality videos to older iPhone devices. It may take a few weeks to retroactively update all existing videos. The default format for modern devices stays the same (VP9/WebM). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358266] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W32"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:43, 3 Agosto 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30872536 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-33</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/33|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new ChartWizard is [[c:Special:ChartWizard/Data:Example.Pie.chart|now available on Wikimedia Commons]] for users interested in creating charts from their own data. The wizard makes the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] more beginner-friendly by allowing editors to create charts, such as bar and pie charts, without needing to use JSON. Users can still switch to the JSON editor if they prefer. Feedback on the new tool is welcome on the [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist/W414|wish talk page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the Wikipedia iOS app’s Picture of the Day widget displayed the same image every day instead of updating daily, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430692] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Math|Math formula]] SVG images will soon be generated in the browser instead of on the server. MathML continues to be generated on the server and renders in the browser without JavaScript. Wikibooks will see this change on 12 August, Wikisource on 19 August and Wikipedia from 20-27 August. You can try this by selecting "{{int:Mw-math-mathjax}}" in your preferences. This change is part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase/deprecation|deprecating RESTBase]] and [[phab:T431372|deprecating Mathoid]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271001] * Category pages will soon support sorting entries by the time they are added to a category. This will make it easier to find recently or long-standing categorized pages. It will also improve workflows for maintenance categories such as deletion backlogs and other time-based review tasks. You can use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>cldsort=timestamp</nowiki></code></bdi> URL argument in category view to sort the entries. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433768] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] and user scripts on Wikimedia wikis may now use [[phab:T395347|ES2018 features]] and [[phab:T419142|ES2019 features]] in JavaScript code. Previously, the platform only allowed up to ES2017. MediaWiki validates the source code to protect functionality from syntax errors and to ensure scripts are valid in all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Browser_support_matrix|supported browsers]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419142] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W33"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:42, 10 Agosto 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30901051 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-34</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/34|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist|Worklist feature]] for the Event Registration tool is now live on all Wikimedia wikis. With Worklist, event organizers can add the articles their event will focus on directly to the event page. The Worklist also powers [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist#How Event Pathways uses the worklist|Event Pathways]] which notifies other editors of the upcoming or ongoing event when they edit an article featured in the event's Worklist. This is the minimum viable version (MVP), and feedback is welcome. Organizers are encouraged to try the feature. A hands-on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Worklist Setup Workshop: Get Your Event Ready|Worklist Setup Workshop]] will take place on 18 August at 16:00 UTC and 19 August at 11:00 UTC. '''Updates for editors''' * [[Special:ShortPages]] displays short pages by their size, but in many cases it gets filled with disambiguations and soft redirects, making it harder to find the short articles themselves. Starting this weekend, you will be able to choose not to include an article in the special page by adding the magic word <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__EXPECTSHORTPAGE__</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433203] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q3436680|Bole]] ([[w:bol:|<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>w:bol:</nowiki></code></bdi>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429921] * Starting the week of August 17, the page toolbar will wrap onto two lines when there is not enough horizontal space for all the buttons. This is a [[phab:T429518|fully merged patch from the Reader Experience team]] which aims to reduce crowding in the Vector 2022 toolbar, that may occur on some language Wikipedias at certain screen widths. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:16}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:16|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, uploading large files to Wikimedia Commons has become more stable and less prone to failure following some fixes related to the “Could not acquire lock” upload error. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386640] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Debian Bullseye will reach the end of its Long Term Support on 31 August 2026. [[phab:T434103|Some Cloud VPS projects]] still have instances running Debian Bullseye. Maintainers of those projects are encouraged to migrate to Debian Bookworm or Debian Trixie. A [[wikitech:Help:Cloud VPS instance operating system migration|migration guide]] is available to help with the process, and users may also want to consider whether their workload is better suited to Toolforge. If you need help or cannot complete the migration by 31 August, please contact the Cloud VPS admins as soon as possible. [[listarchive:list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/RVIPQSYLKMSL5M46JP6NEJVGVE6I2RXQ/|Read more]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W34"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:01, 17 Agosto 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30922806 --> == Growth/Newsletters/36 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Growth team logo - Icon only.svg|right|180px|frameless|class=skin-invert]] ''Updates from the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|Growth]] team on our work to improve the new editor experience.'' === Recent releases === ====Account creation experiments==== Several [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|experiments to increase successful account creation]] have delivered significant results. * An updated message shown to logged-out mobile users who try to edit produced a 27% relative increase in account creation and is being scaled to all wikis. ([[phab:T424595|T424595]]) * A new account menu button in the mobile web header, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Experiment Results: Mobile Web Account Menu|A/B tested across five Wikipedias with nearly 8 million participants]], made logged-out mobile users 25% more likely to create an account, with no significant difference in constructive editing behavior. ([[phab:T428220|T428220]]) *A simpler post-edit dialog for temporary account holders increased permanent account creation by 87% (relative), converting more temp editors into registered ones. ([[phab:T416418|T416418]])[[File:Create account - July 2026 updates.png|thumb|The redesigned account creation form increases registration by a relative 24.4%]] *We also redesigned the account creation form itself ([[phab:T409236|T409236]]): adding real-time username validation, a concise summary of the username policy, a "reveal password" option, and a simplified design aligned with [[wmdoc:codex/latest|Codex]] guidelines. In an A/B test on English Wikipedia mobile, users who saw the redesigned form created permanent accounts at a rate of 20.4%, compared to 16.4% for the control group (a 24.4% relative increase). ====Revise Tone structured task==== [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise Tone|Revise Tone]] helps newcomers identify passages that may contain non-encyclopedic language and guides them through revising the tone. In A/B testing on Arabic, English, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias, newcomer task completion rates were [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise Tone#Experiment Results|38.7% higher]] than the default Copyedit task, with no decrease in edit quality. The test ended July 9, and the feature is now available to everyone on these wikis, configurable via Community Configuration. [[phab:T426364|We plan]] to release Revise Tone to more wikis. ====Automated mentor list cleanup==== Communities can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship#Automated mentor list cleanup|automatically mark inactive mentors as ''away'' or remove them from mentorship entirely]] (which automatically reassigns their mentees). Inactivity is based on edits, and talk page responses count, so mentors answering mentee questions remain active. We recommend enabling both options together; administrators can enable them via [[Special:CommunityConfiguration]] and review the mentor list at [[Special:ManageMentors]]. ====Growth features for Wikidata==== Growth features are [[phab:T400937|now available at Wikidata]], including a simplified Newcomer Homepage, Mentorship, the Impact module, Community Updates and the Help Panel. === Work in progress === [[File:Home designs labeled.png|thumb|Early concepts for evolving the Newcomer Homepage into a personalized 'Home' that grows with contributors.]] ====Home==== The Growth and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools]] teams are developing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Home|Home]] ([[phabricator:T419358|T419358]]): a unified, personalized landing page intended to replace the Newcomer Homepage. Rather than remaining a newcomer-only feature, Home will evolve with users as they gain experience, surfacing Suggested Edits, edits to review, and moderation workflows at the right moment. === Research === The [https://research.wikimedia.org/ Wikimedia Research team], in partnership with the Growth Team, published findings from two projects on how new editors learn and integrate into the community: * [[m:Research:Understanding_newcomer_mentorship_on_Wikipedia|Understanding newcomer mentorship on Wikipedia]] * [[m:Research:Successful_Newcomers_Survey_2025#Results|Successful Newcomers Survey]] ''<small>'''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth team's newsletter]]''' prepared by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|the Growth team]] and posted by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[mw:Talk:Growth|Give feedback]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Growth team updates|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].</small>'' </div> 13:17, 18 Agosto 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Growth_team_updates&oldid=30870183 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-35</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/35|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[Special:CreateAccount|Special:CreateAccount]] page has been simplified as part of ongoing work to modernize the account creation experience. The panel showing project statistics no longer appears next to the form on desktop and mobile web. Multiple account creation experiments show that a simpler form helps newcomers complete registration. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433783] * In order to improve page performance, images now load when they are viewed. This means images lower down an article will not load if a reader never scrolls to that part of the page, which may affect some image-related metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148047] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where image thumbnails in Abstract Wikipedia could fail to display after the corresponding file was moved on Wikimedia Commons, has now been fixed. Thumbnails will now update correctly when files are moved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433448] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * User Info card is a feature that helps patrollers see information about user accounts. So far, it has been available only in places such as page history, logs and recent changes. Now, it's possible to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CheckUser#User_Info_card_in_page_content|place it in the page content]] as well, using the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{#uic:}}</nowiki></code></bdi> parser function. It can be particularly useful in templates like [[:en:Template:Userlinks|<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{Userlinks}}</nowiki></code></bdi>]] (or their specialized variants), as it will make it easier to see the context about a user on various noticeboard pages. The card will be displayed only to users who have it enabled in their [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpcheckuser-userinfocard-enable|preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424466] * Due to user security and privacy risks, we have disabled access to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>Special:MyPage</nowiki></code></bdi> URLs when specifically using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=raw</nowiki></code></bdi>. If you are impacted by this, consider whether you can use an alternative approach. <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>Special:MyPage</nowiki></code></bdi> URLs can still be accessed and used without <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=raw</nowiki></code></bdi>. Specified user page URLs (e.g. <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>User:Myusername</nowiki></code></bdi>) can still be used with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=raw</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120386] * Due to an update, the thumbnailing software has been improved. This includes upgrading <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>librsvg</nowiki></code></bdi> to 2.60 and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>ImageMagick</nowiki></code></bdi> to 7, as well as resolving a number of long-standing thumbnailing bugs like rendering errors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419815#12222841] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W35"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:43, 24 Agosto 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30961208 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-36</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/36|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * A new format for the Community Wishlist is open for feedback. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027|read the proposed ideas on Meta]]. This new process plans to improve how wishes are triaged, voted on, and prioritized in a way that is transparent and balanced across project families and language editions. This consultation is open for two weeks. '''Updates for editors''' * The latest release of the Wikipedia Android app includes updates to the Saved feature, bringing the app’s saving experience closer to iOS and Web. The update redesigns the Saved tab with an “All articles” view, removes the default “Saved” reading list, renames reading lists to “Collections,” and modernizes the article-saving experience. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420788] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] feature was enabled for all logged-in users on Bengali, Chinese, Czech and Vietnamese Wikipedias on August 25, after several months as a beta feature. Reading Lists will be available to all logged-in users on Arabic, French and Indonesian Wikipedias on September 1, followed by English Wikipedia on September 14, and all other Wikipedia wikis on September 28. * At the end of the month, some logged-out readers on Bengali, Czech, Persian, English, and Polish Wikipedias using the Minerva skin on mobile will see an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Minimal_Minerva|updated navigation bar]] in an [[w:A/B test|A/B test]]. The test will compare the current navigation bar with a new version designed to make it easier to find information more quickly. The goal is to determine whether these changes encourage readers to return more often. This experiment will not change the experience for logged-in readers and/or editors. * Editors who maintain redirects, templates, and categories used on redirect pages now have improved ways for finding and curating redirects. Previously, redirects pages could not be searched. Two new search keywords, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>onlyredirects:</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>withredirects:</nowiki></code></bdi>, now allow redirects to be searched directly and can be combined with existing keywords such as <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>incategory:</nowiki></code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>intitle:</nowiki></code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>insource:</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T204089] * The ISBN lookup tools for generating citations were recently not working because of external service problems. Developers are working on solutions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435179] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where searching for pages by category using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>deepcat</nowiki></code></bdi> could return no results or unrelated results has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414859] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The domain of URLs for thumbnails is changing from upload.wikimedia.org to thumb.wikimedia.org. The old URLs will continue to work for the foreseeable future but MediaWiki will advertise the new domain instead. URLs to other types of media such as original files, videos and transcodes will still be served from upload.wikimedia.org. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427465] * The Wikimedia [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?api=wmf-math%2Fv1&title=Special%3ARestSandbox Math API] is now deprecated. These endpoints will be fully sunset by the end of September 2026. Developers who call these endpoints should transition to alternative math rendering solutions, such as the native [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/MathML MathML] or [https://www.mathjax.org/ MathJax]. Third-party MediaWiki installations that utilize the Math extension for formula rendering are required to upgrade to v1.43+ to avoid disruption of service. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/TextMatch|TextMatch]] in a Diff post titled, [[diffblog:2026/08/28/custom-edit-suggestions-for-every-wiki-how-communities-are-shaping-suggestion-mode-with-textmatch/|Custom edit suggestions for every wiki: How communities are shaping Suggestion Mode with TextMatch]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W36"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:50, 31 Agosto 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30990659 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-37</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/37|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link|Add a Link]] has been upgraded for English Wikipedia users with improved detection of links that have different capitalization. This will help reduce ambiguous suggestions caused by differences in capitalization in article titles, including articles about cultural goods. A second phase of improvements is planned, which will also prepare the feature for release in other languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435526#12240876] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T434259] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article_guidance|Article guidance]] feature will be enabled by default for junior editors on Simple English and Turkish Wikipedia starting 10 September 2026 following [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article_guidance/Updates#Summary_of_experiment_result|an experiment]]. Junior editors with 0 to 99 edits will automatically see the feature when they click a red link or use the "[[tr:Vikipedi:Madde_sihirbazı|Madde oluşturto]]" option on Turkish Wikipedia to create a new article. The change is intended to help junior editors create higher-quality articles that meet each Wikipedia’s standards. [[phab:maniphest/query/z3tcTjmLMxk5/#R|Additional improvements]] will continue based on the experiment results and community feedback. * The [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org Pageviews Analysis] tool which allows users to compare pageviews across multiple pages, turns 10 years old this year and several new features have been added. They include [[toolforge:wikinav|WikiNav]] which provides insights into how readers of Wikipedia explore the content, editing stats in [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/siteviews?range=latest-30&sites=en.wikipedia.org Siteviews], the ability to [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/massviews?source=wikiproject&project=en.wikipedia.org lookup articles belonging to a WikiProject], and support for dark mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378549] * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Minimal_Minerva|visually simplified Minerva]] navigation bar is being tested for logged-out readers using mobile web on the Bengali, Czech, English, Farsi, and Polish Wikipedias. The experiment aims to determine whether simplifying the navigation improves reader retention. The test will run from August 31 to September 28, and no action is required from users. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is working on improving [[en:Wikipedia:VisualEditor/Named references|auto-generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Editors will only notice a slight change starting this week. When adding automatic reference names the numbering will start at <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>:1</nowiki></code></bdi> instead of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>:0</nowiki></code></bdi>. Read more on the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|project page]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/VisualEditor/VisualEditor/+/1332704] * All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only for a few minutes]] on September 23. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] could mishandle nested nowiki tags, causing content to be lost and displaying unwanted text has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435116] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Interface administrators can configure gadgets from [[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition]]. The definition format has been updated and no longer requires the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>ResourceLoader</nowiki></code></bdi> option, as gadgets are always loaded through <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>ResourceLoader</nowiki></code></bdi>. This simplifies gadget configuration by removing an option that is no longer necessary, making gadget definitions easier for administrators. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298199] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W37"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:41, 7 Septiyembre 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31008437 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-38</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/38|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Future Audiences team has started a [[en:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)#New proposed experiment to let readers know about “Google preferred sources”|discussion on English Wikipedia]] about a proposed new experiment to show a temporary notice about the new [https://blog.google/products-and-platforms/products/search/original-high-quality-content-search/ Google Preferred Sources] feature to Wikipedia readers coming from Google. The experiment is to test whether this notice makes visitors come back to Wikipedia more often. Preferred Sources feature lets users choose websites they trust so Google can highlight content from those sources more prominently in Search and AI experiences. We are interested in testing this on other languages that Google supports and would welcome assistance with starting conversations on other wikis. If interested, please reach out to Future Audiences on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Preferred sources|talk page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * The chat platform Discord is releasing a new self-service framework that websites can use to specify how their links should look when shared on Discord. The Future Audiences team is planning to start using this new framework to improve how Wikipedia links look when shared on Discord, giving better attribution and credit to contributors. The link appearance and behavior won't change in the first phase of this project as we want to first collect some baseline data to assess the impact of future changes. However, if community members who are active on Discord spot any issues, they can reach out on [[phab:tag/future-audiences/|Phabricator]] or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences|Metawiki]]. * The Reader Growth team will be running an experiment to test whether [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Compact Lead|compacting article lead sections on mobiles]] with the addition of a "read more" button improves reader retention. The test will begin on September 17 on Arabic, Spanish, French, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and will run for four weeks. * All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only for a few minutes]] on September 23. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where [https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/ Wikistats] for Wikipedias was returning an HTTP 500 error and could not be reached, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435959] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers who maintain a tool that queries the Wikimedia Commons links tables need to update their code to connect to the new x4 database cluster. The links tables have been moved from the s4 cluster to x4, and will no longer receive updates on s4. The page and redirect tables remain available on both clusters. A wiki replica for the x4 cluster will be set up afterwards. The change is being made because the s4 cluster has grown too large to operate efficiently. You can [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/News/2026 Commons links tables database split|read more]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W38"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:28, 14 Septiyembre 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31039826 --> 8mhk1ss5q5f0e4ug58az264c5a4yy6u 0 11354554 37103262 37022191 2026-09-22T05:49:10Z CommonsDelinker 192 Removing [[:c:File:Vexbolts.png|Vexbolts.png]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:The Squirrel Conspiracy|The Squirrel Conspiracy]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Vexbolts.png|]]. 37103262 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Payl:Vexbolts followers.png|thumb|Ang mga followers niya]] Si Vexbolts mao ang isang tiktoker nga taga [[Tinípong Bánsà]], naviral si Vexbolts kaysa nagsulti niya ug "Let him cook!", pero sa New Years Eve sa tuig 2024 sa New Years Eve, pero nahimo pa si Vexbolts ug videos karon Kini ang Ingles sa Wiki ni Vexbolts<ref><nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexbolts</nowiki></ref> 67awqla14zhv3yczk4hmpekaibjl83c 0 11355406 37103234 37025949 2026-09-22T02:51:11Z InternetArchiveBot 28475 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260921)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 37103234 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Payl:Chinese_Dragon_2012.jpg|thumb| Mga dragon nga Intsik, mga maalamat nga binuhat sa mitolohiya ug kultura sa Sinosphere]] [[Payl:Character-sphere.png|thumb| Usa ka mapa sa mga pamilya sa mga sistema sa pagsulat sa Sidlakang Asya, Habagatang-Sidlakang Asya, ug Habagatang Asya. Pula: [[Sinulatang Ininsik|Mga karakter nga Intsik]] ; Berde: Iskriptong Brahmi ; Asul: Aramaic ( Iskriptong Mongolian, alpabetong Manchu, Karaang alpabetong Uyghur, ug iskriptong Arabiko ).]] [[Payl:China,_Vietnam,_Korea_and_Japan_in_1100_AD.svg|thumb| Mapa sa mga nasod sa Sinosphere (Hapon, Korea, Tsina ug Vietnam) sa ika-11 nga siglo]]Ang '''Sinosphere''', nailhan usab nga '''Chinese cultural sphere''', <ref name="CCS">{{Cite journal}}</ref> '''East Asian cultural sphere''', o ang '''Sinic world''', naglangkob sa daghang mga nasud sa [[Sidlakang Asya|East Asia]] ug [[Habagatan-sidlakang Asya|Southeast Asia]] nga sa kasaysayan naimpluwensyahan pag-ayo sa [[Chinese culture|kulturang Tsino]]. <ref name="Fuchs">Wang Hui, "'Modernity and 'Asia' in the Study of Chinese History," in Eckhardt Fuchs, Benedikt Stuchtey, eds.,''Across cultural borders: historiography in global perspective'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 2002 {{ISBN|978-0-7425-1768-4}}), p. 322.</ref> Ang Sinosphere gilangkoban [[Greater China|sa Greater China]], [[Hapon|Japan]], [[Korea]], ug [[Biyetnam|Vietnam]] . Sa kasaysayan, apil usab niini ang [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Gingharian sa Ryukyu]] . [ 6 ] Mahimong maapil usab [[Singgapura|ang Singapore]] tungod sa moderno nga panahon sa paglalin [[Overseas Chinese|sa mga Intsik gikan sa laing nasud]]. Lahi ang Sinosphere sa kalibutan [[Sinophone|sa Sinophone]], nga nagpakita sa mga rehiyon diin gigamit ang [[Inintsik|pinulongang Intsik]]. [[Imperial China|Ang Imperyal nga Tsina]] usa ka dakong gahom sa rehiyon sa Sidlakang Asya ug nakaimpluwensya sa mga estadong [[Sistema sa tributaryo sa Tsina|tributaryo]] ug mga silingang estado, lakip ang Japan, Korea ug Vietnam. {{Efn|Vietnam and Korea remained tributary states of China for much of their histories, while Japan only submitted fully to Chinese [[regional hegemony]] during the [[Muromachi period]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kang, David C. |title=East Asia before the West: five centuries of trade and tribute|url=https://archive.org/details/eastasiabeforewe0000unse |year=2012|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-15319-5|edition=Paperback|location=New York}}</ref><ref>Howe, Christopher. The Origins of Japanese Trade Supremacy: Development and Technology in Asia. p. 337</ref>}} Kining mga interaksyon nagdala og mga impluwensya sa ideolohiya ug kultura nga nakagamot sa [[Confucianism|Confucianismo]], [[Taoism|Taoismo]] ug [[East Asian Buddhism|Budismo sa Sidlakang Asya]] . Ang upat ka kultura gimandoan sa ilang tagsatagsa ka emperador ubos sa susamang mga sistema sa administrasyon, dugang pa, ang pagsagop sa sistema [[Imperial examination|sa eksaminasyon sa imperyo]] nga gibase sa Confucian nakaimpluwensya pag-ayo sa burukrasya ug istruktura sa katilingban sa Korea ug Vietnam. [[List of Chinese inventions|Ang mga imbensyon sa mga Intsik]] nakaimpluwensya, ug sa baylo naimpluwensyahan sa, mga inobasyon sa ubang mga kultura sa pagdumala, pilosopiya, syensya, ug arte. <ref><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{multiref|{{Cite book |title=Confucius in East Asia: Confucianism's History in China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam |publisher=Association for Asian Studies |author1=Jeffrey L. Richey|year=2013 |isbn=978-0-924-30473-6}}|{{cite book |title=East Asian Confucianism: Interactions and Innovations |publisher=Rutgers University |editor1=Ching-I Tu |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-615-38932-5}}|{{Cite book |title=East Asian Confucianisms: Texts in Contexts |url=https://archive.org/details/eastasianconfuci0000huan |publisher=National Taiwan University Press |editor1-first=Chun-chieh |editor1-last=Huang |year=2015 |isbn=978-3-847-10408-7}}}}</ref> [[Literary Chinese|Ang literary Chinese]] nahimong sinulat nga [[lingua franca]] para sa burukrasya ug komunikasyon, ug [[Sinulatang Ininsik|ang mga karakter nga Intsik]] gi-adapt sa lokal isip [[kanji]] sa Japan, [[hanja]] sa Korea, ug [[Chữ Nho|chữ Hán]] sa Vietnam. Ang kahinungdanon sa literatura sa klasikal nga Intsik gipakunhod samtang ang Japan, Korea, ug Vietnam nag-imbento sa ilang kaugalingong mga sistema sa pagsulat [[Phonogram (linguistics)|sa ponograpo]], diin ang Japan nagpalambo sa [[katakana]] ug [[hiragana]] script, ang Korea nagmugna sa [[hangul]], ug ang Vietnam sa sinugdanan nagpalambo chữ Nôm apan gipulihan kini sa [[Alpabetong Latin|Latin nga alpabeto]] nga gibase sa [[Vietnamese alphabet|Vietnamese nga alpabeto]] sukad sa 1910s tungod sa [[French Indochina|kolonisasyon sa Pransya]] . Apan ang Klasikong Intsik o giusab nga mga bersyon niini  sama sa [[kanbun]] ug ang [[Idu script]] nagpabilin nga opisyal nga gigamit hangtod sa modernong panahon. Sa ika-21 nga siglo, ang mga impluwensya sa ideolohiya ug kultura sa Taoismo, Confucianismo, ug Budismo nagpabilin nga makita sa [[High culture|taas nga kultura]] ug mga doktrina sa katilingban. [[Kategoriya:Kulturang Asyanhon]] [[Kategoriya:Kultura sa Byetnam]] [[Kategoriya:Kultura sa Koreya]] [[Kategoriya:Kultura sa Hapon]] [[Kategoriya:Habagatang-sidlakang Asya]] [[Kategoriya:Kultura sa Tsina]] otoo8kgvj0ihw1cukylsn6spcpuqx3t 0 11355445 37103240 37026100 2026-09-22T02:54:23Z InternetArchiveBot 28475 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260921)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 37103240 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|the episode from Generation Kill (miniseries)|Generation Kill (miniseries)#ep2}} [[Payl:All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg|thumb| Lakip sa nagkalain-laing mga duyan sa sibilisasyon mao ang Karaang Ehipto. Ang [[Pyramids of Giza|mga Piramide sa Giza]] makita sa hulagway.]]aAng labing una nga [[Sibilisasyon|mga sibilisasyon sa tawo]] naugmad nga independente sa usag usa ug ang '''duyan sa sibilisasyon''' usa ka lokasyon ug usa ka kultura diin naggikan ang usa niini. Ang sibilisasyon mao ang bisan unsang [[Complex society|komplikado nga katilingban]] nga gihulagway sa pag-uswag sa [[Estado|usa ka estado]], [[Social stratification|sosyal nga stratipikasyon]], [[Urban area|urbanisasyon]], ug [[Symbol|simbolikong]] mga sistema sa [[Communication|komunikasyon]] lapas sa [[Natural language|gipirmahan o gisulti nga mga pinulongan]] (nga mao, [[Sistema sa pagsulat|ang mga sistema sa pagsulat]] ug [[Graphic art|mga arte sa grapiko]]). Kasagaran giila sa mga eskolar ang unom ka duyan sa sibilisasyon: [[Mesopotamya|Ang Mesopotamia]], [[Karaang Ehipto]], [[Ancient India|Karaang India]] ug [[Ancient China|Karaang Tsina]] gituohan nga mao ang labing una sa [[Afrasya|Afro-Eurasia]], <ref>''Cradles of Civilization-China: Ancient Culture, Modern Land'', Robert E. Murowchick, gen. ed. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1994.</ref> samtang ang sibilisasyon [[Caral–Supe|sa Caral-Supe]] sa baybayon [[Peru|sa Peru]] ug ang sibilisasyon [[Olmec|sa Olmec]] sa [[Mehiko|Mexico]] gituohan nga mao ang labing una sa [[Amerika (kontinente)|Amerika]] . Ang tanang duyan sa sibilisasyon nagsalig sa agrikultura para sa panginabuhi (gawas lang sa Caral-Supe nga posibleng sa sinugdanan nagsalig sa [[Marine life|mga kahinguhaan sa kadagatan]] ). Ang tanan nagdepende sa mga mag-uuma nga nagpatunghag sobra nga ani sa agrikultura aron suportahan ang sentralisadong gobyerno, mga lider sa politika, mga lider sa relihiyon, ug mga buluhaton publiko sa mga sentro sa kasyudaran sa unang mga sibilisasyon. === Pag-usbong sa sibilisasyon === {{Further|Neolithic Revolution|Urban revolution|Chalcolithic}} Ang labing una nga mga timailhan sa usa ka proseso nga misangpot sa [[Sedentism|sedentary]] culture makita sa [[Levant]] sa sayo pa sa 12,000 BC, sa dihang ang [[Natufian culture|kultura sa Natufian]] nahimong sedentary; kini miuswag ngadto sa usa ka katilingban sa agrikultura sa 10,000 BC. Ang kahinungdanon sa tubig aron mapanalipdan ang daghan ug lig-on nga suplay sa pagkaon, tungod sa maayong mga kondisyon alang sa pagpangayam, pangisda, ug pagpangalap og mga kahinguhaan lakip na ang mga cereal, naghatag ug inisyal nga ''[[Broad spectrum revolution|halapad nga ekonomiya]]'' nga nagpahinabo sa pagmugna og permanente nga mga baryo. <ref>''La protohistoire de l'Europe'', Jan Lichardus et al., [[Presses Universitaires de France]], Paris. {{ISBN|84-335-9366-8}}, 1987, chapter II.2.</ref> Ang labing una nga [[Proto-city|mga proto-urban]] nga pinuy-anan nga adunay liboan ka mga lumulupyo mitumaw sa [[Neolithic]] nga nagsugod sa [[kasadpang Asya|Kasadpang Asya]] niadtong 10,000 BC. Ang unang mga siyudad nga gipuy-an sa pipila ka liboan ka mga tawo mao ang [[Uruk]], [[Ur (arkiyolohiyang dapit)|Ur]], [[Kīsh (arkiyolohiyang dapit)|Kish]] ug [[Tall Arīdū|Eridu]] sa [[Mesopotamya|Mesopotamia]], gisundan sa [[Susa]] sa [[Elam]] ug [[Memphis (arkiyolohiyang dapit)|Memphis]] sa Ehipto, tanan sa [[31st century BCE|ika-31 nga siglo]] BC (tan-awa [[Historical urban community sizes|ang Makasaysayanong mga gidak-on sa komunidad sa kasyudaran]]). [[Kasaysayan|Ang mga makasaysayanong]] panahon gimarkahan nga lahi gikan sa [[Prehistoric|mga prehistoriko]] nga panahon diin ang "mga rekord sa nangagi magsugod sa pagtipig alang sa kaayohan sa umaabot nga mga henerasyon" —sa sinulat o binaba nga porma. Kon ang pag-usbong sa sibilisasyon isipon nga dungan sa pag-uswag sa pagsulat gikan sa [[proto-writing]], nan ang [[Near East|Near Eastern]] [[Chalcolithic]] (ang transisyonal nga panahon tali sa [[Neolithic]] ug sa [[Bronze Age|Bronse Age]] sa [[4th millennium BCE|ika-4 nga milenyo]] BC) ug ang pag-uswag sa proto-writing sa [[Harappa]] sa [[Indus River|Indus Valley]] sa South Asia mga 3,300 BC mao ang labing una nga mga pananglitan, gisundan sa Chinese [[Neolithic signs in China|proto-writing]] nga milambo ngadto sa [[oracle bone script]], ug usab sa pagtungha sa [[Mesoamerican writing systems]] gikan sa mga 900 BC. Tungod sa kawalay sinulat nga mga dokumento, kadaghanan sa mga aspeto sa pag-usbong sa unang mga sibilisasyon anaa sa mga arkeolohikong pagtimbang-timbang nga nagdokumento sa pag-uswag sa pormal nga mga institusyon ug materyal nga kultura. Ang usa ka "sibilisado" nga paagi sa kinabuhi sa katapusan nalambigit sa mga kondisyon nga halos eksklusibo nga naggikan sa [[agrikultura]] . Gihubit [[Gordon Childe|ni Gordon Childe]] ang pag-uswag sa sibilisasyon isip resulta sa duha ka sunod-sunod nga rebolusyon: ang [[Neolithic Revolution]] sa Kasadpang Asya, nga nagsugod sa pag-uswag sa mga komunidad nga namuyo, ug ang [[urban revolution]] nga una usab nga mitumaw sa Kasadpang Asya, nga nagpalambo sa mga tendensya padulong sa dasok nga mga pinuy-anan, espesyalisadong mga grupo sa trabaho, mga klase sa katilingban, pagpahimulos sa mga surplus, dakong mga pampublikong bilding ug pagsulat. Apan, pipila lang niini nga mga kondisyon ang wala gikuwestiyon sa mga rekord: ang mga dasok nga siyudad wala mapamatud-i sa Daang Gingharian sa Ehipto (dili sama sa Mesopotamia) ug ang mga siyudad adunay nagkatibulaag nga populasyon sa lugar [[Maya civilization|sa Maya]] ; ang [[Ingkanhong Imperyo|mga Inca]] kulang sa pagsulat bisan kung makatipig sila og mga rekord uban [[Quipu|ni Quipus]] nga mahimo usab nga adunay mga gamit sa literatura; ug kanunay ang monumento nga arkitektura nag-una sa bisan unsang indikasyon sa pagpuyo sa baryo. Pananglitan, sa kasamtangang Louisiana, nadiskobrehan sa mga tigdukiduki nga ang mga kultura nga kasagaran mga nomadic naorganisar sa daghang henerasyon aron magtukod og mga bungdo sa yuta sa mga panimuyo nga gikan pa sa 3400 BC. Imbis nga sunod-sunod nga mga panghitabo ug mga kondisyon, ang pag-usbaw sa sibilisasyon mahimong i-hypothesize isip usa ka gipaspas nga proseso nga nagsugod sa pagsugod sa agrikultura ug natapos sa Oriental Bronze Age. <ref name="Brit26">''Britannica'' 15th edition, 26:62–63.</ref> === Usa o daghang mga duyan === Ang mga eskolar kaniadto naghunahuna nga ang sibilisasyon nagsugod sa [[Fertile Crescent]] ug mikaylap gikan didto pinaagi sa impluwensya. Nagtuo karon ang mga eskolar nga ang mga sibilisasyon mitungha nga independente sa daghang mga lokasyon sa duha ka hemisperyo. Ilang naobserbahan nga ang mga sosyokultural nga kalamboan nahitabo sa lain-laing mga yugto sa panahon. Ang mga komunidad nga "naglingkod" ug " [[Nomadic|nagbalhinbalhin]] " nagpadayon sa pag-interaksyon pag-ayo; wala sila hugot nga nabahin taliwala sa lain-laing mga grupo sa kultura. Ang konsepto sa duyan sa sibilisasyon adunay pokus diin ang mga lumulupyo mianhi aron pagtukod og [[Dakbayan|mga siyudad]], paghimo og mga sistema sa pagsulat, pag-eksperimento sa mga teknik sa paghimo og [[Pottery|mga kolon]] ug [[Metalworking|paggamit sa mga metal]], [[Domestication|pag-amuma sa mga hayop]], ug pagpalambo sa komplikado nga [[Social structure|mga istruktura sa katilingban]] nga naglambigit [[Class system|sa mga sistema sa klase]]. Karon, ang iskolarsip sa kinatibuk-an nag-ila sa unom ka mga lugar diin ang sibilisasyon mitumaw nga independente: <ref>{{multiref2|{{cite web|url=http://www.collegeboard.com/student/testing/ap/history_world/fund_8000bc.html?worldhist |title=AP World History |publisher=[[College Board]] |access-date=28 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422235734/http://www.collegeboard.com/student/testing/ap/history_world/fund_8000bc.html?worldhist |archive-date=22 April 2008 }}|{{cite web|url=http://www.collegeboard.com/prod_downloads/ap/students/worldhistory/ap-cd-worldhist-0708.pdf|title=World History Course Description|publisher=[[College Board]]|access-date=28 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003043351/http://www.collegeboard.com/prod_downloads/ap/students/worldhistory/ap-cd-worldhist-0708.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2008}}|{{cite web|url=http://education.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry/civiliza|title=Civilization|publisher=The [[Columbia Encyclopedia]]|access-date=28 July 2008|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708024023/http://education.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry/civiliza|archive-date=8 July 2012}}|{{cite web |last=Edwin |first=Eric |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/city#ref232180 |title=city |website=Britannica.com |date=27 February 2015 |access-date=4 January 2016 |archive-date=7 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107211225/http://www.britannica.com/topic/city#ref232180 |url-status=live }}|{{cite web |url=http://www.africanafrican.com/folder13/african%20and%20african%20american%20history/ancient%20egypt%20and%20more/ch01IM.pdf |title=Africanafrican.com |website=Africanafrican.com |access-date=4 January 2016 |archive-date=15 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615150459/http://www.africanafrican.com/folder13/african%20and%20african%20american%20history/ancient%20egypt%20and%20more/ch01IM.pdf |url-status=live }}{{cite book|title=The Ancient Hawaiian State: Origins of a Political Society|url=https://archive.org/details/ancienthawaiians0000homm|last= Hommon|first= Robert J.|publisher= [[Oxford University Press]]|date= 2013}}|{{cite book|last1= Kennett|first1= Douglas J.|last2= Winterhalder|first2= Bruce |date=2006|title=Behavioral Ecology and the Transition to Agriculture|url= https://archive.org/details/behavioralecolog0000unse_n9b2|publisher= [[University of California Press]]|page=[https://archive.org/details/behavioralecolog0000unse_n9b2/page/121 121]|isbn= 978-0-520-24647-8}}}}</ref> ang [[Fertile Crescent]], lakip [[Mesopotamya|ang Mesopotamia]] ug ang [[Levant]] ; ang [[Nile River (suba sa Ehipto)|Nile Valley]] sa [[Northeast Africa|Amihanang-sidlakan sa Africa]] ; ang [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] ; ang [[North China Plain]] ; ang [[Andean civilization|Andean Coast]] ; ug ang [[Mesoamerica|Mesoamerican Gulf Coast]]. === Mga duyan sa sibilisasyon === ==== Tabunok nga Crescent ==== [[Payl:Fertile_crescent_Neolithic_B_circa_7500_BC.svg|thumb|Ang Fertile Crescent niadtong 7500 BC. Ang mga pulang plasa nagtumong sa mga baryo sa pagpanguma.]] Ang [[Fertile Crescent]] gilangkoban sa usa ka rehiyon nga porma og crescent sa taas nga yuta sa Kasadpang Asya, nga naglangkob sa mga rehiyon sa modernong [[Ehipto]], [[Palestina]], [[Israel]], [[Libano|Lebanon]], [[Siria|Syria]], [[Hordanya|Jordan]], [[Turkeya|Turkey]], ug [[Iraq]], nga moabot hangtod sa [[Zagros|Kabukiran sa Zagros]] sa [[Iran]] . Kini nagbarog isip usa sa labing una nga mga rehiyon sa kalibutan diin mitumaw ang mga pamaagi sa agrikultura, nga nagtimaan sa pag-abot sa mga komunidad sa pagpanguma nga dili aktibo. Pag-abot sa 10,200 BC, ang hingpit nga naugmad nga mga kulturang Neolithic, nga gihulagway sa mga hugna sa [[Pre-Pottery Neolithic A]] (PPNA) ug [[Pre-Pottery Neolithic B]] (7600 hangtod 6000 BC), mitumaw sulod sa Fertile Crescent. Kini nga mga kultura mikaylap paingon sa sidlakan ngadto sa [[habagatang Asya|Habagatang Asya]] ug paingon sa kasadpan ngadto sa [[Neolithic Europe|Europa]] ug Amihanang Aprika. <ref name="Bellwood1">Bellwood, Peter.</ref> Lakip sa mga talagsaong pinuy-anan sa PPNA mao ang [[Jericho (kapital sa dapit)|Jericho]], nga nahimutang sa [[Jordan Valley]], nga gituohan nga mao ang labing una nga natukod nga siyudad sa kalibutan, diin ang inisyal nga pinuy-anan nagsugod pa niadtong mga 9600 BC ug ang kuta nahitabo niadtong mga 6800 BC. Ang kasamtangang mga teorya ug mga nadiskobrehan nag-ila sa Fertile Crescent isip una ug labing karaan nga duyan sa sibilisasyon. Ang mga ehemplo sa mga dapit niining dapita mao ang sayong [[Neolithic]] nga dapit sa [[Göbekli Tepe]] (9500–8000 BC) ug [[Çatalhöyük]] (7500–5700 BC). ====== Mesopotamia ====== {{Main|History of Mesopotamia|History of Sumer|Mesopotamia}} [[Payl:Map_Ubaid_culture-en.svg|thumb|Mga dagkong siyudad sa Sumerian atol sa panahon sa Ubaid]] Sa [[Mesopotamya|Mesopotamia]] (usa ka rehiyon nga naglangkob sa modernong [[Iraq]] ug sa mga kasikbit nga rehiyon sa Habagatang-Sidlakang [[Turkeya|Turkey]], Amihanang-Sidlakan [[Siria|Syria]] ug Amihanang-Kasadpang [[Iran]] ), ang panagtagbo sa mga suba sa Tigris ug Euphrates nakamugna og tabunok ug maayong yuta ug suplay sa tubig para sa irigasyon. Ang mga kulturang Neolitiko mitungha sa rehiyon gikan sa 8000 BC padayon. Ang mga sibilisasyon nga mitumaw palibot niining mga suba mao ang labing una nga nailhan [[Sedentism|nga dili-nomadikong]] [[Agrarian society|mga katilingbang agraryo]] . Tungod niini nga ang rehiyon sa Fertile Crescent, ug ang Mesopotamia ilabi na, kanunay nga gitawag nga duyan sa sibilisasyon. Ang panahon nga nailhan nga [[Ubaid period|panahon sa Ubaid]] (mga 6500 hangtod 3800 BC) mao ang labing una nga nahibal-an nga panahon sa [[Alluvial plain|kapatagan sa alluvial]], bisan kung lagmit adunay mga naunang panahon nga natago sa ilawom sa [[Alluvium#Age|alluvium]] . <ref>Adams, Robert M.C.C. and Wright, Henry T. 1989. 'Concluding Remarks' in Henrickson, Elizabeth and Thuesen, Ingolf (eds.) ''Upon This Foundation – The 'Ubaid Reconsidered''.</ref> <ref>Carter, Robert A. and Philip, Graham ''Beyond the Ubaid: Transformation and Integration in the Late Prehistoric Societies of the Middle East (Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization, Number 63)'' The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (2010) {{ISBN|978-1-885923-66-0}} p. 2, at http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/pubs/catalog/saoc/saoc63.html {{Webarchive}}; "Radiometric data suggest that the whole Southern Mesopotamian Ubaid period, including Ubaid 0 and 5, is of immense duration, spanning nearly three millennia from about 6500 to 3800 B.C.".</ref> Atol sa panahon sa Ubaid nagsugod ang kalihukan padulong sa urbanisasyon. Ang agrikultura ug pagpasanay sa mga hayop kay kaylap nga gipraktis sa mga komunidad nga walay daghang tawo, ilabina sa Amihanang Mesopotamia (sa ulahi [[Asirya|Asiria]] ), ug ang intensive irrigated hydraulic agriculture gisugdan sa pagpraktis sa habagatan. Mga 6000 BC, ang mga Neolithic nga pinuy-anan nagsugod sa pagpakita sa tibuok Ehipto. <ref name="Redford 6">{{Cite book}}</ref> Ang mga pagtuon nga gibase sa [[Morphology (biology)|morpolohikal]], [[Genetics|henetiko]], ug [[Arkeyolohiya|arkeolohikanhong]] datos nag-ingon nga kini nga mga pinuy-anan gikan sa mga migrante gikan sa Fertile Crescent sa [[Near East]] nga miabot sa Ehipto ug Amihanang Aprika atol sa [[Neolithic Revolution|Rebolusyong Neolitiko sa Ehipto ug Amihanang Aprika]] ug nagdala sa [[agrikultura]] sa rehiyon. [[Tell el-'Oueili|Ang Tell el-'Oueili]] mao ang labing karaan nga Sumerianhong dapit nga gipuy-an niining panahona, mga 5400 BC, ug ang siyudad sa [[Ur (arkiyolohiyang dapit)|Ur]] unang natukod usab sa katapusan niining panahona. <ref>Leick, Gwendolyn (2002), "Mesopotamia: The Invention of the City" (Penguin).</ref> Sa habagatan, ang panahon sa Ubaid milungtad gikan sa mga 6500 hangtod 3800 BC. <ref name="CarterRobert">Carter, Robert A. and Philip, Graham.</ref> [[Sumer|Ang sibilisasyong Sumerian]] nagkahiusa sa misunod nga [[Uruk period|panahon sa Uruk]] (4000 hangtod 3100 BC). <ref>[[Harriet Crawford|Crawford, Harriet E. W.]] ''Sumer and the Sumerians''.</ref> Ginganlan sunod sa siyudad sa [[Uruk]] sa Sumerian, kining panahona nakasaksi sa pagtungha sa kinabuhi sa kasyudaran sa Mesopotamia ug, atol sa ulahing hugna niini, ang hinay-hinay nga pagtungha sa [[Cuneiform|cuneiform script]] . [[Proto-writing|Ang proto-writing]] sa rehiyon nagsugod pa sa mga 3800 BC, diin ang pinakaunang mga teksto nagsugod pa sa 3300 BC; ang unang cuneiform nga pagsulat mitumaw sa 3000 BC. Niining panahona usab nga mikunhod ang pagpintal sa mga pottery samtang nagsugod nga nahimong popular ang tumbaga, uban sa [[Cylinder seal|mga selyo sa silindro]] . <ref>''An Encyclopedia of World History''.</ref> Ang mga siyudad sa Sumerian atol sa panahon sa Uruk lagmit [[Theocratic|teokratiko]] ug lagmit gipangulohan sa usa ka pari-hari ( ''ensi'' ), nga gitabangan sa usa ka konseho sa mga ansiyano, lakip ang mga lalaki ug babaye. <ref name="Jacobsen">Jacobsen, Thorkild (Ed.) (1939), "The Sumerian King List" (Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago; Assyriological Studies, No. 11, 1939).</ref> Posible kaayo nga ang ulahing mga Sumerianhong [[Pantheon (gods)|panteon]] gisundog niining istrukturang politikal. Ang [[Jemdet Nasr period|panahon sa Jemdet Nasr]], nga kasagarang gipetsahan gikan sa 3100 hangtod 2900 BC ug misunod sa panahon sa Uruk, nailhan nga usa sa mga yugto sa pagporma sa pag-uswag sa cuneiform script. Ang labing karaan nga mga papan nga yutang kulonon gikan sa Uruk ug nagsugod sa ulahing bahin sa ikaupat nga milenyo BC, gamay nga mas sayo kay sa Panahon sa Jemdet Nasr. Sa panahon sa Panahon sa Jemdet Nasr, ang iskrip nakaagi na og daghang hinungdanong mga pagbag-o. Kini orihinal nga gilangkoban sa [[Pictographs|mga pictograph]], apan sa panahon sa Panahon sa Jemdet Nasr kini nagsagop na sa mas simple ug mas abstrak nga mga disenyo. Niining panahona usab nga ang iskrip nakakuha sa iyang iconic nga porma sa wedge. <ref name="woods3637">{{harvnb|Woods|2010|pp=36–37}}.</ref> <ref>Martin (1988), pp. 20–23.</ref> Ang mga network sa pamatigayon sa Uruk nagsugod sa pagpalapad ngadto sa ubang mga bahin sa Mesopotamia ug hangtod sa [[North Caucasus]], ug ang lig-on nga mga timailhan sa organisasyon sa gobyerno ug sosyal nga stratification nagsugod sa pagtungha, nga misangpot sa [[Early Dynastic Period of Sumer|Sayong Panahon sa Dinastiya]] (mga 2900 BC). Human magsugod ang Sayong Panahon sa Dinastiya, adunay pagbalhin sa kontrol sa mga siyudad-estado gikan sa pagtukod sa templo nga gipangulohan sa konseho sa mga ansiyano nga gipangulohan sa usa ka pari nga "En" (usa ka lalaki nga pigura kung kini usa ka templo alang sa usa ka diyosa, o usa ka babaye nga pigura kung gipangulohan sa usa ka lalaki nga diyos) <ref>Jacobsen, Thorkild (1976), "The Harps that Once...; Sumerian Poetry in Translation" and "Treasures of Darkness: a history of Mesopotamian Religion".</ref> ngadto sa usa ka mas sekular nga Lugal (Lu = lalaki, Gal = bantugan). Apil sa mga Lugal ang mga maalamat nga patriyarkal nga mga tawo sama nila [[Enmerkar|ni Enmerkar]], [[Lugalbanda]] ug [[Gilgamesh]], kinsa giingong naghari wala madugay sa wala pa magsugod ang makasaysayanong rekord mga 2700 BC, sa dihang ang silabiko nga pagsulat nagsugod sa pag-uswag gikan sa sayong mga pictogram. Ang sentro sa kulturang Sumerian nagpabilin sa habagatang Mesopotamia, bisan pa nga ang mga magmamando nagsugod sa pagpalapad ngadto sa silingang mga lugar. Ang silingang mga grupong Semitiko, lakip ang mga Semite nga nagsultig Akkadian (Asiryanhon, Babilonyanhon) nga nagpuyo uban sa mga Sumerian sa Mesopotamia, misagop sa kadaghanan sa kulturang Sumerian alang sa ilang kaugalingon. Ang labing una nga [[Ziggurats|mga ziggurat]] nagsugod duol sa katapusan sa Sayong Panahon sa Dinastiya, bisan kung ang mga nauna sa arkitektura sa porma sa gipataas nga mga plataporma nagsugod pa sa panahon sa Ubaid. <ref>Crawford, pp. 73–74.</ref> Ang [[Sumerian King List]] nagsugod sa sayong bahin sa ikaduhang milenyo BC. Kini gilangkoban sa sunod-sunod nga mga harianong dinastiya gikan sa lain-laing mga siyudad sa Sumerian, nga nagsugod pa sa Sayong Panahon sa Dinastiya. Ang matag dinastiya mosikat ug modominar sa rehiyon, apan pulihan sa sunod. Ang dokumento gigamit sa ulahing mga hari sa Mesopotamia aron himuong lehitimo ang ilang pagmando. Samtang ang ubang impormasyon sa lista mahimong itandi sa ubang mga teksto sama sa mga dokumento sa ekonomiya, kadaghanan niini lagmit hinimo-himo lang, ug ang paggamit niini isip usa ka dokumento sa kasaysayan limitado. [[Eannatum|Si Eannatum]], ang [[Sumer|Sumerianong]] hari sa [[Lagash]], nagtukod sa unang mapamatud-an nga imperyo sa kasaysayan niadtong 2500 BC. Ang silingang Elam, sa modernong [[Iran]], kabahin usab sa sayong [[Cities of the Ancient Near East|urbanisasyon]] atol sa panahon [[Chalcolithic|sa Chalcolithic]] . <ref>The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State – by D. T. Potts, Cambridge University Press, 29 July 1999 – p. 46 – {{ISBN|0521563585}} hardback.</ref> Ang mga estado sa Elamite usa sa mga nanguna nga pwersa sa politika sa [[Ancient Near East|Karaang Duol nga Sidlakan]] . <ref>Elam: surveys of political history and archaeology, Elizabeth Carter and Matthew W. Stolper, University of California Press, 1984, p. 3.</ref> Ang pagtungha sa mga sinulat nga rekord sa mga Elamite gikan sa mga 3200 BC susama usab sa kasaysayan sa Sumerian, diin nakit-an ang mga rekord nga medyo mas sayo. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Atol sa ika-3 nga milenyo BC, adunay naugmad nga suod nga kultural nga simbiosis tali sa mga [[Sumer|Sumerian]] ug mga [[Imperyong Akadyo|Akkadian]]. Hinay-hinay nga gipulihan sa [[Akkadian language|pinulongang Akkadian]] ang Sumerian isip usa ka sinultihan nga pinulongan tali sa ika-3 ug ika-2 nga milenyo BC. Ang Imperyong Akkadian [[Semitic languages|nga nagsultig Semitiko]] mitumaw mga 2350 BC ubos [[Sargón sa Akad|ni Sargon nga Bantogan]]. Ang Imperyong Akkadian nakaabot sa kinapungkayan sa politika niini tali sa ika-24 ug ika-22 nga siglo BC. Ubos ni Sargon ug sa iyang mga manununod, ang pinulongang Akkadian mubo nga gipatuman sa silingang mga nasakop nga estado sama sa [[Elam]] ug [[Gutian people|Gutium]] . Human sa pagkapukan sa Imperyong Akkadian ug sa pagkapukan sa mga [[Gutians|Gutian]], adunay mubo nga pagpalig-on pag-usab sa dominasyon sa Sumerian sa Mesopotamia ubos sa [[Third Dynasty of Ur|Ikatulong Dinastiya sa Ur]] . Human sa kataposang pagkahugno sa hegemonya sa Sumerian sa Mesopotamia niadtong mga 2004 BC, ang Semitikong Akkadian nga katawhan sa Mesopotamia sa kadugayan nagkahiusa ngadto sa duha ka dagkong nasod nga nagsultig Akkadian: [[Asirya|ang Asiria]] sa amihanan (kansang labing una nga mga hari nagsugod sa ika-25 nga siglo BC), ug, pipila ka siglo ang milabay, [[Babilonya|ang Babylonia]] sa habagatan, nga pareho (ilabi na ang Asiria) nagpadayon sa pagporma og gamhanang mga imperyo tali sa ika-20 ug ika-6 nga siglo BC. Sa kadugayan, ang mga Sumerian nasuhop sa populasyon sa Semitic nga Asyrian-Babylonian. === Amihanang-Sidlakang Aprika === {{Main|Classical African civilization|Aethiopia|Land of Punt|Early Dynastic Egypt}}Ang rehiyon anaa sa tunga-tunga sa [[North Africa|Amihanang Aprika]] ug [[East Africa|Sidlakang Aprika]], ug naglangkob sa [[Horn of Africa|Horn sa Aprika]] ( [[Yibuti|Djibouti]], [[Eritreya|Eritrea]], [[Etyopiya|Etiopia]], ug [[Somaliya|Somalia]] ), ingon man [[Sudan|sa Sudan]], [[Habagatang Sudan]], [[Libya]], ug [[Ehipto]]. <ref>"Northeast Africa is neither geographically or climatically uniform. Internally it varies widely in altitude, rainfall patterns, river systems, soil types and vegetation cover. In most historical studies the region is also further divided according to strict cultural and political boundaries. It is unusual, for instance, to compare the Sudan with the countries of East Africa, or Ethiopia with anything but itself. Yet the study of the history of ecological relationships makes possible, at the same time that it requires, a recognition of a broader outline to the region which not only acknowledges, but knits together its diverse range of societies".{{Cite book}}</ref> Ang rehiyon adunay taas nga kasaysayan sa pagpuyo uban sa mga nakaplagang fossil gikan sa unang [[Hominidae|mga hominid]] hangtod sa modernong [[tawo]] ug usa sa labing lainlain nga kultura ug pinulongan nga mga rehiyon sa kalibutan, nga pinuy-anan sa daghang mga sibilisasyon ug nahimutang sa usa ka [[Indo-Mediterranean|importanteng ruta sa pamatigayon]] nga nagkonektar sa daghang mga kontinente. <ref>Project MUSE.</ref> Usa ka lain-laing mga [[Linggwistika|linggwistiko]], [[Biological anthropology|biyolohikal nga antropolohikal]], <ref>{{Cite journal}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> arkeolohiko <ref>"There is no evidence, no archaeological signal, for a mass migration (settler colonization)" into Egypt from southwest Asia at the time of the writing.</ref> ug henetikong datos <ref>"[[Haplogroup E-P2|P2]] (PN2) marker, within the [[Haplogroup E-M96|E haplogroup]], connects the predominant Y chromosome lineage found in Africa overall after the modern human left Africa. P2/M215-55 is found from the Horn of Africa up through the Nile Valley and west to the Maghreb, and P2/V38/M2 is predominant in most of infra-Saharan tropical Africa". {{Cite book}}</ref> ang nakaila sa gipaambit nga mga kalambigitan tali sa unang mga populasyon sa Ehipto ug sa amihanan-sidlakang Aprika. <ref name="General history of Africa, IX: Gene">{{Cite book}}</ref> Ang ebidensiya sa henetiko nag-ila sa [[Horn of Africa]] isip tinubdan sa genetic marker nga " [[Haplogroup E-M35|M35]] / [[Haplogroup E-M215|215]] " Y-chromosome lineage para sa usa ka importanteng component sa populasyon nga mibalhin paingon sa amihanan gikan sa maong rehiyon ngadto sa Ehipto ug sa Levant. Kining henetikong distribusyon susama sa pagkaylap sa [[Afroasiatic languages|pamilya sa pinulongan nga Afrasian]] uban sa pagbalhin sa mga tawo gikan sa Horn of Africa ngadto sa Ehipto ug nakadugang og bag-ong demic component sa kasamtangang populasyon sa Ehipto 17,000 ka tuig na ang milabay. Ang mga mainstream nga iskolar nakakaplag sa etnisidad ug ang gigikanan sa predynastic, habagatang Ehipto isip usa ka pundasyon nga komunidad labi na sa amihanan-sidlakang Aprika nga naglakip [[Sudan|sa Sudan]], [[Afrotropical realm|tropikal nga Aprika]] ug [[Sahara (desyerto)|Sahara]] samtang giila ang pagkalainlain sa populasyon nga nahimong kinaiya sa panahon sa mga Paraon. <ref>"There is now a sufficient body of evidence from modern studies of skeletal remains to indicate that the ancient Egyptians, especially southern Egyptians, exhibited physical characteristics that are within the range of variation for ancient and modern indigenous peoples of the Sahara and tropical Africa. The distribution of population characteristics seems to follow a clinal pattern from south to north, which may be explained by natural selection as well as gene flow between neighboring populations. In general, the inhabitants of Upper Egypt and Nubia had the greatest biological affinity to people of the Sahara and more southerly areas.”{{Cite encyclopedia}}</ref> <ref>“The data clearly suggests that the population in southern Egypt became more diverse as the society more complex (Keita 1992). Egyptian society seems never to have been “closed”, and it is hard to believe that the modal phenotype could have remain unchanged, especially if social and sexual collection were operating.</ref> <ref>p. 85: “The physical anthropological findings from the major burial sites of those founding locales of ancient Egypt in the millennium BCE, notably El-Badari as well as Naqada, show no demographic indebtedness to the Levant. They reveal instead a population with cranial and dental features with closest parallels of those of other longtime populations of the surrounding areas of northeastern Africa, such as Nubia and the northern Horn of Africa. Members of this population did not come from somewhere else but were descendants of the long-term inhabitants of these portions of Africa going back many millennia.” {{Cite book}}</ref> <ref>p. 355 ― “The importance of iconographic sources was emphasized in the main. Säve-Söderbergh and Leclant stressed that the links indicated by cave paintings between the vast expanses of the Sahara and the banks of the Nile nodded to a migration of peoples of the Sahara and groups from the South to the valley – something confirmed by research over the last thirty years. Diop set out to return Egypt to its southern African hinterland by systematically using Pharaonic statues and art to support his point of view. Although a debate on the north-south orientation of a ‘civilizing’ wave of peoples in the valley had prevailed up to that point, the avalanche of new data now made this idea redundant, suggesting instead the image of a growing and unifying political movement in the valley from south to north that repositioned its starting point back in time: in Upper Egypt, digs at the Uj tomb of King Scorpion at the Abydos necropolis push back the origin of the first Horus back to circa 3250 BCE, and the resumption of excavations at Nekhen led to the exhumation of the famous ‘Elephant Kings’ of Hierakonpolis (Nekhen) which have no inscriptions and date back even further to circa 3700 BCE.” p. 356 ― “It quantified the key impact of sub-Saharan populations and found a clear link between the Siwi and the peoples of North-East Africa. We could continue with work by Zakrzewski on the predynastic population of Nekhen, investigations by Crubezy which traced the boundaries of the ancient Khoisan settlement to Upper Egypt, where its faint traces remain identifiable, and Keita’s work, as the most groundbreaking.”</ref> Ang Paraon nga Ehipto adunay pisikal nga [[Cline (biology)|gradasyon]] sa mga populasyon sa rehiyon, diin ang Ibabaw nga mga Ehiptohanon adunay mas daghang biyolohikal nga koneksyon sa mga populasyon [[Sudanese|sa Sudanese]] ug [[Subsaaranhong Afrika|habagatang Aprikano]], samtang ang Ubos nga mga Ehiptohanon adunay mas duol nga genetic nga koneksyon sa mga populasyon [[The Levant|sa Levantine]] ug [[Dagat Mediteraneo|Mediteranyo]]. <ref>"Southern Egypt and Nubia are geographically co-extensive, with populations grading into each other. The absorption of Qustul’s people would have reinforced this. There is biological overlap of these populations in origin, but ongoing admixture is also apparent."{{Cite web}}</ref> Ang ebidensiya sa arkeolohiya nagsugyot nga ang sistema sa pag-ihap sa Karaang Ehipto naggikan sa [[Subsaaranhong Afrika|Sub-Saharan Africa]]. Usab, ang mga disenyo sa fractal geometry nga kaylap sa mga kultura sa Sub-Saharan Africa makita usab sa arkitektura sa Ehipto ug mga simbolo sa kosmolohiya. Ang [[Ishango bone|bukog ni Ishango]], sumala sa eskolar nga [[Alexander Marshack|si Alexander Marshack]], mahimong nakaimpluwensya sa ulahing pag-uswag sa matematika sa Ehipto tungod kay, sama sa pipila ka mga entri sa bukog ni Ishango, ang aritmetika sa Ehipto migamit usab sa pagpadaghan sa 2; bisan pa, kini gikuwestiyon. <ref>Marshack, A. (1972).</ref> Ang mga megalithic nga istruktura nga nahimutang sa [[Nabta Playa]], Ibabaw nga Ehipto nagpakita sa [[astronomiya]], mga kahikayan sa kalendaryo nga nahiuyon sa heliacal nga pagsubang sa [[Sirius]] ug nagsuporta sa kalibrasyon sa tinuig nga kalendaryo alang sa tinuig nga pagbaha sa Nilo. Kini nga mga praktis nalambigit sa pagtungha sa [[Cosmology|kosmolohiya]] sa Karaang Gingharian sa Ehipto. Ang karaang [[Nubians|mga Nubian]] ang nanguna sa unang [[Antibiotics|mga antibiotic]] ug nagtukod og sistema sa [[geometrics]] nga nagsilbing basehan sa inisyal nga [[Sundials|mga sunclocks]] . Ang mga Nubiano naggamit usab og [[Trigonometry|trigonometric]] nga pamaagi nga susama sa ilang mga katugbang sa Ehipto. Ang lugar nga gilangkoban [[Somaliland|sa Somaliland]], [[Somaliya|Somalia]], [[Yibuti|Djibouti]], ang baybayon sa [[Dagat Pula|Pulang Dagat]] sa [[Eritreya|Eritrea]] ug [[Sudan]] giisip nga labing lagmit nga lokasyon sa yuta nga nailhan sa karaang [[Egyptians|mga Ehiptohanon]] nga ''[[Land of Punt|Punt]]'' (o "Ta Netjeru", nga nagpasabut nga yuta sa diyos), kansang unang paghisgot nagsugod sa ika-25 nga siglo BC. <ref>Simson Najovits, ''Egypt, trunk of the tree, Volume 2'', (Algora Publishing: 2004), p. 258.</ref> Ang mga Puntite nakignegosyo [[Myrrh|og mira]], mga panakot, bulawan, [[ebony]], mga baka nga mubo og sungay, garing, ug [[Frankincense|insenso]] sa Karaang mga Ehiptohanon, mga Fenicianhon, mga Babilonyanhon, mga Indian, mga Tsino, ug mga Romano pinaagi sa ilang mga pantalan sa komersyo. Usa ka Karaang ekspedisyon sa Ehipto nga gipadala sa ika-18 nga dinastiya ni Reyna [[Hatshepsut]] ang natala sa mga relyebo sa templo sa [[Ma‘bad ad Dayr al Baḩrī|Deir el-Bahari]], atol sa pagmando sa Puntite nga Haring Parahu ug Reyna Ati. Sumala ni Christiane Noblecourt, kining mga ekspedisyon dugang nga napadali sa paglungtad sa usa ka komon nga pinulongan tali sa Ehipto ug Punt. === Karaang Ehipto === {{Main|History of ancient Egypt|Northeast Africa|African humid period|Ancient Egypt}} [[Payl:Ancient_Egypt_map-en.svg|thumb|Mapa sa karaang Ehipto, nga nagpakita sa mga dagkong siyudad ug mga dapit sa panahon sa Dinastiya (c. 3150&#x20;BC hangtod 30&#x20;BC)]] Ang naugmad nga mga kulturang [[Neolithic]] nga nahisakop sa mga hugna [[Pre-Pottery Neolithic A|sa Pre-Pottery Neolithic A]] (10,200 BC) ug [[Pre-Pottery Neolithic B]] (7600 hangtod 6000 BC) nagpakita sa [[Fertile Crescent]] ug gikan didto mikaylap paingon sa sidlakan ug kasadpan. <ref name="Bellwood12">Bellwood, Peter.</ref> Sa samang panahon, ang kultura sa paggaling og lugas nga naggamit sa labing una nga klase sa mga sulab sa karit mipuli sa kultura sa mga mangangayam, mangingisda, ug mga tawo nga mangolekta og mga butang gamit ang mga himan nga bato ubay sa Nilo. Ang ebidensiya sa heolohiya ug mga pagtuon sa pagmodelo sa klima sa kompyuter nagsugyot usab nga ang natural nga mga pagbag-o sa klima mga 8000 BC nagsugod sa pag-uga sa halapad nga mga yutang pastoral sa amihanang Africa, nga sa katapusan nahimong [[Sahara (desyerto)|Sahara]] . Ang padayon nga pagkauga nagpugos sa mga katigulangan sa mga Ehiptohanon sa pagpuyo sa palibot sa Nilo nga mas permanente ug sa pagsagop sa mas hilom nga estilo sa kinabuhi. <ref>Barich et al. (1984) Ecological and Cultural Relevance of the Recent New Radiocabon dates from Libyan Sahara.</ref> Ang labing karaan nga hingpit nga naugmad nga kulturang neolitiko sa Ehipto mao ang [[Fayum A culture|Fayum. Usa ka kultura]] nga nagsugod mga 5500 BC. Pag-abot sa mga 5500 BC, ang gagmay nga mga tribo nga nagpuyo sa walog sa Nilo nahimong sunod-sunod nga mga kultura nga may kalabutan hangtod sa habagatan sa Sudan, nga nagpakita sa lig-on nga pagkontrol sa agrikultura ug [[Animal husbandry|pag-atiman sa hayop]], ug mailhan pinaagi sa ilang mga kolon ug personal nga mga butang, sama sa mga suklay, pulseras, ug mga kuwintas. Ang pinakadako niining mga unang kultura sa amihanang Ibabaw nga Ehipto mao ang [[Al Badārī|Badari]], nga lagmit naggikan sa Kasadpang Desyerto; nailhan kini tungod sa taas nga kalidad nga mga seramiko, [[Stone tool|mga himan nga bato]], ug paggamit sa tumbaga. <ref>Hayes, W. C. (October 1964).</ref> Ang labing karaan nga nailhan nga binuhing baka sa Africa gikan sa [[Al Fayyūm (kapital sa lalawigan)|Fayum]] nga nagsugod pa sa mga 4400 BC. <ref>Barich, B. E. (1998) People, Water and Grain: The Beginnings of Domestication in the Sahara and the Nile Valley.</ref> Ang mga kultura sa Badari gisundan sa [[Naqada culture|kultura sa Naqada]], nga nagdala og daghang mga kalamboan sa teknolohiya. <ref>Childe, V. Gordon (1953), ''New Light on the Most Ancient Near East'', (Praeger Publications).</ref> Sukad pa sa unang Panahon sa Naqada, [[Amratian culture|Amratia]], ang mga Ehiptohanon nag-import og [[obsidian]] gikan sa [[History of Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], nga gigamit sa pagporma og mga blades ug uban pang mga butang gikan sa [[Lithic flake|mga tipik]] . <ref>Barbara G. Aston, James A. Harrell, Ian Shaw (2000).</ref> Pag-abot sa 3300 BC, sa wala pa ang unang dinastiya sa Ehipto, ang Ehipto nabahin sa duha ka gingharian, nga nailhan nga [[Upper Egypt|Ibabaw nga Ehipto]] sa habagatan, ug [[Lower Egypt|Ubos nga Ehipto]] sa amihanan. <ref name="Adkinsp155">Adkins, L. and Adkins, R. (2001) ''The Little Book of Egyptian Hieroglyphics'', p. 155.</ref> Nagsugod [[Karaang Ehipto|ang sibilisasyon sa Ehipto]] atol sa ikaduhang hugna sa kultura sa Naqada, nga nailhan nga [[Gerzeh culture|panahon sa Gerzeh]], mga 3500 BC ug nagkahiusa sa paghiusa sa Ibabaw ug Ubos nga Ehipto mga 3150 BC. Ang pagpanguma mao ang nagpatungha sa kadaghanan sa pagkaon; uban sa dugang nga suplay sa pagkaon, ang mga tawo nagsagop sa mas sedentaryo nga estilo sa kinabuhi, ug ang mas dagkong mga pinuy-anan mitubo ngadto sa mga siyudad nga adunay mga 5,000 ka residente. Niining panahona nga ang mga lumulupyo sa siyudad nagsugod sa paggamit og lapok nga tisa sa pagtukod sa ilang mga siyudad, ug ang paggamit sa arko ug gitago nga mga bungbong alang sa dekorasyon nahimong popular. <ref name="Redford 16">Redford, Donald B. Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times.</ref> Ang tumbaga imbes nga bato nagkadaghan nga gigamit sa paghimo og mga himan <ref name="Redford 16" /> ug mga hinagiban. <ref name="Gardiner 391">Gardiner, Alan H. ''Egypt of the Pharaohs: An Introduction''.</ref> Ang mga simbolo sa Gerzean nga kolon susama usab sa bag-ong mga hieroglyph sa Ehipto. <ref>Adkins, L.; Adkins, R. (2001).</ref> Adunay usab mga sayo nga ebidensya sa kontak sa [[Near East]], labi na [[Canaan|ang Canaan]] ug ang baybayon [[Jbaïl|sa Byblos]], niining panahona. <ref>Patai, Raphael (1998), ''Children of Noah: Jewish Seafaring in Ancient Times'' (Princeton Uni Press).</ref> Kadungan niining mga pag-uswag sa kultura, nahitabo ang proseso sa paghiusa sa mga katilingban ug mga lungsod sa ibabaw nga Suba sa Nilo, o Ibabaw nga Ehipto. Sa samang higayon ang mga katilingban sa Nile Delta, o Ubos nga Ehipto, nakaagi usab sa proseso sa paghiusa.{{Fact|date=November 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2025)">kinahanglan og citation</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Atol sa iyang pagmando sa Ibabaw nga Ehipto, gipildi ni Haring [[Narmer]] ang iyang mga kaaway sa Delta ug gihiusa ang Gingharian sa Ibabaw ug Ubos nga Ehipto ubos sa iyang usa ka pagmando. Ang [[Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)|Sayong Panahon sa Dinastiya sa Ehipto]] misunod dayon sa paghiusa sa Ibabaw ug Ubos nga Ehipto. Kasagaran kini giisip nga naglakip sa [[First Dynasty of Egypt|Una]] ug [[Second Dynasty of Egypt|Ikaduhang Dinastiya]], nga milungtad gikan sa panahon sa arkeolohiya [[Naqada III|sa Naqada III]] hangtod sa pagsugod sa [[Old Kingdom of Egypt|Daang Gingharian]], mga 2686 BC. <ref name="Shaw1">Shaw, Ian (2003).</ref> Uban sa Unang Dinastiya, ang kaulohan mibalhin gikan sa [[Thinis]] ngadto sa [[Memphis (arkiyolohiyang dapit)|Memphis]] uban ang usa ka nahiusang Ehipto nga gimandoan sa usa ka [[Imperial cult|diyos-hari]] . Ang mga timaan sa [[Karaang Ehipto|karaang sibilisasyon sa Ehipto]], sama sa [[Art of ancient Egypt|arte]], [[Ancient Egyptian architecture|arkitektura]] ug daghang aspeto sa [[Ancient Egyptian religion|relihiyon]], naporma atol sa Sayong Panahon sa Dinastiya. Ang lig-on nga institusyon sa pagkahari nga gipalambo sa mga paraon nagsilbi aron mahimong lehitimo ang kontrol sa estado sa yuta, trabaho, ug mga kahinguhaan nga hinungdanon sa pagkabuhi ug pagtubo sa karaang sibilisasyon sa Ehipto. Dakong mga pag-uswag sa arkitektura, arte, ug teknolohiya ang nahimo atol sa misunod nga [[Old Kingdom|Karaang Gingharian]], nga gipadasig sa dugang nga [[Agricultural productivity|produktibidad sa agrikultura]] ug sa resulta nga populasyon, nga nahimo tungod sa usa ka maayong pagkaugmad nga sentral nga administrasyon. <ref>James (2005) p. 40.</ref> Ang uban sa mga labing maayong nahimo sa karaang Ehipto, ang [[Pyramids of Giza|mga piramide sa Giza]] ug [[Sphinx (bantayog)|ang Dakong Sphinx]], gitukod atol sa Daang Gingharian. Ubos sa direksyon sa [[Vizier (Ancient Egypt)|vizier]], ang mga opisyal sa estado nangolekta og mga buhis, nag-coordinate sa mga proyekto sa irigasyon aron mapauswag [[Crop yield|ang ani sa mga tanom]] ug adunay esensya sa senado ibabaw sa [[Criminal law|sistema sa hustisya]] aron mapadayon ang kalinaw ug kahusay. Uban sa nagkadako nga kahinungdanon sa usa ka sentral nga administrasyon, mitungha ang usa ka bag-ong klase sa edukado nga mga eskriba ug mga opisyal nga gihatagan sa paraon og mga yuta isip bayad sa ilang mga serbisyo. Ang mga Paraon naghatag usab og mga yuta para sa ilang mga kulto sa punerarya ug lokal nga mga templo, aron masiguro nga kini nga mga institusyon adunay mga kahinguhaan sa pagsimba sa paraon human sa iyang kamatayon. Nagtuo ang mga eskolar nga ang lima ka siglo niining mga pamaagi hinayhinay nga nakapakunhod sa gahom sa ekonomiya sa paraon, ug nga ang ekonomiya dili na makaarang sa pagsuporta sa usa ka dako ug sentralisadong administrasyon. Samtang mikunhod ang gahom sa paraon, ang mga gobernador sa rehiyon nga gitawag og [[Nomarch|mga nomarko]] nagsugod sa paghagit sa pagkalabaw sa paraon. Kini, inubanan sa [[4.2 kiloyear event|grabeng hulaw]] tali sa 2200 ug 2150 BC, gituohan nga hinungdan sa pagsulod sa nasud sa 140 ka tuig nga panahon sa kagutom ug kagubot nga nailhan nga [[First Intermediate Period|Unang Intermediate Period]]. <ref>Clayton, Peter A. (1994).</ref> plmtvi38y1nusmyriccct2irimr3pyf 0 11355532 37103237 37026402 2026-09-22T02:52:55Z InternetArchiveBot 28475 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260921)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 37103237 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang '''pinulongang Ibanag''' (gisulat usab nga ''Ybanag'' o ''Ibanak'')<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Bugarin|first1=José|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=npJkAAAAMAAJ|title=Diccionario ybanag-español|last2=Rodríguez|first2=Ramón|date=1854|publisher=los Amigos del Pais|language=es}}</ref> maoy usa ka [[Mga pinulongang Awstronesyo|pinulongan nga Austronesyano]] nga gisulti sa hangtod sa 463,390 ka mga mamumulong,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ibanag|url=https://kwfwikaatkultura.ph/ibanag/|access-date=April 21, 2026|website=kwfwikaatkultura.ph}}</ref> kasagaran gilangkoban sa [[Ibanag people|mga tawo nga Ibanag]], sa amihanan-sidlakang mga probinsya sa [[Isabela]] ug [[Cagayan]] sa [[Pilipinas]]. Kini kaylap nga gisulti sa mga komunidad sa [[Abulug]], [[Buguey]], [[Camalaniugan]], [[Lal-lo]], [[Solana]], ug [[Tuguegarao]], tanan sa lalawigan sa [[Cagayan]] . Usab sa mga komunidad sa [[Cabagan]], [[Ilagan]], [[San Pablo, Isabela|San Pablo]], [[Santo Tomas, Isabela|Santo Tomas]], [[Santa Maria, Isabela|Santa Maria]], ug [[Tumauini]], tanan sa probinsya sa [[Isabela]], ingon man sa palibot sa [[Cagayan River (suba sa Pilipinas, Lupot sa Cagayan)|Suba sa Cagayan]]. Ang pinulongan gisulti usab sa barangay San Agustin East, sa [[Agoo]], sa probinsya sa [[La Union]]. Ang Ibanag gisulti usab sa mga Pilipino sa Middle East, United Kingdom, ug Estados Unidos. Kadaghanan sa mga mamumulong sa Ibanag makasulti usab ug [[Pinulongang Iloko|Ilokano]], ang [[lingua franca]] sa amihanang [[Luzon|isla sa Luzon]]. Ang ngalang Ibanag gikan sa unlapi nga ''I-'' nga nagkahulogang 'mga tawo sa', ug {{Lang|ibg|bannag}}, nga nagkahulogang 'suba'. Ang Ibanag suod nga paryente ni [[Gaddang language|Gaddang]], [[Itawis language|Itawis]], Agta, [[Atta language|Atta]], [[Yogad language|Yogad]], [[Isneg language|Isneg]] ug [[Malaweg language|Malaweg]]. == Klasipikasyon == Sama sa ubang kaylap nga gisulti [[Mga Pinulongang Pilipinhon|nga mga pinulongan sa Pilipinas]] sama sa [[Sinugboanon|Cebuano]] ug [[Tinagalog|Tagalog]], ang Ibanag usa ka [[Mga pinulongang Awstronesyo|pinulongan nga Austronesyano]]. Sulod niining [[Language family|pamilya sa pinulongan]]. Ang Ibanag nahisakop sa subgroup [[Northern Philippine languages|sa mga pinulongan sa Amihanang Pilipinas]], nga naglakip usab sa mas kaylap nga sinultihan [[Pinulongang Iloko|nga Ilokano]] ug [[Pinulongang Pangasinan|Pangasinan]] nga mga pinulongan. == Distribusyon ug mga diyalekto == Ang Ibanag gisulti sa nagkalain-laing lugar sa Amihanang-Sidlakang Pilipinas, apan panguna sa mga probinsya sa [[Isabela]] ug [[Cagayan]]; adunay gagmay nga mga kalainan tali niining mga lugar sa paagi sa pagsulti sa Ibanag. Ang Ibanag nga gilitok sa [[Tuguegarao]], ang kaulohan sa Cagayan (ang pinakaamihanan sa duha ka probinsiya), gikonsiderar nga standard dialect. Ang mga lumad nga mamumulong sa Ibanag kasagarang makatino pinaagi sa paglitok ug aksento kon ang laing mamumulong taga-Tuguegarao ba. Sa Tuguegarao, sa wala pa [[Kasaysayan sa Pilipinas (1565–1898)|moabot ang mga Espanyol]], ang pinulongan nga kasagarang gigamit mao ang Irraya, nga karon usa ka halos napuo nga diyalekto sa [[Gaddang language|Gaddang]]. Gipaila sa mga Espanyol ang Ibanag sa siyudad gikan sa [[Lal-lo]] (kanhi siyudad sa Nueva Segovia) ug gitukod ang pinulongan isip lingua franca sa Amihanang-sidlakang Pilipinas. Apan, sukad sa pagpaila sa mga Ilocano settlers sa ulahing bahin sa ika-20 nga siglo, [[Pinulongang Iloko|ang Ilocano]] mipuli sa Ibanag isip komon nga pinulongan sa rehiyon.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Ethnohistory of Northern Luzon|url=https://archive.org/details/ethnohistoryofno0000kees_u3j3|last=Keesing|first=Felix Maxwell|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1962|location=Stanford}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Cagayan valley and eastern Cordillera, 1581-1898|last=Salgado|first=Pedro V.|publisher=Rex Commercial|year=2002|volume=1|location=Quezon City}}</ref> Ang mga mamumulong og Ibanag nga gikan sa [[Cauayan]] ug [[Ilagan]], ang duha ka dagkong siyudad sa Lalawigan sa Isabela, adunay "gahi" nga aksento, samtang ang porma sa Ibanag nga gisulti sa [[Tuguegarao]] giingong adunay kinaiyang Hispanic. Apan, ang mga mamumulong sa Ibanag gikan sa Amihanang [[Lupot sa Cagayan|Cagayan]] adunay mas komplikado nga aksento. Isip pananglitan, ang mga mamumulong sa Ibanang gikan sa mga lungsod sa Northern Cagayan, nga naglakip sa [[Abulug]], [[Aparri]], [[Camalaniugan]], [[Pamplona, Cagayan|Pamplona]], ingon man sa Lal-lo, lagmit nga [[Lenition#Spirantization|ilisan ang]] [p] og [f].<ref>Da Ayong Anni Dagga. https://archive.org/stream/rosettaproject_ibg_vertxt-1/rosettaproject_ibg_vertxt-1_djvu.txt</ref> * {{Lang|ibg|mapatu}} – {{Lang|ibg|mafatu}} ('init') * {{Lang|ibg|paggipayan}} – {{Lang|ibg|faggifayan}} ('usa ka dapit nga ibutang') * {{Lang|ibg|dupo}} – {{Lang|ibg|dufo}} ('saging') Dugang pa, ang pipila ka mga pulong nga Ibanag nagpakita sa rehiyonal nga mga baryasyon tali sa mga diyalekto sa Tuguegarao ug Isabela. {| class="wikitable" !Tuguegarao !Isabela !Ingles ![[Tinagalog|Tagalog]] |- |{{Lang|ibg|Ari ka nga kuman ta illuk.}} |{{Lang|ibg|Kammu nga kumang tu illug.}} |Ayaw pagkaon og itlog. |{{Lang|tl|Huwag kang kumain ng itlog.}} |} Gawas sa talagsaong mga kinaiya sa mga gamit sa kasyudaran, ang mga pangunang diyalekto sa Ibanag mao ang Habagatang Ibanag ug Amihanang Ibanag. Samtang ang Habagatang Ibanag kasagarang giisip nga [[Standard language|sumbanan nga diyalekto]], ang Amihanang Ibanag giisip nga mas duol sa karaang Pre-Hispanic Ibanag nga naglungtad sa wala pa ang mas kaylap nga pagsagop sa Ibanag lapas sa orihinal nga teritoryo niini sa Cagayan. Apan, ang Habagatang Ibanag mahimong [[Stratum (linguistics)|nakakuha og mga elemento]] gikan sa duol [[Itawis language|nga Itawis]] ingon man gikan sa mga Espanyol. Ang porma sa Habagatang Ibanag nga gisulti sa Isabela mahimong naimpluwensyahan usab sa Gaddang substrate nga orihinal nga dominanteng pinulongan sa mga lugar diin gigamit karon ang Ibanag. == Karaang Ibanag == Pipila ka modernong pulong nga Ibanag, sama sa {{Lang|ibg|innafi}} 'rice', {{Lang|ibg|bavi}} 'baboy', ug {{Lang|ibg|afi}} 'kalayo', gilista sa mga teksto sa Kinatsila isip {{Lang|ibg|innafuy}}, {{Lang|ibg|bavuy}}, ug {{Lang|ibg|afuy}} matag usa. Ang modernong Ibanag nga termino para sa numero uno, {{Lang|ibg|tadday}}, kaniadto gigamit nga baylobaylo sa pulong {{Lang|ibg|itte}}, nga daw wala na sa modernong gamit.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=npJkAAAAMAAJ|title=Diccionario ybanag-español|last=Bugarin|first=Jose|publisher=Imp. de los Amigos del País|year=1854|location=Manila}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MD1KAAAAYAAJ|title=Diccionario españól-ibanág: ó sea, Tesauro hispánocagayán|last=Fernández|first=Miguel|publisher=Imp. de Ramirez y Giraudier|year=1867|location=Manila}}</ref> == Paggamit ug kasamtangang kahimtang == Niadtong Oktubre 2012, "ang pagbuhi sa kulturang Ibanag kabahin sa programang Mother-Tongue Based (MTB) sa gobyerno [sa Pilipinas] nga nagtinguha sa pagpreserbar sa lumad nga mga kultura, lakip na ang mga pinulongan niini, alang sa umaabot nga mga henerasyon." Ang Ibanag nalista usab isip usa sa mga pinulongan sa MTB nga gitudlo sa mga eskwelahan sa Pilipinas, ug duha ka dula sa entablado - {{Lang|ibg|Zininaga Ta Bannag}} ("Kabilin sa Suba") ug ''Nganong ang mga Babaye Manghugas sa mga Pinggan'' - gipasundayag sa Ibanag. == Ponolohiya == ==== Mga Bokal ==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! ![[Front vowel|Atubangan]] ![[Central vowel|Sentral]] ![[Back vowel|Balik]] |- ![[Close vowel|Sira]] |i | |u |- ![[Mid vowel|Tunga-tunga]] |e |ə | |- ![[Open vowel|Ablihi]] | |a |ɔ |} Makita sa Ibanag ang [[Monophthong|monophthongization]] sa [[Diphthongs|mga diphthong]]. Pananglitan, ang mga pulong {{Lang|ibg|umay}} 'moadto', {{Lang|ibg|balay}} 'balay' o {{Lang|ibg|aggaw}} Ang 'day' usahay gilitok nga ''ume'', ''bale'', ug ''aggo''. ==== Mga Konsonante ==== Ang Ibanag usa sa [[Mga Pinulongang Pilipinhon|mga pinulongan sa Pilipinas]] nga wala magpakita sa {{IPA|[ɾ]}} - {{IPA|[d]}} [[Allophone|aloponiya]]. Ang Ibanag adunay mga ponema nga wala sa daghang may kalabutan [[Mga Pinulongang Pilipinhon|nga mga pinulongan sa Pilipinas]] ; ang mga ponema nga talagsaon sa Ibanag kon itandi sa mga igsoon nga pinulongan niini naglakip sa {{IPA|[f]}} sama sa {{Lang|ibg|innafi}}, 'bugas', {{IPA|[v]}} sama sa {{Lang|ibg|bavi}}, 'baboy', {{IPA|[z]}} sama sa {{Lang|ibg|kazzing}} 'kanding' ug {{IPA|[dʒ]}} sama sa {{Lang|ibg|madjan}} 'dalaga'. Ang Ibanag adunay kinaiya nga gemination: * {{Lang|ibg|gaddua}} {{IPA|[ɡadˈdwa]}} 'katunga' * {{Lang|ibg|mappazzi}} {{IPA|[mappazˈzɪ]}} 'pagpislit, pagpislit' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! colspan="2" | ![[Labial consonant|Labial]] ![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] ![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] ![[Velar consonant|Belar]] ![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |- ! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Ilong]] |m |n |ɲ |ŋ | |- ! rowspan="2" |[[Plosive|Plosibo]] / [[Affricate|Afrikado]] !{{Small|voiceless}} |p |t |tʃ |k | rowspan="2" |ʔ |- !{{Small|voiced}} |b |d |dʒ |ɡ |- ! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative]] !{{Small|voiceless}} |f |s |ʃ | |h |- !{{Small|voiced}} |v |z | | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Tap consonant|I-tap]] | |ɾ ~ r | | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Approximant|Gibana-bana]] | |l |j |w | |} == Mga Reperensya == i3rj1oobclge0pha1c4jdbcbtqzdsvo 0 11355644 37103268 37026883 2026-09-22T06:34:44Z JoyiCPH 147101 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1374425169|British Empire]]" 37103268 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang '''Imperyong Britanya''' gilangkuban sa mga dominion, kolonya, protectorate, mandato, ug uban pang mga teritoryo sa Britanya. Nagsugod kini sa mga teritoryo sa gawas sa nasod ug mga sentro sa pamatigayon nga gitukod sa England sa ulahing bahin sa ika-16 ug sayong bahin sa ika-17 nga siglo, lakip na ang mga pagsulay sa Scotland sa pagtukod og kolonya niadtong ika-17 nga siglo.<ref name="nms.ac.uk2">{{cite web|title=Colonial histories and legacies in our museums|url=https://www.nms.ac.uk/collections/colonial-histories-and-legacies|website=National Museums Scotland|access-date=1 March 2025|language=en|archive-date=16 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216024428/https://www.nms.ac.uk/collections/colonial-histories-and-legacies/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sa kinapungkayan niini sa ika-19 ug sayong bahin sa ika-20 nga siglo, kini ang pinakadako nga imperyo sa kasaysayan ug, sulod sa usa ka siglo, mao ang nanguna nga gahum sa kalibutan. {{Sfn|Ferguson|2002}} Pag-abot sa 1913, ang Imperyong Britanya nagmando sa kapin sa 412 ka&nbsp;milyon nga mga tawo,{{Percentage|412,000,000|1,791,020,000}} sa populasyon sa kalibutan niadtong panahona, <ref>{{Harvnb|Maddison|2001|p=97|loc="The total population of the Empire was 412 million [in 1913]"}}; {{Harvnb|Maddison|2001|p=241|loc=""[World population in 1913 (in thousands):] 1&nbsp;791&nbsp;020".}}</ref> ug sa 1920 kini mitabon {{Convert|35.5|e6km2|e6sqmi|1}} ,{{Sfn|Taagepera|1997|p=502}} {{Percentage|35,500,000|148,940,000}} sa kinatibuk-ang gilapdon sa yuta sa Yuta. Tungod niini, ang konstitusyonal, legal, [[Iningles|lingguwistiko]], ug kultural nga kabilin niini kaylap. Gihulagway kini nga " ang imperyo diin ang adlaw dili gayud mosalop ", tungod kay ang adlaw kanunay nga nagdan-ag sa labing menos usa sa mga teritoryo niini.{{Sfn|Jackson|2013|pp=5–6}} [[Kategoriya:Imperyalismo]] 28ylt2nf7dd6q32vvucqj50c1bea5u4 37103269 37103268 2026-09-22T06:39:40Z JoyiCPH 147101 Nag-usab sa mga detalye 37103269 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang '''Imperyong Britanya''' gilangkuban sa mga dominion, kolonya, protectorate, mandato, ug uban pang mga teritoryo sa Britanya. Nagsugod kini sa mga teritoryo sa gawas sa nasod ug mga sentro sa pamatigayon nga gitukod sa England sa ulahing bahin sa ika-16 ug sayong bahin sa ika-17 nga siglo, lakip na ang mga pagsulay sa Scotland sa pagtukod og kolonya niadtong ika-17 nga siglo.<ref name="nms.ac.uk2">{{cite web|title=Colonial histories and legacies in our museums|url=https://www.nms.ac.uk/collections/colonial-histories-and-legacies|website=National Museums Scotland|access-date=1 March 2025|language=en|archive-date=16 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216024428/https://www.nms.ac.uk/collections/colonial-histories-and-legacies/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sa kinapungkayan niini sa ika-19 ug sayong bahin sa ika-20 nga siglo, kini ang pinakadako nga imperyo sa kasaysayan ug, sulod sa usa ka siglo, mao ang nanguna nga gahum sa kalibutan. {{Sfn|Ferguson|2002}} Pag-abot sa 1913, ang Imperyong Britanya nagmando sa kapin sa 412 ka&nbsp;milyon nga mga tawo,{{Percentage|412,000,000|1,791,020,000}} sa populasyon sa kalibutan niadtong panahona, <ref>{{Harvnb|Maddison|2001|p=97|loc="The total population of the Empire was 412 million [in 1913]"}}; {{Harvnb|Maddison|2001|p=241|loc=""[World population in 1913 (in thousands):] 1&nbsp;791&nbsp;020".}}</ref> ug sa 1920 kini mitabon {{Convert|35.5|e6km2|e6sqmi|1}} ,{{Sfn|Taagepera|1997|p=502}} {{Percentage|35,500,000|148,940,000}} sa kinatibuk-ang gilapdon sa yuta sa Yuta. Tungod niini, ang konstitusyonal, legal, [[Iningles|lingguwistiko]], ug kultural nga kabilin niini kaylap. Gihulagway kini nga " ang imperyo diin ang adlaw dili gayud mosalop ", tungod kay ang adlaw kanunay nga nagdan-ag sa labing menos usa sa mga teritoryo niini.{{Sfn|Jackson|2013|pp=5–6}} Atol sa [[Panahon sa Pagdiskobre]] sa ika-15 ug ika-16 nga siglo, [[Portugalnong Imperyo|ang Portugal]] ug [[Imperyong Espanyol|Espanya]] nanguna sa eksplorasyon sa mga Europeo sa kalibutan, ug sa proseso nagtukod og dagkong mga imperyo sa gawas sa nasud. Tungod sa dakong bahandi nga namugna niining mga imperyo,{{Sfn|Russo|2012|p=15|loc=chapter 1 'Great Expectations': "The dramatic rise in Spanish fortunes sparked both envy and fear among northern, mostly Protestant, Europeans."}} ang Inglatera, [[French colonial empire|Pransya]], ug [[Dutch Empire|Netherlands]] nagsugod sa pagtukod og mga kolonya ug mga network sa pamatigayon sa Amerika ug Asya. Usa ka serye sa mga gubat sa ika-17 ug ika-18 nga siglo uban sa Netherlands ug France ang nagbilin [[Gingharian sa Gran Britanya|sa Britanya]] nga dominanteng [[Colonialism|kolonyal nga gahum]] sa North America. Ang Britanya nahimong usa ka dakong gahom sa [[Indian Subcontinent|subkontinente sa India]] human sa [[Bengal Subah#British colonization|pagsakop]] sa [[East India Company]] sa [[Mughal Bengal]] sa [[Battle of Plassey|Gubat sa Plassey]] niadtong 1757. Ang [[American Revolution|Rebolusyong Amerikano]] miresulta sa pagkawala sa Britanya sa pipila sa labing karaan ug labing populasyon nga mga kolonya niini sa Amihanang Amerika niadtong 1783. Samtang gipadayon ang kontrol sa [[British North America]] (karon [[Kanada|Canada]] ) ug mga teritoryo sa ug duol sa [[Caribbean]] sa [[British West Indies]], ang pagpalapad sa kolonyal nga mga British midangop sa Asya, Africa, ug Pasipiko. Human sa kapildihan sa Pransiya sa [[Napoleonic Wars|Gubat Napoleoniko]] (1803–1815), ang Britanya mitumaw isip pangunang gahom [[Royal Navy|sa kadagatan]] ug imperyo sa ika-19 nga siglo ug gipalapdan ang mga kabtangan niini sa imperyo. Nangayo kini og mga konsesyon sa pamatigayon sa Tsina ug Hapon, ug teritoryo sa Habagatang-Sidlakang Asya. Misunod usab ang [[Great Game|Dakong Dula]] ug [[Scramble for Africa|Pag-ilog alang sa Africa]] . Ang panahon sa relatibong kalinaw (1815–1914) diin ang Imperyong Britanya nahimong global [[ehemoniya|hegemon]] sa ulahi gihulagway nga {{Lang|la|[[Pax Britannica]]}} (Latin para sa "Kalinaw sa Britanya"). Gikolonya usab niini [[Indian Subcontinent|ang India]] pinaagi sa pagpildi sa katapusang mayor nga dinastiya sa imperyo [[Imperyo sa Maratha|nga Maratha]] niadtong 1818 sa [[Third Anglo-Maratha War|Ikatulong Gubat sa Anglo-Maratha]] . Gawas sa pormal nga pagkontrol nga gigamit sa Britanya sa mga kolonya niini, ang dominasyon niini sa kadaghanan sa pamatigayon sa kalibutan, ug sa kadagatan niini, nagpasabot nga epektibo niini nga gikontrol ang mga ekonomiya sa, ug dali nga gipatuman ang mga interes niini sa, daghang mga rehiyon, sama sa Asya ug Latin America. <ref name="Porter 1998 8">{{Harvnb|Porter|1998|p=8}}; {{Harvnb|Marshall|1996|pp=156–157}}.</ref> Kini usab ang midominar sa Tungang Sidlakan, nga nagporma sa modernong mga utlanan niini [[Sykes–Picot Agreement|tupad sa Pransiya]] . Ang nagkataas nga ang-ang sa awtonomiya giila tungod sa [[Settler colonialism|mga kolonya sa mga puti nga nanimuyo]], nga ang uban niini pormal nga giklasipikar pag-usab isip [[Dominion|mga dominyon]] sa dekada 1920. Sa pagsugod sa ika-20 nga siglo, [[German Empire|ang Alemanya]] ug Estados Unidos nagsugod na sa paghagit sa pagpanguna sa Britanya sa ekonomiya. Ang mga tensyon sa militar, ekonomiya, ug kolonyal tali sa Britanya ug Alemanya mao ang mga nag-unang hinungdan sa [[First World War|Unang Gubat sa Kalibutan]], diin ang Britanya misalig pag-ayo sa imperyo niini. Ang panagbangi nagbutang ug dakong palas-anon sa mga kahinguhaan sa militar, pinansyal, ug manpower niini. Bisan tuod nakab-ot sa imperyo ang kinadak-ang gilapdon sa teritoryo niini human dayon sa Unang Gubat sa Kalibutan, ang Britanya dili na mao ang labing maayong industriyal o militar nga gahom sa kalibutan. Atol sa [[Ikaduhang Gubat Kalibotanon|Ikaduhang Gubat sa Kalibutan]], ang mga kolonya sa Britanya sa Sidlakang Asya ug Habagatang-Sidlakang Asya giokupar sa [[Empire of Japan|Imperyo sa Hapon]] . Bisan pa sa katapusang kadaugan sa Britanya ug [[Allies of World War II|mga kaalyado niini]], ang kadaot sa dungog sa Britanya ug sa [[Economy of the British Empire|ekonomiya sa Britanya]] nakatabang sa pagpadali sa pagkahugno sa imperyo. [[British Raj|Ang India]], ang labing bililhon ug labing populasyon nga gipanag-iya sa Britanya, nakab-ot [[Kalihokan sa kagawasan sa India|ang kagawasan]] niadtong 1947 isip kabahin sa usa ka mas dako nga kalihukang [[Decolonisation|dekolonisasyon]], diin ang Britanya naghatag og kagawasan sa kadaghanan sa mga teritoryo sa imperyo. Ang [[Suez Crisis|Krisis sa Suez]] sa 1956 nagpamatuod sa pagkahugno sa Britanya isip usa ka gahom sa kalibutan, ug ang [[Handover of Hong Kong|pagtugyan sa Hong Kong ngadto sa China]] niadtong Hulyo 1, 1997 nagsimbolo alang sa kadaghanan sa katapusan sa Imperyo sa Britanya, <ref>{{Harvnb|Brendon|2007|p=660}}; {{Harvnb|Brown|1998|p=594}}.</ref> bisan pa man og napulog upat ka [[British Overseas Territories|teritoryo sa gawas sa nasud]] nga mga salin sa imperyo ang nagpabilin ubos sa [[British sovereignty|soberanya sa Britanya]] . Human sa kagawasan, daghang kanhing mga kolonya sa Britanya, uban sa kadaghanan sa mga dominyon, miapil sa [[Commonwealth of Nations]], usa ka gawasnon nga asosasyon sa mga independenteng estado. Napulog lima niini, lakip ang United Kingdom, [[Commonwealth realm|nagpabilin sa samang tawo isip monarko]], nga karon mao King. == Mga Reperensya == [[Kategoriya:Imperyalismo]] 45n2cv15s18z3w0kd2d2boixw3xm57g 0 11355656 37103233 37026946 2026-09-22T02:50:50Z InternetArchiveBot 28475 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260921)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 37103233 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Si Pedro I''', mas nailhan nga '''Pedro nga Bantogan''' (9 Hunyo [O.S. 30 Mayo] 1672 – 8 Pebrero [O.S. 28 Enero] 1725), mao ang Tsar sa tibuok Russia sugod niadtong 1682 ug ang unang Emperador sa Russia gikan sa 1721 hangtod sa iyang kamatayon niadtong 1725. Naghari siya uban sa iyang igsoon sa amahan nga si Ivan V hangtod niadtong 1696. Si Peter, isip usa ka [[Awtokrasya|awtokrata]], nag-organisar og usa ka hapsay ug hapsay [[Police state|nga estado sa pulisya]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kollmann|first=Nancy Shields|authorlink=Nancy Shields Kollmann|title=Crime and Punishment in Early Modern Russia, 1500–1725|url=https://archive.org/details/crimepunishmenti0000koll|series=New Studies in European History|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-1070-2513-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/crimepunishmenti0000koll/page/403 403]–415|chapter=Peter the Great and spectacles of suffering|oclc=780398248|ol=25252905M}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite journal|last1=Костецкая|first1=Е. В.|last2=Суслова|first2=Л. Н.|last3=Аксенова|first3=В. А.|date=2023-10-07|title=Следствие по делу князя М. П. Гагарина в контексте развития системы государственного контроля в первой четверти XVIII века|url=https://www.nauka-dialog.ru/jour/article/view/4813|journal=Научный диалог|language=ru|volume=12|issue=7|pages=346–373|doi=10.24224/2227-1295-2023-12-7-346-373|issn=2227-1295|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kadaghanan sa pagmando ni Peter nahurot sa taas nga mga gubat batok sa mga imperyong [[Imperyong Usmanon|Ottoman]] ug [[Swedish Empire|Sweden]] . Ang iyang [[Azov campaigns|mga kampanya sa Azov]] gisundan sa pagkatukod sa [[Imperial Russian Navy|Russian Navy]]; human sa iyang kadaugan sa [[Great Northern War|Dakong Gubat sa Amihanan]], giangkon sa Russia ang usa ka [[Treaty of Nystad|dakong bahin]] sa sidlakang baybayon [[Baltic Sea|sa Baltic]] ug opisyal nga gipataas gikan sa usa ka [[Tsardom of Russia|tsardom]] ngadto sa usa ka [[Imperyo sa Rusya|imperyo]] . Nanguna si Peter sa usa ka rebolusyong kultural nga mipuli sa pipila sa mga tradisyonalista ug medyebal nga sosyal ug politikal nga sistema ngadto sa mga moderno, siyentipiko, [[Westernization|Kasadpanhon]], ug gibase sa radikal [[Age of Enlightenment|nga Enlightenment]]. Niadtong Disyembre 1699, iyang gipaila ang [[Kalendaryong Hulyano|kalendaryong Julian]], <ref>{{Cite web|title=Peter the Great ordered to establish January 1st as the New Year's Day countrywide|url=https://www.prlib.ru/en/news/1284185|access-date=2024-05-07|website=Presidential Library|language=en}}</ref> ug niadtong 1703, iyang gipaila ang unang mantalaan sa Russia, ''[[Sankt-Peterburgskie Vedomosti|ang Sankt-Peterburgskie Vedomosti]]'', ug gimando ang [[Reforms of Russian orthography#18th-century changes|sibil nga pagsulat]], usa ka reporma sa ortograpiya sa Russia nga iyang gidisenyo. Sa daplin sa [[Neva (suba)|Neva]] River, iyang gitukod [[Saint Petersburg (kapital sa lalawigan)|ang Saint Petersburg]], usa ka siyudad nga nailhan ni [[Francesco Algarotti]] nga "bintana sa Kasadpan". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cracraft|first=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gg19b0fFbIIC&dq=Algarotti+Sint+Petersburg+1737&pg=PA228|title=The Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture By James Cracraft|year=1988|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-2261-1664-8}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last1=Ryan|first1=Judith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Jccp2DawwMC&dq=Algarotti+window+to+the+West&pg=PA58|title=Cultures of Forgery: Making Nations, Making Selves|last2=Thomas|first2=Alfred|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-1354-5827-0}}</ref> Niadtong 1712, gibalhin ni Peter ang kaulohan gikan sa [[Moscow]] ngadto sa St. Petersburg, usa ka status nga gihuptan niini hangtod sa 1918. Dako ang interes ni Peter sa mga tanom, hayop, ug mineral, sa mga binuhat nga adunay depekto o mga eksepsiyon sa [[Scientific law|balaod sa kinaiyahan]] tungod sa iyang [[Cabinet of curiosities|mga koleksyon sa mga katingad-an]] . Gidasig niya ang panukiduki bahin sa mga depekto, sa tanang panahon naningkamot sa pagbutyag sa patuotuo nga kahadlok sa [[Monster|mga monster]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Driessen-Van het Reve|first=Jozien J.|title=De Kunstkamera van Peter de Grote. De Hollandse inbreng, gereconstrueerd uit brieven van Albert Seba en Johann Daniel Schumacher uit de jaren 1711–1752|publisher=Verloren|date=2006|isbn=978-9-0655-0927-7|location=Hilversum|page=336|language=nl}}</ref> Iyang gipasiugda [[Industrialization in the Russian Empire#Industry during the reign of Peter I|ang industriyalisasyon sa Imperyong Ruso]] ug ang mas taas nga edukasyon. Ang [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] ug [[Saint Petersburg State University|ang Saint Petersburg State University]] gitukod niadtong 1724, ug gidapit ang Gravesande ni [[Christian Wolff (philosopher)|Christian Wolff]] ug [[Willem 's Gravesande|Willem]]. Si Peter pangunang gipasidungog sa modernisasyon sa nasud, nga dali nga naghimo niini nga usa ka mayor nga gahum sa Europa. Ang iyang [[Government reform of Peter the Great|mga reporma sa administrasyon]], nga nagmugna og [[Governing Senate]] niadtong 1711, ang [[Collegium (ministry)|Collegium]] niadtong 1717 ug ang [[Table of Ranks]] niadtong 1722, adunay malungtarong epekto sa Russia, ug daghang mga institusyon sa [[Committee of Ministers of the Russian Empire|gobyerno sa Russia]] ang nagsugod sa iyang paghari. [[Kategoriya:Mga namatay sa 1725]] eh7vsip9ntiyq1y5n635ejni6f7uq4g 0 11355668 37103235 37027003 2026-09-22T02:51:39Z InternetArchiveBot 28475 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260921)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 37103235 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Payl:Indo-Pacific_biogeographic_region_map-en.png|right|thumb| Lugar nga sakop sa rehiyon sa biogeograpiya sa Indo-Pasipiko]] [[Payl:Indo-Pacific_map_outlines_with_ASEAN_overlay.jpg|thumb| Indo-Pasipiko. Ang berde nga ellipse nagtabon sa [[Kapunongan sa mga Nasod sa Habagatang-sidlakang Asya|ASEAN]] .]]Ang '''Indo-Pasipiko''' usa ka halapad nga rehiyon [[Biogeography|sa biogeograpiya]] sa [[Kalibotan (planeta)|Kalibutan]] . Sa pig-ot nga pagsabot, usahay nailhan nga '''Indo-West Pacific''' o '''Indo-Pacific Asia''', kini naglangkob sa tropikal nga katubigan sa [[Kadagatang Indyan]], ang kasadpan ug sentral [[Kadagatang Pasipiko|nga Kadagatang Pasipiko]], ug ang mga dagat nga nagkonektar sa duha. Ang termino labi ka mapuslanon sa [[marine biology]], [[ichthyology]], ug susamang mga natad, tungod kay daghang [[Habitat|mga puy-anan]] sa dagat ang padayon nga konektado gikan sa [[Madagascar]] hangtod sa [[Hapon|Japan]] ug [[Oceanian realm|Oceania]], ug daghang mga espisye ang makita sa kana nga range, apan dili makit-an sa [[Kadagatang Atlantiko]]. Isip usa ka lahi [[Marine ecoregion#Realms|nga kalibutan sa kadagatan]], ang rehiyon adunay talagsaon nga taas nga [[Species richness|kadato sa mga espisye]], diin ang pinakataas nga kadato sa mga espisye sa kalibutan makita sa sentro niini sa [[Coral Triangle]], <ref name=":03">{{Cite journal|last1=Roberts|first1=Callum M.|last2=McClean|first2=Colin J.|last3=Veron|first3=John E. N.|last4=Hawkins|first4=Julie P.|last5=Allen|first5=Gerald R.|last6=McAllister|first6=Don E.|last7=Mittermeier|first7=Cristina G.|last8=Schueler|first8=Frederick W.|last9=Spalding|first9=Mark|last10=Wells|first10=Fred|last11=Vynne|first11=Carly|date=2002-02-15|title=Marine Biodiversity Hotspots and Conservation Priorities for Tropical Reefs|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1067728|journal=Science|language=en|volume=295|issue=5558|pages=1280–1284|doi=10.1126/science.1067728|pmid=11847338|bibcode=2002Sci...295.1280R|s2cid=25927433|issn=0036-8075|url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last1=Veron|first1=J. E. N.|last2=Devantier|first2=Lyndon M.|last3=Turak|first3=Emre|last4=Green|first4=Alison L.|last5=Kininmonth|first5=Stuart|last6=Stafford-Smith|first6=Mary|last7=Peterson|first7=Nate|date=2009|title=Delineating the Coral Triangle|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/galaxea/11/2/11_2_91/_article/-char/ja/|journal=Galaxea, Journal of Coral Reef Studies|volume=11|issue=2|pages=91–100|doi=10.3755/galaxea.11.91|doi-access=free}}</ref> ug usa ka talagsaong gradient sa pagkunhod sa kadato sa mga espisye nga mikaylap sa tanang direksyon. <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last1=Roberts|first1=Callum M.|last2=McClean|first2=Colin J.|last3=Veron|first3=John E. N.|last4=Hawkins|first4=Julie P.|last5=Allen|first5=Gerald R.|last6=McAllister|first6=Don E.|last7=Mittermeier|first7=Cristina G.|last8=Schueler|first8=Frederick W.|last9=Spalding|first9=Mark|last10=Wells|first10=Fred|last11=Vynne|first11=Carly|date=2002-02-15|title=Marine Biodiversity Hotspots and Conservation Priorities for Tropical Reefs|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1067728|journal=Science|language=en|volume=295|issue=5558|pages=1280–1284|doi=10.1126/science.1067728|pmid=11847338|bibcode=2002Sci...295.1280R|s2cid=25927433|issn=0036-8075|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ang rehiyon naglakip sa kapin sa 3,000 ka espisye sa isda, kon itandi sa mga 1,200 sa sunod nga pinakadato nga rehiyon sa dagat, ang [[Kadagatang Atlantiko|Kasadpang Atlantiko]], ug mga 500 ka espisye sa mga korales [[Coral reef|nga nagtukod og bahura]], kon itandi sa mga 50 ka espisye sa Kasadpang Atlantiko. <ref>{{cite book|last1=Helfman|first1=Gene S.|last2=Collette|first2=Bruce B.|author-link2=Bruce Baden Collette|last3=Facey|first3=Douglas E.|year=1997|title=The Diversity of Fishes|url=https://archive.org/details/diversityoffishe0000helf|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|pages=[https://archive.org/details/diversityoffishe0000helf/page/274 274]–276|isbn=0-86542-256-7}}</ref> Ang termino unang migawas sa akademikong gamit sa [[Oceanography|oseanograpiya]] ug [[heopolitolohiya|heopolitika]] . Gipakita sa mga iskolarship nga ang konsepto sa "Indo-Pasipiko" mikaylap sa [[Weimar Germany]], ug mikaylap sa Japan taliwala sa gubat. Ang mga Aleman nga eksperto sa kadagatan naglantaw sa usa ka "Indo-Pasipiko" nga gilangkoban sa antikolonyal nga India ug republikanong Tsina, isip mga kaalyado sa Alemanya, batok sa "Euro-America". <ref name="Li2">{{cite journal|last=Li|first=Hansong|title=The "Indo-Pacific": Intellectual Origins and International Visions in Global Contexts|journal=Modern Intellectual History|date=2021-06-04|volume=19|issue=3|pages=807–833|doi=10.1017/S1479244321000214|s2cid=236226422|doi-access=free}}</ref> Sukad sa ulahing bahin sa dekada 2010, ang terminong "Indo-Pasipiko" nagkadaghan nga gigamit sa diskurso [[heopolitolohiya|sa geopolitikal]] . Kini giisip sa uban nga kapuli sa konsepto sa rehiyon nga " [[Asia-Pacific]] " nga gipasiugdahan sa [[Ostralya|Australia]] ug Japan niadtong dekada 1970 ug 1980. <ref name="or2">{{Cite web|url=https://orfme.org/expert-speak/the-gulfs-indo-pacific-dilemma/|title=The Gulf’s Indo-Pacific Dilemma|date=2025-11-12|website=Observer Research Foundation - Middle East|last=Aronson|first=Lillian}}</ref> Opisyal nga gibalhin sa Australia ang estratehikong pokus niini gikan sa 'Asia-Pacific' ngadto sa 'Indo-Pacific' niadtong 2013, nga nahimong unang nasud nga pormal nga misagop sa Indo-Pacific isip opisyal nga estratehikong balangkas niini. <ref>{{cite web|title=Australia|url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/observatory-indo-pacific/indo-pacific-strategies/australia/|publisher=Sciences Po Observatory Indo-Pacific|date=2021|access-date=23 April 2026|quote=The Australian Government's 2013 Defence White Paper referred to the Indo-Pacific as THE region in which Australia finds itself. Australia was the first 'mover' in terms of adopting the Indo-Pacific framework as national strategy.}}</ref> <ref name="indoc2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinion/2013/Nov/13/build-identity-in-indian-ocean-536800.html|title=Build identity in Indian ocean|first=Arvind|last=Gupta|date=13 November 2013|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Isip usa ka geopolitical nga konsepto, ang Indo-Pacific adunay "symbiotic link" sa [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue]], o "Quad", usa ka impormal nga grupo tali sa Australia, Japan, [[Indya|India]], ug [[Tinípong Bánsà|Estados Unidos]] . Gikaingon nga ang konsepto mahimong mosangpot sa pagbag-o sa popular nga "mga mapa sa pangisip" kon giunsa pagsabot ang kalibutan sa [[Geostrategy|estratehikong]] mga termino. <ref name="orf2">{{cite news|url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/indias-understanding-of-the-quad-indo-pacific-distinct-narrative-or-a-flawed-one-49068/|title=India's understanding of the Quad & Indo-Pacific: Distinct narrative or a flawed one?|newspaper=Orf}}</ref> Sumala sa siyentista sa politika nga si Amitav Acharya, ang "Indo-Pasipiko" usa ka konsepto nga gitukod sa mga estratehista. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://asc.fisipol.ugm.ac.id/2022/08/22/asean-back-in-the-indo-pacific-saddle/|title=ASEAN Back in the Indo-Pacific Saddle – ASEAN Studies Center Universitas Gadjah Mada|date=22 August 2022}}</ref> Ang Indo-Pasipiko nagsugod sa pag-angkon og dapit sa literatura sa internasyonal nga relasyon isip usa ka hagit sa geopolitika sa US ngadto sa [[Pangmasang Republika sa Tsina|China]], nga mas gusto gihapon ang rehiyonal nga termino nga Asia-Pacific. <ref name="ankara2">{{cite web|url=https://www.ankasam.org/terminology-of-the-geopolitical-power-struggle-asia-pacific-or-indo-pacific/?lang=en|title=Terminology of the Geopolitical Power Struggle: "Asia-Pacific" or "Indo-Pacific"?|date=11 March 2021|first1=Cenk|last1=Tamer|website=ANKASAM|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127030848/https://www.ankasam.org/terminology-of-the-geopolitical-power-struggle-asia-pacific-or-indo-pacific/?lang=en|archive-date=27 November 2022}}</ref> Ang kaubang termino nga "Euro-Atlantic" kanunay gigamit sa mga lider sa Europa aron ipasabot ang usa ka dili klaro nga gihubit nga geopolitical space nga gituohang naglakip sa Europa ug North America. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> <ref name="euro">Rogers, J., & Hendersjn, M. (2020). ''The Indo-Pacific: British and Vietnamese perspectives''. The Henry Jackson Society, 1-40.</ref> Ang terminong Euro-Atlantiko sikat usab sa mga lider sa China. <ref>Peter, M., & Houghton, K. A. (2025). ''The Dayton peace process: a keyhole into Russian and Chinese engagement with liberal peacebuilding''. International Peacekeeping, 1-27.</ref> Sa pinakamalapad nga kahulugan niini, ang Indo-Pasipiko sa heopolitikal nga paagi naglangkob sa tanang nasod ug isla nga naglibot sa Kadagatang Indyan o Kadagatang Pasipiko. Kini nga depinisyon naglangkob sa mga nasod sa Aprika ug Asya nga nag-utlanan niining mga kadagatan, sama sa India ug [[Habagatang Aprika|South Africa]], mga teritoryo sa Kadagatang Indyan sama sa [[Îles Kerguelen|Kerguelen Islands]] ug [[Seychelles]], [[Indonesia]] (nga naa sa sulod sa utlanan sa Kadagatang Indyan ug Pasipiko), [[Pilipinas]], [[Republika sa Tsina|Taiwan]], [[Pangmasang Republika sa Tsina|China]], [[Korea]], Japan, [[Rusya|Russia]] ug uban pang mga nasod [[Far East|sa Far East]] nga nag-utlanan sa Pasipiko, ingon man [[Ostralya|ang Australia]] ug ang tanang [[Pacific Islands|Isla sa Pasipiko]] sa sidlakan niini. Ang pinakalapad nga geopolitical nga depinisyon naglangkob usab sa mga nasod sa Pasipiko sa Amerika sama sa [[Kanada|Canada]] o [[Mehiko|Mexico]], ug ang mga [[subarctic]] nga lugar sa Amihanang Pasipiko, sama sa mga isla [[Dagat Bering|sa Bering Sea]] sa [[Alaska]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://amti.csis.org/maritime-claims-map/|title=Maritime Claims of the Indo-Pacific [Interactive map]|website=Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/the-broadening-spectrum-of-india-mexico-ties/|title=The broadening spectrum of India–Mexico ties|newspaper=Orf}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://macdonaldlaurier.ca/where-is-canada-the-missing-indo-pacific-player-stephen-nagy-for-inside-policy/|title=Where is Canada? The missing Indo-Pacific player: Stephen Nagy for Inside Policy|date=21 March 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://issafrica.org/iss-today/africa-a-low-presence-in-the-first-indo-pacific-forum|title=Africa a low presence in the first Indo-Pacific forum|date=25 February 2022}}</ref> Ang mga nasod [[Kapunongan sa mga Nasod sa Habagatang-sidlakang Asya|sa ASEAN]] (gihubit nga anaa sa Habagatang-Sidlakang Asya) giisip nga anaa sa sentro sa politikal nga Indo-Pasipiko sa heyograpiya. <ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09749284211005036|doi=10.1177/09749284211005036|title=Vietnam in the Indo-Pacific Region: Perception, Position and Perspectives|year=2021|last1=Thuong|first1=Nguyen Le Thy|last2=Oanh|first2=Nguyen Thi|journal=India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs|volume=77|issue=2|pages=129–142|s2cid=235724917|url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Mga Reperensya == [[Kategoriya:Kadagatang Pasipiko]] [[Kategoriya:Kadagatang Indyan]] 672pwaxjhsmrnzhlr3t7jt7rpp9vq8p 0 11355722 37103242 37027269 2026-09-22T02:54:51Z InternetArchiveBot 28475 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260921)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 37103242 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Payl:GDP_per_capita_development_in_the_Philippines_1965-1986.svg|right|thumb|305x305px| Tinuod nga GDP kada kapita nga kalamboan sa Pilipinas, 1965 hangtod 1986]]Ang '''kasaysayan sa ekonomiya sa Pilipinas atol sa rehimeng Marcos''' (1965-1986) usa ka panahon sa kalisod alang sa [[ekonomiya sa Pilipinas]] ubos [[Ferdinand Marcos|ni Ferdinand Marcos]].<ref name="EJGuido&CheDeLosReyes201709212">{{Citation|last1=Guido|first1=Edson Joseph|last2=de los Reyes|first2=Che|title=The best of times? Data debunk Marcos's economic 'golden years'|newspaper=ABSCBN News and Public Affairs|year=2017|url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/business/09/21/17/the-best-of-times-data-debunk-marcoss-economic-golden-years}}</ref><ref name="Galang201102212">{{Cite web|last=GALANG|first=PING|date=2009-09-21|title=Martial law: costly lessons in economic development|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/content/172779/martial-law-costly-lessons-in-economic-development/story/|access-date=2025-01-12|website=GMA News Online|language=en}}</ref><ref name="JCPunongbayan201709112">{{cite news|last=Punongbayan|first=JC|title=Marcos plundered to 'protect' the economy? Makes no economic sense|newspaper=Rappler|location=Ortigas Center, Pasig|date=11 September 2017|url=https://www.rappler.com/voices/thought-leaders/181743-ferdinand-marcos-plunder-philippine-economy-no-economic-sense/}}</ref><ref name="Kasaysayan9ch102">{{Cite book|title=Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn.|publisher=Asia Publishing Company Limited|year=1998|editor-last=Magno|editor-first=Alexander R.|location=Hong Kong|chapter=Democracy at the Crossroads}}</ref> Ang unang mga tuig sa administrasyon ni Marcos nakakita sa padayon nga pagtubo sa ekonomiya sa miaging mga administrasyon sa [[History of the Philippines (1946–1965)|Ikatulong Republika sa Pilipinas]], nga miabot sa kinatas-ang punto nga hapit 9% niadtong 1973 ug 1976. Apan, sa ulahing mga tuig, nahitabo ang pinakagrabe nga resesyon sa [[History of the Philippines|kasaysayan sa Pilipinas]], diin ang ekonomiya mikunhod og 7.3% sa 1984 ug 1985. <ref name="EJGuido&CheDeLosReyes201709213">{{Citation|last1=Guido|first1=Edson Joseph|last2=de los Reyes|first2=Che|title=The best of times? Data debunk Marcos's economic 'golden years'|newspaper=ABSCBN News and Public Affairs|year=2017|url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/business/09/21/17/the-best-of-times-data-debunk-marcoss-economic-golden-years}}</ref><ref name="MartialLawMuseumCronyism2">{{Cite web|url=https://martiallawmuseum.ph/magaral/the-philippines-during-the-martial-law/|title=It Takes a Village to Loot a Nation: Cronyism and Corruption|website=Martial Law Museum|access-date=20 July 2018|archive-date=25 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625213544/https://martiallawmuseum.ph/magaral/the-philippines-during-the-martial-law/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="PingGalang200909212">{{Cite news|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/172779/money/martial-law-costly-lessons-in-economic-development/|title=Martial law: costly lessons in economic development|last=Galang|first=Ping|date=21 September 2009|work=GMA News Online|access-date=15 December 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Kinatibuk-ang produkto sa nasud|Ang gross domestic product]] (GDP) misaka gikan sa $5.27 bilyon niadtong 1964 ngadto sa $37.14 bilyon niadtong 1982, <ref name="data.worldbank.org3">{{cite web|title=GDP (current US$) – Data|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=PH|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923182558/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=PH|archive-date=September 23, 2016|access-date=September 20, 2016|website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref><ref name="nberc90473">{{cite book|url=https://www.nber.org/chapters/c9047.pdf|title=Introduction to "The Marcos Legacy: Economic Policy and Foreign Debt in the Philippines"|date=1989|publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research|access-date=March 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403141748/http://www.nber.org/chapters/c9047.pdf|archive-date=April 3, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> sa wala pa kini mikunhod ngadto sa $30.7 bilyon niadtong 1985. <ref name="data.worldbank.org2">{{cite web|title=GDP (current US$) – Data|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=PH|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923182558/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=PH|archive-date=September 23, 2016|access-date=September 20, 2016|website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> Apil niini ang pagtubo gikan sa $8 bilyon niadtong 1972 ngadto sa $32.45 bilyon niadtong 1980 – 6% kada tuig, ang pinakamaayong resulta niini sukad niadtong 1945. <ref>{{cite web|last=L.|first=Edward|date=May 31, 1984|title=The Roots of the Philippines' Economic Troubles|url=http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/1984/05/the-roots-of-the-philippines-economic-troubles|url-status=unfit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616054032/http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/1984/05/the-roots-of-the-philippines-economic-troubles|archive-date=June 16, 2010|access-date=December 23, 2019|website=[[The Heritage Foundation]]}}</ref> Mitubo usab ang ekonomiya bisan pa sa mga pag-uyog sa lana sa kalibutan human sa [[1979 energy crisis|krisis sa enerhiya]] niadtong [[1973 oil crisis|1973]] ug 1979. <ref name="nberc90472">{{cite book|url=https://www.nber.org/chapters/c9047.pdf|title=Introduction to "The Marcos Legacy: Economic Policy and Foreign Debt in the Philippines"|date=1989|publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research|access-date=March 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403141748/http://www.nber.org/chapters/c9047.pdf|archive-date=April 3, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Ang palisiya sa gobyerno sa pagtukod og mga monopolyo miresulta sa dakong dili patas nga kita, <ref name="DeDios19842">{{Cite book|title=An Analysis of the Philippine Economic Crisis : A Workshop Report, June 1984|url=https://archive.org/details/analysisofphilip0000unse|date=1984|publisher=University of the Philippines Press|isbn=9711050153|editor-last=De Dios|editor-first=Emmanuel|location=Quezon City, Philippines|oclc=12285401}}</ref> korapsyon, ug pag-ikyas sa kapital. <ref name="JCPunongbayan201709113">{{cite news|last=Punongbayan|first=JC|title=Marcos plundered to 'protect' the economy? Makes no economic sense|newspaper=Rappler|location=Ortigas Center, Pasig|date=11 September 2017|url=https://www.rappler.com/voices/thought-leaders/181743-ferdinand-marcos-plunder-philippine-economy-no-economic-sense/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Marcos legacy of fraudulent and illegitimate debts|url=http://fdc.ph/programs/debt-and-public-finance/news-on-debt-and-public-finance/65-the-marcos-legacy-of-fraudulent-and-illegitimate-debts|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322223830/http://fdc.ph/programs/debt-and-public-finance/news-on-debt-and-public-finance/65-the-marcos-legacy-of-fraudulent-and-illegitimate-debts|archive-date=March 22, 2016|access-date=January 19, 2019|publisher=Freedom from debt coalition}}</ref><ref name="USLCCountrystudiesPh572">{{Cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/philippines/57.htm|title=Martial Law and its Aftermath|series=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]]: Philippines|publisher=US Library of Congress|access-date=27 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="PaulineMacaraegMLImpact3">{{Cite news|last=Macaraeg|first=Pauline|last2=|date=21 September 2020|title=How Did the Declaration of Martial Law in 1972 Impact the Economy?|work=Esquire Philippines|url=https://www.esquiremag.ph/money/industry/martial-law-1972-impact-economy-a00222-20200921|url-status=live|access-date=2021-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004050629/https://www.esquiremag.ph/money/industry/martial-law-1972-impact-economy-a00222-20200921|archive-date=2020-10-04}}</ref> Ang aberids nga binulan nga kita mikunhod og 20% gikan sa 1972 hangtod 1980. Pag-abot sa 1981, ang pinakadato nga 10% sa populasyon nakadawat og doble nga kita kon itandi sa ubos nga 60%. <ref name="PaulineMacaraegMLImpact2">{{Cite news|last=Macaraeg|first=Pauline|last2=|date=21 September 2020|title=How Did the Declaration of Martial Law in 1972 Impact the Economy?|work=Esquire Philippines|url=https://www.esquiremag.ph/money/industry/martial-law-1972-impact-economy-a00222-20200921|url-status=live|access-date=2021-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004050629/https://www.esquiremag.ph/money/industry/martial-law-1972-impact-economy-a00222-20200921|archive-date=2020-10-04}}</ref> Ang kakabus misaka gikan sa 41% sa dekada 1960 ngadto sa 59% sa 1986. <ref name="nberc90474">{{cite book|url=https://www.nber.org/chapters/c9047.pdf|title=Introduction to "The Marcos Legacy: Economic Policy and Foreign Debt in the Philippines"|date=1989|publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research|access-date=March 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403141748/http://www.nber.org/chapters/c9047.pdf|archive-date=April 3, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Martial Law and Its Aftermath|url=http://countrystudies.us/philippines/57.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027170506/http://countrystudies.us/philippines/57.htm|archive-date=October 27, 2021|access-date=December 6, 2016|publisher=US Library of Congress}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Marcos legacy of fraudulent and illegitimate debts|url=http://fdc.ph/programs/debt-and-public-finance/news-on-debt-and-public-finance/65-the-marcos-legacy-of-fraudulent-and-illegitimate-debts|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322223830/http://fdc.ph/programs/debt-and-public-finance/news-on-debt-and-public-finance/65-the-marcos-legacy-of-fraudulent-and-illegitimate-debts|archive-date=March 22, 2016|access-date=January 19, 2019|publisher=Freedom from debt coalition}}</ref> Ang gidaghanon sa kawalay trabaho misaka gikan sa 3.9% niadtong 1975 ngadto sa 12.6% niadtong 1985. <ref>{{cite web|date=November 25, 2016|title=Under Marcos dictatorship unemployment worsened, prices soared, poverty persisted|url=https://www.ibon.org/under-marcos-employment-fell-prices-soared-poverty-persisted/|accessdate=November 12, 2023|publisher=IBON Foundation}}</ref> Ang dakong pagsaka ug pagkahugno sa ekonomiya sa Pilipinas niining panahona gipasangil sa paggamit sa administrasyong Marcos og mga langyaw nga pautang (nga gipadagan sa utang sukwahi sa pagtubo nga gipadagan sa produktibidad). <ref name="Dohner&IntalInSachs19892">{{Cite book|title=Developing country debt and the world economy|url=https://archive.org/details/developingcountr0000unse_s4x1|last1=Dohner|first1=Robert|last2=Intal|first2=Ponciano|date=1989|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0226733386|editor-last=Sachs|editor-first=Jeffrey D.|editor-link=Jeffrey Sachs|location=Chicago|chapter=Debt Crisis and Adjustment in the Philippines|oclc=18351577}}</ref><ref name="Boyce-1993-p103">{{cite book|author=Boyce, James K.|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=IAL5Dx5SWy4C|page=10}}|title=The political economy of growth and impoverishment in the Marcos era|publisher=Ateneo de Manila University Press|year=1993|isbn=978-971-550-096-8|page=10}}</ref> <ref>See {{cite book|author=Hutchcroft, Paul David|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=IqlmT6BsFoQC}}|title=Booty capitalism: the politics of banking in the Philippines|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-8014-3428-0}}</ref> Ang [[External debt of the Philippines|utang panggawas sa Pilipinas]] misaka og kapin sa 70 ka pilo gikan sa $360 milyon niadtong 1962 ngadto sa US$2.3 bilyon niadtong 1970 ngadto sa US$17.2 bilyon niadtong 1980 ngadto sa $26.2 bilyon niadtong 1985, <ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.nber.org/chapters/c9047.pdf|title=Introduction to "The Marcos Legacy: Economic Policy and Foreign Debt in the Philippines"|date=1989|publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research|series=Developing Country Debt and Economic Performance, Volume 3: Country Studies – Indonesia, Korea, Philippines, Turkey|access-date=March 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403141748/http://www.nber.org/chapters/c9047.pdf|archive-date=April 3, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> nga nag-aghat sa Pilipinas nga mahimong usa sa mga nasod sa Asya nga adunay labing utangan. <ref name="Boyce-1993-p102">{{cite book|author=Boyce, James K.|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=IAL5Dx5SWy4C|page=10}}|title=The political economy of growth and impoverishment in the Marcos era|publisher=Ateneo de Manila University Press|year=1993|isbn=978-971-550-096-8|page=10}}</ref> Sa katapusan sa 1979, ang ratio sa utang ngadto sa GDP halos parehas ra sa South Korea. <ref name="nberc90475">{{cite book|url=https://www.nber.org/chapters/c9047.pdf|title=Introduction to "The Marcos Legacy: Economic Policy and Foreign Debt in the Philippines"|date=1989|publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research|access-date=March 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403141748/http://www.nber.org/chapters/c9047.pdf|archive-date=April 3, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Atol sa iyang pagmando, ang [[Piso sa Pilipinas|peso sa Pilipinas]] miubos gikan sa 3.9 ngadto sa 20.53 ngadto sa [[Dolyar sa Tinipong Bansa|dolyar sa Estados Unidos]]. == Mga Reperensya == nkb9o8wv4kg88k07wtd0ta461fqotan 0 11355732 37103236 37027307 2026-09-22T02:52:18Z InternetArchiveBot 28475 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260921)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 37103236 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ang renewable energy''' (gitawag usab nga '''green energy''' ) usa [[Enerhiya|ka enerhiya]] nga hinimo gikan sa [[Renewable resource|renewable natural resources]] nga gipulihan sa usa ka [[Human lifetime|takdang panahon sa tawo]] . Ang labing kaylap nga gigamit nga mga klase sa renewable energy mao ang [[solar energy]], [[wind power]], ug [[hydropower]] . [[Bioenergy|Ang bioenergy]] ug [[Geothermal power|geothermal nga gahum]] hinungdanon usab sa pipila ka mga nasud. Ang mga instalasyon sa nabag-o nga enerhiya mahimong dako o gamay ug angay alang sa mga urban ug rural nga lugar. Ang nabag-o nga enerhiya kasagarang gigamit uban sa dugang [[Electrification|nga elektripikasyon]] . Kini adunay daghang mga benepisyo: ang kuryente [[Heat pump|makadala sa kainit]] ug [[Electric vehicle|mga sakyanan]] nga episyente ug limpyo sa punto sa pagkonsumo. <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Armaroli|first1=Nicola|author-link=Nicola Armaroli|last2=Balzani|first2=Vincenzo|author-link2=Vincenzo Balzani|year=2011|title=Towards an electricity-powered world|journal=[[Energy and Environmental Science]]|volume=4|issue=9|pages=3193–3222|doi=10.1039/c1ee01249e|bibcode=2011EnEnS...4.3193A}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Armaroli|first1=Nicola|last2=Balzani|first2=Vincenzo|year=2016|title=Solar Electricity and Solar Fuels: Status and Perspectives in the Context of the Energy Transition|journal=[[Chemistry – A European Journal]]|volume=22|issue=1|pages=32–57|doi=10.1002/chem.201503580|pmid=26584653|bibcode=2016ChEuJ..22...32A}}</ref> Ang mga [[Variable renewable energy|pabagu-bago nga tinubdan sa renewable energy]] mao kadtong adunay nag-usab-usab nga kinaiya, sama sa wind power ug solar power. Sa kasukwahi, ''ang kontroladong mga tinubdan sa renewable energy'' naglakip sa dammed [[hydroelectricity]], [[bioenergy]], o [[geothermal power]]. Para mahimong mabag-o ang usa ka enerhiya, kinahanglan kini nga walay kinutuban nga tinubdan <ref>{{Cite web|last=Nations|first=United|title=What is renewable energy?|url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/what-is-renewable-energy|access-date=2026-08-19|website=United Nations|language=en}}</ref> . Busa, ang gahum nukleyar dili giisip nga mabag-o, tungod sa pagsalig niini sa dili mabag-o nga sugnod. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Is nuclear energy renewable? {{!}} Natural History Museum|url=https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/quick-questions/is-nuclear-energy-renewable.html|access-date=2026-08-19|website=www.nhm.ac.uk|language=en}}</ref> Ang mga sistema sa nabag-o nga enerhiya paspas nga nahimong mas episyente ug mas barato sa miaging 40 ka tuig. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2 April 2019|title=Renewable Energy Now Accounts for a Third of Global Power Capacity|url=https://www.irena.org/newsroom/pressreleases/2019/Apr/Renewable-Energy-Now-Accounts-for-a-Third-of-Global-Power-Capacity|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402133504/https://www.irena.org/newsroom/pressreleases/2019/Apr/Renewable-Energy-Now-Accounts-for-a-Third-of-Global-Power-Capacity|archive-date=2 April 2019|access-date=2 December 2020|website=irena.org}}</ref> Kadaghanan sa bag-ong na-instalar nga kapasidad sa kuryente sa tibuok kalibutan karon mabag-o na. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2 April 2019|title=Renewable Energy Now Accounts for a Third of Global Power Capacity|url=https://www.irena.org/newsroom/pressreleases/2019/Apr/Renewable-Energy-Now-Accounts-for-a-Third-of-Global-Power-Capacity|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402133504/https://www.irena.org/newsroom/pressreleases/2019/Apr/Renewable-Energy-Now-Accounts-for-a-Third-of-Global-Power-Capacity|archive-date=2 April 2019|access-date=2 December 2020|website=irena.org}}</ref> Ang mga tinubdan sa mabag-o nga enerhiya, sama sa solar ug wind power, nakasinati og dakong pagkunhod sa gasto sa miaging dekada, nga naghimo niini nga mas kompetitibo sa tradisyonal nga mga fossil fuel. <ref>{{Cite web|title=2023 Levelized Cost Of Energy+|url=https://www.lazard.com/research-insights/2023-levelized-cost-of-energyplus/|access-date=2024-06-10|website=www.lazard.com|language=en}}</ref> Sa pipila ka mga lokasyon, [[Photovoltaic system|ang photovoltaic solar]] o [[Wind power|onshore wind]] mao ang pinakabarato nga bag-ong gitukod nga kuryente. <ref name="IEA Renewables 20202">{{cite report|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2020|title=Renewables 2020 Analysis and forecast to 2025|author=IEA|page=12|access-date=27 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426063553/https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2020|archive-date=26 April 2021|url-status=live|year=2020}}</ref> Gikan sa 2011 hangtod 2021, ang renewable energy mitubo gikan sa 20% ngadto sa 28% sa suplay sa kuryente sa kalibutan. Ang gahom gikan sa adlaw ug hangin mao ang hinungdan sa kadaghanan niini nga pag-usbaw, nga mitubo gikan sa hiniusa nga 2% ngadto sa 10%. Ang paggamit sa [[Fossil energy|enerhiyang fossil]] mikunhod gikan sa 68% ngadto sa 62%. <ref name=":82">{{cite journal|date=14 June 2019|title=Renewables 2022|url=https://www.ren21.net/reports/global-status-report/|journal=Global Status Report|issue=renewable energies|page=44|access-date=5 September 2022|archive-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524023106/http://www.ren21.net/status-of-renewables/global-status-report/}}</ref> Sa tuig 2025, ang mga renewable energy mikabat ug sobra sa 30% sa global nga pagmugna og kuryente ug gibanabana nga moabot ug sobra sa 45% sa tuig 2030. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Electricity Review 2025|url=https://ember-energy.org/latest-insights/global-electricity-review-2025/|access-date=2025-04-11|website=Ember|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Renewables - Energy System|url=https://www.iea.org/energy-system/renewables|website=IEA|language=en-GB}}</ref> Daghang mga nasud ang adunay mga renewable energy nga nakatampo og sobra sa 20% sa ilang kinatibuk-ang suplay sa enerhiya, diin ang uban nagmugna og sobra sa katunga o bisan sa tanan nilang kuryente gikan sa renewable sources. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Sensiba|first=Jennifer|date=2021-10-28|title=Some Good News: 10 Countries Generate Almost 100% Renewable Electricity|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2021/10/28/some-good-news-10-countries-generate-almost-100-renewable-electricity/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117140228/https://cleantechnica.com/2021/10/28/some-good-news-10-countries-generate-almost-100-renewable-electricity/|archive-date=17 November 2021|access-date=2021-11-22|website=CleanTechnica}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sensiba|first=Jennifer|date=2021-10-28|title=Some Good News: 10 Countries Generate Almost 100% Renewable Electricity|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2021/10/28/some-good-news-10-countries-generate-almost-100-renewable-electricity/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117140228/https://cleantechnica.com/2021/10/28/some-good-news-10-countries-generate-almost-100-renewable-electricity/|archive-date=17 November 2021|access-date=2021-11-22|website=CleanTechnica}}</ref> Ang pangunang motibasyon sa paggamit sa renewable energy imbes nga fossil fuels mao ang pagpakunhod [[Greenhouse gas emissions|sa greenhouse gas emissions]], nga maoy hinungdan [[Climate change|sa climate change]] . Sa kinatibuk-an, ang mga tinubdan sa renewable energy dili kaayo makahugaw kon itandi sa mga fossil fuel. <ref name=":23">{{Cite book|last1=Ehrlich|first1=Robert|title=Renewable energy: a first course|url=https://archive.org/details/renewableenergyf0000ehrl|last2=Geller|first2=Harold A.|last3=Geller|first3=Harold|date=2018|publisher=Taylor & Francis, CRC Press|isbn=978-1-138-29738-8|edition=2nd|location=Boca Raton London New York}}</ref> Ang mga renewable energy (EE) mas gamay usab [[Air pollution|ang polusyon sa hangin]] kon itandi sa mga fossil fuel, nga makapaayo sa panglawas sa publiko, ug dili kaayo [[Noise pollution|saba]] . <ref name=":22">{{Cite book|last1=Ehrlich|first1=Robert|title=Renewable energy: a first course|url=https://archive.org/details/renewableenergyf0000ehrl|last2=Geller|first2=Harold A.|last3=Geller|first3=Harold|date=2018|publisher=Taylor & Francis, CRC Press|isbn=978-1-138-29738-8|edition=2nd|location=Boca Raton London New York}}</ref> Gibanabana sa [[International Energy Agency]] nga aron makab-ot ang [[net zero emissions]] sa 2050, 90% sa global nga kuryente kinahanglan nga mamugna gikan sa renewables. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-05-30|title=Rapid rollout of clean technologies makes energy cheaper, not more costly|url=https://www.iea.org/news/rapid-rollout-of-clean-technologies-makes-energy-cheaper-not-more-costly|access-date=2024-05-31|website=International Energy Agency|language=en}}</ref> Ang kasamtangang gikusgon sa pagpalapad sa nabag-o nga enerhiya layo pa kaayo niining gikinahanglan nga gikusgon sa tibuok kalibutan, <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cherp|first1=Aleh|last2=Vinichenko|first2=Vadim|last3=Tosun|first3=Jale|last4=Gordon|first4=Joel A.|last5=Jewell|first5=Jessica|title=National growth dynamics of wind and solar power compared to the growth required for global climate targets|journal=Nature Energy|date=19 July 2021|volume=6|issue=7|pages=742–754|doi=10.1038/s41560-021-00863-0|bibcode=2021NatEn...6..742C}}</ref> lakip na sa mga dagkong ekonomiya nga adunay taas nga kapasidad sa pinansyal sama sa G7 ug EU. <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Suzuki|first1=Masahiro|last2=Jewell|first2=Jessica|last3=Cherp|first3=Aleh|title=Have climate policies accelerated energy transitions? Historical evolution of electricity mix in the G7 and the EU compared to net-zero targets|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|date=December 2023|volume=106|article-number=103281|doi=10.1016/j.erss.2023.103281|bibcode=2023ERSS..10603281S|hdl=20.500.14018/14250|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ang paggamit sa renewable energy nag-atubang gihapon og mga babag, ilabina [[Fossil fuel subsidies|ang mga subsidyo sa fossil fuel]], <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Timperley|first1=Jocelyn|title=Why fossil fuel subsidies are so hard to kill|journal=Nature|date=21 October 2021|volume=598|issue=7881|pages=403–405|doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02847-2|pmid=34671143|bibcode=2021Natur.598..403T|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Lobbying|ang pag-lobby]] sa mga kasamtangang power providers, <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lockwood|first1=Matthew|last2=Mitchell|first2=Catherine|last3=Hoggett|first3=Richard|title=Incumbent lobbying as a barrier to forward-looking regulation: The case of demand-side response in the GB capacity market for electricity|journal=Energy Policy|date=May 2020|volume=140|article-number=111426|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111426|bibcode=2020EnPol.14011426L|hdl=10871/120327|hdl-access=free}}</ref> ug ang lokal nga pagsupak sa paggamit sa yuta para sa mga renewable installation. <ref>{{Cite journal}}</ref> <ref name=":02">{{Cite web|date=18 May 2021|title=Net Zero by 2050 – Analysis|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050|access-date=2023-03-19|website=IEA|language=en-GB}}</ref> Sama sa tanang pagmina, ang pagkuha sa mga mineral nga gikinahanglan alang sa daghang mga teknolohiya sa renewable energy moresulta usab sa [[Environmental effects of mining|kadaot sa kalikopan]]. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Isaacs-Thomas|first=Bella|date=2023-12-01|title=Mining is necessary for the green transition. Here's why experts say we need to do it better|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/mining-is-necessary-for-the-green-transition-heres-why-experts-say-we-need-to-do-it-better|access-date=2024-05-31|website=PBS NewsHour|language=en-us}}</ref> Ang uban nag-isip usab [[Nuclear power proposed as renewable energy|sa gahum nukleyar nga usa ka mabag-o nga gigikanan sa kuryente]], bisan kung kini kontrobersyal, tungod kay ang enerhiya nukleyar nanginahanglan pagmina sa uranium, usa ka dili mabag-o nga kapanguhaan. == Mga Reperensya == 6lvpno4kf62l6ajcsj7zbdbd3nyyd45 0 11356118 37103245 37103041 2026-09-22T02:55:26Z InternetArchiveBot 28475 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260921)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 37103245 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ang Mainland Southeast Asia''' (nailhan kaniadto nga '''Indochina''' ug '''Indochinese Peninsula''' ; gipamubo nga '''MSEA''') mao ang kontinental nga bahin sa [[Habagatan-sidlakang Asya|Southeast Asia]]. Kini naglangkob sa mga nasod sa [[Kambodiya|Cambodia]], [[Laos]], [[Miyëma|Myanmar]], [[Peninsular nga Malaysia|Peninsular Malaysia]], [[Taylandiya|Thailand]], ug [[Biyetnam|Vietnam]], ug usahay apil ang [[Singgapura|Singapore]].<ref name=":02">{{cite web|title=Southeast Asia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Southeast-Asia|access-date=10 April 2026|publisher=Britannica|date=30 March 2026|website=Britannica|last=Leinbach|first=Thomas R.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260403053146/https://www.britannica.com/place/Southeast-Asia|archive-date=3 April 2026|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|date=9 Nov 2013|title=Countries|url=https://www.cseashawaii.org/countries/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260114070846/https://www.cseashawaii.org/countries/|archive-date=14 Jan 2026|access-date=9 April 2026|website=UH CSEAS}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web|last=Narayanan|first=Sripathi|date=1 October 2022|title=Isthmus of Kra|url=https://icwa.in/pdfs/kra.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250315050347/https://icwa.in/pdfs/kra.pdf|archive-date=15 March 2025|access-date=9 April 2026|website=Indian Council of World Affairs}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite web|last=Uth|first=Alexandra|date=16 September 2025|title=Southeast Asia|url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/anthropology/southeast-asia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251111235343/https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/anthropology/southeast-asia|archive-date=11 Nov 2025|access-date=9 April 2026|website=EBSCO}}</ref><ref name=":42">{{Cite web|date=1 October 1969|title=Mainland Southeast Asia: A Folio of Thematic Maps for Military Users|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/AD0718603.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260409114526/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/AD0718603.pdf|archive-date=9 April 2026|access-date=9 April 2026|website=Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)}}</ref> Ang MSEA adunay utlanan [[Sidlakang Asya|sa Sidlakang Asya]] sa amihanan, [[habagatang Asya|Habagatang Asya]] sa kasadpan, ug [[Maritime Southeast Asia]] sa habagatan ug sidlakan. Ang terminong ''Indochina'' (orihinal nga ''Indo-China'' ) gimugna sa sayong bahin sa ikanapulo ug siyam nga siglo, nga nagpasiugda sa makasaysayanong impluwensya sa kultura sa mga sibilisasyon [[Indosphere|sa India]] ug [[Sinospera|Tsina]] sa rehiyon. Ang termino sa ulahi gigamit isip ngalan sa kolonya sa [[French Indochina]] (karon Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam ug pipila ka bahin sa China). Karon, ang terminong ''Mainland Southeast Asia'' mas kasagarang gigamit, sukwahi sa [[Maritime Southeast Asia]] para sa mga grupo sa isla duol sa baybayon sa [[Mainland|rehiyon sa kontinental]]. == Terminolohiya == [[File:Map_of_Indochina_Burma_Siam_China_Railway_1886_Weller.png|thumb| Mapa sa Indochina niadtong 1886, gikan sa Scottish Geographical Magazine]]Sa mga tinubdan sa India, ang labing una nga ngalan nga konektado sa Habagatang-Sidlakang Asya mao ang {{Interlanguage link|Yavadvipa|ms|Empayar Yawadwipa}}. <ref name="Wheatley2">{{cite book|first=Paul|last=Wheatley|author-link=Paul Wheatley (geographer)|title=The Golden Khersonese: Studies in the Historical Geography of the Malay Peninsula before A.D. 1500|url=https://archive.org/details/goldenkhersonese0000unse|url-access=registration|location=Kuala Lumpur|publisher=[[University of Malaya Press]]|year=1961|oclc=504030596|pages=[https://archive.org/details/goldenkhersonese0000unse/page/177 177]–184}}</ref> Laing posibleng unang ngalan sa mainland Southeast Asia mao ang {{Lang|sa-Latn|[[Suvarṇabhūmi]]}} ('yuta sa bulawan'), <ref name="Wheatley3">{{cite book|first=Paul|last=Wheatley|author-link=Paul Wheatley (geographer)|title=The Golden Khersonese: Studies in the Historical Geography of the Malay Peninsula before A.D. 1500|url=https://archive.org/details/goldenkhersonese0000unse|url-access=registration|location=Kuala Lumpur|publisher=[[University of Malaya Press]]|year=1961|oclc=504030596|pages=[https://archive.org/details/goldenkhersonese0000unse/page/177 177]–184}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal|last=Kitiarsa|first=Pattana|title=Missionary Intent and Monastic Networks: Thai Buddhism as a Transnational Religion|journal=Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia|volume=25|issue=1|date=2010|jstor=41308138|doi=10.1355/sj25-1e|issn=0217-9520|pages=115–116|quote=King Asoka in the third century BC is widely cited as the model monarch who organized networks of missionaries to preach the teachings of the Buddha outside India including to Suvarnabhumi or mainland Southeast Asia.}}</ref> usa ka toponym, nga makita sa daghang karaang mga tinubdan sa panitikan sa India ug mga teksto sa Buddhist, <ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&q=Suvarnabhumi+was+situated+in+Bengal.&pg=PA519|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|author=Sailendra Nath Sen|year=1999|publisher=New Age International|isbn=9788122411980|access-date=November 30, 2018}}</ref> apan, uban sa {{Lang|sa-Latn|[[Suvarṇadvīpa]]}} ('isla' o 'peninsula sa bulawan'), <ref name="Wheatley4">{{cite book|first=Paul|last=Wheatley|author-link=Paul Wheatley (geographer)|title=The Golden Khersonese: Studies in the Historical Geography of the Malay Peninsula before A.D. 1500|url=https://archive.org/details/goldenkhersonese0000unse|url-access=registration|location=Kuala Lumpur|publisher=[[University of Malaya Press]]|year=1961|oclc=504030596|pages=[https://archive.org/details/goldenkhersonese0000unse/page/177 177]–184}}</ref> gituohan usab nga nagtumong sa insular nga Habagatang-Sidlakang Asya. <ref name="Wheatley5">{{cite book|first=Paul|last=Wheatley|author-link=Paul Wheatley (geographer)|title=The Golden Khersonese: Studies in the Historical Geography of the Malay Peninsula before A.D. 1500|url=https://archive.org/details/goldenkhersonese0000unse|url-access=registration|location=Kuala Lumpur|publisher=[[University of Malaya Press]]|year=1961|oclc=504030596|pages=[https://archive.org/details/goldenkhersonese0000unse/page/177 177]–184}}</ref> Ang gigikanan sa ngalang Indo-China kasagarang gipahinungod sa Danish-French geographer [[Conrad Malte-Brun|nga si Conrad Malte-Brun]], kinsa mitawag sa lugar nga {{Lang|fr|indo-chinois}} niadtong 1804, ug ang Scottish linguist nga [[John Leyden|si John Leyden]], kinsa migamit sa terminong ''Indo-Chinese'' aron ihulagway ang mga lumulupyo sa lugar ug ang ilang mga pinulongan niadtong 1808. <ref>{{cite book|editor=Vimalin Rujivacharakul|display-editors=etal|title=Architecturalized Asia: mapping a continent through history|date=2013|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|isbn=9789888208050|page=89}}</ref> Ang mga dili pamilyar nga mga tagagawas gikan sa Europa naghunahuna nga ang rehiyon adunay duha ka kultural nga komposisyon sa India ug China. <ref name=":52">{{Cite web|last=Lasky|first=Jack|date=2023|title=Indochina (geographical term)|url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/indochina-geographical-term|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260411002813/https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/indochina-geographical-term|archive-date=11 April 2026|access-date=10 April 2026|website=EBSCO Research}}</ref> Kadaghanan sa mainland nagpraktis [[Theravāda|sa Theravada Buddhism]] samtang ang sidlakang baybayon adunay [[Confucianism|Confucian Kingdom]] ( [[Đại Việt]] ) nga adunay [[Binyetnamita|pinulongan]] nga gibase sa [[Sinulatang Ininsik|mga karakter nga Intsik]] . <ref name=":53">{{Cite web|last=Lasky|first=Jack|date=2023|title=Indochina (geographical term)|url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/indochina-geographical-term|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260411002813/https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/indochina-geographical-term|archive-date=11 April 2026|access-date=10 April 2026|website=EBSCO Research}}</ref> Apan, sa tinuod lang, ang mainland gipuy-an sa mga 12 ka lain-laing mga gingharian ug uban pang mga teritoryo nga adunay lain-laing etnikong populasyon nga naggikan sa 23 ka lain-laing mga katilingban nga nagsugod pa sa labing menos ika-14 nga siglo. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web}}</ref> Napakyas ang mga Pranses sa pag-ila niining etnikong pagkalainlain ug gitawag lang nila ang rehiyon nga Indochina. <ref name=":54">{{Cite web|last=Lasky|first=Jack|date=2023|title=Indochina (geographical term)|url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/indochina-geographical-term|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260411002813/https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/indochina-geographical-term|archive-date=11 April 2026|access-date=10 April 2026|website=EBSCO Research}}</ref> Nagkasumpaki ang mga opinyon sa mga iskolar niadtong panahona bahin sa impluwensya sa Tsina ug India sa kasaysayan sa maong lugar, ug ang termino mismo kontrobersyal—si Malte-Brun mismo sa ulahi nangatarungan batok sa paggamit niini sa ulahing edisyon sa iyang {{Lang|fr|[[La Nouvelle Géographie universelle]]}}, nga nangatarungan nga kini naghatag ug sobra nga gibug-aton sa impluwensya sa mga Intsik, ug nagsugyot hinuon ''sa Chin-India'' . <ref>{{cite book|last=Malte-Brun|first=Conrad|title=Universal Geography, Or, A Description of All the Parts of the World, on a New Plan, According to the Great Natural Divisions of the Globe: Improved by the Addition of the Most Recent Information, Derived from Various Sources : Accompanied with Analytical, Synoptical, and Elementary Tables, Volume 2|url=https://archive.org/details/universalgeogra20maltgoog|year=1827|publisher=A. Finley|pages=[https://archive.org/details/universalgeogra20maltgoog/page/n294 262]–3}}</ref> Bisan pa niana, ''ang Indo-China'' nakakuha na og impluwensya ug sa wala madugay mipuli sa alternatibong mga termino sama sa ''[[Further India|Dugang nga India]]'' ug ang ''Peninsula lapas sa Ganges'' . Apan, sa ulahi, samtang gitukod sa mga Pranses ang kolonya sa [[French Indochina]] (nga naglangkob sa karon nga Cambodia, Laos, ug Vietnam), ang paggamit sa termino nahimong mas limitado sa kolonya sa Pransya. <ref>{{cite book|last1=Wesseling|first1=H. L.|title=The European Colonial Empires: 1815–1919|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317895060}}</ref> <ref name=":542">{{Cite web|last=Lasky|first=Jack|date=2023|title=Indochina (geographical term)|url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/indochina-geographical-term|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260411002813/https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/indochina-geographical-term|archive-date=11 April 2026|access-date=10 April 2026|website=EBSCO Research}}</ref> Human sa [[Vietnam War|Gubat sa Vietnam]], ang terminong Indochina hinay-hinay nga nawala sa paggamit ug giilisan ngadto sa mas politically correct (Mainland) Southeast Asia. <ref name=":55">{{Cite web|last=Lasky|first=Jack|date=2023|title=Indochina (geographical term)|url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/indochina-geographical-term|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260411002813/https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/indochina-geographical-term|archive-date=11 April 2026|access-date=10 April 2026|website=EBSCO Research}}</ref> Karon ang lugar kasagarang gitawag nga Mainland Southeast Asia. <ref>{{cite book|last1=Keyes|first1=Charles F.|title=The golden peninsula : culture and adaptation in mainland Southeast Asia|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900824816963|date=1995|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=9780824816964|edition=Pbk. reprint|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900824816963/page/1 1]}}</ref> <ref name=":03">{{cite web|title=Southeast Asia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Southeast-Asia|access-date=10 April 2026|publisher=Britannica|date=30 March 2026|website=Britannica|last=Leinbach|first=Thomas R.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260403053146/https://www.britannica.com/place/Southeast-Asia|archive-date=3 April 2026|url-status=live}}</ref> Ang rehiyonal nga abbreviation nga MSEA gigamit ilabi na sa [[Academy|akademya]] . <ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Southeast Asia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Southeast-Asia|access-date=10 April 2026|publisher=Britannica|date=30 March 2026|website=Britannica|last=Leinbach|first=Thomas R.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260403053146/https://www.britannica.com/place/Southeast-Asia|archive-date=3 April 2026|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sidwell|first=Paul|url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110558142/|title=The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia|last2=Jenny|first2=Mathias|date=2021|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston|year=2021|isbn=9783110556063|volume=8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260218193751/https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110558142/html#contents|archive-date=18 February 2026}}</ref> == Mga Reperensya == kkaw6pbopkpxsmhsmcm55wfqxpw3kmh 0 11356120 37103213 37103045 2026-09-22T01:07:14Z LJamesCPH 147097 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1374334522|Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]]" 37103213 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar_harvard.jpg|thumb| Chandrasekhar niadtong 1934]] [[Kategoriya:Mga namatay sa 1995]] [[Kategoriya:Mga natawo sa 1910]] [[Kategoriya:Articles with hCards]] [[Kategoriya:Biography with signature]] byzyx7x4jv91mt8i43yxlfd2ljkhk2g 37103214 37103213 2026-09-22T01:09:49Z LJamesCPH 147097 Nag-usab sa mga detalye 37103214 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Si Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar''' {{Efn|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|tʃ|ə|n|d|r|ə|ˈ|ʃ|eɪ|k|ər}} {{Respell|CHƏN|drə|SHAY|kər}};<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n-lJjR7pM7k&t=16s|title=Great Indians: Professor Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar|date=26 January 2014 |via=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> {{Langx|ta|சுப்பிரமணியன் சந்திரசேகர்|Cuppiramaṇiyaṉ Cantiracēkar|translit-std=ISO}}}} (Oktubre 19, 1910 – Agosto 21, 1995) <ref name="NYTObit2">{{cite news|last=Sullivan|first=Walter|author-link=Walter Sullivan (journalist)|title=Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, 84, Is Dead; Nobel Laureate Uncovered 'White Dwarfs'|date=August 22, 1995|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1995/08/22/798995.html?pageNumber=69}}</ref><ref name="Osterbrock 1998 pp. 658–6652">{{cite journal|title=Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (19 October 1910 – 21 August 1995)|first=Donald E.|last=Osterbrock|author-link=Donald Edward Osterbrock|journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society|volume=142|issue=4|date=December 1998|pages=658–665|publisher=American Philosophical Society|jstor=3152289|issn=0003-049X}} {{link note|note=Registration or subscription required}}</ref> usa ka [[Indian Americans|Indian-American]] [[Astrophysics|nga astrophysicist]] . Nakadawat siya sa 1983 [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize sa Physics]] "tungod sa iyang mga pagtuon sa teoretikal nga mga proseso nga importante sa [[Stellar structure|istruktura]] ug [[Stellar evolution|ebolusyon sa mga bituon]] ." <ref name="N832">The other half went to [[William A. Fowler]] "for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the [[Stellar nucleosynthesis| formation of the chemical elements in the universe]]."{{cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1983|publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1983/index.html|access-date=9 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013101810/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1983/index.html|archive-date=13 October 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> Ang iyang matematikal nga pagtambal sa ebolusyon sa mga bituon nakahatag og daghang kasamtangang teoretikal nga mga modelo sa ulahing mga yugto sa ebolusyon sa dagkong mga bituon. <ref name="currentscience2">{{cite journal|last=Vishveshwara|first=C.V.|title=Leaves from an unwritten diary: S. Chandrasekhar, Reminiscences and Reflections|journal=Current Science|volume=78|issue=8|pages=1025–1033|date=25 April 2000|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/apr252000/generalia.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Horgan|first1=J.|author-link=John Horgan (American journalist)|year=1994|title=Profile: Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar&nbsp;– Confronting the Final Limit|journal=[[Scientific American]]|volume=270|issue=3|pages=32–33|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0394-32|issn=0036-8733}}</ref> Ang [[Chandrasekhar limit|limitasyon sa Chandrasekhar]] naghulagway sa pinakataas nga masa sa usa ka [[white dwarf]] (1.44 [[Solar masses|solar mass]] ). Sa ibabaw niini, usa ka nahibiling bituon ang mahugno aron maporma ang usa ka [[neutron star]] o [[black hole]] . Daghang mga konsepto, institusyon ug imbensyon, lakip ang [[Chandra X-ray Observatory|Chandra X-Ray Observatory]], ang ginganlan sunod kaniya. <ref name="Sreenivasan2">{{Cite journal|last=Sreenivasan|author-link=K. R. Sreenivasan|first=K. R.|title=Chandrasekhar's Fluid Dynamics|journal=Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics|volume=51|issue=1|pages=1–24|date=2019|doi=10.1146/annurev-fluid-010518-040537|issn=0066-4189|bibcode=2019AnRFM..51....1S|doi-access=free}}</ref> Natawo sa ulahing bahin [[British Raj|sa British Raj]], si Chandrasekhar nagtrabaho sa lain-laing mga problema sa pisika sa iyang kinabuhi, nga nakatampo sa kontemporaryong pagsabot sa [[stellar structure]], [[White dwarf|white dwarfs]], [[stellar dynamics]], [[stochastic process]], [[radiative transfer]], ang [[Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules|quantum theory]] sa [[hydrogen anion]], [[Hydrodynamic stability|hydrodynamic]] ug [[Hydromagnetics|hydromagnetic]] stability, [[turbulence]], equilibrium ug ang stability sa [[Jacobi ellipsoid|ellipsoidal figures of equilibrium]], [[general relativity]], mathematical theory sa black holes ug theory sa colliding [[Gravitational wave|gravitational waves]] . <ref name="standrews">{{Cite web}}</ref> Sa [[University of Cambridge|Unibersidad sa Cambridge]], nakaugmad siya og usa ka teoretikal nga modelo nga nagpatin-aw sa istruktura sa mga bituon nga puti og gamay nga adunay gamay nga mga bituon nga nagkonsiderar sa relativistic nga pagkalainlain sa masa uban sa mga tulin sa mga electron nga naglangkob sa ilang [[Degenerate matter|nagkadunot nga butang]] . Gibag-o ni Chandrasekhar ang mga modelo sa stellar dynamics nga unang gilatid ni [[Jan Oort]] ug uban pa pinaagi sa pagkonsiderar sa mga epekto sa nag-usab-usab nga gravitational fields sulod sa [[Milky Way]] sa mga bituon nga nagtuyok sa palibot sa galactic center. Ang iyang solusyon niining komplikado nga problema sa dinamika naglambigit sa usa ka hugpong sa baynte ka [[partial differential equation]], nga naghulagway sa usa ka bag-ong kantidad nga iyang gitawag nga " [[dynamical friction]] ", nga adunay doble nga epekto sa paghinay sa bituon ug pagtabang sa pagpalig-on sa mga pungpong sa mga bituon. Gipalapdan ni Chandrasekhar kini nga pagtuki ngadto sa interstellar medium, nga nagpakita nga ang mga panganod sa galactic gas ug abog dili patas nga giapod-apod. Si Chandrasekhar nagtuon sa [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College, Madras]] (karon [[Chennai (kapital sa estado)|Chennai]] ) ug sa [[University of Cambridge]] . Usa ka dugay nang propesor sa [[University of Chicago|Unibersidad sa Chicago]], nagtuon siya sa pipila sa iyang mga pagtuon sa [[Yerkes Observatory]], ug nagsilbi nga editor sa ''[[The Astrophysical Journal]]'' gikan sa 1952 hangtod 1971. Miyembro siya sa faculty sa Chicago gikan sa 1937 hangtod sa iyang kamatayon niadtong 1995 sa edad nga 84, ug mao ang [[Morton D. Hull]] Distinguished Service Professor sa Theoretical Astrophysics. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/whos_who_level2/chandra.html|title=Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar|website=starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov|access-date=2017-10-19}}</ref> == Mga Reperensya == [[Kategoriya:Mga namatay sa 1995]] [[Kategoriya:Mga natawo sa 1910]] [[Kategoriya:Articles with hCards]] [[Kategoriya:Biography with signature]] 83ujxnqolvzz7mkkw669pfp68a30r3a 0 11356146 37103231 37103157 2026-09-22T02:50:00Z InternetArchiveBot 28475 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260921)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 37103231 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ang mga Buddhist''', nailhan usab nga '''''Bauddha''''', mao ang mga tawo nga nagsunod sa [[Budismo]], usa ka [[Indikong relihyon|relihiyoso]] ug [[Indian philosophy|pilosopikal nga tradisyon]] sa India nga gitukod ni [[Siddhārtha Gautama|Buddha]] sa ika-6 o ika-5 nga siglo [[BCE]] sa [[Indian Subcontinent|subkontinente sa India]] . Ang identidad sa Budismo mahimong relihiyoso, kultural, o sekular, nga naglangkob sa mga ordinadong miyembro sa [[monastisismong Buddëdërmënhon|komunidad sa monghe]] ( ''[[sangga|Saṅgha]]'' ), [[Householder (Buddhism)|mga layko nga practitioner]], ug mga indibidwal nga nagsagop sa mga prinsipyo sa pamatasan sa Budismo, [[Meditation|pagpamalandong]], o mga praktis sa pagkamahunahunaon nga walay pormal nga ritwal nga kaakibat. <ref name=":02">{{cite book|last=Gethin|first=Rupert|title=The Foundations of Buddhism|url=https://archive.org/details/foundationsofbud00rupe|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0192892232|pages=[https://archive.org/details/foundationsofbud00rupe/page/23 23]–25}}</ref> Ang mga Buddhist sa kinatibuk-an giklasipikar sa duha ka pangunang kategorya: [[lalaking beksiyo|Ang mga Bhikkhu]] ug [[babaying beksiyo|Bhikkhunī]], nga gi-orden nga mga monghe ug nagsilbing mga magtutudlo sa relihiyon, ug [[Makibuddang laykado|ang mga Upāsaka]] ug [[Makibuddang laykado|Upāsikā]], nga mga layko nga sumusunod nga nagpuyo sa usa ka kinabuhi sa panimalay samtang nagsuporta ug nagpraktis sa mga pagtulon-an sa Budismo (tan-awa [[Catuparisā|ang Catuparisā]] ). <ref name=":03">{{cite book|last=Gethin|first=Rupert|title=The Foundations of Buddhism|url=https://archive.org/details/foundationsofbud00rupe|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0192892232|pages=[https://archive.org/details/foundationsofbud00rupe/page/23 23]–25}}</ref> Sa karaang India, ang mga sumusunod ni Buddha usahay mailhan nga [[Sëkyë|mga Shakya]], sunod sa angkan diin natawo ang Buddha. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ang pulong nga ''Buddhist'' sa Ingles mitumaw sa sayong bahin sa ika-19 nga siglo, nga giumol gikan sa "Buddha" ug sa [[Taponggikit|hulaping]] "-ist", nga nagpasabot sa usa ka sumusunod sa usa ka sistema sa pagtuo; ang labing una nga natala nga paggamit niini sa [[Iningles|Ingles]] nagsugod niadtong 1810. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Buddhist|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/Buddhist|website=Etymology Online}}</ref> Ang Budismo gilangkoban sa daghang [[Schools of Buddhism|mga eskwelahan ug tradisyon]], uban sa [[Secular Buddhism|mga dili-denominasyonal]] ug sekular nga mga porma. Ang duha ka pinakadakong tradisyon mao ang [[Theravāda|Theravāda Buddhism]], nga nag-una sa [[Kabuddahan sa Esrilangka|Sri Lanka]], [[Buddhism in Thailand|Thailand]], [[Buddhism in Myanmar|Myanmar]], [[Buddhism in Cambodia|Cambodia]], ug [[Buddhism in Laos|Laos]], ug [[Mahayana|ang Mahayana Buddhism]], nga nag-una sa [[Buddhism in China|China]], [[Buddhism in Japan|Japan]], [[Korean Buddhism|Korea]], ug [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Vietnam]]. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Buddhism|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Buddhism|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=15 October 2025}}</ref> Adunay gibana-bana nga 320 milyon nga mga Buddhist sa tibuok kalibutan, nga nagkantidad og mga 4% sa populasyon sa kalibutan. <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|last1=Hackett|first1=Conrad|last2=Stonawski|first2=Marcin|last3=Tong|first3=Yunping|last4=Kramer|first4=Stephanie|last5=Shi|first5=Anne|last6=Fahmy|first6=Dalia|date=2025-06-09|title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/|access-date=2025-06-10|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US}}</ref> Mikunhod ang Budismo sa bag-ohay nga mga tuig tungod sa mas ubos nga fertility rates ug nagkataas nga [[Irreligion|irreligiousness]] sa [[Sidlakang Asya|East Asia]]. <ref name=":52">{{Cite web|title=Why Did Buddhism Decline in Asia?|url=https://thediplomat.com/2026/02/why-did-buddhism-decline-in-asia/|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Bisan pa man, ang Budismo nakaangkon og kultural ug intelektwal nga impluwensya sa [[Western world|mga nasod sa Kasadpan]], tungod sa nagkadako nga interes sa [[Meditation|pagpamalandong]] ug mga pamaagi [[Mindfulness|sa pagkamahunahunaon]] . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Growth of Buddhism and Meditation Practices in the West|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2019/11/21/u-s-religious-landscape-study/|access-date=15 October 2025|website=Pew Research Center|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Mga Reperensya == [[Kategoriya:Mga Buddhista]] eyt4subs5gmrshk4fi0s8h8p6jh4yob 0 11356150 37103243 37103166 2026-09-22T02:55:06Z InternetArchiveBot 28475 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260921)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 37103243 wikitext text/x-wiki Sa [[Kimika|kemistri]] ug [[pisika]], '''ang Raman scattering''' o ang '''Raman effect''' / / ˈrɑːmən / ) mao ang [[inelastic scattering]] sa [[Photon|mga photon]] pinaagi sa [[Butang|materya]], nga nagpasabot nga adunay pagbayloay sa enerhiya (pagbag-o sa [[Kapila|frequency sa kahayag]] ) ug pagbag-o sa direksyon sa kahayag ( [[momentum]] ). Kasagaran kini nga epekto naglambigit sa [[vibrational energy]] nga makuha sa usa ka [[molekula]] samtang ang mga incident photon gikan sa makita nga [[laser]] gibalhin ngadto sa mas ubos nga enerhiya. Kini gitawag nga ''normal nga Stokes-Raman scattering.'' Ang kahayag adunay usa ka piho nga posibilidad nga magkatibulaag sa usa ka materyal. Kon ang mga photon nagkatibulaag, kadaghanan niini [[Elastic scattering|elastically scattered]] ( [[Rayleigh scattering]] ), mao nga ang nagkatibulaag nga mga photon adunay parehas nga enerhiya ( [[Kapila|frequency]], [[wavelength]], ug busa kolor) sama sa mga incident photon, apan lahi ang direksyon. Ang Rayleigh scattering kasagaran adunay intensidad sa range nga 0.1% ngadto sa 0.01% relatibo sa intensidad sa usa ka tinubdan sa radiation. Mas gamay pa nga bahin sa nagkatag nga mga photon (mga 1 sa usa ka milyon) ang mahimong magkatag ''nga dili elastiko'', diin ang nagkatag nga mga photon adunay lahi nga enerhiya (kasagaran mas ubos) gikan sa mga incident photon—kini ang mga Raman scattered photon. <ref>{{cite book|author=Harris and Bertolucci|title=Symmetry and Spectroscopy|url=https://archive.org/details/symmetryspectros0000harr|publisher=Dover Publications|year=1989|isbn=978-0-486-66144-5}}</ref> Tungod sa [[Conservation of energy|pagdaginot sa enerhiya]], ang materyal makakuha o mawad-an og enerhiya sa proseso. Ang epekto gipahimuslan sa mga chemist ug physicist aron makakuha og impormasyon bahin sa mga materyales alang sa lainlaing mga katuyoan pinaagi sa paghimo sa lainlaing mga porma sa [[Raman spectroscopy]] . Daghang uban pang mga variant sa Raman spectroscopy ang nagtugot sa pagsusi [[Rotational energy|sa rotational energy]], kung gigamit ang mga sample sa gas, ug [[Molecular electronic transition|ang mga lebel sa elektronik nga enerhiya]] mahimong susihon [[Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering|kung gigamit ang usa ka tinubdan sa X-ray]], dugang pa sa ubang mga posibilidad. Nailhan ang mas komplikado nga mga teknik nga naglambigit sa [[Pulsed laser|pulsed lasers]], multiple laser beams ug uban pa. Ang Raman effect ginganlan sunod sa Indian scientist nga [[C. V. Raman|si CV Raman]], kinsa nakadiskubre niini niadtong 1928 uban sa tabang sa iyang estudyante nga [[K. S. Krishnan|si K.S. Krishnan]] . Si Raman gihatagan sa 1930 [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize sa Physics]] tungod sa iyang nadiskobrehan nga Raman scattering. == Mga Reperensya == tl2h7mhipxj0ktz6f8qnxz9hw55d4hg 0 11356151 37103191 2026-09-21T17:26:51Z ~2026-50931-24 149374 Created page with "{{Taxobox | name = Ochthoeca nigrita | image = | image_caption = | image_width = 220px | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref =<ref name="iucn"> | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | subphylum = [[Vertebrata]] | classis = [[Aves]] | ordo = [[Passeriformes]] | familia = [[Tyrannidae]] | genus = [[Ochthoeca]] | species = '''Ochthoeca nigrita''' | binomial = ''Ochthoeca nigrita'' | binomial_authority = [[Philip Lutley Sclater|P.L. Sclater]] & [..." 37103191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Ochthoeca nigrita | image = | image_caption = | image_width = 220px | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref =<ref name="iucn"> | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | subphylum = [[Vertebrata]] | classis = [[Aves]] | ordo = [[Passeriformes]] | familia = [[Tyrannidae]] | genus = [[Ochthoeca]] | species = '''Ochthoeca nigrita''' | binomial = ''Ochthoeca nigrita'' | binomial_authority = [[Philip Lutley Sclater|P.L. Sclater]] & [[Osbert Salvin|Salvin]], 1871 | synonyms = ''Ochthoeca cinnamomeiventris nigrita'' (P.L. Sclater & Salvin), 1871 | range_map = Ochthoeca nigrita map.svg | range_map_caption = }} Kaliwatan sa [[langgam]] ang '''''Ochthoeca nigrita'''''. Una ning gihulagway ni Philip Lutley Sclater ug Osbert Salvin ni adtong 1871. Ang ''Ochthoeca nigrita'' sakop sa kahenera nga ''[[Ochthoeca]]'', ug kabanay nga [[Tyrannidae]]. Giklaseklase sa IUCN ang kaliwatan sa kinaminosang kalabotan. Lumad kini sa Venezuela. {{stub}} [[Kategoriya:Ochthoeca]] [[Kategoriya:Tyrannidae]] qnyrdpygp22x6ahiz0e8kjau9rdxu4g 0 11356152 37103194 2026-09-21T17:41:01Z ~2026-50931-24 149374 Created page with "{{Taxobox | name = ''Ochthoeca thoracica'' | image = Ochtoeca thoracica Maroon-chested chat-tyrant; Apalla, Junín, Peru.jpg | image_caption = | image_width = 255px | status =LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref =<ref name="iucn"> | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | subphylum = [[Vertebrata]] | classis = [[Aves]] | ordo = [[Passeriformes]] | familia = [[Tyrannidae]] | genus = [[Ochthoeca]] | species = '''Ochthoeca thoracica''' | binomial = ''Ochthoeca..." 37103194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = ''Ochthoeca thoracica'' | image = Ochtoeca thoracica Maroon-chested chat-tyrant; Apalla, Junín, Peru.jpg | image_caption = | image_width = 255px | status =LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref =<ref name="iucn"> | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | subphylum = [[Vertebrata]] | classis = [[Aves]] | ordo = [[Passeriformes]] | familia = [[Tyrannidae]] | genus = [[Ochthoeca]] | species = '''Ochthoeca thoracica''' | binomial = ''Ochthoeca thoracica'' | binomial_authority = [[Władysław Taczanowski|Taczanowski]], 1874 | synonyms = ''Ochthoeca cinnamomeiventris thoracica'' (Taczanowski), 1874 | subdivision_ranks = | subdivision = | range_map = Ochthoeca thoracica map.svg| | range_map_caption = }} Kaliwatan sa [[langgam]] ang '''''Ochthoeca thoracica'''''. Una ning gihulagway ni Władysław Taczanowski ni adtong 1874. Ang ''Ochthoeca thoracica'' sakop sa kahenera nga ''[[Ochthoeca]]'', ug kabanay nga [[Tyrannidae]]. Giklaseklase sa IUCN ang kaliwatan sa kinaminosang kalabotan. Makita kini sa Bolivia ug Peru. {{saha}} [[Kategoriya:Ochthoeca]] [[Kategoriya:Tyrannidae]] ep5ybk2mvg8hlw3lxstcutkk0lvddib 0 11356153 37103197 2026-09-21T18:27:59Z ~2026-50931-24 149374 Created page with "{{Taxobox | name = ''Serpophaga griseicapilla'' | image = Serpophaga griseicapilla - Straneck's Tyrannulet, Capivara, Santa Fe, Argentina 01.jpg | image_width = 255px | image_caption = | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref =<ref name="iucn"> | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | subphylum = [[Vertebrata]] | classis = [[Aves]] | ordo = [[Passeriformes]] | familia = [[Tyrannidae]] | genus = [[Serpophaga]] | species = '''Serpophaga griseicapilla'..." 37103197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = ''Serpophaga griseicapilla'' | image = Serpophaga griseicapilla - Straneck's Tyrannulet, Capivara, Santa Fe, Argentina 01.jpg | image_width = 255px | image_caption = | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref =<ref name="iucn"> | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | subphylum = [[Vertebrata]] | classis = [[Aves]] | ordo = [[Passeriformes]] | familia = [[Tyrannidae]] | genus = [[Serpophaga]] | species = '''Serpophaga griseicapilla''' | binomial = Sepophaga griseicapilla | binomial_authority = [[Roberto Juan Straneck|Straneck]], 2007 | synonyms = | range_map = Serpophaga griseicapilla map.svg | range_map_caption = }} Kaliwatan sa [[langgam]] ang '''''Serpophaga griseicapilla'''''. Una ning gihulagway ni Roberto Juan Straneck ni adtong 2007. Ang ''Serpophaga griseicapilla'' sakop sa kahenera nga ''[[Serpophaga]]'', ug kabanay nga [[Tyrannidae]]. Giklaseklase sa IUCN ang kaliwatan sa kinaminosang kalabotan. Makita kini sa Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, ug Uruguay. {{stub}} [[Kategoriya:Serpophaga]] [[Kategoriya:Tyrannidae]] is2b3cyzhxkvuceunacllb297ocfisx 0 11356154 37103211 2026-09-22T01:00:12Z LJamesCPH 147097 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375259413|C. V. Raman]]" 37103211 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Nobel_ceremony_1930.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Si Raman sa 1930 Nobel Prize Award Ceremony uban sa ubang mga mananaog, gikan sa wala CV Raman (pisika), Hans Fischer (kemistri), Karl Landsteiner (medisina) ug Sinclair Lewis (literatura)]] [[Kategoriya:Mga namatay sa 1970]] [[Kategoriya:Articles with hCards]] [[Kategoriya:Biography with signature]] frdgcjww7rse72lg9j7nu6spvsfc5te 37103212 37103211 2026-09-22T01:04:41Z LJamesCPH 147097 Nag-usab sa mga detalye 37103212 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Si Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman''' ( / ˈrɑːmən / RAH - muhn {{Respell|RAH|muhn}} <ref>{{Cite dictionary|title=Raman|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/raman|url-status=live|dictionary=[[Dictionary.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250923102103/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/raman|archive-date=23 September 2025|access-date=2 June 2025}}</ref> [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]] : Candraśēkhara Veṅkaṭarāmaṉ; 7 Nobyembre 1888 – 21 Nobyembre 1970) usa ka Indian [[physicist]] <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> nga nailhan sa iyang trabaho sa natad sa [[light scattering]] . <ref name="frs2">{{Cite journal|last1=Bhagavantam|first1=Suri|year=1971|title=Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, 1888–1970|journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society|volume=17|issue=17|pages=564–592|doi=10.1098/rsbm.1971.0022|doi-access=free}}</ref> Gamit ang usa ka [[spectrograph]] nga iyang naugmad, siya ug ang iyang estudyante [[K. S. Krishnan|nga si K.S. Krishnan]] nakadiskubre nga kung ang kahayag moagi sa usa ka transparent nga materyal, ang na-deflect nga kahayag mag-usab [[Wavelength|sa wavelength]] niini. Kining panghitaboa, usa ka wala pa mailhi nga matang sa pagkatibulaag sa kahayag nga ilang gitawag nga ''modified scattering'', sa ulahi gitawag nga ''Raman effect'' o ''[[Raman scattering]]'' . Niadtong 1930, nadawat ni Raman ang [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize sa Physics]] "tungod sa iyang trabaho sa pagsabwag sa kahayag ug sa pagdiskobre sa epekto nga ginganlan sunod kaniya" <ref name="Nobel Laureates2">[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1930/raman/biographical/ The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930 Sir Venkata Raman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227030614/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1930/raman/biographical/|date=27 February 2019}}, Official Nobel prize biography, nobelprize.org</ref> ug nahimong unang Asyano ug [[Person of color|dili-Puti]] nga tawo nga nakadawat og Nobel Prize sa Physics. <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Rajinder|last2=Riess|first2=Falk|date=1998|title=Sir C. V. Raman and the story of the Nobel prize|journal=Current Science|volume=75|issue=9|pages=965–971|jstor=24101681}}</ref> Natawo sa estado sa Tamil Nadu sa India, si Raman usa ka [[Child prodigy|maabtik nga bata]], nga nakakompleto sa iyang sekondarya ug mas taas nga sekondarya nga edukasyon gikan sa [[St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School]] sa edad nga 11 ug 13, matag usa. Nanguna siya sa eksamin sa [[bachelor's degree]] sa [[University of Madras]] nga adunay honors sa physics gikan sa [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College]] sa edad nga 16. Ang iyang unang research paper, bahin sa [[diffraction of light]], gipatik niadtong 1906, samtang siya usa ka graduate student. Pagkasunod tuig, nakakuha siya og master's degree. Nisalmot siya sa [[Indian Audit and Accounts Service|Indian Finance Service]] sa [[Kolkata (kapital sa estado)|Calcutta]] isip Assistant Accountant General sa edad nga 19. Didto niya nailhan ang [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]] (IACS), ang unang institusyon sa panukiduki sa India, nga nagtugot kaniya sa paghimo og independente nga panukiduki ug diin siya nakahatag sa iyang dagkong kontribusyon sa [[Acoustics|akustika]] ug [[Optics|optika]]. Niadtong 1917, gitudlo siya nga unang [[Palit Professor of Physics|Palit Professor sa Physics]] ni [[Ashutosh Mukherjee]] sa [[Rajabazar Science College]] ubos sa [[University of Calcutta|Unibersidad sa Calcutta]] . Sa iyang unang biyahe sa Europa, ang pagkakita sa [[Dagat Mediteraneo|Dagat Mediteranyo]] nagdasig kaniya sa pag-ila sa nag-unang katin-awan sa [[Color of water|asul nga kolor sa dagat]] niadtong panahona, nga mao ang gipabanaag [[Rayleigh scattering|nga kahayag nga gisabwag ni Rayleigh]] gikan sa langit, nga sayop. Gitukod niya ang ''[[Indian Journal of Physics]]'' niadtong 1926. Mibalhin siya sa [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] niadtong 1933 aron mahimong unang direktor sa India sa [[Indian Institute of Science]] . Iyang gitukod ang [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] sa maong tuig. Niadtong 1948, iyang gitukod ang [[Raman Research Institute]], diin siya nagtrabaho hangtod sa iyang katapusang mga adlaw. Siya ang uyoan sa Nobel laureate [[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar|nga si Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]]. Ang [[Raman effect]] nadiskobrehan niadtong Pebrero 28, 1928. Ang adlaw gisaulog matag tuig sa [[Government of India|Gobyerno sa India]] isip [[National Science Day]]. == Mga Reperensya == [[Kategoriya:Mga namatay sa 1970]] [[Kategoriya:Articles with hCards]] [[Kategoriya:Biography with signature]] e0w7le10d15j1q1rka4qoly760eb61i 0 11356155 37103215 2026-09-22T01:21:05Z LJamesCPH 147097 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1371974867|Avram Hershko]]" 37103215 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Avram Hershko''' (Hebreohanon: אברהם הרשקו, romanisado: Avraham Hershko, Hungarian: Herskó Ferenc Ábrahám;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mta.hu/articles/hungarys_nobel_prize_winners__25577|title=Hungary's Nobel Prize Winners|website=www.mta.hu|accessdate=September 22, 2021|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006113721/http://mta.hu/articles/hungarys_nobel_prize_winners__25577|archivedate=October 6, 2015}}</ref> natawo sa Disyembre 31, 1937) usa ka [[Biyolohiya|biochemist]] sa Israel nga natawo sa Hungary nga nakadawat sa Nobel Prize sa Chemistry niadtong 2004. [[Kategoriya:Mga Israeling Hudiyo]] [[Kategoriya:Mga buhing tawo]] [[Kategoriya:Mga natawo sa 1937]] [[Kategoriya:Articles with hCards]] bqxf5awndrt70qp6nt2twuqq2w4yegz 37103216 37103215 2026-09-22T01:22:53Z LJamesCPH 147097 Nag-usab sa mga detalye 37103216 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Avram Hershko''' (Hebreohanon: אברהם הרשקו, romanisado: Avraham Hershko, Hungarian: Herskó Ferenc Ábrahám;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mta.hu/articles/hungarys_nobel_prize_winners__25577|title=Hungary's Nobel Prize Winners|website=www.mta.hu|accessdate=September 22, 2021|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006113721/http://mta.hu/articles/hungarys_nobel_prize_winners__25577|archivedate=October 6, 2015}}</ref> natawo sa Disyembre 31, 1937) usa ka [[Biyolohiya|biochemist]] sa Israel nga natawo sa Hungary nga nakadawat sa Nobel Prize sa Chemistry niadtong 2004. == Biyograpiya == Natawo siya '''nga Herskó Ferenc''' sa [[Karcag]], [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary]], sa usa ka pamilyang [[Hudiyo]], <ref>{{Cite web|last=JINFO|title=Jewish Nobel Prize Winners in Chemistry|url=https://www.jinfo.org/Nobels_Chemistry.html|access-date=March 30, 2023|website=www.jinfo.org}}</ref> anak ni Shoshana/Margit 'Manci' (née Wulc) ug Moshe Hershko, parehong mga magtutudlo. <ref name="Nobel2">{{Nobelprize}} including the Nobel Lecture ''The Ubiquitin System for Protein Degradation and some of its Roles in the Control of the Cell Division Cycle''</ref> Atol sa [[Ikaduhang Gubat Kalibotanon|Ikaduhang Gubat sa Kalibutan]], ang iyang amahan napugos sa [[Labour service in Hungary during World War II|pagtrabaho sa kasundalohan sa Hungary]] ug dayon gidala isip usa ka binilanggo sa [[Soviet Army|Kasundalohan sa Sobyet]] . Sa daghang katuigan, ang pamilya ni Avram wala mahibalo sa nahitabo sa iyang amahan. Si Avram, ang iyang inahan ug ang iyang magulang nga lalaki nga si Chaim/Laszlo 'Laci' gibutang sa usa ka [[ghetto]] sa [[Szolnok (kapital sa lalawigan)|Szolnok]] . Atol sa katapusang mga adlaw sa ghetto, kadaghanan sa mga Hudiyo gipadala aron patyon sa [[Auschwitz-Birkenau|Auschwitz]], apan si Avram ug ang iyang pamilya nakasakay sa mga tren nga nagdala kanila ngadto sa usa ka [[Nazi concentration camps|kampo konsentrasyon]] sa [[Austria under National Socialism|Austria]], diin sila gipugos sa pagtrabaho hangtod sa katapusan sa gubat. Si Avram ug ang iyang inahan ug igsoon nga lalaki naluwas sa gubat ug nakabalik sa ilang mga balay. Nibalik usab ang iyang amahan, 4 ka tuig human sa ilang katapusang panagkita kaniya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yadvashem.org/he/remembrance/survivors/hershko.html|title=אברהם הרשקו}}</ref> Si Hershko ug ang iyang pamilya milalin ngadto sa Israel niadtong 1950 ug nanimuyo sa [[Jerusalen|Jerusalem]] . Nakadawat siya sa iyang MD niadtong 1965 ug sa iyang PhD niadtong 1969 gikan sa [[Hebreohanon nga University sa Jerusalem|Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] - [[Hadassah Medical Center]] . Usa siya ka [[Postdoctoral researcher|postdoctoral scholar]] sa [[University of California, San Francisco]] . Sa pagkakaron, siya usa ka Distinguished Professor sa Rappaport Faculty of Medicine sa [[Technion – Israel Institute of Technology|Technion]] sa [[Haifa (kapital sa distrito)|Haifa]] ug usa ka Distinguished Adjunct Professor sa [[New York University Grossman School of Medicine]]. Uban nila ni [[Aaron Ciechanover]] ug [[Irwin Rose]], gihatagan siya sa 2004 [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize sa Chemistry]] tungod sa iyang nadiskobrehan nga [[ubiquitin]] -mediated [[Proteolysis#Protein degradation|protein degradation]] . Ang ubiquitin- [[proteasome]] system adunay kritikal nga papel sa pagmintinar sa homeostasis sa mga selula ug gituohan nga nalambigit sa paglambo ug pag-uswag sa mga sakit sama sa kanser, mga sakit sa kaunuran ug neurological, ug mga tubag sa resistensya ug panghubag. Ang iyang mga kontribusyon sa siyensya direktang nakatabang sa pag-ayo sa usa sa iyang dugay nang higala sa kanser. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.phillyburbs.com/news/local/burlington_county_times_news/nobel-prize-winner-s-discovery-helps-save-longtime-physician-friend/article_9ad53d9b-22f5-5fec-8956-92a7aae6a009.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120913041804/http://www.phillyburbs.com/news/local/burlington_county_times_news/nobel-prize-winner-s-discovery-helps-save-longtime-physician-friend/article_9ad53d9b-22f5-5fec-8956-92a7aae6a009.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 13, 2012|title=Nobel Prize winner's discovery helps save longtime physician friend|date=September 13, 2011|first=Sally|last=Friedman|work=[[Burlington County Times]]|publisher=phillyBurbs.com|access-date=May 15, 2012}}</ref> == Mga Reperensya == [[Kategoriya:Mga Israeling Hudiyo]] [[Kategoriya:Mga buhing tawo]] [[Kategoriya:Mga natawo sa 1937]] [[Kategoriya:Articles with hCards]] 965voi4n3gmcwcyonitowwb19tnlc7w 0 11356156 37103217 2026-09-22T01:29:19Z LJamesCPH 147097 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375931401|Daniel Kahneman]]" 37103217 wikitext text/x-wiki Si Kahneman usa ka propesor emeritus sa sikolohiya ug public affairs sa Princeton School of Public and International Affairs sa Princeton University. Usa siya sa mga nagtukod nga kauban sa TGG Group, usa ka kompanya nga naghatag og konsultasyon sa negosyo ug philanthropy. Naminyo siya sa cognitive psychologist ug Royal Society Fellow nga si Anne Treisman, kinsa namatay niadtong 2018. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2002|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2002/kahneman/biographical/|access-date=November 20, 2023|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US|archive-date=August 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814214533/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/2002/kahneman-bio.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kategoriya:Mga namatay sa 2024]] [[Kategoriya:Mga natawo sa 1934]] [[Kategoriya:Articles with hCards]] hfglqyeljq56zpsv3un3d60owelxgho 37103218 37103217 2026-09-22T01:31:21Z LJamesCPH 147097 Nag usab 37103218 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Daniel Kahneman''' / / ˈkɑːn ə mən / ;Hebreohanon: דניאל כהנמן ; Marso 5, 1934 – Marso 27, 2024) usa ka Israeli-Amerikanong sikologo nga nailhan sa iyang trabaho sa [[sikolohiya]] sa [[Judgment|paghukom]] ug [[Decision-making|paghimog desisyon]] ingon man sa [[behavioral economics]], diin gihatagan siya sa 2002 [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Memorial Prize sa Economic Sciences]] uban ni [[Vernon L. Smith]] . Ang gipatik nga empirikal nga mga nahibal-an ni Kahneman naghagit sa pangagpas sa tawhanong rasyonalidad nga naglungtad sa modernong teorya sa ekonomiya. Nailhan si Kahneman isip "apohan sa [[behavioral economics]] ." <ref name="auto12">{{Cite news|last=Jr|first=Robert D. Hershey|date=2024-03-27|title=Daniel Kahneman, Who Plumbed the Psychology of Economics, Dies at 90|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/27/business/daniel-kahneman-dead.html|access-date=2024-04-10|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Space|first=Social Science|date=2024-03-27|title=Daniel Kahneman, 1934–2024: The Grandfather of Behavioral Economics|url=https://www.socialsciencespace.com/2024/03/daniel-kahneman-1934-2024-the-grandfather-of-behavioral-economics/|access-date=2024-04-10|website=Social Science Space|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=cossaeditor|date=2024-04-02|title=Remembering Dr. Daniel Kahneman: A Pioneer of Behavioral Economics {{!}} COSSA|url=https://cossa.org/remembering-dr-daniel-kahneman-a-pioneer-of-behavioral-economics/|access-date=2024-04-10|website=Consortium of Social Science Associations|language=en-US}}</ref> Uban ni [[Amos Tversky]] ug uban pa, si Kahneman nagtukod og usa ka kognitibong basehan alang sa komon nga mga sayop sa tawo nga mitumaw gikan sa [[Heuristics in judgment and decision making|heuristics ug biases]], ug nagpalambo [[Prospect theory|sa prospect theory]] . Niadtong 2011, ginganlan si Kahneman sa magasin ''[[Foreign Policy|nga Foreign Policy]]'' sa listahan niini sa mga nanguna nga global thinkers. Sa samang tuig, ang iyang libro nga ''[[Thinking, Fast and Slow]]'', nga nagsumaryo sa kadaghanan sa iyang panukiduki, gipatik ug nahimong usa ka best seller. Niadtong 2015, gilista siya ''[[The Economist|sa The Economist]]'' isip ikapito nga labing impluwensyal nga ekonomista sa kalibutan. Si Kahneman usa ka propesor emeritus sa sikolohiya ug public affairs sa Princeton School of Public and International Affairs sa Princeton University. Usa siya sa mga nagtukod nga kauban sa TGG Group, usa ka kompanya nga naghatag og konsultasyon sa negosyo ug philanthropy. Naminyo siya sa cognitive psychologist ug Royal Society Fellow nga si Anne Treisman, kinsa namatay niadtong 2018. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2002|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2002/kahneman/biographical/|access-date=November 20, 2023|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US|archive-date=August 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814214533/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/2002/kahneman-bio.html|url-status=live}}</ref> == Mga Reperensya == [[Kategoriya:Mga namatay sa 2024]] [[Kategoriya:Mga natawo sa 1934]] [[Kategoriya:Articles with hCards]] elos9qfzdagobhxi5teaz0xqnehn93s 0 11356157 37103219 2026-09-22T01:34:41Z LJamesCPH 147097 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375561980|Shimon Peres]]" 37103219 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Shimon_Peres,_standing_third_from_right,_with_members_of_his_family_some_time_between_1920-1930_(D182-050).jpg|thumb| Si Shimon Peres (nagtindog, ikatulo gikan sa tuo) uban sa iyang pamilya, {{Circa|1930}}]] [[Kategoriya:Mga namatay sa 2016]] [[Kategoriya:Mga natawo sa 1923]] 3uf2gat1sggqly0fczgzw6t7i91ohyn 37103220 37103219 2026-09-22T01:41:49Z LJamesCPH 147097 Nag-usab sa mga detalye 37103220 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shimon Peres''' ({{IPAc-en|ʃ|iː|ˌ|m|oʊ|n|_|ˈ|p|ɛr|ɛ|s|,_|-|ɛ|z}}/ {{respell|shee|MOHN|_|PERR|ess|,_-|ez}} ;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/peres|title=Peres|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=22 June 2019|archive-date=25 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625190318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/peres|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite dictionary|url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Peres,+Shimon|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424151923/https://www.lexico.com/definition/peres,_shimon|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 April 2022|title=Peres, Shimon|dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Peres|access-date=22 June 2019}}</ref> Hebrew {{IPA|he|ʃiˌmon ˈpeʁes||He-Shimon_Peres.ogg}} ; natawo nga '''Szymon Perski''' ,{{IPA|pl|ˈʂɨmɔn ˈpɛrskʲi|lang}} ; 2 Agosto 1923 – 28 Septyembre 2016) usa ka politiko ug estadista sa Israel nga nagsilbi nga [[Prime minister of Israel|punong ministro sa Israel]] gikan sa 1984 hangtod 1986 ug gikan sa 1995 hangtod 1996 ug isip [[President of Israel|presidente sa Israel]] gikan sa 2007 hangtod 2014. Miyembro siya sa dose ka [[Cabinet of Israel|gabinete]] ug nagrepresentar sa lima ka partido politikal sa iyang karera sa politika nga milungtad og 70 ka tuig. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Napili si Peres sa [[Knesset]] niadtong Nobyembre 1959 ug gawas sa tulo ka bulan nga pagkawala sa katungdanan sa sayong bahin sa 2006, nagserbisyo isip miyembro sa Knesset nga padayon hangtod nga napili siya nga presidente niadtong 2007. Nagserbisyo sa Knesset sulod sa 48 ka tuig (diin ang unang walay hunong nga yugto sa serbisyo milungtad og kapin sa 46 ka tuig), si Peres ang labing dugay nga nagserbisyo nga miyembro sa kasaysayan sa Knesset. Sa panahon sa iyang pagretiro gikan sa politika niadtong 2014, siya ang labing tigulang [[Head of state|nga pangulo sa estado]] sa kalibutan ug giisip nga katapusang sumpay sa henerasyon sa pagkatukod sa Israel, <ref>[https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/09/shimon-peres-the-last-link-to-israels-founding-fathers/499868 Shimon Peres: The Last Link to Israel's Founding Fathers] {{Webarchive}} by DAVID A. GRAHAM 27 September 2016, ''The Atlantic''</ref> ingon man ang katapusang Punong Ministro nga naghimo og [[aliyah]] imbes nga matawo sa teritoryo nga mahimong Israel. Sukad sa iyang pagkabata, nabantog siya sa iyang kahanas sa pagpamulong, ug gipili siya isip usa ka [[protégé]] ni [[David Ben-Gurion]], ang nagtukod nga amahan sa Israel. <ref>[http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/40409/making-history MAKING HISTORY] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218231116/http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/40409/making-history|date=18 February 2020}} By [[Benny Morris]] 26 July 2010, Tablet Magazine</ref> Gisugdan niya ang iyang karera sa politika sa ulahing bahin sa dekada 1940, nga nagkupot sa daghang mga posisyon sa diplomatiko ug militar atol ug pagkahuman sa [[1948 Arab–Israeli War|1948 nga Gubat Arab-Israeli]] . Ang iyang unang taas nga lebel sa posisyon sa gobyerno mao ang pagka-deputy director general sa depensa niadtong 1952 nga iyang nakab-ot sa edad nga 28, ug [[Director General of the Israeli Ministry of Defense|director general]] gikan sa 1953 hangtod 1959. <ref name="Nobel2">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1994/peres-bio.html|publisher=The Nobel Foundation|year=1995|editor=Tore Frängsmyr|title=Shimon Peres, The Nobel Peace Prize 1994|access-date=12 November 2007|archive-date=6 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806104127/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1994/peres-bio.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Niadtong 1956, miapil siya sa makasaysayanong negosasyon sa [[Protocol of Sèvres]], <ref name="auto3">"[http://www.france5.fr/programmes/articles/histoire/734-affaire-de-suez-le-pacte-secret.php Affaire de Suez, Le Pacte Secret]"; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419060224/http://www.france5.fr/programmes/articles/histoire/734-affaire-de-suez-le-pacte-secret.php|date=19 April 2012}}, Peter Hercombe and Arnaud Hamelin, France 5/Sunset Presse/Transparence, 2006</ref> nga gihulagway sa punong ministro sa Britanya [[Anthony Eden|nga si Anthony Eden]] isip "pinakataas nga porma sa pagka-estado". <ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/video/world/israeli-politician-shimon-peres-dies-at-93/2016/09/27/56c96e58-8529-11e6-b57d-dd49277af02f_video.html Israeli politician Shimon Peres dies at 93] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929215107/https://www.washingtonpost.com/video/world/israeli-politician-shimon-peres-dies-at-93/2016/09/27/56c96e58-8529-11e6-b57d-dd49277af02f_video.html|date=29 September 2020}} Washington Post, 18 September 2016</ref> Niadtong 1963, nakignegosasyon siya sa presidente sa US nga [[John F. Kennedy|si John F. Kennedy]], nga miresulta sa pagbaligya sa [[MIM-23 Hawk|Hawk anti-aircraft missiles]] ngadto sa Israel, ang unang pagbaligya sa kagamitan militar sa US ngadto sa Israel. <ref name="auto2">''Political Leaders of the Contemporary Middle East and North Africa: A Biographical Dictionary'', by Bernard Reich, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1990, page 406</ref> Si Peres nagrepresentar nila [[Mapai|ni Mapai]], [[Rafi (political party)|Rafi]], sa [[Alignment (Israel)|Alignment]], [[Labor Party (Israel)|Labor]] ug [[Kadima]] sa Knesset, ug nangulo sa Alignment ug Labor. <ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/video/world/israeli-politician-shimon-peres-dies-at-93/2016/09/27/56c96e58-8529-11e6-b57d-dd49277af02f_video.html Israeli politician Shimon Peres dies at 93] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929215107/https://www.washingtonpost.com/video/world/israeli-politician-shimon-peres-dies-at-93/2016/09/27/56c96e58-8529-11e6-b57d-dd49277af02f_video.html|date=29 September 2020}} Washington Post, 18 September 2016</ref> Si Peres unang mipuli kang [[Yitzhak Rabin]] isip [[acting prime minister]] sa mubo nga panahon niadtong 1977, sa wala pa mahimong prime minister gikan sa 1984 hangtod 1986. Isip [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)|ministro sa langyaw]] ubos ni Punong Ministro Rabin, si Peres ang nag-inhinyero sa 1994 [[Israel–Jordan peace treaty|nga kasabutan sa kalinaw sa Israel-Jordan]], <ref name="Nobel3">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1994/peres-bio.html|publisher=The Nobel Foundation|year=1995|editor=Tore Frängsmyr|title=Shimon Peres, The Nobel Peace Prize 1994|access-date=12 November 2007|archive-date=6 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806104127/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1994/peres-bio.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ug nakadaog sa 1994 [[Nobel Peace Prize|nga Nobel Peace Prize]] uban nila ni Rabin ug [[Yasser Arafat]] alang sa mga panagsultihanay sa kalinaw [[Oslo Accords|sa Oslo Accords]] uban sa [[Kapunongan para sa Kagawasan sa Palestina|mga lider sa Palestina]] . <ref name="Nobel">{{Cite web}}</ref> Niadtong 1996, iyang gitukod ang [[Peres Center for Peace]], nga adunay tumong nga "ipasiugda ang malungtarong kalinaw ug pag-uswag sa Middle East pinaagi sa pagpalambo sa pagkamatugtanon, ekonomikanhon ug teknolohikal nga kalamboan, kooperasyon ug kaayohan." <ref name="peres-center.org2">{{cite web|title=The Peres Center for Peace - Who We Are|url=http://www.peres-center.org/our_mission|access-date=29 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927214953/http://www.peres-center.org/our_mission|archive-date=27 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Namatay si Peres niadtong 2016 sa [[Sheba Medical Center]] human na-stroke. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://heavy.com/news/2016/09/shimon-peres-dead-how-did-the-former-israeli-prime-minister-die-cause-of-death-president/|title=Shimon Peres Dead: How Did the Former Israeli Prime Minister Die?|last=Levine|first=Daniel S.|date=27 September 2016|website=Heavy|language=en-US|access-date=28 September 2016|archive-date=29 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929141803/http://heavy.com/news/2016/09/shimon-peres-dead-how-did-the-former-israeli-prime-minister-die-cause-of-death-president/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/shimon-peres-the-last-of-israels-founding-fathers-dies-at-93/|title=Shimon Peres, the last of Israel's founding fathers, dies at 93|work=[[The Times of Israel]]|date=28 September 2016|last=Wootliff|first=Raoul|access-date=28 September 2016|archive-date=28 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928030009/https://www.timesofisrael.com/shimon-peres-the-last-of-israels-founding-fathers-dies-at-93/|url-status=live}}</ref> == Mga Reperensya == [[Kategoriya:Mga namatay sa 2016]] [[Kategoriya:Mga natawo sa 1923]] 7egz6qps3n9yz564zfn2cmew8lcvsry 0 11356158 37103221 2026-09-22T01:48:44Z LJamesCPH 147097 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1374524904|Yitzhak Rabin]]" 37103221 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Yitzhak_Rabin_with_his_family,_1927._D705-021..jpg|right|thumb|374x374px| Si Rabin uban sa iyang mga ginikanan ug igsoong babaye, 1927]] [[Kategoriya:Mga namatay sa 1995]] [[Kategoriya:Mga natawo sa 1922]] rzoxvfq02gojb5jfe8urpx6fkbgg46z 37103222 37103221 2026-09-22T01:50:10Z LJamesCPH 147097 Nag-usab sa mga detalye 37103222 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yitzhak Rabin''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɑː|b|ɪ|n}};{{Efn|1=Colloquially often {{IPAc-en|r|ə|ˈ|b|iː|n}} in both English and Hebrew, assuming the Israeli Hebrew ultimate stress. However, "Rabin" (originally an [[Ashkenazic Hebrew|Ashkenazic]] form of [[Reuben]])<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Guggenheimer |first1=Heinrich Walter |author-link1=Heinrich Guggenheimer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_dQP4nHgyVUC&pg=PR19 |title=Jewish Family Names and Their Origins: An Etymological Dictionary |last2=Guggenheimer |first2=Eva H. |date=1992 |publisher=KTAV Publishing House, Inc. |isbn=978-0-88125-297-2 |pages=XIX |language=en}}</ref> was traditionally pronounced with a penultimate stress like most words in Ashkenazic Hebrew. Listen to Yitzhak pronounce it [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9LQroNO2igM&t=71s here]. Not to be confused with its [[Rabin (amora)|Talmudic homograph]], which is a portmanteau of ''rabbi'' and ''Abin''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ilan |first=Ṭal |author-link=Tal Ilan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=flcx04WwF2QC&pg=PA14 |title=Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity: The Eastern Diaspora 330 BCE-650 CE |date=2002 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |isbn=978-3-16-150551-5 |pages=14 |language=en}}</ref>}} {{langx|he|יִצְחָק רַבִּין}}, {{IPA|he|itsˈχak ˈʁabin|IPA|}};<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Lima|first1=Susan D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ONBwptTmCfIC&pg=PA84|title=The Reality of Linguistic Rules|last2=Corrigan|first2=Roberta|last3=Iverson|first3=Gregory K.|date=1994|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|isbn=978-90-272-3029-4|language=en}}</ref> 1 March 1922 – 4 November 1995) was an Israeli statesman and general who was the [[:en:Prime_minister_of_Israel|prime minister of Israel]], having served from 1974 to 1977 and again from 1992 until [[:en:Assassination_of_Yitzhak_Rabin|his assassination]] in 1995. He was the first prime minister to have been born in the region of [[:en:Palestine_(region)|Palestine]], at the time under [[:en:Mandatory_Palestine|British control]]. Si Rabin natawo sa Jerusalem sa mga imigrante nga Hudiyo gikan [[Eastern Europe|sa Sidlakang Europa]] ug nagdako sa usa ka panimalay [[Labor Zionist|nga Labor Zionist]] . Nagtuon siya og agrikultura sa eskwelahan ug milampos isip usa ka estudyante. Sa iyang pagkatin-edyer, miapil siya sa [[Palmach]], ang puwersa [[Commando|sa komando]] sa [[Yishuv]] . Sa kadugayan misaka siya sa ranggo niini aron mahimong hepe sa mga operasyon atol sa [[1948 Arab–Israeli War|1948 nga Gubat sa Arab–Israel]] . Sa ulahing bahin sa 1948, miapil siya sa bag-ong naporma nga [[Israel Defense Forces]] ug nagpadayon sa pag-uswag isip usa ka maayong opisyal, nga adunay 27 ka tuig nga karera isip usa ka propesyonal nga sundalo. Sa katapusan nakab-ot niya ang ranggo nga [[Rav Aluf]], ang pinakataas nga ranggo sa Israeli Defense Force (kasagarang gihubad nga tenyente heneral). Niadtong dekada 1950, si Rabin mitabang sa paghulma sa doktrina sa pagbansay sa IDF ug siya ang nangulo sa [[Operations Directorate]] niini gikan sa 1959 hangtod 1963. Gitudlo siya [[Chief of General Staff (Israel)|nga hepe sa heneral nga kawani]] niadtong 1964 ug nagdumala sa kadaugan sa Israel sa [[Six-Day War|Unom ka Adlaw nga Gubat]] niadtong 1967. Si Rabin nagsilbi nga [[List of ambassadors of Israel to the United States|embahador sa Israel sa Estados Unidos]] gikan sa 1968 hangtod 1973, atol sa panahon sa nagkalalom nga [[Israel–United States relations|relasyon sa US ug Israel]] . Natudlo siya nga Punong Ministro sa Israel niadtong 1974 human sa pag-resign ni [[Golda Meir]] . Sa iyang unang termino, gipirmahan ni Rabin ang [[Sinai Interim Agreement]] ug gimando ang [[Operation Entebbe|pagsulong sa Entebbe]] . Ni-resign siya niadtong 1977 tungod sa usa ka eskandalo sa pinansyal. Si Rabin mao ang [[Ministry of Defense (Israel)|ministro sa depensa]] sa Israel sa kadaghanan sa dekada 1980, lakip na sa panahon sa pag-ulbo sa [[First Intifada|Unang Intifada]]. Niadtong [[1992 Israeli legislative election|1992]], si Rabin napili pag-usab isip punong ministro sa usa ka plataporma nga nagsagop sa [[Israeli–Palestinian peace process|proseso sa kalinaw sa Israel ug Palestina]] . Nipirma siya og pipila ka makasaysayanong mga kasabutan uban sa mga lider sa Palestina isip kabahin sa [[Oslo Accords]] . Niadtong 1994, si Rabin nakadaog sa [[Nobel Peace Prize]] uban sa dugay nang karibal sa politika nga [[Shimon Peres|si Shimon Peres]] ug ang lider sa Palestina nga [[Yasser Arafat|si Yasser Arafat]] . Nipirma usab si Rabin og [[Israel–Jordan peace treaty|kasabutan sa kalinaw uban sa Jordan]] niadtong 1994. Niadtong Nobyembre 1995, gipatay siya ni [[Yigal Amir]], usa ka ekstremista nga misupak sa mga termino sa Oslo Accords. Si Amir nakonbikto sa pagpatay kang Rabin ug gisentensiyahan og [[Life imprisonment|tibuok kinabuhi nga pagkabilanggo]] . Si Rabin ang unang [[Sabra (person)|lumad nga]] punong ministro sa Israel, ang bugtong punong ministro nga gipatay, ug ang ikaduha nga namatay sa katungdanan sunod [[Levi Eshkol|ni Levi Eshkol]] . Si Rabin nahimong simbolo sa proseso sa kalinaw tali sa Israel &#x2013; Palestina. == Mga Reperensya == [[Kategoriya:Mga namatay sa 1995]] [[Kategoriya:Mga natawo sa 1922]] 1na6mu8ohsv157tqwuk3zju4x7h6uzi 0 11356159 37103223 2026-09-22T01:54:26Z LJamesCPH 147097 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375557606|Ada Yonath]]" 37103223 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ada_Yonath_Weizmann_Institute_of_Science.jpg|right|thumb| Si Yonath sa [[Makhon Weizmann|Weizmann Institute of Science]]]] [[Kategoriya:Mga Israeling Hudiyo]] [[Kategoriya:Mga namatay sa 2026]] [[Kategoriya:Mga natawo sa 1939]] [[Kategoriya:Articles with hCards]] oouuw0pvqwjiylh10s0uvf2v5ynhn0w 37103224 37103223 2026-09-22T01:58:07Z LJamesCPH 147097 Nag-usab sa mga detalye 37103224 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ada Esther Yonath''' ( Hebrew:עדה יונת ,{{IPA|he|ˈada joˈnat|pron}} née Lifshitz ; Hunyo 22, 1939 – Agosto 31, 2026) usa ka Israeli [[Crystallography|crystallographer]] ug [[Nobel laureate]] sa kemistri, nga labing nailhan tungod sa iyang pioneering nga trabaho sa istruktura sa [[Ribosome|mga ribosome]] . Siya ang direktor sa Helen ug Milton A. Kimmelman Center for Biomolecular Structure and Assembly sa [[Makhon Weizmann|Weizmann Institute of Science]] . Niadtong 2009, nadawat ni Yonath ang [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize sa Chemistry]] uban nila ni [[Venkatraman Ramakrishnan]] ug [[Thomas A. Steitz]] tungod sa iyang pagtuon sa istruktura ug gimbuhaton sa ribosome, ug nahimong unang babayeng Israeli nga nakadaog sa [[Nobel Prize]]. <ref name="JPost10192">{{cite news|url=https://www.jpost.com/Home/Article.aspx?id=156872|title=Nobel Prize Winner 'Happy, Shocked'|last=Lappin|first=Yaakov|date=7 October 2009|work=Jerusalem Post|access-date=7 October 2009|archive-date=19 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219160331/http://www.jpost.com/home/article.aspx?id=156872|url-status=live}}</ref> == Sayong kinabuhi == Si Ada Esther Lifshitz natawo sa [[Geula]] quarter sa [[Jerusalen|Jerusalem]] niadtong Hunyo 22, 1939. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.syaga.co.il/essays/borer.pdf|title=מנכ"ל המדינה (p. 4; 18.11.09 "ידיעות אחרונות") PDF|website=syaga.co.il|access-date=5 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425050143/http://www.syaga.co.il/essays/borer.pdf|archive-date=25 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="NYTobit5">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/09/01/science/ada-yonath-dead.html|title=Ada Yonath, Chemist and First Israeli Woman to Receive a Nobel, Dies at 87|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=1 September 2026|accessdate=1 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="NYTobit4">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/09/01/science/ada-yonath-dead.html|title=Ada Yonath, Chemist and First Israeli Woman to Receive a Nobel, Dies at 87|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=1 September 2026|accessdate=1 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="cv2">{{Cite web|title=Israel Prize Official Site (in Hebrew) – Recipient's C.V.|url=http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashsab/AdaYonat/KorotHaimPropesorAdaYonat.htm|access-date=16 September 2009|archive-date=18 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110418124241/http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashsab/AdaYonat/KorotHaimPropesorAdaYonat.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Ang iyang mga ginikanan, sila si Hillel ug Esther Lifshitz, mga [[Siyonismo|Zionist]] nga Hudiyo nga milalin ngadto sa [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]] (karon [[Israel]] ) gikan sa [[Zduńska Wola (kapital sa powiat)|Zduńska Wola]], Poland, niadtong 1933 sa wala pa matukod ang Israel. <ref name="Hargittai20062">{{cite book|last1=Hargittai|first1=I.|last2=Hargittai|first2=M.|title=Candid Science VI: More Conversations with Famous Scientists|publisher=Imperial College Press|year=2006|isbn=978-1-86094-885-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYAkWldKpx8C&pg=PA390|access-date=9 March 2021|page=390}} (In this source the surname is spelled ''Li'''v'''shitz'')</ref> Ang iyang amahan usa ka [[rabbi]] ug gikan sa usa ka pamilyang rabbi. <ref name="NYTobit3">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/09/01/science/ada-yonath-dead.html|title=Ada Yonath, Chemist and First Israeli Woman to Receive a Nobel, Dies at 87|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=1 September 2026|accessdate=1 September 2026}}</ref> Namuyo sila sa Jerusalem ug nagpadagan og grocery, apan naglisod sila sa pag-atiman sa ilang mga panginahanglan samtang nag-ambitay usab sila og gamay nga apartment nga ilang gipuy-an. <ref name="NYTobit2">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/09/01/science/ada-yonath-dead.html|title=Ada Yonath, Chemist and First Israeli Woman to Receive a Nobel, Dies at 87|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=1 September 2026|accessdate=1 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="energy2">{{cite web|url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/ada-yonath-another-pioneering-woman-science|title=Ada Yonath: Another Pioneering Woman in Science|publisher=U.S. Department of Energy|accessdate=1 September 2026|date=25 March 2011}}</ref> Bisan pa sa kakabus sa iyang pamilya, gipaeskwela siya sa iyang mga ginikanan sa mahalon nga kasilinganan [[Beit HaKerem, Jerusalem|sa Beit HaKerem]] aron masiguro ang iyang maayong edukasyon. Sa dihang namatay ang iyang amahan sa edad nga 42, ang pamilya mibalhin sa [[Tel Aviv]] . <ref name="MFA07082">{{cite news|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Israel+beyond+politics/Israeli+professor+receives+Life+Work+Prize+for+women+in+science+28-Jul-2008.htm|title=Israeli professor receives Life's Work Prize for women in science|date=28 July 2008|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs|access-date=31 July 2008|archive-date=29 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329195114/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Israel+beyond+politics/Israeli+professor+receives+Life+Work+Prize+for+women+in+science+28-Jul-2008.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Si Yonath mitabang sa iyang inahan sa pagpangita og panginabuhi pinaagi sa pagbantay og bata o pagtudlo sa mga bata human sa kamatayon sa iyang amahan. <ref name="energy3">{{cite web|url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/ada-yonath-another-pioneering-woman-science|title=Ada Yonath: Another Pioneering Woman in Science|publisher=U.S. Department of Energy|accessdate=1 September 2026|date=25 March 2011}}</ref> == Mga Reperensya == [[Kategoriya:Mga Israeling Hudiyo]] [[Kategoriya:Mga namatay sa 2026]] [[Kategoriya:Mga natawo sa 1939]] [[Kategoriya:Articles with hCards]] f2wql2doxp2wdzghpt6jmaam5gvst25 0 11356160 37103225 2026-09-22T02:12:09Z RizaCPH 128040 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1371476306|José Ramos-Horta]]" 37103225 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:José_Ramos-Horta_1976.jpg|left|thumb| Ramos-Horta niadtong 1976]] [[Kategoriya:Mga buhing tawo]] [[Kategoriya:Mga natawo sa 1949]] 0dtdveqpmdkvxy8htz3z718tumz9trz 37103226 37103225 2026-09-22T02:16:21Z RizaCPH 128040 Nag-usab sa mga detalye 37103226 wikitext text/x-wiki '''José Manuel Ramos-Horta''' ({{IPA|pt|ʒuˈzɛ mɐˈnwɛɫ ˈʁɐ̃muz ˈɔɾtɐ}} ; natawo niadtong Disyembre 26, 1949)<ref>{{cite web|title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1996 – José Ramos-Horta Facts|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1996/ramos-horta/facts/|access-date=23 April 2022|website=NobelPrize.org|archive-date=23 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423061448/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1996/ramos-horta/facts/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=José Ramos-Horta President East Timor club madrid member peace nobel|url=https://www.clubmadrid.org/miembro/jose-manuel-ramos-horta/|access-date=23 April 2022|website=Club de Madrid|date=22 June 2020|language=es|archive-date=16 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316233755/https://www.clubmadrid.org/miembro/jose-manuel-ramos-horta/|url-status=live}}</ref>usa ka politiko sa East Timor nga mao ang ikapitong [[President of Timor-Leste|presidente sa Timor-Leste]] sukad niadtong 2022, human kaniadto mao ang ikaupat nga presidente gikan sa 2007 hangtod 2012. Usa siya ka kauban nga nakadawat sa 1996 [[Nobel Peace Prize]], uban ni [[Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo]], tungod sa iyang pagtrabaho "padulong sa usa ka makiangayon ug malinawon nga solusyon sa panagbangi sa East Timor". Isip usa ka nagtukod ug kanhing miyembro sa [[Fretilin]], si Ramos-Horta nagsilbi nga tigpamaba sa mga nadestiyero alang sa pagsukol sa mga taga-Sidlakang Timor atol sa [[Indonesian occupation of East Timor|okupasyon sa mga Indonesia sa East Timor]] (1975–1999). Samtang nagpadayon siya sa pagtrabaho uban sa Fretilin, miresign siya sa partido niadtong 1988, ug nahimong usa ka [[Independent politician|independente nga politiko]].<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Age|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/horta-vows-to-rebuild-timor/2006/07/09/1152383610425.html|title=Ramos Horta vows to rebuild Timor|first=Lindsay|last=Murdoch|access-date=27 September 2006|location=Melbourne|date=10 July 2006|archive-date=5 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905060439/http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/horta-vows-to-rebuild-timor/2006/07/09/1152383610425.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Human nakab-ot sa Timor-Leste (East Timor) ang kagawasan niadtong 2002, si Ramos-Horta gitudlo isip unang ministro sa langyaw sa nasod. Nagserbisyo siya niining posisyona hangtod sa iyang pagluwat niadtong Hunyo 25, 2006, taliwala sa [[2006 East Timorese crisis|kagubot sa politika]] . Niadtong Hunyo 26, 2006, human sa pag-resign ni Punong Ministro [[Mari Alkatiri]], si Ramos-Horta gitudlo ni Presidente [[Xanana Gusmão]] isip acting prime minister. Duha ka semana ang milabay, niadtong Hulyo 10, 2006, nanumpa siya isip ikaduhang punong ministro sa Timor-Leste. [[2007 East Timorese presidential election|Napili siya isip Presidente]] niadtong 2007. Niadtong Pebrero 11, 2008, gipusil siya atol sa usa ka [[2008 East Timorese assassination attempts|pagsulay sa pagpatay]]. Human sa pagbiya sa katungdanan isip presidente niadtong 2012, si Ramos-Horta gitudlo isip Espesyal nga Representante [[Tinípong Kanasuran|sa Hiniusang Kanasuran]] ug Pangulo sa [[United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Guinea-Bissau|United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office sa Guinea-Bissau]] (UNIOGBIS) niadtong Enero 2, 2013. Napili siya pag-usab sa pagka-presidente niadtong [[2022 East Timorese presidential election|2022]]. == Mga Reperensya == [[Kategoriya:Mga buhing tawo]] [[Kategoriya:Mga natawo sa 1949]] 3sneamlolsageaso7eza1ny3xvdr552 0 11356161 37103227 2026-09-22T02:33:19Z RizaCPH 128040 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370224318|Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo]]" 37103227 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo''', SDB, kasagarang nailhan isip '''Carlos Belo''' <ref name="scare2">{{cite news|work=The Catholic Leader|access-date=2 October 2022|url=https://catholicleader.com.au/news/bishop-belo-quits-after-health-scare_38416/|title=Bishop Belo quits after health scare|date=8 December 2002}}</ref> <ref name="smythe2">{{cite book|access-date=2 October 2022|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=43HOUw9_qvIC&pg=PA40|page=40ff|title='The Heaviest Blow': The Catholic Church and the East Timor Issue|first=Patrick A.|last=Smythe|date=2004|publisher=Lit Verlag|isbn=9783825871772}}</ref> o '''Ximenes Belo''' ({{IPA|pt|ˈkaɾluʃ fiˈlipɨ ʃiˈmenɨʃ ˈbɛlu|lang}} ; natawo niadtong 3 Pebrero 1948) usa ka prelado sa [[Simbahang Katoliko Romano|Simbahang Katoliko]] [[Sidlakang Timor|sa Sidlakang Timor]]. Nahimo siyang obispo niadtong 1988 ug nagserbisyo isip apostolic administrator sa Diyosesis sa Díli gikan sa 1988 hangtod 2002. Niadtong 1996, iyang gipaambit ang Nobel Peace Prize kang José Ramos-Horta tungod sa iyang mga paningkamot "alang sa usa ka makiangayon ug malinawon nga panagbangi sa East Timor ". <ref>{{cite news|access-date=30 September 2022|newspaper=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/24/opinion/IHT-nobel-peace-prizeswestern-perhaps-but-is-it-a-bad-thing.html|date=24 October 1996|title=Nobel Peace Prizes:Western, Perhaps, but Is It a Bad Thing?|first=Geir|last=Lundestad}}</ref> Usa siya ka propesadong miyembro sa Salesiano. [[Kategoriya:Mga buhing tawo]] [[Kategoriya:Mga natawo sa 1948]] q91mf3i2p513atzm3uiduww456oaug0 37103228 37103227 2026-09-22T02:35:30Z RizaCPH 128040 Nag-usab sa mga detalye 37103228 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo''', SDB, kasagarang nailhan isip '''Carlos Belo''' <ref name="scare2">{{cite news|work=The Catholic Leader|access-date=2 October 2022|url=https://catholicleader.com.au/news/bishop-belo-quits-after-health-scare_38416/|title=Bishop Belo quits after health scare|date=8 December 2002}}</ref> <ref name="smythe2">{{cite book|access-date=2 October 2022|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=43HOUw9_qvIC&pg=PA40|page=40ff|title='The Heaviest Blow': The Catholic Church and the East Timor Issue|first=Patrick A.|last=Smythe|date=2004|publisher=Lit Verlag|isbn=9783825871772}}</ref> o '''Ximenes Belo''' ({{IPA|pt|ˈkaɾluʃ fiˈlipɨ ʃiˈmenɨʃ ˈbɛlu|lang}} ; natawo niadtong 3 Pebrero 1948) usa ka prelado sa [[Simbahang Katoliko Romano|Simbahang Katoliko]] [[Sidlakang Timor|sa Sidlakang Timor]]. Nahimo siyang obispo niadtong 1988 ug nagserbisyo isip apostolic administrator sa Diyosesis sa Díli gikan sa 1988 hangtod 2002. Niadtong 1996, iyang gipaambit ang Nobel Peace Prize kang José Ramos-Horta tungod sa iyang mga paningkamot "alang sa usa ka makiangayon ug malinawon nga panagbangi sa East Timor ". <ref>{{cite news|access-date=30 September 2022|newspaper=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/24/opinion/IHT-nobel-peace-prizeswestern-perhaps-but-is-it-a-bad-thing.html|date=24 October 1996|title=Nobel Peace Prizes:Western, Perhaps, but Is It a Bad Thing?|first=Geir|last=Lundestad}}</ref> Usa siya ka propesadong miyembro sa Salesiano. == Sayong kinabuhi ug relihiyosong bokasyon == Si Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo mao ang ikalima nga anak ni Domingos Vaz Filipe ug Ermelinda Baptista Filipe, natawo sa baryo sa Wailakama, duol sa Vemasse, sa amihanang baybayon sa [[Portuguese Timor]] . Ang iyang amahan, usa ka magtutudlo, namatay duha ka tuig human matawo si Belo. Nag-eskwela siya sa mga Katolikong eskwelahan sa [[Baucau (kapital sa distrito)|Baucau]] ug Ossu ug dayon misulod sa seminaryo sa menor de edad sa Dare gawas [[Dili (ulohang dakbayan)|sa Dili]], ug migraduwar niadtong 1968. Gikan sa 1969 hangtod 1981, gawas sa mga panahon sa praktikal nga pagbansay sa East Timor ug [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]] gikan sa 1974 hangtod 1976, nagtuon si Belo og pilosopiya sa [[Catholic University of Portugal]] ug sa [[Salesian Pontifical University]]. <ref name="Peter Tukan 19972">{{cite book|last1=Tukan|first1=Peter|last2=de Sousa|first2=Domingos|editor-last=Beding|editor-first=Bona|date=March 1997|title=Demi Keadilan & Perdamaian: Dom Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo|location=Jakarta|publisher=Peace and Justice Commission [[Diocese of Dili]] & Peace and Justice Secretariat [[Bishops' Conference of Indonesia]]|isbn=9799519101|pages=38–39|language=id}}</ref> Si Belo mihimo sa iyang katapusang mga panaad isip miyembro sa [[Salesian Society]] niadtong Oktubre 6, 1974 ug giordinahan nga pari niadtong Hulyo 26, 1980. <ref>{{cite book|title=From the Place of the Dead: The Epic Struggles of Bishop Belo of East Timor|first=Arnold S.|last=Kohen|publisher=St. Martin's Press|location=New York|date=1999|pages=64, 101}}</ref> Nibalik siya sa East Timor niadtong 1981, ug gikuha ang pagkalungsoranon sa Indonesia isip kinahanglanon tungod kay [[Indonesian invasion of East Timor|gisulong sa Indonesia ang East Timor]] human sa [[Carnation Revolution]] . <ref name="smythe3">{{cite book|access-date=2 October 2022|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=43HOUw9_qvIC&pg=PA40|page=40ff|title='The Heaviest Blow': The Catholic Church and the East Timor Issue|first=Patrick A.|last=Smythe|date=2004|publisher=Lit Verlag|isbn=9783825871772}}</ref> Si Belo nahimong magtutudlo sulod sa 20 ka bulan ug sa ulahi nahimong direktor sulod sa duha ka bulan sa [[Don Bosco Technical High School (East Timor)|Salesian College sa Fatumaca]]. == Mga Reperensya == [[Kategoriya:Mga buhing tawo]] [[Kategoriya:Mga natawo sa 1948]] 2y3zx0x6vhcd9aoe9qh5znv6c6isl59 37103239 37103228 2026-09-22T02:54:01Z InternetArchiveBot 28475 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260921)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 37103239 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo''', SDB, kasagarang nailhan isip '''Carlos Belo''' <ref name="scare2">{{cite news|work=The Catholic Leader|access-date=2 October 2022|url=https://catholicleader.com.au/news/bishop-belo-quits-after-health-scare_38416/|title=Bishop Belo quits after health scare|date=8 December 2002}}</ref> <ref name="smythe2">{{cite book|access-date=2 October 2022|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=43HOUw9_qvIC&pg=PA40|page=40ff|title='The Heaviest Blow': The Catholic Church and the East Timor Issue|first=Patrick A.|last=Smythe|date=2004|publisher=Lit Verlag|isbn=9783825871772}}</ref> o '''Ximenes Belo''' ({{IPA|pt|ˈkaɾluʃ fiˈlipɨ ʃiˈmenɨʃ ˈbɛlu|lang}} ; natawo niadtong 3 Pebrero 1948) usa ka prelado sa [[Simbahang Katoliko Romano|Simbahang Katoliko]] [[Sidlakang Timor|sa Sidlakang Timor]]. Nahimo siyang obispo niadtong 1988 ug nagserbisyo isip apostolic administrator sa Diyosesis sa Díli gikan sa 1988 hangtod 2002. Niadtong 1996, iyang gipaambit ang Nobel Peace Prize kang José Ramos-Horta tungod sa iyang mga paningkamot "alang sa usa ka makiangayon ug malinawon nga panagbangi sa East Timor ". <ref>{{cite news|access-date=30 September 2022|newspaper=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/24/opinion/IHT-nobel-peace-prizeswestern-perhaps-but-is-it-a-bad-thing.html|date=24 October 1996|title=Nobel Peace Prizes:Western, Perhaps, but Is It a Bad Thing?|first=Geir|last=Lundestad}}</ref> Usa siya ka propesadong miyembro sa Salesiano. == Sayong kinabuhi ug relihiyosong bokasyon == Si Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo mao ang ikalima nga anak ni Domingos Vaz Filipe ug Ermelinda Baptista Filipe, natawo sa baryo sa Wailakama, duol sa Vemasse, sa amihanang baybayon sa [[Portuguese Timor]] . Ang iyang amahan, usa ka magtutudlo, namatay duha ka tuig human matawo si Belo. Nag-eskwela siya sa mga Katolikong eskwelahan sa [[Baucau (kapital sa distrito)|Baucau]] ug Ossu ug dayon misulod sa seminaryo sa menor de edad sa Dare gawas [[Dili (ulohang dakbayan)|sa Dili]], ug migraduwar niadtong 1968. Gikan sa 1969 hangtod 1981, gawas sa mga panahon sa praktikal nga pagbansay sa East Timor ug [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]] gikan sa 1974 hangtod 1976, nagtuon si Belo og pilosopiya sa [[Catholic University of Portugal]] ug sa [[Salesian Pontifical University]]. <ref name="Peter Tukan 19972">{{cite book|last1=Tukan|first1=Peter|last2=de Sousa|first2=Domingos|editor-last=Beding|editor-first=Bona|date=March 1997|title=Demi Keadilan & Perdamaian: Dom Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo|location=Jakarta|publisher=Peace and Justice Commission [[Diocese of Dili]] & Peace and Justice Secretariat [[Bishops' Conference of Indonesia]]|isbn=9799519101|pages=38–39|language=id}}</ref> Si Belo mihimo sa iyang katapusang mga panaad isip miyembro sa [[Salesian Society]] niadtong Oktubre 6, 1974 ug giordinahan nga pari niadtong Hulyo 26, 1980. <ref>{{cite book|title=From the Place of the Dead: The Epic Struggles of Bishop Belo of East Timor|url=https://archive.org/details/fromplaceofdeade00kohe|first=Arnold S.|last=Kohen|publisher=St. Martin's Press|location=New York|date=1999|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fromplaceofdeade00kohe/page/64 64], 101}}</ref> Nibalik siya sa East Timor niadtong 1981, ug gikuha ang pagkalungsoranon sa Indonesia isip kinahanglanon tungod kay [[Indonesian invasion of East Timor|gisulong sa Indonesia ang East Timor]] human sa [[Carnation Revolution]] . <ref name="smythe3">{{cite book|access-date=2 October 2022|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=43HOUw9_qvIC&pg=PA40|page=40ff|title='The Heaviest Blow': The Catholic Church and the East Timor Issue|first=Patrick A.|last=Smythe|date=2004|publisher=Lit Verlag|isbn=9783825871772}}</ref> Si Belo nahimong magtutudlo sulod sa 20 ka bulan ug sa ulahi nahimong direktor sulod sa duha ka bulan sa [[Don Bosco Technical High School (East Timor)|Salesian College sa Fatumaca]]. == Mga Reperensya == [[Kategoriya:Mga buhing tawo]] [[Kategoriya:Mga natawo sa 1948]] mz07jwg2s1ir22kjbryfdbibpyy3qwk 0 11356162 37103229 2026-09-22T02:44:38Z RizaCPH 128040 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376025857|Kim Dae-jung]]" 37103229 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Payl:金大中.jpg|thumb| Kim Dae-jung niadtong 1943]] [[Kategoriya:Mga Presidente sa Habagatang Koreyas]] [[Kategoriya:Mga namatay sa 2009]] [[Kategoriya:Mga natawo sa 1924]] s1p4r3cj4mg18332m59e7vq6xlj3f18 37103230 37103229 2026-09-22T02:47:16Z RizaCPH 128040 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376025857|Kim Dae-jung]]" 37103230 wikitext text/x-wiki Si Kim Dae-jung (Korean: 김대중; gilitok [kim.dɛ.dʑuŋ]; 8 Enero 1924 – 18 Agosto 2009) maoy politiko, aktibista, ug estadista sa Habagatang Korea nga nagsilbi nga ikawalong presidente sa South Korea gikan 1998 hangtod 2003. [[Payl:金大中.jpg|thumb| Kim Dae-jung niadtong 1943]] [[Kategoriya:Mga Presidente sa Habagatang Koreyas]] [[Kategoriya:Mga namatay sa 2009]] [[Kategoriya:Mga natawo sa 1924]] o3hpam5sq76vrja504bo3zhtijg58ti 37103232 37103230 2026-09-22T02:50:14Z RizaCPH 128040 Nag-usab sa mga detalye 37103232 wikitext text/x-wiki Si Kim Dae-jung (Korean: 김대중; gilitok [kim.dɛ.dʑuŋ]; 8 Enero 1924 – 18 Agosto 2009) maoy politiko, aktibista, ug estadista sa Habagatang Korea nga nagsilbi nga ikawalong presidente sa South Korea gikan 1998 hangtod 2003. Sa sinugdanan usa ka negosyante, gibiyaan ni Kim ang negosyo ug misulod sa politika pagkahuman sa [[Korean War|Gubat sa Korea]], ug nahimong miyembro sa bag-ong pakpak sa Partido Demokratiko. Usa siya ka politiko sa oposisyon nga nagpatuman sa usa ka kalihukang demokratisasyon batok sa diktaduryang militar gikan sa [[Third Republic of Korea|Ikatulong Republika]] sa dekada 1960 hangtod sa Ikalima nga Republika sa dekada 1980. Nakalingkawas siya sa kamatayon sa lima ka higayon, migugol ug unom ka tuig nga pagkabilanggo ug napulo ka tuig ubos sa house arrest ug pagkadestiyero. Balik-balik siyang gibilanggo, gidestiyero, hapit mapatay pinaagi [[Vehicular homicide|sa pagpatay gamit ang sakyanan]], ug gisilotan og kamatayon sa militar ug mga awtoridad sa politika. Nidagan siya nga wala molampos sa eleksyon sa pagkapresidente niadtong [[1971 South Korean presidential election|1971]], [[1987 South Korean presidential election|1987]], ug [[1992 South Korean presidential election|1992]] . Sa ika-15 nga eleksyon sa pagkapresidente sa nasud niadtong [[1997 South Korean presidential election|1997]], iyang gipildi ang kandidato [[Liberty Korea Party|sa Grand National Party]] nga [[Lee Hoi-chang|si Lee Hoi-chang]] pinaagi sa alyansa uban ni [[Kim Jong-pil]] ug sa [[New Korea Party|Democratic Liberal Party]] . Si Kim ang unang kandidato sa oposisyon nga midaog sa pagka-presidente. Sa panahon sa iyang inagurasyon niadtong 1998, siya 74 anyos, nga naghimo kaniya nga labing tigulang nga presidente sa kasaysayan sa Korea. Atol sa iyang paglingkod, si Kim Dae-jung nagtrabaho aron buhion pag-usab ang ekonomiya sa South Korea, nga naigo sa [[1997 Asian financial crisis|krisis pinansyal sa Asya niadtong 1997]], ug gireporma ang sistema sa ekonomiya sa South Korea, nga nakapahimo sa South Korea nga malampusong makompleto ang pribatisasyon sa mga negosyo ug ang pagbag-o sa istruktura sa industriya niini. Iyang gipasiugda ang [[Sunshine Policy]], usa ka palisiya sa [[détente]] padulong sa North Korea, ug gipahigayon ang labing una nga inter-Korean summit uban sa lider sa North Korea nga si [[Kim Jong-il|Kim Jong Il]] niadtong Hunyo 2000. Dugang pa, epektibo niyang gipadayon ang kalinaw ug kalig-on sa Korean Peninsula pinaagi sa pag-koordinar sa pagpalambo sa relasyon uban sa Estados Unidos, Japan, China ug Russia, ug gipalambo ang internasyonal nga kahimtang ug prestihiyo sa South Korea. Nakadawat siya og [[Nobel Peace Prize]] niadtong 2000 tungod sa iyang trabaho alang sa demokrasya ug tawhanong katungod sa South Korea ug sa East Asia sa kinatibuk-an, ug alang sa kalinaw ug pakig-uli sa North Korea ug Japan niadtong Disyembre 2000. Siya ang unang [[List of Korean Nobel laureates and nominees|South Korean nga gihatagan]] og [[Nobel Prize]] ug usa sa duha lang, ang ikaduha gihatag kang [[Han Kang]] niadtong 2024 para sa [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literatura]] . <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Usahay gitawag siya nga "ang [[Nelson Mandela]] sa Asya". <ref name="reconcilation2">{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/06/12/bio.kim.daejung/|title=Kim Dae-jung: Dedicated to reconciliation|date=14 June 2001|publisher=CNN|access-date=22 September 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060922050400/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/06/12/bio.kim.daejung/|archive-date=22 September 2006}}</ref> [[Kategoriya:Mga Presidente sa Habagatang Koreyas]] [[Kategoriya:Mga namatay sa 2009]] [[Kategoriya:Mga natawo sa 1924]] h4r858mouchfq9s8ezuovn66j55v533 37103241 37103232 2026-09-22T02:54:40Z RizaCPH 128040 Nag-usab sa mga detalye 37103241 wikitext text/x-wiki Si Kim Dae-jung (Korean: 김대중; gilitok [kim.dɛ.dʑuŋ]; 8 Enero 1924 – 18 Agosto 2009) maoy politiko, aktibista, ug estadista sa Habagatang Korea nga nagsilbi nga ikawalong presidente sa South Korea gikan 1998 hangtod 2003. Sa sinugdanan usa ka negosyante, gibiyaan ni Kim ang negosyo ug misulod sa politika pagkahuman sa [[Korean War|Gubat sa Korea]], ug nahimong miyembro sa bag-ong pakpak sa Partido Demokratiko. Usa siya ka politiko sa oposisyon nga nagpatuman sa usa ka kalihukang demokratisasyon batok sa diktaduryang militar gikan sa [[Third Republic of Korea|Ikatulong Republika]] sa dekada 1960 hangtod sa Ikalima nga Republika sa dekada 1980. Nakalingkawas siya sa kamatayon sa lima ka higayon, migugol ug unom ka tuig nga pagkabilanggo ug napulo ka tuig ubos sa house arrest ug pagkadestiyero. Balik-balik siyang gibilanggo, gidestiyero, hapit mapatay pinaagi [[Vehicular homicide|sa pagpatay gamit ang sakyanan]], ug gisilotan og kamatayon sa militar ug mga awtoridad sa politika. Nidagan siya nga wala molampos sa eleksyon sa pagkapresidente niadtong [[1971 South Korean presidential election|1971]], [[1987 South Korean presidential election|1987]], ug [[1992 South Korean presidential election|1992]] . Sa ika-15 nga eleksyon sa pagkapresidente sa nasud niadtong [[1997 South Korean presidential election|1997]], iyang gipildi ang kandidato [[Liberty Korea Party|sa Grand National Party]] nga [[Lee Hoi-chang|si Lee Hoi-chang]] pinaagi sa alyansa uban ni [[Kim Jong-pil]] ug sa [[New Korea Party|Democratic Liberal Party]] . Si Kim ang unang kandidato sa oposisyon nga midaog sa pagka-presidente. Sa panahon sa iyang inagurasyon niadtong 1998, siya 74 anyos, nga naghimo kaniya nga labing tigulang nga presidente sa kasaysayan sa Korea. Atol sa iyang paglingkod, si Kim Dae-jung nagtrabaho aron buhion pag-usab ang ekonomiya sa South Korea, nga naigo sa [[1997 Asian financial crisis|krisis pinansyal sa Asya niadtong 1997]], ug gireporma ang sistema sa ekonomiya sa South Korea, nga nakapahimo sa South Korea nga malampusong makompleto ang pribatisasyon sa mga negosyo ug ang pagbag-o sa istruktura sa industriya niini. Iyang gipasiugda ang [[Sunshine Policy]], usa ka palisiya sa [[détente]] padulong sa North Korea, ug gipahigayon ang labing una nga inter-Korean summit uban sa lider sa North Korea nga si [[Kim Jong-il|Kim Jong Il]] niadtong Hunyo 2000. Dugang pa, epektibo niyang gipadayon ang kalinaw ug kalig-on sa Korean Peninsula pinaagi sa pag-koordinar sa pagpalambo sa relasyon uban sa Estados Unidos, Japan, China ug Russia, ug gipalambo ang internasyonal nga kahimtang ug prestihiyo sa South Korea. Nakadawat siya og [[Nobel Peace Prize]] niadtong 2000 tungod sa iyang trabaho alang sa demokrasya ug tawhanong katungod sa South Korea ug sa East Asia sa kinatibuk-an, ug alang sa kalinaw ug pakig-uli sa North Korea ug Japan niadtong Disyembre 2000. Siya ang unang [[List of Korean Nobel laureates and nominees|South Korean nga gihatagan]] og [[Nobel Prize]] ug usa sa duha lang, ang ikaduha gihatag kang [[Han Kang]] niadtong 2024 para sa [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literatura]] . <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Usahay gitawag siya nga "ang [[Nelson Mandela]] sa Asya". <ref name="reconcilation2">{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/06/12/bio.kim.daejung/|title=Kim Dae-jung: Dedicated to reconciliation|date=14 June 2001|publisher=CNN|access-date=22 September 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060922050400/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/06/12/bio.kim.daejung/|archive-date=22 September 2006}}</ref> == Sayong kinabuhi == [[Payl:金大中.jpg|thumb|Kim Dae-jung niadtong 1943]] Si Kim Dae-jung natawo niadtong Enero 8, 1924, <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kdjlibrary.org/en/president/biography|title=Life : Kim Dae-jung Library|website=Kim Dae-Jung Presidential Library and Museum|access-date=2 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2000/dae-jung/biographical/|title=Kim Dae-jung – Biographical|website=Nobel Prize|access-date=2 January 2026}}</ref> apan sa ulahi giusab sa iyang amahan ang iyang rehistradong petsa sa pagkatawo ngadto sa Disyembre 3, 1925 aron dili siya mapugos sa [[Conscription|pagserbisyo sa militar]] atol sa [[Korea under Japanese rule|kolonyal nga pagmando sa Hapon]].{{r|自传|Page=16}} Natawo si Kim sa isla sa [[Hang-do (pulo sa Habagatang Koreya, Jeollanam-do, lat 34,52, long 126,09)|Hauido]], [[Sinan-gun|Sinan County]], [[Zenranan Province]], [[Korea under Japanese rule|Korea, Imperyo sa Japan]] (karon [[Jeollanam-do|South Jeolla Province]], South Korea). Ang Hauido usa ka gamay nga isla nga 34 kilometros gikan sa Mokpo. Ang panginabuhi sa mga lumulupyo sa isla kasagaran pinaagi sa pagpanguma. Atol sa pagsakop sa Korea sa Japan, ang tibuok isla gibaligya ngadto sa mga Hapon, ug ang tanang mga mag-uuma sa isla nahimong mga tenant farmers sa mga Hapon, nga maoy hinungdan sa "Hauido Farmers Movement". Ang mga tag-iya sa yuta sa Hauido nag-ilis ug siyam ka beses sa papel. Sa bata pa si Kim Dae-jung, gibaligya si Hauido sa usa ka Hapon nga ginganlag Tokuda Hiroshichi, ug nahimong Tokuda Farm. Naimpluwensyahan sa iyang pamilya, si Kim Dae-jung interesado na sa politika sukad pa sa iyang pagkabata. Sa dihang walo o siyam ka tuig ang iyang edad, si Kim Dae-jung kanunay nga magbasa og mga balita sa politika sa mantalaan. {{r|自传|金大中传|page1=1-2|page2=2}} == Mga Reprensya == [[Kategoriya:Mga Presidente sa Habagatang Koreyas]] [[Kategoriya:Mga namatay sa 2009]] [[Kategoriya:Mga natawo sa 1924]] dirk8mt5e6aeceyv6q51s0trht3f9h0 37103244 37103241 2026-09-22T02:55:06Z RizaCPH 128040 Nag-usab sa mga detalye 37103244 wikitext text/x-wiki Si Kim Dae-jung (Korean: 김대중; gilitok [kim.dɛ.dʑuŋ]; 8 Enero 1924 – 18 Agosto 2009) maoy politiko, aktibista, ug estadista sa Habagatang Korea nga nagsilbi nga ikawalong presidente sa South Korea gikan 1998 hangtod 2003. Sa sinugdanan usa ka negosyante, gibiyaan ni Kim ang negosyo ug misulod sa politika pagkahuman sa [[Korean War|Gubat sa Korea]], ug nahimong miyembro sa bag-ong pakpak sa Partido Demokratiko. Usa siya ka politiko sa oposisyon nga nagpatuman sa usa ka kalihukang demokratisasyon batok sa diktaduryang militar gikan sa [[Third Republic of Korea|Ikatulong Republika]] sa dekada 1960 hangtod sa Ikalima nga Republika sa dekada 1980. Nakalingkawas siya sa kamatayon sa lima ka higayon, migugol ug unom ka tuig nga pagkabilanggo ug napulo ka tuig ubos sa house arrest ug pagkadestiyero. Balik-balik siyang gibilanggo, gidestiyero, hapit mapatay pinaagi [[Vehicular homicide|sa pagpatay gamit ang sakyanan]], ug gisilotan og kamatayon sa militar ug mga awtoridad sa politika. Nidagan siya nga wala molampos sa eleksyon sa pagkapresidente niadtong [[1971 South Korean presidential election|1971]], [[1987 South Korean presidential election|1987]], ug [[1992 South Korean presidential election|1992]] . Sa ika-15 nga eleksyon sa pagkapresidente sa nasud niadtong [[1997 South Korean presidential election|1997]], iyang gipildi ang kandidato [[Liberty Korea Party|sa Grand National Party]] nga [[Lee Hoi-chang|si Lee Hoi-chang]] pinaagi sa alyansa uban ni [[Kim Jong-pil]] ug sa [[New Korea Party|Democratic Liberal Party]] . Si Kim ang unang kandidato sa oposisyon nga midaog sa pagka-presidente. Sa panahon sa iyang inagurasyon niadtong 1998, siya 74 anyos, nga naghimo kaniya nga labing tigulang nga presidente sa kasaysayan sa Korea. Atol sa iyang paglingkod, si Kim Dae-jung nagtrabaho aron buhion pag-usab ang ekonomiya sa South Korea, nga naigo sa [[1997 Asian financial crisis|krisis pinansyal sa Asya niadtong 1997]], ug gireporma ang sistema sa ekonomiya sa South Korea, nga nakapahimo sa South Korea nga malampusong makompleto ang pribatisasyon sa mga negosyo ug ang pagbag-o sa istruktura sa industriya niini. Iyang gipasiugda ang [[Sunshine Policy]], usa ka palisiya sa [[détente]] padulong sa North Korea, ug gipahigayon ang labing una nga inter-Korean summit uban sa lider sa North Korea nga si [[Kim Jong-il|Kim Jong Il]] niadtong Hunyo 2000. Dugang pa, epektibo niyang gipadayon ang kalinaw ug kalig-on sa Korean Peninsula pinaagi sa pag-koordinar sa pagpalambo sa relasyon uban sa Estados Unidos, Japan, China ug Russia, ug gipalambo ang internasyonal nga kahimtang ug prestihiyo sa South Korea. Nakadawat siya og [[Nobel Peace Prize]] niadtong 2000 tungod sa iyang trabaho alang sa demokrasya ug tawhanong katungod sa South Korea ug sa East Asia sa kinatibuk-an, ug alang sa kalinaw ug pakig-uli sa North Korea ug Japan niadtong Disyembre 2000. Siya ang unang [[List of Korean Nobel laureates and nominees|South Korean nga gihatagan]] og [[Nobel Prize]] ug usa sa duha lang, ang ikaduha gihatag kang [[Han Kang]] niadtong 2024 para sa [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literatura]] . <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Usahay gitawag siya nga "ang [[Nelson Mandela]] sa Asya". <ref name="reconcilation2">{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/06/12/bio.kim.daejung/|title=Kim Dae-jung: Dedicated to reconciliation|date=14 June 2001|publisher=CNN|access-date=22 September 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060922050400/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/06/12/bio.kim.daejung/|archive-date=22 September 2006}}</ref> == Sayong kinabuhi == [[Payl:金大中.jpg|thumb|Kim Dae-jung niadtong 1943]] Si Kim Dae-jung natawo niadtong Enero 8, 1924, <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kdjlibrary.org/en/president/biography|title=Life : Kim Dae-jung Library|website=Kim Dae-Jung Presidential Library and Museum|access-date=2 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2000/dae-jung/biographical/|title=Kim Dae-jung – Biographical|website=Nobel Prize|access-date=2 January 2026}}</ref> apan sa ulahi giusab sa iyang amahan ang iyang rehistradong petsa sa pagkatawo ngadto sa Disyembre 3, 1925 aron dili siya mapugos sa [[Conscription|pagserbisyo sa militar]] atol sa [[Korea under Japanese rule|kolonyal nga pagmando sa Hapon]].{{r|自传|Page=16}} Natawo si Kim sa isla sa [[Hang-do (pulo sa Habagatang Koreya, Jeollanam-do, lat 34,52, long 126,09)|Hauido]], [[Sinan-gun|Sinan County]], [[Zenranan Province]], [[Korea under Japanese rule|Korea, Imperyo sa Japan]] (karon [[Jeollanam-do|South Jeolla Province]], South Korea). Ang Hauido usa ka gamay nga isla nga 34 kilometros gikan sa Mokpo. Ang panginabuhi sa mga lumulupyo sa isla kasagaran pinaagi sa pagpanguma. Atol sa pagsakop sa Korea sa Japan, ang tibuok isla gibaligya ngadto sa mga Hapon, ug ang tanang mga mag-uuma sa isla nahimong mga tenant farmers sa mga Hapon, nga maoy hinungdan sa "Hauido Farmers Movement". Ang mga tag-iya sa yuta sa Hauido nag-ilis ug siyam ka beses sa papel. Sa bata pa si Kim Dae-jung, gibaligya si Hauido sa usa ka Hapon nga ginganlag Tokuda Hiroshichi, ug nahimong Tokuda Farm. Naimpluwensyahan sa iyang pamilya, si Kim Dae-jung interesado na sa politika sukad pa sa iyang pagkabata. Sa dihang walo o siyam ka tuig ang iyang edad, si Kim Dae-jung kanunay nga magbasa og mga balita sa politika sa mantalaan. == Mga Reprensya == [[Kategoriya:Mga Presidente sa Habagatang Koreyas]] [[Kategoriya:Mga namatay sa 2009]] [[Kategoriya:Mga natawo sa 1924]] 1twlv8ig7l3v6jddkli1g1zak0hn8v0 37103246 37103244 2026-09-22T02:55:35Z RizaCPH 128040 Nag-usab sa mga detalye 37103246 wikitext text/x-wiki Si Kim Dae-jung (Korean: 김대중; gilitok [kim.dɛ.dʑuŋ]; 8 Enero 1924 – 18 Agosto 2009) maoy politiko, aktibista, ug estadista sa Habagatang Korea nga nagsilbi nga ikawalong presidente sa South Korea gikan 1998 hangtod 2003. Sa sinugdanan usa ka negosyante, gibiyaan ni Kim ang negosyo ug misulod sa politika pagkahuman sa [[Korean War|Gubat sa Korea]], ug nahimong miyembro sa bag-ong pakpak sa Partido Demokratiko. Usa siya ka politiko sa oposisyon nga nagpatuman sa usa ka kalihukang demokratisasyon batok sa diktaduryang militar gikan sa [[Third Republic of Korea|Ikatulong Republika]] sa dekada 1960 hangtod sa Ikalima nga Republika sa dekada 1980. Nakalingkawas siya sa kamatayon sa lima ka higayon, migugol ug unom ka tuig nga pagkabilanggo ug napulo ka tuig ubos sa house arrest ug pagkadestiyero. Balik-balik siyang gibilanggo, gidestiyero, hapit mapatay pinaagi [[Vehicular homicide|sa pagpatay gamit ang sakyanan]], ug gisilotan og kamatayon sa militar ug mga awtoridad sa politika. Nidagan siya nga wala molampos sa eleksyon sa pagkapresidente niadtong [[1971 South Korean presidential election|1971]], [[1987 South Korean presidential election|1987]], ug [[1992 South Korean presidential election|1992]] . Sa ika-15 nga eleksyon sa pagkapresidente sa nasud niadtong [[1997 South Korean presidential election|1997]], iyang gipildi ang kandidato [[Liberty Korea Party|sa Grand National Party]] nga [[Lee Hoi-chang|si Lee Hoi-chang]] pinaagi sa alyansa uban ni [[Kim Jong-pil]] ug sa [[New Korea Party|Democratic Liberal Party]] . Si Kim ang unang kandidato sa oposisyon nga midaog sa pagka-presidente. Sa panahon sa iyang inagurasyon niadtong 1998, siya 74 anyos, nga naghimo kaniya nga labing tigulang nga presidente sa kasaysayan sa Korea. Atol sa iyang paglingkod, si Kim Dae-jung nagtrabaho aron buhion pag-usab ang ekonomiya sa South Korea, nga naigo sa [[1997 Asian financial crisis|krisis pinansyal sa Asya niadtong 1997]], ug gireporma ang sistema sa ekonomiya sa South Korea, nga nakapahimo sa South Korea nga malampusong makompleto ang pribatisasyon sa mga negosyo ug ang pagbag-o sa istruktura sa industriya niini. Iyang gipasiugda ang [[Sunshine Policy]], usa ka palisiya sa [[détente]] padulong sa North Korea, ug gipahigayon ang labing una nga inter-Korean summit uban sa lider sa North Korea nga si [[Kim Jong-il|Kim Jong Il]] niadtong Hunyo 2000. Dugang pa, epektibo niyang gipadayon ang kalinaw ug kalig-on sa Korean Peninsula pinaagi sa pag-koordinar sa pagpalambo sa relasyon uban sa Estados Unidos, Japan, China ug Russia, ug gipalambo ang internasyonal nga kahimtang ug prestihiyo sa South Korea. Nakadawat siya og [[Nobel Peace Prize]] niadtong 2000 tungod sa iyang trabaho alang sa demokrasya ug tawhanong katungod sa South Korea ug sa East Asia sa kinatibuk-an, ug alang sa kalinaw ug pakig-uli sa North Korea ug Japan niadtong Disyembre 2000. Siya ang unang [[List of Korean Nobel laureates and nominees|South Korean nga gihatagan]] og [[Nobel Prize]] ug usa sa duha lang, ang ikaduha gihatag kang [[Han Kang]] niadtong 2024 para sa [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literatura]] . <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Usahay gitawag siya nga "ang [[Nelson Mandela]] sa Asya". <ref name="reconcilation2">{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/06/12/bio.kim.daejung/|title=Kim Dae-jung: Dedicated to reconciliation|date=14 June 2001|publisher=CNN|access-date=22 September 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060922050400/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/06/12/bio.kim.daejung/|archive-date=22 September 2006}}</ref> == Sayong kinabuhi == [[Payl:金大中.jpg|thumb|Kim Dae-jung niadtong 1943]] Si Kim Dae-jung natawo niadtong Enero 8, 1924, <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kdjlibrary.org/en/president/biography|title=Life : Kim Dae-jung Library|website=Kim Dae-Jung Presidential Library and Museum|access-date=2 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2000/dae-jung/biographical/|title=Kim Dae-jung – Biographical|website=Nobel Prize|access-date=2 January 2026}}</ref> apan sa ulahi giusab sa iyang amahan ang iyang rehistradong petsa sa pagkatawo ngadto sa Disyembre 3, 1925 aron dili siya mapugos sa [[Conscription|pagserbisyo sa militar]] atol sa [[Korea under Japanese rule|kolonyal nga pagmando sa Hapon]]. Natawo si Kim sa isla sa [[Hang-do (pulo sa Habagatang Koreya, Jeollanam-do, lat 34,52, long 126,09)|Hauido]], [[Sinan-gun|Sinan County]], [[Zenranan Province]], [[Korea under Japanese rule|Korea, Imperyo sa Japan]] (karon [[Jeollanam-do|South Jeolla Province]], South Korea). Ang Hauido usa ka gamay nga isla nga 34 kilometros gikan sa Mokpo. Ang panginabuhi sa mga lumulupyo sa isla kasagaran pinaagi sa pagpanguma. Atol sa pagsakop sa Korea sa Japan, ang tibuok isla gibaligya ngadto sa mga Hapon, ug ang tanang mga mag-uuma sa isla nahimong mga tenant farmers sa mga Hapon, nga maoy hinungdan sa "Hauido Farmers Movement". Ang mga tag-iya sa yuta sa Hauido nag-ilis ug siyam ka beses sa papel. Sa bata pa si Kim Dae-jung, gibaligya si Hauido sa usa ka Hapon nga ginganlag Tokuda Hiroshichi, ug nahimong Tokuda Farm. Naimpluwensyahan sa iyang pamilya, si Kim Dae-jung interesado na sa politika sukad pa sa iyang pagkabata. Sa dihang walo o siyam ka tuig ang iyang edad, si Kim Dae-jung kanunay nga magbasa og mga balita sa politika sa mantalaan. == Mga Reprensya == [[Kategoriya:Mga Presidente sa Habagatang Koreyas]] [[Kategoriya:Mga namatay sa 2009]] [[Kategoriya:Mga natawo sa 1924]] cbvnfc4zgspkp3nqyxmufa0d4khhf1g 0 11356163 37103247 2026-09-22T02:58:42Z RizaCPH 128040 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1374574594|Muhammad Yunus]]" 37103247 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Young-muhammad-yunus.jpg|left|thumb|207x207px|Yunus as a Boy Scout, in 1953]] [[Kategoriya:Mga buhing tawo]] [[Kategoriya:Mga natawo sa 1940]] [[Kategoriya:Articles with hCards]] kt0zuc8bvmhcuvtnn48dn32xumwgr5x 37103248 37103247 2026-09-22T03:12:47Z RizaCPH 128040 Nag-usab sa mga detalye 37103248 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad Yunus''' ( Bengali:মুহাম্মদ ইউনূস natawo niadtong Hunyo 28, 1940) usa ka ekonomista ug estadista sa Bangladesh. Si Yunus ang nagpayunir sa modernong konsepto sa [[microcredit]] ug [[microfinance]], diin gihatagan siya sa [[Nobel Peace Prize]] niadtong 2006. Siya ang nagtukod sa [[Grameen Bank]] ug ang unang [[Bangladeshi]] nga nakadaog sa Nobel Peace Prize. Human sa [[July Uprising|Pag-alsa sa Hulyo]], gitudlo siya isip ika-5 nga [[Chief adviser of Bangladesh|punong magtatambag sa Bangladesh]], ang pangulo sa temporaryong gobyerno, nga nagserbisyo gikan sa 2024 hangtod 2026. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Muhammad Yunus takes oath as head of Bangladesh's interim government|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/8/muhammad-yunus-takes-oath-as-head-of-bangladeshs-interim-government|date=2024-08-08|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923210026/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/8/muhammad-yunus-takes-oath-as-head-of-bangladeshs-interim-government|archive-date=23 September 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bangladesh's interim leader Yunus steps down as new gov't set to take over|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/2/16/bangladeshs-interim-leader-yunus-steps-down-as-new-govt-set-to-take-over?|access-date=16 February 2026|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=16 February 2026|language=en}}</ref> Natawo sa [[Hathazari Upazila|Hathazari]], [[Chittagong (distrito)|Chittagong]], si Yunus nakapasar sa iyang matrikula ug intermediate nga eksaminasyon gikan sa [[Chittagong Collegiate School]] ug [[Chittagong College]], matag usa. Natapos niya ang iyang BA gikan sa [[University of Dhaka|Unibersidad sa Dhaka]] ug nahimong lecturer sa Chittagong College. Nakakuha siya sa iyang PhD sa ekonomiks gikan sa [[Vanderbilt University]] sa Estados Unidos. Human sa [[Bangladesh famine of 1974|kagutom niadtong 1974]], si Yunus nagsugod sa pagtrabaho sa pagpakunhod sa kakabus sa Bangladesh. Nagsugod siya sa pag-eksperimento sa microfinance sa ulahing bahin sa dekada 1970. Niadtong 1983, natukod ang Grameen Bank. Ang kalampusan sa modelo sa Grameen microfinance nakahatag og inspirasyon sa susamang mga paningkamot sa mga 100 ka [[Developing world|nag-uswag nga mga nasud]] ug bisan sa mga naugmad nga mga nasud lakip ang [[Tinípong Bánsà|Estados Unidos]]. <ref>{{cite news|date=23 October 2006|title=Grameen Bank, a Nobel-winning concept|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-business/article3208913.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=9 September 2007}}</ref> Si Yunus gihatagan sa Nobel Peace Prize niadtong 2006 tungod sa pagtukod sa Grameen Bank ug sa pagpayunir sa mga konsepto sa microcredit ug microfinance. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2006|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2006/yunus/biographical/|access-date=9 June 2020|website=|language=en-US|archive-date=26 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726173150/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2006/yunus/biographical/|url-status=live}}</ref> Nakadawat si Yunus og daghang uban pang nasyonal ug internasyonal nga mga pasidungog, lakip ang United States [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] niadtong 2009 ug ang [[Congressional Gold Medal]] niadtong 2010. <ref>{{Cite web|date=March 5, 2013|title=House and Senate Leaders Announce Gold Medal Ceremony for Professor Muhammad Yunus|url=http://www.speaker.gov/press-release/house-senate-leaders-announce-gold-medal-ceremony-professor-muhammad-yunus|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829110121/https://www.speaker.gov/press-release/house-senate-leaders-announce-gold-medal-ceremony-professor-muhammad-yunus|archive-date=29 August 2018|website=Press Release, US Congress}}</ref> Niadtong 2012, si Yunus nahimong [[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]] sa [[Glasgow Caledonian University]] sa Scotland, usa ka posisyon nga iyang gihuptan hangtod sa 2018. <ref name="BBC-Glasgow2">{{cite news|date=1 July 2012|title=Muhammad Yunus accepts Glasgow Caledonian University post|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-business-18653792|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413174536/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-business-18653792|archive-date=13 April 2022|access-date=21 June 2018|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|date=16 July 2012|title=Muhammad Yunus Chancellor of Glasgow Caledonian University|url=http://www.parliament.uk/edm/2012-13/417|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107172044/http://www.parliament.uk/edm/2012-13/417|archive-date=7 November 2013|access-date=18 August 2012|work=[[UK Parliament]]}}</ref> Kaniadto, siya usa ka propesor sa ekonomiks sa [[Chittagong University]] sa Bangladesh. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Professor Muhammad Yunus|url=https://keough.nd.edu/muhammad-yunus/|access-date=9 June 2020|website=Keough School – University of Notre Dame|language=en-US|archive-date=10 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410103540/https://keough.nd.edu/muhammad-yunus/|url-status=live}}</ref> Nagpatik siyag daghang mga libro nga may kalabotan sa iyang trabaho sa pinansya. Usa siya ka founding board member sa Grameen America ug [[Grameen Foundation]], nga nagsuporta sa microcredit. <ref>{{cite news|title=Bangladesh dissolves Parliament; protesters call for Nobel laureate to lead|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/08/06/bangladesh-yunus-government-military-hasina/|access-date=8 August 2024|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Si Yunus nagserbisyo usab sa board of directors sa [[United Nations Foundation]], usa ka pampublikong charity nga nagsuporta sa mga kawsa sa UN, gikan sa 1998 hangtod 2021. <ref name="test2">{{Cite web|url=https://unfoundation.org/|title=United Nations Foundation &#124; Helping the UN build a better world.|website=|access-date=16 August 2024|archive-date=16 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816211443/https://unfoundation.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> Human sa [[Resignation of Sheikh Hasina|pag-resign ni Sheikh Hasina]], gihatagan ni Presidente [[Mohammed Shahabuddin]] si Yunus og mandato sa pagporma og [[Yunus Ministry|temporaryong gobyerno]], isip pag-uyon sa mga panawagan gikan sa [[Students Against Discrimination]] alang sa iyang pagkatudlo.<ref name="Wapo202408062">{{cite news|last1=Majumder|first1=Azad|last2=Mehrotra|first2=Karishma|last3=Gupta|first3=Anant|last4=Ripon|first4=Tanbirul Miraj|last5=Seth|first5=Anika Arora|date=6 August 2024|title=Bangladeshi officials meet student demand to name Nobel laureate as leader|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/08/06/bangladesh-yunus-government-military-hasina/|access-date=8 August 2024|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Ang iyang gobyerno nagtudlo og [[Constitutional Reform Commission (Bangladesh)|Constitutional Reform Commission]] ug [[National Consensus Commission]] aron mohimo og mga rebisyon sa [[Constitution of Bangladesh|Konstitusyon sa Bangladesh]], ug mopahigayon usab sa [[2026 Bangladeshi general election|2026 nga kinatibuk-ang eleksyon]] ug [[2026 Bangladeshi constitutional referendum|referendum sa konstitusyon]] sa [[July Charter|Hulyo]] uban sa eleksyon.<ref>{{cite news|title=General election and Referrendum on 12 February 2026|url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/5mh7o8o4mj|work=[[Prothom Alo]]|date=11 December 2025|language=en}}</ref> Ang iyang ngalan nalista sa ''[[The 500 Most Influential Muslims]]'' niadtong 2024. <ref>{{cite news|title=Yunus among world's most influential Muslims|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/yunus-among-worlds-most-influential-muslims-3722081|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008080237/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/yunus-among-worlds-most-influential-muslims-3722081|archive-date=8 October 2024|language=en}}</ref> Niadtong 2025, ginganlan siya nga usa sa [[Time 100|100 Most Influential People in the World sa]] Time Magazine. <ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Clinton|first=Hillary Rodham|author-link=Hillary Clinton|date=16 April 2025|title=Muhammad Yunus: The 100 Most Influential People of 2025|url=https://time.com/collections/100-most-influential-people-2025/7273785/muhammad-yunus/|access-date=16 April 2025|magazine=[[TIME (magazine)|Time]]|language=en}}</ref> == Mga Reperensya == [[Kategoriya:Mga buhing tawo]] [[Kategoriya:Mga natawo sa 1940]] [[Kategoriya:Articles with hCards]] 9ffwq2au5l901k1vsombqmpicgzojxx 0 11356164 37103249 2026-09-22T03:18:49Z RizaCPH 128040 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375818112|Grameen Bank]]" 37103249 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Muhammad_yunus_at_weforum.jpg|thumb| Si Muhammad Yunus, ang Nobel Laureate, ang nagtukod sa bangko]] g0sqfz773rulnhbnt7wfqh3qjop5zpi 37103250 37103249 2026-09-22T03:20:33Z RizaCPH 128040 Nag-usab sa mga detalye 37103250 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Grameen Bank''' ( Bengaliগ্রামীণ ব্যাংক) usa ka [[microfinance]], espesyalisadong [[Community development bank|bangko sa pagpalambo sa komunidad]] nga gitukod sa [[Bangladesh]]. <ref name="Guardian2">{{cite news|last1=Cosic|first1=Miriam|title='We are all entrepreneurs': Muhammad Yunus on changing the world, one microloan at a time|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2017/mar/29/we-are-all-entrepreneurs-muhammad-yunus-on-changing-the-world-one-microloan-at-a-time|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=9 August 2017|date=29 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626094701/https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2017/mar/29/we-are-all-entrepreneurs-muhammad-yunus-on-changing-the-world-one-microloan-at-a-time|archive-date=26 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=About us|url=http://www.grameen-info.org/about-us/|website=Grameem Bank|date=2 March 2015|access-date=9 August 2017}}</ref> Naghatag kini og gagmay nga mga pautang (nailhan nga [[microcredit]] o "grameencredit") <ref name="What is Microcredit2">{{cite web|url=http://www.grameen-info.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=28&Itemid=108|title=What is Microcredit ?|publisher=Grameen Bank|access-date=11 March 2011}}</ref> ngadto sa mga kabus nga wala magkinahanglan [[Collateral (finance)|og kolateral]]. Kini usa ka legal nga awtoridad publiko. Nagsugod kini niadtong 1976, sa trabaho ni [[Muhammad Yunus]], usa ka propesor sa [[University of Chittagong|Unibersidad sa Chittagong]], kinsa naglunsad og usa ka [[Research project|proyekto sa panukiduki]] aron tun-an kon unsaon pagdesinyo og sistema sa paghatud sa kredito aron makahatag og mga serbisyo sa bangko ngadto sa mga kabus sa kabanikanhan. Niadtong Oktubre 1983, ang Grameen Bank gitugutan sa nasudnong balaod nga mo-operate isip usa ka independente nga bangko. Niadtong 1998, ang "Low-cost Housing Program" sa Bangko nakadaog og [[World Habitat Award]] . Niadtong 2006, ang bangko ug ang nagtukod niini, si Muhammad Yunus, dungan nga gihatagan sa [[Nobel Peace Prize]]. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2006/press.html|title=The Nobel Peace Prize for 2006|publisher=The Nobel Peace Prize for 2006|date=13 October 2006|access-date=13 October 2006}}</ref> Ang kalampusan sa bangko nakahatag og inspirasyon sa susamang mga proyekto sa kapin sa 64 ka mga nasud sa tibuok kalibutan, lakip na ang usa ka inisyatibo sa World Bank aron pondohan ang mga sistema sa pagpahulam nga sama sa Grameen. <ref name="P.S2">{{cite book|last=Khandker|first=Shahidur R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNN3Dfxcc3oC&q=grameen+bank&pg=PR5|title=Grameen Bank: Performance and Sustainability|author2=Baqui, M. A.|author3=Khan Z. H.|date=1995|publisher=World Bank Publications|isbn=978-0-8213-3463-8|page=vi}}</ref> == Mga Reperensya == 5z9k273ledzzi1p8403bf7ai52ulxje 0 11356165 37103251 2026-09-22T03:30:10Z MaricrisCPH 147100 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375852032|Yunus ministry]]" 37103251 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chief_Adviser_Professor_Muhammad_Yunus_giving_farewell_speech_(Monday,_February_16,_2026).jpg|thumb| Si Muhammad Yunus naghatag sa iyang panamilit nga pakigpulong isip Chief Advisor sa Bangladesh niadtong Pebrero 16, 2026.]] qjgiek5ophpr87dxrnlpki0asmb7uww 37103252 37103251 2026-09-22T03:31:23Z MaricrisCPH 147100 Nag-usab sa mga detalye 37103252 wikitext text/x-wiki Usa ka [[Interim government of Muhammad Yunus|interim nga gobyerno]] nga gipangulohan ni [[Muhammad Yunus]] ang natukod niadtong Agosto 8, 2024 sa [[Bangladesh]], human sa [[Resignation of Sheikh Hasina|pagresign ni Sheikh Hasina]] niadtong Agosto 5, 2024 taliwala sa [[July uprising|mga protesta sa tibuok nasud batok sa gobyerno]] . Human sa pagkabungkag sa [[12th Jatiya Sangsad|ika-12 nga Jatiya Sangsad]] niadtong Agosto 6, 2024, ang [[Interim government (Bangladesh)|temporaryong gabinete]] nagpabilin sa pwesto hangtod nga natudlo ang bag-ong Punong Ministro human sa usa ka [[Snap election|dali]] [[2026 Bangladeshi general election|nga kinatibuk-ang eleksyon]] . Ang gobyerno, sama sa nangaging mga non- [[Caretaker government of Bangladesh|caretaker government]] interim administrations (niadtong [[Sayem ministry|1975]] ug [[Shahabuddin Ahmed ministry|1990]] ), kay extra-constitutional. Apan, gipamatud-an [[Appellate Division, Supreme Court of Bangladesh|sa Appellate Division, Supreme Court sa Bangladesh]] ang legalidad sa temporaryong gobyerno niadtong Agosto 9, 2024, nga nag-ingon nga ang [[Doctrine of necessity|doktrina sa panginahanglan]] nagmugna og dinalian nga panginahanglan sa pagdumala sa mga kalihokan sa estado ug pagsulbad sa kakulang sa konstitusyon, <ref name="Muhammad Yunus-led interim govt legal: SC2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/court/supreme-court-legitimises-interim-govt-912966|title=Muhammad Yunus-led interim govt legal: SC|work=[[The Business Standard]]|date=9 August 2024|access-date=10 August 2024|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810073631/https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/court/supreme-court-legitimises-interim-govt-912966|archive-date=10 August 2024|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite news|last=Shaikh|first=Emran Hossain|date=7 August 2024|title=Interim govt: What the law says|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/parliament/353947/interim-govt-what-the-law-says|work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]}}</ref><ref name=":372">{{Cite news|title=Interim government headed by Yunus is legal, says Supreme Court|url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2327f7caf7f8|access-date=18 August 2024|work=[[bdnews24.com]]|language=en}}</ref> susama sa nangaging mga kaso. Ang pangunang saad sa iyang ministeryo mao ang paghimo og konsensus ug pagpatuman sa mga pundamental nga reporma nga gikinahanglan aron makapahigayon og usa ka gawasnon ug patas nga [[2026 Bangladeshi general election|kinatibuk-ang eleksyon]] ug [[2026 Bangladeshi constitutional referendum|referendum sa konstitusyon]] sa [[July Charter|Hulyo Charter]] uban sa eleksyon sa Pebrero 12, 2026. Green House Esteban Beach Maravilla Tabuelan.<ref>{{cite news|title=General election and Referrendum on 12 February 2026|url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/5mh7o8o4mj|work=[[Prothom Alo]]|date=11 December 2025|language=en}}</ref> Si Presidente [[Mohammed Shahabuddin]] ang nanumpa sa katungdanan kang Yunus ug sa iyang konseho sa mga magtatambag sa [[Bangabhaban]] niadtong Agosto 8, 2024. <ref name="The Daily Star Bangladesh3">{{Cite news|date=8 August 2024|title=Yunus to stay at State Guest House Jamuna after taking oath|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/yunus-stay-state-guest-house-jamuna-after-taking-oath-3672391|access-date=19 August 2024|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|language=en}}</ref> Ang gabinete gilangkoban sa 1 ka [[Chief Adviser (Bangladesh)|Chief Adviser]], 20 ka [[Adviser (Interim government of Bangladesh)|Advisers]], 8 ka Special positions ubos sa opisina sa Chief Adviser ug 5 ka Special assistants sa Chief Adviser ubos sa [[Minister of State]] . Ang [[Jamuna State Guest House]] nagsilbing opisyal nga pinuy-anan sa Chief Adviser.<ref name="The Daily Star Bangladesh2">{{Cite news|date=8 August 2024|title=Yunus to stay at State Guest House Jamuna after taking oath|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/yunus-stay-state-guest-house-jamuna-after-taking-oath-3672391|access-date=19 August 2024|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":552">{{Cite news|date=2025-11-17|title=Ex-Bangladesh leader Sheikh Hasina sentenced to death over brutal protests crackdown|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cpwvg0w4ljrt|access-date=2025-11-17|work=[[BBC News]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Mga Reperensya == 237ss45hyye5cirg7xo5r8zrj1qs7r3 0 11356166 37103253 2026-09-22T03:34:33Z MaricrisCPH 147100 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1371223248|2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement]]" 37103253 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:কোটা_সংস্কার_আন্দোলন,_শাহবাগ,_কাঁটাবন,_সায়েন্স_ল্যাব,_জুলাই_২০২৪_(১).jpg|thumb| Estudyante nga nagdala og karatula sa protesta nga gisulatan og "কোটা একটি ভিক্ষা; মুক্তি পাক শিক্ষা" ( {{Literal translation|Quota is an alm; education be freed}} ).]] aejtpv80xz1m2mmz2r60ie0jkmk4831 37103254 37103253 2026-09-22T03:39:47Z MaricrisCPH 147100 Nag-usab sa mga detalye 37103254 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang '''kalihukang reporma sa quota sa Bangladesh sa 2024''' usa ka serye sa mga protesta nga kontra-gobyerno {{Efn|<ref name="Will consider talks if nine demands met"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shih |first=Gerry |date=2024-07-19 |title=Bangladesh imposes curfew after dozens killed in anti-government protests |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/07/19/bangladesh-demonstrations-police-hasina/ |access-date=2024-07-24 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=20 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720085158/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/07/19/bangladesh-demonstrations-police-hasina/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Drenched in blood - how Bangladesh protests turned deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4ng5v03gd4o |access-date=2024-07-24 |publisher=BBC |date=24 July 2024 |language=en-GB |archive-date=4 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804023456/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4ng5v03gd4o |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-19 |title=Bangladesh wakes to TV, internet blackout as deadly protests spike |url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20240719-deadly-clashes-between-police-and-students-during-protests-in-bangladesh |access-date=2024-07-24 |publisher=France 24 |language=en |archive-date=24 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724110442/https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20240719-deadly-clashes-between-police-and-students-during-protests-in-bangladesh |url-status=live}}</ref>}} ug pro-demokrasya {{Efn|<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=As Protests Erupt, a Rocky Start to Sheikh Hasina's Fourth Consecutive Term |url=https://thediplomat.com/2024/07/as-protests-erupt-a-rocky-start-to-sheikh-hasinas-fourth-consecutive-term/ |access-date=2024-08-02 |magazine=The Diplomat |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727013931/https://thediplomat.com/2024/07/as-protests-erupt-a-rocky-start-to-sheikh-hasinas-fourth-consecutive-term/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=bn:বিডিটুডে.নেট:গণতন্ত্রের পক্ষে, স্বৈরাচারের বিরুদ্ধে লড়ছে বাংলাদেশ |url=https://www.newsbybd.net/newsdetail/detail/31/653358 |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=A complete online magazine |language=bn |archive-date=2 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802180821/https://www.newsbybd.net/newsdetail/detail/31/653358 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-02 |title=Jamaat-Shibir banned |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/politics/news/jamaat-shibir-banned-3667471 |access-date=2024-08-02 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |archive-date=2 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802180821/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/politics/news/jamaat-shibir-banned-3667471 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:নতুন নির্বাচন দাবি ড. ইউনূসের গণতন্ত্রে রাষ্ট্রের মালিক জনগণ |url=https://mzamin.com/news.php?news=120099 |access-date=2024-08-02 |work=Manab Zamin |archive-date=1 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901162117/https://mzamin.com/news.php?news=120099 |url-status=live}}</ref>}} sa [[Bangladesh]], nga panguna nga gipangulohan sa mga estudyante [[Universities in Bangladesh|sa unibersidad]] . Sa sinugdanan naka-focus sa pag-usab sa [[Quota system of Bangladesh Civil Service|quota-based nga mga sistema]] para sa recruitment sa trabaho sa gobyerno, ang kalihukan milapad batok sa giisip sa daghan nga usa ka awtoritaryan nga gobyerno sa dihang gihimo sa mga grupo nga kauban sa gobyerno ang [[July massacre|masaker sa mga nagprotesta ug sibilyan niadtong Hulyo]], kadaghanan kanila mga estudyante. {{Efn|<ref name="The Wire">{{Cite news |title=A Faux Pas by Bangladesh's PM Has Morphed a Small Protest Into a Nationwide Movement |url=https://thewire.in/south-asia/faux-pas-sheikh-hasina-morphed-small-protest-nationwide-movement |access-date=2024-07-22 |work=The Wire |language=en |archive-date=22 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722122553/https://thewire.in/south-asia/faux-pas-sheikh-hasina-morphed-small-protest-nationwide-movement |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hasnat |first1=Saif |date=11 July 2024 |title=Tens of Thousands of Students Protest Job Quotas in Bangladesh's Streets |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/11/world/asia/bandladesh-student-protests-job-quotas.html |url-access= |access-date=15 July 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=15 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715023641/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/11/world/asia/bandladesh-student-protests-job-quotas.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Hasan |first1=Mubashar |last2=Ruud |first2=Arild Engelsen |date=15 July 2024 |title=Why is the Bangladesh Government Unable to Quell Ongoing Students Protests? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2024/07/why-is-the-bangladesh-government-unable-to-quell-ongoing-students-protests/ |access-date=16 July 2024 |magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716020906/https://thediplomat.com/2024/07/why-is-the-bangladesh-government-unable-to-quell-ongoing-students-protests/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=8 July 2024 |title=Bangladeshi protesters demand end to civil service job quotas |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/bangladeshi-protesters-demand-end-to-civil-service-job-quotas/article68380404.ece |access-date=17 July 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717083343/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/bangladeshi-protesters-demand-end-to-civil-service-job-quotas/article68380404.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |title=The Quota Reform Protest In Bangladesh Is Much More Than It Seems |url=https://thediplomat.com/2024/07/the-quota-reform-protest-in-bangladesh-is-much-more-than-it-seems/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |magazine=The Diplomat |language=en-US |archive-date=21 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721064705/https://thediplomat.com/2024/07/the-quota-reform-protest-in-bangladesh-is-much-more-than-it-seems/ |url-status=live}}</ref>}} Samtang nagsugod kini isip usa ka kalihukang estudyante, ang kalihukan sa ulahi misamot ngadto sa usa ka hingpit nga pag-alsa sa masa nga nailhan nga [[July Uprising|Pag-alsa sa Hulyo]]. Nagsugod ang protesta niadtong Hunyo 2024, agig tubag sa [[Supreme Court of Bangladesh|Korte Suprema sa Bangladesh]] [[2024 Bangladesh quota reform case|nga nagbalik]] sa 30% nga quota para sa mga kaliwat sa [[Mukti Bahini|mga nakig-away alang sa kagawasan]], nga nagbaliskad sa desisyon sa gobyerno nga gihimo agig tubag sa [[2018 Bangladesh quota reform movement|2018 nga kalihukan sa reporma sa quota sa Bangladesh]] . Ang mga estudyante nagsugod sa pagbati nga ang mga oportunidad sa mga trabaho sa sektor publiko nga gibase sa merito mokunhod. Ang protesta dali nga mikaylap sa tibuok nasud tungod sa bayolenteng tubag sa gobyerno, ingon man sa nagkadako nga kawalay katagbawan sa publiko batok sa usa ka mapig-oton nga gobyerno. Ang sitwasyon mas misamot pa tungod sa daghang uban pang nagpadayon nga mga isyu, sama sa kawalay katakos sa gobyerno sa pagdumala sa dugay nga [[Recession|pag-ubos sa ekonomiya]], mga taho sa kaylap nga korapsyon ug mga paglapas sa tawhanong katungod, ug ang kawalay mga demokratikong agianan alang sa pagsugod sa mga pagbag-o.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Lu|first=Christina|date=2024-08-07|title=What's Behind Bangladesh's Student Protests?|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/07/18/bangladesh-student-protests-quota-system/|access-date=2024-08-03|magazine=Foreign Policy|language=en-US|archive-date=4 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804023456/https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/07/18/bangladesh-student-protests-quota-system/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-07-10|title=Is the system rigged against meritocracy?|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/editorial/news/the-system-rigged-against-meritocracy-3653471|access-date=2024-08-03|work=The Daily Star|language=en|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716063251/https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/editorial/news/the-system-rigged-against-meritocracy-3653471|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ahmed|first1=Redwan|last2=Ellis-Petersen|first2=Hannah|date=2024-07-26|title=Bangladesh student protests turn into 'mass movement against a dictator'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/26/bangladesh-student-protests-mass-movement-against-dictator|access-date=2024-08-03|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=4 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804023457/https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/26/bangladesh-student-protests-mass-movement-against-dictator|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Charlie Campbell|date=2023-11-02|title=Sheikh Hasina and the Future of Democracy in Bangladesh|url=https://time.com/6330463/bangladesh-sheikh-hasina-wazed-profile/|access-date=2024-08-03|magazine=Time|language=en|archive-date=4 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104145458/https://time.com/6330463/bangladesh-sheikh-hasina-wazed-profile/|url-status=live}}</ref> Naningkamot ang gobyerno nga mapugngan ang mga protesta pinaagi sa pagpasira sa tanang mga institusyon sa edukasyon. Gipadala nila ang ilang student wing, ang [[Bangladesh Chhatra League|Chhatra League]], uban sa ubang mga paksyon sa partido sa [[Bangladesh Awami League|Awami League]] . Kini nga mga grupo migamit og mga armas ug hait nga hinagiban batok sa mga demonstrador. {{Efn|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/671x6o5ojl |script-title=bn:সিলেটে কোটা আন্দোলনকারীদের ওপর ছাত্রলীগের সশস্ত্র হামলা, আহত ১০ |work=Prothom Alo |date=16 July 2024 |access-date=2 August 2024 |language=bn |archive-date=2 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802074039/https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/671x6o5ojl |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.rtvonline.com/country/283055 |script-title=bn:চট্টগ্রামে শিক্ষার্থীদের ওপর গুলি চালানো দুজনের পরিচয় মিলেছে |publisher=[[RTV (Bangladeshi TV channel)|RTV]] |date=17 July 2024 |access-date=2 August 2024 |language=bn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802073304/https://www.rtvonline.com/country/283055 |archive-date=2 August 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Com |first1=Jagonews24 |url=https://www.jagonews24.com/m/campus/news/956395 |script-title=bn:শাবিপ্রবির ছাত্রলীগ নেতাদের রুম থেকে বিপুল পরিমাণ অস্ত্র উদ্ধার |work=[[Jago News 24]] |date=18 July 2024 |access-date=2 August 2024 |language=bn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802072901/https://www.jagonews24.com/m/campus/news/956395 |archive-date=2 August 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>}} Ang gobyerno nagpadala dayon og [[Bangladesh Police|mga pulis]], [[Rapid Action Battalion|RAB]], [[Border Guard Bangladesh|BGB]] ug [[Bangladesh Armed Forces|uban pang armadong pwersa]], nga nagdeklarar og nasudnong shoot-at-sight [[curfew]] {{Efn|<ref name="The Wire" /><ref name="Reuters-2024">{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/bangladesh-students-clash-job-quota-protests-least-100-injured-2024-07-15/ |title=Bangladesh students clash in job quota protests, at least 100 injured |work=[[Reuters]] |date=15 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-18 |title=Student protests turn deadly in Bangladesh: what's fuelling the fury? |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3270974/bangladesh-student-protests-turn-deadly-demonstrators-bring-nation-standstill |access-date=2024-07-20 |work=South China Morning Post |language=en |archive-date=4 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804023457/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3270974/bangladesh-student-protests-turn-deadly-demonstrators-bring-nation-standstill |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Regan |first=Helen |date=2024-07-19 |title=Bangladesh has erupted over jobs reserved for the children of 'freedom fighters.' Here's what you need to know |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/19/asia/bangladesh-job-quota-protests-explainer-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2024-07-20 |publisher=CNN |language=en |archive-date=20 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720202744/https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/19/asia/bangladesh-job-quota-protests-explainer-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref>}} taliwala sa wala pa sukad nga gimando sa gobyerno nga nasudnong internet ug mobile connectivity blackout nga epektibong nag-inusara sa Bangladesh gikan sa ubang bahin sa kalibutan. {{Efn|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-19 |title=Bangladesh to impose curfew, deploy army as protests widen, communications disrupted |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/communications-disrupted-bangladesh-amid-student-protests-2024-07-19/ |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2024-07-19 |title=Bangladesh Internet in 'Total Shutdown' Amid Student Protests and Dozens of Deaths: 'Things Are Really Turning Bad' |url=https://variety.com/2024/politics/news/bangladesh-internet-shutdown-student-protests-deaths-1236078025/ |access-date=2024-07-20 |magazine=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=20 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720215015/https://variety.com/2024/politics/news/bangladesh-internet-shutdown-student-protests-deaths-1236078025/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Correspondent-2024b">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/social-media-limits-indefinitely-3662216%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjk3_GklsSHAxUA4zgGHYo2CtUQFnoECBQQAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw0wK2wJiTBu-eaFkH8u_qwm |title=Social media off-limits indefinitely |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |date=26 July 2024 |access-date=26 July 2024 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726094240/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/social-media-limits-indefinitely-3662216?amp |archive-date=26 July 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}} Sa ulahi, gibabagan usab sa gobyerno ang social media sa Bangladesh. Gilibotan sa mga pwersa sa gobyerno ang pipila ka bahin sa kaulohan nga siyudad sa Dhaka ug nagpahigayon og mga Block Raid, nga random nga nangdakop sa bisan kinsa nga ilang gidudahan nga adunay kalambigitan sa protesta, nga nakahatag og kahadlok sa mga residente sa siyudad. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-07-28|title=Block raids unnerve city residents|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/block-raids-unnerve-city-residents-3663396|access-date=2025-01-08|work=The Daily Star|language=en}}</ref> Hangtod sa Agosto 2, adunay 215 nga kumpirmadong namatay, kapin sa 20,000 ang nasamdan,<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-08-03|title=2 killed in mass processions, clashes across country|url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/nd2t409kax|access-date=2024-08-03|work=[[Prothom Alo]]|language=en|archive-date=3 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803054157/https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/nd2t409kax|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="shohid.info">{{Cite web|script-title=bn:রক্তাক্ত জুলাই' মুক্তির মন্দির সোপানতলে...|url=https://shohid.info/|language=bn|website=shohid.info|access-date=25 July 2024|archive-date=25 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725103043/https://shohid.info/|url-status=live}}</ref> ug kapin sa 11,000 ang nadakpan. Ang dili opisyal nga ihap sa mga namatay tali sa 300 ug 500. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-07-31|title=Bangladesh faces growing criticism for violent crackdown on students|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/bangladesh-faces-growing-criticism-for-violent-crackdown-on-students-/7723896.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801051212/https://www.voanews.com/a/bangladesh-faces-growing-criticism-for-violent-crackdown-on-students-/7723896.html|archive-date=1 August 2024|access-date=2 August 2024|publisher=[[Voice of America]]|language=en}}</ref> Ang UNICEF nagtaho nga labing menos 32 ka mga bata ang namatay atol sa mga protesta niadtong Hulyo, ug daghan pa ang nasamdan ug nadakpan.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-08-02|title=At least 32 children killed in Bangladesh violence|url=https://www.unicef.org/rosa/press-releases/least-32-children-killed-bangladesh-violence-0|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802145822/https://www.unicef.org/rosa/press-releases/least-32-children-killed-bangladesh-violence-0|archive-date=2024-08-02|access-date=2024-08-02|website=[[UNICEF]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Bangladesh: Dozens of children killed in protests - Unicef|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c16j6w1dxl1o|access-date=2024-08-03|publisher=BBC|date=2 August 2024|language=en-GB|archive-date=2 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802183351/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c16j6w1dxl1o|url-status=live}}</ref>Lisod ang pagtino sa eksaktong gidaghanon sa mga namatay tungod kay gikataho nga gidili sa gobyerno ang mga ospital sa pagpaambit sa impormasyon sa media nga walay pagtugot sa pulis, gikompiska ang mga kuha sa CCTV sa ospital, ug daghang mga indibidwal nga adunay mga samad pinusilan ang gilubong nga walay identipikasyon.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-07-29|title=6,703 injured received treatment in 31 Dhaka hospitals|url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/95y8qmme68|access-date=2024-08-03|work=[[Prothom Alo]]|language=en|archive-date=3 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803054158/https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/95y8qmme68|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-07-25|title=21 bodies buried as unclaimed|url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/bb6vucjel7|access-date=2024-08-03|work=[[Prothom Alo]]|language=en|archive-date=26 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726034644/https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/bb6vucjel7|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=21 unclaimed bodies buried, all found bullet-ridden|url=https://www.observerbd.com/news.php?id=482208|access-date=2024-08-03|work=The Daily Observer|archive-date=4 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804023459/https://www.observerbd.com/news.php?id=482208|url-status=live}}</ref> Ang gobyerno [[Awami League|sa Awami League]], nga gipangulohan ni Prime Minister [[Sheikh Hasina|Sheikh Hasina,]] nagsugyot nga ang mga kaatbang sa politika miapil sa protesta. <ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Campbell|first=Charlie|date=2024-07-25|title=How Mass Protests Challenge Bangladesh's Past—and Threaten to Rewrite Its Future|url=https://time.com/7003130/bangladesh-student-protests-police-job-quota-hasina-awami-league-razakars/|access-date=2024-07-27|magazine=Time|language=en|archive-date=28 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728014629/https://time.com/7003130/bangladesh-student-protests-police-job-quota-hasina-awami-league-razakars/|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Is This the Beginning of the End of Sheikh Hasina's Rule?|url=https://thediplomat.com/2024/07/is-this-the-beginning-of-the-end-of-sheikh-hasinas-rule/|access-date=2024-07-27|magazine=The Diplomat|language=en-US}}</ref> Bisan pa sa mga pagdili sa curfew, ang kalihukan nagpadayon samtang gipalapdan niini ang mga gipangayo niini aron ilakip ang pagpanubag sa kapintasan, pagdili sa student wing sa gobyerno [[Chhatra League|nga Chhatra League]], ug pag-resign sa pipila ka mga opisyal sa gobyerno, <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> lakip ang [[Resignation of Sheikh Hasina|pag-resign ni Sheikh Hasina]]. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Alam|first=Shahidul|title=In Bangladesh, protests are no longer about the quota system|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2024/7/23/bangladesh-protests-are-no-longer-about-the-quota-system|access-date=2024-07-25|publisher=Al Jazeera|language=en|archive-date=25 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725122503/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2024/7/23/bangladesh-protests-are-no-longer-about-the-quota-system|url-status=live}}</ref> Ang paggamit sa gobyerno sa kaylap nga kapintasan batok sa publiko naghimo sa mga protesta sa mga estudyante nga usa ka pag-alsa sa katawhan nga nailhan nga [[Non-cooperation movement (2024)|Non-Cooperation Movement]] . {{Efn|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-02 |title=Bangladesh student protests become 'people's uprising' after brutal crackdown |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3272919/bangladesh-student-protests-become-peoples-uprising-after-brutal-government-crackdown |access-date=2024-08-03 |work=South China Morning Post |language=en |archive-date=4 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804024017/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3272919/bangladesh-student-protests-become-peoples-uprising-after-brutal-government-crackdown |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-04 |title=One demand now |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/one-demand-now-3668981 |access-date=2024-08-03 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |archive-date=3 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803193141/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/one-demand-now-3668981 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Anti-Discrimination Student Movement announces one-point demand |url=https://unb.com.bd/category/Bangladesh/anti-discrimination-student-movement-announces-one-point-demand/140255 |access-date=2024-08-03 |work=UNB |archive-date=4 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804024011/https://unb.com.bd/category/Bangladesh/anti-discrimination-student-movement-announces-one-point-demand/140255 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Students renew Bangladesh protests, call for PM Hasina's resignation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/3/students-renew-bangladesh-protests-call-for-nationwide-civil-disobedience |access-date=2024-08-03 |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-date=3 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803161055/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/3/students-renew-bangladesh-protests-call-for-nationwide-civil-disobedience |url-status=live}}</ref>}} == Mga Reperensya == 6p5z48ul7cvazq1044uk12k6uz5cp85 0 11356167 37103255 2026-09-22T03:40:55Z MaricrisCPH 147100 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375992001|Dalai Lama]]" 37103255 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Throne_awaiting_Dalai_Lama's_return._Summer_residence_Nechung._1993.JPG|thumb| Trono nga naghulat sa pagbalik ni Dalai Lama. Puy-anan sa ting-init sa ika-14 nga Dalai Lama, Nechung, Tibet.]] [[Kategoriya:Dalai Lama]] rhpsfy8f55301asqc5ee4e31pprmyw3 37103256 37103255 2026-09-22T03:46:37Z MaricrisCPH 147100 Nag-usab sa mga detalye 37103256 wikitext text/x-wiki The Dalai Lama (UK: /ˈdælaɪ ˈlɑːmə/, US: /ˈdɑːlaɪ/;<ref name="ddef1">{{cite web|title=Definition of Dalai Lama in English|url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Dalai-Lama|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727211946/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Dalai-Lama|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 July 2013|publisher=Oxford Dictionaries|access-date=2 May 2015|quote=The Dalai Lamas are believed by Tibetan Buddhists to be manifestations of Avalokiteshvara or Chenrezig, the Bodhisattva of Compassion and the patron saint of Tibet. Bodhisattvas are realized beings, inspired by the wish to attain complete enlightenment, who have vowed to be reborn in the world to help all living beings.}}</ref><ref name="ddef">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/dalai%20lama|title=Dalai lama|dictionary=Dictionary.com|access-date=12 March 2014|quote=(formerly)|archive-date=26 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226010015/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/dalai%20lama|url-status=live}}</ref>Tibetan: ཏཱ་ལའི་བླ་མ་, Wylie: Tā la'i bla ma [táːlɛː láma]) is the spiritual head<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.charlestontibetansociety.org/the-gelug-tradition-of-tibetan-buddhism|title=The Gelug Tradition of Tibetan Buddhism|author=Geshe Dakpa Topgyal|date=October 10, 2008|website=Charleston Tibetan Society|access-date=July 16, 2026}}</ref> of [[:en:Tibetan_Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhism]]. The term is part of the full title "Holiness Knowing Everything [[:en:Vajradhara|Vajradhara]] Dalai Lama"<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_NYY36cUr9EC&pg=PA17|title=达赖喇嘛转世及历史定制|isbn=978-7-5085-0272-4|author=陈庆英|date=2003|publisher=五洲传播出版社|quote=So he was given the title of "Holiness Knowing Everything Vazirdala Dalai Lama". "Holiness" means transcending the ordinary and entering the holy, that is, beyond the world; "Knowing Everything" is a Tibetan Buddhist title for monks who have achieved the highest achievements in the exoteric teachings; "Vazirdala" is the transliteration of the Sanskrit word Vajradhra, which is translated into Tibetan as rdo-rje-vchange (Dojijiang) and translated into Chinese as Vajra, which is a Tibetan Buddhist title for monks who have achieved high achievements in the esoteric teachings. (于是赠给尊号「圣识一切瓦齐尔达喇达赖喇嘛」的称号，「圣」是超凡入圣，即超出尘世间之意；「识一切」是藏传佛教对在显宗方面取得最高成就的僧人的尊称；「瓦齐尔达喇」是梵文Vajradhra的音译，译成藏语是rdo- rje- vchange（多吉绛），译成汉语是执金刚，这是藏传佛教对于在密宗方面取得早高成就的僧人的尊称。)}}</ref> given by [[:en:Altan_Khan|Altan Khan]]. He offered it in appreciation to the Gelug school's then-leader, Sonam Gyatso, who received the title in 1578 at Yanghua Monastery.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_NYY36cUr9EC&pg=PA17|title=达赖喇嘛转世及历史定制|isbn=978-7-5085-0272-4|author=陈庆英|date=2003|publisher=五洲传播出版社|quote=The name Dalai Lama was created in 1578 AD, in that year, Sonam Gyatso was invited by Anda (Altan Khan), the leader of the Tümed Mongols, to Mongol area (蒙古地方) to promote Buddhism. At Yanghua Monastery in [sic] Qinghai, Sonam Gyatso gave an extensive exposition of the theories of Tibetan Buddhism, which made the Mongol leader admire him and gave him the title "Holiness Knowing Everying Vajradhara Dalai Lama" title. (达赖喇嘛的名号产生于公元1578年。当时格鲁派大活佛索南嘉措应土默特蒙古首领顺义王俺达汗邀请到蒙古地方弘扬佛法。在青海仰华寺，索南嘉措对藏传佛教的理论进行了广泛的阐述，使这位蒙古首领对他产生了仰慕之心，于是赠给尊号「圣识一切瓦齐尔达喇达赖喇嘛」的称号。)}}</ref>At that time, Sonam Gyatso had just given teachings to the Khan, and so the title of Dalai Lama was also given to the entire [[:en:Tulku|tulku]] lineage. [citation needed] Sonam Gyatso became the [[:en:3rd_Dalai_Lama|3rd Dalai Lama]], while the first two tulkus in the lineage, the [[:en:1st_Dalai_Lama|1st Dalai Lama]] and the [[:en:2nd_Dalai_Lama|2nd Dalai Lama]], were posthumously awarded the title. Sukad sa panahon sa [[5th Dalai Lama|ika-5 nga Dalai Lama]] sa ika-17 nga siglo, ang Dalai Lama usa ka simbolo sa paghiusa sa estado sa [[Tibet]]. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Religions in the Modern World|last=Woodhead|first=Linda|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2016|isbn=978-0-415-85881-6|location=Abingdon|page=94}}</ref> Ang Dalai Lama usa ka importanteng tawo sa tradisyon sa Gelug, nga dominante sa Sentral Tibet, apan ang iyang relihiyosong awtoridad milapas sa mga utlanan sa sekta, nga nagrepresentar sa mga mithi ug tradisyon sa Budismo nga wala nalambigit sa usa ka piho nga eskwelahan. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Ang tradisyonal nga gimbuhaton sa Dalai Lama isip usa ka ekumenikal nga pigura gidumala sa [[Tenzin Gyatso|ika-14 nga Dalai Lama]], kinsa naningkamot aron mabuntog ang sektaryan ug uban pang mga pagkabahinbahin sa komunidad sa mga nadestiyero ug mahimong simbolo sa pagka-nasodnon sa Tibet alang sa mga Tibetano sa Tibet ug sa pagkadestiyero. <ref>{{cite book|last1=Cantwell and Kawanami|title=Religions in the Modern World|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-85880-9|pages=94|year=2016}}</ref> Siya [[Tenzin Gyatso|si Tenzin Gyatso]], kinsa nakaikyas gikan sa [[Lhasa Chengguanqu|Lhasa]] niadtong [[1959 Tibetan uprising|1959 atol sa pag-alsa sa Tibet]] ug nagpuyo nga nadestiyero sa [[Dharmsāla|Dharamshala]], India. Gikan sa 1642 hangtod 1951, ang Dalai Lama nangulo sa sekular nga gobyerno sa [[Tibet]] . Niining panahona, ang mga Dalai Lama o ang ilang mga Kalon ( [[Regent|mga rehente]] ) nangulo sa gobyerno sa Tibet sa Lhasa, nga nailhan nga [[Ganden Phodrang]] . Ang gobyerno sa Ganden Phodrang opisyal nga naglihok isip usa ka protektorado ubos sa pagmando sa Qing China ug nagdumala sa tibuok [[Tibetan Plateau]] samtang gitahod ang lainlaing ang-ang sa awtonomiya. <ref name="smith1071492">Smith 1997, pp. 107–149.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Perkins|first=Dorothy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KMQeAgAAQBAJ&q=%22Tibet%22+%22Protectorate%22+of+the+Qing&pg=PA528|title=Encyclopedia of China: History and Culture|date=2013-11-19|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-93562-7|language=en}}</ref> Human nahugno ang dinastiyang Qing niadtong 1912, ang [[Beiyang government|Republika sa Tsina (ROC)]] miangkon sa pagpuli sa tanang kanhing teritoryo sa Qing, apan naglisod sa pagtukod og awtoridad sa Tibet. Ang [[13th Dalai Lama|ika-13 nga Dalai Lama]] mideklarar nga ang relasyon sa Tibet sa China natapos na sa [[1911 Revolution|pagkapukan sa dinastiyang Qing]] ug miproklamar og kagawasan, bisan wala kini pormal nga giila ubos sa internasyonal nga balaod. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hnZqktKhU3YC&pg=PA50|title=Nomads of Western Tibet: The Survival of a Way of Life|date=1990-01-01|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-07211-4|language=en}}</ref> Niadtong 1951, gi-ratipika sa ika-14 nga Dalai Lama ang [[Seventeen Point Agreement]] uban sa China. Niadtong 1959, iyang gibawi ang kasabutan. Sa sinugdanan, gisuportahan niya ang [[Tibetan independence movement|kalihukan sa kagawasan sa Tibet]], apan niadtong 1974, gisalikway niya ang mga panawagan alang sa kagawasan sa Tibet, <ref>{{Cite web|date=2005-03-15|title=Tibet part of China, Dalai Lama agrees|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/tibet-part-of-china-dalai-lama-agrees-20050315-gdkxfo.html|access-date=2025-01-12|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en}}</ref> ug miuyon sa publiko niadtong 2005 nga ang Tibet kabahin sa China. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2005-03-15|title=Tibet part of China, Dalai Lama agrees|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/tibet-part-of-china-dalai-lama-agrees-20050315-gdkxfo.html|access-date=2025-01-12|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en}}</ref> == Mga Reperensya == [[Kategoriya:Dalai Lama]] ev10p0xjrdn3392yb9nswpzftal7h4m 0 11356168 37103259 2026-09-22T05:01:42Z Bokho999 148963 Bokho999 moved page [[Phường Phú Thọ (munisipyo sa Dakbayan sa Ho Chi Minh)]] to [[Phú Thọ (Dakbayan sa Ho Chi Minh)]] 37103259 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Phú Thọ (Dakbayan sa Ho Chi Minh)]] jporj4pcofsa7j261xktr90ds4dxqus 0 11356169 37103260 2026-09-22T05:41:16Z MaricrisCPH 147100 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362899372|3rd Dalai Lama]]" 37103260 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:朵兒只唱圖記.png|thumb|220x220px| Duǒ Er Zhǐ Chàng, selyo sa awtoridad ]] [[Kategoriya:Dalai Lama]] [[Kategoriya:Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows]] fyrsclyt50heoxfso5pp8eysdcosrh9 37103261 37103260 2026-09-22T05:48:36Z MaricrisCPH 147100 Nag-usab sa mga detalye 37103261 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang '''Ika-3 Dalai Lama, Sonam Gyatso''' ({{bo|t=བསོད་ནམས་རྒྱ་མཚོ་|w=Bsod Nams Rgya Mtsho}}) (1543–1588),mao ang una sa linya sa mga tulku nga pormal nga gihatagan sa titulong [[:en:Dalai_Lama|Dalai Lama]].Niadtong 1578, gihatag ni Altan Khan ang espirituwal nga titulong Dalai Lama agig pasidungog sa lawom nga mga pagtulon-an ni Sonam Gyatso nga gipaambit didto sa Mongolia, nga wala madugay nahimong usa ka nasod nga nagsunod sa Tibetan Buddhism. Gitukod niya ang [[:en:Kumbum_Monastery|Kumbum Monastery]], [[:en:Litang_County#History|Lithang Monastery]], ug [[:en:Namgyal_Monastery|Namgyal Monastery]]. Ang maong espirituwal nga titulo gihatag usab sa ulahi ngadto sa duha ka mga gisundan niya sa linya sa mga katigulangan sa kaliwatan, ang [[:en:1st_Dalai_Lama|Ika-1 Dalai Lama]] ug ang [[:en:2nd_Dalai_Lama|Ika-2 Dalai Lama]]. Si Sonam Gyatso natawo duol [[Lhasa Chengguanqu|sa Lhasa]] niadtong 1543 ug giila nga reinkarnasyon ni [[Gendun Gyatso]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tbrc.org/kb/tbrc-detail.xq;jsessionid=48EACEC4EF34D7B1A57829F9CAD5C828?RID=P84&selected=works-by&wylie=n|title=tbrc.org: dge 'dun rgya mtsho|access-date=2008-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706005709/http://www.tbrc.org/kb/tbrc-detail.xq;jsessionid=48EACEC4EF34D7B1A57829F9CAD5C828?RID=P84&selected=works-by&wylie=n|archive-date=2009-07-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> ug pagkahuman gipalingkod sa trono sa [[Drepung Monastery]] ni [[Panchen Sonam Dragpa]], kinsa nahimong iyang magtutudlo. Si Panchen Sonam Dragpa mao ang ika-15 nga [[Ganden Tripa]] ug ang iyang mga teksto nagsilbi gihapon nga kinauyokan nga kurikulum alang sa daghang mga monasteryo [[Gelug|sa Gelug]] . Ang ika-3 nga Dalai Lama nagtuon sa Drepung Monastery ug nahimong abbot niini. Ang iyang reputasyon dali nga mikaylap ug ang mga monghe sa [[Sera Monastery]] miila usab kaniya isip ilang abbot. <ref name="Laird, Thomas 2006 p. 1392">Laird, Thomas (2006). ''The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama'', p. 139. Grove Press, N.Y. {{ISBN|978-0-8021-1827-1}}</ref> Sumala ni Sumpa Khenpo, ang bantugang eskolar [[Gelug|sa Gelug]], nagtuon usab siya sa mga doktrina [[Tantra|sa tantriko]] [[Nyingma|sa Nyingma]]. <ref>Stein, R. A. (1972). ''Tibetan Civilization'', pp. 171–172. Stanford University Press, Stanford California. {{ISBN|0-8047-0806-1}} (cloth); {{ISBN|0-8047-0901-7}} (paper).</ref> Sa dihang namatay ang usa sa mga hari sa rehiyon sa Tibet, kinsa gisuportahan sa [[Kagyu]] school, niadtong 1564, si Sonam Gyatso ang nangulo sa iyang lubong. Ang iyang gahom sa politika, ug ang sa [[Gelug]] school, mitubo sa dominasyon sa Tibet sa mga 1570s. <ref name="Laird, Thomas 2006 p. 139">Laird, Thomas (2006). ''The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama'', p. 139. Grove Press, N.Y. {{ISBN|978-0-8021-1827-1}}</ref> == Mga Reperensya == [[Kategoriya:Dalai Lama]] [[Kategoriya:Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows]] gmlv0mnsz5cklyor1tlm3i5276rr16s 0 11356170 37103263 2026-09-22T05:50:18Z MaricrisCPH 147100 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372288431|Altan Khan]]" 37103263 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Altan_Khan.png|thumb|300x300px| Ang rehiyon nga gimandoan ni Altan Khan niadtong 1571 AD]] 508ky43dtanqeonwimf7zzp8w4dznj2 37103264 37103263 2026-09-22T05:54:21Z MaricrisCPH 147100 Nag-usab sa mga detalye 37103264 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Altan_Khan.png|thumb|300x300px| Ang rehiyon nga gimandoan ni Altan Khan niadtong 1571 AD]]'''Altan Khan''' (2 Enero 1508 <ref>{{Cite book|author1=[[楊紹猷]]|editor=|title=《俺答汗評傳》|location=[[People's Republic of China]]|publisher=[[China Social Sciences Press]]|date=March 1992|pages=10|isbn=9787500410027|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJ45AAAAMAAJ&q=%E4%BF%BA%E7%AD%94%E6%B1%97%E7%94%9F%E6%96%BC%E8%97%8F%E6%9B%86|language=zh|quote=①據蒙文抄本《俺答汗傳》第4頁上記載，俺答汗生於藏曆「火吉祥母兔年十二月三十牛日」。經北京圖書館藏曆專家黃明信先生驗證，此紀年無錯。他認為藏地各時代各教派使用的藏曆紀年不一，格魯派使用蒲派歷算，薩迦派使用薩迦派歷算。上述紀年如按蒲派推算，應為正德三年正月初一（合公元1508年2月1日）；如按薩迦派推算，應為正德二年十一月三十日（合公元1508年1月2日）。因薩迦派歷算傳入蒙古最早，且影響深遠，直至清康熙元年（1662）成書的《蒙古源流》還使用薩迦派曆法。而《俺答汗傳》成書於明萬曆三十五年（1607），早於《蒙古源流》半個世紀，格魯派也剛傳入蒙古，故上述紀年當按薩迦派推算，應為正德二年十一月三十日（公元1508年1月2日）。}}</ref> – 13 Enero 1582; <ref>{{Cite journal|author=[[楊紹猷]]|editor1=中國社會科學院民族研究所民族歷史研究室|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jDlyAAAAIAAJ&q=%E5%8F%88%E5%A6%82,%E3%80%8A%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%B2%C2%B7%E9%9E%91%E9%9D%BC%E4%BC%A0%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%91,+%E2%80%9C+(%E4%B8%87%E5%8E%86)%E5%8D%81|title=〈太平卒年考〉|journal=《民族史論叢‧第一輯》|location=[[People's Republic of China]]|publisher=[[Zhonghua Book Company]]|date=January 1987|issue=|pages=129|language=zh|quote=第一，《明史》為了文字的簡練，往往作概括性的記述，有時將不同年代發生的事件記在同一年代之下，前一事件是因，後一事件是果，年代指的是後一事件發生的時間。又如，《明史·韃靼傳》云，「（萬曆）十年春，俺答死，帝特賜祭壇，彩幣十二表里，布百匹，示優恤。實際上萬曆十年春（《明神宗實錄》作十年二月）是明廷得到邊臣的報告後，下達「賜祭」的時間，並不是俺答汗的卒年。《萬曆武功錄》卷八和蒙文抄本《俺答汗傳》關於俺答的卒年記載完全一致，為萬曆九年（辛巳年）十二月十九日（即公元一五八二年一月十三日）。}}</ref> Mongolian ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠨ, {{Lang|mn-Cyrl|Алтан хан}} ; Chinese ), nailhan usab nga '''Anda''' ( Chinese: 俺答; Mongolian: Аньда<ref>[https://www.mongoltoli.mn/history/h/376 Алтан хан] Mongoltoli.mn</ref>), mao ang lider sa mga [[Tümed]] Mongol<ref name="Dardess20122">{{cite book|author=John W. Dardess|title=Ming China, 1368-1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ROQVzWT2iiUC&pg=PA16|year=2012|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-0491-1|page=16}}</ref><ref>Stein, R. A. (1972). ''Tibetan Civilization'', pp. 81-82. Stanford University Press, Stanford California. {{ISBN|978-0-8047-0806-7}} (cloth); {{ISBN|978-0-8047-0901-9}} (paper).</ref><ref>[[Richardson, Hugh E]]. (1984). ''Tibet & its History. Second Edition, Revised and Updated'', p. 41. Shambhala, Boston & London. {{ISBN|978-0-87773-376-8}} (pbk).</ref> ug ang de facto nga magmamando sa Right Wing, o mga tribo sa kasadpan, sa mga [[Mongols|Mongol]] . Siya ang apo ni [[Dayan Khan]] (1464–1543), usa ka kaliwat ni [[Kublai Khan]] (1215–1294). Nahimo ni Altan Khan ang paghiusa sa usa ka liga sa tribo tali sa mga [[Khalkha Mongols|Khalkha Mongol]] sa amihanan ug sa [[Chahars|mga Chahar]] (Tsakhar) sa sidlakan. Sa ulahi nanumpa siya sa iyang pagkamaunongon sa [[Ming dynasty|Dinastiyang Ming]] sa Tsina isip prinsipe Shunyi ug nahimong patron sa mga [[Gelug]] [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhists]]. == Pagkonsolida sa gahum == Si Borjigin Barsboladiin Altan mao ang ikaduhang anak nga lalaki ni [[Bars Bolud Jinong]] ug apo ni [[Dayan Khan]], kinsa naghiusa pag-usab sa mga halangdon sa Mongolia sa pagsulay nga mabawi ang himaya sa [[Yuan dynasty|Dinastiyang Yuan]] . Human sa panahon ni Dayan Khan, ang mga tribo sa Mongol milangkob og unom ka myriad ({{Transl|mn|[[Tumen (unit)|tümen]]}}), nga gibahin sa Left Wings ug Right Wings. Ang Wala nga Pakpak gimandoan sa Dakong Khan, mga kaliwat sa apo ug manununod nga [[Bodi Alagh Khan|si Bodi Alagh]] . Ang Tuo nga Pakpak gimandoan sa amahan ni Altan nga si Bars Bolud, kinsa naghupot sa posisyon nga Jinong (bise-rehente). Si Altan Khan ang nagmando sa subgrupong [[Tümed]] sa mga Mongol isip iyang ''{{Transl|mn|ulus}}'' (teritoryo sa patrimonya); ang mga sibsibanan sa mga Tümed anaa sa amihanan sa utlanan sa [[Shanxi Sheng|Shanxi]], sa kasamtangang [[Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region|Inner Mongolia]] . Ang magulang nga lalaki ni Altan, [[Gün Bilig|si Gün Bilig]], nakapanunod sa posisyon ni Jinong ug nagmando sa [[Ordos Mongols|mga Ordos Mongol]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Veit|first=Veronika|title=The Cambridge History of Inner Asia: The Chinggisid Age|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2014|isbn=9781139056045|editor-last=Di Cosmo|editor-first=Nicola|pages=168–169|chapter=The Eastern Steppe: Mongol Regimes after the Yuan (1368–1636)|doi=10.1017/CBO9781139056045.012|editor-last2=Frank|editor-first2=Allen J.|editor-last3=Golden|editor-first3=P. B.}}</ref> Human sa kamatayon ni Gün Bilig niadtong 1542, si Altan nahimong de facto nga lider sa tibuok Tuo nga Pakpak ug gihatagan sa titulo nga, "Tösheetü Sechen Khan". Sa dihang namatay [[Bodi Alagh Khan|si Bodi Alagh Khan]], ang [[Khagan]] sa mga Mongol gikan sa [[Chahar (Mongols)|Chahar]], niadtong 1547, gipugos ni Altan ang manununod ni Bodi Alagh nga [[Darayisung Küdeng Khan|si Darayisung Küdeng Khan]] sa pagkalagiw paingon sa sidlakan. Niadtong 1551, nakigsabot si Darayisung kang Altan baylo sa paghatag kaniya sa titulong "Gegeen Khan". <ref name="ChuluunBulag20132">{{cite book|author1=Sampildondov Chuluun|author2=Uradyn E. Bulag|title=The Thirteenth Dalai Lama on the Run (1904-1906): Archival Documents from Mongolia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7QHHaBEguQoC&pg=PA16|date=28 June 2013|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-25455-8|page=16}}</ref> Si Altan Khan, kinsa nagkontrol sa [[Ordos Mongols|Ordos tumen]] sa [[Yellow River (suba sa Pangmasang Republika sa Tśina)|Yellow River,]] adunay maayong posisyon aron mapadayon ang pressure sa mga Intsik ug mga [[Oirats|Oirat]] Mongol sa Tibet samtang nagpalambo sa agrikultura ug pamatigayon. <ref>''The New Encyclopædia Britannica'', 15th Edition (1977), Vol. 12, p. 373.</ref> Gitukod usab ni Altan Khan ang siyudad sa Köke Khota ([[Hohhot]], nga nagkahulogang "Ang Asul nga Siyudad"), karon ang kapital sa [[Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region]] sa [[Pangmasang Republika sa Tsina|People's Republic of China]]. <ref name="The New Encyclopædia Britannica 1977 p. 2752">''The New Encyclopædia Britannica'', 15th Edition (1977), Vol. I, p. 275.</ref> == Mga Reperensya == t4jucfuyd872k97kvdpipy88prng30q 0 11356171 37103265 2026-09-22T06:10:13Z JoyiCPH 147101 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359755536|Asian Century]]" 37103265 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sino-Indian_Geography.png|right|thumb|330x330px| [[Pangmasang Republika sa Tsina|Ang Tsina]] ug [[Indya|India]] adunay duha ka pinakadakong populasyon sa kalibutan, ug gilauman nga paspas nga motubo sa ekonomiya.]] [[Kategoriya:Kulturang Asyanhon]] ffin9d4hmf85pa9ow91kifrd2ga6qnr 37103266 37103265 2026-09-22T06:25:20Z JoyiCPH 147101 Nag-usab sa mga detalye 37103266 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sino-Indian_Geography.png|right|thumb|330x330px| [[Pangmasang Republika sa Tsina|Ang Tsina]] ug [[Indya|India]] adunay duha ka pinakadakong populasyon sa kalibutan, ug gilauman nga paspas nga motubo sa ekonomiya.]]Ang '''Siglo sa Asya''' mao ang gibanabanang dominasyon sa politika ug kultura sa Asya sa ika-21 nga siglo, kon hunahunaon nga magpadayon ang pipila ka [[Economic indicator|mga uso sa demograpiko ug ekonomiya]] . Ang konsepto sa Asian Century susama sa paghulagway sa ika-19 nga siglo isip [[Reynouniduanong Imperyo|Imperial Century sa Britanya]], ug ang ika-20 nga siglo isip [[American Century]]. Usa ka pagtuon sa [[Asian Development Bank]] niadtong 2011 nakakaplag nga 3 bilyon nga mga Asyano (busa 56.6% sa gibanabana nga 5.3 bilyon nga kinatibuk-ang mga lumulupyo sa Asya sa 2050) ang makatagamtam sa mga sumbanan sa panginabuhi nga susama sa naa sa [[Uropa|Europa]] karon, ug ang rehiyon mahimong mokabat sa kapin sa katunga sa global nga output sa tunga-tunga niining sigloha. <ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.adb.org/publications/asia-2050-realizing-asian-century|title=Asia 2050: Realizing the Asian Century &#124; Asian Development Bank|publisher=Adb.org|date=26 March 2012|access-date=28 July 2012|last1=Bank|first1=Asian Development}}</ref> Ang uban nangatarungan nga ang nagkadako nga paghatag og gibug-aton sa Asya sa panaghiusa, ingon man ang pagkahamtong ug progresibo nga mga relasyon taliwala sa mga nasud sa rehiyon, dugang nga magsuporta sa pagkamugna sa ika-21 nga Siglo sa Asya.<ref>{{cite news|title=PM Yıldırım calls Asian countries on cooperation against terrorism|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/war-on-terror/2017/11/23/pm-yildirim-calls-asian-countries-on-cooperation-against-terrorism|work=DailySabah}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Regional cooperation and integration benefits Asia and Pacific – Shamshad Akhtar|url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/what-you-think/article/regional-cooperation-and-integration-benefits-asia-and-pacific-shamshad-akh#Ok6EO3WtXq52Gxf8.97|date=23 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Momentum for improving Japan-China relations {{!}} The Japan Times|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2017/11/14/editorials/momentum-improving-japan-china-relations/|work=The Japan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=South Korea, China foreign ministries encourage strong ties|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/diplomacy/2017/11/22/south-korea-china-foreign-ministries-encourage-strong-ties|work=DailySabah}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Glaser|first1=Bonnie S.|title=China's Rapprochement With South Korea|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2017-11-07/chinas-rapprochement-south-korea|work=Foreign Affairs|date=7 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=China, Asean to formulate strategic partnership vision towards 2030|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/china-asean-to-formulate-strategic-partnership-vision-towards-2030|work=The Straits Times|date=13 November 2017|language=en}}</ref> Apan, ang [[China–India relations|nagkagrabe nga relasyon tali sa China ug India]] naghimo sa mga paglaum alang sa usa ka malinawon ug kooperatiba nga kahusay sa kalibutan sa Asya nga daw dili katuohan.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pathak|first=Sriparna|date=2023-06-02|title=India-China Relations: The End of Hope for an Asian Century|url=https://southasianvoices.org/india-china-relations-the-end-of-hope-for-an-asian-century/|access-date=2023-06-08|website=South Asian Voices|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-01-01|title=India's dilemmas in an Asian century|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/indias-dilemmas-in-an-asian-century/article66327383.ece|access-date=2023-06-08|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=March|first=Louis T.|date=2023-02-13|title=China, India, and the Asian century|url=https://mercatornet.com/china-india-and-the-asian-century/83134/|access-date=2023-06-08|website=MercatorNet|language=en-AU}}</ref> == Mga Reperensya == [[Kategoriya:Kulturang Asyanhon]] 0smddn58titqi3nojzsbndm2ru7va6z 0 11356172 37103270 2026-09-22T06:48:10Z JoyiCPH 147101 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372686539|American Century]]" 37103270 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(Web_Colors).svg|thumb| Bandila sa Estados Unidos]] [[Kategoriya:Ika-20 ka gatusan]] r8ji9f1wkiinr08bzdwlyj6opvyh8xk 37103271 37103270 2026-09-22T06:53:10Z JoyiCPH 147101 Nag-usab sa mga detalye 37103271 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(Web_Colors).svg|thumb| Bandila sa Estados Unidos]]Ang '''American Century''' <ref>Lamb, Brian, and Harold Evans. The American Century. West Lafayette, IN: C-SPAN Archives, 1999.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=1998|title=The American Century|url=http://www.randomhouse.com/features/americancentury/frame.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623073922/http://www.randomhouse.com:80/features/americancentury/frame.html|archive-date=2013-06-23|access-date=2025-11-21|website=[[Penguin Random House]]|language=en-US}}</ref> usa ka paghulagway sa panahon sukad sa tunga-tunga sa ika-20 nga siglo nga kadaghanan gidominar sa [[Tinípong Bánsà|Estados Unidos]] sa politika, ekonomiya, teknolohiya, ug [[Americanization|kultura]] . Kini ikatandi sa paghulagway sa panahon gikan sa 1815 hangtod 1914 isip [[Reynouniduanong Imperyo|Imperyal nga Siglo sa Britanya]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hyam|first=Ronald|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2eMoHQAACAAJ|title=Britain's Imperial Century, 1815–1914: A Study of Empire and Expansion|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2002|isbn=978-0-7134-3089-9|access-date=December 15, 2013}}</ref> Ang impluwensya sa Estados Unidos mitubo sa tibuok ika-20 nga siglo, apan nahimong labi ka dominante pagkahuman sa [[Ikaduhang Gubat Kalibotanon|Ikaduhang Gubat sa Kalibutan]], sa dihang duha na lang [[Superpower|ka superpower]] ang nahabilin; ang Estados Unidos ug ang [[Unyong Sobyet|Unyon Sobyet]] . Human sa [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|pagkabungkag sa Unyon Sobyet]] niadtong 1991, ang Estados Unidos [[Superpower#After the Cold War|nagpabilin nga bugtong superpower sa kalibutan]], <ref name="Paper for presentation at the biennial meetings of the South African Political Studies Association Saldanha, Western Cape 29 June – 2 July 19992">{{cite web|title=Analyzing American Power in the Post-Cold War Era|url=http://post.queensu.ca/~nossalk/papers/hyperpower.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311021450/http://post.queensu.ca/~nossalk/papers/hyperpower.htm|archive-date=March 11, 2007|access-date=February 28, 2007|website=Queens University}}</ref> ug nahimong [[ehemoniya|hegemon]], o gitawag sa uban nga hyperpower. <ref>{{Cite web|last=McFedries|first=Paul|date=February 25, 2002|title=Definition and Use of the Word ''Hyperpower''|url=http://www.wordspy.com/words/hyper-power.asp|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015030000/http://www.wordspy.com/words/hyper-power.asp|archive-date=October 15, 2014|access-date=July 11, 2010|website=wordspy.com}}</ref> == Sinugdanan sa hugpong sa mga pulong == Ang termino gimugna sa tigmantala ''[[Time (magazine)|sa Time]]'' nga [[Henry Luce|si Henry Luce]] aron ihulagway kung unsa ang iyang gihunahuna nga papel sa Estados Unidos ug kung unsa ang angay nga papel niini sa ika-20 nga siglo. Sa usa ka editoryal sa magasin nga ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' niadtong Pebrero 17, 1941, si Luce, ang anak sa mga misyonaryo, miawhag sa Estados Unidos nga biyaan [[Isolationism|ang isolationism]] alang sa papel sa usa ka misyonaryo, nga molihok isip [[Good Samaritan|Maayong Samarianhon]] sa kalibutan ug mopakaylap sa demokrasya. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Luce|first=Henry|date=February 17, 1941|title=The American Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I0kEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA61|journal=[[Life Magazine]]}}</ref> Nanawagan siya sa US nga mosalmot [[Ikaduhang Gubat Kalibotanon|sa Ikaduhang Gubat sa Kalibutan]] aron panalipdan ang mga demokratikong mithi: Sa tibuok ika-17, ika-18, ug ika-19 nga siglo, kining kontinente napuno sa nagkadaiyang mga proyekto ug mga halangdong katuyoan. Labaw sa tanan niini-ug naghiusa kanila ngadto sa labing makapahinam nga bandila sa tibuok kalibotan ug sa tibuok kasaysayan-mao ang madaugong tinguha alang sa kagawasan. Subay niining maong diwa, kitang tanan gitawag-sumala sa atong tagsa-tagsa ka katakos ug sa pinakalapad nga panglantaw-aron mugnaon ang unang bantugang Siglo sa Amerika. Ang demokrasya ug uban pang mga mithi sa Amerika "mobuhat sa ilang misteryosong buhat sa pag-alsa sa kinabuhi sa katawhan gikan sa lebel sa mga mananap ngadto sa gitawag sa Salmista nga gamay nga mas ubos kay sa mga anghel". Ubos lamang sa Siglo sa Amerika nga ang kalibutan "mabuhi sa bisan unsang kahalangdon sa kahimsog ug kusog". <ref>{{cite journal|last=Luce|first=Henry|date=February 17, 1941|title=The American Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I0kEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA64|journal=[[Life Magazine]]|pages=64–65}}</ref> Sumala ni [[David Harvey (geographer)|David Harvey]], si Luce nagtuo nga "ang gahom nga gihatag kay pangkalibutanon ug unibersal imbes nga espesipiko sa teritoryo, busa mas gusto ni Luce nga maghisgot bahin sa usa ka Amerikanong siglo kaysa usa ka imperyo". Sa samang artikulo, nanawagan siya sa Estados Unidos nga "ipadapat sa kalibutan ang bug-os nga epekto sa among impluwensya, alang sa mga katuyoan nga among nakita nga angay ug pinaagi sa mga paagi nga among nakita nga angay". <ref>{{cite book|last=Luce|first=H. R|title=The Ambiguous Legacy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1999|isbn=0-521-77977-4|editor-last=Hogan|editor-first=M. J.|location=Cambridge|page=20|chapter=The American Century|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T_QfEZw6hKkC&pg=PA20}}</ref> == Mga Reperensya == [[Kategoriya:Ika-20 ka gatusan]] s6kc3rd02dct9vpou4jfk6ecko1sr4o 0 11356173 37103273 2026-09-22T07:25:23Z QueenCityCebu 123067 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375946178|Asian Development Bank]]" 37103273 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang '''Asian Development Bank''' ('''ADB''') usa ka rehiyon nga bangko sa paglambo nga nagsunod sa pagbag-o sa sosyal ug ekonomiya nga kalamboan sa Asya. Ang bangko nahimutang sa siyudad sa [[Mandaluyong]], sa [[Metro Manila]], Pilipinas, ug adunay 31 ka field offices sa tibuok kalibutan. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Departments and Offices|url=http://www.adb.org/about/departments-offices#tabs-0-1|access-date=2015-11-26|publisher=Asian Development Bank|archive-date=17 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317022549/http://www.adb.org/about/departments-offices#tabs-0-1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="UIA2">{{Cite web|url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100054117|url-access=|title=Asian Development Bank (ADB)|author1=Staff writer|year=2024|department=UIA Global Civil Society Database|website=uia.org|publisher=[[Union of International Associations]]|agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online|location=Brussels, Belgium|format=|arxiv=|asin=|bibcode=|doi=|isbn=|issn=|jfm=|jstor=|lccn=|mr=|oclc=|ol=|osti=|pmc=|pmid=|rfc=|ssrn=|zbl=|id=|access-date=29 January 2025|url-status=|archive-url=|archive-date=|via=|quote=|trans-quote=}}</ref> 8jghaoqjstgfbl6f06xh0i1949braup 37103274 37103273 2026-09-22T07:27:35Z QueenCityCebu 123067 Nag-unsab sa mga detalye 37103274 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang '''Asian Development Bank''' ('''ADB''') usa ka rehiyon nga bangko sa paglambo nga nagsunod sa pagbag-o sa sosyal ug ekonomiya nga kalamboan sa Asya. Ang bangko nahimutang sa siyudad sa [[Mandaluyong]], sa [[Metro Manila]], Pilipinas, ug adunay 31 ka field offices sa tibuok kalibutan. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Departments and Offices|url=http://www.adb.org/about/departments-offices#tabs-0-1|access-date=2015-11-26|publisher=Asian Development Bank|archive-date=17 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317022549/http://www.adb.org/about/departments-offices#tabs-0-1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="UIA2">{{Cite web|url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100054117|url-access=|title=Asian Development Bank (ADB)|author1=Staff writer|year=2024|department=UIA Global Civil Society Database|website=uia.org|publisher=[[Union of International Associations]]|agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online|location=Brussels, Belgium|format=|arxiv=|asin=|bibcode=|doi=|isbn=|issn=|jfm=|jstor=|lccn=|mr=|oclc=|ol=|osti=|pmc=|pmid=|rfc=|ssrn=|zbl=|id=|access-date=29 January 2025|url-status=|archive-url=|archive-date=|via=|quote=|trans-quote=}}</ref> Ang bangko natukod niadtong Disyembre 19, 1966 ug gidawat ang mga miyembro sa [[United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific|UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific]] (UNESCAP, kaniadto Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East o ECAFE), ug mga dili-rehiyonal [[Ugmad nga nasod|nga naugmad nga mga nasud]] . <ref name="admin2">{{Cite web|title=ADB History|url=http://www.adb.org/about/history|access-date=2015-12-21|publisher=Asian Development Bank|archive-date=29 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129195803/http://www.adb.org/about/history|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ming Wan2">{{Cite journal|last=Ming|first=Wan|date=Winter 1995–1996|title=Japan and the Asian Development Bank|url=http://hir.harvard.edu/article-authors/ming-wan|url-status=dead|journal=Pacific Affairs|publisher=University of British Columbia|volume=68|issue=4|pages=509–528|doi=10.2307/2761274|jstor=2761274|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807123335/http://hir.harvard.edu/article-authors/ming-wan|archive-date=2011-08-07|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Niabot og 69 ang miyembro sa ADB niadtong Septyembre 2024. <ref>{{cite web|title=Israel Joins ADB as 69th Member|url=https://www.adb.org/news/israel-joins-adb-69th-member|website=Asian Development Bank|date=27 September 2024|access-date=8 September 2026}}</ref> Ang ADB gisundog pag-ayo sa [[World Bank]] ug naggamit ug weighted voting system, diin ang mga boto giapod-apod subay sa kapital nga gigahin sa mga miyembro. Ang ADB mopagawas ug tinuig nga report nga nagsumaryo sa mga operasyon, badyet, ug uban pang mga materyales niini para sa pagrepaso sa publiko. <ref>{{Cite web|title=ADB Annual Reports|url=http://www.adb.org/documents/series/adb-annual-reports|access-date=2015-11-26|publisher=Asian Development Bank|archive-date=26 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126112031/http://www.adb.org/documents/series/adb-annual-reports|url-status=live}}</ref> Ang ADB-Japan Scholarship Program (ADB-JSP) nagpalista og mga 300 ka estudyante kada tuig sa mga institusyong akademiko nga nahimutang sa 10 ka mga nasud sulod sa Rehiyon. Human makompleto ang ilang mga programa sa pagtuon, ang mga iskolar gilauman nga makatampo sa ekonomikanhon ug sosyal nga kalamboan sa ilang mga nasud. <ref>{{Cite web|date=12 October 2017|title=Scholarship Program: List of Academic Institutions|url=https://www.adb.org/site/careers/japan-scholarship-program/jsp-institutions|publisher=Asian Development Bank|access-date=28 April 2017|archive-date=19 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519044346/https://www.adb.org/site/careers/japan-scholarship-program/jsp-institutions|url-status=live}}</ref> Ang ADB naghupot sa status isip usa ka opisyal nga United Nations Observer. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Intergovernmental Organizations|url=https://www.un.org/en/sections/member-states/intergovernmental-organizations/index.html|publisher=United Nations|access-date=28 April 2017|archive-date=23 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523053652/http://www.un.org/en/sections/member-states/intergovernmental-organizations/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Hangtod sa Disyembre 31, 2020, ang Japan ug Estados Unidos parehong naghupot sa pinakadakong proporsyon sa mga bahin nga 15.571%. Ang Tsina adunay 6.429%, ang India adunay 6.317%, ug ang Australia adunay 5.773%. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Shareholders|url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/237881/oi-appendix1.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803171248/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/237881/oi-appendix1.pdf|archive-date=2017-08-03|access-date=2015-11-26|publisher=Asian Development Bank}}</ref> == Mga Reperensya == 01dcs1gd5i6ahxrb9d50keevnt3s9yj 0 11356174 37103275 2026-09-22T07:31:57Z QueenCityCebu 123067 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376010387|China–India relations]]" 37103275 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:PM_Modi_meeting_Xi_Jinping_(2025).jpg|thumb| Ang Punong Ministro sa India, [[Narendra Modi|si Narendra Modi,]] nakigkita sa lider sa China nga si Xi Jinping, sa [[Wuhan]], China atol sa usa ka summit sa Shanghai Cooperation Organisation niadtong Agosto 31, 2025.]] hmjqz6ipy2dn8hbm9jyuem91gsk8iuv 37103276 37103275 2026-09-22T07:35:46Z QueenCityCebu 123067 Nag-unsab sa mga detalye 37103276 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:PM_Modi_meeting_Xi_Jinping_(2025).jpg|thumb| Ang Punong Ministro sa India, [[Narendra Modi|si Narendra Modi,]] nakigkita sa lider sa China nga si Xi Jinping, sa [[Wuhan]], China atol sa usa ka summit sa Shanghai Cooperation Organisation niadtong Agosto 31, 2025.]][[Pangmasang Republika sa Tsina|Ang Tsina]] ug [[Indya|India]] nagmintinar sa malinawong relasyon sulod sa liboan ka tuig, apan ang ilang relasyon nagkausab sukad sa kadaugan sa [[Chinese Communist Party|Partido Komunista sa Tsina]] (CCP) sa [[Chinese Civil War|Gubat Sibil sa Tsina]] niadtong 1949 ug sa [[Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China|pagsakop sa Tibet sa Republikang Popular sa Tsina]] . Ang duha ka nasod nangita og kooperasyon sa ekonomiya sa usag usa, samtang ang kanunay nga mga panaglalis sa utlanan ug [[ekonomiyanhong nasyonalismo|ang nasyonalismo sa ekonomiya]] sa duha ka nasod mga pangunang punto sa panaglalis. Ang kultural ug ekonomikanhong relasyon tali sa Tsina ug India nagsugod pa sa karaang panahon. Ang [[Silk Road|Dalan sa Seda]] dili lamang nagsilbi nga usa ka mayor nga [[Trade route|ruta sa pamatigayon]] tali sa India ug China, apan giila usab nga nakapadali sa pagkaylap sa [[Budismo]] gikan sa India hangtod sa Sidlakang Asya. <ref name="Maria2">{{cite book|last=Backus|first=Maria|title=Ancient China|publisher=Lorenz Educational Press, 2002|isbn=978-0-7877-0557-2|date=September 2002}}</ref> Atol sa ika-19 nga siglo, ang British [[East India Company]] nagkadaghan nga [[Opium trade in China|nag-eksport og opyo]], nga gitanom sa India, nga misangpot sa [[Opium Wars]] . <ref>{{cite book|last=Janin|first=Hunt|title=The India-japan opium trade in the two century|publisher=McFarland, 1999|isbn=978-0-7864-0715-6|date=January 1999}}</ref> <ref name="Sen20032">{{cite book|author=Tansen Sen|title=Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600-1400|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=blBTHAY_A4wC&q=774+787+srivijaya|date=January 2003|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2593-5}}</ref> Atol sa [[Ikaduhang Gubat Kalibotanon|Ikaduhang Gubat sa Kalibutan]], [[British Raj|ang British India]] ug ang [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republika sa Tsina]] (ROC) parehong adunay hinungdanong papel sa pagpahunong sa pag-uswag sa [[Imperial Japan|Imperyal nga Hapon]]. <ref name="Barbara2">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Barbara|title=World War Two|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books, 2004|isbn=978-0-8225-0138-1|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/worldwariipacifi0000will|year=2005}}</ref> Human nahimong independente ang India niadtong 1947, nagtukod kini og relasyon sa ROC. Ang modernong diplomatikong relasyon sa China-India nagsugod niadtong 1950, sa dihang ang India usa sa mga unang dili-komunista nga mga nasud nga mitapos sa pormal nga relasyon sa [[Republika sa Tsina|Republika sa China]] ug miila sa PRC isip lehitimong gobyerno sa [[Mainland China]] ug [[Geography of Taiwan|Taiwan]] . Ang Tsina ug India mao ang duha sa mga dagkong [[Regional power|gahom sa rehiyon]] sa Asya, ug mao ang duha ka [[List of countries by population|pinakadaghang populasyon nga mga nasud]] ug usa sa [[List of countries by real GDP growth rate|labing paspas nga nagtubo]] nga mga dagkong ekonomiya sa kalibutan. Ang pag-uswag sa diplomatiko ug ekonomikanhong impluwensya nagdugang sa kamahinungdanon sa ilang bilateral nga relasyon. Tali sa 2008 ug 2021, ang Tsina mao ang pinakadako nga kauban sa pamatigayon sa India, ug ang duha ka nasud nagpalapad sa ilang estratehiko ug militar nga relasyon.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A43053-2005Apr11.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|first=John|last=Lancaster|title=India, China Hoping to 'Reshape the World Order' Together|date=12 April 2005|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209160559/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A43053-2005Apr11.html|archive-date=9 February 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theworldreporter.com/2010/07/why-indo-china-ties-will-be-more.html|title=Why Indo-China ties will be more favourable than Sino-Pak|publisher=Theworldreporter.com|date=7 July 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101019172133/http://www.theworldreporter.com/2010/07/why-indo-china-ties-will-be-more.html|archive-date=19 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="Hindu12">[http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/indiachina-trade-surpasses-target/article1129785.ece India-China trade surpasses target] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510130334/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/indiachina-trade-surpasses-target/article1129785.ece|date=10 May 2013}}, ''The Hindu'', 2 January 2010.</ref><ref name="NDTV2">{{cite web|title=US Becomes India's Biggest Trading Partner, Surpasses China|date=29 May 2022|url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/us-becomes-india-biggest-trading-partner-surpasses-china-3018969|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=29 May 2022|archive-date=29 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529052719/https://www.ndtv.com/business/us-becomes-india-biggest-trading-partner-surpasses-china-3018969|url-status=live}}</ref> Ang India adunay dakong [[Trade deficit|depisit sa pamatigayon]] nga mas gipaboran sa China. Ang [[Sino-Indian border dispute|panaglalis sa utlanan sa Sino-Indian]], nga gipakita sa [[Line of Actual Control]] (LAC), nagpabilin nga usa ka sentral nga isyu, nga miresulta sa [[Sino-Indian War|Gubat sa Sino-Indian]] niadtong 1962, ang [[Nathu La and Cho La clashes|mga panagsangka niadtong 1967]], ug ang [[1987 Sino-Indian skirmish|panag-away niadtong 1987.]] <ref name="APCSS2">[http://www.apcss.org/core/BIOS/malik/India-China_Relations.pdf]{{dead link|date=September 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Sukad sa ulahing bahin sa dekada 1980, ang duha ka nasud nakatukod pag-usab sa diplomatiko ug ekonomikanhong relasyon; usa ka kasabutan niadtong 1996 ang nagdili sa mga armas ug eksplosibo duol sa LAC. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-06-16|title=India-China dispute: The border row explained in 400 words|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-53062484|access-date=2026-05-29|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Mitumaw ang mga mekanismo sa pagwagtang sa panagbangi sa utlanan, sugod sa 2003 [[Special Representative mechanism on the India–China boundary question|Special Representatives]] . Ang mga bag-ong panagbangi naglakip sa [[2013 Depsang standoff|mga panagsangka niadtong 2013]], ug [[2017 China–India border standoff|niadtong 2017]] ; [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes|ang dagkong mga panagsangka niadtong 2020-2021]] miresulta sa dose-dosenang mga kamatayon sa duha ka kilid; ang imprastraktura sa militar duol sa LAC nagpadayon sa pagtubo. <ref name="WSJ">{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124578881101543463|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710060101/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124578881101543463|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 July 2015|title=The China-India Border Brawl|author=Jeff M. Smith today's Wall Street Journal Asia|date=24 June 2009|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=16 May 2016}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_ak-antony-admits-china-incursion_1592435 AK Antony admits China incursion] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930132104/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_ak-antony-admits-china-incursion_1592435|date=30 September 2011}}, DNA, 28 September 2011.</ref> Ang mga gikabalak-an sa India naglakip [[China–Pakistan relations|sa suod nga relasyon sa China sa Pakistan]], <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/9d5497f0-db8d-11de-9424-00144feabdc0.html|title=China-Pakistan military links upset India|work=Financial Times|date=27 November 2009|access-date=16 May 2016}}</ref> ug sa [[Insurgency in Northeast India|mga grupo sa separatista sa Amihanang-sidlakan sa India]] . <ref>{{Cite news|last=Lintner|first=Bertil|author-link=Bertil Lintner|date=30 October 2020|title=Behind China's threat to support insurgency in India|url=https://asiatimes.com/2020/10/behind-chinas-threat-to-support-insurgency-in-india/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031104540/https://asiatimes.com/2020/10/behind-chinas-threat-to-support-insurgency-in-india/|archive-date=31 October 2020|access-date=31 October 2020|work=[[Asia Times]]}}</ref> Ang mga gikabalak-an sa China naglakip sa mga kalihokan sa militar ug ekonomiya sa India sa gikuwestiyon nga [[Dagat Habagatang Tsina|South China Sea]] <ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article2455647.ece China warns India on South China Sea exploration projects] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924173917/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article2455647.ece|date=24 September 2011}}, ''The Hindu'', 15 September 2011.</ref> ug ang pag-host sa [[Tibetan exile|mga Tibetan exile]] . <ref>{{Cite news|last=[[Aamir Peerzada]]|date=16 October 2020|title=The Tibetans serving in 'secretive' Indian force|language=en-GB|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-54464189|access-date=28 May 2022|archive-date=19 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019055103/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-54464189|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Geeta Mohan|author-link=:fi:Geeta Mohan|date=1 January 2022|title=China protests Indian MPs' attending Tibetan reception, Tibet govt-in-exile fires back|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/china-protests-indian-mp-attending-tibet-govt-in-exile-reception-1894845-2022-01-01|website=[[India Today]]|language=en|access-date=28 May 2022|archive-date=1 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101101625/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/china-protests-indian-mp-attending-tibet-govt-in-exile-reception-1894845-2022-01-01|url-status=live}}</ref> Karon, ang Habagatang Asya mao ang pangunang dapit sa [[Great power competition|kompetisyon sa dagkong gahom]] tali sa Tsina ug India. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Major Power Rivalry in South Asia|url=https://www.cfr.org/report/major-power-rivalry-south-asia|access-date=24 April 2023|website=Council on Foreign Relations|language=en|archive-date=24 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424131004/https://www.cfr.org/report/major-power-rivalry-south-asia|url-status=live}}</ref> == Mga Reperensya == dqat50i0x27ftvgdan5rqod38gx8di8 0 11356175 37103277 2026-09-22T07:58:11Z QueenCityCebu 123067 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375878176|Deng Xiaoping]]" 37103277 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Student_Deng_Xiaoping_in_France.jpg|left|thumb|218x218px| Si Deng Xiaoping sa edad nga 16, nagtuon sa Pransya (1921)]] [[Kategoriya:Mga namatay sa 1997]] [[Kategoriya:Mga natawo sa 1904]] 8i8phut9jz65v2d4xfydn98m35jkv6u 37103278 37103277 2026-09-22T08:00:43Z QueenCityCebu 123067 Nag-unsab sa mga detalye 37103278 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Deng Xiaoping''' {{Efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ʌ|ŋ|_|ʃ|aʊ|ˈ|p|ɪ|ŋ}}, {{IPAc-en|alsoUK|ˈ|d|ɛ|ŋ|_|-|,_|-|_|ˈ|s|j|aʊ|p|ɪ|ŋ}};<ref>{{Cite dictionary |title=Deng Xiaoping |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/amp/english/deng-xiaoping |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604031142/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/amp/english/deng-xiaoping |archive-date=4 June 2019 |access-date=8 March 2019 |dictionary=Collins English Dictionary |publisher=HarperCollins}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Deng Xiaoping |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/deng_xiaoping |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604031146/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/deng_xiaoping |archive-date=4 June 2019}} (US) and {{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Deng+Xiaoping |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308000000/http://www.lexico.com/definition/Deng+Xiaoping |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 March 2019 |title=Deng Xiaoping |dictionary=Oxford UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Teng Hsiao-p'ing |access-date=8 March 2019}}</ref> {{lang-zh|s=邓小平|t=|p=Dèng Xiǎopíng}} also [[Romanization of Chinese|romanised]] as '''Teng Hsiao-p'ing''';<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 1976 |title=Mao's last hurrah: the campaign against Teng Hsiao-Ping |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP79T00889A000800030001-8.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413100236/https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP79T00889A000800030001-8.pdf |archive-date=13 April 2021 |publisher=[[CIA]]}}</ref> born '''Xiansheng''' ({{lang|zh|先圣}}).}} (22 Agosto 1904{{Spaced en dash}}19 Pebrero 1997) usa ka Intsik nga estadista, rebolusyonaryo, ug teorista sa politika nga nagsilbing [[Paramount leader|labing taas nga lider]] sa [[Pangmasang Republika sa Tsina|People's Republic of China]] (PRC) gikan sa 1978 hangtod 1989. Mitumaw isip labing impluwensyal nga tawo sa China human sa kamatayon ni [[Mao Zedong]] [[Death and state funeral of Mao Zedong|niadtong 1976]], gipalig-on ni Deng [[gahom|ang gahum sa politika]] ug gigiyahan ang nasud ngadto sa usa ka panahon sa [[Reform and opening up|reporma ug pag-abli]] nga nagbalhin sa nasud ngadto sa usa ka [[Socialist market economy|sosyalistang ekonomiya sa merkado]] . Giila isip "arkitekto sa modernong Tsina", siya giila sa paghulma sa [[Socialism with Chinese characteristics|sosyalismo nga adunay mga kinaiya sa mga Intsik]] ug [[Deng Xiaoping Theory|sa Teorya ni Deng Xiaoping.]]<ref name="Faison 19972">{{Cite news|last=Faison|first=Seth|date=20 February 1997|title=Deng Xiaoping is Dead at 92; Architect of Modern China|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/world/0220deng-death.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206152338/http://partners.nytimes.com/library/world/0220deng-death.html|archive-date=6 December 2013|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=27 December 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|year=2014|title=Deng Xiaoping: Architect of modern China|url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/dengxiaoping.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623152008/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/dengxiaoping.html|archive-date=23 June 2024|website=[[China Daily]]}}</ref>[[Deng Xiaoping Theory|{{sfn|Vogel|2011|p=684}}]] Natawo sa usa ka pamilyang mag-uuma nga tag-iya og yuta sa [[Sichuan Sheng|Sichuan]], si Deng gipailaila sa [[Marksismo–Leninismo|Marxismo-Leninismo]] samtang nagtuon ug nagtrabaho sa Pransya niadtong mga 1920 isip kabahin sa [[Diligent Work–Frugal Study Movement|Work-Study Movement]] . Unya nagtuon siya sa Moscow ug, human mibalik sa Tsina, miapil sa [[Chinese Communist Party|Partido Komunista sa Tsina]] (CCP) niadtong 1924. Atol sa [[Chinese Civil War|Gubat Sibil sa Tsina]], nagtrabaho siya sa [[Jiangxi Soviet]] ug nagmintinar og suod nga relasyon uban ni Mao. Si Deng sa ulahi nagsilbi nga usa ka [[Political commissar|komisar sa politika]] sa [[Chinese Red Army|Pulang Kasundalohan sa Tsina]] atol sa [[Long March]] ug [[Second Sino-Japanese War|Ikaduhang Gubat Sino-Hapones]], nga nakatabang sa pagsiguro sa kadaugan sa CCP niadtong 1949 ug miapil sa pag-ilog sa [[People's Liberation Army]] (PLA) sa [[Nanjing (kapital sa lalawigan)|Nanjing]]. Human sa [[Proclamation of the People's Republic of China|pagkatukod ni Mao sa PRC]], si Deng nahimong inila isip [[Vice premier of China|bise premier sa Tsina]] ug [[Secretary-General of the Chinese Communist Party|sekretaryo-heneral sa CCP]], nga nagdumala sa rekonstruksyon sa ekonomiya ug nagdula og pangunang papel sa [[Anti-Rightist Campaign|Kampanya nga Anti-Rightist]] . Sa tunga-tungang bahin sa dekada 1960, ang mga inisyatibo sa palisiya sa ekonomiya ug ang proklamasyon sa [[Four Modernizations|Upat ka Modernisasyon]] nagtimaan sa kinapungkayan sa impluwensya ni Deng sa panahon ni Mao. Apan, atol sa [[Cultural Revolution|Rebolusyong Pangkultura]], siya gikondenar isip "ikaduhang [[Capitalist roader|kapitalistang manlalakbay]] " sa partido sunod ni [[Liu Shaoqi]] ug kaduha gitangtang ni Mao, migugol ug upat ka tuig nga pagtrabaho sa usa ka pabrika sa traktora sa wala pa mobalik sa politika. Human sa kamatayon ni Mao niadtong 1976, nalupig ni Deng ang iyang mga karibal sa politika ug nahimong labing importante nga lider sa China pag-abot sa 1978. Paglingkod niya sa gahom, gisugdan ni Deng ang dakong pag-usab sa imprastraktura ug sistema sa politika sa Tsina. Tungod sa kagubot ug kagubot sa institusyon gikan sa panahon ni Mao, siya ug ang mga kaalyado naglunsad sa programang ''[[Boluan Fanzheng]]'' nga nagtinguha sa pagpahiuli sa kahusay pinaagi sa rehabilitasyon niadtong mga gilutos atol sa Rebolusyong Pangkultura. Ang iyang mga palisiya sa reporma ug pag-abli nagpaila sa mga insentibo sa merkado, nagtukod og [[Special economic zones of China|mga espesyal nga sona sa ekonomiya]], nagdasig sa langyaw nga pamuhunan, ug nagpadali sa integrasyon sa Tsina sa ekonomiya sa kalibutan. Gipadayon usab ni Deng ang mga dagkong reporma sa estado, lakip ang mga limitasyon sa termino sa konstitusyon (nga gipatik sa [[Constitution of China|1982 nga Konstitusyon sa Tsina]] ), ang [[One-child policy|palisiya sa usa ka anak]] aron matubag ang pagtubo sa populasyon, usa ka siyam ka tuig [[Compulsory education#China|nga compulsory education system]], ug pagpasiugda sa teknolohiya pinaagi sa [[863 Program]] . Kining mga pagbag-o nagbalhin sa Tsina gikan sa usa ka [[Command economy|ekonomiya sa mando]] ug [[Mawismo|sa Maoistang ortodokso]], nga nagpahimutang sa pundasyon alang sa mga dekada sa paspas nga pagtubo sa ekonomiya. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Denmark|first=Abraham|title=40 years ago, Deng Xiaoping changed China — and the world|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/12/19/40-years-ago-deng-xiaoping-changed-china-and-the-world/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508043643/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/12/19/40-years-ago-deng-xiaoping-changed-china-and-the-world/|archive-date=8 May 2019}}</ref> Dugang pa, isip tigdumala sa langyaw nga palisiya sa Beijing, si Deng nakigsabot sa [[Handover of Hong Kong|pagtugyan sa Hong Kong]] ug [[Handover of Macau|Macau]] ug nagpormula sa naggiya nga prinsipyo sa " [[One country, two systems|usa ka nasud, duha ka sistema]] ". Nakadawat si Deng og pagdayeg sa tibuok kalibutan ug ginganlan nga [[Time Person of the Year|''Time'' Person of the Year]] niadtong 1978 ug 1985 tungod sa iyang mga palisiya ug reporma. <ref>{{Cite magazine|date=1 January 1979|title=Man of the Year: Teng Hsiao-p'ing: Visions of a New China|url=https://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19790101,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419041030/http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19790101,00.html|archive-date=19 April 2021|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|date=6 January 1986|title=Man of the Year: Deng Xiaoping|url=https://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19860106,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209202013/http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19860106,00.html|archive-date=9 December 2019|magazine=Time}}</ref> Bisan pa sa mga kontribusyon sa modernisasyon sa China, ang kabilin ni Deng gimarkahan usab sa kontrobersiya. Gimando niya ang [[People's Liberation Army at the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre|pagsilot]] sa [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre|mga protesta sa Tiananmen Square niadtong 1989]], nga mipahunong sa iyang mga reporma sa politika ug nagpabilin nga hilisgutan sa internasyonal nga pagkondenar. <ref>{{cite web|last=Wu|first=Wei|date=4 June 2015|title=Why China's Political Reforms Failed|url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/why-chinas-political-reforms-failed/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413104706/https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/why-chinas-political-reforms-failed/|archive-date=13 April 2023|access-date=3 May 2020|website=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]}}</ref> Bisan pa man, ang mga palisiya ni Deng nakatabang sa pag-usbaw sa China aron mahimong usa sa [[Great power|mga dagkong gahum]] sa kalibutan. Gipulihan siya ni [[Jiang Zemin]], kinsa nagpadayon sa iyang adyenda sa reporma. == Mga Reperensya == [[Kategoriya:Mga namatay sa 1997]] [[Kategoriya:Mga natawo sa 1904]] 7arbqdjeh72cjv1gu5smqpxxjyp8z9y 0 11356176 37103280 2026-09-22T08:06:30Z QueenCityCebu 123067 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375928650|Prime Minister of India]]" 37103280 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Shri_Narendra_Modi_sworn_in_as_Prime_Minister.jpg|thumb| Unang seremonya sa pagpanumpa ni Narendra Modi, 2014]] o71iwm29j5v077lqr2wseziyn1197s1 37103281 37103280 2026-09-22T08:08:45Z QueenCityCebu 123067 Nag-unsab sa mga detalye 37103281 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang '''punong ministro sa India''' ( [[ISO 15919|ISO]] : {{Transl|hi|ISO|Bhāratīya Gaṇarājyasya Pradhānamantrī}} ) mao ang [[Head of government|pangulo sa gobyerno]] <ref>Article 74 of [[Constitution of India]]</ref> sa [[Indya|Republika sa India]] . [[Executive authority|Ang awtoridad sa ehekutibo]] anaa sa prime minister ug sa iyang piniling [[Union Council of Ministers|Konseho sa mga Ministro]], <ref name="majeed-roi-22">{{citation|last=Majeed|first=Akhtar|chapter=Republic of India|pages=180&ndash;207|title=Constitutional Origins, Structure, and Change in Federal Countries|series=A Global Dialogue on Federalism, Volume I|editor1-last=Kincaid|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Tarr|editor2-first=G. Alan|location=Montreal & Kingston|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press for Forum of Federation and International Association of Centers for Federal Studies|year=2005|isbn=0-7735-2849-0}}</ref> : 185 <ref name="prime-ministers-india-22">{{citation|last=Britannica|first=Eds. Encycl.|chapter=List of prime ministers of India|title=Encyclopaedia Britannica|date=20 February 2020|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|chapter-url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/list-of-prime-ministers-of-India-1832692|access-date=2 April 2022|quote=Effective executive power rests with the Council of Ministers, headed by the prime minister}}</ref> : 307 <ref name="prime-ministers-india-23">{{citation|last=Britannica|first=Eds. Encycl.|chapter=List of prime ministers of India|title=Encyclopaedia Britannica|date=20 February 2020|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|chapter-url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/list-of-prime-ministers-of-India-1832692|access-date=2 April 2022|quote=Effective executive power rests with the Council of Ministers, headed by the prime minister}}</ref> bisan pa man nga ang [[President of India|Presidente sa India]] mao ang nominal [[Head of state|nga pangulo sa estado]] . <ref name="pillay-cri-pm-22">{{citation|last=Pillay|first=Anashri|editor1-last=Masterman|editor1-first=Roger|editor2-last=Schütze|editor2-first=Robert|isbn=978-1-107-16781-0|lccn=2019019723|doi=10.1017/9781316716731|chapter=The Constitution of the Republic of India|title=Cambridge Companion to Comparative Constitutional Law|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2019|s2cid=219881288}}</ref> : 146–147 <ref name="majeed-roi-23">{{citation|last=Majeed|first=Akhtar|chapter=Republic of India|pages=180&ndash;207|title=Constitutional Origins, Structure, and Change in Federal Countries|series=A Global Dialogue on Federalism, Volume I|editor1-last=Kincaid|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Tarr|editor2-first=G. Alan|location=Montreal & Kingston|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press for Forum of Federation and International Association of Centers for Federal Studies|year=2005|isbn=0-7735-2849-0}}</ref> : 185 <ref name="majeed-roi-24">{{citation|last=Majeed|first=Akhtar|chapter=Republic of India|pages=180&ndash;207|title=Constitutional Origins, Structure, and Change in Federal Countries|series=A Global Dialogue on Federalism, Volume I|editor1-last=Kincaid|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Tarr|editor2-first=G. Alan|location=Montreal & Kingston|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press for Forum of Federation and International Association of Centers for Federal Studies|year=2005|isbn=0-7735-2849-0}}</ref> : 307 <ref name="nsingh-india2">{{citation|last=Singh|first=Nirvikar|chapter=Holding India Together: The Role of Institutions of Federalism|editor1-last=Mishra|editor1-first=Ajit|editor2-last=Ray|editor2-first=Tridip|pages=300&ndash;323, 306|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2018|isbn=978-0-19-881255-5|title=Markets, Governance, and Institutions: In the Process of Economic Development}}</ref> Ang prime minister kinahanglan nga miyembro sa usa sa mga balay sa bicameral [[Parliament of India|Parliament sa India]], uban sa pagpangulo sa tagsa-tagsa ka balay. <ref name="nsingh-india">{{citation|last=Singh|first=Nirvikar|chapter=Holding India Together: The Role of Institutions of Federalism|editor1-last=Mishra|editor1-first=Ajit|editor2-last=Ray|editor2-first=Tridip|pages=300&ndash;323, 306|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2018|isbn=978-0-19-881255-5|title=Markets, Governance, and Institutions: In the Process of Economic Development}}</ref> : 146–147 Ang prime minister ug ang [[Union Council of Ministers|gabinete]] kanunayng manubag sa [[Lok Sabha]], ang ubos nga balay balaoranan sa [[Parliament of India|Parlamento]] . <ref name="dam-32">{{citation|last=Dam|first=Shubhankar|chapter=Executive|title=The Oxford Handbook of the Indian Constitution|editor1-last=Choudhry|editor1-first=Sujit|editor2-last=Khosla|editor2-first=Madhav|editor3-last=Mehta|editor3-first=Pratap Bhanu|location=Oxford and New York|year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-870489-8}}</ref> : 307 <ref name="dam-3">{{citation|last=Dam|first=Shubhankar|chapter=Executive|title=The Oxford Handbook of the Indian Constitution|editor1-last=Choudhry|editor1-first=Sujit|editor2-last=Khosla|editor2-first=Madhav|editor3-last=Mehta|editor3-first=Pratap Bhanu|location=Oxford and New York|year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-870489-8}}</ref> : 185  Ang naglingkod nga prime minister naa sa ikatulong pwesto sa [[Order of precedence in India|Order of Precedence of India]] <ref name="OPR2">{{Cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/table_of_precedence.pdf|title=Table of Precedence|date=26 July 1979|website=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], [[Government of India]]|publisher=President's Secretariat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527155701/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/table_of_precedence.pdf|archive-date=27 May 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=24 September 2017}}</ref> ug gitudlo sa [[President of India|presidente sa India]] ; bisan pa, ang prime minister kinahanglan nga [[Motion of no confidence|matagamtam ang pagsalig]] sa kadaghanan sa mga miyembro sa [[Lok Sabha]], nga direktang gipili [[Elections in India#Parliamentary general elections (Lok Sabha)|matag lima ka tuig]], aron dili mo-resign ang prime minister. Ang prime minister mahimong miyembro sa [[Lok Sabha]] o sa [[Rajya Sabha]], ang taas nga balay balaoranan sa parlamento. Ang punong ministro ang nagkontrol sa pagpili ug pagtangtang sa mga miyembro sa [[Union Council of Ministers|Konseho sa mga Ministro sa Unyon]] ug sa pag-apod-apod sa mga posisyon ngadto sa mga miyembro sulod sa gobyerno. Ang labing dugay nga nagserbisyo nga punong ministro mao ang unang punong ministro, [[Jawaharlal Nehru|si Jawaharlal Nehru]], kansang panahon sa paglingkod milungtad og 16 ka tuig ug 286 ka adlaw. Ang iyang pagka-premier gisundan sa mubo nga termino ni [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] ug sa 11 ug 4 ka tuig nga termino ni [[Indira Gandhi]], diin ang duha ka politiko nahisakop sa [[Indian National Congress]] . Human sa [[Assassination of Indira Gandhi|pagpatay kang Indira Gandhi]], ang iyang anak nga [[Rajiv Gandhi|si Rajiv Gandhi]] mipuli sa pagdumala hangtod sa 1989, sa dihang nagsugod ang usa ka dekada nga adunay lima ka dili lig-on nga gobyerno. Gisundan kini sa kompletong termino nila ni [[P. V. Narasimha Rao|PV Narasimha Rao]], [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], [[Manmohan Singh]], ug [[Narendra Modi]], kinsa mao ang kasamtangang punong ministro sa India, nga nagserbisyo sukad [[First swearing-in ceremony of Narendra Modi|niadtong Mayo 26, 2014]] . Siya ang unang lider nga dili miyembro sa Kongreso nga nahimong PM human sa sunod-sunod nga kinatibuk-ang eleksyon ug nakakuha sa ikatulong sunod-sunod nga termino (2014, 2019, 2024). Ang unang punong ministro nga nagbuhat niini mao si [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], kinsa nakakuha og sunod-sunod nga mga termino human sa kadaugan sa kinatibuk-ang eleksyon sa 1946, 1952, 1957, ug 1962. == Mga Reperensya == tkzzzlapvpic8jo0bnxxy2ztqu3lclq 0 11356177 37103282 2026-09-22T08:12:46Z QueenCityCebu 123067 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375592271|Rajiv Gandhi]]" 37103282 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Indira_Gandhi,_Jawaharlal_Nehru,_Rajiv_Gandhi_and_Sanjay_Gandhi.jpg|left|thumb| Si Gandhi uban sa iyang inahan nga si Indira, apohan sa inahan nga si Jawaharlal Nehru ug igsoon nga si Sanjay niadtong 1949]] [[Kategoriya:Mga namatay sa 1991]] [[Kategoriya:Mga natawo sa 1944]] [[Kategoriya:Articles including recorded pronunciations]] 9pgxwfoz3s4u5tfdif58weobcsagqf8 37103283 37103282 2026-09-22T08:14:53Z QueenCityCebu 123067 Nag-unsab sa mga detalye 37103283 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Si Rajiv Ratna Gandhi''' <ref name="Kidwai">{{Cite web}}</ref> {{Efn|English: {{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɑː|dʒ|iː|v|_|ˈ|ɡ|ɑː|n|d|i}} {{respell|RAH|jeev|_|GAHN|dee}}, {{IPA|hi|raːˈdʒiːʋ ˈɡaːndʱiː|lang|Hi-RajivGandhi.ogg|small=no}}.}} (20 Agosto 1944 – 21 Mayo 1991) <ref name="brit2">{{cite web|title=Rajiv Gandhi {{!}} prime minister of India|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rajiv-Gandhi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721075521/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rajiv-Gandhi|archive-date=21 July 2023|access-date=21 November 2021|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> usa ka piloto sa ayroplano sa India, [[Technocracy|teknokrata]] ug estadista nga nagserbisyo isip [[Prime minister of India|punong ministro sa India]] gikan sa 1984 hangtod 1989 sulod sa duha ka termino. Nilingkod siya sa pwesto human sa [[Assassination of Indira Gandhi|pagpatay]] sa iyang inahan, ang kanhing punong ministro nga [[Indira Gandhi|si Indira Gandhi]], ug nahimong pinakabata nga punong ministro sa India sa edad nga 40. Nagserbisyo siya hangtod sa iyang kapildihan sa [[1989 Indian general election|eleksyon sa 1989]], ug dayon nahimong [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha|Lider sa Oposisyon sa Lok Sabha]], miresign niadtong Disyembre 1990, unom ka bulan sa wala pa [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|ang iyang kaugalingong pagpatay]]. Si Gandhi walay kabanay ni [[Mahatma Gandhi]] . Hinuon, siya gikan sa [[Nehru–Gandhi family|pamilyang Nehru-Gandhi]] nga gamhanan sa politika, nga nalambigit sa partido sa [[Indian National Congress]] . Sa kadaghanan sa iyang pagkabata, ang iyang apohan sa inahan nga [[Jawaharlal Nehru|si Jawaharlal Nehru]] mao ang punong ministro. Si Gandhi mitungha [[The Doon School|sa The Doon School]], usa ka elite nga boarding institution, ug dayon sa [[University of Cambridge]] sa United Kingdom. Nibalik siya sa India niadtong 1966 ug nahimong propesyonal nga piloto para sa gipanag-iya sa estado [[Indian Airlines|nga Indian Airlines]] . Niadtong 1968, naminyo siya kang [[Sonia Maino]] ; ang magtiayon nanimuyo sa Delhi alang sa usa ka kinabuhing panimalay uban sa ilang mga anak nga sila [[Rahul Gandhi|si Rahul]] ug [[Priyanka Gandhi|Priyanka]] . Sa kadaghanan sa mga dekada 1960 ug 1970, ang iyang inahan mao ang punong ministro ug ang iyang manghod nga [[Sanjay Gandhi|si Sanjay]] usa ka [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] ; bisan pa niini, si Gandhi nagpabilin nga walay gidapigan sa politika. Human namatay si Sanjay sa pagkahagsa sa eroplano niadtong 1980, nagpanuko si Gandhi nga misulod sa politika sa mando sa iyang inahan. Pagkasunod tuig, nadaog niya ang lingkoranan sa iyang igsoon sa Parlamento sa [[Amethi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amethi]] ug nahimong miyembro sa [[Lok Sabha]], ang ubos nga balay balauranan sa [[Parliament of India|Parlamento sa India]] . Isip kabahin sa iyang politikanhong pagpangandam, si Rajiv gihimong heneral nga kalihim sa partido sa Kongreso ug gihatagan og dakong responsibilidad sa pag-organisar sa [[1982 Asian Games]]. Sa buntag sa Oktubre 31, 1984, ang iyang inahan (ang prime minister niadtong panahona) gipatay sa iyang duha ka [[Sikh]] bodyguard <ref name="Ensaaf2">{{cite book|last1=Kaur|first1=Jaskaran|last2=Crossette|first2=Barbara|title=Twenty years of impunity: the November 1984 pogroms of Sikhs in India|page=27|url=http://ensaaf-org.jklaw.net/publications/reports/20years/20years-2nd.pdf|edition=2nd|year=2006|publisher=Ensaaf|location=Portland, OR|isbn=978-0-9787073-0-9|access-date=23 May 2022|archive-date=19 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119015130/http://ensaaf-org.jklaw.net/publications/reports/20years/20years-2nd.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="bbconthisday2">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/witness/october/31/newsid_3961000/3961851.stm|title=1984: Assassination and revenge|access-date=23 May 2022|publisher=BBC News|date=31 October 1984|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215211511/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/witness/october/31/newsid_3961000/3961851.stm|archive-date=15 February 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDlFDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA129|page=129|author1=Shaw, Jeffrey M.|author2=Demy, Timothy J.|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1610695176|date=2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Riots and Pogroms|page=203|author=Brass, Paul R.|publisher=NYU Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QeU8DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA203|isbn=978-0814712825|date=October 1996}}</ref>nga sila [[Satwant Singh|si Satwant Singh]] ug [[Beant Singh (assassin)|Beant Singh]] human sa [[Operation Blue Star]], usa ka aksyong militar sa India aron tangtangon [[Dharam Yudh Morcha|ang mga aktibistang separatista sa Sikh]] gikan sa [[Golden Temple]] . Sa ulahi nianang adlawa, si Gandhi gitudlo nga punong ministro. Nasulayan ang iyang pamunoan sa misunod nga pipila ka adlaw samtang ang organisadong mga manggugubot [[1984 anti-Sikh riots|naggubot batok sa komunidad sa Sikh]], nga miresulta sa mga pagpamatay batok sa mga Sikh sa Delhi. Nianang Disyembre, ang partido sa Kongreso nakadaog sa pinakadakong mayoriya sa Lok Sabha hangtod karon, [[1984 Indian general election|414 ka lingkoranan gikan sa 541]] . Ang panahon ni Gandhi sa katungdanan napuno sa mga kontrobersiya sama sa [[Bhopal disaster|katalagman sa Bhopal]], [[Bofors scandal|eskandalo ni Bofors]] ug ''[[Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum|ni Mohd.]]'' ''[[Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum|Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum]]'' . Niadtong 1988, iyang gibaliktad ang [[1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt|kudeta sa Maldives]], gikontra ang mga militanteng grupo sa Tamil sama sa [[People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam|PLOTE]], nangilabot ug dayon nagpadala og mga tropa [[Indian Peace Keeping Force|sa pagpatunhay sa kalinaw]] sa Sri Lanka niadtong 1987, nga misangpot sa dayag nga panagbangi uban sa [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE). Napildi ang iyang partido sa [[1989 Indian general election|eleksyon sa 1989]]. Si Gandhi nagpabilin [[Congress president|nga presidente sa Kongreso]] hangtod sa [[1991 Indian general election|eleksyon niadtong 1991]] . Samtang nangampanya alang sa eleksyon, [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|gipatay siya]] sa usa ka suicide bomber gikan sa LTTE. Niadtong 1991, ang gobyerno sa India mihatag kang Gandhi sa [[Bharat Ratna]] human sa iyang kamatayon, ang pinakataas nga sibilyan nga pasidungog sa nasud. Sa India Leadership Conclave niadtong 2009, ang Revolutionary Leader of Modern India award gihatag kang Gandhi human sa iyang kamatayon. <ref>{{cite news|title=Special award bestowed on Rajiv Gandhi|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Special-award-bestowed-on-Rajiv-Gandhi/article16522723.ece|access-date=28 February 2021|work=The Hindu|date=27 September 2009|archive-date=22 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922071631/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Special-award-bestowed-on-Rajiv-Gandhi/article16522723.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> == Mga Reperensya == [[Kategoriya:Mga namatay sa 1991]] [[Kategoriya:Mga natawo sa 1944]] [[Kategoriya:Articles including recorded pronunciations]] amvj7geqn6kfinw0telqxfoldocgb1t 0 11356178 37103284 2026-09-22T08:29:46Z QueenCityCebu 123067 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366892194|United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations]]" 37103284 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Refusing_to_give_the_lady_a_seat_-_Rollin_Kirby_Trim.jpg|thumb| Pagdumili sa paghatag og lingkuranan sa babaye [Tratado sa Kalinaw sa Versailles]—ni Senador Borah, Lodge ug Johnson, {{Circa}} 1919]] owb5qf2lqlsmieghipon1twkspblxe1 37103285 37103284 2026-09-22T08:31:11Z QueenCityCebu 123067 Nag-unsab sa mga detalye 37103285 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang '''Komite sa Senado sa Estados Unidos sa mga Relasyon sa Langyaw''' usa ka [[Standing committee (United States Congress)|permanenteng komite]] sa [[United States Senate|Senado sa Estados Unidos]] nga gitahasan sa pagpanguna [[paaging panggawas sa Hiniusang mga Estado|sa lehislasyon ug debate sa langyaw nga palisiya]] sa Senado. Kasagaran kini ang responsable sa pag-awtorisar ug pagdumala sa mga programa [[Aid|sa tabang gikan sa gawas sa nasud]] ; pagbaligya ug pagbansay sa mga armas para sa mga kaalyado sa nasod; ug pagpahigayon og [[Congressional hearing#Confirmation hearings|mga kumpirmasyon sa mga hearing]] para sa mga taas nga posisyon sa [[United States Department of State|Department of State]] . <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Ang igsoon nga komite niini sa [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] mao ang [[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs|Committee on Foreign Affairs]]. <ref>Renamed from Committee on International Relations by the [[110th United States Congress|110th Congress]] in January 2007.</ref> Uban sa mga komite [[United States Senate Committee on Finance|sa Panalapi]] ug [[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|Hudikatura]], ang Komite sa Relasyon sa Langyaw usa sa labing karaan sa Senado, nga nagsugod sa unang pagkatukod sa mga komite niadtong 1816. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=Committee History & Rules {{!}} United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|url=https://www.foreign.senate.gov/about/history|access-date=2021-01-22|website=www.foreign.senate.gov|language=en|archive-date=October 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002132657/https://www.foreign.senate.gov/about/history|url-status=live}}</ref> Kini adunay dakong papel sa daghang importanteng [[Treaties|mga tratado]] ug mga inisyatibo sa langyaw nga palisiya sa tibuok kasaysayan sa US, lakip ang [[Alaska Purchase]], ang pagtukod sa [[Tinípong Kanasuran|United Nations]], ug ang pagpasar sa [[Marshall Plan]] . <ref name=":03">{{Cite web|title=Committee History & Rules {{!}} United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|url=https://www.foreign.senate.gov/about/history|access-date=2021-01-22|website=www.foreign.senate.gov|language=en|archive-date=October 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002132657/https://www.foreign.senate.gov/about/history|url-status=live}}</ref> Ang komite nakamugna usab og walo ka [[Talaan sa mga presidente sa Tinipong Bansa|mga presidente sa US]] — [[Andrew Jackson]], [[James Buchanan]], [[Andrew Johnson]], [[Benjamin Harrison]], [[Warren G. Harding|Warren Harding]], [[John F. Kennedy]], [[Barack Obama]], ug [[Joe Biden]] (Si Buchanan ug Biden nagsilbing tsirman) —ug 19 [[United States Secretary of State|ka mga kalihim sa estado]] . Ang mga iladong miyembro naglakip nila [[Arthur Vandenberg|ni Arthur Vandenberg]], [[Henry Cabot Lodge]], ug [[J. William Fulbright|William Fulbright]]. Ang Foreign Relations Committee giisip nga usa sa labing gamhanan ug prestihiyoso sa Senado, tungod sa taas nga kasaysayan niini, halapad nga impluwensya sa langyaw nga palisiya sa US, hurisdiksyon sa tanang diplomatikong nominasyon, ug kini lamang ang komite sa Senado nga nagtimbang-timbang ug nagreport sa mga tratado. <ref>{{Citation|title=12.6 Committees|date=2016-11-16|url=https://open.lib.umn.edu/americangovernment/chapter/12-6-committees/|work=American Government and Politics in the Information Age|publisher=University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing edition, 2016. This edition adapted from a work originally produced in 2011 by a publisher who has requested that it not receive attribution.|language=en-us|access-date=2021-01-22|archive-date=October 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001102130/https://open.lib.umn.edu/americangovernment/chapter/12-6-committees/|url-status=live}}</ref> Gikan sa 2021 hangtod 2023, ang Foreign Relations Committee gipangulohan sa [[Democratic Party (United States)|Demokratikong]] senador nga [[Bob Menendez|si Bob Menendez]] sa [[New Jersey]], hangtod nga miundang siya isip tsirman human giatubang ang mga kaso sa korapsyon sa pederal. <ref>{{Citation|title=Bob Menendez steps down as US Senate foreign relations chairman after indictment|date=September 22, 2023|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-66897845|access-date=2023-09-22|archive-date=September 25, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925170215/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-66897845|url-status=live}}</ref> == Mga Reperensya == ruij27ne12uuokcyh2z7hbvedpiulmf 0 11356179 37103286 2026-09-22T08:34:55Z JoyiCPH 147101 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376116925|Potential superpower]]" 37103286 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Superpower.svg|thumb|300x300px| '''Dili malalis nga gahom''' ]] [[Kategoriya:Ika-21 ka gatusan]] g57ukk0y3xsjg2i5hyeu81fmmk1butb 37103287 37103286 2026-09-22T08:36:33Z JoyiCPH 147101 Nag-usab sa mga detalye 37103287 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang usa ka '''potensyal nga superpower''' usa ka [[soberanong estado]] o uban pang [[Polity|politika]] nga kaylap nga gituohan nga adunay potensyal nga mahimong usa ka [[superpower]] – usa ka soberanong estado o [[supranasyonalidad|supranasyonal nga unyon]] nga naghupot og dominanteng posisyon ug mahimong [[Sphere of influence|mogamit og impluwensya]] ug [[Power projection|magpakita og gahum]] sa tibuok kalibutan pinaagi sa ekonomikanhon, militar, teknolohikal, politikal, o kultural nga paagi.<ref name="Munro12">{{cite web|last1=Munro|first1=André|title=superpower|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/superpower|access-date=2 May 2023|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref><ref name="Mark12">{{cite news|last=Leonard|first=Mark|date=18 February 2005|title=Europe: the new superpower|work=[[Irish Times]]|url=http://www.cer.org.uk/articles/leonard_irish_times_18feb05.html|access-date=31 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327034443/http://www.cer.org.uk/articles/leonard_irish_times_18feb05.html|archive-date=27 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=McCormick|first=John|title=The European Superpower|date=2007|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|author-link=John McCormick (Jean Monnet Chair)}}</ref> Ang [[Tinípong Bánsà|Estados Unidos]] karon mao lamang ang nasud kansang kahimtang isip usa ka superpower nakakaplag ug halapad nga konsensus, <ref>{{Cite web|last=Lee|first=Yen Nee|date=2020-09-17|title=The U.S. is still a dominant power — but it's not clear if it remains the global leader|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/17/us-is-still-a-dominant-power-but-it-may-not-be-the-global-leader.html|access-date=2024-07-15|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="k2702">{{cite book|last=Beckley|first=Michael|title=Unrivaled: why America will remain the world's sole superpower|publisher=Cornell University Press|publication-place=Ithaca|date=2018|isbn=978-1-5017-2479-4|page=}}</ref> nga adunay pipila ka mga asoy nga klarong nagtawag niini nga bugtong usa.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Bremmer|first=Ian|date=2015-05-28|title=5 Reasons Why the US Remains the World's Only Superpower|url=https://time.com/3899972/us-superpower-status-military/|access-date=2024-07-15|magazine=TIME|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nTKBdY5HBeUC&q=Canada%2520Among%2520Nations%252C%25202004%253A%2520Setting%2520Priorities+Straight|title=Canada Among Nations, 2004: Setting Priorities Straight|date=17 January 2005|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-2836-9|page=85|quote=The United States is the sole world's superpower.|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116145100/https://books.google.com/books?id=nTKBdY5HBeUC&q=Canada%2520Among%2520Nations%252C%25202004%253A%2520Setting%2520Priorities+Straight|archive-date=16 January 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Dannatt|first=Richard|date=2024-04-14|title=America has just reminded us there is only one world superpower|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/04/14/america-has-just-reminded-us-who-is-the-worlds-superpower/|access-date=2024-07-15|work=The Telegraph|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Herman|first=Arthur|date=2026-01-14|title=America Is the Sole Superpower Again|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/america-is-the-sole-superpower-again-0a89e41a|access-date=2026-05-25|website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Sukad sa tunga-tunga sa dekada 2020, [[Pangmasang Republika sa Tsina|ang China]] nagkadaghan nga gitawag nga usa ka superpower sa iyang kaugalingong katungod (lakip na ni Presidente [[Donald Trump]] sa US). [[Brasil|Ang Brazil]], ang [[Unyong Uropeyo|Unyon sa Europa]], [[Indya|India]], ug [[Rusya|Russia]] gihisgutan isip mga potensyal nga superpower sa ika-21 nga siglo, samtang [[Hapon|ang Japan]] usa ka kandidato niadtong dekada 1980. Bisan pa sa [[American decline|gituohang pag-us-os sa Estados Unidos]], kini nagpabilin nga usa ka superpower labi na tungod sa mga alyansa niini, kapasidad sa militar, [[Hinay nga gahum|humok nga gahum]], ug impluwensya sa ekonomiya ug gibug-aton. <ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://apcz.umk.pl/HiP/article/view/66714|title=Illusion of Multipolarity: Why the U.S. Remains the Global Superpower|first=Andrzej|last=Demczuk|date=November 18, 2025|journal=Historia i Polityka|issue=54 (61)|pages=35–53|via=apcz.umk.pl|doi=10.12775/HiP.2025.029|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Mga Reperensya == [[Kategoriya:Ika-21 ka gatusan]] rodk1qh6g8n84bidtye0l4u5dtwuzth 0 11356180 37103288 2026-09-22T08:39:24Z JoyiCPH 147101 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375043493|Chinese Century]]" 37103288 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China.svg|thumb| Bandila sa Republikang Katawhan sa Tsina]] 26jvg5yvn11zym1bwtij03e8bfvilre 37103289 37103288 2026-09-22T08:42:25Z JoyiCPH 147101 Nag-usab sa mga detalye 37103289 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China.svg|thumb| Bandila sa Republikang Katawhan sa Tsina]]Ang '''Siglo sa mga Tsino''' (simplified Chinese) usa ka [[Neolohismo|neologismo]] nga nagsugyot nga ang ika-21 nga siglo mahimong [[Geoeconomics|geoekonomikanhon]] ug/o [[heopolitolohiya|geopolitikal]] nga gidominar sa [[Pangmasang Republika sa Tsina|People's Republic of China]], <ref name="nati_The_Chinese2">{{Cite web|title=The Chinese Century?|last=Brands|first=Hal|publisher=[[The National Interest]]|date=February 19, 2018|access-date=March 18, 2021|url=https://nationalinterest.org/feature/the-chinese-century-24557|archive-date=March 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314121311/https://nationalinterest.org/feature/the-chinese-century-24557|url-status=live}}</ref> susama sa kung giunsa pagtawag sa " [[Siglo sa Amerika|American Century]] " ang ika-20 nga siglo ug ang " [[British Century]] " sa ika-19. <ref>{{cite news|author=Rees-Mogg, William|title=This is the Chinese century|url=https://www.thetimes.com/travel/destinations/asia-travel/china/this-is-the-chinese-century-3fbqb8qz7tk|date=3 January 2005|work=[[The Times]]|access-date=12 September 2009|location=London|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412012232/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/this-is-the-chinese-century-3fbqb8qz7tk|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=admin|date=2014-06-04|title=Empires and Colonialism in the 19th Century|url=https://numismatics.org/empires-and-colonialism-in-the-19th-century/|access-date=2024-10-21|website=American Numismatic Society|language=en-US}}</ref> Ang hugpong sa mga pulong gigamit ilabi na nga may kalabutan sa ideya nga ang [[Economy of China|ekonomiya sa China]] mahimong molabaw sa [[Economy of the United States|ekonomiya sa Estados Unidos]] aron mahimong pinakadako sa kalibutan. <ref name="PWC2">{{cite web|url=http://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/economy/global-economy-watch/projections.html|website=PWC|title=Global Economy Watch - Projections > Real GDP / Inflation > Share of 2016 world GDP|access-date=23 June 2017}}</ref> <ref name="nyti_A_Chinese2">{{Cite web|title=A Chinese Century? Maybe It's the Next One (Published 2007)|last=Thurow|first=Lester|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=August 19, 2007|access-date=March 18, 2021|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/19/business/yourmoney/19view.html|archive-date=November 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035553/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/19/business/yourmoney/19view.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ang susamang termino mao ang '''pag-usbong sa China''' o '''pag-usbong sa China''' (simplified Chinese). <ref>{{Cite journal|title=China's Rise|url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/chinas-rise|access-date=2021-03-17|website=www.csis.org|date=23 September 2008|language=en|archive-date=2020-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223102918/https://www.csis.org/analysis/chinas-rise|url-status=live|last1=Freeman|first1=Charles|last2=Bergsten|first2=C. Fred|last3=Lardy|first3=Nicholas R.|last4=Mitchell|first4=and Derek J.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Han|first1=Zhen|last2=Paul|first2=T. V.|date=2020-03-01|title=China's Rise and Balance of Power Politics|url=https://academic.oup.com/cjip/article/13/1/1/5739306|journal=The Chinese Journal of International Politics|language=en|volume=13|issue=1|pages=1–26|doi=10.1093/cjip/poz018|access-date=2021-03-17|archive-date=2020-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508030742/https://academic.oup.com/cjip/article/13/1/1/5739306|url-status=live|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Sulod sa [[Mainland China]], ang konsepto mas kanunay gihulagway nga ang '''pagbangon pag-usab sa China''' o '''pagpabuhi sa China''' ( simplified Chinese ), nga nagtan-aw niini isip usa ka angay nga pagbalik sa Tsina ngadto sa milenyo nga kahimtang niini isip usa ka nanguna nga [[estadong buhilaman|sibilisasyonal nga estado]], nga makita sa slogan nga " [[Great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation|dakong pagpabag-o sa nasod sa Tsina]] " nga gimugna niadtong 2001 sa [[Paramount leader|labing taas nga lider]] niadtong panahona nga [[Jiang Zemin|si Jiang Zemin]]. <ref>{{Cite news|date=13 September 2021|title="中华民族伟大复兴"概念，最早是由谁正式提出来的|trans-title=Who first proposed the concept of "the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation"?|url=https://www.jfdaily.com/staticsg/res/html/web/newsDetail.html?id=404163|access-date=11 March 2025|work=[[Jiefang Daily]]|language=zh}}</ref> Gimugna sa China ang [[Belt and Road Initiative]], nga, sumala sa mga analista, usa ka [[Geostrategy|geostrategic]] nga paningkamot aron mokuha og mas dako nga papel sa mga kalihokan sa kalibutan ug hagiton [[Liberal international order|ang hegemonya sa Amerika pagkahuman sa gubat]]. <ref name="China OBOR Transform2">{{cite web|title=China's one belt, one road initiative set to transform economy by connecting with trading partners along ancient Silk Road|author-last1=Lee|author-first1=Hill-choi|date=21 June 2016|url=https://www.scmp.com/business/china-business/article/1978450/chinas-one-belt-one-road-initiative-set-transform-economy|publisher=[[South China Morning Post]]|access-date=7 January 2017|archive-date=7 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107172637/http://www.scmp.com/business/china-business/article/1978450/chinas-one-belt-one-road-initiative-set-transform-economy|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="caixin1007613042">{{cite web|url=http://english.caixin.com/2014-12-10/100761304.html|title=One Belt, One Road|date=2014-12-10|publisher=Caixin Online|access-date=2016-04-13|archive-date=2016-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912022038/http://english.caixin.com/2014-12-10/100761304.html|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=What Does China's Belt and Road Initiative Mean for US Grand Strategy?|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/06/what-does-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-mean-for-us-grand-strategy/|access-date=2021-07-24|author-first1=Thomas P.|author-last1=Cavanna|date=5 June 2018|website=The Diplomat|language=en-US}}</ref> Gipasanginlan usab nga ang China ang nagtukod sa [[Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank]] ug [[New Development Bank]] aron makigkompetensya sa [[World Bank]] ug [[Internasyonal nga Pundo sa Panalapi|International Monetary Fund]] sa [[Development finance institution|pinansya sa kalamboan]]. <ref name="AIIB NDB2">{{cite web|title=AIIB Vs. NDB: Can New Players Change the Rules of Development Financing?|url=http://english.caixin.com/2016-09-08/100986629.html|publisher=[[Caixin]]|access-date=26 December 2016|archive-date=2016-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226055140/http://english.caixin.com/2016-09-08/100986629.html|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="Global Economy2">{{cite book|title=Global Political Economy: Theory and Practice|last=Cohn|first=Theodore H.|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317334811|date=2016-05-05}}</ref> Niadtong 2015, gilunsad sa China ang [[Made in China 2025]] strategic plan aron mapalambo pa ang sektor sa paggama niini. <ref>{{Cite web|last=People's Republic of China State Council|date=2015-05-08|title=Made in China 2025 (English translation)|trans-title=|url=https://cset.georgetown.edu/publication/notice-of-the-state-council-on-the-publication-of-made-in-china-2025/|access-date=2026-05-30|website=Center for Security and Emerging Technology|language=en-US}}</ref> Adunay mga debate bahin sa kaepektibo ug praktikalidad niining mga programa sa pagpalambo sa global nga kahimtang sa China. Ang pag-usbong sa Tsina isip usa ka global nga gahum sa ekonomiya nalambigit sa dako nga populasyon sa mga mamumuo niini. <ref name="csis_Does_China4">{{Cite web|url=https://chinapower.csis.org/aging-problem/|title=Does China have an aging problem?|date=Feb 15, 2016|website=ChinaPower Project|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-16|archive-date=2019-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518054454/https://chinapower.csis.org/aging-problem/|url-status=live}}</ref> Apan, ang populasyon sa China mas paspas nga [[Aging of China|nagkatigulang]] kaysa halos bisan unsang nasud sa kasaysayan. <ref name="csis_Does_China3">{{Cite web|url=https://chinapower.csis.org/aging-problem/|title=Does China have an aging problem?|date=Feb 15, 2016|website=ChinaPower Project|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-16|archive-date=2019-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518054454/https://chinapower.csis.org/aging-problem/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="barr_What_Americans2">{{Cite web|title=What Americans Can Learn From the Rest of the World About Retirement|last=Kapadia|first=Reshma|newspaper=[[Barron's (newspaper)|Barron's]]|date=September 7, 2019|access-date=February 3, 2021|url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/how-to-fix-the-global-retirement-crisis-51567808425|archive-date=March 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316101509/https://www.barrons.com/articles/how-to-fix-the-global-retirement-crisis-51567808425|url-status=live}}</ref> Ang kasamtangang mga uso sa demograpiko mahimong makababag sa pagtubo sa ekonomiya, makamugna og mahagitong mga problema sa katilingban, ug makalimit sa mga kapabilidad sa China nga molihok isip usa ka bag-ong global nga hegemon.<ref name="csis_Does_China2">{{Cite web|url=https://chinapower.csis.org/aging-problem/|title=Does China have an aging problem?|date=Feb 15, 2016|website=ChinaPower Project|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-16|archive-date=2019-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518054454/https://chinapower.csis.org/aging-problem/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Tozzo pp. 79–922">{{cite book|last1=Tozzo|first1=Brandon|title=American Hegemony after the Great Recession|chapter=The Demographic and Economic Problems of China|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] UK|publication-place=London|date=October 18, 2017|isbn=978-1-137-57538-8|doi=10.1057/978-1-137-57539-5_5|pages=79–92}}</ref><ref name="fore_With_Great2">{{Cite magazine|title=With Great Demographics Comes Great Power|last=Eberstadt|first=Nicholas|magazine=[[Foreign Affairs]]|date=June 11, 2019|access-date=February 4, 2021|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2019-06-11/great-demographics-comes-great-power|archive-date=January 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120080551/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2019-06-11/great-demographics-comes-great-power|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="thea_The_Responsibility2">{{Cite web|title=The Responsibility to Counter China's Ambitions Falls to Us|last=Sasse|first=Ben|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|date=January 26, 2020|access-date=4 February 2021|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/01/china-sasse/605074/|archive-date=8 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208223916/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/01/china-sasse/605074/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ang pagtubo sa ekonomiya sa China nga panguna nga gimaneho sa utang nakamugna usab og mga kabalaka alang sa dakong risgo sa credit default ug usa ka potensyal nga krisis sa pinansyal. Sumala sa ''[[The Economist]]'', base sa purchasing-power-parity <small>(PPP)</small>, ang ekonomiya sa China nahimong pinakadako sa kalibutan niadtong 2013. <ref name="Economist280126">{{Cite news|date=2018-10-27|title=The Chinese century is well under way|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2018/10/27/the-chinese-century-is-well-under-way|access-date=2021-01-28|issn=0013-0613|archive-date=2021-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212023214/https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2018/10/27/the-chinese-century-is-well-under-way|url-status=live}}</ref> Sa basehan sa [[foreign exchange]] rate, ang pipila ka mga banabana sa 2020 ug sayong bahin sa 2021 nagtino nga ang China mahimong molabaw sa US sa 2028, <ref>{{cite web|last=Elliot|first=Larry|date=26 December 2020|title=China to overtake US as world's biggest economy by 2028, report predicts|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/26/china-to-overtake-us-as-worlds-biggest-economy-by-2028-report-predicts|access-date=28 December 2020|work=[[The Guardian]]|quote="With the US expected to contract by 5% this year, China will narrow the gap with its biggest rival, the [[Centre for Economics and Business Research|CEBR]] said. Overall, global gross domestic product is forecast to decline by 4.4% this year, in the biggest one-year fall since the second world war. Douglas McWilliams, the CEBR's deputy chairman, said: "The big news in this forecast is the speed of growth of the Chinese economy. We expect it to become an upper-income economy during the current five-year plan period (2020-25). And we expect it to overtake the US a full five years earlier than we did a year ago. It would pass the per capita threshold of $12,536 (£9,215) to become a high-income country by 2023."}}</ref> o 2026 kung ang [[Renminbi|kwarta sa China]] molig-on pa. <ref name="cnbc_Newc3">{{Cite web|title=New chart shows China could overtake the U.S. as the world's largest economy earlier than expected|last1=Cheng|first1=Evelyn|last2=Lee|first2=Yen Nee|work=CNBC|date=February 2021|access-date=24 July 2021|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/01/new-chart-shows-china-gdp-could-overtake-us-sooner-as-covid-took-its-toll.html|quote=could}}</ref> Hangtod sa Hulyo 2021, gibanabana sa mga analista [[Bloomberg L.P.|sa Bloomberg LP]] nga ang China mahimong molabaw sa US aron mahimong pinakadako nga ekonomiya sa kalibutan sa 2030s o dili gyud makab-ot ang ingon nga tumong. <ref name="bloo_When_Will2">{{Cite web|last1=Zhu|first1=Eric|last2=Orlik|first2=Tom|date=11 February 2022|title=When Will China Rule the World? Maybe Never|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-02-11/when-will-china-be-the-world-s-biggest-economy-maybe-never|access-date=8 August 2022|website=[[Bloomberg News]]|agency=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref> Ang ubang mga eskolar nagtuo nga ang pag-usbaw sa Tsina miabot na sa kinapungkayan ug nga ang nagsingabot nga pag-us-os o pag-us-os  mahimong mosunod.<ref name="Beckley Brands 20212">{{cite journal|last1=Beckley|first1=Michael|last2=Brands|first2=Hal|title=The End of China's Rise|journal=Foreign Affairs|date=2021-12-09|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2021-10-01/end-chinas-rise|access-date=2022-01-18}}</ref><ref name="dd2">{{Cite web|title=A Dangerous Decade of Chinese Power Is Here|last1=Erickson|first1=Andrew S.|last2=Collins|first2=Gabriel B.|work=Foreign Policy|date=|access-date=17 January 2022|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/10/18/china-danger-military-missile-taiwan/}}</ref><ref name="rd2">{{Cite web|title=China: Rise or Demise?|author=John Mueller|work=Cato Institute|date=21 May 2021|access-date=17 January 2022|url=https://www.cato.org/policy-analysis/china-rise-or-demise}}</ref> == Mga Reperensya == m7p429x28to5tz0t4pasnst0xw42bft 0 11356181 37103290 2026-09-22T08:48:37Z JoyiCPH 147101 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375040335|1997 Asian financial crisis]]" 37103290 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:USD_to_Thai_Baht_exchange_rate.webp|thumb|290x290px]] l80gc5r6svr8wtq2xvuoo9x0vzm6jdp 37103291 37103290 2026-09-22T08:51:27Z JoyiCPH 147101 Nag-usab sa mga detalye 37103291 wikitext text/x-wiki Ang '''krisis pinansyal sa Asya niadtong 1997''' nakaapekto sa kadaghanan sa [[Sidlakang Asya|Sidlakan]] ug [[Habagatan-sidlakang Asya|Habagatang-Sidlakang Asya]] sa ulahing bahin sa dekada 1990. Nagsugod ang krisis sa [[Taylandiya|Thailand]] niadtong Hulyo 1997 sa wala pa kini mikaylap sa ubang mga nasud nga adunay epekto, nga nagpataas sa kahadlok sa usa ka tibuok kalibutan nga pagkahugno sa ekonomiya tungod sa [[Financial contagion|pagkaylap sa pinansyal]]. <ref name=":02">{{cite web|title=Global Waves of Debt: Causes and Consequences|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/research/publication/waves-of-debt|access-date=13 May 2022|publisher=World Bank}}</ref> Apan, paspas ang pagbangon niadtong 1998–1999, ug ang mga kabalaka sa usa ka pagkahugno dali nga nawala. Naggikan sa Thailand niadtong Hulyo 2, diin nailhan kini nga krisis sa [[Tom yum|Tom Yum Kung]] (Thai):วิกฤตต้มยำกุ้ง), kini misunod sa pagkahugno sa pinansyal sa [[Thai baht]] human ang gobyerno sa Thailand napugos sa [[Floating currency|pagpalutaw]] sa baht tungod sa kakulang sa [[List of circulating currencies|langyaw nga kwarta]] aron suportahan ang [[Fixed exchange rate|pag-peg sa kwarta]] niini sa [[Dolyar sa Tinipong Bansa|dolyar sa US]] . <ref>{{cite web|last=Cheok|first=Dora|date=2 July 2007|title=The Asian Financial Crisis Remembered: Ten Years Wiser|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2007/07/02/the-asian-financial-crisis-remembered-ten-years-wiser.html|access-date=2 October 2025|publisher=CNBC}}</ref> [[Capital flight|Ang pagbakwit sa kapital]] nahitabo hapit diha-diha dayon, nga nagsugod sa usa ka internasyonal nga kadena sa reaksyon. Niadtong panahona, ang Thailand nabug-atan sa [[Foreign debt|utang sa gawas sa nasud]] . <ref>{{cite web|last=Cheok|first=Dora|date=2 July 2007|title=The Asian Financial Crisis Remembered: Ten Years Wiser|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2007/07/02/the-asian-financial-crisis-remembered-ten-years-wiser.html|access-date=2 October 2025|publisher=CNBC}}</ref> Samtang mikaylap ang krisis, ang ubang mga nasod sa Habagatang-Sidlakang Asya ug sa ulahi [[Hapon|ang Japan]] ug [[Habagatang Korea|South Korea]] nakasinati og pag-ubos sa mga kwarta, pagkunhod sa bili sa mga stock market ug uban pang presyo sa mga asset, ug usa ka kalit nga pagtaas sa [[Private debt|pribadong utang]] . <ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Periodicals/De/pdf/98_03_05.pdf|title=The Asian Economic Crisis and Japan|last=Yamazawa|first=Ippei|date=September 1998|journal=The Developing Economies|access-date=16 November 2015|pages=332–351|volume=36|issue=3|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032900/http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Periodicals/De/pdf/98_03_05.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015|df=dmy-all|doi=10.1111/j.1746-1049.1998.tb00222.x|hdl=10.1111/j.1746-1049.1998.tb00222.x|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>Kaufman: pp. 195–6</ref> [[Debt-to-GDP ratio|Ang mga ratio sa langyaw nga utang ngadto sa GDP]] misaka gikan sa 100% ngadto sa 167% sa upat ka dagkong ekonomiya [[Kapunongan sa mga Nasod sa Habagatang-sidlakang Asya|sa Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN) niadtong 1993–1996, dayon misaka pag-ayo lapas sa 180% atol sa pinakagrabe nga krisis. Sa South Korea, ang mga ratio misaka gikan sa 13% ngadto sa 21% ug dayon miabot sa 40%, samtang ang ubang [[Bag-ong industriyalisadong nasud|bag-ong industriyalisadong mga nasud]] sa amihanan mas maayo ang dagan. Sa Thailand ug South Korea lang misaka ang debt service-to-exports ratios. <ref>{{cite journal|date=August 2003|title=Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries 2003|url=http://www.adb.org/publications/key-indicators-developing-asian-and-pacific-countries-2003|url-status=live|journal=Asian Development Bank|volume=34|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119054434/http://www.adb.org/publications/key-indicators-developing-asian-and-pacific-countries-2003|archive-date=19 November 2015|access-date=16 November 2015}}</ref> Ang South Korea, [[Indonesia]] ug Thailand mao ang mga nasud nga labing naapektuhan sa krisis. [[Hong Kong|Ang Hong Kong]], [[Laos]], [[Malaysiya|Malaysia]] ug [[Pilipinas]] naapektuhan usab sa pagkahugno sa ekonomiya. [[Brunei|Ang Brunei]], [[Pangmasang Republika sa Tsina|Mainland China]], Japan, [[Singgapura|Singapore]], [[Republika sa Tsina|Taiwan]], ug [[Biyetnam|Vietnam]] dili kaayo naapektuhan, bisan tuod silang tanan nag-antos sa kinatibuk-ang pagkawala sa pagsalig ug pagkunhod sa panginahanglan sa tibuok rehiyon. Bisan tuod kadaghanan sa mga gobyerno sa Asya daw adunay maayong [[Fiscal policies|mga palisiya sa panalapi]], ang [[Internasyonal nga Pundo sa Panalapi|International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) miapil aron magsugod og $40 bilyon nga programa aron mapalig-on ang mga kwarta sa South Korea, Thailand, ug Indonesia, mga ekonomiya nga labi nga naapektuhan sa krisis. <ref name=":03">{{cite web|title=Global Waves of Debt: Causes and Consequences|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/research/publication/waves-of-debt|access-date=13 May 2022|publisher=World Bank}}</ref> Apan, ang mga paningkamot aron mapugngan ang krisis sa ekonomiya sa kalibutan wala kaayo makatabang sa pagpalig-on sa sitwasyon sa Indonesia. Human sa 31 ka tuig nga paglingkod sa gahom, ang diktador sa Indonesia nga [[Suharto|si Suharto]] [[Fall of Suharto|napugos sa pag-resign]] niadtong Mayo 21, 1998 tungod sa kaylap nga kagubot nga misunod sa kalit nga pagsaka sa presyo tungod sa dakong pagkunhod sa balor sa [[Indonesian rupiah|rupiah]] . Ang mga epekto sa krisis nagpadayon hangtod sa 1998, diin daghang importanteng [[Stock|mga stock]] ang nahulog sa Wall Street tungod sa pag-ubos sa bili sa mga kwarta sa [[Rusya|Russia]] ug mga nasud [[Amerikang Latino|sa Latin America]], nga nagpahuyang sa panginahanglan sa mga nasud alang sa mga eksport sa US. <ref>{{cite book|title=TIME Annual 1998: The Year in Review|publisher=[[TIME]] Books|location=New York|year=1999|page=71|isbn=1-883013-61-5|issn=1097-5721}}</ref> Niadtong 1998, ang pag-uswag sa Pilipinas halos miubos ngadto sa sero. Ang Singapore ra ang medyo nakalikay sa kakurat, apan bisan pa niana nakaagom og grabeng mga epekto, labi na tungod sa kahimtang niini isip usa ka mayor nga sentro sa pinansya ug sa kaduol niini sa Malaysia ug Indonesia. Apan, pagka-1999, nakita sa mga analista ang mga timailhan nga ang [[Economy of Asia|mga ekonomiya sa Asya]] nagsugod na sa pag-ayo. <ref>Pempel: pp. 118–143</ref> Human sa krisis, ang mga ekonomiya sa Sidlakan ug Habagatang-Sidlakang Asya nagtinabangay padulong sa kalig-on sa panalapi ug mas maayong pagdumala sa panalapi. <ref>{{cite web|last1=Kawai|first1=Masahiro|last2=Morgan|first2=Peter J.|date=2012|title=Central Banking for Financial Stability in Asia|work=ADBI Working Paper 377|location=Tokyo|publisher=Asian Development Bank Institute|url=http://www.adbi.org/files/2012.08.28.wp377.central.banking.financial.stability.asia.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018154416/http://www.adbi.org/files/2012.08.28.wp377.central.banking.financial.stability.asia.pdf|archive-date=18 October 2012}}</ref> == Mga Reperensya == ohyb9ng2ll64pdofwvn3lh2jngj7nkv