Ŋun su:Sir Amugi

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      <timestamp>2026-05-16T15:29:31Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="1058" sha1="85p7wax8uihuppscg2fvp7ohi5xcl7h" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Ghanaian Wikimedia Languages Meetup 2023 12.jpg|thumb|Fuseini Mugisu Suhuyini]]
{{#babel:en-5|dag-N|maw-4|ak-2|tw-1|ha-1|ar-1|fr-1|gur-1}}
==About me==
I am called Fuseini Mugisu Suhuyini popularly known as Sir Amugi. I am a professional Teacher with my highest qualification to be Master in Educational Administration and Management.I am a researcher and a Teacher union activist and knowledgeable in the field of IT and with a demonstrated history of working in the internet industry. I am passionate about Open Education. I am humbly, approachable, affable, caring and sociable. Social Media and Communications Manager for the [[Dagbani Wikimedians User Group]].
[[File:Children learning to play the local drum in northern Region of Ghana 03.jpg|thumb|Consolation Winning Image for WLF 2022]]
[[File:Ghana's Independence Square 02.jpg|thumb|1st prize of
the special category:Africa Sub-Saharan special award - Wiki Loves Monuments
2022]]
[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Postcard for Sir Amugi.pdf|thumb|Wiki loves folklore 2023 postcard for Sir Amugi ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>List of Grade I listed buildings in Salisbury</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-16T12:51:34Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Replacing Salisbury_Cathedral_School,_from_Catherdal_tower.jpg with [[File:Salisbury_Cathedral_School,_from_Cathedral_tower.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: Fixed typo in name).</comment>
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{{short description|None}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}kKalinli din yiɣisi kamani pihinahi ayi ka nyɛ &quot; buildings and structure&quot; shɛŋa  [[Historic England|Historic Englandn]]  [[Historic England|miɛ]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;n [[Salisbury|Salisbur]] tiŋzuɣu, , Wiltshire, England.

Pishi ni yini nyɛla din be [[Salisbury Cathedral|Cathedral Close]]. Luɣ'shɛŋa gba mali:
* 3 churches
* 2 residences
* 2 inns
* 6 buildings that had an institutional or community use when constructed
* 3 river bridges
* an ancient ruin.

{{EH listed building header
| show_listed = yes
| show_img = yes
| show_ref = no
| subdivision_area = [[Wiltshire]]
| subdivision_iso = GB-WIL
| lb_type = Grade I
}}
{{EH listed building row
| name= 68 The Close
| location= [[Salisbury]], [[Wiltshire]]
| type= Clergy House
| completed= 16th century
| show_listed = yes
| date_listed= &lt;span data-sort-value=&quot;000000001952-02-28-0000&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;28 February 1952&lt;/span&gt;
| grid_ref= SU1411529412
| lat= 51.063873
| lon= -1.79995
| uid= 1261304
| show_img = yes
| image=Houses of The Close, no. 68, Myles Place - geograph.org.uk - 759286.jpg
| show_ref = no
| reference = 
| upload_desc= 
| commonscat=68 Myles Place, The Close, Salisbury
}}
{{EH listed building row
| name= 91 Crane Street
| location= Crane Street, Salisbury
| type= House
| completed= 15th century
| show_listed = yes
| date_listed= &lt;span data-sort-value=&quot;000000001952-02-28-0000&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;28 February 1952&lt;/span&gt;
| grid_ref= SU1422529797
| lat= 51.067332
| lon= -1.798365
| uid= 1355821
| show_img = yes
| image=91 Crane St Salisbury.JPG
| show_ref = no
| reference = 
| upload_desc= 
}}
{{EH listed building row
| name= Ayleswade Bridge (Old Harnham Bridge)
| location= Aylswade Road, Salisbury
| type= Bridge
| completed= 1244
| show_listed = yes
| date_listed= &lt;span data-sort-value=&quot;000000001952-02-28-0000&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;28 February 1952&lt;/span&gt;
| grid_ref= SU1436229096
| lat= 51.061025
| lon= -1.796438
| uid= 1273133
| show_img = yes
| image=Harnham Ancient Bridge - geograph.org.uk - 46499.jpg
| commonscat= Aylswade Bridge, Salisbury
| show_ref = no
| reference = 
| upload_desc= Ayleswade Bridge  Old Harnham Bridge
}}
{{EH listed building row
| name= Bishop's Gate
| location= Exeter Street, Salisbury
| type= House
| completed= C14-C15
| show_listed = yes
| date_listed= &lt;span data-sort-value=&quot;000000001952-02-28-0000&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;28 February 1952&lt;/span&gt;
| grid_ref= SU1451729429
| lat= 51.064016
| lon= -1.794213
| uid= 1355830
| show_img = yes
| image= Bishop's Gate, Salisbury, UK (1).jpg
| commonscat= Bishop's Gate, Salisbury
| show_ref = no
| reference = 
| upload_desc= Bishop's Gate
}}
{{EH listed building row
| name= Braybrooke House
| location= The Close, Salisbury
| type= House
| completed= C13/C14
| show_listed = yes
| date_listed= &lt;span data-sort-value=&quot;000000001952-02-28-0000&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;28 February 1952&lt;/span&gt;
| grid_ref= SU1413529697
| lat= 51.066435
| lon= -1.799654
| uid= 1023622
| show_img = yes
| image= Braybrooke House 20130408 222.JPG
| show_ref = no
| reference = 
| upload_desc= Braybrooke House (on left)
| commonscat=Braybrooke House, Salisbury
}}
{{EH listed building row
| name= [[Salisbury Cathedral|Cathedral Church of St Mary]]
| location= The Close, Salisbury
| type= Cathedral
| completed= 1270–1279
| show_listed = yes
| date_listed= &lt;span data-sort-value=&quot;000000001952-02-28-0000&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;28 February 1952&lt;/span&gt;
| grid_ref= SU1430029478
| lat= 51.064462
| lon= -1.797307
| uid= 1023581
| show_img = yes
| image= Salisbury Cathedral.jpg
| show_ref = no
| reference = 
| upload_desc= Cathedral Church of St Mary
| commonscat=Salisbury Cathedral
}}
{{EH listed building row
| name= [[Salisbury Cathedral School]]
| location= The Close, Salisbury
| type= Bishops Palace
| completed= Early 13th century
| show_listed = yes
| date_listed= &lt;span data-sort-value=&quot;000000001952-02-28-0000&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;28 February 1952&lt;/span&gt;
| grid_ref= SU1438529398
| lat= 51.06374
| lon= -1.796098
| uid= 1251561
| show_img = yes
| image= Salisbury Cathedral School, from Cathedral tower.jpg
| show_ref = no
| reference = 
| upload_desc= Cathedral School
| commonscat=Salisbury Cathedral School
}}
{{EH listed building row
| name= Church House incorporating Audley House
| location= Crane Street, Salisbury
| type= House
| completed= C15-C16
| show_listed = yes
| date_listed= &lt;span data-sort-value=&quot;000000001952-02-28-0000&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;28 February 1952&lt;/span&gt;
| grid_ref= SU1416229803
| lat= 51.067387
| lon= -1.799264
| uid= 1023638
| show_img = yes
| image=Audley_House_20130408_196.JPG
| show_ref = no
| reference = 
| upload_desc= Church House Incorporating Audley House
| commonscat=Church House, Salisbury
}}
{{EH listed building row
| name= [[St Lawrence, Stratford-sub-Castle|Church of St Lawrence]]
| location= [[Stratford-sub-Castle]]
| type= Church
| completed= Early 13th century
| show_listed = yes
| date_listed= &lt;span data-sort-value=&quot;000000001972-10-12-0000&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;12 October 1972&lt;/span&gt;
| grid_ref= SU1303032620
| lat= 51.092745
| lon= -1.815319
| uid= 1272953
| show_img = yes
| image= St_Lawrence_Church,_Stratford-sub-Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_512979.jpg
| show_ref = no
| reference = 
| upload_desc= Church of St Lawrence
| commonscat=St Lawrence's church, Stratford-sub-Castle
}}
{{EH listed building row
| name= [[Church of St Martin, Salisbury|Church of St Martin]]
| location= St Martin's Church Street, Salisbury
| type= Church
| completed= 13th century
| show_listed = yes
| date_listed= &lt;span data-sort-value=&quot;000000001952-02-28-0000&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;28 February 1952&lt;/span&gt;
| grid_ref= SU1502629597
| lat= 51.065513
| lon= -1.786942
| uid= 1259041
| show_img = yes
| image= Salisbury_-_St_Martin%27s_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1184177.jpg
| commonscat= St Martin's Church, Salisbury
| show_ref = no
| reference = 
| upload_desc= Church of St Martin
}}
{{EH listed building row
| name= [[St Thomas's Church, Salisbury|Church of St Thomas]]
| location= St Thomas's Square, Salisbury
| type= Parish Church
| completed= founded 1220
| show_listed = yes
| date_listed= &lt;span data-sort-value=&quot;000000001952-02-28-0000&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;28 February 1952&lt;/span&gt;
| grid_ref= SU1433229985
| lat= 51.06902
| lon= -1.796831
| uid= 1273123
| show_img = yes
| image= Salisbury_-_St_Thomas_And_St_Edmunds_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1037152.jpg
| commonscat= St Thomas's church, Salisbury
| show_ref = no
| reference = 
| upload_desc= Church of St Thomas
}}
{{EH listed building row
| name= [[The King's House, Salisbury|The King's House]]
| location= The Close, Salisbury
| type= House
| completed= C13/C14
| show_listed = yes
| date_listed= &lt;span data-sort-value=&quot;000000001952-02-28-0000&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;28 February 1952&lt;/span&gt;
| grid_ref= SU1410129455
| lat= 51.06426
| lon= -1.800148
| uid= 1355814
| show_img = yes
| image= Houses_of_The_Close,_no._65,_The_King%27s_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_759304.jpg
| commonscat= The King's House
| show_ref = no
| reference = 
| upload_desc= College of Sarum St Michael  the King's House
}}
{{EH listed building row
| name= Crane Bridge
| location= Crane Bridge Road, Salisbury
| type= Bridge
| completed= 15th century
| show_listed = yes
| date_listed= &lt;span data-sort-value=&quot;000000001952-02-28-0000&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;28 February 1952&lt;/span&gt;
| grid_ref= SU1414829835
| lat= 51.067676
| lon= -1.799463
| uid= 1240793
| show_img = yes
| image= Crane Bridge 20130408 194.JPG
| show_ref = no
| reference = 
| upload_desc= Crane Bridge
| commonscat=Crane Bridge
}}
{{EH listed building row
| name= Forecourt Walls, Gate Piers and Gates of Nos 39 to 46
| location= The Close, Salisbury
| type= Gate
| completed= 
| show_listed = yes
| date_listed= &lt;span data-sort-value=&quot;000000001972-10-12-0000&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;12 October 1972&lt;/span&gt;
| grid_ref= SU1426829724
| lat= 51.066674
| lon= -1.797755
| uid= 1253963
| show_img = yes
| image= Forecourt Walls 20130408 206.JPG
| show_ref = no
| reference = 
| upload_desc= Forecourt Walls, Gate Piers and Gates of Nos 39 to 46
| commonscat=Forecourt Walls, Gate Piers and Gates of Nos 39 to 46 The Close, Salisbury
}}
{{EH listed building row
| name= [[Hemingsby House]]
| location= The Close, Salisbury
| type= Clergy House
| completed= Early 14th century
| show_listed = yes
| date_listed= &lt;span data-sort-value=&quot;000000001952-02-28-0000&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;28 February 1952&lt;/span&gt;
| grid_ref= SU1416629737
| lat= 51.066794
| lon= -1.79921
| uid= 1355811
| show_img = yes
| image= Hemingsby_House_Salisbury_(5692931602).jpg
| show_ref = no
| reference = 
| upload_desc= Hemingsby House
| commonscat=Hemingsby House, Salisbury
}}
{{EH listed building row
| name= [[John Halle's Hall|John Halle's Hall (Entrance to the Odeon Cinema)]]
| location= The New Canal, Salisbury
| type= House
| completed= 1881
| show_listed = yes
| date_listed= &lt;span data-sort-value=&quot;000000001952-02-28-0000&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;28 February 1952&lt;/span&gt;
| grid_ref= SU1447229911
| lat= 51.068351
| lon= -1.794836
| uid= 1258229
| show_img = yes
| image= John Halle's Hall, Salisbury.jpg
| commonscat= Odeon Cinema, Salisbury
| show_ref = no
| reference = 
| upload_desc= John Halle's Hall (now Forming Entrance to the Odeon Cinema)
}}
{{EH listed building row
| name= Joiners' Hall
| location= St Ann's Street, Salisbury
| type= Timber Framed House
| completed= Early 17th century
| show_listed = yes
| date_listed= &lt;span data-sort-value=&quot;000000001952-02-28-0000&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;28 February 1952&lt;/span&gt;
| grid_ref= SU1480629667
| lat= 51.066148
| lon= -1.790079
| uid= 1258872
| show_img = yes
| image= Salisbury - Joiners Hall (geograph 1835041).jpg
| commonscat= Joiners' Hall
| show_ref = no
| reference = 
| upload_desc= Joiners Hall
}}
{{EH listed building row
| name= King's Arms
| location= St John's Street, Salisbury
| type= Inn
| completed= C15/C16
| show_listed = yes
| date_listed= &lt;span data-sort-value=&quot;000000001952-02-28-0000&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;28 February 1952&lt;/span&gt;
| grid_ref= SU1457829661
| lat= 51.0661
| lon= -1.793333
| uid= 1273159
| show_img = yes
| image= Salisbury_-_Kings_Arms_Hotel_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1038397.jpg
| commonscat= King's Arms Hotel, Salisbury
| show_ref = no
| reference = 
| upload_desc= King's Arms
}}
{{EH listed building row
| name= [[Leaden Hall School|Leaden Hall]]
| location= The Close, Salisbury
| type= Clergy House
| completed= 1717
| show_listed = yes
| date_listed= &lt;span data-sort-value=&quot;000000001952-02-28-0000&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;28 February 1952&lt;/span&gt;
| grid_ref= SU1411229321
| lat= 51.063054
| lon= -1.799996
| uid= 1355816
| show_img = yes
| image=  Leadenhall 01.jpg
| commonscat= Leadenhall, Salisbury
| show_ref = no
| reference = 
| upload_desc= Leaden Hall
}}
{{EH listed building row
| name= Malmesbury House
| location= The Close, Salisbury
| type= House
| completed= 1416
| show_listed = yes
| date_listed= &lt;span data-sort-value=&quot;000000001952-02-28-0000&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;28 February 1952&lt;/span&gt;
| grid_ref= SU1454529642
| lat= 51.06593
| lon= -1.793805
| uid= 1252102
| show_img = yes
| image= Salisbury,_Malmesbury_House_and_St._Anne%27s_Gate_-_geograph.org.uk_-_999970.jpg
| show_ref = no
| reference = 
| upload_desc= Malmesbury House
| commonscat=Malmesbury House, Salisbury
}}
{{EH listed building row
| name= Milford Mill Bridge
| location= Milford Mill Road and [[Laverstock]]
| type= Bridge
| completed= Late C15/early 16th century
| show_listed = yes
| date_listed= &lt;span data-sort-value=&quot;000000001952-02-28-0000&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;28 February 1952&lt;/span&gt;
| grid_ref= SU1575929764
| lat= 51.066995
| lon= -1.776475
| uid= 1242884
| show_img = yes
| image=Bridge over the River Bourne - geograph.org.uk - 970625.jpg
| commonscat= Milford Mill Bridge
| show_ref = no
| reference = 
| upload_desc= Milford Mill Bridge
}}
{{EH listed building row
| name= Mill House and Old Mill
| location= West Harnham, Salisbury
| type= Mill House
| completed= Early 19th century
| show_listed = yes
| date_listed= &lt;span data-sort-value=&quot;000000001952-02-28-0000&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;28 February 1952&lt;/span&gt;
| grid_ref= SU1353429413
| lat= 51.063896
| lon= -1.808241
| uid= 1272956
| show_img = yes
| image= Old_Mill,_Harnham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1148457.jpg
| show_ref = no
| reference = 
| upload_desc= Mill House and Old Mill
| commonscat=Old Mill, Harnham
}}
{{EH listed building row
| name= [[Mompesson House]]
| location= The Close, Salisbury
| type= House
| completed= 1704
| show_listed = yes
| date_listed= &lt;span data-sort-value=&quot;000000001952-02-28-0000&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;28 February 1952&lt;/span&gt;
| grid_ref= SU1422829731
| lat= 51.066738
| lon= -1.798325
| uid= 1355808
| show_img = yes
| image= Mompesson House 2.jpg
| commonscat= Mompesson House
| show_ref = no
| reference = 
| upload_desc= Mompesson House
}}
{{EH listed building row
| name= North Gate
| location= High Street, Salisbury
| type= Gate
| completed= Modern
| show_listed = yes
| date_listed= &lt;span data-sort-value=&quot;000000001952-02-28-0000&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;28 February 1952&lt;/span&gt;
| grid_ref= SU1427329754
| lat= 51.066944
| lon= -1.797682
| uid= 1023612
| show_img = yes
| image= North_Gate_Salisbury_2_(5690859348).jpg
| show_ref = no
| reference = 
| upload_desc= North Gate
| commonscat = North Gate, Salisbury
}}
{{EH listed building row
| name= Remains of [[Old Sarum]] Castle and [[Old Sarum Cathedral|Cathedral]]
| location= Castle Road, Salisbury
| type= Castle
| completed= Norman
| show_listed = yes
| date_listed= &lt;span data-sort-value=&quot;000000001972-10-12-0000&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;12 October 1972&lt;/span&gt;
| grid_ref= SU1376532703
| lat= 51.093474
| lon= -1.80482
| uid= 1248682
| show_img = yes
| image= OLD SARUM ruins.jpg
| show_ref = no
| reference =
| commonscat= Old Sarum 
| upload_desc= Remains of Old Sarum Castle and Cathedral
}}
{{EH listed building row
| name= Retaining Wall, Screen Railings, Piers and Gates to Front Garden of No 68, The Close
| location= The Close, Salisbury
| type= Gate
| completed= {{circa|lk=no|1720}}
| show_listed = yes
| date_listed= &lt;span data-sort-value=&quot;000000001972-10-12-0000&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;12 October 1972&lt;/span&gt;
| grid_ref= SU1414229407
| lat= 51.063827
| lon= -1.799565
| uid= 1023629
| show_img = yes
| image=Houses of The Close, no. 68, Myles Place - geograph.org.uk - 759286.jpg
| commonscat=68 Myles Place, The Close, Salisbury
| show_ref = no
| reference = 
| upload_desc= Retaining Wall, Screen Railings, Piers and Gates to Front Garden of No 68
}}
{{EH listed building row
| name= School of Arts Annexe
| location= Crane Street, Salisbury
| type= House
| completed= 18th century
| show_listed = yes
| date_listed= &lt;span data-sort-value=&quot;000000001952-02-28-0000&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;28 February 1952&lt;/span&gt;
| grid_ref= SU1451729781
| lat= 51.067181
| lon= -1.794199
| uid= 1366014
| show_img = yes
| image= Art_School_Annexe,_New_St.,_Salisbury.JPG
| commonscat= Art School Annexe, Salisbury
| show_ref = no
| reference = 
| upload_desc= School of Arts Annexe
}}
{{EH listed building row
| name= Screen Wall, Rails, Piers, Gates and Overthrow in front of [[Mompesson House]]
| location= The Close, Salisbury
| type= Gate
| completed= 
| show_listed = yes
| date_listed= &lt;span data-sort-value=&quot;000000001972-10-12-0000&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;12 October 1972&lt;/span&gt;
| grid_ref= SU1422329721
| lat= 51.066649
| lon= -1.798397
| uid= 1253989
| show_img = yes
| image=Mompesson House 2.jpg
| commonscat=Mompesson House
| show_ref = no
| reference = 
| upload_desc= Screen Wall, Rails, Piers, Gates and Overthrow in Front of Mompesson House
}}
{{EH listed building row
| name= South or Harnham Gate and South Gate House
| location= De Vaux Place, Salisbury
| type= Gate
| completed= 14th century
| show_listed = yes
| date_listed= &lt;span data-sort-value=&quot;000000001952-02-28-0000&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;28 February 1952&lt;/span&gt;
| grid_ref= SU1427129247
| lat= 51.062385
| lon= -1.79773
| uid= 1240556
| show_img = yes
| image= Harnham_Gate,_internal_view.JPG
| show_ref = no
| reference = 
| upload_desc= South or Harnham Gate and South Gate House
| commonscat=Harnham Gate, Salisbury
}}
{{EH listed building row
| name= St Anne's Gate
| location= St John's Street, Salisbury
| type= Gate
| completed= {{circa|lk=no|1331}}
| show_listed = yes
| date_listed= &lt;span data-sort-value=&quot;000000001952-02-28-0000&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;28 February 1952&lt;/span&gt;
| grid_ref= SU1455029638
| lat= 51.065894
| lon= -1.793733
| uid= 1355835
| show_img = yes
| image= 1355835-St Anne's Gate.JPG
| show_ref = no
| reference = 
| upload_desc= St Annes Gate
| commonscat=St Anne's Gate, Salisbury
}}
{{EH listed building row
| name= The Close Wall
| location= Exeter Street, Salisbury
| type= Wall
| completed= 1331
| show_listed = yes
| date_listed= &lt;span data-sort-value=&quot;000000001952-02-28-0000&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;28 February 1952&lt;/span&gt;
| grid_ref= SU1453929534
| lat= 51.064959
| lon= -1.793895
| uid= 1251543
| show_img = yes
| image= Wall of Salisbury Cathedral Close.jpg
| show_ref = no
| reference = 
| upload_desc= The Close Wall
}}
{{EH listed building row
| name= [[College of Matrons|The Matrons' College]]
| location= High Street, Salisbury
| type= House
| completed= Established 1682
| show_listed = yes
| date_listed= &lt;span data-sort-value=&quot;000000001952-02-28-0000&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;28 February 1952&lt;/span&gt;
| grid_ref= SU1428029706
| lat= 51.066512
| lon= -1.797584
| uid= 1355846
| show_img = yes
| image= College_of_Matrons_-_Salisbury_2.jpg
| show_ref = no
| reference = 
| upload_desc= The Matron's College
| commonscat=The College of Matrons, Salisbury
}}
{{EH listed building row
| name= The Old George Inn
| location= High Street, Salisbury
| type= Timber Framed House
| completed= 14th century and later
| show_listed = yes
| date_listed= &lt;span data-sort-value=&quot;000000001952-02-28-0000&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;28 February 1952&lt;/span&gt;
| grid_ref= SU1430329852
| lat= 51.067825
| lon= -1.79725
| uid= 1242383
| show_img = yes
| image= Old_George_Inn_Salisbury_(5692372243).jpg
| show_ref = no
| reference = 
| upload_desc= The Old George Inn
| commonscat=Old George Inn, Salisbury
}}
{{EH listed building row
| name= [[Poultry Cross (Salisbury)|The Poultry Cross]]
| location= Minster Street, Salisbury
| type= Shelter
| completed= 14th century
| show_listed = yes
| date_listed= &lt;span data-sort-value=&quot;000000001952-02-28-0000&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;28 February 1952&lt;/span&gt;
| grid_ref= SU1438029956
| lat= 51.068758
| lon= -1.796147
| uid= 1243148
| show_img = yes
| image= Poultry_Cross,_Salisbury_-_geograph.org.uk_-_188948.jpg
| show_ref = no
| reference = 
| upload_desc= The Poultry Cross
| commonscat = Poultry Cross, Salisbury
}}
{{EH listed building row
| name= The Walton Canonry
| location= The Close, Salisbury
| type= House
| completed= Earlier house
| show_listed = yes
| date_listed= &lt;span data-sort-value=&quot;000000001952-02-28-0000&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;28 February 1952&lt;/span&gt;
| grid_ref= SU1411829379
| lat= 51.063576
| lon= -1.799909
| uid= 1261267
| show_img = yes
| image= The_Walton_Canonry..JPG
| show_ref = no
| reference = 
| upload_desc= The Walton Canonry
| commonscat=Walton Canonry, Salisbury
}}
{{EH listed building row
| name= Theological College ([[Sarum College]])
| location= The Close, Salisbury
| type= Theological College
| completed= Late 17th century
| show_listed = yes
| date_listed= &lt;span data-sort-value=&quot;000000001952-02-28-0000&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;28 February 1952&lt;/span&gt;
| grid_ref= SU1443529670
| lat= 51.066185
| lon= -1.795373
| uid= 1023595
| show_img = yes
| image= Salisbury - Sarum College - geograph.org.uk - 1030782.jpg
| commonscat=Sarum College
| show_ref = no
| reference = 
| upload_desc= Theological College
}}
{{EH listed building row
| name= Trinity Almshouses, Trinity Hospital
| location= Trinity Street, Salisbury
| type= Almshouses
| completed= Founded 1379
| show_listed = yes
| date_listed= &lt;span data-sort-value=&quot;000000001952-02-28-0000&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;28 February 1952&lt;/span&gt;
| grid_ref= SU1466529753
| lat= 51.066925
| lon= -1.792088
| uid= 1243305
| show_img = yes
| image= Salisbury_-_Trinity_Hospital_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1030854.jpg
| show_ref = no
| reference = 
| upload_desc= Trinity Almshouses  Trinity Hospital
| commonscat=Trinity Hospital, Salisbury
}}
{{EH listed building row
| name= [[Wren Hall]]
| location= The Close, Salisbury
| type= House
| completed= Rebuilt 1714
| show_listed = yes
| date_listed= &lt;span data-sort-value=&quot;000000001952-02-28-0000&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;28 February 1952&lt;/span&gt;
| grid_ref= SU1415929711
| lat= 51.06656
| lon= -1.799311
| uid= 1023620
| show_img = yes
| image= Salisbury_-_Wren_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_944058.jpg
| show_ref = no
| reference = 
| upload_desc= Wren Hall
| commonscat=Wren Hall, Salisbury
}}
|}

== Lihimi m-pahi ==

* [[List of Grade I listed buildings in Wiltshire]]

==Noosi==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in Wiltshire|Salisbury]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Salisbury]]
[[Category:Lists of Grade I listed buildings in Wiltshire]]
[[Category:Salisbury-related lists|Grade I listed buildings in Salisbury]]</text>
      <sha1>rohu5qlfwrjctijobaqstiuiep11c5g</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Swahiliwood</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>33094</id>
    <revision>
      <id>136903</id>
      <parentid>136787</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T16:21:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>K.D.Nburidiba</username>
        <id>4111</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added a content</comment>
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      <text bytes="2759" sha1="amaufq289mle0mf48cqv8e1aoxrvkin" xml:space="preserve">'''Tanzania''' '''nima sinii laɣingu''', ka bɛ lahi boli li '''Swahiliwood''' '''bee Bongo sinii''' (a portmanteau of Swahili, Tanzania's official language, and Hollywood) ni '''Bongowood''', nyɛla bɛ ni daa kpa shɛli yuuni 2001saha.

Sinii shɛŋa din dii ka laɣidibo, ka ka yɛltɔɣ' waɣila nyɛla bɛ ni booni shɛli &quot;bongo sinii&quot; ka bɛ laɣindi li n yihiri li na DVD puuni.

Tuuni 2011, bongo sinii nima daa yina pam, amaa di puuni bela ni daa niŋ viɛnyɛla Tanzanian sinii nima yihiri li na sonima nima puuni.

== Taarihi ==
Tanzanians di bɛ kaya ni taada sinii nima fali maa  British, nti pahi di yihibu na ni di daabiligu polo ni gomnanti ni kuri arizichi n niŋdi shɛŋa ni. 

Bɛ ni daa deei bɛ maŋa sulinsi ni naai gomnanti palli shɛli  President Julius Kambarage Nyerere ni daa gbubi shɛli ka daa labisi South Africa sinii nima yiŋa ka daa di liɣiri niŋ tingbani maa maŋmaŋa siniii nima ni.

South Africa kpɛri kpɛritiba daa nyɛla Yugoslavian kpɛri kpɛritiba ni zaani shɛba zaani, ban daa pili kpɛrigu laɣingu yɛltɔɣa Tanzania yuuni 1963 la, ka sɔŋdi ni bɛ laɣingu maa zooi.

Sinii nima maa pam daa nyɛla din na yɔli kpɛri nyɛla din nyɛ bɔhimbu yɛltɔɣa, ka di nyɛla gomnanti n wuhi ni di niŋ lala, ka tarili ni gili Tanzania zaa.

Pɔi ka Tanzania nima deei bɛ maŋa sulinsi yuuni 1961, tiŋduya sinii pam daa pun nyɛla din ŋmaai  Tanganyika mini Zanzibar. Tanzanian sinii nima pam nyɛla Dar es Salaam ni kpalim yihiri shɛŋa na.

== Tanzania sinii nima ==
Yuuni 2001, ''Maangamizi:bɛ ni daa lahi boli shɛli The Ancient One la ni daa nyɛ bɛ tuuli sinii shɛli bɛ ni daa n zaŋna ka di yina'' Tanzania din yɛn deei laɣingu pina balibu din nyɛ sinii viɛlli.

Lala saha maa hali ni zuŋɔ, Vuta N'Kuvute (Tug of War) sinii ka bɛ daa yihi a ka Amil Shivji ni daa nyɛ ŋun zaŋli n tahi yuuni 2022 ni di ti di sinii nima pini. ''Mapenzi Ya Mungu'' (''The Will of God'') gba daa nyɛla din yina yuuni 2014 Tanzanian sinii nima puuni

'''''Bongoland''''', sinii shɛli din daa nyɛ Tanzania niriba ban go n ti zini US maa, di daa nyɛla din yina yuuni 2003. Sinii shɛŋa ŋan lahi pahi n nyɛ '''''Ni Noma''''',  din daa yina June goli ni yuuni 2016 la. sinii shɛŋa yina mi  Mzimuni Theatre Arts ka ''Misukosuko'' daa yihili na  yuuni (2010),  ka ''Double J''  yina (''Double Jimmy'') i yuuni(2013), ka '''''Part of Jobdin nyɛ''''' (2011) ni ''Inspector Seba'' ''yuuni'' (2008)..

baan kuɣila daa beni kamani Steven Kanumba, Blandina Chagula, Elizabeth Michael, Kajala Masanja, Jacqueline Wolper, Mzee Chillo, Nelly Kamwelu, Irene Uwoya, Baby Madaha, Wema Sepetu, Ernest Napoleon, Vincent Kigosi, Lucy Komba, Jimmy Mponda (J Plus), Sebastian Mwanangulo (Seba) ni ti pahi Charles Magari.</text>
      <sha1>amaufq289mle0mf48cqv8e1aoxrvkin</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>136905</id>
      <parentid>136903</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T16:22:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>K.D.Nburidiba</username>
        <id>4111</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added a reference</comment>
      <origin>136905</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3078" sha1="19v59trzbmacd8cm6qnnjlrutohrvt8" xml:space="preserve">'''Tanzania''' '''nima sinii laɣingu''', ka bɛ lahi boli li '''Swahiliwood''' '''bee Bongo sinii''' (a portmanteau of Swahili, Tanzania's official language, and Hollywood) ni '''Bongowood'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bisschoff|first=Lizelle|date=2015-09-28|title=From Nollywood to New Nollywood: the story of Nigeria’s runaway success|url=https://theconversation.com/from-nollywood-to-new-nollywood-the-story-of-nigerias-runaway-success-47959|access-date=2026-05-16|website=The Conversation|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;, nyɛla bɛ ni daa kpa shɛli yuuni 2001saha.

Sinii shɛŋa din dii ka laɣidibo, ka ka yɛltɔɣ' waɣila nyɛla bɛ ni booni shɛli &quot;bongo sinii&quot; ka bɛ laɣindi li n yihiri li na DVD puuni.

Tuuni 2011, bongo sinii nima daa yina pam, amaa di puuni bela ni daa niŋ viɛnyɛla Tanzanian sinii nima yihiri li na sonima nima puuni.

== Taarihi ==
Tanzanians di bɛ kaya ni taada sinii nima fali maa  British, nti pahi di yihibu na ni di daabiligu polo ni gomnanti ni kuri arizichi n niŋdi shɛŋa ni. 

Bɛ ni daa deei bɛ maŋa sulinsi ni naai gomnanti palli shɛli  President Julius Kambarage Nyerere ni daa gbubi shɛli ka daa labisi South Africa sinii nima yiŋa ka daa di liɣiri niŋ tingbani maa maŋmaŋa siniii nima ni.

South Africa kpɛri kpɛritiba daa nyɛla Yugoslavian kpɛri kpɛritiba ni zaani shɛba zaani, ban daa pili kpɛrigu laɣingu yɛltɔɣa Tanzania yuuni 1963 la, ka sɔŋdi ni bɛ laɣingu maa zooi.

Sinii nima maa pam daa nyɛla din na yɔli kpɛri nyɛla din nyɛ bɔhimbu yɛltɔɣa, ka di nyɛla gomnanti n wuhi ni di niŋ lala, ka tarili ni gili Tanzania zaa.

Pɔi ka Tanzania nima deei bɛ maŋa sulinsi yuuni 1961, tiŋduya sinii pam daa pun nyɛla din ŋmaai  Tanganyika mini Zanzibar. Tanzanian sinii nima pam nyɛla Dar es Salaam ni kpalim yihiri shɛŋa na.

== Tanzania sinii nima ==
Yuuni 2001, ''Maangamizi:bɛ ni daa lahi boli shɛli The Ancient One la ni daa nyɛ bɛ tuuli sinii shɛli bɛ ni daa n zaŋna ka di yina'' Tanzania din yɛn deei laɣingu pina balibu din nyɛ sinii viɛlli.

Lala saha maa hali ni zuŋɔ, Vuta N'Kuvute (Tug of War) sinii ka bɛ daa yihi a ka Amil Shivji ni daa nyɛ ŋun zaŋli n tahi yuuni 2022 ni di ti di sinii nima pini. ''Mapenzi Ya Mungu'' (''The Will of God'') gba daa nyɛla din yina yuuni 2014 Tanzanian sinii nima puuni

'''''Bongoland''''', sinii shɛli din daa nyɛ Tanzania niriba ban go n ti zini US maa, di daa nyɛla din yina yuuni 2003. Sinii shɛŋa ŋan lahi pahi n nyɛ '''''Ni Noma''''',  din daa yina June goli ni yuuni 2016 la. sinii shɛŋa yina mi  Mzimuni Theatre Arts ka ''Misukosuko'' daa yihili na  yuuni (2010),  ka ''Double J''  yina (''Double Jimmy'') i yuuni(2013), ka '''''Part of Jobdin nyɛ''''' (2011) ni ''Inspector Seba'' ''yuuni'' (2008)..

baan kuɣila daa beni kamani Steven Kanumba, Blandina Chagula, Elizabeth Michael, Kajala Masanja, Jacqueline Wolper, Mzee Chillo, Nelly Kamwelu, Irene Uwoya, Baby Madaha, Wema Sepetu, Ernest Napoleon, Vincent Kigosi, Lucy Komba, Jimmy Mponda (J Plus), Sebastian Mwanangulo (Seba) ni ti pahi Charles Magari.</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>136906</id>
      <parentid>136905</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T16:22:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>K.D.Nburidiba</username>
        <id>4111</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added a heading</comment>
      <origin>136906</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3089" sha1="gif0log0ks626h16lvd90krj0woqe31" xml:space="preserve">'''Tanzania''' '''nima sinii laɣingu''', ka bɛ lahi boli li '''Swahiliwood''' '''bee Bongo sinii''' (a portmanteau of Swahili, Tanzania's official language, and Hollywood) ni '''Bongowood'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bisschoff|first=Lizelle|date=2015-09-28|title=From Nollywood to New Nollywood: the story of Nigeria’s runaway success|url=https://theconversation.com/from-nollywood-to-new-nollywood-the-story-of-nigerias-runaway-success-47959|access-date=2026-05-16|website=The Conversation|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;, nyɛla bɛ ni daa kpa shɛli yuuni 2001saha.

Sinii shɛŋa din dii ka laɣidibo, ka ka yɛltɔɣ' waɣila nyɛla bɛ ni booni shɛli &quot;bongo sinii&quot; ka bɛ laɣindi li n yihiri li na DVD puuni.

Tuuni 2011, bongo sinii nima daa yina pam, amaa di puuni bela ni daa niŋ viɛnyɛla Tanzanian sinii nima yihiri li na sonima nima puuni.

== Taarihi ==
Tanzanians di bɛ kaya ni taada sinii nima fali maa  British, nti pahi di yihibu na ni di daabiligu polo ni gomnanti ni kuri arizichi n niŋdi shɛŋa ni. 

Bɛ ni daa deei bɛ maŋa sulinsi ni naai gomnanti palli shɛli  President Julius Kambarage Nyerere ni daa gbubi shɛli ka daa labisi South Africa sinii nima yiŋa ka daa di liɣiri niŋ tingbani maa maŋmaŋa siniii nima ni.

South Africa kpɛri kpɛritiba daa nyɛla Yugoslavian kpɛri kpɛritiba ni zaani shɛba zaani, ban daa pili kpɛrigu laɣingu yɛltɔɣa Tanzania yuuni 1963 la, ka sɔŋdi ni bɛ laɣingu maa zooi.

Sinii nima maa pam daa nyɛla din na yɔli kpɛri nyɛla din nyɛ bɔhimbu yɛltɔɣa, ka di nyɛla gomnanti n wuhi ni di niŋ lala, ka tarili ni gili Tanzania zaa.

Pɔi ka Tanzania nima deei bɛ maŋa sulinsi yuuni 1961, tiŋduya sinii pam daa pun nyɛla din ŋmaai  Tanganyika mini Zanzibar. Tanzanian sinii nima pam nyɛla Dar es Salaam ni kpalim yihiri shɛŋa na.

== Tanzania sinii nima ==
Yuuni 2001, ''Maangamizi:bɛ ni daa lahi boli shɛli The Ancient One la ni daa nyɛ bɛ tuuli sinii shɛli bɛ ni daa n zaŋna ka di yina'' Tanzania din yɛn deei laɣingu pina balibu din nyɛ sinii viɛlli.

Lala saha maa hali ni zuŋɔ, Vuta N'Kuvute (Tug of War) sinii ka bɛ daa yihi a ka Amil Shivji ni daa nyɛ ŋun zaŋli n tahi yuuni 2022 ni di ti di sinii nima pini. ''Mapenzi Ya Mungu'' (''The Will of God'') gba daa nyɛla din yina yuuni 2014 Tanzanian sinii nima puuni

'''''Bongoland''''', sinii shɛli din daa nyɛ Tanzania niriba ban go n ti zini US maa, di daa nyɛla din yina yuuni 2003. Sinii shɛŋa ŋan lahi pahi n nyɛ '''''Ni Noma''''',  din daa yina June goli ni yuuni 2016 la. sinii shɛŋa yina mi  Mzimuni Theatre Arts ka ''Misukosuko'' daa yihili na  yuuni (2010),  ka ''Double J''  yina (''Double Jimmy'') i yuuni(2013), ka '''''Part of Jobdin nyɛ''''' (2011) ni ''Inspector Seba'' ''yuuni'' (2008)..

baan kuɣila daa beni kamani Steven Kanumba, Blandina Chagula, Elizabeth Michael, Kajala Masanja, Jacqueline Wolper, Mzee Chillo, Nelly Kamwelu, Irene Uwoya, Baby Madaha, Wema Sepetu, Ernest Napoleon, Vincent Kigosi, Lucy Komba, Jimmy Mponda (J Plus), Sebastian Mwanangulo (Seba) ni ti pahi Charles Magari.

Kundinima</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>136907</id>
      <parentid>136906</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T16:24:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>K.D.Nburidiba</username>
        <id>4111</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added a heading</comment>
      <origin>136907</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3095" sha1="0f840wu33xuverik0q0fwrv0xjfb70z" xml:space="preserve">'''Tanzania''' '''nima sinii laɣingu''', ka bɛ lahi boli li '''Swahiliwood''' '''bee Bongo sinii''' (a portmanteau of Swahili, Tanzania's official language, and Hollywood) ni '''Bongowood'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bisschoff|first=Lizelle|date=2015-09-28|title=From Nollywood to New Nollywood: the story of Nigeria’s runaway success|url=https://theconversation.com/from-nollywood-to-new-nollywood-the-story-of-nigerias-runaway-success-47959|access-date=2026-05-16|website=The Conversation|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;, nyɛla bɛ ni daa kpa shɛli yuuni 2001saha.

Sinii shɛŋa din dii ka laɣidibo, ka ka yɛltɔɣ' waɣila nyɛla bɛ ni booni shɛli &quot;bongo sinii&quot; ka bɛ laɣindi li n yihiri li na DVD puuni.

Tuuni 2011, bongo sinii nima daa yina pam, amaa di puuni bela ni daa niŋ viɛnyɛla Tanzanian sinii nima yihiri li na sonima nima puuni.

== Taarihi ==
Tanzanians di bɛ kaya ni taada sinii nima fali maa  British, nti pahi di yihibu na ni di daabiligu polo ni gomnanti ni kuri arizichi n niŋdi shɛŋa ni. 

Bɛ ni daa deei bɛ maŋa sulinsi ni naai gomnanti palli shɛli  President Julius Kambarage Nyerere ni daa gbubi shɛli ka daa labisi South Africa sinii nima yiŋa ka daa di liɣiri niŋ tingbani maa maŋmaŋa siniii nima ni.

South Africa kpɛri kpɛritiba daa nyɛla Yugoslavian kpɛri kpɛritiba ni zaani shɛba zaani, ban daa pili kpɛrigu laɣingu yɛltɔɣa Tanzania yuuni 1963 la, ka sɔŋdi ni bɛ laɣingu maa zooi.

Sinii nima maa pam daa nyɛla din na yɔli kpɛri nyɛla din nyɛ bɔhimbu yɛltɔɣa, ka di nyɛla gomnanti n wuhi ni di niŋ lala, ka tarili ni gili Tanzania zaa.

Pɔi ka Tanzania nima deei bɛ maŋa sulinsi yuuni 1961, tiŋduya sinii pam daa pun nyɛla din ŋmaai  Tanganyika mini Zanzibar. Tanzanian sinii nima pam nyɛla Dar es Salaam ni kpalim yihiri shɛŋa na.

== Tanzania sinii nima ==
Yuuni 2001, ''Maangamizi:bɛ ni daa lahi boli shɛli The Ancient One la ni daa nyɛ bɛ tuuli sinii shɛli bɛ ni daa n zaŋna ka di yina'' Tanzania din yɛn deei laɣingu pina balibu din nyɛ sinii viɛlli.

Lala saha maa hali ni zuŋɔ, Vuta N'Kuvute (Tug of War) sinii ka bɛ daa yihi a ka Amil Shivji ni daa nyɛ ŋun zaŋli n tahi yuuni 2022 ni di ti di sinii nima pini. ''Mapenzi Ya Mungu'' (''The Will of God'') gba daa nyɛla din yina yuuni 2014 Tanzanian sinii nima puuni

'''''Bongoland''''', sinii shɛli din daa nyɛ Tanzania niriba ban go n ti zini US maa, di daa nyɛla din yina yuuni 2003. Sinii shɛŋa ŋan lahi pahi n nyɛ '''''Ni Noma''''',  din daa yina June goli ni yuuni 2016 la. sinii shɛŋa yina mi  Mzimuni Theatre Arts ka ''Misukosuko'' daa yihili na  yuuni (2010),  ka ''Double J''  yina (''Double Jimmy'') i yuuni(2013), ka '''''Part of Jobdin nyɛ''''' (2011) ni ''Inspector Seba'' ''yuuni'' (2008)..

baan kuɣila daa beni kamani Steven Kanumba, Blandina Chagula, Elizabeth Michael, Kajala Masanja, Jacqueline Wolper, Mzee Chillo, Nelly Kamwelu, Irene Uwoya, Baby Madaha, Wema Sepetu, Ernest Napoleon, Vincent Kigosi, Lucy Komba, Jimmy Mponda (J Plus), Sebastian Mwanangulo (Seba) ni ti pahi Charles Magari.

== Kundinima ==</text>
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      <text bytes="3300" sha1="npi5z5hjzfmpbacnbnbi5tx8sk43egt" xml:space="preserve">'''Tanzania''' '''nima sinii laɣingu''', ka bɛ lahi boli li '''Swahiliwood''' '''bee Bongo sinii''' (a portmanteau of Swahili, Tanzania's official language, and Hollywood) ni '''Bongowood'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bisschoff|first=Lizelle|date=2015-09-28|title=From Nollywood to New Nollywood: the story of Nigeria’s runaway success|url=https://theconversation.com/from-nollywood-to-new-nollywood-the-story-of-nigerias-runaway-success-47959|access-date=2026-05-16|website=The Conversation|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;, nyɛla bɛ ni daa kpa shɛli yuuni 2001saha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-09-01|title=Gold IRA Companies, THCa, Peptides, Delta 9 and Mushrooms Safe Investing - Mfditanzania|url=https://www.mfditanzania.com/|access-date=2026-05-16|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sinii shɛŋa din dii ka laɣidibo, ka ka yɛltɔɣ' waɣila nyɛla bɛ ni booni shɛli &quot;bongo sinii&quot; ka bɛ laɣindi li n yihiri li na DVD puuni.

Tuuni 2011, bongo sinii nima daa yina pam, amaa di puuni bela ni daa niŋ viɛnyɛla Tanzanian sinii nima yihiri li na sonima nima puuni.

== Taarihi ==
Tanzanians di bɛ kaya ni taada sinii nima fali maa  British, nti pahi di yihibu na ni di daabiligu polo ni gomnanti ni kuri arizichi n niŋdi shɛŋa ni. 

Bɛ ni daa deei bɛ maŋa sulinsi ni naai gomnanti palli shɛli  President Julius Kambarage Nyerere ni daa gbubi shɛli ka daa labisi South Africa sinii nima yiŋa ka daa di liɣiri niŋ tingbani maa maŋmaŋa siniii nima ni.

South Africa kpɛri kpɛritiba daa nyɛla Yugoslavian kpɛri kpɛritiba ni zaani shɛba zaani, ban daa pili kpɛrigu laɣingu yɛltɔɣa Tanzania yuuni 1963 la, ka sɔŋdi ni bɛ laɣingu maa zooi.

Sinii nima maa pam daa nyɛla din na yɔli kpɛri nyɛla din nyɛ bɔhimbu yɛltɔɣa, ka di nyɛla gomnanti n wuhi ni di niŋ lala, ka tarili ni gili Tanzania zaa.

Pɔi ka Tanzania nima deei bɛ maŋa sulinsi yuuni 1961, tiŋduya sinii pam daa pun nyɛla din ŋmaai  Tanganyika mini Zanzibar. Tanzanian sinii nima pam nyɛla Dar es Salaam ni kpalim yihiri shɛŋa na.

== Tanzania sinii nima ==
Yuuni 2001, ''Maangamizi:bɛ ni daa lahi boli shɛli The Ancient One la ni daa nyɛ bɛ tuuli sinii shɛli bɛ ni daa n zaŋna ka di yina'' Tanzania din yɛn deei laɣingu pina balibu din nyɛ sinii viɛlli.

Lala saha maa hali ni zuŋɔ, Vuta N'Kuvute (Tug of War) sinii ka bɛ daa yihi a ka Amil Shivji ni daa nyɛ ŋun zaŋli n tahi yuuni 2022 ni di ti di sinii nima pini. ''Mapenzi Ya Mungu'' (''The Will of God'') gba daa nyɛla din yina yuuni 2014 Tanzanian sinii nima puuni

'''''Bongoland''''', sinii shɛli din daa nyɛ Tanzania niriba ban go n ti zini US maa, di daa nyɛla din yina yuuni 2003. Sinii shɛŋa ŋan lahi pahi n nyɛ '''''Ni Noma''''',  din daa yina June goli ni yuuni 2016 la. sinii shɛŋa yina mi  Mzimuni Theatre Arts ka ''Misukosuko'' daa yihili na  yuuni (2010),  ka ''Double J''  yina (''Double Jimmy'') i yuuni(2013), ka '''''Part of Jobdin nyɛ''''' (2011) ni ''Inspector Seba'' ''yuuni'' (2008)..

baan kuɣila daa beni kamani Steven Kanumba, Blandina Chagula, Elizabeth Michael, Kajala Masanja, Jacqueline Wolper, Mzee Chillo, Nelly Kamwelu, Irene Uwoya, Baby Madaha, Wema Sepetu, Ernest Napoleon, Vincent Kigosi, Lucy Komba, Jimmy Mponda (J Plus), Sebastian Mwanangulo (Seba) ni ti pahi Charles Magari.

== Kundinima ==</text>
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      <text bytes="3505" sha1="i6j7km0rysfihd2bp4vvc4d8y6vblg9" xml:space="preserve">'''Tanzania''' '''nima sinii laɣingu''', ka bɛ lahi boli li '''Swahiliwood''' '''bee Bongo sinii''' (a portmanteau of Swahili, Tanzania's official language, and Hollywood) ni '''Bongowood'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bisschoff|first=Lizelle|date=2015-09-28|title=From Nollywood to New Nollywood: the story of Nigeria’s runaway success|url=https://theconversation.com/from-nollywood-to-new-nollywood-the-story-of-nigerias-runaway-success-47959|access-date=2026-05-16|website=The Conversation|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;, nyɛla bɛ ni daa kpa shɛli yuuni 2001saha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-09-01|title=Gold IRA Companies, THCa, Peptides, Delta 9 and Mushrooms Safe Investing - Mfditanzania|url=https://www.mfditanzania.com/|access-date=2026-05-16|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sinii shɛŋa din dii ka laɣidibo, ka ka yɛltɔɣ' waɣila nyɛla bɛ ni booni shɛli &quot;bongo sinii&quot; ka bɛ laɣindi li n yihiri li na DVD puuni.

Tuuni 2011, bongo sinii nima daa yina pam,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-09-01|title=Gold IRA Companies, THCa, Peptides, Delta 9 and Mushrooms Safe Investing - Mfditanzania|url=https://www.mfditanzania.com/|access-date=2026-05-16|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; amaa di puuni bela ni daa niŋ viɛnyɛla Tanzanian sinii nima yihiri li na sonima nima puuni.

== Taarihi ==
Tanzanians di bɛ kaya ni taada sinii nima fali maa  British, nti pahi di yihibu na ni di daabiligu polo ni gomnanti ni kuri arizichi n niŋdi shɛŋa ni. 

Bɛ ni daa deei bɛ maŋa sulinsi ni naai gomnanti palli shɛli  President Julius Kambarage Nyerere ni daa gbubi shɛli ka daa labisi South Africa sinii nima yiŋa ka daa di liɣiri niŋ tingbani maa maŋmaŋa siniii nima ni.

South Africa kpɛri kpɛritiba daa nyɛla Yugoslavian kpɛri kpɛritiba ni zaani shɛba zaani, ban daa pili kpɛrigu laɣingu yɛltɔɣa Tanzania yuuni 1963 la, ka sɔŋdi ni bɛ laɣingu maa zooi.

Sinii nima maa pam daa nyɛla din na yɔli kpɛri nyɛla din nyɛ bɔhimbu yɛltɔɣa, ka di nyɛla gomnanti n wuhi ni di niŋ lala, ka tarili ni gili Tanzania zaa.

Pɔi ka Tanzania nima deei bɛ maŋa sulinsi yuuni 1961, tiŋduya sinii pam daa pun nyɛla din ŋmaai  Tanganyika mini Zanzibar. Tanzanian sinii nima pam nyɛla Dar es Salaam ni kpalim yihiri shɛŋa na.

== Tanzania sinii nima ==
Yuuni 2001, ''Maangamizi:bɛ ni daa lahi boli shɛli The Ancient One la ni daa nyɛ bɛ tuuli sinii shɛli bɛ ni daa n zaŋna ka di yina'' Tanzania din yɛn deei laɣingu pina balibu din nyɛ sinii viɛlli.

Lala saha maa hali ni zuŋɔ, Vuta N'Kuvute (Tug of War) sinii ka bɛ daa yihi a ka Amil Shivji ni daa nyɛ ŋun zaŋli n tahi yuuni 2022 ni di ti di sinii nima pini. ''Mapenzi Ya Mungu'' (''The Will of God'') gba daa nyɛla din yina yuuni 2014 Tanzanian sinii nima puuni

'''''Bongoland''''', sinii shɛli din daa nyɛ Tanzania niriba ban go n ti zini US maa, di daa nyɛla din yina yuuni 2003. Sinii shɛŋa ŋan lahi pahi n nyɛ '''''Ni Noma''''',  din daa yina June goli ni yuuni 2016 la. sinii shɛŋa yina mi  Mzimuni Theatre Arts ka ''Misukosuko'' daa yihili na  yuuni (2010),  ka ''Double J''  yina (''Double Jimmy'') i yuuni(2013), ka '''''Part of Jobdin nyɛ''''' (2011) ni ''Inspector Seba'' ''yuuni'' (2008)..

baan kuɣila daa beni kamani Steven Kanumba, Blandina Chagula, Elizabeth Michael, Kajala Masanja, Jacqueline Wolper, Mzee Chillo, Nelly Kamwelu, Irene Uwoya, Baby Madaha, Wema Sepetu, Ernest Napoleon, Vincent Kigosi, Lucy Komba, Jimmy Mponda (J Plus), Sebastian Mwanangulo (Seba) ni ti pahi Charles Magari.

== Kundinima ==</text>
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      <text bytes="3865" sha1="3osbhq62pw3a9kgi5bbbktv11spyfns" xml:space="preserve">'''Tanzania''' '''nima sinii laɣingu''', ka bɛ lahi boli li '''Swahiliwood''' '''bee Bongo sinii''' (a portmanteau of Swahili, Tanzania's official language, and Hollywood) ni '''Bongowood'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bisschoff|first=Lizelle|date=2015-09-28|title=From Nollywood to New Nollywood: the story of Nigeria’s runaway success|url=https://theconversation.com/from-nollywood-to-new-nollywood-the-story-of-nigerias-runaway-success-47959|access-date=2026-05-16|website=The Conversation|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;, nyɛla bɛ ni daa kpa shɛli yuuni 2001saha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-09-01|title=Gold IRA Companies, THCa, Peptides, Delta 9 and Mushrooms Safe Investing - Mfditanzania|url=https://www.mfditanzania.com/|access-date=2026-05-16|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sinii shɛŋa din dii ka laɣidibo, ka ka yɛltɔɣ' waɣila nyɛla bɛ ni booni shɛli &quot;bongo sinii&quot; ka bɛ laɣindi li n yihiri li na DVD puuni.

Tuuni 2011, bongo sinii nima daa yina pam,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-09-01|title=Gold IRA Companies, THCa, Peptides, Delta 9 and Mushrooms Safe Investing - Mfditanzania|url=https://www.mfditanzania.com/|access-date=2026-05-16|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; amaa di puuni bela ni daa niŋ viɛnyɛla Tanzanian sinii nima yihiri li na sonima nima puuni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salwen|first=Michael B.|date=1997-03|title=Broadcasting to Latin America: reconciling industry-government functions in the pre-Voice of America era|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/01439689700260631|journal=Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television|volume=17|issue=1|pages=67–89|doi=10.1080/01439689700260631|issn=0143-9685}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Taarihi ==
Tanzanians di bɛ kaya ni taada sinii nima fali maa  British, nti pahi di yihibu na ni di daabiligu polo ni gomnanti ni kuri arizichi n niŋdi shɛŋa ni. 

Bɛ ni daa deei bɛ maŋa sulinsi ni naai gomnanti palli shɛli  President Julius Kambarage Nyerere ni daa gbubi shɛli ka daa labisi South Africa sinii nima yiŋa ka daa di liɣiri niŋ tingbani maa maŋmaŋa siniii nima ni.

South Africa kpɛri kpɛritiba daa nyɛla Yugoslavian kpɛri kpɛritiba ni zaani shɛba zaani, ban daa pili kpɛrigu laɣingu yɛltɔɣa Tanzania yuuni 1963 la, ka sɔŋdi ni bɛ laɣingu maa zooi.

Sinii nima maa pam daa nyɛla din na yɔli kpɛri nyɛla din nyɛ bɔhimbu yɛltɔɣa, ka di nyɛla gomnanti n wuhi ni di niŋ lala, ka tarili ni gili Tanzania zaa.

Pɔi ka Tanzania nima deei bɛ maŋa sulinsi yuuni 1961, tiŋduya sinii pam daa pun nyɛla din ŋmaai  Tanganyika mini Zanzibar. Tanzanian sinii nima pam nyɛla Dar es Salaam ni kpalim yihiri shɛŋa na.

== Tanzania sinii nima ==
Yuuni 2001, ''Maangamizi:bɛ ni daa lahi boli shɛli The Ancient One la ni daa nyɛ bɛ tuuli sinii shɛli bɛ ni daa n zaŋna ka di yina'' Tanzania din yɛn deei laɣingu pina balibu din nyɛ sinii viɛlli.

Lala saha maa hali ni zuŋɔ, Vuta N'Kuvute (Tug of War) sinii ka bɛ daa yihi a ka Amil Shivji ni daa nyɛ ŋun zaŋli n tahi yuuni 2022 ni di ti di sinii nima pini. ''Mapenzi Ya Mungu'' (''The Will of God'') gba daa nyɛla din yina yuuni 2014 Tanzanian sinii nima puuni

'''''Bongoland''''', sinii shɛli din daa nyɛ Tanzania niriba ban go n ti zini US maa, di daa nyɛla din yina yuuni 2003. Sinii shɛŋa ŋan lahi pahi n nyɛ '''''Ni Noma''''',  din daa yina June goli ni yuuni 2016 la. sinii shɛŋa yina mi  Mzimuni Theatre Arts ka ''Misukosuko'' daa yihili na  yuuni (2010),  ka ''Double J''  yina (''Double Jimmy'') i yuuni(2013), ka '''''Part of Jobdin nyɛ''''' (2011) ni ''Inspector Seba'' ''yuuni'' (2008)..

baan kuɣila daa beni kamani Steven Kanumba, Blandina Chagula, Elizabeth Michael, Kajala Masanja, Jacqueline Wolper, Mzee Chillo, Nelly Kamwelu, Irene Uwoya, Baby Madaha, Wema Sepetu, Ernest Napoleon, Vincent Kigosi, Lucy Komba, Jimmy Mponda (J Plus), Sebastian Mwanangulo (Seba) ni ti pahi Charles Magari.

== Kundinima ==</text>
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      <text bytes="4109" sha1="b5sihlqsz9q8z8z4hs9l8ub7ref3ipo" xml:space="preserve">'''Tanzania''' '''nima sinii laɣingu''', ka bɛ lahi boli li '''Swahiliwood''' '''bee Bongo sinii''' (a portmanteau of Swahili, Tanzania's official language, and Hollywood) ni '''Bongowood'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bisschoff|first=Lizelle|date=2015-09-28|title=From Nollywood to New Nollywood: the story of Nigeria’s runaway success|url=https://theconversation.com/from-nollywood-to-new-nollywood-the-story-of-nigerias-runaway-success-47959|access-date=2026-05-16|website=The Conversation|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;, nyɛla bɛ ni daa kpa shɛli yuuni 2001saha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-09-01|title=Gold IRA Companies, THCa, Peptides, Delta 9 and Mushrooms Safe Investing - Mfditanzania|url=https://www.mfditanzania.com/|access-date=2026-05-16|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sinii shɛŋa din dii ka laɣidibo, ka ka yɛltɔɣ' waɣila nyɛla bɛ ni booni shɛli &quot;bongo sinii&quot; ka bɛ laɣindi li n yihiri li na DVD puuni.

Tuuni 2011, bongo sinii nima daa yina pam,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-09-01|title=Gold IRA Companies, THCa, Peptides, Delta 9 and Mushrooms Safe Investing - Mfditanzania|url=https://www.mfditanzania.com/|access-date=2026-05-16|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; amaa di puuni bela ni daa niŋ viɛnyɛla Tanzanian sinii nima yihiri li na sonima nima puuni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salwen|first=Michael B.|date=1997-03|title=Broadcasting to Latin America: reconciling industry-government functions in the pre-Voice of America era|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/01439689700260631|journal=Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television|volume=17|issue=1|pages=67–89|doi=10.1080/01439689700260631|issn=0143-9685}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Taarihi ==
Tanzanians di bɛ kaya ni taada sinii nima fali maa  British, nti pahi di yihibu na ni di daabiligu polo ni gomnanti ni kuri arizichi n niŋdi shɛŋa ni. 

Bɛ ni daa deei bɛ maŋa sulinsi ni naai gomnanti palli shɛli  President Julius Kambarage Nyerere ni daa gbubi shɛli ka daa labisi South Africa sinii nima yiŋa ka daa di liɣiri niŋ tingbani maa maŋmaŋa siniii nima ni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wayback Machine|url=http://repository.udsm.ac.tz:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/141/The%20Political%20Economy%20of%20Cinema%20in%20Tanzania.pdf?sequence=1|access-date=2026-05-16|website=repository.udsm.ac.tz}}&lt;/ref&gt;

South Africa kpɛri kpɛritiba daa nyɛla Yugoslavian kpɛri kpɛritiba ni zaani shɛba zaani, ban daa pili kpɛrigu laɣingu yɛltɔɣa Tanzania yuuni 1963 la, ka sɔŋdi ni bɛ laɣingu maa zooi.

Sinii nima maa pam daa nyɛla din na yɔli kpɛri nyɛla din nyɛ bɔhimbu yɛltɔɣa, ka di nyɛla gomnanti n wuhi ni di niŋ lala, ka tarili ni gili Tanzania zaa.

Pɔi ka Tanzania nima deei bɛ maŋa sulinsi yuuni 1961, tiŋduya sinii pam daa pun nyɛla din ŋmaai  Tanganyika mini Zanzibar. Tanzanian sinii nima pam nyɛla Dar es Salaam ni kpalim yihiri shɛŋa na.

== Tanzania sinii nima ==
Yuuni 2001, ''Maangamizi:bɛ ni daa lahi boli shɛli The Ancient One la ni daa nyɛ bɛ tuuli sinii shɛli bɛ ni daa n zaŋna ka di yina'' Tanzania din yɛn deei laɣingu pina balibu din nyɛ sinii viɛlli.

Lala saha maa hali ni zuŋɔ, Vuta N'Kuvute (Tug of War) sinii ka bɛ daa yihi a ka Amil Shivji ni daa nyɛ ŋun zaŋli n tahi yuuni 2022 ni di ti di sinii nima pini. ''Mapenzi Ya Mungu'' (''The Will of God'') gba daa nyɛla din yina yuuni 2014 Tanzanian sinii nima puuni

'''''Bongoland''''', sinii shɛli din daa nyɛ Tanzania niriba ban go n ti zini US maa, di daa nyɛla din yina yuuni 2003. Sinii shɛŋa ŋan lahi pahi n nyɛ '''''Ni Noma''''',  din daa yina June goli ni yuuni 2016 la. sinii shɛŋa yina mi  Mzimuni Theatre Arts ka ''Misukosuko'' daa yihili na  yuuni (2010),  ka ''Double J''  yina (''Double Jimmy'') i yuuni(2013), ka '''''Part of Jobdin nyɛ''''' (2011) ni ''Inspector Seba'' ''yuuni'' (2008)..

baan kuɣila daa beni kamani Steven Kanumba, Blandina Chagula, Elizabeth Michael, Kajala Masanja, Jacqueline Wolper, Mzee Chillo, Nelly Kamwelu, Irene Uwoya, Baby Madaha, Wema Sepetu, Ernest Napoleon, Vincent Kigosi, Lucy Komba, Jimmy Mponda (J Plus), Sebastian Mwanangulo (Seba) ni ti pahi Charles Magari.

== Kundinima ==</text>
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      <text bytes="4353" sha1="ny0nl4bk9tucx1gmafm771lv7tjgbak" xml:space="preserve">'''Tanzania''' '''nima sinii laɣingu''', ka bɛ lahi boli li '''Swahiliwood''' '''bee Bongo sinii''' (a portmanteau of Swahili, Tanzania's official language, and Hollywood) ni '''Bongowood'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bisschoff|first=Lizelle|date=2015-09-28|title=From Nollywood to New Nollywood: the story of Nigeria’s runaway success|url=https://theconversation.com/from-nollywood-to-new-nollywood-the-story-of-nigerias-runaway-success-47959|access-date=2026-05-16|website=The Conversation|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;, nyɛla bɛ ni daa kpa shɛli yuuni 2001saha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-09-01|title=Gold IRA Companies, THCa, Peptides, Delta 9 and Mushrooms Safe Investing - Mfditanzania|url=https://www.mfditanzania.com/|access-date=2026-05-16|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sinii shɛŋa din dii ka laɣidibo, ka ka yɛltɔɣ' waɣila nyɛla bɛ ni booni shɛli &quot;bongo sinii&quot; ka bɛ laɣindi li n yihiri li na DVD puuni.

Tuuni 2011, bongo sinii nima daa yina pam,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-09-01|title=Gold IRA Companies, THCa, Peptides, Delta 9 and Mushrooms Safe Investing - Mfditanzania|url=https://www.mfditanzania.com/|access-date=2026-05-16|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; amaa di puuni bela ni daa niŋ viɛnyɛla Tanzanian sinii nima yihiri li na sonima nima puuni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salwen|first=Michael B.|date=1997-03|title=Broadcasting to Latin America: reconciling industry-government functions in the pre-Voice of America era|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/01439689700260631|journal=Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television|volume=17|issue=1|pages=67–89|doi=10.1080/01439689700260631|issn=0143-9685}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Taarihi ==
Tanzanians di bɛ kaya ni taada sinii nima fali maa  British, nti pahi di yihibu na ni di daabiligu polo ni gomnanti ni kuri arizichi n niŋdi shɛŋa ni. 

Bɛ ni daa deei bɛ maŋa sulinsi ni naai gomnanti palli shɛli  President Julius Kambarage Nyerere ni daa gbubi shɛli ka daa labisi South Africa sinii nima yiŋa ka daa di liɣiri niŋ tingbani maa maŋmaŋa siniii nima ni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wayback Machine|url=http://repository.udsm.ac.tz:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/141/The%20Political%20Economy%20of%20Cinema%20in%20Tanzania.pdf?sequence=1|access-date=2026-05-16|website=repository.udsm.ac.tz}}&lt;/ref&gt;

South Africa kpɛri kpɛritiba daa nyɛla Yugoslavian kpɛri kpɛritiba ni zaani shɛba zaani, ban daa pili kpɛrigu laɣingu yɛltɔɣa Tanzania yuuni 1963 la, ka sɔŋdi ni bɛ laɣingu maa zooi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wayback Machine|url=http://repository.udsm.ac.tz:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/141/The%20Political%20Economy%20of%20Cinema%20in%20Tanzania.pdf?sequence=1|access-date=2026-05-16|website=repository.udsm.ac.tz}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sinii nima maa pam daa nyɛla din na yɔli kpɛri nyɛla din nyɛ bɔhimbu yɛltɔɣa, ka di nyɛla gomnanti n wuhi ni di niŋ lala, ka tarili ni gili Tanzania zaa.

Pɔi ka Tanzania nima deei bɛ maŋa sulinsi yuuni 1961, tiŋduya sinii pam daa pun nyɛla din ŋmaai  Tanganyika mini Zanzibar. Tanzanian sinii nima pam nyɛla Dar es Salaam ni kpalim yihiri shɛŋa na.

== Tanzania sinii nima ==
Yuuni 2001, ''Maangamizi:bɛ ni daa lahi boli shɛli The Ancient One la ni daa nyɛ bɛ tuuli sinii shɛli bɛ ni daa n zaŋna ka di yina'' Tanzania din yɛn deei laɣingu pina balibu din nyɛ sinii viɛlli.

Lala saha maa hali ni zuŋɔ, Vuta N'Kuvute (Tug of War) sinii ka bɛ daa yihi a ka Amil Shivji ni daa nyɛ ŋun zaŋli n tahi yuuni 2022 ni di ti di sinii nima pini. ''Mapenzi Ya Mungu'' (''The Will of God'') gba daa nyɛla din yina yuuni 2014 Tanzanian sinii nima puuni

'''''Bongoland''''', sinii shɛli din daa nyɛ Tanzania niriba ban go n ti zini US maa, di daa nyɛla din yina yuuni 2003. Sinii shɛŋa ŋan lahi pahi n nyɛ '''''Ni Noma''''',  din daa yina June goli ni yuuni 2016 la. sinii shɛŋa yina mi  Mzimuni Theatre Arts ka ''Misukosuko'' daa yihili na  yuuni (2010),  ka ''Double J''  yina (''Double Jimmy'') i yuuni(2013), ka '''''Part of Jobdin nyɛ''''' (2011) ni ''Inspector Seba'' ''yuuni'' (2008)..

baan kuɣila daa beni kamani Steven Kanumba, Blandina Chagula, Elizabeth Michael, Kajala Masanja, Jacqueline Wolper, Mzee Chillo, Nelly Kamwelu, Irene Uwoya, Baby Madaha, Wema Sepetu, Ernest Napoleon, Vincent Kigosi, Lucy Komba, Jimmy Mponda (J Plus), Sebastian Mwanangulo (Seba) ni ti pahi Charles Magari.

== Kundinima ==</text>
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      <text bytes="4590" sha1="82a6snx4gnudnetg4xyizcvoxgn0fdy" xml:space="preserve">'''Tanzania''' '''nima sinii laɣingu''', ka bɛ lahi boli li '''Swahiliwood''' '''bee Bongo sinii''' (a portmanteau of Swahili, Tanzania's official language, and Hollywood) ni '''Bongowood'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bisschoff|first=Lizelle|date=2015-09-28|title=From Nollywood to New Nollywood: the story of Nigeria’s runaway success|url=https://theconversation.com/from-nollywood-to-new-nollywood-the-story-of-nigerias-runaway-success-47959|access-date=2026-05-16|website=The Conversation|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;, nyɛla bɛ ni daa kpa shɛli yuuni 2001saha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-09-01|title=Gold IRA Companies, THCa, Peptides, Delta 9 and Mushrooms Safe Investing - Mfditanzania|url=https://www.mfditanzania.com/|access-date=2026-05-16|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sinii shɛŋa din dii ka laɣidibo, ka ka yɛltɔɣ' waɣila nyɛla bɛ ni booni shɛli &quot;bongo sinii&quot; ka bɛ laɣindi li n yihiri li na DVD puuni.

Tuuni 2011, bongo sinii nima daa yina pam,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-09-01|title=Gold IRA Companies, THCa, Peptides, Delta 9 and Mushrooms Safe Investing - Mfditanzania|url=https://www.mfditanzania.com/|access-date=2026-05-16|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; amaa di puuni bela ni daa niŋ viɛnyɛla Tanzanian sinii nima yihiri li na sonima nima puuni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salwen|first=Michael B.|date=1997-03|title=Broadcasting to Latin America: reconciling industry-government functions in the pre-Voice of America era|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/01439689700260631|journal=Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television|volume=17|issue=1|pages=67–89|doi=10.1080/01439689700260631|issn=0143-9685}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Taarihi ==
Tanzanians di bɛ kaya ni taada sinii nima fali maa  British, nti pahi di yihibu na ni di daabiligu polo ni gomnanti ni kuri arizichi n niŋdi shɛŋa ni. 

Bɛ ni daa deei bɛ maŋa sulinsi ni naai gomnanti palli shɛli  President Julius Kambarage Nyerere ni daa gbubi shɛli ka daa labisi South Africa sinii nima yiŋa ka daa di liɣiri niŋ tingbani maa maŋmaŋa siniii nima ni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wayback Machine|url=http://repository.udsm.ac.tz:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/141/The%20Political%20Economy%20of%20Cinema%20in%20Tanzania.pdf?sequence=1|access-date=2026-05-16|website=repository.udsm.ac.tz}}&lt;/ref&gt;

South Africa kpɛri kpɛritiba daa nyɛla Yugoslavian kpɛri kpɛritiba ni zaani shɛba zaani, ban daa pili kpɛrigu laɣingu yɛltɔɣa Tanzania yuuni 1963 la, ka sɔŋdi ni bɛ laɣingu maa zooi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wayback Machine|url=http://repository.udsm.ac.tz:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/141/The%20Political%20Economy%20of%20Cinema%20in%20Tanzania.pdf?sequence=1|access-date=2026-05-16|website=repository.udsm.ac.tz}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sinii nima maa pam daa nyɛla din na yɔli kpɛri nyɛla din nyɛ bɔhimbu yɛltɔɣa, ka di nyɛla gomnanti n wuhi ni di niŋ lala, ka tarili ni gili Tanzania zaa.

Pɔi ka Tanzania nima deei bɛ maŋa sulinsi yuuni 1961, tiŋduya sinii pam daa pun nyɛla din ŋmaai  Tanganyika mini Zanzibar. Tanzanian sinii nima pam nyɛla Dar es Salaam ni kpalim yihiri shɛŋa na.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Society|first=Gregory Sousa in|date=2017-04-25|title=Biggest Cities In Tanzania|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/biggest-cities-in-tanzania.html|access-date=2026-05-16|website=WorldAtlas|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tanzania sinii nima ==
Yuuni 2001, ''Maangamizi:bɛ ni daa lahi boli shɛli The Ancient One la ni daa nyɛ bɛ tuuli sinii shɛli bɛ ni daa n zaŋna ka di yina'' Tanzania din yɛn deei laɣingu pina balibu din nyɛ sinii viɛlli.

Lala saha maa hali ni zuŋɔ, Vuta N'Kuvute (Tug of War) sinii ka bɛ daa yihi a ka Amil Shivji ni daa nyɛ ŋun zaŋli n tahi yuuni 2022 ni di ti di sinii nima pini. ''Mapenzi Ya Mungu'' (''The Will of God'') gba daa nyɛla din yina yuuni 2014 Tanzanian sinii nima puuni

'''''Bongoland''''', sinii shɛli din daa nyɛ Tanzania niriba ban go n ti zini US maa, di daa nyɛla din yina yuuni 2003. Sinii shɛŋa ŋan lahi pahi n nyɛ '''''Ni Noma''''',  din daa yina June goli ni yuuni 2016 la. sinii shɛŋa yina mi  Mzimuni Theatre Arts ka ''Misukosuko'' daa yihili na  yuuni (2010),  ka ''Double J''  yina (''Double Jimmy'') i yuuni(2013), ka '''''Part of Jobdin nyɛ''''' (2011) ni ''Inspector Seba'' ''yuuni'' (2008)..

baan kuɣila daa beni kamani Steven Kanumba, Blandina Chagula, Elizabeth Michael, Kajala Masanja, Jacqueline Wolper, Mzee Chillo, Nelly Kamwelu, Irene Uwoya, Baby Madaha, Wema Sepetu, Ernest Napoleon, Vincent Kigosi, Lucy Komba, Jimmy Mponda (J Plus), Sebastian Mwanangulo (Seba) ni ti pahi Charles Magari.

== Kundinima ==</text>
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      <text bytes="4593" sha1="pex8sfvgv326xxocvgd3rccbmvy523x" xml:space="preserve">'''Tanzania''' '''nima sinii laɣingu''', ka bɛ lahi boli li '''Swahiliwood''' '''bee Bongo sinii''' (a portmanteau of Swahili, Tanzania's official language, and Hollywood) ni '''Bongowood'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bisschoff|first=Lizelle|date=2015-09-28|title=From Nollywood to New Nollywood: the story of Nigeria’s runaway success|url=https://theconversation.com/from-nollywood-to-new-nollywood-the-story-of-nigerias-runaway-success-47959|access-date=2026-05-16|website=The Conversation|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;, nyɛla bɛ ni daa kpa shɛli yuuni 2001saha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-09-01|title=Gold IRA Companies, THCa, Peptides, Delta 9 and Mushrooms Safe Investing - Mfditanzania|url=https://www.mfditanzania.com/|access-date=2026-05-16|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sinii shɛŋa din dii ka laɣidibo, ka ka yɛltɔɣ' waɣila nyɛla bɛ ni booni shɛli &quot;bongo sinii&quot; ka bɛ laɣindi li n yihiri li na DVD puuni.

Tuuni 2011, bongo sinii nima daa yina pam,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-09-01|title=Gold IRA Companies, THCa, Peptides, Delta 9 and Mushrooms Safe Investing - Mfditanzania|url=https://www.mfditanzania.com/|access-date=2026-05-16|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; amaa di puuni bela ni daa niŋ viɛnyɛla [[Tanzania]] sinii nima yihiri li na sonima nima puuni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salwen|first=Michael B.|date=1997-03|title=Broadcasting to Latin America: reconciling industry-government functions in the pre-Voice of America era|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/01439689700260631|journal=Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television|volume=17|issue=1|pages=67–89|doi=10.1080/01439689700260631|issn=0143-9685}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Taarihi ==
Tanzanians di bɛ kaya ni taada sinii nima fali maa  British, nti pahi di yihibu na ni di daabiligu polo ni gomnanti ni kuri arizichi n niŋdi shɛŋa ni. 

Bɛ ni daa deei bɛ maŋa sulinsi ni naai gomnanti palli shɛli  President Julius Kambarage Nyerere ni daa gbubi shɛli ka daa labisi South Africa sinii nima yiŋa ka daa di liɣiri niŋ tingbani maa maŋmaŋa siniii nima ni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wayback Machine|url=http://repository.udsm.ac.tz:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/141/The%20Political%20Economy%20of%20Cinema%20in%20Tanzania.pdf?sequence=1|access-date=2026-05-16|website=repository.udsm.ac.tz}}&lt;/ref&gt;

South Africa kpɛri kpɛritiba daa nyɛla Yugoslavian kpɛri kpɛritiba ni zaani shɛba zaani, ban daa pili kpɛrigu laɣingu yɛltɔɣa Tanzania yuuni 1963 la, ka sɔŋdi ni bɛ laɣingu maa zooi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wayback Machine|url=http://repository.udsm.ac.tz:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/141/The%20Political%20Economy%20of%20Cinema%20in%20Tanzania.pdf?sequence=1|access-date=2026-05-16|website=repository.udsm.ac.tz}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sinii nima maa pam daa nyɛla din na yɔli kpɛri nyɛla din nyɛ bɔhimbu yɛltɔɣa, ka di nyɛla gomnanti n wuhi ni di niŋ lala, ka tarili ni gili Tanzania zaa.

Pɔi ka Tanzania nima deei bɛ maŋa sulinsi yuuni 1961, tiŋduya sinii pam daa pun nyɛla din ŋmaai  Tanganyika mini Zanzibar. Tanzanian sinii nima pam nyɛla Dar es Salaam ni kpalim yihiri shɛŋa na.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Society|first=Gregory Sousa in|date=2017-04-25|title=Biggest Cities In Tanzania|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/biggest-cities-in-tanzania.html|access-date=2026-05-16|website=WorldAtlas|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tanzania sinii nima ==
Yuuni 2001, ''Maangamizi:bɛ ni daa lahi boli shɛli The Ancient One la ni daa nyɛ bɛ tuuli sinii shɛli bɛ ni daa n zaŋna ka di yina'' Tanzania din yɛn deei laɣingu pina balibu din nyɛ sinii viɛlli.

Lala saha maa hali ni zuŋɔ, Vuta N'Kuvute (Tug of War) sinii ka bɛ daa yihi a ka Amil Shivji ni daa nyɛ ŋun zaŋli n tahi yuuni 2022 ni di ti di sinii nima pini. ''Mapenzi Ya Mungu'' (''The Will of God'') gba daa nyɛla din yina yuuni 2014 Tanzanian sinii nima puuni

'''''Bongoland''''', sinii shɛli din daa nyɛ Tanzania niriba ban go n ti zini US maa, di daa nyɛla din yina yuuni 2003. Sinii shɛŋa ŋan lahi pahi n nyɛ '''''Ni Noma''''',  din daa yina June goli ni yuuni 2016 la. sinii shɛŋa yina mi  Mzimuni Theatre Arts ka ''Misukosuko'' daa yihili na  yuuni (2010),  ka ''Double J''  yina (''Double Jimmy'') i yuuni(2013), ka '''''Part of Jobdin nyɛ''''' (2011) ni ''Inspector Seba'' ''yuuni'' (2008)..

baan kuɣila daa beni kamani Steven Kanumba, Blandina Chagula, Elizabeth Michael, Kajala Masanja, Jacqueline Wolper, Mzee Chillo, Nelly Kamwelu, Irene Uwoya, Baby Madaha, Wema Sepetu, Ernest Napoleon, Vincent Kigosi, Lucy Komba, Jimmy Mponda (J Plus), Sebastian Mwanangulo (Seba) ni ti pahi Charles Magari.

== Kundinima ==</text>
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      <text bytes="4608" sha1="ortsdzsetcwaofiquqcx5iuwe4y0mfq" xml:space="preserve">'''Tanzania''' '''nima sinii laɣingu''', ka bɛ lahi boli li '''Swahiliwood''' '''bee Bongo sinii''' (a portmanteau of Swahili, Tanzania's official language, and Hollywood) ni '''Bongowood'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bisschoff|first=Lizelle|date=2015-09-28|title=From Nollywood to New Nollywood: the story of Nigeria’s runaway success|url=https://theconversation.com/from-nollywood-to-new-nollywood-the-story-of-nigerias-runaway-success-47959|access-date=2026-05-16|website=The Conversation|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;, nyɛla bɛ ni daa kpa shɛli yuuni 2001saha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-09-01|title=Gold IRA Companies, THCa, Peptides, Delta 9 and Mushrooms Safe Investing - Mfditanzania|url=https://www.mfditanzania.com/|access-date=2026-05-16|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sinii shɛŋa din dii ka laɣidibo, ka ka yɛltɔɣ' waɣila nyɛla bɛ ni booni shɛli &quot;bongo sinii&quot; ka bɛ laɣindi li n yihiri li na DVD puuni.

Tuuni 2011, bongo sinii nima daa yina pam,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-09-01|title=Gold IRA Companies, THCa, Peptides, Delta 9 and Mushrooms Safe Investing - Mfditanzania|url=https://www.mfditanzania.com/|access-date=2026-05-16|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; amaa di puuni bela ni daa niŋ viɛnyɛla [[Tanzania]] sinii nima yihiri li na sonima nima puuni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salwen|first=Michael B.|date=1997-03|title=Broadcasting to Latin America: reconciling industry-government functions in the pre-Voice of America era|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/01439689700260631|journal=Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television|volume=17|issue=1|pages=67–89|doi=10.1080/01439689700260631|issn=0143-9685}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Taarihi ==
Tanzanians di bɛ kaya ni taada sinii nima fali maa  British, nti pahi di yihibu na ni di daabiligu polo ni gomnanti ni kuri arizichi n niŋdi shɛŋa ni. 

Bɛ ni daa deei bɛ maŋa sulinsi ni naai gomnanti palli shɛli  President Julius Kambarage Nyerere ni daa gbubi shɛli ka daa labisi [[South Africa]] sinii nima yiŋa ka daa di liɣiri niŋ tingbani maa maŋmaŋa siniii nima ni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wayback Machine|url=http://repository.udsm.ac.tz:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/141/The%20Political%20Economy%20of%20Cinema%20in%20Tanzania.pdf?sequence=1|access-date=2026-05-16|website=repository.udsm.ac.tz}}&lt;/ref&gt;

South [[Afrika|Africa]] kpɛri kpɛritiba daa nyɛla Yugoslavian kpɛri kpɛritiba ni zaani shɛba zaani, ban daa pili kpɛrigu laɣingu yɛltɔɣa Tanzania yuuni 1963 la, ka sɔŋdi ni bɛ laɣingu maa zooi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wayback Machine|url=http://repository.udsm.ac.tz:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/141/The%20Political%20Economy%20of%20Cinema%20in%20Tanzania.pdf?sequence=1|access-date=2026-05-16|website=repository.udsm.ac.tz}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sinii nima maa pam daa nyɛla din na yɔli kpɛri nyɛla din nyɛ bɔhimbu yɛltɔɣa, ka di nyɛla gomnanti n wuhi ni di niŋ lala, ka tarili ni gili Tanzania zaa.

Pɔi ka Tanzania nima deei bɛ maŋa sulinsi yuuni 1961, tiŋduya sinii pam daa pun nyɛla din ŋmaai  Tanganyika mini Zanzibar. Tanzanian sinii nima pam nyɛla Dar es Salaam ni kpalim yihiri shɛŋa na.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Society|first=Gregory Sousa in|date=2017-04-25|title=Biggest Cities In Tanzania|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/biggest-cities-in-tanzania.html|access-date=2026-05-16|website=WorldAtlas|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tanzania sinii nima ==
Yuuni 2001, ''Maangamizi:bɛ ni daa lahi boli shɛli The Ancient One la ni daa nyɛ bɛ tuuli sinii shɛli bɛ ni daa n zaŋna ka di yina'' Tanzania din yɛn deei laɣingu pina balibu din nyɛ sinii viɛlli.

Lala saha maa hali ni zuŋɔ, Vuta N'Kuvute (Tug of War) sinii ka bɛ daa yihi a ka Amil Shivji ni daa nyɛ ŋun zaŋli n tahi yuuni 2022 ni di ti di sinii nima pini. ''Mapenzi Ya Mungu'' (''The Will of God'') gba daa nyɛla din yina yuuni 2014 Tanzanian sinii nima puuni

'''''Bongoland''''', sinii shɛli din daa nyɛ Tanzania niriba ban go n ti zini US maa, di daa nyɛla din yina yuuni 2003. Sinii shɛŋa ŋan lahi pahi n nyɛ '''''Ni Noma''''',  din daa yina June goli ni yuuni 2016 la. sinii shɛŋa yina mi  Mzimuni Theatre Arts ka ''Misukosuko'' daa yihili na  yuuni (2010),  ka ''Double J''  yina (''Double Jimmy'') i yuuni(2013), ka '''''Part of Jobdin nyɛ''''' (2011) ni ''Inspector Seba'' ''yuuni'' (2008)..

baan kuɣila daa beni kamani Steven Kanumba, Blandina Chagula, Elizabeth Michael, Kajala Masanja, Jacqueline Wolper, Mzee Chillo, Nelly Kamwelu, Irene Uwoya, Baby Madaha, Wema Sepetu, Ernest Napoleon, Vincent Kigosi, Lucy Komba, Jimmy Mponda (J Plus), Sebastian Mwanangulo (Seba) ni ti pahi Charles Magari.

== Kundinima ==</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>K.D.Nburidiba</username>
        <id>4111</id>
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      <comment>Added a link</comment>
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      <text bytes="4628" sha1="go3ea7b678xc977s0t8km1rg8fmv4nv" xml:space="preserve">'''Tanzania''' '''nima sinii laɣingu''', ka bɛ lahi boli li '''Swahiliwood''' '''bee Bongo sinii''' (a portmanteau of Swahili, Tanzania's official language, and Hollywood) ni '''Bongowood'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bisschoff|first=Lizelle|date=2015-09-28|title=From Nollywood to New Nollywood: the story of Nigeria’s runaway success|url=https://theconversation.com/from-nollywood-to-new-nollywood-the-story-of-nigerias-runaway-success-47959|access-date=2026-05-16|website=The Conversation|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;, nyɛla bɛ ni daa kpa shɛli yuuni 2001saha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-09-01|title=Gold IRA Companies, THCa, Peptides, Delta 9 and Mushrooms Safe Investing - Mfditanzania|url=https://www.mfditanzania.com/|access-date=2026-05-16|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sinii shɛŋa din dii ka laɣidibo, ka ka yɛltɔɣ' waɣila nyɛla bɛ ni booni shɛli &quot;bongo sinii&quot; ka bɛ laɣindi li n yihiri li na DVD puuni.

Tuuni 2011, bongo sinii nima daa yina pam,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-09-01|title=Gold IRA Companies, THCa, Peptides, Delta 9 and Mushrooms Safe Investing - Mfditanzania|url=https://www.mfditanzania.com/|access-date=2026-05-16|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; amaa di puuni bela ni daa niŋ viɛnyɛla [[Tanzania]] sinii nima yihiri li na sonima nima puuni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salwen|first=Michael B.|date=1997-03|title=Broadcasting to Latin America: reconciling industry-government functions in the pre-Voice of America era|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/01439689700260631|journal=Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television|volume=17|issue=1|pages=67–89|doi=10.1080/01439689700260631|issn=0143-9685}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Taarihi ==
[[Tanzania]] nima ni bɛ kaya ni taada sinii nima fali maa  British, nti pahi di yihibu na ni di daabiligu polo ni gomnanti ni kuri arizichi n niŋdi shɛŋa ni. 

Bɛ ni daa deei bɛ maŋa sulinsi ni naai [[Gominanti|gomnanti]] palli shɛli  President Julius Kambarage Nyerere ni daa gbubi shɛli ka daa labisi [[South Africa]] sinii nima yiŋa ka daa di liɣiri niŋ tingbani maa maŋmaŋa siniii nima ni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wayback Machine|url=http://repository.udsm.ac.tz:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/141/The%20Political%20Economy%20of%20Cinema%20in%20Tanzania.pdf?sequence=1|access-date=2026-05-16|website=repository.udsm.ac.tz}}&lt;/ref&gt;

South [[Afrika|Africa]] kpɛri kpɛritiba daa nyɛla Yugoslavian kpɛri kpɛritiba ni zaani shɛba zaani, ban daa pili kpɛrigu laɣingu yɛltɔɣa Tanzania yuuni 1963 la, ka sɔŋdi ni bɛ laɣingu maa zooi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wayback Machine|url=http://repository.udsm.ac.tz:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/141/The%20Political%20Economy%20of%20Cinema%20in%20Tanzania.pdf?sequence=1|access-date=2026-05-16|website=repository.udsm.ac.tz}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sinii nima maa pam daa nyɛla din na yɔli kpɛri nyɛla din nyɛ bɔhimbu yɛltɔɣa, ka di nyɛla gomnanti n wuhi ni di niŋ lala, ka tarili ni gili Tanzania zaa.

Pɔi ka Tanzania nima deei bɛ maŋa sulinsi yuuni 1961, tiŋduya sinii pam daa pun nyɛla din ŋmaai  Tanganyika mini Zanzibar. Tanzanian sinii nima pam nyɛla Dar es Salaam ni kpalim yihiri shɛŋa na.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Society|first=Gregory Sousa in|date=2017-04-25|title=Biggest Cities In Tanzania|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/biggest-cities-in-tanzania.html|access-date=2026-05-16|website=WorldAtlas|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tanzania sinii nima ==
Yuuni 2001, ''Maangamizi:bɛ ni daa lahi boli shɛli The Ancient One la ni daa nyɛ bɛ tuuli sinii shɛli bɛ ni daa n zaŋna ka di yina'' Tanzania din yɛn deei laɣingu pina balibu din nyɛ sinii viɛlli.

Lala saha maa hali ni zuŋɔ, Vuta N'Kuvute (Tug of War) sinii ka bɛ daa yihi a ka Amil Shivji ni daa nyɛ ŋun zaŋli n tahi yuuni 2022 ni di ti di sinii nima pini. ''Mapenzi Ya Mungu'' (''The Will of God'') gba daa nyɛla din yina yuuni 2014 Tanzania sinii nima puuni

'''''Bongoland''''', sinii shɛli din daa nyɛ Tanzania niriba ban go n ti zini US maa, di daa nyɛla din yina yuuni 2003. Sinii shɛŋa ŋan lahi pahi n nyɛ '''''Ni Noma''''',  din daa yina June goli ni yuuni 2016 la. sinii shɛŋa yina mi  Mzimuni Theatre Arts ka ''Misukosuko'' daa yihili na  yuuni (2010),  ka ''Double J''  yina (''Double Jimmy'') i yuuni(2013), ka '''''Part of Jobdin nyɛ''''' (2011) ni ''Inspector Seba'' ''yuuni'' (2008)..

baan kuɣila daa beni kamani Steven Kanumba, Blandina Chagula, Elizabeth Michael, Kajala Masanja, Jacqueline Wolper, Mzee Chillo, Nelly Kamwelu, Irene Uwoya, Baby Madaha, Wema Sepetu, Ernest Napoleon, Vincent Kigosi, Lucy Komba, Jimmy Mponda (J Plus), Sebastian Mwanangulo (Seba) ni ti pahi Charles Magari.

== Kundinima ==</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>K.D.Nburidiba</username>
        <id>4111</id>
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      <comment>Added a link</comment>
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      <text bytes="4632" sha1="22zyjq8ikacxwfno18n257ebz58vudq" xml:space="preserve">'''Tanzania''' '''nima sinii laɣingu''', ka bɛ lahi boli li '''Swahiliwood''' '''bee Bongo sinii''' (a portmanteau of Swahili, Tanzania's official language, and Hollywood) ni '''Bongowood'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bisschoff|first=Lizelle|date=2015-09-28|title=From Nollywood to New Nollywood: the story of Nigeria’s runaway success|url=https://theconversation.com/from-nollywood-to-new-nollywood-the-story-of-nigerias-runaway-success-47959|access-date=2026-05-16|website=The Conversation|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;, nyɛla bɛ ni daa kpa shɛli yuuni 2001saha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-09-01|title=Gold IRA Companies, THCa, Peptides, Delta 9 and Mushrooms Safe Investing - Mfditanzania|url=https://www.mfditanzania.com/|access-date=2026-05-16|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sinii shɛŋa din dii ka laɣidibo, ka ka yɛltɔɣ' waɣila nyɛla bɛ ni booni shɛli &quot;bongo sinii&quot; ka bɛ laɣindi li n yihiri li na DVD puuni.

Tuuni 2011, bongo sinii nima daa yina pam,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-09-01|title=Gold IRA Companies, THCa, Peptides, Delta 9 and Mushrooms Safe Investing - Mfditanzania|url=https://www.mfditanzania.com/|access-date=2026-05-16|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; amaa di puuni bela ni daa niŋ viɛnyɛla [[Tanzania]] sinii nima yihiri li na sonima nima puuni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salwen|first=Michael B.|date=1997-03|title=Broadcasting to Latin America: reconciling industry-government functions in the pre-Voice of America era|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/01439689700260631|journal=Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television|volume=17|issue=1|pages=67–89|doi=10.1080/01439689700260631|issn=0143-9685}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Taarihi ==
[[Tanzania]] nima ni bɛ kaya ni taada sinii nima fali maa  British, nti pahi di yihibu na ni di daabiligu polo ni gomnanti ni kuri arizichi n niŋdi shɛŋa ni. 

Bɛ ni daa deei bɛ maŋa sulinsi ni naai [[Gominanti|gomnanti]] palli shɛli  President Julius Kambarage Nyerere ni daa gbubi shɛli ka daa labisi [[South Africa]] sinii nima yiŋa ka daa di liɣiri niŋ tingbani maa maŋmaŋa siniii nima ni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wayback Machine|url=http://repository.udsm.ac.tz:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/141/The%20Political%20Economy%20of%20Cinema%20in%20Tanzania.pdf?sequence=1|access-date=2026-05-16|website=repository.udsm.ac.tz}}&lt;/ref&gt;

South [[Afrika|Africa]] kpɛri kpɛritiba daa nyɛla Yugoslavian kpɛri kpɛritiba ni zaani shɛba zaani, ban daa pili kpɛrigu laɣingu yɛltɔɣa Tanzania yuuni 1963 la, ka sɔŋdi ni bɛ laɣingu maa zooi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wayback Machine|url=http://repository.udsm.ac.tz:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/141/The%20Political%20Economy%20of%20Cinema%20in%20Tanzania.pdf?sequence=1|access-date=2026-05-16|website=repository.udsm.ac.tz}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sinii nima maa pam daa nyɛla din na yɔli kpɛri nyɛla din nyɛ bɔhimbu yɛltɔɣa, ka di nyɛla gomnanti n wuhi ni di niŋ lala, ka tarili ni gili Tanzania zaa.

Pɔi ka Tanzania nima deei bɛ maŋa sulinsi yuuni 1961, tiŋduya sinii pam daa pun nyɛla din ŋmaai  Tanganyika mini Zanzibar. Tanzanian sinii nima pam nyɛla Dar es Salaam ni kpalim yihiri shɛŋa na.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Society|first=Gregory Sousa in|date=2017-04-25|title=Biggest Cities In Tanzania|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/biggest-cities-in-tanzania.html|access-date=2026-05-16|website=WorldAtlas|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tanzania sinii nima ==
Yuuni 2001, ''Maangamizi:bɛ ni daa lahi boli shɛli The Ancient One la ni daa nyɛ bɛ tuuli sinii shɛli bɛ ni daa n zaŋna ka di yina'' Tanzania din yɛn deei laɣingu pina balibu din nyɛ sinii viɛlli.

Lala saha maa hali ni zuŋɔ, Vuta N'Kuvute (Tug of War) sinii ka bɛ daa yihi a ka Amil Shivji ni daa nyɛ ŋun zaŋli n tahi yuuni 2022 ni di ti di sinii nima pini. ''Mapenzi Ya Mungu'' (''The Will of God'') gba daa nyɛla din yina yuuni 2014 [[Tanzania]] sinii nima puuni

'''''Bongoland''''', sinii shɛli din daa nyɛ Tanzania niriba ban go n ti zini US maa, di daa nyɛla din yina yuuni 2003. Sinii shɛŋa ŋan lahi pahi n nyɛ '''''Ni Noma''''',  din daa yina June goli ni yuuni 2016 la. sinii shɛŋa yina mi  Mzimuni Theatre Arts ka ''Misukosuko'' daa yihili na  yuuni (2010),  ka ''Double J''  yina (''Double Jimmy'') i yuuni(2013), ka '''''Part of Jobdin nyɛ''''' (2011) ni ''Inspector Seba'' ''yuuni'' (2008)..

baan kuɣila daa beni kamani Steven Kanumba, Blandina Chagula, Elizabeth Michael, Kajala Masanja, Jacqueline Wolper, Mzee Chillo, Nelly Kamwelu, Irene Uwoya, Baby Madaha, Wema Sepetu, Ernest Napoleon, Vincent Kigosi, Lucy Komba, Jimmy Mponda (J Plus), Sebastian Mwanangulo (Seba) ni ti pahi Charles Magari.

== Kundinima ==</text>
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    <title>Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome</title>
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        <username>Knowledge and philosophy</username>
        <id>2987</id>
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      <comment>pahila lɛbigibu</comment>
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      <text bytes="7300" sha1="ezf8pyumvrzl9oqj4naeuu9obxs3nhy" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome|synonym=Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS), Four Corners disease, hantavirus disease|image=Radiographic progression of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in patient (cropped a).jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome on [[chest X-ray]]|pronounce=|specialty=[[Pulmonology|Respirology]]|symptoms='''Early''': Tiredness, fever, muscle pains&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Later''': Cough, [[shortness of breath]], chest tightness&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym/&gt;|onset=1 to 8 weeks after exposure&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym/&gt;|duration=|causes=Certain [[orthohantavirus]]es spread by [[rodents]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Def/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Evidence of hantavirus together with [[Acute respiratory distress syndrome|ARDS]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Def/&gt;|differential=[[Pneumonia]], [[influenza]], [[tularemia]], [[salicylate toxicity]], [[Dengue fever|Dengue]]&lt;ref name=Sami2021&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Akram |first1=SM |last2=Mangat |first2=R |last3=Huang |first3=B |title=Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome |date=January 2021 |pmid=29083610|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt;|prevention=Rodent control,&lt;ref name=CDC2012Pre/&gt; no vaccine&lt;ref name=VIDO2026/&gt;|treatment=[[Symptomatic treatment|Supportive care]]&lt;ref name=CDC2012Diag/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=100s/yr (Americas),&lt;ref name=WHO2026/&gt; &lt;50 cases/year (USA)&lt;ref name=CDC2019Epi/&gt;|deaths=30 to 40% mortality&lt;ref name=VIDO2026/&gt;}}

'''Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome''' ('''HPS''') nyɛla hantavirus dororiti puuni zaɣ'yini.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Def&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome {{!}} 2015 Case Definition|url=https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/case-definition/2015/|website=wwwn.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|archive-date=22 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322143116/https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/case-definition/2015/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di tuuli ŋmahingbana puuni shɛna n nyɛ wumsim, ningbun duɣili, ni ningbuna ni biɛrim.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot; /&gt; ŋmahingana shɛŋa din pahi puuni shɛŋa n nyɛ zuɣuyaali, tiri, ni binsaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot; /&gt; Bakoi nyaaŋa di yi gbaai nira, di tooi ʒiri kohingu, vuhim fabu, ni nyomuɣili na.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot; /&gt; Di yi gbaai nira, di ŋmahingbana tuuli tooi yiri polo bakoi zaŋchan bakoi dibaa anii sunsuuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Signs &amp; Symptoms {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/symptoms.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=22 February 2019|archive-date=20 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320001311/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/symptoms.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Orthohantavirus balishɛŋa tooi yirina doro ŋo maa puuni, lala doriti maa shɛŋa n nyɛ Sin Nombre hantavirus din be jangbara ni, ni New York hantavirus din be jagbari naponpiɛla ni .&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Trans&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Transmission {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/transmission.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=22 February 2019|archive-date=21 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321085406/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/transmission.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Doro maa tooi zooya ka di wuligiri doli niriba yi vuhi binniɛma (kamani jengbara) bina pohim .&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Trans&quot; /&gt; Di bi zooi ka di wiligiri nirba sunsuuni, a amaa di puuni shɛli bɛ ni booni andes din wuligira, ka tooi zooi ka di doli pohim .&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Trans&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hantavirus|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hantavirus|website=www.who.int|access-date=6 May 2026|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Andes hantavirus: epidemiology, outbreaks and guidance|url=https://www.gov.uk/guidance/andes-hantavirus-epidemiology-outbreaks-and-guidance|website=GOV.UK|access-date=10 May 2026|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Diagnosis involved detecting hantavirus RNA, immunoglobulins, or antigens together with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Def&quot; /&gt;

Prevention is by avoiding rodents.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prevention {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/prevention.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=22 February 2019|archive-date=19 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319002528/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/prevention.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; There is no specific treatment or vaccine as of 2026.&lt;ref name=&quot;VIDO2026&quot; /&gt; Supportive care improves outcomes and may include oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Diag&quot; /&gt; About 30 to 40% of those who are infected die as a result.&lt;ref name=&quot;VIDO2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vaccine development for New World Hantaviruses - Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization|url=https://www.vido.org/research/vaccine-development-for-new-world-hantaviruses.php|website=vido|access-date=7 May 2026|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Those who recover, generally do so completely.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Diag&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Diagnosis &amp; Treatment {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/diagnosis.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=22 February 2019|archive-date=20 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120113957/http://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/diagnosis.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As of 2026, 100s of cases occur a year in the Americas.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2026&quot; /&gt; About 1,000 cases had been reported between 1993 and 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;Av2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Avšič-Županc|first=T.|last2=Saksida|first2=A.|last3=Korva|first3=M.|title=Hantavirus infections|journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection|date=April 2019|volume=21|pages=e6–e16|doi=10.1111/1469-0691.12291}}&lt;/ref&gt; The disease occurs in North and South America.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Trans&quot; /&gt; It is more common in rural areas.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Trans&quot; /&gt; Between 1993 and 2018, 11 to 48 cases were diagnosed a year in the United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2019Epi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Reported Cases of Hantavirus Disease {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/surveillance/index.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=29 January 2020|archive-date=26 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826030937/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/surveillance/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The states most commonly affected are [[Colorado]] and [[New Mexico]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hantavirus Disease, by State of Reporting {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/surveillance/reporting-state.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=26 February 2019|archive-date=26 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826071244/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/surveillance/reporting-state.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The condition was first identified in the 1993 Four Corners hantavirus outbreak.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Def&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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      <text bytes="7324" sha1="7zw1c9n7iknsrf9lmqjuy7bnwifoi0u" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome|synonym=Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS), Four Corners disease, hantavirus disease|image=Radiographic progression of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in patient (cropped a).jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome on [[chest X-ray]]|pronounce=|specialty=[[Pulmonology|Respirology]]|symptoms='''Early''': Tiredness, fever, muscle pains&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Later''': Cough, [[shortness of breath]], chest tightness&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym/&gt;|onset=1 to 8 weeks after exposure&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym/&gt;|duration=|causes=Certain [[orthohantavirus]]es spread by [[rodents]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Def/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Evidence of hantavirus together with [[Acute respiratory distress syndrome|ARDS]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Def/&gt;|differential=[[Pneumonia]], [[influenza]], [[tularemia]], [[salicylate toxicity]], [[Dengue fever|Dengue]]&lt;ref name=Sami2021&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Akram |first1=SM |last2=Mangat |first2=R |last3=Huang |first3=B |title=Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome |date=January 2021 |pmid=29083610|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt;|prevention=Rodent control,&lt;ref name=CDC2012Pre/&gt; no vaccine&lt;ref name=VIDO2026/&gt;|treatment=[[Symptomatic treatment|Supportive care]]&lt;ref name=CDC2012Diag/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=100s/yr (Americas),&lt;ref name=WHO2026/&gt; &lt;50 cases/year (USA)&lt;ref name=CDC2019Epi/&gt;|deaths=30 to 40% mortality&lt;ref name=VIDO2026/&gt;}}

'''Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome''' ('''HPS''') nyɛla hantavirus dororiti puuni zaɣ'yini.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Def&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome {{!}} 2015 Case Definition|url=https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/case-definition/2015/|website=wwwn.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|archive-date=22 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322143116/https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/case-definition/2015/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di tuuli ŋmahingbana puuni shɛna n nyɛ wumsim, ningbun duɣili, ni ningbuna ni biɛrim.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot; /&gt; ŋmahingana shɛŋa din pahi puuni shɛŋa n nyɛ zuɣuyaali, tiri, ni binsaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot; /&gt; Bakoi nyaaŋa di yi gbaai nira, di tooi ʒiri kohingu, vuhim fabu, ni nyomuɣili na.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot; /&gt; Di yi gbaai nira, di ŋmahingbana tuuli tooi yiri polo bakoi zaŋchan bakoi dibaa anii sunsuuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Signs &amp; Symptoms {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/symptoms.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=22 February 2019|archive-date=20 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320001311/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/symptoms.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Orthohantavirus balishɛŋa tooi yirina doro ŋo maa puuni, lala doriti maa shɛŋa n nyɛ Sin Nombre hantavirus din be jangbara ni, ni New York hantavirus din be jagbari naponpiɛla ni .&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Trans&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Transmission {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/transmission.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=22 February 2019|archive-date=21 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321085406/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/transmission.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Doro maa tooi zooya ka di wuligiri doli niriba yi vuhi binniɛma (kamani jengbara) bina pohim .&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Trans&quot; /&gt; Di bi zooi ka di wiligiri nirba sunsuuni, a amaa di puuni shɛli bɛ ni booni andes din wuligira, ka tooi zooi ka di doli pohim .&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Trans&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hantavirus|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hantavirus|website=www.who.int|access-date=6 May 2026|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Andes hantavirus: epidemiology, outbreaks and guidance|url=https://www.gov.uk/guidance/andes-hantavirus-epidemiology-outbreaks-and-guidance|website=GOV.UK|access-date=10 May 2026|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di vuhibaŋ puuni n nyɛ di nya hantavirus RNA(virus bali shɛli), immunoglobulins, bee  antigens, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (vuhim doro).&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Def&quot; /&gt;

Prevention is by avoiding rodents.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prevention {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/prevention.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=22 February 2019|archive-date=19 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319002528/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/prevention.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; There is no specific treatment or vaccine as of 2026.&lt;ref name=&quot;VIDO2026&quot; /&gt; Supportive care improves outcomes and may include oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Diag&quot; /&gt; About 30 to 40% of those who are infected die as a result.&lt;ref name=&quot;VIDO2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vaccine development for New World Hantaviruses - Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization|url=https://www.vido.org/research/vaccine-development-for-new-world-hantaviruses.php|website=vido|access-date=7 May 2026|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Those who recover, generally do so completely.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Diag&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Diagnosis &amp; Treatment {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/diagnosis.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=22 February 2019|archive-date=20 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120113957/http://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/diagnosis.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As of 2026, 100s of cases occur a year in the Americas.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2026&quot; /&gt; About 1,000 cases had been reported between 1993 and 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;Av2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Avšič-Županc|first=T.|last2=Saksida|first2=A.|last3=Korva|first3=M.|title=Hantavirus infections|journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection|date=April 2019|volume=21|pages=e6–e16|doi=10.1111/1469-0691.12291}}&lt;/ref&gt; The disease occurs in North and South America.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Trans&quot; /&gt; It is more common in rural areas.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Trans&quot; /&gt; Between 1993 and 2018, 11 to 48 cases were diagnosed a year in the United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2019Epi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Reported Cases of Hantavirus Disease {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/surveillance/index.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=29 January 2020|archive-date=26 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826030937/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/surveillance/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The states most commonly affected are [[Colorado]] and [[New Mexico]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hantavirus Disease, by State of Reporting {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/surveillance/reporting-state.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=26 February 2019|archive-date=26 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826071244/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/surveillance/reporting-state.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The condition was first identified in the 1993 Four Corners hantavirus outbreak.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Def&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>7zw1c9n7iknsrf9lmqjuy7bnwifoi0u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>136885</id>
      <parentid>136883</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T12:47:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Knowledge and philosophy</username>
        <id>2987</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>malila sabbu niŋ</comment>
      <origin>136885</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7330" sha1="i8pues342rkgwrsak1ysy8u0kl9yz2g" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome|synonym=Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS), Four Corners disease, hantavirus disease|image=Radiographic progression of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in patient (cropped a).jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome on [[chest X-ray]]|pronounce=|specialty=[[Pulmonology|Respirology]]|symptoms='''Early''': Tiredness, fever, muscle pains&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Later''': Cough, [[shortness of breath]], chest tightness&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym/&gt;|onset=1 to 8 weeks after exposure&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym/&gt;|duration=|causes=Certain [[orthohantavirus]]es spread by [[rodents]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Def/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Evidence of hantavirus together with [[Acute respiratory distress syndrome|ARDS]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Def/&gt;|differential=[[Pneumonia]], [[influenza]], [[tularemia]], [[salicylate toxicity]], [[Dengue fever|Dengue]]&lt;ref name=Sami2021&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Akram |first1=SM |last2=Mangat |first2=R |last3=Huang |first3=B |title=Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome |date=January 2021 |pmid=29083610|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt;|prevention=Rodent control,&lt;ref name=CDC2012Pre/&gt; no vaccine&lt;ref name=VIDO2026/&gt;|treatment=[[Symptomatic treatment|Supportive care]]&lt;ref name=CDC2012Diag/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=100s/yr (Americas),&lt;ref name=WHO2026/&gt; &lt;50 cases/year (USA)&lt;ref name=CDC2019Epi/&gt;|deaths=30 to 40% mortality&lt;ref name=VIDO2026/&gt;}}

'''Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome''' ('''HPS''') nyɛla hantavirus dororiti puuni zaɣ'yini.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Def&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome {{!}} 2015 Case Definition|url=https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/case-definition/2015/|website=wwwn.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|archive-date=22 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322143116/https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/case-definition/2015/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di tuuli ŋmahingbana puuni shɛna n nyɛ wumsim, ningbun duɣili, ni ningbuna ni biɛrim.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot; /&gt; ŋmahingana shɛŋa din pahi puuni shɛŋa n nyɛ zuɣuyaali, tiri, ni binsaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot; /&gt; Bakoi nyaaŋa di yi gbaai nira, di tooi ʒiri kohingu, vuhim fabu, ni nyomuɣili na.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot; /&gt; Di yi gbaai nira, di ŋmahingbana tuuli tooi yiri polo bakoi zaŋchan bakoi dibaa anii sunsuuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Signs &amp; Symptoms {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/symptoms.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=22 February 2019|archive-date=20 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320001311/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/symptoms.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Orthohantavirus balishɛŋa tooi yirina doro ŋo maa puuni, lala doriti maa shɛŋa n nyɛ Sin Nombre hantavirus din be jangbara ni, ni New York hantavirus din be jagbari naponpiɛla ni .&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Trans&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Transmission {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/transmission.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=22 February 2019|archive-date=21 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321085406/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/transmission.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Doro maa tooi zooya ka di wuligiri doli niriba yi vuhi binniɛma (kamani jengbara) bina pohim .&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Trans&quot; /&gt; Di bi zooi ka di wiligiri niriba sunsuuni, amaa di puuni shɛli bɛ ni booni andes la din wuligira, ka tooi zooi ka di doli pohim .&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Trans&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hantavirus|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hantavirus|website=www.who.int|access-date=6 May 2026|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Andes hantavirus: epidemiology, outbreaks and guidance|url=https://www.gov.uk/guidance/andes-hantavirus-epidemiology-outbreaks-and-guidance|website=GOV.UK|access-date=10 May 2026|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di vihibaŋ puuni n nyɛ di nya hantavirus RNA(virus bali shɛli), immunoglobulins, bee  antigens mini acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (vuhim doro).&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Def&quot; /&gt;

Prevention is by avoiding rodents.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prevention {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/prevention.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=22 February 2019|archive-date=19 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319002528/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/prevention.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; There is no specific treatment or vaccine as of 2026.&lt;ref name=&quot;VIDO2026&quot; /&gt; Supportive care improves outcomes and may include oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Diag&quot; /&gt; About 30 to 40% of those who are infected die as a result.&lt;ref name=&quot;VIDO2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vaccine development for New World Hantaviruses - Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization|url=https://www.vido.org/research/vaccine-development-for-new-world-hantaviruses.php|website=vido|access-date=7 May 2026|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Those who recover, generally do so completely.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Diag&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Diagnosis &amp; Treatment {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/diagnosis.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=22 February 2019|archive-date=20 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120113957/http://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/diagnosis.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As of 2026, 100s of cases occur a year in the Americas.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2026&quot; /&gt; About 1,000 cases had been reported between 1993 and 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;Av2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Avšič-Županc|first=T.|last2=Saksida|first2=A.|last3=Korva|first3=M.|title=Hantavirus infections|journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection|date=April 2019|volume=21|pages=e6–e16|doi=10.1111/1469-0691.12291}}&lt;/ref&gt; The disease occurs in North and South America.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Trans&quot; /&gt; It is more common in rural areas.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Trans&quot; /&gt; Between 1993 and 2018, 11 to 48 cases were diagnosed a year in the United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2019Epi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Reported Cases of Hantavirus Disease {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/surveillance/index.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=29 January 2020|archive-date=26 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826030937/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/surveillance/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The states most commonly affected are [[Colorado]] and [[New Mexico]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hantavirus Disease, by State of Reporting {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/surveillance/reporting-state.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=26 February 2019|archive-date=26 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826071244/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/surveillance/reporting-state.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The condition was first identified in the 1993 Four Corners hantavirus outbreak.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Def&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>i8pues342rkgwrsak1ysy8u0kl9yz2g</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>136891</id>
      <parentid>136885</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T13:21:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Knowledge and philosophy</username>
        <id>2987</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>pahila lɛbigibu</comment>
      <origin>136891</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="7520" sha1="s1j765qzc5yvhqaizq6nebemvdkmicq" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome|synonym=Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS), Four Corners disease, hantavirus disease|image=Radiographic progression of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in patient (cropped a).jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome on [[chest X-ray]]|pronounce=|specialty=[[Pulmonology|Respirology]]|symptoms='''Early''': Tiredness, fever, muscle pains&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Later''': Cough, [[shortness of breath]], chest tightness&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym/&gt;|onset=1 to 8 weeks after exposure&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym/&gt;|duration=|causes=Certain [[orthohantavirus]]es spread by [[rodents]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Def/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Evidence of hantavirus together with [[Acute respiratory distress syndrome|ARDS]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Def/&gt;|differential=[[Pneumonia]], [[influenza]], [[tularemia]], [[salicylate toxicity]], [[Dengue fever|Dengue]]&lt;ref name=Sami2021&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Akram |first1=SM |last2=Mangat |first2=R |last3=Huang |first3=B |title=Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome |date=January 2021 |pmid=29083610|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt;|prevention=Rodent control,&lt;ref name=CDC2012Pre/&gt; no vaccine&lt;ref name=VIDO2026/&gt;|treatment=[[Symptomatic treatment|Supportive care]]&lt;ref name=CDC2012Diag/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=100s/yr (Americas),&lt;ref name=WHO2026/&gt; &lt;50 cases/year (USA)&lt;ref name=CDC2019Epi/&gt;|deaths=30 to 40% mortality&lt;ref name=VIDO2026/&gt;}}

'''Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome''' ('''HPS''') nyɛla hantavirus dororiti puuni zaɣ'yini.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Def&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome {{!}} 2015 Case Definition|url=https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/case-definition/2015/|website=wwwn.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|archive-date=22 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322143116/https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/case-definition/2015/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di tuuli ŋmahingbana puuni shɛna n nyɛ wumsim, ningbun duɣili, ni ningbuna ni biɛrim.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot; /&gt; ŋmahingana shɛŋa din pahi puuni shɛŋa n nyɛ zuɣuyaali, tiri, ni binsaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot; /&gt; Bakoi nyaaŋa di yi gbaai nira, di tooi ʒiri kohingu, vuhim fabu, ni nyomuɣili na.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot; /&gt; Di yi gbaai nira, di ŋmahingbana tuuli tooi yiri polo bakoi zaŋchan bakoi dibaa anii sunsuuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Signs &amp; Symptoms {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/symptoms.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=22 February 2019|archive-date=20 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320001311/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/symptoms.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Orthohantavirus balishɛŋa tooi yirina doro ŋo maa puuni, lala doriti maa shɛŋa n nyɛ Sin Nombre hantavirus din be jangbara ni, ni New York hantavirus din be jagbari naponpiɛla ni .&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Trans&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Transmission {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/transmission.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=22 February 2019|archive-date=21 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321085406/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/transmission.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Doro maa tooi zooya ka di wuligiri doli niriba yi vuhi binniɛma (kamani jengbara) bina pohim .&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Trans&quot; /&gt; Di bi zooi ka di wiligiri niriba sunsuuni, amaa di puuni shɛli bɛ ni booni andes la din wuligira, ka tooi zooi ka di doli pohim .&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Trans&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hantavirus|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hantavirus|website=www.who.int|access-date=6 May 2026|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Andes hantavirus: epidemiology, outbreaks and guidance|url=https://www.gov.uk/guidance/andes-hantavirus-epidemiology-outbreaks-and-guidance|website=GOV.UK|access-date=10 May 2026|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di vihibaŋ puuni n nyɛ di nya hantavirus RNA(virus bali shɛli), immunoglobulins, bee  antigens mini acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (vuhim doro).&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Def&quot; /&gt;

Di gu ka taɣi nyɛla niŋ katiŋa ka che binniɛma (kamani jengbara).&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prevention {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/prevention.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=22 February 2019|archive-date=19 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319002528/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/prevention.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dinaka vaccine bee ti shɛli din za dede n tibirili, halina ni yuuni 2026 puuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;VIDO2026&quot; /&gt; Tibiri shɛli din baligiri doro maa ŋmahingbana tooi nyɛla din soŋda, di puuni shɛŋa n nyɛ pohim(oxygen) pahibu ni merchanical ventilation (pohim pahibu bali shɛli).&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Diag&quot; /&gt; Kamani niriba vaabu phita zaŋchaŋ pihinahi puuni  din gbaari shɛba kpalindila di puuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;VIDO2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vaccine development for New World Hantaviruses - Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization|url=https://www.vido.org/research/vaccine-development-for-new-world-hantaviruses.php|website=vido|access-date=7 May 2026|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ninvuɣu shɛba ban kpaŋda mi nyarila alaafee zaa ka chɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Diag&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Diagnosis &amp; Treatment {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/diagnosis.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=22 February 2019|archive-date=20 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120113957/http://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/diagnosis.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As of 2026, 100s of cases occur a year in the Americas.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2026&quot; /&gt; About 1,000 cases had been reported between 1993 and 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;Av2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Avšič-Županc|first=T.|last2=Saksida|first2=A.|last3=Korva|first3=M.|title=Hantavirus infections|journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection|date=April 2019|volume=21|pages=e6–e16|doi=10.1111/1469-0691.12291}}&lt;/ref&gt; The disease occurs in North and South America.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Trans&quot; /&gt; It is more common in rural areas.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Trans&quot; /&gt; Between 1993 and 2018, 11 to 48 cases were diagnosed a year in the United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2019Epi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Reported Cases of Hantavirus Disease {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/surveillance/index.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=29 January 2020|archive-date=26 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826030937/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/surveillance/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The states most commonly affected are [[Colorado]] and [[New Mexico]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hantavirus Disease, by State of Reporting {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/surveillance/reporting-state.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=26 February 2019|archive-date=26 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826071244/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/surveillance/reporting-state.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The condition was first identified in the 1993 Four Corners hantavirus outbreak.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Def&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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      <comment>pahila lɛbigibu</comment>
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      <text bytes="7552" sha1="9yv4n7mqdha69x7dmdrh2hy5krktlnz" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome|synonym=Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS), Four Corners disease, hantavirus disease|image=Radiographic progression of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in patient (cropped a).jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome on [[chest X-ray]]|pronounce=|specialty=[[Pulmonology|Respirology]]|symptoms='''Early''': Tiredness, fever, muscle pains&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Later''': Cough, [[shortness of breath]], chest tightness&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym/&gt;|onset=1 to 8 weeks after exposure&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym/&gt;|duration=|causes=Certain [[orthohantavirus]]es spread by [[rodents]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Def/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Evidence of hantavirus together with [[Acute respiratory distress syndrome|ARDS]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Def/&gt;|differential=[[Pneumonia]], [[influenza]], [[tularemia]], [[salicylate toxicity]], [[Dengue fever|Dengue]]&lt;ref name=Sami2021&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Akram |first1=SM |last2=Mangat |first2=R |last3=Huang |first3=B |title=Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome |date=January 2021 |pmid=29083610|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt;|prevention=Rodent control,&lt;ref name=CDC2012Pre/&gt; no vaccine&lt;ref name=VIDO2026/&gt;|treatment=[[Symptomatic treatment|Supportive care]]&lt;ref name=CDC2012Diag/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=100s/yr (Americas),&lt;ref name=WHO2026/&gt; &lt;50 cases/year (USA)&lt;ref name=CDC2019Epi/&gt;|deaths=30 to 40% mortality&lt;ref name=VIDO2026/&gt;}}

'''Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome''' ('''HPS''') nyɛla hantavirus dororiti puuni zaɣ'yini.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Def&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome {{!}} 2015 Case Definition|url=https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/case-definition/2015/|website=wwwn.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|archive-date=22 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322143116/https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/case-definition/2015/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di tuuli ŋmahingbana puuni shɛna n nyɛ wumsim, ningbun duɣili, ni ningbuna ni biɛrim.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot; /&gt; ŋmahingana shɛŋa din pahi puuni shɛŋa n nyɛ zuɣuyaali, tiri, ni binsaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot; /&gt; Bakoi nyaaŋa di yi gbaai nira, di tooi ʒiri kohingu, vuhim fabu, ni nyomuɣili na.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot; /&gt; Di yi gbaai nira, di ŋmahingbana tuuli tooi yiri polo bakoi zaŋchan bakoi dibaa anii sunsuuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Signs &amp; Symptoms {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/symptoms.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=22 February 2019|archive-date=20 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320001311/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/symptoms.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Orthohantavirus balishɛŋa tooi yirina doro ŋo maa puuni, lala doriti maa shɛŋa n nyɛ Sin Nombre hantavirus din be jangbara ni, ni New York hantavirus din be jagbari naponpiɛla ni .&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Trans&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Transmission {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/transmission.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=22 February 2019|archive-date=21 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321085406/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/transmission.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Doro maa tooi zooya ka di wuligiri doli niriba yi vuhi binniɛma (kamani jengbara) bina pohim .&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Trans&quot; /&gt; Di bi zooi ka di wiligiri niriba sunsuuni, amaa di puuni shɛli bɛ ni booni andes la din wuligira, ka tooi zooi ka di doli pohim .&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Trans&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hantavirus|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hantavirus|website=www.who.int|access-date=6 May 2026|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Andes hantavirus: epidemiology, outbreaks and guidance|url=https://www.gov.uk/guidance/andes-hantavirus-epidemiology-outbreaks-and-guidance|website=GOV.UK|access-date=10 May 2026|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di vihibaŋ puuni n nyɛ di nya hantavirus RNA(virus bali shɛli), immunoglobulins, bee  antigens mini acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (vuhim doro).&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Def&quot; /&gt;

Di gu ka taɣi nyɛla niŋ katiŋa ka che binniɛma (kamani jengbara).&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prevention {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/prevention.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=22 February 2019|archive-date=19 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319002528/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/prevention.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dinaka vaccine bee ti shɛli din za dede n tibirili, halina ni yuuni 2026 puuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;VIDO2026&quot; /&gt; Tibiri shɛli din baligiri doro maa ŋmahingbana tooi nyɛla din soŋda, di puuni shɛŋa n nyɛ pohim(oxygen) pahibu ni merchanical ventilation (pohim pahibu bali shɛli).&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Diag&quot; /&gt; Kamani niriba vaabu phita zaŋchaŋ pihinahi puuni  din gbaari shɛba kpalindila di puuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;VIDO2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vaccine development for New World Hantaviruses - Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization|url=https://www.vido.org/research/vaccine-development-for-new-world-hantaviruses.php|website=vido|access-date=7 May 2026|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ninvuɣu shɛba ban kpaŋda mi nyarila alaafee zaa ka chɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Diag&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Diagnosis &amp; Treatment {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/diagnosis.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=22 February 2019|archive-date=20 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120113957/http://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/diagnosis.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hali ni yuuni 2026, doro maa kobigbaliŋ n yirina yuuni kam pulini America tingbana ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2026&quot; /&gt; About 1,000 cases had been reported between 1993 and 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;Av2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Avšič-Županc|first=T.|last2=Saksida|first2=A.|last3=Korva|first3=M.|title=Hantavirus infections|journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection|date=April 2019|volume=21|pages=e6–e16|doi=10.1111/1469-0691.12291}}&lt;/ref&gt; The disease occurs in North and South America.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Trans&quot; /&gt; It is more common in rural areas.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Trans&quot; /&gt; Between 1993 and 2018, 11 to 48 cases were diagnosed a year in the United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2019Epi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Reported Cases of Hantavirus Disease {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/surveillance/index.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=29 January 2020|archive-date=26 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826030937/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/surveillance/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The states most commonly affected are [[Colorado]] and [[New Mexico]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hantavirus Disease, by State of Reporting {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/surveillance/reporting-state.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=26 February 2019|archive-date=26 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826071244/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/surveillance/reporting-state.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The condition was first identified in the 1993 Four Corners hantavirus outbreak.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Def&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>136893</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-16T14:01:19Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Knowledge and philosophy</username>
        <id>2987</id>
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      <text bytes="7648" sha1="8n9ff5j8yu0zbvfo8yigudeoad02f1d" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome|synonym=Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS), Four Corners disease, hantavirus disease|image=Radiographic progression of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in patient (cropped a).jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome on [[chest X-ray]]|pronounce=|specialty=[[Pulmonology|Respirology]]|symptoms='''Early''': Tiredness, fever, muscle pains&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Later''': Cough, [[shortness of breath]], chest tightness&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym/&gt;|onset=1 to 8 weeks after exposure&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym/&gt;|duration=|causes=Certain [[orthohantavirus]]es spread by [[rodents]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Def/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Evidence of hantavirus together with [[Acute respiratory distress syndrome|ARDS]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Def/&gt;|differential=[[Pneumonia]], [[influenza]], [[tularemia]], [[salicylate toxicity]], [[Dengue fever|Dengue]]&lt;ref name=Sami2021&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Akram |first1=SM |last2=Mangat |first2=R |last3=Huang |first3=B |title=Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome |date=January 2021 |pmid=29083610|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt;|prevention=Rodent control,&lt;ref name=CDC2012Pre/&gt; no vaccine&lt;ref name=VIDO2026/&gt;|treatment=[[Symptomatic treatment|Supportive care]]&lt;ref name=CDC2012Diag/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=100s/yr (Americas),&lt;ref name=WHO2026/&gt; &lt;50 cases/year (USA)&lt;ref name=CDC2019Epi/&gt;|deaths=30 to 40% mortality&lt;ref name=VIDO2026/&gt;}}

'''Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome''' ('''HPS''') nyɛla hantavirus dororiti puuni zaɣ'yini.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Def&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome {{!}} 2015 Case Definition|url=https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/case-definition/2015/|website=wwwn.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|archive-date=22 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322143116/https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/case-definition/2015/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di tuuli ŋmahingbana puuni shɛna n nyɛ wumsim, ningbun duɣili, ni ningbuna ni biɛrim.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot; /&gt; ŋmahingana shɛŋa din pahi puuni shɛŋa n nyɛ zuɣuyaali, tiri, ni binsaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot; /&gt; Bakoi nyaaŋa di yi gbaai nira, di tooi ʒiri kohingu, vuhim fabu, ni nyomuɣili na.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot; /&gt; Di yi gbaai nira, di ŋmahingbana tuuli tooi yiri polo bakoi zaŋchan bakoi dibaa anii sunsuuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Signs &amp; Symptoms {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/symptoms.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=22 February 2019|archive-date=20 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320001311/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/symptoms.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Orthohantavirus balishɛŋa tooi yirina doro ŋo maa puuni, lala doriti maa shɛŋa n nyɛ Sin Nombre hantavirus din be jangbara ni, ni New York hantavirus din be jagbari naponpiɛla ni .&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Trans&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Transmission {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/transmission.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=22 February 2019|archive-date=21 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321085406/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/transmission.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Doro maa tooi zooya ka di wuligiri doli niriba yi vuhi binniɛma (kamani jengbara) bina pohim .&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Trans&quot; /&gt; Di bi zooi ka di wiligiri niriba sunsuuni, amaa di puuni shɛli bɛ ni booni andes la din wuligira, ka tooi zooi ka di doli pohim .&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Trans&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hantavirus|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hantavirus|website=www.who.int|access-date=6 May 2026|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Andes hantavirus: epidemiology, outbreaks and guidance|url=https://www.gov.uk/guidance/andes-hantavirus-epidemiology-outbreaks-and-guidance|website=GOV.UK|access-date=10 May 2026|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di vihibaŋ puuni n nyɛ di nya hantavirus RNA(virus bali shɛli), immunoglobulins, bee  antigens mini acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (vuhim doro).&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Def&quot; /&gt;

Di gu ka taɣi nyɛla niŋ katiŋa ka che binniɛma (kamani jengbara).&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prevention {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/prevention.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=22 February 2019|archive-date=19 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319002528/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/prevention.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dinaka vaccine bee ti shɛli din za dede n tibirili, halina ni yuuni 2026 puuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;VIDO2026&quot; /&gt; Tibiri shɛli din baligiri doro maa ŋmahingbana tooi nyɛla din soŋda, di puuni shɛŋa n nyɛ pohim(oxygen) pahibu ni merchanical ventilation (pohim pahibu bali shɛli).&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Diag&quot; /&gt; Kamani niriba vaabu phita zaŋchaŋ pihinahi puuni  din gbaari shɛba kpalindila di puuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;VIDO2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vaccine development for New World Hantaviruses - Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization|url=https://www.vido.org/research/vaccine-development-for-new-world-hantaviruses.php|website=vido|access-date=7 May 2026|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ninvuɣu shɛba ban kpaŋda mi nyarila alaafee zaa ka chɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Diag&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Diagnosis &amp; Treatment {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/diagnosis.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=22 February 2019|archive-date=20 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120113957/http://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/diagnosis.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hali ni yuuni 2026, doro maa kobigbaliŋ n yirina yuuni kam pulini America tingbana ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2026&quot; /&gt; Yuuni 1913 mini yuuni 2019 sunsuuni, doro maa kalibu tuhili (1000) ka bɛ daa nya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Av2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Avšič-Županc|first=T.|last2=Saksida|first2=A.|last3=Korva|first3=M.|title=Hantavirus infections|journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection|date=April 2019|volume=21|pages=e6–e16|doi=10.1111/1469-0691.12291}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Doro maa bela North America mini South America puuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Trans&quot; /&gt; Di zooya ka di bela tinkpansi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Trans&quot; /&gt; Yuuni 1993 mini yuuni 2018 sunsuuni, doro maa pinyini (11) zaŋchaŋ pihinahi ni yini(48) ka bɛ daa vihi baŋ yuuni kam pulini United States puuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2019Epi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Reported Cases of Hantavirus Disease {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/surveillance/index.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=29 January 2020|archive-date=26 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826030937/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/surveillance/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The states most commonly affected are [[Colorado]] and [[New Mexico]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hantavirus Disease, by State of Reporting {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/surveillance/reporting-state.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=26 February 2019|archive-date=26 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826071244/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/surveillance/reporting-state.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The condition was first identified in the 1993 Four Corners hantavirus outbreak.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Def&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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        <username>Knowledge and philosophy</username>
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      <text bytes="7670" sha1="enwy8vjbvqj64bro6db1ec9f0r36vnd" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome|synonym=Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS), Four Corners disease, hantavirus disease|image=Radiographic progression of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in patient (cropped a).jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome on [[chest X-ray]]|pronounce=|specialty=[[Pulmonology|Respirology]]|symptoms='''Early''': Tiredness, fever, muscle pains&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Later''': Cough, [[shortness of breath]], chest tightness&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym/&gt;|onset=1 to 8 weeks after exposure&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym/&gt;|duration=|causes=Certain [[orthohantavirus]]es spread by [[rodents]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Def/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Evidence of hantavirus together with [[Acute respiratory distress syndrome|ARDS]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Def/&gt;|differential=[[Pneumonia]], [[influenza]], [[tularemia]], [[salicylate toxicity]], [[Dengue fever|Dengue]]&lt;ref name=Sami2021&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Akram |first1=SM |last2=Mangat |first2=R |last3=Huang |first3=B |title=Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome |date=January 2021 |pmid=29083610|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt;|prevention=Rodent control,&lt;ref name=CDC2012Pre/&gt; no vaccine&lt;ref name=VIDO2026/&gt;|treatment=[[Symptomatic treatment|Supportive care]]&lt;ref name=CDC2012Diag/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=100s/yr (Americas),&lt;ref name=WHO2026/&gt; &lt;50 cases/year (USA)&lt;ref name=CDC2019Epi/&gt;|deaths=30 to 40% mortality&lt;ref name=VIDO2026/&gt;}}

'''Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome''' ('''HPS''') nyɛla hantavirus dororiti puuni zaɣ'yini.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Def&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome {{!}} 2015 Case Definition|url=https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/case-definition/2015/|website=wwwn.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|archive-date=22 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322143116/https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/case-definition/2015/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di tuuli ŋmahingbana puuni shɛna n nyɛ wumsim, ningbun duɣili, ni ningbuna ni biɛrim.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot; /&gt; ŋmahingana shɛŋa din pahi puuni shɛŋa n nyɛ zuɣuyaali, tiri, ni binsaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot; /&gt; Bakoi nyaaŋa di yi gbaai nira, di tooi ʒiri kohingu, vuhim fabu, ni nyomuɣili na.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot; /&gt; Di yi gbaai nira, di ŋmahingbana tuuli tooi yiri polo bakoi zaŋchan bakoi dibaa anii sunsuuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Signs &amp; Symptoms {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/symptoms.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=22 February 2019|archive-date=20 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320001311/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/symptoms.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Orthohantavirus balishɛŋa tooi yirina doro ŋo maa puuni, lala doriti maa shɛŋa n nyɛ Sin Nombre hantavirus din be jangbara ni, ni New York hantavirus din be jagbari naponpiɛla ni .&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Trans&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Transmission {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/transmission.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=22 February 2019|archive-date=21 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321085406/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/transmission.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Doro maa tooi zooya ka di wuligiri doli niriba yi vuhi binniɛma (kamani jengbara) bina pohim .&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Trans&quot; /&gt; Di bi zooi ka di wiligiri niriba sunsuuni, amaa di puuni shɛli bɛ ni booni andes la din wuligira, ka tooi zooi ka di doli pohim .&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Trans&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hantavirus|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hantavirus|website=www.who.int|access-date=6 May 2026|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Andes hantavirus: epidemiology, outbreaks and guidance|url=https://www.gov.uk/guidance/andes-hantavirus-epidemiology-outbreaks-and-guidance|website=GOV.UK|access-date=10 May 2026|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di vihibaŋ puuni n nyɛ di nya hantavirus RNA(virus bali shɛli), immunoglobulins, bee  antigens mini acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (vuhim doro).&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Def&quot; /&gt;

Di gu ka taɣi nyɛla niŋ katiŋa ka che binniɛma (kamani jengbara).&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prevention {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/prevention.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=22 February 2019|archive-date=19 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319002528/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/prevention.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dinaka vaccine bee ti shɛli din za dede n tibirili, halina ni yuuni 2026 puuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;VIDO2026&quot; /&gt; Tibiri shɛli din baligiri doro maa ŋmahingbana tooi nyɛla din soŋda, di puuni shɛŋa n nyɛ pohim(oxygen) pahibu ni merchanical ventilation (pohim pahibu bali shɛli).&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Diag&quot; /&gt; Kamani niriba vaabu phita zaŋchaŋ pihinahi puuni  din gbaari shɛba kpalindila di puuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;VIDO2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vaccine development for New World Hantaviruses - Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization|url=https://www.vido.org/research/vaccine-development-for-new-world-hantaviruses.php|website=vido|access-date=7 May 2026|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ninvuɣu shɛba ban kpaŋda mi nyarila alaafee zaa ka chɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Diag&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Diagnosis &amp; Treatment {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/diagnosis.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=22 February 2019|archive-date=20 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120113957/http://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/diagnosis.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hali ni yuuni 2026, doro maa kobigbaliŋ n yirina yuuni kam pulini America tingbana ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2026&quot; /&gt; Yuuni 1913 mini yuuni 2019 sunsuuni, doro maa kalibu tuhili (1000) ka bɛ daa nya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Av2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Avšič-Županc|first=T.|last2=Saksida|first2=A.|last3=Korva|first3=M.|title=Hantavirus infections|journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection|date=April 2019|volume=21|pages=e6–e16|doi=10.1111/1469-0691.12291}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Doro maa bela North America mini South America puuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Trans&quot; /&gt; Di zooya ka di bela tinkpansi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Trans&quot; /&gt; Yuuni 1993 mini yuuni 2018 sunsuuni, doro maa pinyini (11) zaŋchaŋ pihinahi ni yini(48) ka bɛ daa vihi baŋ yuuni kam pulini United States puuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2019Epi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Reported Cases of Hantavirus Disease {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/surveillance/index.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=29 January 2020|archive-date=26 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826030937/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/surveillance/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; United States maa yaɣa shɛŋa din zooi ka di tooi be dini n nyɛ Colorado mini New Mexico.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hantavirus Disease, by State of Reporting {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/surveillance/reporting-state.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=26 February 2019|archive-date=26 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826071244/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/surveillance/reporting-state.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The condition was first identified in the 1993 Four Corners hantavirus outbreak.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Def&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>enwy8vjbvqj64bro6db1ec9f0r36vnd</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>136895</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-16T14:16:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Knowledge and philosophy</username>
        <id>2987</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>pahila lɛbigibu</comment>
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      <text bytes="7681" sha1="00pbe28yxksc1vyye8z1lfqe95f502h" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome|synonym=Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS), Four Corners disease, hantavirus disease|image=Radiographic progression of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in patient (cropped a).jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome on [[chest X-ray]]|pronounce=|specialty=[[Pulmonology|Respirology]]|symptoms='''Early''': Tiredness, fever, muscle pains&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Later''': Cough, [[shortness of breath]], chest tightness&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym/&gt;|onset=1 to 8 weeks after exposure&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym/&gt;|duration=|causes=Certain [[orthohantavirus]]es spread by [[rodents]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Def/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Evidence of hantavirus together with [[Acute respiratory distress syndrome|ARDS]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Def/&gt;|differential=[[Pneumonia]], [[influenza]], [[tularemia]], [[salicylate toxicity]], [[Dengue fever|Dengue]]&lt;ref name=Sami2021&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Akram |first1=SM |last2=Mangat |first2=R |last3=Huang |first3=B |title=Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome |date=January 2021 |pmid=29083610|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt;|prevention=Rodent control,&lt;ref name=CDC2012Pre/&gt; no vaccine&lt;ref name=VIDO2026/&gt;|treatment=[[Symptomatic treatment|Supportive care]]&lt;ref name=CDC2012Diag/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=100s/yr (Americas),&lt;ref name=WHO2026/&gt; &lt;50 cases/year (USA)&lt;ref name=CDC2019Epi/&gt;|deaths=30 to 40% mortality&lt;ref name=VIDO2026/&gt;}}

'''Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome''' ('''HPS''') nyɛla hantavirus dororiti puuni zaɣ'yini.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Def&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome {{!}} 2015 Case Definition|url=https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/case-definition/2015/|website=wwwn.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|archive-date=22 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322143116/https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/case-definition/2015/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di tuuli ŋmahingbana puuni shɛna n nyɛ wumsim, ningbun duɣili, ni ningbuna ni biɛrim.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot; /&gt; ŋmahingana shɛŋa din pahi puuni shɛŋa n nyɛ zuɣuyaali, tiri, ni binsaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot; /&gt; Bakoi nyaaŋa di yi gbaai nira, di tooi ʒiri kohingu, vuhim fabu, ni nyomuɣili na.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot; /&gt; Di yi gbaai nira, di ŋmahingbana tuuli tooi yiri polo bakoi zaŋchan bakoi dibaa anii sunsuuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Signs &amp; Symptoms {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/symptoms.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=22 February 2019|archive-date=20 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320001311/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/symptoms.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Orthohantavirus balishɛŋa tooi yirina doro ŋo maa puuni, lala doriti maa shɛŋa n nyɛ Sin Nombre hantavirus din be jangbara ni, ni New York hantavirus din be jagbari naponpiɛla ni .&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Trans&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Transmission {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/transmission.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=22 February 2019|archive-date=21 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321085406/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/transmission.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Doro maa tooi zooya ka di wuligiri doli niriba yi vuhi binniɛma (kamani jengbara) bina pohim .&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Trans&quot; /&gt; Di bi zooi ka di wiligiri niriba sunsuuni, amaa di puuni shɛli bɛ ni booni andes la din wuligira, ka tooi zooi ka di doli pohim .&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Trans&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hantavirus|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hantavirus|website=www.who.int|access-date=6 May 2026|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Andes hantavirus: epidemiology, outbreaks and guidance|url=https://www.gov.uk/guidance/andes-hantavirus-epidemiology-outbreaks-and-guidance|website=GOV.UK|access-date=10 May 2026|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di vihibaŋ puuni n nyɛ di nya hantavirus RNA(virus bali shɛli), immunoglobulins, bee  antigens mini acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (vuhim doro).&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Def&quot; /&gt;

Di gu ka taɣi nyɛla niŋ katiŋa ka che binniɛma (kamani jengbara).&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prevention {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/prevention.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=22 February 2019|archive-date=19 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319002528/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/prevention.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dinaka vaccine bee ti shɛli din za dede n tibirili, halina ni yuuni 2026 puuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;VIDO2026&quot; /&gt; Tibiri shɛli din baligiri doro maa ŋmahingbana tooi nyɛla din soŋda, di puuni shɛŋa n nyɛ pohim(oxygen) pahibu ni merchanical ventilation (pohim pahibu bali shɛli).&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Diag&quot; /&gt; Kamani niriba vaabu phita zaŋchaŋ pihinahi puuni  din gbaari shɛba kpalindila di puuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;VIDO2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vaccine development for New World Hantaviruses - Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization|url=https://www.vido.org/research/vaccine-development-for-new-world-hantaviruses.php|website=vido|access-date=7 May 2026|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ninvuɣu shɛba ban kpaŋda mi nyarila alaafee zaa ka chɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Diag&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Diagnosis &amp; Treatment {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/diagnosis.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=22 February 2019|archive-date=20 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120113957/http://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/diagnosis.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hali ni yuuni 2026, doro maa kobigbaliŋ n yirina yuuni kam pulini America tingbana ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2026&quot; /&gt; Yuuni 1913 mini yuuni 2019 sunsuuni, doro maa kalibu tuhili (1000) ka bɛ daa nya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Av2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Avšič-Županc|first=T.|last2=Saksida|first2=A.|last3=Korva|first3=M.|title=Hantavirus infections|journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection|date=April 2019|volume=21|pages=e6–e16|doi=10.1111/1469-0691.12291}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Doro maa bela North America mini South America puuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Trans&quot; /&gt; Di zooya ka di bela tinkpansi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Trans&quot; /&gt; Yuuni 1993 mini yuuni 2018 sunsuuni, doro maa pinyini (11) zaŋchaŋ pihinahi ni yini(48) ka bɛ daa vihi baŋ yuuni kam pulini United States puuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2019Epi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Reported Cases of Hantavirus Disease {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/surveillance/index.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=29 January 2020|archive-date=26 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826030937/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/surveillance/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; United States maa yaɣa shɛŋa din zooi ka di tooi be dini n nyɛ Colorado mini New Mexico.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hantavirus Disease, by State of Reporting {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/surveillance/reporting-state.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2021|language=en-us|date=26 February 2019|archive-date=26 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826071244/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/surveillance/reporting-state.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Be daa tuumi nya doro maa yuuni 1993 hantavirus wuligiri shɛli din daa niŋ America puuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Def&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Methamphetamine</title>
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      <text bytes="9600" sha1="pqgatz285715an1all61kyv93lgrhrm" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug|verifiedrevid=589084691|INN=none|image=Racemic methamphetamine.svg|alt=An image of the methamphetamine compound

&lt;!--Names--&gt;|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɛ|θ|æ|m|ˈ|f|ɛ|t|əm|iː|n}}|tradename=Desoxyn, Methedrine, others|synonyms={{nowrap|''N''-[[methylamphetamine]]}}, {{nowrap|''N'',α-[[dimethylphenethylamine]]}}, desoxyephedrine|IUPAC_name=(''RS'')-''N''-methyl-1-phenylpropan-2-amine

&lt;!--External links--&gt;|Drugs.com={{Drugs.com|monograph|methamphetamine-hydrochloride}}

&lt;!--Clinical data--&gt;|class=[[Amphetamine]]|pregnancy_AU=|pregnancy_US=C|routes_of_administration=By mouth|onset=Rapid&lt;ref name=Ri2010 /&gt;|duration_of_action=10–20&amp;nbsp;hours&lt;ref name=Ri2010&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Riviello RJ |title = Manual of forensic emergency medicine : a guide for clinicians |date = 2010 |publisher = Jones and Bartlett Publishers |location = Sudbury, Mass. |isbn = 978-0-7637-4462-5 |page = 41 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=keng9ELAE2IC&amp;pg=PA41 |access-date = 4 September 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170318224346/https://books.google.com/books?id=keng9ELAE2IC&amp;pg=PA41 |archive-date = 18 March 2017 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|dependency_liability=Physical: None; Psychological: High|addiction_liability=High|legal_AU=S8|legal_CA=Schedule I|legal_DE=Anlage II|legal_NZ=Class A|legal_UK=Class A|legal_US=Schedule II|legal_UN=Psychotropic Schedule II|licence_US=Methamphetamine|index2_label=(dl)-Methamphetamine hydrochloride|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C10H15N/c1-9(11-2)8-10-6-4-3-5-7-10/h3-7,9,11H,8H2,1-2H3|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=MYWUZJCMWCOHBA-UHFFFAOYSA-N

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=By mouth: 70%&lt;ref name=&quot;Bioavailability&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Rau T, Ziemniak J, Poulsen D |title = The neuroprotective potential of low-dose methamphetamine in preclinical models of stroke and traumatic brain injury |journal = Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry |volume = 64 |pages = 231–6 |year = 2015 |pmid = 25724762 |doi = 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.02.013 |quote = In humans, the oral bioavailability of methamphetamine is approximately 70% but increases to 100% following intravenous (IV) delivery (Ares-Santos et al., 2013). |doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV: 100%&lt;ref name=&quot;Bioavailability&quot; /&gt;|protein_bound=Varies widely&lt;ref name=&quot;Pubchem1&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title = Methamphetamine |section-url = https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Toxicity |work = PubChem Compound |publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information |section = Toxicity |access-date = 2021-10-25 |archive-date = 2015-01-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150104182703/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Toxicity |url-status = live |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Toxicity}}&lt;/ref&gt;|metabolism=[[CYP2D6]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Methamphetamine – p-hydroxymethamphetamine CYP2D6 review&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Sellers EM, Tyndale RF |title = Mimicking gene defects to treat drug dependence |journal = Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. |volume = 909 |issue = 1|pages = 233–246 |date = 2000 |pmid = 10911933 |doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06685.x |quote = Methamphetamine, a central nervous system stimulant drug, is p-hydroxylated by CYP2D6 to less active p-OH-methamphetamine. |bibcode = 2000NYASA.909..233S |s2cid = 27787938 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA Pharmacokinetics&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title = Adderall XR Prescribing Information |url = http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf |pages = 12–13 |publisher = Shire US Inc |website = United States Food and Drug Administration |date = December 2013 |access-date = 30 December 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233702/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf |archive-date = 30 December 2013 |url-status = live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233702/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf |date=30 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3|FMO3]]&lt;ref name=&quot;FMO&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Krueger SK, Williams DE |title = Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenases: structure/function, genetic polymorphisms and role in drug metabolism |journal = Pharmacol. Ther. |volume = 106 |issue = 3 |pages = 357–387 |date = June 2005 |pmid = 15922018 |pmc = 1828602 |doi = 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.01.001 }}&lt;br /&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828602/table/T5/ Table 5: N-containing drugs and xenobiotics oxygenated by FMO] {{Webarchive| url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916144516/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828602/table/T5/ |date=16 September 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FMO3-Primary&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Cashman JR, Xiong YN, Xu L, Janowsky A |title = N-oxygenation of amphetamine and methamphetamine by the human flavin-containing monooxygenase (form 3): role in bioactivation and detoxication |journal = J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. |volume = 288 |issue = 3 |pages = 1251–1260 |date = March 1999 |pmid = 10027866 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|elimination_half-life=5–30&amp;nbsp;hours&lt;ref name=&quot;Schep&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Schep LJ, Slaughter RJ, Beasley DM |title = The clinical toxicology of metamfetamine |journal = Clinical Toxicology |volume = 48 |issue = 7 |pages = 675–694 |date = August 2010 |pmid = 20849327 |doi = 10.3109/15563650.2010.516752 |s2cid = 42588722 |issn = 1556-3650 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|excretion=Primarily [[kidney]]

&lt;!--Chemical data--&gt;|C=10|H=15|N=1|chirality=[[Racemic mixture]]|SMILES=CNC(C)Cc1ccccc1|boiling_point=212|boiling_notes=at 760&amp;nbsp;[[mmHg]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pubchem2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title = Methamphetamine |section-url = https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Chemical-and-Physical-Properties |work = PubChem Compound |publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information |section = Chemical and Physical Properties |access-date = 2021-10-25 |archive-date = 2015-01-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150104182703/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Chemical-and-Physical-Properties |url-status = live |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Chemical-and-Physical-Properties}}&lt;/ref&gt;|melting_point=170|melting_notes=&lt;ref name=&quot;Pubchem2&quot;/&gt;|drug_name=Methamphetamine}}'''Methamphetamine''' nyɛla tila' shɛli din kpurisira daam zuɣupuri ni hankali  bɛ ni vaani shɛli ni kpaŋsi suhupiɛlli amaa ka bɛ dii bɛ lahi mali li tibiri   [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] bee narcolepsy bee ŋmɛlimbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yu2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yu S, Zhu L, Shen Q, Bai X, Di X|title=Recent advances in methamphetamine neurotoxicity mechanisms and its molecular pathophysiology|journal=Behav. Neurol.|volume=2015|pages=103969|date=March 2015|pmid=25861156|pmc=4377385|doi=10.1155/2015/103969|quote=In 1971, METH was restricted by US law, although oral METH (Ovation Pharmaceuticals) continues to be used today in the USA as a second-line treatment for a number of medical conditions, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and refractory obesity.|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|title=Methamphetamine|date=8 January 2015|website=Drug profiles|publisher=[[European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction]] (EMCDDA)|access-date=27 November 2018|quote=The term metamfetamine (the International Non-Proprietary Name: INN) strictly relates to the specific enantiomer (S)-N,α-dimethylbenzeneethanamine.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415220149/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tim ŋɔ n zaŋ tibi ŋmɛlimbu nyɛla baŋdibu ni bɛ lahi sahi n ti shɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20212&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nira yi vali tilaa ŋɔ nɔlini, di zaŋdila minti pihita n tumdi tuma ka di yaa ni tooi na bɛni hali ni dabsilii muni.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20213&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC20212&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|title=Methamphetamine|date=8 January 2015|website=Drug profiles|publisher=[[European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction]] (EMCDDA)|access-date=27 November 2018|quote=The term metamfetamine (the International Non-Proprietary Name: INN) strictly relates to the specific enantiomer (S)-N,α-dimethylbenzeneethanamine.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415220149/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tilaa ŋɔ valibu barinanima shɛŋa n nye ʒiduli, palpitations bee suhupiɛlli, gbihibu yɛlmuɣisira, binsaa n ti paɣa ni doo bɔbu shee yɛlmuɣisira&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20212&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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&lt;!--Names--&gt;|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɛ|θ|æ|m|ˈ|f|ɛ|t|əm|iː|n}}|tradename=Desoxyn, Methedrine, others|synonyms={{nowrap|''N''-[[methylamphetamine]]}}, {{nowrap|''N'',α-[[dimethylphenethylamine]]}}, desoxyephedrine|IUPAC_name=(''RS'')-''N''-methyl-1-phenylpropan-2-amine

&lt;!--External links--&gt;|Drugs.com={{Drugs.com|monograph|methamphetamine-hydrochloride}}

&lt;!--Clinical data--&gt;|class=[[Amphetamine]]|pregnancy_AU=|pregnancy_US=C|routes_of_administration=By mouth|onset=Rapid&lt;ref name=Ri2010 /&gt;|duration_of_action=10–20&amp;nbsp;hours&lt;ref name=Ri2010&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Riviello RJ |title = Manual of forensic emergency medicine : a guide for clinicians |date = 2010 |publisher = Jones and Bartlett Publishers |location = Sudbury, Mass. |isbn = 978-0-7637-4462-5 |page = 41 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=keng9ELAE2IC&amp;pg=PA41 |access-date = 4 September 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170318224346/https://books.google.com/books?id=keng9ELAE2IC&amp;pg=PA41 |archive-date = 18 March 2017 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|dependency_liability=Physical: None; Psychological: High|addiction_liability=High|legal_AU=S8|legal_CA=Schedule I|legal_DE=Anlage II|legal_NZ=Class A|legal_UK=Class A|legal_US=Schedule II|legal_UN=Psychotropic Schedule II|licence_US=Methamphetamine|index2_label=(dl)-Methamphetamine hydrochloride|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C10H15N/c1-9(11-2)8-10-6-4-3-5-7-10/h3-7,9,11H,8H2,1-2H3|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=MYWUZJCMWCOHBA-UHFFFAOYSA-N

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=By mouth: 70%&lt;ref name=&quot;Bioavailability&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Rau T, Ziemniak J, Poulsen D |title = The neuroprotective potential of low-dose methamphetamine in preclinical models of stroke and traumatic brain injury |journal = Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry |volume = 64 |pages = 231–6 |year = 2015 |pmid = 25724762 |doi = 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.02.013 |quote = In humans, the oral bioavailability of methamphetamine is approximately 70% but increases to 100% following intravenous (IV) delivery (Ares-Santos et al., 2013). |doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV: 100%&lt;ref name=&quot;Bioavailability&quot; /&gt;|protein_bound=Varies widely&lt;ref name=&quot;Pubchem1&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title = Methamphetamine |section-url = https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Toxicity |work = PubChem Compound |publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information |section = Toxicity |access-date = 2021-10-25 |archive-date = 2015-01-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150104182703/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Toxicity |url-status = live |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Toxicity}}&lt;/ref&gt;|metabolism=[[CYP2D6]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Methamphetamine – p-hydroxymethamphetamine CYP2D6 review&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Sellers EM, Tyndale RF |title = Mimicking gene defects to treat drug dependence |journal = Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. |volume = 909 |issue = 1|pages = 233–246 |date = 2000 |pmid = 10911933 |doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06685.x |quote = Methamphetamine, a central nervous system stimulant drug, is p-hydroxylated by CYP2D6 to less active p-OH-methamphetamine. |bibcode = 2000NYASA.909..233S |s2cid = 27787938 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA Pharmacokinetics&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title = Adderall XR Prescribing Information |url = http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf |pages = 12–13 |publisher = Shire US Inc |website = United States Food and Drug Administration |date = December 2013 |access-date = 30 December 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233702/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf |archive-date = 30 December 2013 |url-status = live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233702/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf |date=30 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3|FMO3]]&lt;ref name=&quot;FMO&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Krueger SK, Williams DE |title = Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenases: structure/function, genetic polymorphisms and role in drug metabolism |journal = Pharmacol. Ther. |volume = 106 |issue = 3 |pages = 357–387 |date = June 2005 |pmid = 15922018 |pmc = 1828602 |doi = 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.01.001 }}&lt;br /&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828602/table/T5/ Table 5: N-containing drugs and xenobiotics oxygenated by FMO] {{Webarchive| url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916144516/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828602/table/T5/ |date=16 September 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FMO3-Primary&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Cashman JR, Xiong YN, Xu L, Janowsky A |title = N-oxygenation of amphetamine and methamphetamine by the human flavin-containing monooxygenase (form 3): role in bioactivation and detoxication |journal = J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. |volume = 288 |issue = 3 |pages = 1251–1260 |date = March 1999 |pmid = 10027866 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|elimination_half-life=5–30&amp;nbsp;hours&lt;ref name=&quot;Schep&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Schep LJ, Slaughter RJ, Beasley DM |title = The clinical toxicology of metamfetamine |journal = Clinical Toxicology |volume = 48 |issue = 7 |pages = 675–694 |date = August 2010 |pmid = 20849327 |doi = 10.3109/15563650.2010.516752 |s2cid = 42588722 |issn = 1556-3650 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|excretion=Primarily [[kidney]]

&lt;!--Chemical data--&gt;|C=10|H=15|N=1|chirality=[[Racemic mixture]]|SMILES=CNC(C)Cc1ccccc1|boiling_point=212|boiling_notes=at 760&amp;nbsp;[[mmHg]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pubchem2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title = Methamphetamine |section-url = https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Chemical-and-Physical-Properties |work = PubChem Compound |publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information |section = Chemical and Physical Properties |access-date = 2021-10-25 |archive-date = 2015-01-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150104182703/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Chemical-and-Physical-Properties |url-status = live |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Chemical-and-Physical-Properties}}&lt;/ref&gt;|melting_point=170|melting_notes=&lt;ref name=&quot;Pubchem2&quot;/&gt;|drug_name=Methamphetamine}}'''Methamphetamine''' nyɛla tila' shɛli din kpurisira daam zuɣupuri ni hankali  bɛ ni vaani shɛli ni kpaŋsi suhupiɛlli amaa ka bɛ dii bɛ lahi mali li tibiri   [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] bee narcolepsy bee ŋmɛlimbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yu2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yu S, Zhu L, Shen Q, Bai X, Di X|title=Recent advances in methamphetamine neurotoxicity mechanisms and its molecular pathophysiology|journal=Behav. Neurol.|volume=2015|pages=103969|date=March 2015|pmid=25861156|pmc=4377385|doi=10.1155/2015/103969|quote=In 1971, METH was restricted by US law, although oral METH (Ovation Pharmaceuticals) continues to be used today in the USA as a second-line treatment for a number of medical conditions, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and refractory obesity.|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|title=Methamphetamine|date=8 January 2015|website=Drug profiles|publisher=[[European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction]] (EMCDDA)|access-date=27 November 2018|quote=The term metamfetamine (the International Non-Proprietary Name: INN) strictly relates to the specific enantiomer (S)-N,α-dimethylbenzeneethanamine.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415220149/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tim ŋɔ n zaŋ tibi ŋmɛlimbu nyɛla baŋdibu ni bɛ lahi sahi n ti shɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20212&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nira yi vali tilaa ŋɔ nɔlini, di zaŋdila minti pihita n tumdi tuma ka di yaa ni tooi na bɛni hali ni dabsilii muni.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20213&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC20212&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|title=Methamphetamine|date=8 January 2015|website=Drug profiles|publisher=[[European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction]] (EMCDDA)|access-date=27 November 2018|quote=The term metamfetamine (the International Non-Proprietary Name: INN) strictly relates to the specific enantiomer (S)-N,α-dimethylbenzeneethanamine.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415220149/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tilaa ŋɔ valibu barinanima shɛŋa n nye ʒiduli, palpitations bee suhupiɛlli, gbihibu yɛlmuɣisira, binsaa n ti paɣa ni doo bɔbu shee yɛlmuɣisira&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20212&quot; /&gt; Barinanima shɛŋa din gba pahi n nye yinyari bee kpilinkpiɣi bee ʒiduli &lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20214&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine|url=https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/Methamphetamine-2020_0.pdf|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623224215/https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/Methamphetamine-2020_0.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1468224|Methamphetamine]] to:dag #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="11426" sha1="7wiz3of2nikhmbvkqzyik3tzbnnnlja" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug|verifiedrevid=589084691|INN=none|image=Racemic methamphetamine.svg|alt=An image of the methamphetamine compound

&lt;!--Names--&gt;|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɛ|θ|æ|m|ˈ|f|ɛ|t|əm|iː|n}}|tradename=Desoxyn, Methedrine, others|synonyms={{nowrap|''N''-[[methylamphetamine]]}}, {{nowrap|''N'',α-[[dimethylphenethylamine]]}}, desoxyephedrine|IUPAC_name=(''RS'')-''N''-methyl-1-phenylpropan-2-amine

&lt;!--External links--&gt;|Drugs.com={{Drugs.com|monograph|methamphetamine-hydrochloride}}

&lt;!--Clinical data--&gt;|class=[[Amphetamine]]|pregnancy_AU=|pregnancy_US=C|routes_of_administration=By mouth|onset=Rapid&lt;ref name=Ri2010 /&gt;|duration_of_action=10–20&amp;nbsp;hours&lt;ref name=Ri2010&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Riviello RJ |title = Manual of forensic emergency medicine : a guide for clinicians |date = 2010 |publisher = Jones and Bartlett Publishers |location = Sudbury, Mass. |isbn = 978-0-7637-4462-5 |page = 41 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=keng9ELAE2IC&amp;pg=PA41 |access-date = 4 September 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170318224346/https://books.google.com/books?id=keng9ELAE2IC&amp;pg=PA41 |archive-date = 18 March 2017 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|dependency_liability=Physical: None; Psychological: High|addiction_liability=High|legal_AU=S8|legal_CA=Schedule I|legal_DE=Anlage II|legal_NZ=Class A|legal_UK=Class A|legal_US=Schedule II|legal_UN=Psychotropic Schedule II|licence_US=Methamphetamine|index2_label=(dl)-Methamphetamine hydrochloride|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C10H15N/c1-9(11-2)8-10-6-4-3-5-7-10/h3-7,9,11H,8H2,1-2H3|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=MYWUZJCMWCOHBA-UHFFFAOYSA-N

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=By mouth: 70%&lt;ref name=&quot;Bioavailability&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Rau T, Ziemniak J, Poulsen D |title = The neuroprotective potential of low-dose methamphetamine in preclinical models of stroke and traumatic brain injury |journal = Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry |volume = 64 |pages = 231–6 |year = 2015 |pmid = 25724762 |doi = 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.02.013 |quote = In humans, the oral bioavailability of methamphetamine is approximately 70% but increases to 100% following intravenous (IV) delivery (Ares-Santos et al., 2013). |doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV: 100%&lt;ref name=&quot;Bioavailability&quot; /&gt;|protein_bound=Varies widely&lt;ref name=&quot;Pubchem1&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title = Methamphetamine |section-url = https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Toxicity |work = PubChem Compound |publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information |section = Toxicity |access-date = 2021-10-25 |archive-date = 2015-01-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150104182703/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Toxicity |url-status = live |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Toxicity}}&lt;/ref&gt;|metabolism=[[CYP2D6]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Methamphetamine – p-hydroxymethamphetamine CYP2D6 review&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Sellers EM, Tyndale RF |title = Mimicking gene defects to treat drug dependence |journal = Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. |volume = 909 |issue = 1|pages = 233–246 |date = 2000 |pmid = 10911933 |doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06685.x |quote = Methamphetamine, a central nervous system stimulant drug, is p-hydroxylated by CYP2D6 to less active p-OH-methamphetamine. |bibcode = 2000NYASA.909..233S |s2cid = 27787938 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA Pharmacokinetics&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title = Adderall XR Prescribing Information |url = http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf |pages = 12–13 |publisher = Shire US Inc |website = United States Food and Drug Administration |date = December 2013 |access-date = 30 December 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233702/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf |archive-date = 30 December 2013 |url-status = live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233702/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf |date=30 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3|FMO3]]&lt;ref name=&quot;FMO&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Krueger SK, Williams DE |title = Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenases: structure/function, genetic polymorphisms and role in drug metabolism |journal = Pharmacol. Ther. |volume = 106 |issue = 3 |pages = 357–387 |date = June 2005 |pmid = 15922018 |pmc = 1828602 |doi = 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.01.001 }}&lt;br /&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828602/table/T5/ Table 5: N-containing drugs and xenobiotics oxygenated by FMO] {{Webarchive| url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916144516/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828602/table/T5/ |date=16 September 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FMO3-Primary&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Cashman JR, Xiong YN, Xu L, Janowsky A |title = N-oxygenation of amphetamine and methamphetamine by the human flavin-containing monooxygenase (form 3): role in bioactivation and detoxication |journal = J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. |volume = 288 |issue = 3 |pages = 1251–1260 |date = March 1999 |pmid = 10027866 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|elimination_half-life=5–30&amp;nbsp;hours&lt;ref name=&quot;Schep&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Schep LJ, Slaughter RJ, Beasley DM |title = The clinical toxicology of metamfetamine |journal = Clinical Toxicology |volume = 48 |issue = 7 |pages = 675–694 |date = August 2010 |pmid = 20849327 |doi = 10.3109/15563650.2010.516752 |s2cid = 42588722 |issn = 1556-3650 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|excretion=Primarily [[kidney]]

&lt;!--Chemical data--&gt;|C=10|H=15|N=1|chirality=[[Racemic mixture]]|SMILES=CNC(C)Cc1ccccc1|boiling_point=212|boiling_notes=at 760&amp;nbsp;[[mmHg]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pubchem2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title = Methamphetamine |section-url = https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Chemical-and-Physical-Properties |work = PubChem Compound |publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information |section = Chemical and Physical Properties |access-date = 2021-10-25 |archive-date = 2015-01-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150104182703/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Chemical-and-Physical-Properties |url-status = live |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Chemical-and-Physical-Properties}}&lt;/ref&gt;|melting_point=170|melting_notes=&lt;ref name=&quot;Pubchem2&quot;/&gt;|drug_name=Methamphetamine}}'''Methamphetamine''' nyɛla tila' shɛli din kpurisira daam zuɣupuri ni hankali  bɛ ni vaani shɛli ni kpaŋsi suhupiɛlli amaa ka bɛ dii bɛ lahi mali li tibiri   [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] bee narcolepsy bee ŋmɛlimbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yu2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yu S, Zhu L, Shen Q, Bai X, Di X|title=Recent advances in methamphetamine neurotoxicity mechanisms and its molecular pathophysiology|journal=Behav. Neurol.|volume=2015|pages=103969|date=March 2015|pmid=25861156|pmc=4377385|doi=10.1155/2015/103969|quote=In 1971, METH was restricted by US law, although oral METH (Ovation Pharmaceuticals) continues to be used today in the USA as a second-line treatment for a number of medical conditions, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and refractory obesity.|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|title=Methamphetamine|date=8 January 2015|website=Drug profiles|publisher=[[European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction]] (EMCDDA)|access-date=27 November 2018|quote=The term metamfetamine (the International Non-Proprietary Name: INN) strictly relates to the specific enantiomer (S)-N,α-dimethylbenzeneethanamine.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415220149/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tim ŋɔ n zaŋ tibi ŋmɛlimbu nyɛla baŋdibu ni bɛ lahi sahi n ti shɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20212&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nira yi vali tilaa ŋɔ nɔlini, di zaŋdila minti pihita n tumdi tuma ka di yaa ni tooi na bɛni hali ni dabsilii muni.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20213&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC20212&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|title=Methamphetamine|date=8 January 2015|website=Drug profiles|publisher=[[European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction]] (EMCDDA)|access-date=27 November 2018|quote=The term metamfetamine (the International Non-Proprietary Name: INN) strictly relates to the specific enantiomer (S)-N,α-dimethylbenzeneethanamine.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415220149/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tilaa ŋɔ valibu barinanima shɛŋa n nye ʒiduli, palpitations bee suhupiɛlli, gbihibu yɛlmuɣisira, binsaa n ti paɣa ni doo bɔbu shee yɛlmuɣisira&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20212&quot; /&gt; Barinanima shɛŋa din gba pahi n nye yinyari bee kpilinkpiɣi bee ʒiduli &lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20214&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine|url=https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/Methamphetamine-2020_0.pdf|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623224215/https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/Methamphetamine-2020_0.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tim ŋɔ yiriŋ valibu bɛ tɔ; hali din kuli niŋ ka kum din jandi di valibu bɛ yaɣi lala.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20215&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC20213&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|title=Methamphetamine|date=8 January 2015|website=Drug profiles|publisher=[[European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction]] (EMCDDA)|access-date=27 November 2018|quote=The term metamfetamine (the International Non-Proprietary Name: INN) strictly relates to the specific enantiomer (S)-N,α-dimethylbenzeneethanamine.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415220149/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>7wiz3of2nikhmbvkqzyik3tzbnnnlja</sha1>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1468224|Methamphetamine]] to:dag #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>136884</origin>
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      <text bytes="12302" sha1="cw10ff2ssbzrff192xyjsjw08tnja2u" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug|verifiedrevid=589084691|INN=none|image=Racemic methamphetamine.svg|alt=An image of the methamphetamine compound

&lt;!--Names--&gt;|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɛ|θ|æ|m|ˈ|f|ɛ|t|əm|iː|n}}|tradename=Desoxyn, Methedrine, others|synonyms={{nowrap|''N''-[[methylamphetamine]]}}, {{nowrap|''N'',α-[[dimethylphenethylamine]]}}, desoxyephedrine|IUPAC_name=(''RS'')-''N''-methyl-1-phenylpropan-2-amine

&lt;!--External links--&gt;|Drugs.com={{Drugs.com|monograph|methamphetamine-hydrochloride}}

&lt;!--Clinical data--&gt;|class=[[Amphetamine]]|pregnancy_AU=|pregnancy_US=C|routes_of_administration=By mouth|onset=Rapid&lt;ref name=Ri2010 /&gt;|duration_of_action=10–20&amp;nbsp;hours&lt;ref name=Ri2010&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Riviello RJ |title = Manual of forensic emergency medicine : a guide for clinicians |date = 2010 |publisher = Jones and Bartlett Publishers |location = Sudbury, Mass. |isbn = 978-0-7637-4462-5 |page = 41 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=keng9ELAE2IC&amp;pg=PA41 |access-date = 4 September 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170318224346/https://books.google.com/books?id=keng9ELAE2IC&amp;pg=PA41 |archive-date = 18 March 2017 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|dependency_liability=Physical: None; Psychological: High|addiction_liability=High|legal_AU=S8|legal_CA=Schedule I|legal_DE=Anlage II|legal_NZ=Class A|legal_UK=Class A|legal_US=Schedule II|legal_UN=Psychotropic Schedule II|licence_US=Methamphetamine|index2_label=(dl)-Methamphetamine hydrochloride|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C10H15N/c1-9(11-2)8-10-6-4-3-5-7-10/h3-7,9,11H,8H2,1-2H3|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=MYWUZJCMWCOHBA-UHFFFAOYSA-N

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=By mouth: 70%&lt;ref name=&quot;Bioavailability&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Rau T, Ziemniak J, Poulsen D |title = The neuroprotective potential of low-dose methamphetamine in preclinical models of stroke and traumatic brain injury |journal = Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry |volume = 64 |pages = 231–6 |year = 2015 |pmid = 25724762 |doi = 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.02.013 |quote = In humans, the oral bioavailability of methamphetamine is approximately 70% but increases to 100% following intravenous (IV) delivery (Ares-Santos et al., 2013). |doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV: 100%&lt;ref name=&quot;Bioavailability&quot; /&gt;|protein_bound=Varies widely&lt;ref name=&quot;Pubchem1&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title = Methamphetamine |section-url = https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Toxicity |work = PubChem Compound |publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information |section = Toxicity |access-date = 2021-10-25 |archive-date = 2015-01-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150104182703/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Toxicity |url-status = live |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Toxicity}}&lt;/ref&gt;|metabolism=[[CYP2D6]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Methamphetamine – p-hydroxymethamphetamine CYP2D6 review&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Sellers EM, Tyndale RF |title = Mimicking gene defects to treat drug dependence |journal = Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. |volume = 909 |issue = 1|pages = 233–246 |date = 2000 |pmid = 10911933 |doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06685.x |quote = Methamphetamine, a central nervous system stimulant drug, is p-hydroxylated by CYP2D6 to less active p-OH-methamphetamine. |bibcode = 2000NYASA.909..233S |s2cid = 27787938 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA Pharmacokinetics&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title = Adderall XR Prescribing Information |url = http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf |pages = 12–13 |publisher = Shire US Inc |website = United States Food and Drug Administration |date = December 2013 |access-date = 30 December 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233702/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf |archive-date = 30 December 2013 |url-status = live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233702/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf |date=30 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3|FMO3]]&lt;ref name=&quot;FMO&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Krueger SK, Williams DE |title = Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenases: structure/function, genetic polymorphisms and role in drug metabolism |journal = Pharmacol. Ther. |volume = 106 |issue = 3 |pages = 357–387 |date = June 2005 |pmid = 15922018 |pmc = 1828602 |doi = 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.01.001 }}&lt;br /&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828602/table/T5/ Table 5: N-containing drugs and xenobiotics oxygenated by FMO] {{Webarchive| url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916144516/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828602/table/T5/ |date=16 September 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FMO3-Primary&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Cashman JR, Xiong YN, Xu L, Janowsky A |title = N-oxygenation of amphetamine and methamphetamine by the human flavin-containing monooxygenase (form 3): role in bioactivation and detoxication |journal = J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. |volume = 288 |issue = 3 |pages = 1251–1260 |date = March 1999 |pmid = 10027866 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|elimination_half-life=5–30&amp;nbsp;hours&lt;ref name=&quot;Schep&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Schep LJ, Slaughter RJ, Beasley DM |title = The clinical toxicology of metamfetamine |journal = Clinical Toxicology |volume = 48 |issue = 7 |pages = 675–694 |date = August 2010 |pmid = 20849327 |doi = 10.3109/15563650.2010.516752 |s2cid = 42588722 |issn = 1556-3650 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|excretion=Primarily [[kidney]]

&lt;!--Chemical data--&gt;|C=10|H=15|N=1|chirality=[[Racemic mixture]]|SMILES=CNC(C)Cc1ccccc1|boiling_point=212|boiling_notes=at 760&amp;nbsp;[[mmHg]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pubchem2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title = Methamphetamine |section-url = https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Chemical-and-Physical-Properties |work = PubChem Compound |publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information |section = Chemical and Physical Properties |access-date = 2021-10-25 |archive-date = 2015-01-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150104182703/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Chemical-and-Physical-Properties |url-status = live |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Chemical-and-Physical-Properties}}&lt;/ref&gt;|melting_point=170|melting_notes=&lt;ref name=&quot;Pubchem2&quot;/&gt;|drug_name=Methamphetamine}}'''Methamphetamine''' nyɛla tila' shɛli din kpurisira daam zuɣupuri ni hankali  bɛ ni vaani shɛli ni kpaŋsi suhupiɛlli amaa ka bɛ dii bɛ lahi mali li tibiri   [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] bee narcolepsy bee ŋmɛlimbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yu2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yu S, Zhu L, Shen Q, Bai X, Di X|title=Recent advances in methamphetamine neurotoxicity mechanisms and its molecular pathophysiology|journal=Behav. Neurol.|volume=2015|pages=103969|date=March 2015|pmid=25861156|pmc=4377385|doi=10.1155/2015/103969|quote=In 1971, METH was restricted by US law, although oral METH (Ovation Pharmaceuticals) continues to be used today in the USA as a second-line treatment for a number of medical conditions, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and refractory obesity.|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|title=Methamphetamine|date=8 January 2015|website=Drug profiles|publisher=[[European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction]] (EMCDDA)|access-date=27 November 2018|quote=The term metamfetamine (the International Non-Proprietary Name: INN) strictly relates to the specific enantiomer (S)-N,α-dimethylbenzeneethanamine.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415220149/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tim ŋɔ n zaŋ tibi ŋmɛlimbu nyɛla baŋdibu ni bɛ lahi sahi n ti shɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20212&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nira yi vali tilaa ŋɔ nɔlini, di zaŋdila minti pihita n tumdi tuma ka di yaa ni tooi na bɛni hali ni dabsilii muni.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20213&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC20212&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|title=Methamphetamine|date=8 January 2015|website=Drug profiles|publisher=[[European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction]] (EMCDDA)|access-date=27 November 2018|quote=The term metamfetamine (the International Non-Proprietary Name: INN) strictly relates to the specific enantiomer (S)-N,α-dimethylbenzeneethanamine.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415220149/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tilaa ŋɔ valibu barinanima shɛŋa n nye ʒiduli, palpitations bee suhupiɛlli, gbihibu yɛlmuɣisira, binsaa n ti paɣa ni doo bɔbu shee yɛlmuɣisira&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20212&quot; /&gt; Barinanima shɛŋa din gba pahi n nye yinyari bee kpilinkpiɣi bee ʒiduli &lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20214&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine|url=https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/Methamphetamine-2020_0.pdf|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623224215/https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/Methamphetamine-2020_0.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tim ŋɔ yiriŋ valibu bɛ tɔ; hali din kuli niŋ ka kum din jandi di valibu bɛ yaɣi lala.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20215&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC20213&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|title=Methamphetamine|date=8 January 2015|website=Drug profiles|publisher=[[European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction]] (EMCDDA)|access-date=27 November 2018|quote=The term metamfetamine (the International Non-Proprietary Name: INN) strictly relates to the specific enantiomer (S)-N,α-dimethylbenzeneethanamine.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415220149/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tim ŋɔ ni tooi mali barina n ti bilɛri di yi niŋ ka paɣa puulana vaani li bee vaanili ka mɔ`yisiri bia ka ŋa nye bɛ ni bi saɣi n ti shɛli&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20216&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501612/|website=Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed)|publisher=National Library of Medicine (US)|access-date=19 November 2021|date=2006|archive-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302145415/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501612/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>cw10ff2ssbzrff192xyjsjw08tnja2u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>136887</id>
      <parentid>136884</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T12:51:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdul-Rauf Moshie</username>
        <id>3942</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1468224|Methamphetamine]] to:dag #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>136887</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12376" sha1="lus8j8hk0mo0yqckv17yr6h5ylxyrhv" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug|verifiedrevid=589084691|INN=none|image=Racemic methamphetamine.svg|alt=An image of the methamphetamine compound

&lt;!--Names--&gt;|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɛ|θ|æ|m|ˈ|f|ɛ|t|əm|iː|n}}|tradename=Desoxyn, Methedrine, others|synonyms={{nowrap|''N''-[[methylamphetamine]]}}, {{nowrap|''N'',α-[[dimethylphenethylamine]]}}, desoxyephedrine|IUPAC_name=(''RS'')-''N''-methyl-1-phenylpropan-2-amine

&lt;!--External links--&gt;|Drugs.com={{Drugs.com|monograph|methamphetamine-hydrochloride}}

&lt;!--Clinical data--&gt;|class=[[Amphetamine]]|pregnancy_AU=|pregnancy_US=C|routes_of_administration=By mouth|onset=Rapid&lt;ref name=Ri2010 /&gt;|duration_of_action=10–20&amp;nbsp;hours&lt;ref name=Ri2010&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Riviello RJ |title = Manual of forensic emergency medicine : a guide for clinicians |date = 2010 |publisher = Jones and Bartlett Publishers |location = Sudbury, Mass. |isbn = 978-0-7637-4462-5 |page = 41 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=keng9ELAE2IC&amp;pg=PA41 |access-date = 4 September 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170318224346/https://books.google.com/books?id=keng9ELAE2IC&amp;pg=PA41 |archive-date = 18 March 2017 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|dependency_liability=Physical: None; Psychological: High|addiction_liability=High|legal_AU=S8|legal_CA=Schedule I|legal_DE=Anlage II|legal_NZ=Class A|legal_UK=Class A|legal_US=Schedule II|legal_UN=Psychotropic Schedule II|licence_US=Methamphetamine|index2_label=(dl)-Methamphetamine hydrochloride|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C10H15N/c1-9(11-2)8-10-6-4-3-5-7-10/h3-7,9,11H,8H2,1-2H3|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=MYWUZJCMWCOHBA-UHFFFAOYSA-N

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=By mouth: 70%&lt;ref name=&quot;Bioavailability&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Rau T, Ziemniak J, Poulsen D |title = The neuroprotective potential of low-dose methamphetamine in preclinical models of stroke and traumatic brain injury |journal = Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry |volume = 64 |pages = 231–6 |year = 2015 |pmid = 25724762 |doi = 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.02.013 |quote = In humans, the oral bioavailability of methamphetamine is approximately 70% but increases to 100% following intravenous (IV) delivery (Ares-Santos et al., 2013). |doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV: 100%&lt;ref name=&quot;Bioavailability&quot; /&gt;|protein_bound=Varies widely&lt;ref name=&quot;Pubchem1&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title = Methamphetamine |section-url = https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Toxicity |work = PubChem Compound |publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information |section = Toxicity |access-date = 2021-10-25 |archive-date = 2015-01-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150104182703/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Toxicity |url-status = live |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Toxicity}}&lt;/ref&gt;|metabolism=[[CYP2D6]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Methamphetamine – p-hydroxymethamphetamine CYP2D6 review&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Sellers EM, Tyndale RF |title = Mimicking gene defects to treat drug dependence |journal = Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. |volume = 909 |issue = 1|pages = 233–246 |date = 2000 |pmid = 10911933 |doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06685.x |quote = Methamphetamine, a central nervous system stimulant drug, is p-hydroxylated by CYP2D6 to less active p-OH-methamphetamine. |bibcode = 2000NYASA.909..233S |s2cid = 27787938 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA Pharmacokinetics&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title = Adderall XR Prescribing Information |url = http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf |pages = 12–13 |publisher = Shire US Inc |website = United States Food and Drug Administration |date = December 2013 |access-date = 30 December 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233702/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf |archive-date = 30 December 2013 |url-status = live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233702/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf |date=30 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3|FMO3]]&lt;ref name=&quot;FMO&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Krueger SK, Williams DE |title = Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenases: structure/function, genetic polymorphisms and role in drug metabolism |journal = Pharmacol. Ther. |volume = 106 |issue = 3 |pages = 357–387 |date = June 2005 |pmid = 15922018 |pmc = 1828602 |doi = 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.01.001 }}&lt;br /&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828602/table/T5/ Table 5: N-containing drugs and xenobiotics oxygenated by FMO] {{Webarchive| url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916144516/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828602/table/T5/ |date=16 September 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FMO3-Primary&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Cashman JR, Xiong YN, Xu L, Janowsky A |title = N-oxygenation of amphetamine and methamphetamine by the human flavin-containing monooxygenase (form 3): role in bioactivation and detoxication |journal = J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. |volume = 288 |issue = 3 |pages = 1251–1260 |date = March 1999 |pmid = 10027866 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|elimination_half-life=5–30&amp;nbsp;hours&lt;ref name=&quot;Schep&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Schep LJ, Slaughter RJ, Beasley DM |title = The clinical toxicology of metamfetamine |journal = Clinical Toxicology |volume = 48 |issue = 7 |pages = 675–694 |date = August 2010 |pmid = 20849327 |doi = 10.3109/15563650.2010.516752 |s2cid = 42588722 |issn = 1556-3650 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|excretion=Primarily [[kidney]]

&lt;!--Chemical data--&gt;|C=10|H=15|N=1|chirality=[[Racemic mixture]]|SMILES=CNC(C)Cc1ccccc1|boiling_point=212|boiling_notes=at 760&amp;nbsp;[[mmHg]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pubchem2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title = Methamphetamine |section-url = https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Chemical-and-Physical-Properties |work = PubChem Compound |publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information |section = Chemical and Physical Properties |access-date = 2021-10-25 |archive-date = 2015-01-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150104182703/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Chemical-and-Physical-Properties |url-status = live |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Chemical-and-Physical-Properties}}&lt;/ref&gt;|melting_point=170|melting_notes=&lt;ref name=&quot;Pubchem2&quot;/&gt;|drug_name=Methamphetamine}}'''Methamphetamine''' nyɛla tila' shɛli din kpurisira daam zuɣupuri ni hankali  bɛ ni vaani shɛli ni kpaŋsi suhupiɛlli amaa ka bɛ dii bɛ lahi mali li tibiri   [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] bee narcolepsy bee ŋmɛlimbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yu2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yu S, Zhu L, Shen Q, Bai X, Di X|title=Recent advances in methamphetamine neurotoxicity mechanisms and its molecular pathophysiology|journal=Behav. Neurol.|volume=2015|pages=103969|date=March 2015|pmid=25861156|pmc=4377385|doi=10.1155/2015/103969|quote=In 1971, METH was restricted by US law, although oral METH (Ovation Pharmaceuticals) continues to be used today in the USA as a second-line treatment for a number of medical conditions, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and refractory obesity.|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|title=Methamphetamine|date=8 January 2015|website=Drug profiles|publisher=[[European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction]] (EMCDDA)|access-date=27 November 2018|quote=The term metamfetamine (the International Non-Proprietary Name: INN) strictly relates to the specific enantiomer (S)-N,α-dimethylbenzeneethanamine.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415220149/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tim ŋɔ n zaŋ tibi ŋmɛlimbu nyɛla baŋdibu ni bɛ lahi sahi n ti shɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20212&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nira yi vali tilaa ŋɔ nɔlini, di zaŋdila minti pihita n tumdi tuma ka di yaa ni tooi na bɛni hali ni dabsilii muni.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20213&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC20212&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|title=Methamphetamine|date=8 January 2015|website=Drug profiles|publisher=[[European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction]] (EMCDDA)|access-date=27 November 2018|quote=The term metamfetamine (the International Non-Proprietary Name: INN) strictly relates to the specific enantiomer (S)-N,α-dimethylbenzeneethanamine.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415220149/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tilaa ŋɔ valibu barinanima shɛŋa n nye ʒiduli, palpitations bee suhupiɛlli, gbihibu yɛlmuɣisira, binsaa n ti paɣa ni doo bɔbu shee yɛlmuɣisira&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20212&quot; /&gt; Barinanima shɛŋa din gba pahi n nye yinyari bee kpilinkpiɣi bee ʒiduli &lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20214&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine|url=https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/Methamphetamine-2020_0.pdf|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623224215/https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/Methamphetamine-2020_0.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tim ŋɔ yiriŋ valibu bɛ tɔ; hali din kuli niŋ ka kum din jandi di valibu bɛ yaɣi lala.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20215&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC20213&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|title=Methamphetamine|date=8 January 2015|website=Drug profiles|publisher=[[European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction]] (EMCDDA)|access-date=27 November 2018|quote=The term metamfetamine (the International Non-Proprietary Name: INN) strictly relates to the specific enantiomer (S)-N,α-dimethylbenzeneethanamine.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415220149/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tim ŋɔ ni tooi mali barina n ti bilɛri di yi niŋ ka paɣa puulana vaani li bee vaanili ka mɔ`yisiri bia ka ŋa nye bɛ ni bi saɣi n ti shɛli&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20216&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501612/|website=Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed)|publisher=National Library of Medicine (US)|access-date=19 November 2021|date=2006|archive-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302145415/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501612/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla din pahi amphetamine tilaa zuliya puuni&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20212&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1468224|Methamphetamine]] to:dag #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="13754" sha1="2n6iroasjliu2lgew51g2t4jxtz2k5s" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug|verifiedrevid=589084691|INN=none|image=Racemic methamphetamine.svg|alt=An image of the methamphetamine compound

&lt;!--Names--&gt;|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɛ|θ|æ|m|ˈ|f|ɛ|t|əm|iː|n}}|tradename=Desoxyn, Methedrine, others|synonyms={{nowrap|''N''-[[methylamphetamine]]}}, {{nowrap|''N'',α-[[dimethylphenethylamine]]}}, desoxyephedrine|IUPAC_name=(''RS'')-''N''-methyl-1-phenylpropan-2-amine

&lt;!--External links--&gt;|Drugs.com={{Drugs.com|monograph|methamphetamine-hydrochloride}}

&lt;!--Clinical data--&gt;|class=[[Amphetamine]]|pregnancy_AU=|pregnancy_US=C|routes_of_administration=By mouth|onset=Rapid&lt;ref name=Ri2010 /&gt;|duration_of_action=10–20&amp;nbsp;hours&lt;ref name=Ri2010&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Riviello RJ |title = Manual of forensic emergency medicine : a guide for clinicians |date = 2010 |publisher = Jones and Bartlett Publishers |location = Sudbury, Mass. |isbn = 978-0-7637-4462-5 |page = 41 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=keng9ELAE2IC&amp;pg=PA41 |access-date = 4 September 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170318224346/https://books.google.com/books?id=keng9ELAE2IC&amp;pg=PA41 |archive-date = 18 March 2017 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|dependency_liability=Physical: None; Psychological: High|addiction_liability=High|legal_AU=S8|legal_CA=Schedule I|legal_DE=Anlage II|legal_NZ=Class A|legal_UK=Class A|legal_US=Schedule II|legal_UN=Psychotropic Schedule II|licence_US=Methamphetamine|index2_label=(dl)-Methamphetamine hydrochloride|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C10H15N/c1-9(11-2)8-10-6-4-3-5-7-10/h3-7,9,11H,8H2,1-2H3|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=MYWUZJCMWCOHBA-UHFFFAOYSA-N

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=By mouth: 70%&lt;ref name=&quot;Bioavailability&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Rau T, Ziemniak J, Poulsen D |title = The neuroprotective potential of low-dose methamphetamine in preclinical models of stroke and traumatic brain injury |journal = Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry |volume = 64 |pages = 231–6 |year = 2015 |pmid = 25724762 |doi = 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.02.013 |quote = In humans, the oral bioavailability of methamphetamine is approximately 70% but increases to 100% following intravenous (IV) delivery (Ares-Santos et al., 2013). |doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV: 100%&lt;ref name=&quot;Bioavailability&quot; /&gt;|protein_bound=Varies widely&lt;ref name=&quot;Pubchem1&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title = Methamphetamine |section-url = https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Toxicity |work = PubChem Compound |publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information |section = Toxicity |access-date = 2021-10-25 |archive-date = 2015-01-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150104182703/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Toxicity |url-status = live |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Toxicity}}&lt;/ref&gt;|metabolism=[[CYP2D6]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Methamphetamine – p-hydroxymethamphetamine CYP2D6 review&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Sellers EM, Tyndale RF |title = Mimicking gene defects to treat drug dependence |journal = Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. |volume = 909 |issue = 1|pages = 233–246 |date = 2000 |pmid = 10911933 |doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06685.x |quote = Methamphetamine, a central nervous system stimulant drug, is p-hydroxylated by CYP2D6 to less active p-OH-methamphetamine. |bibcode = 2000NYASA.909..233S |s2cid = 27787938 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA Pharmacokinetics&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title = Adderall XR Prescribing Information |url = http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf |pages = 12–13 |publisher = Shire US Inc |website = United States Food and Drug Administration |date = December 2013 |access-date = 30 December 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233702/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf |archive-date = 30 December 2013 |url-status = live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233702/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf |date=30 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3|FMO3]]&lt;ref name=&quot;FMO&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Krueger SK, Williams DE |title = Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenases: structure/function, genetic polymorphisms and role in drug metabolism |journal = Pharmacol. Ther. |volume = 106 |issue = 3 |pages = 357–387 |date = June 2005 |pmid = 15922018 |pmc = 1828602 |doi = 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.01.001 }}&lt;br /&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828602/table/T5/ Table 5: N-containing drugs and xenobiotics oxygenated by FMO] {{Webarchive| url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916144516/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828602/table/T5/ |date=16 September 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FMO3-Primary&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Cashman JR, Xiong YN, Xu L, Janowsky A |title = N-oxygenation of amphetamine and methamphetamine by the human flavin-containing monooxygenase (form 3): role in bioactivation and detoxication |journal = J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. |volume = 288 |issue = 3 |pages = 1251–1260 |date = March 1999 |pmid = 10027866 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|elimination_half-life=5–30&amp;nbsp;hours&lt;ref name=&quot;Schep&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Schep LJ, Slaughter RJ, Beasley DM |title = The clinical toxicology of metamfetamine |journal = Clinical Toxicology |volume = 48 |issue = 7 |pages = 675–694 |date = August 2010 |pmid = 20849327 |doi = 10.3109/15563650.2010.516752 |s2cid = 42588722 |issn = 1556-3650 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|excretion=Primarily [[kidney]]

&lt;!--Chemical data--&gt;|C=10|H=15|N=1|chirality=[[Racemic mixture]]|SMILES=CNC(C)Cc1ccccc1|boiling_point=212|boiling_notes=at 760&amp;nbsp;[[mmHg]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pubchem2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title = Methamphetamine |section-url = https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Chemical-and-Physical-Properties |work = PubChem Compound |publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information |section = Chemical and Physical Properties |access-date = 2021-10-25 |archive-date = 2015-01-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150104182703/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Chemical-and-Physical-Properties |url-status = live |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Chemical-and-Physical-Properties}}&lt;/ref&gt;|melting_point=170|melting_notes=&lt;ref name=&quot;Pubchem2&quot;/&gt;|drug_name=Methamphetamine}}'''Methamphetamine''' nyɛla tila' shɛli din kpurisira daam zuɣupuri ni hankali  bɛ ni vaani shɛli ni kpaŋsi suhupiɛlli amaa ka bɛ dii bɛ lahi mali li tibiri   [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] bee narcolepsy bee ŋmɛlimbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yu2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yu S, Zhu L, Shen Q, Bai X, Di X|title=Recent advances in methamphetamine neurotoxicity mechanisms and its molecular pathophysiology|journal=Behav. Neurol.|volume=2015|pages=103969|date=March 2015|pmid=25861156|pmc=4377385|doi=10.1155/2015/103969|quote=In 1971, METH was restricted by US law, although oral METH (Ovation Pharmaceuticals) continues to be used today in the USA as a second-line treatment for a number of medical conditions, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and refractory obesity.|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|title=Methamphetamine|date=8 January 2015|website=Drug profiles|publisher=[[European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction]] (EMCDDA)|access-date=27 November 2018|quote=The term metamfetamine (the International Non-Proprietary Name: INN) strictly relates to the specific enantiomer (S)-N,α-dimethylbenzeneethanamine.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415220149/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tim ŋɔ n zaŋ tibi ŋmɛlimbu nyɛla baŋdibu ni bɛ lahi sahi n ti shɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20212&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nira yi vali tilaa ŋɔ nɔlini, di zaŋdila minti pihita n tumdi tuma ka di yaa ni tooi na bɛni hali ni dabsilii muni.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20213&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC20212&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|title=Methamphetamine|date=8 January 2015|website=Drug profiles|publisher=[[European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction]] (EMCDDA)|access-date=27 November 2018|quote=The term metamfetamine (the International Non-Proprietary Name: INN) strictly relates to the specific enantiomer (S)-N,α-dimethylbenzeneethanamine.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415220149/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tilaa ŋɔ valibu barinanima shɛŋa n nye ʒiduli, palpitations bee suhupiɛlli, gbihibu yɛlmuɣisira, binsaa n ti paɣa ni doo bɔbu shee yɛlmuɣisira&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20212&quot; /&gt; Barinanima shɛŋa din gba pahi n nye yinyari bee kpilinkpiɣi bee ʒiduli &lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20214&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine|url=https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/Methamphetamine-2020_0.pdf|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623224215/https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/Methamphetamine-2020_0.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tim ŋɔ yiriŋ valibu bɛ tɔ; hali din kuli niŋ ka kum din jandi di valibu bɛ yaɣi lala.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20215&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC20213&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|title=Methamphetamine|date=8 January 2015|website=Drug profiles|publisher=[[European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction]] (EMCDDA)|access-date=27 November 2018|quote=The term metamfetamine (the International Non-Proprietary Name: INN) strictly relates to the specific enantiomer (S)-N,α-dimethylbenzeneethanamine.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415220149/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tim ŋɔ ni tooi mali barina n ti bilɛri di yi niŋ ka paɣa puulana vaani li bee vaanili ka mɔ`yisiri bia ka ŋa nye bɛ ni bi saɣi n ti shɛli&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20216&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501612/|website=Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed)|publisher=National Library of Medicine (US)|access-date=19 November 2021|date=2006|archive-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302145415/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501612/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla din pahi amphetamine tilaa zuliya puuni&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20212&quot; /&gt;

Methamphetamine nyɛla bɛ ni yihi ti' shɛli na yuuni 1893 ka di tuuli malibu daa niŋ yuuni 1919.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Mack|first1=Avram H.|last2=Brady|first2=Kathleen T.|last3=Frances|first3=Richard J.|last4=Miller|first4=Sheldon I.|title=Clinical Textbook of Addictive Disorders, Fourth Edition|date=12 May 2016|publisher=Guilford Publications|isbn=978-1-4625-2169-2|page=203|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Clinical_Textbook_of_Addictive_Disorders/88W_CwAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA203|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119121118/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Clinical_Textbook_of_Addictive_Disorders/88W_CwAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA203|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC20214&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|title=Methamphetamine|date=8 January 2015|website=Drug profiles|publisher=[[European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction]] (EMCDDA)|access-date=27 November 2018|quote=The term metamfetamine (the International Non-Proprietary Name: INN) strictly relates to the specific enantiomer (S)-N,α-dimethylbenzeneethanamine.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415220149/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1468224|Methamphetamine]] to:dag #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="13861" sha1="2b8ogs4stn1np54d4ab3sds886uj7cd" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug|verifiedrevid=589084691|INN=none|image=Racemic methamphetamine.svg|alt=An image of the methamphetamine compound

&lt;!--Names--&gt;|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɛ|θ|æ|m|ˈ|f|ɛ|t|əm|iː|n}}|tradename=Desoxyn, Methedrine, others|synonyms={{nowrap|''N''-[[methylamphetamine]]}}, {{nowrap|''N'',α-[[dimethylphenethylamine]]}}, desoxyephedrine|IUPAC_name=(''RS'')-''N''-methyl-1-phenylpropan-2-amine

&lt;!--External links--&gt;|Drugs.com={{Drugs.com|monograph|methamphetamine-hydrochloride}}

&lt;!--Clinical data--&gt;|class=[[Amphetamine]]|pregnancy_AU=|pregnancy_US=C|routes_of_administration=By mouth|onset=Rapid&lt;ref name=Ri2010 /&gt;|duration_of_action=10–20&amp;nbsp;hours&lt;ref name=Ri2010&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Riviello RJ |title = Manual of forensic emergency medicine : a guide for clinicians |date = 2010 |publisher = Jones and Bartlett Publishers |location = Sudbury, Mass. |isbn = 978-0-7637-4462-5 |page = 41 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=keng9ELAE2IC&amp;pg=PA41 |access-date = 4 September 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170318224346/https://books.google.com/books?id=keng9ELAE2IC&amp;pg=PA41 |archive-date = 18 March 2017 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|dependency_liability=Physical: None; Psychological: High|addiction_liability=High|legal_AU=S8|legal_CA=Schedule I|legal_DE=Anlage II|legal_NZ=Class A|legal_UK=Class A|legal_US=Schedule II|legal_UN=Psychotropic Schedule II|licence_US=Methamphetamine|index2_label=(dl)-Methamphetamine hydrochloride|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C10H15N/c1-9(11-2)8-10-6-4-3-5-7-10/h3-7,9,11H,8H2,1-2H3|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=MYWUZJCMWCOHBA-UHFFFAOYSA-N

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=By mouth: 70%&lt;ref name=&quot;Bioavailability&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Rau T, Ziemniak J, Poulsen D |title = The neuroprotective potential of low-dose methamphetamine in preclinical models of stroke and traumatic brain injury |journal = Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry |volume = 64 |pages = 231–6 |year = 2015 |pmid = 25724762 |doi = 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.02.013 |quote = In humans, the oral bioavailability of methamphetamine is approximately 70% but increases to 100% following intravenous (IV) delivery (Ares-Santos et al., 2013). |doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV: 100%&lt;ref name=&quot;Bioavailability&quot; /&gt;|protein_bound=Varies widely&lt;ref name=&quot;Pubchem1&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title = Methamphetamine |section-url = https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Toxicity |work = PubChem Compound |publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information |section = Toxicity |access-date = 2021-10-25 |archive-date = 2015-01-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150104182703/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Toxicity |url-status = live |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Toxicity}}&lt;/ref&gt;|metabolism=[[CYP2D6]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Methamphetamine – p-hydroxymethamphetamine CYP2D6 review&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Sellers EM, Tyndale RF |title = Mimicking gene defects to treat drug dependence |journal = Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. |volume = 909 |issue = 1|pages = 233–246 |date = 2000 |pmid = 10911933 |doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06685.x |quote = Methamphetamine, a central nervous system stimulant drug, is p-hydroxylated by CYP2D6 to less active p-OH-methamphetamine. |bibcode = 2000NYASA.909..233S |s2cid = 27787938 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA Pharmacokinetics&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title = Adderall XR Prescribing Information |url = http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf |pages = 12–13 |publisher = Shire US Inc |website = United States Food and Drug Administration |date = December 2013 |access-date = 30 December 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233702/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf |archive-date = 30 December 2013 |url-status = live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233702/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf |date=30 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3|FMO3]]&lt;ref name=&quot;FMO&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Krueger SK, Williams DE |title = Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenases: structure/function, genetic polymorphisms and role in drug metabolism |journal = Pharmacol. Ther. |volume = 106 |issue = 3 |pages = 357–387 |date = June 2005 |pmid = 15922018 |pmc = 1828602 |doi = 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.01.001 }}&lt;br /&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828602/table/T5/ Table 5: N-containing drugs and xenobiotics oxygenated by FMO] {{Webarchive| url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916144516/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828602/table/T5/ |date=16 September 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FMO3-Primary&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Cashman JR, Xiong YN, Xu L, Janowsky A |title = N-oxygenation of amphetamine and methamphetamine by the human flavin-containing monooxygenase (form 3): role in bioactivation and detoxication |journal = J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. |volume = 288 |issue = 3 |pages = 1251–1260 |date = March 1999 |pmid = 10027866 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|elimination_half-life=5–30&amp;nbsp;hours&lt;ref name=&quot;Schep&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Schep LJ, Slaughter RJ, Beasley DM |title = The clinical toxicology of metamfetamine |journal = Clinical Toxicology |volume = 48 |issue = 7 |pages = 675–694 |date = August 2010 |pmid = 20849327 |doi = 10.3109/15563650.2010.516752 |s2cid = 42588722 |issn = 1556-3650 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|excretion=Primarily [[kidney]]

&lt;!--Chemical data--&gt;|C=10|H=15|N=1|chirality=[[Racemic mixture]]|SMILES=CNC(C)Cc1ccccc1|boiling_point=212|boiling_notes=at 760&amp;nbsp;[[mmHg]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pubchem2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title = Methamphetamine |section-url = https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Chemical-and-Physical-Properties |work = PubChem Compound |publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information |section = Chemical and Physical Properties |access-date = 2021-10-25 |archive-date = 2015-01-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150104182703/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Chemical-and-Physical-Properties |url-status = live |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Chemical-and-Physical-Properties}}&lt;/ref&gt;|melting_point=170|melting_notes=&lt;ref name=&quot;Pubchem2&quot;/&gt;|drug_name=Methamphetamine}}'''Methamphetamine''' nyɛla tila' shɛli din kpurisira daam zuɣupuri ni hankali  bɛ ni vaani shɛli ni kpaŋsi suhupiɛlli amaa ka bɛ dii bɛ lahi mali li tibiri   [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] bee narcolepsy bee ŋmɛlimbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yu2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yu S, Zhu L, Shen Q, Bai X, Di X|title=Recent advances in methamphetamine neurotoxicity mechanisms and its molecular pathophysiology|journal=Behav. Neurol.|volume=2015|pages=103969|date=March 2015|pmid=25861156|pmc=4377385|doi=10.1155/2015/103969|quote=In 1971, METH was restricted by US law, although oral METH (Ovation Pharmaceuticals) continues to be used today in the USA as a second-line treatment for a number of medical conditions, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and refractory obesity.|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|title=Methamphetamine|date=8 January 2015|website=Drug profiles|publisher=[[European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction]] (EMCDDA)|access-date=27 November 2018|quote=The term metamfetamine (the International Non-Proprietary Name: INN) strictly relates to the specific enantiomer (S)-N,α-dimethylbenzeneethanamine.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415220149/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tim ŋɔ n zaŋ tibi ŋmɛlimbu nyɛla baŋdibu ni bɛ lahi sahi n ti shɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20212&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nira yi vali tilaa ŋɔ nɔlini, di zaŋdila minti pihita n tumdi tuma ka di yaa ni tooi na bɛni hali ni dabsilii muni.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20213&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC20212&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|title=Methamphetamine|date=8 January 2015|website=Drug profiles|publisher=[[European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction]] (EMCDDA)|access-date=27 November 2018|quote=The term metamfetamine (the International Non-Proprietary Name: INN) strictly relates to the specific enantiomer (S)-N,α-dimethylbenzeneethanamine.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415220149/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tilaa ŋɔ valibu barinanima shɛŋa n nye ʒiduli, palpitations bee suhupiɛlli, gbihibu yɛlmuɣisira, binsaa n ti paɣa ni doo bɔbu shee yɛlmuɣisira&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20212&quot; /&gt; Barinanima shɛŋa din gba pahi n nye yinyari bee kpilinkpiɣi bee ʒiduli &lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20214&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine|url=https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/Methamphetamine-2020_0.pdf|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623224215/https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/Methamphetamine-2020_0.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tim ŋɔ yiriŋ valibu bɛ tɔ; hali din kuli niŋ ka kum din jandi di valibu bɛ yaɣi lala.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20215&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC20213&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|title=Methamphetamine|date=8 January 2015|website=Drug profiles|publisher=[[European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction]] (EMCDDA)|access-date=27 November 2018|quote=The term metamfetamine (the International Non-Proprietary Name: INN) strictly relates to the specific enantiomer (S)-N,α-dimethylbenzeneethanamine.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415220149/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tim ŋɔ ni tooi mali barina n ti bilɛri di yi niŋ ka paɣa puulana vaani li bee vaanili ka mɔ`yisiri bia ka ŋa nye bɛ ni bi saɣi n ti shɛli&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20216&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501612/|website=Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed)|publisher=National Library of Medicine (US)|access-date=19 November 2021|date=2006|archive-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302145415/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501612/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla din pahi amphetamine tilaa zuliya puuni&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20212&quot; /&gt;

Methamphetamine nyɛla bɛ ni yihi ti' shɛli na yuuni 1893 ka di tuuli malibu daa niŋ yuuni 1919.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Mack|first1=Avram H.|last2=Brady|first2=Kathleen T.|last3=Frances|first3=Richard J.|last4=Miller|first4=Sheldon I.|title=Clinical Textbook of Addictive Disorders, Fourth Edition|date=12 May 2016|publisher=Guilford Publications|isbn=978-1-4625-2169-2|page=203|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Clinical_Textbook_of_Addictive_Disorders/88W_CwAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA203|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119121118/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Clinical_Textbook_of_Addictive_Disorders/88W_CwAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA203|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC20214&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|title=Methamphetamine|date=8 January 2015|website=Drug profiles|publisher=[[European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction]] (EMCDDA)|access-date=27 November 2018|quote=The term metamfetamine (the International Non-Proprietary Name: INN) strictly relates to the specific enantiomer (S)-N,α-dimethylbenzeneethanamine.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415220149/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla din tooi zooi ka bɛ ni li luɣi shɛŋa fukumsinima ni bɛ sahi n ti ni bƐ mali tima tiŋduya.

== References ==
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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&lt;!--Names--&gt;|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɛ|θ|æ|m|ˈ|f|ɛ|t|əm|iː|n}}|tradename=Desoxyn, Methedrine, others|synonyms={{nowrap|''N''-[[methylamphetamine]]}}, {{nowrap|''N'',α-[[dimethylphenethylamine]]}}, desoxyephedrine|IUPAC_name=(''RS'')-''N''-methyl-1-phenylpropan-2-amine

&lt;!--External links--&gt;|Drugs.com={{Drugs.com|monograph|methamphetamine-hydrochloride}}

&lt;!--Clinical data--&gt;|class=[[Amphetamine]]|pregnancy_AU=|pregnancy_US=C|routes_of_administration=By mouth|onset=Rapid&lt;ref name=Ri2010 /&gt;|duration_of_action=10–20&amp;nbsp;hours&lt;ref name=Ri2010&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Riviello RJ |title = Manual of forensic emergency medicine : a guide for clinicians |date = 2010 |publisher = Jones and Bartlett Publishers |location = Sudbury, Mass. |isbn = 978-0-7637-4462-5 |page = 41 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=keng9ELAE2IC&amp;pg=PA41 |access-date = 4 September 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170318224346/https://books.google.com/books?id=keng9ELAE2IC&amp;pg=PA41 |archive-date = 18 March 2017 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|dependency_liability=Physical: None; Psychological: High|addiction_liability=High|legal_AU=S8|legal_CA=Schedule I|legal_DE=Anlage II|legal_NZ=Class A|legal_UK=Class A|legal_US=Schedule II|legal_UN=Psychotropic Schedule II|licence_US=Methamphetamine|index2_label=(dl)-Methamphetamine hydrochloride|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C10H15N/c1-9(11-2)8-10-6-4-3-5-7-10/h3-7,9,11H,8H2,1-2H3|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=MYWUZJCMWCOHBA-UHFFFAOYSA-N

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=By mouth: 70%&lt;ref name=&quot;Bioavailability&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Rau T, Ziemniak J, Poulsen D |title = The neuroprotective potential of low-dose methamphetamine in preclinical models of stroke and traumatic brain injury |journal = Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry |volume = 64 |pages = 231–6 |year = 2015 |pmid = 25724762 |doi = 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.02.013 |quote = In humans, the oral bioavailability of methamphetamine is approximately 70% but increases to 100% following intravenous (IV) delivery (Ares-Santos et al., 2013). |doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV: 100%&lt;ref name=&quot;Bioavailability&quot; /&gt;|protein_bound=Varies widely&lt;ref name=&quot;Pubchem1&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title = Methamphetamine |section-url = https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Toxicity |work = PubChem Compound |publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information |section = Toxicity |access-date = 2021-10-25 |archive-date = 2015-01-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150104182703/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Toxicity |url-status = live |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Toxicity}}&lt;/ref&gt;|metabolism=[[CYP2D6]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Methamphetamine – p-hydroxymethamphetamine CYP2D6 review&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Sellers EM, Tyndale RF |title = Mimicking gene defects to treat drug dependence |journal = Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. |volume = 909 |issue = 1|pages = 233–246 |date = 2000 |pmid = 10911933 |doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06685.x |quote = Methamphetamine, a central nervous system stimulant drug, is p-hydroxylated by CYP2D6 to less active p-OH-methamphetamine. |bibcode = 2000NYASA.909..233S |s2cid = 27787938 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA Pharmacokinetics&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title = Adderall XR Prescribing Information |url = http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf |pages = 12–13 |publisher = Shire US Inc |website = United States Food and Drug Administration |date = December 2013 |access-date = 30 December 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233702/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf |archive-date = 30 December 2013 |url-status = live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233702/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf |date=30 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3|FMO3]]&lt;ref name=&quot;FMO&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Krueger SK, Williams DE |title = Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenases: structure/function, genetic polymorphisms and role in drug metabolism |journal = Pharmacol. Ther. |volume = 106 |issue = 3 |pages = 357–387 |date = June 2005 |pmid = 15922018 |pmc = 1828602 |doi = 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.01.001 }}&lt;br /&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828602/table/T5/ Table 5: N-containing drugs and xenobiotics oxygenated by FMO] {{Webarchive| url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916144516/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828602/table/T5/ |date=16 September 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FMO3-Primary&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Cashman JR, Xiong YN, Xu L, Janowsky A |title = N-oxygenation of amphetamine and methamphetamine by the human flavin-containing monooxygenase (form 3): role in bioactivation and detoxication |journal = J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. |volume = 288 |issue = 3 |pages = 1251–1260 |date = March 1999 |pmid = 10027866 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|elimination_half-life=5–30&amp;nbsp;hours&lt;ref name=&quot;Schep&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Schep LJ, Slaughter RJ, Beasley DM |title = The clinical toxicology of metamfetamine |journal = Clinical Toxicology |volume = 48 |issue = 7 |pages = 675–694 |date = August 2010 |pmid = 20849327 |doi = 10.3109/15563650.2010.516752 |s2cid = 42588722 |issn = 1556-3650 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|excretion=Primarily [[kidney]]

&lt;!--Chemical data--&gt;|C=10|H=15|N=1|chirality=[[Racemic mixture]]|SMILES=CNC(C)Cc1ccccc1|boiling_point=212|boiling_notes=at 760&amp;nbsp;[[mmHg]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pubchem2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title = Methamphetamine |section-url = https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Chemical-and-Physical-Properties |work = PubChem Compound |publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information |section = Chemical and Physical Properties |access-date = 2021-10-25 |archive-date = 2015-01-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150104182703/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Chemical-and-Physical-Properties |url-status = live |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Chemical-and-Physical-Properties}}&lt;/ref&gt;|melting_point=170|melting_notes=&lt;ref name=&quot;Pubchem2&quot;/&gt;|drug_name=Methamphetamine}}'''Methamphetamine''' nyɛla tila' shɛli din kpurisira daam zuɣupuri ni hankali  bɛ ni vaani shɛli ni kpaŋsi suhupiɛlli amaa ka bɛ dii bɛ lahi mali li tibiri   [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] bee narcolepsy bee ŋmɛlimbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yu2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yu S, Zhu L, Shen Q, Bai X, Di X|title=Recent advances in methamphetamine neurotoxicity mechanisms and its molecular pathophysiology|journal=Behav. Neurol.|volume=2015|pages=103969|date=March 2015|pmid=25861156|pmc=4377385|doi=10.1155/2015/103969|quote=In 1971, METH was restricted by US law, although oral METH (Ovation Pharmaceuticals) continues to be used today in the USA as a second-line treatment for a number of medical conditions, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and refractory obesity.|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|title=Methamphetamine|date=8 January 2015|website=Drug profiles|publisher=[[European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction]] (EMCDDA)|access-date=27 November 2018|quote=The term metamfetamine (the International Non-Proprietary Name: INN) strictly relates to the specific enantiomer (S)-N,α-dimethylbenzeneethanamine.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415220149/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tim ŋɔ n zaŋ tibi ŋmɛlimbu nyɛla baŋdibu ni bɛ lahi sahi n ti shɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20212&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nira yi vali tilaa ŋɔ nɔlini, di zaŋdila minti pihita n tumdi tuma ka di yaa ni tooi na bɛni hali ni dabsilii muni.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20213&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC20212&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|title=Methamphetamine|date=8 January 2015|website=Drug profiles|publisher=[[European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction]] (EMCDDA)|access-date=27 November 2018|quote=The term metamfetamine (the International Non-Proprietary Name: INN) strictly relates to the specific enantiomer (S)-N,α-dimethylbenzeneethanamine.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415220149/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tilaa ŋɔ valibu barinanima shɛŋa n nye ʒiduli, palpitations bee suhupiɛlli, gbihibu yɛlmuɣisira, binsaa n ti paɣa ni doo bɔbu shee yɛlmuɣisira&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20212&quot; /&gt; Barinanima shɛŋa din gba pahi n nye yinyari bee kpilinkpiɣi bee ʒiduli &lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20214&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine|url=https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/Methamphetamine-2020_0.pdf|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623224215/https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/Methamphetamine-2020_0.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tim ŋɔ yiriŋ valibu bɛ tɔ; hali din kuli niŋ ka kum din jandi di valibu bɛ yaɣi lala.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20215&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC20213&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|title=Methamphetamine|date=8 January 2015|website=Drug profiles|publisher=[[European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction]] (EMCDDA)|access-date=27 November 2018|quote=The term metamfetamine (the International Non-Proprietary Name: INN) strictly relates to the specific enantiomer (S)-N,α-dimethylbenzeneethanamine.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415220149/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tim ŋɔ ni tooi mali barina n ti bilɛri di yi niŋ ka paɣa puulana vaani li bee vaanili ka mɔ`yisiri bia ka ŋa nye bɛ ni bi saɣi n ti shɛli&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20216&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501612/|website=Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed)|publisher=National Library of Medicine (US)|access-date=19 November 2021|date=2006|archive-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302145415/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501612/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla din pahi amphetamine tilaa zuliya puuni&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20212&quot; /&gt;

Methamphetamine nyɛla bɛ ni yihi ti' shɛli na yuuni 1893 ka di tuuli malibu daa niŋ yuuni 1919.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Mack|first1=Avram H.|last2=Brady|first2=Kathleen T.|last3=Frances|first3=Richard J.|last4=Miller|first4=Sheldon I.|title=Clinical Textbook of Addictive Disorders, Fourth Edition|date=12 May 2016|publisher=Guilford Publications|isbn=978-1-4625-2169-2|page=203|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Clinical_Textbook_of_Addictive_Disorders/88W_CwAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA203|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119121118/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Clinical_Textbook_of_Addictive_Disorders/88W_CwAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA203|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC20214&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|title=Methamphetamine|date=8 January 2015|website=Drug profiles|publisher=[[European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction]] (EMCDDA)|access-date=27 November 2018|quote=The term metamfetamine (the International Non-Proprietary Name: INN) strictly relates to the specific enantiomer (S)-N,α-dimethylbenzeneethanamine.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415220149/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla din tooi zooi ka bɛ ni li luɣi shɛŋa fukumsinima ni bɛ sahi n ti ni bƐ mali tima tiŋduya. Di nyɛla nira ni tooi vali bee n nyɔɣim bee n-chibi n niŋ ʒisɔya ni bee nyuli kamani nyɔɣi.&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC2021&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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        <username>Abdul-Rauf Moshie</username>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1468224|Methamphetamine]] to:dag #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="14127" sha1="etksi6jk4kclze33vwnj5dgo291kn4i" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug|verifiedrevid=589084691|INN=none|image=Racemic methamphetamine.svg|alt=An image of the methamphetamine compound

&lt;!--Names--&gt;|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɛ|θ|æ|m|ˈ|f|ɛ|t|əm|iː|n}}|tradename=Desoxyn, Methedrine, others|synonyms={{nowrap|''N''-[[methylamphetamine]]}}, {{nowrap|''N'',α-[[dimethylphenethylamine]]}}, desoxyephedrine|IUPAC_name=(''RS'')-''N''-methyl-1-phenylpropan-2-amine

&lt;!--External links--&gt;|Drugs.com={{Drugs.com|monograph|methamphetamine-hydrochloride}}

&lt;!--Clinical data--&gt;|class=[[Amphetamine]]|pregnancy_AU=|pregnancy_US=C|routes_of_administration=By mouth|onset=Rapid&lt;ref name=Ri2010 /&gt;|duration_of_action=10–20&amp;nbsp;hours&lt;ref name=Ri2010&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Riviello RJ |title = Manual of forensic emergency medicine : a guide for clinicians |date = 2010 |publisher = Jones and Bartlett Publishers |location = Sudbury, Mass. |isbn = 978-0-7637-4462-5 |page = 41 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=keng9ELAE2IC&amp;pg=PA41 |access-date = 4 September 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170318224346/https://books.google.com/books?id=keng9ELAE2IC&amp;pg=PA41 |archive-date = 18 March 2017 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|dependency_liability=Physical: None; Psychological: High|addiction_liability=High|legal_AU=S8|legal_CA=Schedule I|legal_DE=Anlage II|legal_NZ=Class A|legal_UK=Class A|legal_US=Schedule II|legal_UN=Psychotropic Schedule II|licence_US=Methamphetamine|index2_label=(dl)-Methamphetamine hydrochloride|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C10H15N/c1-9(11-2)8-10-6-4-3-5-7-10/h3-7,9,11H,8H2,1-2H3|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=MYWUZJCMWCOHBA-UHFFFAOYSA-N

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=By mouth: 70%&lt;ref name=&quot;Bioavailability&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Rau T, Ziemniak J, Poulsen D |title = The neuroprotective potential of low-dose methamphetamine in preclinical models of stroke and traumatic brain injury |journal = Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry |volume = 64 |pages = 231–6 |year = 2015 |pmid = 25724762 |doi = 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.02.013 |quote = In humans, the oral bioavailability of methamphetamine is approximately 70% but increases to 100% following intravenous (IV) delivery (Ares-Santos et al., 2013). |doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV: 100%&lt;ref name=&quot;Bioavailability&quot; /&gt;|protein_bound=Varies widely&lt;ref name=&quot;Pubchem1&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title = Methamphetamine |section-url = https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Toxicity |work = PubChem Compound |publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information |section = Toxicity |access-date = 2021-10-25 |archive-date = 2015-01-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150104182703/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Toxicity |url-status = live |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Toxicity}}&lt;/ref&gt;|metabolism=[[CYP2D6]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Methamphetamine – p-hydroxymethamphetamine CYP2D6 review&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Sellers EM, Tyndale RF |title = Mimicking gene defects to treat drug dependence |journal = Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. |volume = 909 |issue = 1|pages = 233–246 |date = 2000 |pmid = 10911933 |doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06685.x |quote = Methamphetamine, a central nervous system stimulant drug, is p-hydroxylated by CYP2D6 to less active p-OH-methamphetamine. |bibcode = 2000NYASA.909..233S |s2cid = 27787938 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA Pharmacokinetics&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title = Adderall XR Prescribing Information |url = http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf |pages = 12–13 |publisher = Shire US Inc |website = United States Food and Drug Administration |date = December 2013 |access-date = 30 December 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233702/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf |archive-date = 30 December 2013 |url-status = live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233702/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf |date=30 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3|FMO3]]&lt;ref name=&quot;FMO&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Krueger SK, Williams DE |title = Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenases: structure/function, genetic polymorphisms and role in drug metabolism |journal = Pharmacol. Ther. |volume = 106 |issue = 3 |pages = 357–387 |date = June 2005 |pmid = 15922018 |pmc = 1828602 |doi = 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.01.001 }}&lt;br /&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828602/table/T5/ Table 5: N-containing drugs and xenobiotics oxygenated by FMO] {{Webarchive| url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916144516/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828602/table/T5/ |date=16 September 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FMO3-Primary&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Cashman JR, Xiong YN, Xu L, Janowsky A |title = N-oxygenation of amphetamine and methamphetamine by the human flavin-containing monooxygenase (form 3): role in bioactivation and detoxication |journal = J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. |volume = 288 |issue = 3 |pages = 1251–1260 |date = March 1999 |pmid = 10027866 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|elimination_half-life=5–30&amp;nbsp;hours&lt;ref name=&quot;Schep&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Schep LJ, Slaughter RJ, Beasley DM |title = The clinical toxicology of metamfetamine |journal = Clinical Toxicology |volume = 48 |issue = 7 |pages = 675–694 |date = August 2010 |pmid = 20849327 |doi = 10.3109/15563650.2010.516752 |s2cid = 42588722 |issn = 1556-3650 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|excretion=Primarily [[kidney]]

&lt;!--Chemical data--&gt;|C=10|H=15|N=1|chirality=[[Racemic mixture]]|SMILES=CNC(C)Cc1ccccc1|boiling_point=212|boiling_notes=at 760&amp;nbsp;[[mmHg]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pubchem2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title = Methamphetamine |section-url = https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Chemical-and-Physical-Properties |work = PubChem Compound |publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information |section = Chemical and Physical Properties |access-date = 2021-10-25 |archive-date = 2015-01-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150104182703/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Chemical-and-Physical-Properties |url-status = live |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Chemical-and-Physical-Properties}}&lt;/ref&gt;|melting_point=170|melting_notes=&lt;ref name=&quot;Pubchem2&quot;/&gt;|drug_name=Methamphetamine}}'''Methamphetamine''' nyɛla tila' shɛli din kpurisira daam zuɣupuri ni hankali  bɛ ni vaani shɛli ni kpaŋsi suhupiɛlli amaa ka bɛ dii bɛ lahi mali li tibiri   [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] bee narcolepsy bee ŋmɛlimbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yu2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yu S, Zhu L, Shen Q, Bai X, Di X|title=Recent advances in methamphetamine neurotoxicity mechanisms and its molecular pathophysiology|journal=Behav. Neurol.|volume=2015|pages=103969|date=March 2015|pmid=25861156|pmc=4377385|doi=10.1155/2015/103969|quote=In 1971, METH was restricted by US law, although oral METH (Ovation Pharmaceuticals) continues to be used today in the USA as a second-line treatment for a number of medical conditions, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and refractory obesity.|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|title=Methamphetamine|date=8 January 2015|website=Drug profiles|publisher=[[European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction]] (EMCDDA)|access-date=27 November 2018|quote=The term metamfetamine (the International Non-Proprietary Name: INN) strictly relates to the specific enantiomer (S)-N,α-dimethylbenzeneethanamine.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415220149/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tim ŋɔ n zaŋ tibi ŋmɛlimbu nyɛla baŋdibu ni bɛ lahi sahi n ti shɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20212&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nira yi vali tilaa ŋɔ nɔlini, di zaŋdila minti pihita n tumdi tuma ka di yaa ni tooi na bɛni hali ni dabsilii muni.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20213&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC20212&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|title=Methamphetamine|date=8 January 2015|website=Drug profiles|publisher=[[European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction]] (EMCDDA)|access-date=27 November 2018|quote=The term metamfetamine (the International Non-Proprietary Name: INN) strictly relates to the specific enantiomer (S)-N,α-dimethylbenzeneethanamine.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415220149/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tilaa ŋɔ valibu barinanima shɛŋa n nye ʒiduli, palpitations bee suhupiɛlli, gbihibu yɛlmuɣisira, binsaa n ti paɣa ni doo bɔbu shee yɛlmuɣisira&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20212&quot; /&gt; Barinanima shɛŋa din gba pahi n nye yinyari bee kpilinkpiɣi bee ʒiduli &lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20214&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine|url=https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/Methamphetamine-2020_0.pdf|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623224215/https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/Methamphetamine-2020_0.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tim ŋɔ yiriŋ valibu bɛ tɔ; hali din kuli niŋ ka kum din jandi di valibu bɛ yaɣi lala.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20215&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC20213&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|title=Methamphetamine|date=8 January 2015|website=Drug profiles|publisher=[[European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction]] (EMCDDA)|access-date=27 November 2018|quote=The term metamfetamine (the International Non-Proprietary Name: INN) strictly relates to the specific enantiomer (S)-N,α-dimethylbenzeneethanamine.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415220149/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tim ŋɔ ni tooi mali barina n ti bilɛri di yi niŋ ka paɣa puulana vaani li bee vaanili ka mɔ`yisiri bia ka ŋa nye bɛ ni bi saɣi n ti shɛli&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20216&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501612/|website=Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed)|publisher=National Library of Medicine (US)|access-date=19 November 2021|date=2006|archive-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302145415/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501612/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla din pahi amphetamine tilaa zuliya puuni&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20212&quot; /&gt;

Methamphetamine nyɛla bɛ ni yihi ti' shɛli na yuuni 1893 ka di tuuli malibu daa niŋ yuuni 1919.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Mack|first1=Avram H.|last2=Brady|first2=Kathleen T.|last3=Frances|first3=Richard J.|last4=Miller|first4=Sheldon I.|title=Clinical Textbook of Addictive Disorders, Fourth Edition|date=12 May 2016|publisher=Guilford Publications|isbn=978-1-4625-2169-2|page=203|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Clinical_Textbook_of_Addictive_Disorders/88W_CwAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA203|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119121118/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Clinical_Textbook_of_Addictive_Disorders/88W_CwAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA203|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC20214&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|title=Methamphetamine|date=8 January 2015|website=Drug profiles|publisher=[[European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction]] (EMCDDA)|access-date=27 November 2018|quote=The term metamfetamine (the International Non-Proprietary Name: INN) strictly relates to the specific enantiomer (S)-N,α-dimethylbenzeneethanamine.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415220149/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla din tooi zooi ka bɛ ni li luɣi shɛŋa fukumsinima ni bɛ sahi n ti ni bƐ mali tima tiŋduya. Di nyɛla nira ni tooi vali bee n nyɔɣim bee n-chibi n niŋ ʒisɔya ni bee nyuli kamani nyɔɣi.&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC2021&quot; /&gt; Di nyɛla  ti' shɛli din gba pahi [[wikipedia:List_of_Schedule_II_drugs_(US)|Schedule II controlled substance]] tima ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC2021&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>etksi6jk4kclze33vwnj5dgo291kn4i</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>136897</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1468224|Methamphetamine]] to:dag #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="14837" sha1="oa2nf7g54p5h18brmi33p0lsz4faq49" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug|verifiedrevid=589084691|INN=none|image=Racemic methamphetamine.svg|alt=An image of the methamphetamine compound

&lt;!--Names--&gt;|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɛ|θ|æ|m|ˈ|f|ɛ|t|əm|iː|n}}|tradename=Desoxyn, Methedrine, others|synonyms={{nowrap|''N''-[[methylamphetamine]]}}, {{nowrap|''N'',α-[[dimethylphenethylamine]]}}, desoxyephedrine|IUPAC_name=(''RS'')-''N''-methyl-1-phenylpropan-2-amine

&lt;!--External links--&gt;|Drugs.com={{Drugs.com|monograph|methamphetamine-hydrochloride}}

&lt;!--Clinical data--&gt;|class=[[Amphetamine]]|pregnancy_AU=|pregnancy_US=C|routes_of_administration=By mouth|onset=Rapid&lt;ref name=Ri2010 /&gt;|duration_of_action=10–20&amp;nbsp;hours&lt;ref name=Ri2010&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Riviello RJ |title = Manual of forensic emergency medicine : a guide for clinicians |date = 2010 |publisher = Jones and Bartlett Publishers |location = Sudbury, Mass. |isbn = 978-0-7637-4462-5 |page = 41 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=keng9ELAE2IC&amp;pg=PA41 |access-date = 4 September 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170318224346/https://books.google.com/books?id=keng9ELAE2IC&amp;pg=PA41 |archive-date = 18 March 2017 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|dependency_liability=Physical: None; Psychological: High|addiction_liability=High|legal_AU=S8|legal_CA=Schedule I|legal_DE=Anlage II|legal_NZ=Class A|legal_UK=Class A|legal_US=Schedule II|legal_UN=Psychotropic Schedule II|licence_US=Methamphetamine|index2_label=(dl)-Methamphetamine hydrochloride|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C10H15N/c1-9(11-2)8-10-6-4-3-5-7-10/h3-7,9,11H,8H2,1-2H3|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=MYWUZJCMWCOHBA-UHFFFAOYSA-N

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=By mouth: 70%&lt;ref name=&quot;Bioavailability&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Rau T, Ziemniak J, Poulsen D |title = The neuroprotective potential of low-dose methamphetamine in preclinical models of stroke and traumatic brain injury |journal = Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry |volume = 64 |pages = 231–6 |year = 2015 |pmid = 25724762 |doi = 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.02.013 |quote = In humans, the oral bioavailability of methamphetamine is approximately 70% but increases to 100% following intravenous (IV) delivery (Ares-Santos et al., 2013). |doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV: 100%&lt;ref name=&quot;Bioavailability&quot; /&gt;|protein_bound=Varies widely&lt;ref name=&quot;Pubchem1&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title = Methamphetamine |section-url = https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Toxicity |work = PubChem Compound |publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information |section = Toxicity |access-date = 2021-10-25 |archive-date = 2015-01-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150104182703/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Toxicity |url-status = live |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Toxicity}}&lt;/ref&gt;|metabolism=[[CYP2D6]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Methamphetamine – p-hydroxymethamphetamine CYP2D6 review&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Sellers EM, Tyndale RF |title = Mimicking gene defects to treat drug dependence |journal = Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. |volume = 909 |issue = 1|pages = 233–246 |date = 2000 |pmid = 10911933 |doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06685.x |quote = Methamphetamine, a central nervous system stimulant drug, is p-hydroxylated by CYP2D6 to less active p-OH-methamphetamine. |bibcode = 2000NYASA.909..233S |s2cid = 27787938 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA Pharmacokinetics&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title = Adderall XR Prescribing Information |url = http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf |pages = 12–13 |publisher = Shire US Inc |website = United States Food and Drug Administration |date = December 2013 |access-date = 30 December 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233702/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf |archive-date = 30 December 2013 |url-status = live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233702/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf |date=30 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3|FMO3]]&lt;ref name=&quot;FMO&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Krueger SK, Williams DE |title = Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenases: structure/function, genetic polymorphisms and role in drug metabolism |journal = Pharmacol. Ther. |volume = 106 |issue = 3 |pages = 357–387 |date = June 2005 |pmid = 15922018 |pmc = 1828602 |doi = 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.01.001 }}&lt;br /&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828602/table/T5/ Table 5: N-containing drugs and xenobiotics oxygenated by FMO] {{Webarchive| url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916144516/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828602/table/T5/ |date=16 September 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FMO3-Primary&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Cashman JR, Xiong YN, Xu L, Janowsky A |title = N-oxygenation of amphetamine and methamphetamine by the human flavin-containing monooxygenase (form 3): role in bioactivation and detoxication |journal = J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. |volume = 288 |issue = 3 |pages = 1251–1260 |date = March 1999 |pmid = 10027866 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|elimination_half-life=5–30&amp;nbsp;hours&lt;ref name=&quot;Schep&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Schep LJ, Slaughter RJ, Beasley DM |title = The clinical toxicology of metamfetamine |journal = Clinical Toxicology |volume = 48 |issue = 7 |pages = 675–694 |date = August 2010 |pmid = 20849327 |doi = 10.3109/15563650.2010.516752 |s2cid = 42588722 |issn = 1556-3650 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|excretion=Primarily [[kidney]]

&lt;!--Chemical data--&gt;|C=10|H=15|N=1|chirality=[[Racemic mixture]]|SMILES=CNC(C)Cc1ccccc1|boiling_point=212|boiling_notes=at 760&amp;nbsp;[[mmHg]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pubchem2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title = Methamphetamine |section-url = https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Chemical-and-Physical-Properties |work = PubChem Compound |publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information |section = Chemical and Physical Properties |access-date = 2021-10-25 |archive-date = 2015-01-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150104182703/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Chemical-and-Physical-Properties |url-status = live |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Chemical-and-Physical-Properties}}&lt;/ref&gt;|melting_point=170|melting_notes=&lt;ref name=&quot;Pubchem2&quot;/&gt;|drug_name=Methamphetamine}}'''Methamphetamine''' nyɛla tila' shɛli din kpurisira daam zuɣupuri ni hankali  bɛ ni vaani shɛli ni kpaŋsi suhupiɛlli amaa ka bɛ dii bɛ lahi mali li tibiri   [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] bee narcolepsy bee ŋmɛlimbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yu2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yu S, Zhu L, Shen Q, Bai X, Di X|title=Recent advances in methamphetamine neurotoxicity mechanisms and its molecular pathophysiology|journal=Behav. Neurol.|volume=2015|pages=103969|date=March 2015|pmid=25861156|pmc=4377385|doi=10.1155/2015/103969|quote=In 1971, METH was restricted by US law, although oral METH (Ovation Pharmaceuticals) continues to be used today in the USA as a second-line treatment for a number of medical conditions, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and refractory obesity.|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|title=Methamphetamine|date=8 January 2015|website=Drug profiles|publisher=[[European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction]] (EMCDDA)|access-date=27 November 2018|quote=The term metamfetamine (the International Non-Proprietary Name: INN) strictly relates to the specific enantiomer (S)-N,α-dimethylbenzeneethanamine.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415220149/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tim ŋɔ n zaŋ tibi ŋmɛlimbu nyɛla baŋdibu ni bɛ lahi sahi n ti shɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20212&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nira yi vali tilaa ŋɔ nɔlini, di zaŋdila minti pihita n tumdi tuma ka di yaa ni tooi na bɛni hali ni dabsilii muni.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20213&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC20212&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|title=Methamphetamine|date=8 January 2015|website=Drug profiles|publisher=[[European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction]] (EMCDDA)|access-date=27 November 2018|quote=The term metamfetamine (the International Non-Proprietary Name: INN) strictly relates to the specific enantiomer (S)-N,α-dimethylbenzeneethanamine.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415220149/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tilaa ŋɔ valibu barinanima shɛŋa n nye ʒiduli, palpitations bee suhupiɛlli, gbihibu yɛlmuɣisira, binsaa n ti paɣa ni doo bɔbu shee yɛlmuɣisira&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20212&quot; /&gt; Barinanima shɛŋa din gba pahi n nye yinyari bee kpilinkpiɣi bee ʒiduli &lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20214&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine|url=https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/Methamphetamine-2020_0.pdf|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623224215/https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/Methamphetamine-2020_0.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tim ŋɔ yiriŋ valibu bɛ tɔ; hali din kuli niŋ ka kum din jandi di valibu bɛ yaɣi lala.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20215&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC20213&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|title=Methamphetamine|date=8 January 2015|website=Drug profiles|publisher=[[European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction]] (EMCDDA)|access-date=27 November 2018|quote=The term metamfetamine (the International Non-Proprietary Name: INN) strictly relates to the specific enantiomer (S)-N,α-dimethylbenzeneethanamine.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415220149/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tim ŋɔ ni tooi mali barina n ti bilɛri di yi niŋ ka paɣa puulana vaani li bee vaanili ka mɔ`yisiri bia ka ŋa nye bɛ ni bi saɣi n ti shɛli&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20216&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501612/|website=Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed)|publisher=National Library of Medicine (US)|access-date=19 November 2021|date=2006|archive-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302145415/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501612/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla din pahi amphetamine tilaa zuliya puuni&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20212&quot; /&gt;

Methamphetamine nyɛla bɛ ni yihi ti' shɛli na yuuni 1893 ka di tuuli malibu daa niŋ yuuni 1919.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Mack|first1=Avram H.|last2=Brady|first2=Kathleen T.|last3=Frances|first3=Richard J.|last4=Miller|first4=Sheldon I.|title=Clinical Textbook of Addictive Disorders, Fourth Edition|date=12 May 2016|publisher=Guilford Publications|isbn=978-1-4625-2169-2|page=203|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Clinical_Textbook_of_Addictive_Disorders/88W_CwAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA203|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119121118/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Clinical_Textbook_of_Addictive_Disorders/88W_CwAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA203|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC20214&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|title=Methamphetamine|date=8 January 2015|website=Drug profiles|publisher=[[European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction]] (EMCDDA)|access-date=27 November 2018|quote=The term metamfetamine (the International Non-Proprietary Name: INN) strictly relates to the specific enantiomer (S)-N,α-dimethylbenzeneethanamine.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415220149/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla din tooi zooi ka bɛ ni li luɣi shɛŋa fukumsinima ni bɛ sahi n ti ni bƐ mali tima tiŋduya. Di nyɛla nira ni tooi vali bee n nyɔɣim bee n-chibi n niŋ ʒisɔya ni bee nyuli kamani nyɔɣi.&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC2021&quot; /&gt; Di nyɛla  ti' shɛli din gba pahi [[wikipedia:List_of_Schedule_II_drugs_(US)|Schedule II controlled substance]] tima ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC2021&quot; /&gt; Di malibu  ni kɔhibu nyɛla fukumsinima ni bɛ sahi n ti tiŋsi pam ni&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lilley|first1=Linda Lane|last2=Collins|first2=Shelly Rainforth|last3=Snyder|first3=Julie S.|title=Pharmacology for Canadian Health Care Practice|date=20 January 2017|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1-77172-022-9|page=61|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Pharmacology_for_Canadian_Health_Care_Pr/N5BbBAAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA61|language=en|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119121145/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Pharmacology_for_Canadian_Health_Care_Pr/N5BbBAAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA61|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>oa2nf7g54p5h18brmi33p0lsz4faq49</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>136898</id>
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        <username>Abdul-Rauf Moshie</username>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1468224|Methamphetamine]] to:dag #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="15933" sha1="hxdrzwndpctw42pc6efltjqneipg9f9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug|verifiedrevid=589084691|INN=none|image=Racemic methamphetamine.svg|alt=An image of the methamphetamine compound

&lt;!--Names--&gt;|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɛ|θ|æ|m|ˈ|f|ɛ|t|əm|iː|n}}|tradename=Desoxyn, Methedrine, others|synonyms={{nowrap|''N''-[[methylamphetamine]]}}, {{nowrap|''N'',α-[[dimethylphenethylamine]]}}, desoxyephedrine|IUPAC_name=(''RS'')-''N''-methyl-1-phenylpropan-2-amine

&lt;!--External links--&gt;|Drugs.com={{Drugs.com|monograph|methamphetamine-hydrochloride}}

&lt;!--Clinical data--&gt;|class=[[Amphetamine]]|pregnancy_AU=|pregnancy_US=C|routes_of_administration=By mouth|onset=Rapid&lt;ref name=Ri2010 /&gt;|duration_of_action=10–20&amp;nbsp;hours&lt;ref name=Ri2010&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Riviello RJ |title = Manual of forensic emergency medicine : a guide for clinicians |date = 2010 |publisher = Jones and Bartlett Publishers |location = Sudbury, Mass. |isbn = 978-0-7637-4462-5 |page = 41 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=keng9ELAE2IC&amp;pg=PA41 |access-date = 4 September 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170318224346/https://books.google.com/books?id=keng9ELAE2IC&amp;pg=PA41 |archive-date = 18 March 2017 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|dependency_liability=Physical: None; Psychological: High|addiction_liability=High|legal_AU=S8|legal_CA=Schedule I|legal_DE=Anlage II|legal_NZ=Class A|legal_UK=Class A|legal_US=Schedule II|legal_UN=Psychotropic Schedule II|licence_US=Methamphetamine|index2_label=(dl)-Methamphetamine hydrochloride|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C10H15N/c1-9(11-2)8-10-6-4-3-5-7-10/h3-7,9,11H,8H2,1-2H3|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=MYWUZJCMWCOHBA-UHFFFAOYSA-N

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=By mouth: 70%&lt;ref name=&quot;Bioavailability&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Rau T, Ziemniak J, Poulsen D |title = The neuroprotective potential of low-dose methamphetamine in preclinical models of stroke and traumatic brain injury |journal = Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry |volume = 64 |pages = 231–6 |year = 2015 |pmid = 25724762 |doi = 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.02.013 |quote = In humans, the oral bioavailability of methamphetamine is approximately 70% but increases to 100% following intravenous (IV) delivery (Ares-Santos et al., 2013). |doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IV: 100%&lt;ref name=&quot;Bioavailability&quot; /&gt;|protein_bound=Varies widely&lt;ref name=&quot;Pubchem1&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title = Methamphetamine |section-url = https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Toxicity |work = PubChem Compound |publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information |section = Toxicity |access-date = 2021-10-25 |archive-date = 2015-01-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150104182703/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Toxicity |url-status = live |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Toxicity}}&lt;/ref&gt;|metabolism=[[CYP2D6]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Methamphetamine – p-hydroxymethamphetamine CYP2D6 review&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Sellers EM, Tyndale RF |title = Mimicking gene defects to treat drug dependence |journal = Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. |volume = 909 |issue = 1|pages = 233–246 |date = 2000 |pmid = 10911933 |doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06685.x |quote = Methamphetamine, a central nervous system stimulant drug, is p-hydroxylated by CYP2D6 to less active p-OH-methamphetamine. |bibcode = 2000NYASA.909..233S |s2cid = 27787938 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA Pharmacokinetics&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title = Adderall XR Prescribing Information |url = http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf |pages = 12–13 |publisher = Shire US Inc |website = United States Food and Drug Administration |date = December 2013 |access-date = 30 December 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233702/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf |archive-date = 30 December 2013 |url-status = live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233702/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf |date=30 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3|FMO3]]&lt;ref name=&quot;FMO&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Krueger SK, Williams DE |title = Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenases: structure/function, genetic polymorphisms and role in drug metabolism |journal = Pharmacol. Ther. |volume = 106 |issue = 3 |pages = 357–387 |date = June 2005 |pmid = 15922018 |pmc = 1828602 |doi = 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.01.001 }}&lt;br /&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828602/table/T5/ Table 5: N-containing drugs and xenobiotics oxygenated by FMO] {{Webarchive| url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916144516/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828602/table/T5/ |date=16 September 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FMO3-Primary&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Cashman JR, Xiong YN, Xu L, Janowsky A |title = N-oxygenation of amphetamine and methamphetamine by the human flavin-containing monooxygenase (form 3): role in bioactivation and detoxication |journal = J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. |volume = 288 |issue = 3 |pages = 1251–1260 |date = March 1999 |pmid = 10027866 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|elimination_half-life=5–30&amp;nbsp;hours&lt;ref name=&quot;Schep&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Schep LJ, Slaughter RJ, Beasley DM |title = The clinical toxicology of metamfetamine |journal = Clinical Toxicology |volume = 48 |issue = 7 |pages = 675–694 |date = August 2010 |pmid = 20849327 |doi = 10.3109/15563650.2010.516752 |s2cid = 42588722 |issn = 1556-3650 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|excretion=Primarily [[kidney]]

&lt;!--Chemical data--&gt;|C=10|H=15|N=1|chirality=[[Racemic mixture]]|SMILES=CNC(C)Cc1ccccc1|boiling_point=212|boiling_notes=at 760&amp;nbsp;[[mmHg]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pubchem2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title = Methamphetamine |section-url = https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Chemical-and-Physical-Properties |work = PubChem Compound |publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information |section = Chemical and Physical Properties |access-date = 2021-10-25 |archive-date = 2015-01-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150104182703/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Chemical-and-Physical-Properties |url-status = live |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1206#section=Chemical-and-Physical-Properties}}&lt;/ref&gt;|melting_point=170|melting_notes=&lt;ref name=&quot;Pubchem2&quot;/&gt;|drug_name=Methamphetamine}}'''Methamphetamine''' nyɛla tila' shɛli din kpurisira daam zuɣupuri ni hankali  bɛ ni vaani shɛli ni kpaŋsi suhupiɛlli amaa ka bɛ dii bɛ lahi mali li tibiri   [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] bee narcolepsy bee ŋmɛlimbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yu2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yu S, Zhu L, Shen Q, Bai X, Di X|title=Recent advances in methamphetamine neurotoxicity mechanisms and its molecular pathophysiology|journal=Behav. Neurol.|volume=2015|pages=103969|date=March 2015|pmid=25861156|pmc=4377385|doi=10.1155/2015/103969|quote=In 1971, METH was restricted by US law, although oral METH (Ovation Pharmaceuticals) continues to be used today in the USA as a second-line treatment for a number of medical conditions, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and refractory obesity.|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|title=Methamphetamine|date=8 January 2015|website=Drug profiles|publisher=[[European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction]] (EMCDDA)|access-date=27 November 2018|quote=The term metamfetamine (the International Non-Proprietary Name: INN) strictly relates to the specific enantiomer (S)-N,α-dimethylbenzeneethanamine.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415220149/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tim ŋɔ n zaŋ tibi ŋmɛlimbu nyɛla baŋdibu ni bɛ lahi sahi n ti shɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20212&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nira yi vali tilaa ŋɔ nɔlini, di zaŋdila minti pihita n tumdi tuma ka di yaa ni tooi na bɛni hali ni dabsilii muni.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20213&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC20212&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|title=Methamphetamine|date=8 January 2015|website=Drug profiles|publisher=[[European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction]] (EMCDDA)|access-date=27 November 2018|quote=The term metamfetamine (the International Non-Proprietary Name: INN) strictly relates to the specific enantiomer (S)-N,α-dimethylbenzeneethanamine.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415220149/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tilaa ŋɔ valibu barinanima shɛŋa n nye ʒiduli, palpitations bee suhupiɛlli, gbihibu yɛlmuɣisira, binsaa n ti paɣa ni doo bɔbu shee yɛlmuɣisira&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20212&quot; /&gt; Barinanima shɛŋa din gba pahi n nye yinyari bee kpilinkpiɣi bee ʒiduli &lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20214&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine|url=https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/Methamphetamine-2020_0.pdf|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623224215/https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/Methamphetamine-2020_0.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tim ŋɔ yiriŋ valibu bɛ tɔ; hali din kuli niŋ ka kum din jandi di valibu bɛ yaɣi lala.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20215&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC20213&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|title=Methamphetamine|date=8 January 2015|website=Drug profiles|publisher=[[European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction]] (EMCDDA)|access-date=27 November 2018|quote=The term metamfetamine (the International Non-Proprietary Name: INN) strictly relates to the specific enantiomer (S)-N,α-dimethylbenzeneethanamine.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415220149/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tim ŋɔ ni tooi mali barina n ti bilɛri di yi niŋ ka paɣa puulana vaani li bee vaanili ka mɔ`yisiri bia ka ŋa nye bɛ ni bi saɣi n ti shɛli&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20216&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906035454/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methamphetamine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Methamphetamine|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501612/|website=Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed)|publisher=National Library of Medicine (US)|access-date=19 November 2021|date=2006|archive-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302145415/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501612/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla din pahi amphetamine tilaa zuliya puuni&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20212&quot; /&gt;

Methamphetamine nyɛla bɛ ni yihi ti' shɛli na yuuni 1893 ka di tuuli malibu daa niŋ yuuni 1919.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Mack|first1=Avram H.|last2=Brady|first2=Kathleen T.|last3=Frances|first3=Richard J.|last4=Miller|first4=Sheldon I.|title=Clinical Textbook of Addictive Disorders, Fourth Edition|date=12 May 2016|publisher=Guilford Publications|isbn=978-1-4625-2169-2|page=203|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Clinical_Textbook_of_Addictive_Disorders/88W_CwAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA203|access-date=18 November 2021|language=en|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119121118/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Clinical_Textbook_of_Addictive_Disorders/88W_CwAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA203|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC20214&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|title=Methamphetamine|date=8 January 2015|website=Drug profiles|publisher=[[European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction]] (EMCDDA)|access-date=27 November 2018|quote=The term metamfetamine (the International Non-Proprietary Name: INN) strictly relates to the specific enantiomer (S)-N,α-dimethylbenzeneethanamine.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415220149/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/methamphetamine|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyɛla din tooi zooi ka bɛ ni li luɣi shɛŋa fukumsinima ni bɛ sahi n ti ni bƐ mali tima tiŋduya. Di nyɛla nira ni tooi vali bee n nyɔɣim bee n-chibi n niŋ ʒisɔya ni bee nyuli kamani nyɔɣi.&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC2021&quot; /&gt; Di nyɛla  ti' shɛli din gba pahi [[wikipedia:List_of_Schedule_II_drugs_(US)|Schedule II controlled substance]] tima ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC2021&quot; /&gt; Di malibu  ni kɔhibu nyɛla fukumsinima ni bɛ sahi n ti tiŋsi pam ni&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lilley|first1=Linda Lane|last2=Collins|first2=Shelly Rainforth|last3=Snyder|first3=Julie S.|title=Pharmacology for Canadian Health Care Practice|date=20 January 2017|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1-77172-022-9|page=61|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Pharmacology_for_Canadian_Health_Care_Pr/N5BbBAAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA61|language=en|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119121145/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Pharmacology_for_Canadian_Health_Care_Pr/N5BbBAAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA61|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; tim ŋɔ daa ni tooi paai Ghana shiiri 896 gram kam zuɣuni.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Infographic: amphetamine, methamphetamine, seizures, price, purity in the EU, 2018 {{!}} www.emcdda.europa.eu|url=https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/media-library/infographic-amphetamine-methamphetamine-seizures-price-purity-eu-2018_en|website=www.emcdda.europa.eu|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-date=13 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113200945/https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/media-library/infographic-amphetamine-methamphetamine-seizures-price-purity-eu-2018_en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamani salo ban kalinli paai miliyon pishi ni ayopɔi nyɛla ban be amphetamine tima dibu ni di bahi bahindi methamphetamine, yuuni 2019 puli ni&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=World Drug Report 2021|date=2021|publisher=United Nations|isbn=9789211483611|url=https://www.unodc.org/res/wdr2021/field/WDR21_Booklet_4.pdf|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-date=3 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703163647/https://www.unodc.org/res/wdr2021/field/WDR21_Booklet_4.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>hxdrzwndpctw42pc6efltjqneipg9f9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tramadol</title>
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    <revision>
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        <username>Knowledge and philosophy</username>
        <id>2987</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1463504|Tramadol]] to:dag #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="10506" sha1="pr73wh6ksodtncepsmsz5f5qi60o2ib" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug|Verifiedfields=changed|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=451973921|drug_name=Tramadol|image=Tramadol as a racemic mixture.svg|width=250px|image2=Tramadol 3D.png|width2=250px

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;|pronounce=tra' ma dole|tradename=Ultram, Zytram, others&lt;ref name=generics/&gt;|synonyms=|IUPAC_name=2-[(Dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;|class=[[Opiate analgesic]]&lt;ref name=&quot;MedlinePlus&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a695011.html |title=Tramadol |work=[[MedlinePlus]] |publisher=[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists]] |access-date=29 September 2009 |date=1 September 2008 |archive-date=24 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924092832/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a695011.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_AU=C|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Tramadol Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=14 October 2019 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html | access-date=7 February 2020 | archive-date=13 April 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413050449/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_US=N|pregnancy_US_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot; /&gt;|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=By mouth, [[intravenous|IV]], [[intramuscular|IM]], rectal|onset=Less than 1 hour (by mouth)&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;|duration_of_action=6 hours&lt;ref name=&quot;Pharmacology of tramadol&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Dayer |first1=P |last2=Desmeules |first2=J |last3=Collart |first3=L |title=[Pharmacology of tramadol]. |journal=Drugs |date=1997 |volume=53 Suppl 2 |pages=18–24 |doi=10.2165/00003495-199700532-00006 |pmid=9190321}}&lt;/ref&gt;|dependency_liability=Present&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;

&lt;!-- External links --&gt;|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|monograph|ultram}}|MedlinePlus=a695011

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;|legal_AU=S4|legal_CA=Rx only|legal_NZ=Prescription Medicine|legal_UK=Class C – Schedule 3 CD|legal_US=Schedule IV|legal_status=Rx-only|DailyMedID=Tramadol|licence_US=Tramadol|licence_EU=&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=70–75% (by mouth), 77% (rectal), 100% (IM)&lt;ref name = MD&gt;{{cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride|work=Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|date=13 December 2013|access-date=5 April 2014|url=http://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/current/6263-c.htm|editor=Brayfield, A|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829092614/https://about.medicinescomplete.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/public/assets/js/extensions/revolution.extension.slideanims.min.js?version=5.4.5|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|protein_bound=20%&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;|metabolism=[[Liver]]-mediated [[demethylation]] and [[glucuronidation]] via [[CYP2D6]] &amp; [[CYP3A4]]&lt;ref name = MD/&gt;&lt;ref name = MSR/&gt;|metabolites=O-desmethyltramadol, N-desmethyltramadol|elimination_half-life=6.3 ± 1.4&amp;nbsp;h&lt;ref name = MSR&gt;{{cite web|title=Ultram, Ultram ER (tramadol) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more|work=Medscape Reference|publisher=WebMD|access-date=28 November 2013|url=http://reference.medscape.com/drug/ultram-er-tramadol-343324#showall|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203022453/http://reference.medscape.com/drug/ultram-er-tramadol-343324#showall|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|excretion=Urine (95%)&lt;ref name = TGAIR&gt;{{cite web|title=Australian Label: Tramadol Sandoz 50 mg capsules|publisher=TGA eBusiness Services|date=4 November 2011|access-date=6 April 2014|url=https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&amp;id=CP-2010-PI-03844-3|format=PDF|archive-date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801015150/https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&amp;id=CP-2010-PI-03844-3|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;|C=16|H=25|N=1|O=2|SMILES=CN(C)C[C@H]1CCCC[C@@]1(C2=CC(=CC=C2)OC)O|StdInChI=1S/C16H25NO2/c1-17(2)12-14-7-4-5-10-16(14,18)13-8-6-9-15(11-13)19-3/h6,8-9,11,14,18H,4-5,7,10,12H2,1-3H3/t14-,16+/m1/s1|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=TVYLLZQTGLZFBW-ZBFHGGJFSA-N|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|melting_point=180|melting_high=181}}'''Tramadol''', ti shɛli din daa yuli booni Ultram ni yu shɛna din pahi,,&lt;ref name=&quot;generics&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol|url=https://www.drugs.com/international/tramadol.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=22 December 2018|language=en|archive-date=23 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723182517/https://www.drugs.com/international/tramadol.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  nyɛla bierim kubu ti shɛli bɛ ni mali tibiri biɛrim din saɣisi bee din mali yaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tramadol-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Dec 1, 2014|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015421/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tramadol-hydrochloride.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is generally less preferred than other pain medication.&lt;ref name=&quot;TI2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=[131] Tramadol: Where do we go from here?|url=https://www.ti.ubc.ca/2021/07/14/131-tramadol/|access-date=14 September 2021|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716014831/https://www.ti.ubc.ca/2021/07/14/131-tramadol/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; When taken by mouth in an immediate-release formulation, the onset of pain relief usually begins within an hour.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; It is also available by injection.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 74|date=2017|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=978-0857112989|pages=447–448|edition=74}}&lt;/ref&gt; It may be sold in combination with [[paracetamol]] (acetaminophen) or as longer-acting formulations.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot; /&gt;

As is typical of opioids, common side effects include constipation, itchiness, and nausea.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Serious side effects may include seizures, increased risk of serotonin syndrome, decreased alertness, and drug addiction.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; A change in dosage may be recommended in those with kidney or liver problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; It is not recommended in those who are at risk of [[suicide]] or in those who are pregnant.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot; /&gt; While not recommended in women who are [[Ŋun su:SA twenty/Breastfeeding|breastfeeding]], those who take a single dose should not generally stop breastfeeding.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=5 September 2016|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413050449/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tramadol is converted in the liver to &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mweg&quot;&gt;O&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;-desmethyltramadol (desmetramadol), an opioid with stronger binding to the μ-opioid receptor.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Raf2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Raffa RB, Buschmann H, Christoph T, Eichenbaum G, Englberger W, Flores CM, Hertrampf T, Kögel B, Schiene K, Straßburger W, Terlinden R, Tzschentke TM|title=Mechanistic and functional differentiation of tapentadol and tramadol|journal=Expert Opin Pharmacother|volume=13|issue=10|pages=1437–49|year=2012|pmid=22698264|doi=10.1517/14656566.2012.696097|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tramadol is also a serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Leppert W|title=Tramadol as an analgesic for mild to moderate cancer pain.|journal=Pharmacological Reports|date=November–December 2009|volume=61|issue=6|pages=978–92|pmid=20081232|url=http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2009/6_978.pdf|doi=10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70159-8|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=17 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017220350/http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2009/6_978.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tramadol was patented in 1963 and launched under the name &quot;Tramal&quot; in 1977 by the West German pharmaceutical company Grünenthal GmbH.&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=528|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA528|language=en|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043604/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA528|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the mid-1990s, it was approved in the United Kingdom and the United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot; /&gt; It is available as a generic medication and marketed under many brand names worldwide.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;generics&quot; /&gt; In the United States, the wholesale cost is less than US$0.05 per dose as of 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2018-12-19|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-12-19/g7bs-ahj4|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=22 December 2018|archive-date=19 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219230344/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-12-19/g7bs-ahj4|url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Canada it costs about 1.20 CAD per dose as of 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;TI2021&quot; /&gt; In 2017, it was the 32nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 21 million prescriptions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318234059/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|date=23 December 2019|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/TramadolHydrochloride|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411201148/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/TramadolHydrochloride|url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>136901</id>
      <parentid>136900</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T15:55:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Knowledge and philosophy</username>
        <id>2987</id>
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      <comment>pahila lɛbigibu</comment>
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      <text bytes="10530" sha1="2nxvsnwrjyebbgujr12x0tizu3u601o" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug|Verifiedfields=changed|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=451973921|drug_name=Tramadol|image=Tramadol as a racemic mixture.svg|width=250px|image2=Tramadol 3D.png|width2=250px

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;|pronounce=tra' ma dole|tradename=Ultram, Zytram, others&lt;ref name=generics/&gt;|synonyms=|IUPAC_name=2-[(Dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;|class=[[Opiate analgesic]]&lt;ref name=&quot;MedlinePlus&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a695011.html |title=Tramadol |work=[[MedlinePlus]] |publisher=[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists]] |access-date=29 September 2009 |date=1 September 2008 |archive-date=24 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924092832/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a695011.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_AU=C|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Tramadol Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=14 October 2019 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html | access-date=7 February 2020 | archive-date=13 April 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413050449/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_US=N|pregnancy_US_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot; /&gt;|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=By mouth, [[intravenous|IV]], [[intramuscular|IM]], rectal|onset=Less than 1 hour (by mouth)&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;|duration_of_action=6 hours&lt;ref name=&quot;Pharmacology of tramadol&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Dayer |first1=P |last2=Desmeules |first2=J |last3=Collart |first3=L |title=[Pharmacology of tramadol]. |journal=Drugs |date=1997 |volume=53 Suppl 2 |pages=18–24 |doi=10.2165/00003495-199700532-00006 |pmid=9190321}}&lt;/ref&gt;|dependency_liability=Present&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;

&lt;!-- External links --&gt;|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|monograph|ultram}}|MedlinePlus=a695011

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;|legal_AU=S4|legal_CA=Rx only|legal_NZ=Prescription Medicine|legal_UK=Class C – Schedule 3 CD|legal_US=Schedule IV|legal_status=Rx-only|DailyMedID=Tramadol|licence_US=Tramadol|licence_EU=&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=70–75% (by mouth), 77% (rectal), 100% (IM)&lt;ref name = MD&gt;{{cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride|work=Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|date=13 December 2013|access-date=5 April 2014|url=http://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/current/6263-c.htm|editor=Brayfield, A|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829092614/https://about.medicinescomplete.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/public/assets/js/extensions/revolution.extension.slideanims.min.js?version=5.4.5|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|protein_bound=20%&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;|metabolism=[[Liver]]-mediated [[demethylation]] and [[glucuronidation]] via [[CYP2D6]] &amp; [[CYP3A4]]&lt;ref name = MD/&gt;&lt;ref name = MSR/&gt;|metabolites=O-desmethyltramadol, N-desmethyltramadol|elimination_half-life=6.3 ± 1.4&amp;nbsp;h&lt;ref name = MSR&gt;{{cite web|title=Ultram, Ultram ER (tramadol) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more|work=Medscape Reference|publisher=WebMD|access-date=28 November 2013|url=http://reference.medscape.com/drug/ultram-er-tramadol-343324#showall|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203022453/http://reference.medscape.com/drug/ultram-er-tramadol-343324#showall|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|excretion=Urine (95%)&lt;ref name = TGAIR&gt;{{cite web|title=Australian Label: Tramadol Sandoz 50 mg capsules|publisher=TGA eBusiness Services|date=4 November 2011|access-date=6 April 2014|url=https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&amp;id=CP-2010-PI-03844-3|format=PDF|archive-date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801015150/https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&amp;id=CP-2010-PI-03844-3|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;|C=16|H=25|N=1|O=2|SMILES=CN(C)C[C@H]1CCCC[C@@]1(C2=CC(=CC=C2)OC)O|StdInChI=1S/C16H25NO2/c1-17(2)12-14-7-4-5-10-16(14,18)13-8-6-9-15(11-13)19-3/h6,8-9,11,14,18H,4-5,7,10,12H2,1-3H3/t14-,16+/m1/s1|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=TVYLLZQTGLZFBW-ZBFHGGJFSA-N|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|melting_point=180|melting_high=181}}'''Tramadol''', ti shɛli din daa yuli booni Ultram ni yu shɛŋa din pahi,&lt;ref name=&quot;generics&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol|url=https://www.drugs.com/international/tramadol.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=22 December 2018|language=en|archive-date=23 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723182517/https://www.drugs.com/international/tramadol.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  nyɛla bierim kubu ti shɛli bɛ ni mali tibiri biɛrim din saɣisi bee din mali yaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tramadol-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Dec 1, 2014|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015421/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tramadol-hydrochloride.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyala biɛrim kubu ti shɛli alaafee baŋdiba ni dii bi yu biɛrim tima puuni .&lt;ref name=&quot;TI2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=[131] Tramadol: Where do we go from here?|url=https://www.ti.ubc.ca/2021/07/14/131-tramadol/|access-date=14 September 2021|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716014831/https://www.ti.ubc.ca/2021/07/14/131-tramadol/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; When taken by mouth in an immediate-release formulation, the onset of pain relief usually begins within an hour.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; It is also available by injection.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 74|date=2017|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=978-0857112989|pages=447–448|edition=74}}&lt;/ref&gt; It may be sold in combination with [[paracetamol]] (acetaminophen) or as longer-acting formulations.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot; /&gt;

As is typical of opioids, common side effects include constipation, itchiness, and nausea.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Serious side effects may include seizures, increased risk of serotonin syndrome, decreased alertness, and drug addiction.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; A change in dosage may be recommended in those with kidney or liver problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; It is not recommended in those who are at risk of [[suicide]] or in those who are pregnant.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot; /&gt; While not recommended in women who are [[Ŋun su:SA twenty/Breastfeeding|breastfeeding]], those who take a single dose should not generally stop breastfeeding.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=5 September 2016|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413050449/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tramadol is converted in the liver to &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mweg&quot;&gt;O&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;-desmethyltramadol (desmetramadol), an opioid with stronger binding to the μ-opioid receptor.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Raf2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Raffa RB, Buschmann H, Christoph T, Eichenbaum G, Englberger W, Flores CM, Hertrampf T, Kögel B, Schiene K, Straßburger W, Terlinden R, Tzschentke TM|title=Mechanistic and functional differentiation of tapentadol and tramadol|journal=Expert Opin Pharmacother|volume=13|issue=10|pages=1437–49|year=2012|pmid=22698264|doi=10.1517/14656566.2012.696097|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tramadol is also a serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Leppert W|title=Tramadol as an analgesic for mild to moderate cancer pain.|journal=Pharmacological Reports|date=November–December 2009|volume=61|issue=6|pages=978–92|pmid=20081232|url=http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2009/6_978.pdf|doi=10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70159-8|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=17 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017220350/http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2009/6_978.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tramadol was patented in 1963 and launched under the name &quot;Tramal&quot; in 1977 by the West German pharmaceutical company Grünenthal GmbH.&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=528|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA528|language=en|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043604/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA528|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the mid-1990s, it was approved in the United Kingdom and the United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot; /&gt; It is available as a generic medication and marketed under many brand names worldwide.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;generics&quot; /&gt; In the United States, the wholesale cost is less than US$0.05 per dose as of 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2018-12-19|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-12-19/g7bs-ahj4|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=22 December 2018|archive-date=19 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219230344/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-12-19/g7bs-ahj4|url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Canada it costs about 1.20 CAD per dose as of 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;TI2021&quot; /&gt; In 2017, it was the 32nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 21 million prescriptions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318234059/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|date=23 December 2019|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/TramadolHydrochloride|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411201148/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/TramadolHydrochloride|url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>2nxvsnwrjyebbgujr12x0tizu3u601o</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>136902</id>
      <parentid>136901</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T16:08:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Knowledge and philosophy</username>
        <id>2987</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>pahila lɛbigibu</comment>
      <origin>136902</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10539" sha1="1o6yjy13kcvws06ckz7lif89etih0t5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug|Verifiedfields=changed|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=451973921|drug_name=Tramadol|image=Tramadol as a racemic mixture.svg|width=250px|image2=Tramadol 3D.png|width2=250px

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;|pronounce=tra' ma dole|tradename=Ultram, Zytram, others&lt;ref name=generics/&gt;|synonyms=|IUPAC_name=2-[(Dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;|class=[[Opiate analgesic]]&lt;ref name=&quot;MedlinePlus&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a695011.html |title=Tramadol |work=[[MedlinePlus]] |publisher=[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists]] |access-date=29 September 2009 |date=1 September 2008 |archive-date=24 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924092832/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a695011.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_AU=C|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Tramadol Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=14 October 2019 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html | access-date=7 February 2020 | archive-date=13 April 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413050449/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_US=N|pregnancy_US_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot; /&gt;|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=By mouth, [[intravenous|IV]], [[intramuscular|IM]], rectal|onset=Less than 1 hour (by mouth)&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;|duration_of_action=6 hours&lt;ref name=&quot;Pharmacology of tramadol&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Dayer |first1=P |last2=Desmeules |first2=J |last3=Collart |first3=L |title=[Pharmacology of tramadol]. |journal=Drugs |date=1997 |volume=53 Suppl 2 |pages=18–24 |doi=10.2165/00003495-199700532-00006 |pmid=9190321}}&lt;/ref&gt;|dependency_liability=Present&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;

&lt;!-- External links --&gt;|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|monograph|ultram}}|MedlinePlus=a695011

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;|legal_AU=S4|legal_CA=Rx only|legal_NZ=Prescription Medicine|legal_UK=Class C – Schedule 3 CD|legal_US=Schedule IV|legal_status=Rx-only|DailyMedID=Tramadol|licence_US=Tramadol|licence_EU=&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=70–75% (by mouth), 77% (rectal), 100% (IM)&lt;ref name = MD&gt;{{cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride|work=Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|date=13 December 2013|access-date=5 April 2014|url=http://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/current/6263-c.htm|editor=Brayfield, A|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829092614/https://about.medicinescomplete.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/public/assets/js/extensions/revolution.extension.slideanims.min.js?version=5.4.5|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|protein_bound=20%&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;|metabolism=[[Liver]]-mediated [[demethylation]] and [[glucuronidation]] via [[CYP2D6]] &amp; [[CYP3A4]]&lt;ref name = MD/&gt;&lt;ref name = MSR/&gt;|metabolites=O-desmethyltramadol, N-desmethyltramadol|elimination_half-life=6.3 ± 1.4&amp;nbsp;h&lt;ref name = MSR&gt;{{cite web|title=Ultram, Ultram ER (tramadol) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more|work=Medscape Reference|publisher=WebMD|access-date=28 November 2013|url=http://reference.medscape.com/drug/ultram-er-tramadol-343324#showall|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203022453/http://reference.medscape.com/drug/ultram-er-tramadol-343324#showall|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|excretion=Urine (95%)&lt;ref name = TGAIR&gt;{{cite web|title=Australian Label: Tramadol Sandoz 50 mg capsules|publisher=TGA eBusiness Services|date=4 November 2011|access-date=6 April 2014|url=https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&amp;id=CP-2010-PI-03844-3|format=PDF|archive-date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801015150/https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&amp;id=CP-2010-PI-03844-3|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;|C=16|H=25|N=1|O=2|SMILES=CN(C)C[C@H]1CCCC[C@@]1(C2=CC(=CC=C2)OC)O|StdInChI=1S/C16H25NO2/c1-17(2)12-14-7-4-5-10-16(14,18)13-8-6-9-15(11-13)19-3/h6,8-9,11,14,18H,4-5,7,10,12H2,1-3H3/t14-,16+/m1/s1|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=TVYLLZQTGLZFBW-ZBFHGGJFSA-N|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|melting_point=180|melting_high=181}}'''Tramadol''', ti shɛli din daa yuli booni Ultram ni yu shɛŋa din pahi,&lt;ref name=&quot;generics&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol|url=https://www.drugs.com/international/tramadol.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=22 December 2018|language=en|archive-date=23 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723182517/https://www.drugs.com/international/tramadol.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  nyɛla bierim kubu ti shɛli bɛ ni mali tibiri biɛrim din saɣisi bee din mali yaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tramadol-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Dec 1, 2014|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015421/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tramadol-hydrochloride.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyala biɛrim kubu ti shɛli alaafee baŋdiba ni dii bi yu biɛrim tima puuni .&lt;ref name=&quot;TI2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=[131] Tramadol: Where do we go from here?|url=https://www.ti.ubc.ca/2021/07/14/131-tramadol/|access-date=14 September 2021|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716014831/https://www.ti.ubc.ca/2021/07/14/131-tramadol/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di yi ti niŋ ka nira vali di din wuligiri yom n kpɛri ʒisoya ni, biɛrim baligibu nyɛla din kanna zaŋ chaŋ awa yini(1 hour).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Di lahi mali din chibira.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 74|date=2017|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=978-0857112989|pages=447–448|edition=74}}&lt;/ref&gt; It may be sold in combination with [[paracetamol]] (acetaminophen) or as longer-acting formulations.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot; /&gt;

As is typical of opioids, common side effects include constipation, itchiness, and nausea.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Serious side effects may include seizures, increased risk of serotonin syndrome, decreased alertness, and drug addiction.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; A change in dosage may be recommended in those with kidney or liver problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; It is not recommended in those who are at risk of [[suicide]] or in those who are pregnant.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot; /&gt; While not recommended in women who are [[Ŋun su:SA twenty/Breastfeeding|breastfeeding]], those who take a single dose should not generally stop breastfeeding.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=5 September 2016|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413050449/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tramadol is converted in the liver to &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mweg&quot;&gt;O&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;-desmethyltramadol (desmetramadol), an opioid with stronger binding to the μ-opioid receptor.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Raf2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Raffa RB, Buschmann H, Christoph T, Eichenbaum G, Englberger W, Flores CM, Hertrampf T, Kögel B, Schiene K, Straßburger W, Terlinden R, Tzschentke TM|title=Mechanistic and functional differentiation of tapentadol and tramadol|journal=Expert Opin Pharmacother|volume=13|issue=10|pages=1437–49|year=2012|pmid=22698264|doi=10.1517/14656566.2012.696097|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tramadol is also a serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Leppert W|title=Tramadol as an analgesic for mild to moderate cancer pain.|journal=Pharmacological Reports|date=November–December 2009|volume=61|issue=6|pages=978–92|pmid=20081232|url=http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2009/6_978.pdf|doi=10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70159-8|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=17 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017220350/http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2009/6_978.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tramadol was patented in 1963 and launched under the name &quot;Tramal&quot; in 1977 by the West German pharmaceutical company Grünenthal GmbH.&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=528|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA528|language=en|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043604/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA528|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the mid-1990s, it was approved in the United Kingdom and the United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot; /&gt; It is available as a generic medication and marketed under many brand names worldwide.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;generics&quot; /&gt; In the United States, the wholesale cost is less than US$0.05 per dose as of 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2018-12-19|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-12-19/g7bs-ahj4|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=22 December 2018|archive-date=19 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219230344/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-12-19/g7bs-ahj4|url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Canada it costs about 1.20 CAD per dose as of 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;TI2021&quot; /&gt; In 2017, it was the 32nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 21 million prescriptions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318234059/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|date=23 December 2019|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/TramadolHydrochloride|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411201148/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/TramadolHydrochloride|url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>1o6yjy13kcvws06ckz7lif89etih0t5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>136913</id>
      <parentid>136902</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T16:35:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Knowledge and philosophy</username>
        <id>2987</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>pahila lɛbigibu</comment>
      <origin>136913</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10512" sha1="pdj6pd63wdqkq5ok17r3s5qp3snqcs9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug|Verifiedfields=changed|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=451973921|drug_name=Tramadol|image=Tramadol as a racemic mixture.svg|width=250px|image2=Tramadol 3D.png|width2=250px

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;|pronounce=tra' ma dole|tradename=Ultram, Zytram, others&lt;ref name=generics/&gt;|synonyms=|IUPAC_name=2-[(Dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;|class=[[Opiate analgesic]]&lt;ref name=&quot;MedlinePlus&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a695011.html |title=Tramadol |work=[[MedlinePlus]] |publisher=[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists]] |access-date=29 September 2009 |date=1 September 2008 |archive-date=24 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924092832/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a695011.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_AU=C|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Tramadol Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=14 October 2019 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html | access-date=7 February 2020 | archive-date=13 April 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413050449/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_US=N|pregnancy_US_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot; /&gt;|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=By mouth, [[intravenous|IV]], [[intramuscular|IM]], rectal|onset=Less than 1 hour (by mouth)&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;|duration_of_action=6 hours&lt;ref name=&quot;Pharmacology of tramadol&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Dayer |first1=P |last2=Desmeules |first2=J |last3=Collart |first3=L |title=[Pharmacology of tramadol]. |journal=Drugs |date=1997 |volume=53 Suppl 2 |pages=18–24 |doi=10.2165/00003495-199700532-00006 |pmid=9190321}}&lt;/ref&gt;|dependency_liability=Present&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;

&lt;!-- External links --&gt;|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|monograph|ultram}}|MedlinePlus=a695011

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;|legal_AU=S4|legal_CA=Rx only|legal_NZ=Prescription Medicine|legal_UK=Class C – Schedule 3 CD|legal_US=Schedule IV|legal_status=Rx-only|DailyMedID=Tramadol|licence_US=Tramadol|licence_EU=&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=70–75% (by mouth), 77% (rectal), 100% (IM)&lt;ref name = MD&gt;{{cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride|work=Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|date=13 December 2013|access-date=5 April 2014|url=http://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/current/6263-c.htm|editor=Brayfield, A|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829092614/https://about.medicinescomplete.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/public/assets/js/extensions/revolution.extension.slideanims.min.js?version=5.4.5|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|protein_bound=20%&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;|metabolism=[[Liver]]-mediated [[demethylation]] and [[glucuronidation]] via [[CYP2D6]] &amp; [[CYP3A4]]&lt;ref name = MD/&gt;&lt;ref name = MSR/&gt;|metabolites=O-desmethyltramadol, N-desmethyltramadol|elimination_half-life=6.3 ± 1.4&amp;nbsp;h&lt;ref name = MSR&gt;{{cite web|title=Ultram, Ultram ER (tramadol) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more|work=Medscape Reference|publisher=WebMD|access-date=28 November 2013|url=http://reference.medscape.com/drug/ultram-er-tramadol-343324#showall|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203022453/http://reference.medscape.com/drug/ultram-er-tramadol-343324#showall|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|excretion=Urine (95%)&lt;ref name = TGAIR&gt;{{cite web|title=Australian Label: Tramadol Sandoz 50 mg capsules|publisher=TGA eBusiness Services|date=4 November 2011|access-date=6 April 2014|url=https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&amp;id=CP-2010-PI-03844-3|format=PDF|archive-date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801015150/https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&amp;id=CP-2010-PI-03844-3|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;|C=16|H=25|N=1|O=2|SMILES=CN(C)C[C@H]1CCCC[C@@]1(C2=CC(=CC=C2)OC)O|StdInChI=1S/C16H25NO2/c1-17(2)12-14-7-4-5-10-16(14,18)13-8-6-9-15(11-13)19-3/h6,8-9,11,14,18H,4-5,7,10,12H2,1-3H3/t14-,16+/m1/s1|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=TVYLLZQTGLZFBW-ZBFHGGJFSA-N|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|melting_point=180|melting_high=181}}'''Tramadol''', ti shɛli din daa yuli booni Ultram ni yu shɛŋa din pahi,&lt;ref name=&quot;generics&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol|url=https://www.drugs.com/international/tramadol.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=22 December 2018|language=en|archive-date=23 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723182517/https://www.drugs.com/international/tramadol.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  nyɛla bierim kubu ti shɛli bɛ ni mali tibiri biɛrim din saɣisi bee din mali yaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tramadol-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Dec 1, 2014|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015421/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tramadol-hydrochloride.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyala biɛrim kubu ti shɛli alaafee baŋdiba ni dii bi yu biɛrim tima puuni .&lt;ref name=&quot;TI2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=[131] Tramadol: Where do we go from here?|url=https://www.ti.ubc.ca/2021/07/14/131-tramadol/|access-date=14 September 2021|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716014831/https://www.ti.ubc.ca/2021/07/14/131-tramadol/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di yi ti niŋ ka nira vali di din wuligiri yom n kpɛri ʒisoya ni, biɛrim baligibu nyɛla din kanna zaŋ chaŋ awa yini(1 hour).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Di lahi mali din chibira.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 74|date=2017|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=978-0857112989|pages=447–448|edition=74}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bɛ ni tooi kohi di mini paracetamol, bee ti shɛli din tumdi yuura.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot; /&gt;

Di barina shɛŋa din niŋ bayana puuni shɛŋa n nyɛ yoɣuni damdibu tom, ni zaɣisibu, ni ni lɛbigibu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Di barina shɛŋa din mali yaa puuni shɛŋa n nyɛ luhibu, hankali ni yibu, ni zaŋ tima valibu lɛbi tuma  .&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; A change in dosage may be recommended in those with kidney or liver problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; It is not recommended in those who are at risk of [[suicide]] or in those who are pregnant.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot; /&gt; While not recommended in women who are [[Ŋun su:SA twenty/Breastfeeding|breastfeeding]], those who take a single dose should not generally stop breastfeeding.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=5 September 2016|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413050449/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tramadol is converted in the liver to &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mweg&quot;&gt;O&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;-desmethyltramadol (desmetramadol), an opioid with stronger binding to the μ-opioid receptor.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Raf2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Raffa RB, Buschmann H, Christoph T, Eichenbaum G, Englberger W, Flores CM, Hertrampf T, Kögel B, Schiene K, Straßburger W, Terlinden R, Tzschentke TM|title=Mechanistic and functional differentiation of tapentadol and tramadol|journal=Expert Opin Pharmacother|volume=13|issue=10|pages=1437–49|year=2012|pmid=22698264|doi=10.1517/14656566.2012.696097|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tramadol is also a serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Leppert W|title=Tramadol as an analgesic for mild to moderate cancer pain.|journal=Pharmacological Reports|date=November–December 2009|volume=61|issue=6|pages=978–92|pmid=20081232|url=http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2009/6_978.pdf|doi=10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70159-8|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=17 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017220350/http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2009/6_978.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tramadol was patented in 1963 and launched under the name &quot;Tramal&quot; in 1977 by the West German pharmaceutical company Grünenthal GmbH.&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=528|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA528|language=en|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043604/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA528|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the mid-1990s, it was approved in the United Kingdom and the United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot; /&gt; It is available as a generic medication and marketed under many brand names worldwide.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;generics&quot; /&gt; In the United States, the wholesale cost is less than US$0.05 per dose as of 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2018-12-19|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-12-19/g7bs-ahj4|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=22 December 2018|archive-date=19 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219230344/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-12-19/g7bs-ahj4|url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Canada it costs about 1.20 CAD per dose as of 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;TI2021&quot; /&gt; In 2017, it was the 32nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 21 million prescriptions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318234059/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|date=23 December 2019|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/TramadolHydrochloride|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411201148/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/TramadolHydrochloride|url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>pdj6pd63wdqkq5ok17r3s5qp3snqcs9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>136916</id>
      <parentid>136913</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T16:40:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Knowledge and philosophy</username>
        <id>2987</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>pahila lɛbigibu</comment>
      <origin>136916</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10522" sha1="5ctpruwkd1mw50w6mflamp5ifuwuj2l" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug|Verifiedfields=changed|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=451973921|drug_name=Tramadol|image=Tramadol as a racemic mixture.svg|width=250px|image2=Tramadol 3D.png|width2=250px

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;|pronounce=tra' ma dole|tradename=Ultram, Zytram, others&lt;ref name=generics/&gt;|synonyms=|IUPAC_name=2-[(Dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;|class=[[Opiate analgesic]]&lt;ref name=&quot;MedlinePlus&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a695011.html |title=Tramadol |work=[[MedlinePlus]] |publisher=[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists]] |access-date=29 September 2009 |date=1 September 2008 |archive-date=24 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924092832/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a695011.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_AU=C|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Tramadol Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=14 October 2019 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html | access-date=7 February 2020 | archive-date=13 April 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413050449/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_US=N|pregnancy_US_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot; /&gt;|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=By mouth, [[intravenous|IV]], [[intramuscular|IM]], rectal|onset=Less than 1 hour (by mouth)&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;|duration_of_action=6 hours&lt;ref name=&quot;Pharmacology of tramadol&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Dayer |first1=P |last2=Desmeules |first2=J |last3=Collart |first3=L |title=[Pharmacology of tramadol]. |journal=Drugs |date=1997 |volume=53 Suppl 2 |pages=18–24 |doi=10.2165/00003495-199700532-00006 |pmid=9190321}}&lt;/ref&gt;|dependency_liability=Present&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;

&lt;!-- External links --&gt;|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|monograph|ultram}}|MedlinePlus=a695011

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;|legal_AU=S4|legal_CA=Rx only|legal_NZ=Prescription Medicine|legal_UK=Class C – Schedule 3 CD|legal_US=Schedule IV|legal_status=Rx-only|DailyMedID=Tramadol|licence_US=Tramadol|licence_EU=&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=70–75% (by mouth), 77% (rectal), 100% (IM)&lt;ref name = MD&gt;{{cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride|work=Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|date=13 December 2013|access-date=5 April 2014|url=http://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/current/6263-c.htm|editor=Brayfield, A|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829092614/https://about.medicinescomplete.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/public/assets/js/extensions/revolution.extension.slideanims.min.js?version=5.4.5|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|protein_bound=20%&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;|metabolism=[[Liver]]-mediated [[demethylation]] and [[glucuronidation]] via [[CYP2D6]] &amp; [[CYP3A4]]&lt;ref name = MD/&gt;&lt;ref name = MSR/&gt;|metabolites=O-desmethyltramadol, N-desmethyltramadol|elimination_half-life=6.3 ± 1.4&amp;nbsp;h&lt;ref name = MSR&gt;{{cite web|title=Ultram, Ultram ER (tramadol) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more|work=Medscape Reference|publisher=WebMD|access-date=28 November 2013|url=http://reference.medscape.com/drug/ultram-er-tramadol-343324#showall|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203022453/http://reference.medscape.com/drug/ultram-er-tramadol-343324#showall|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|excretion=Urine (95%)&lt;ref name = TGAIR&gt;{{cite web|title=Australian Label: Tramadol Sandoz 50 mg capsules|publisher=TGA eBusiness Services|date=4 November 2011|access-date=6 April 2014|url=https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&amp;id=CP-2010-PI-03844-3|format=PDF|archive-date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801015150/https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&amp;id=CP-2010-PI-03844-3|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;|C=16|H=25|N=1|O=2|SMILES=CN(C)C[C@H]1CCCC[C@@]1(C2=CC(=CC=C2)OC)O|StdInChI=1S/C16H25NO2/c1-17(2)12-14-7-4-5-10-16(14,18)13-8-6-9-15(11-13)19-3/h6,8-9,11,14,18H,4-5,7,10,12H2,1-3H3/t14-,16+/m1/s1|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=TVYLLZQTGLZFBW-ZBFHGGJFSA-N|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|melting_point=180|melting_high=181}}'''Tramadol''', ti shɛli din daa yuli booni Ultram ni yu shɛŋa din pahi,&lt;ref name=&quot;generics&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol|url=https://www.drugs.com/international/tramadol.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=22 December 2018|language=en|archive-date=23 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723182517/https://www.drugs.com/international/tramadol.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  nyɛla bierim kubu ti shɛli bɛ ni mali tibiri biɛrim din saɣisi bee din mali yaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tramadol-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Dec 1, 2014|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015421/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tramadol-hydrochloride.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyala biɛrim kubu ti shɛli alaafee baŋdiba ni dii bi yu biɛrim tima puuni .&lt;ref name=&quot;TI2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=[131] Tramadol: Where do we go from here?|url=https://www.ti.ubc.ca/2021/07/14/131-tramadol/|access-date=14 September 2021|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716014831/https://www.ti.ubc.ca/2021/07/14/131-tramadol/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di yi ti niŋ ka nira vali di din wuligiri yom n kpɛri ʒisoya ni, biɛrim baligibu nyɛla din kanna zaŋ chaŋ awa yini(1 hour).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Di lahi mali din chibira.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 74|date=2017|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=978-0857112989|pages=447–448|edition=74}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bɛ ni tooi kohi di mini paracetamol, bee ti shɛli din tumdi yuura.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot; /&gt;

Di barina shɛŋa din niŋ bayana puuni shɛŋa n nyɛ yoɣuni damdibu tom, ni zaɣisibu, ni ni lɛbigibu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Di barina shɛŋa din mali yaa puuni shɛŋa n nyɛ luhibu, hankali ni yibu, ni zaŋ tima valibu lɛbi tuma  .&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Tim maa valibu zaŋ ti ninvuɣu shɛba ban mali yaannini bee binsabili doro bela di ko.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; It is not recommended in those who are at risk of [[suicide]] or in those who are pregnant.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot; /&gt; While not recommended in women who are [[Ŋun su:SA twenty/Breastfeeding|breastfeeding]], those who take a single dose should not generally stop breastfeeding.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=5 September 2016|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413050449/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tramadol is converted in the liver to &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mweg&quot;&gt;O&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;-desmethyltramadol (desmetramadol), an opioid with stronger binding to the μ-opioid receptor.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Raf2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Raffa RB, Buschmann H, Christoph T, Eichenbaum G, Englberger W, Flores CM, Hertrampf T, Kögel B, Schiene K, Straßburger W, Terlinden R, Tzschentke TM|title=Mechanistic and functional differentiation of tapentadol and tramadol|journal=Expert Opin Pharmacother|volume=13|issue=10|pages=1437–49|year=2012|pmid=22698264|doi=10.1517/14656566.2012.696097|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tramadol is also a serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Leppert W|title=Tramadol as an analgesic for mild to moderate cancer pain.|journal=Pharmacological Reports|date=November–December 2009|volume=61|issue=6|pages=978–92|pmid=20081232|url=http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2009/6_978.pdf|doi=10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70159-8|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=17 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017220350/http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2009/6_978.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tramadol was patented in 1963 and launched under the name &quot;Tramal&quot; in 1977 by the West German pharmaceutical company Grünenthal GmbH.&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=528|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA528|language=en|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043604/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA528|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the mid-1990s, it was approved in the United Kingdom and the United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot; /&gt; It is available as a generic medication and marketed under many brand names worldwide.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;generics&quot; /&gt; In the United States, the wholesale cost is less than US$0.05 per dose as of 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2018-12-19|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-12-19/g7bs-ahj4|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=22 December 2018|archive-date=19 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219230344/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-12-19/g7bs-ahj4|url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Canada it costs about 1.20 CAD per dose as of 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;TI2021&quot; /&gt; In 2017, it was the 32nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 21 million prescriptions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318234059/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|date=23 December 2019|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/TramadolHydrochloride|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411201148/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/TramadolHydrochloride|url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>5ctpruwkd1mw50w6mflamp5ifuwuj2l</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>136918</id>
      <parentid>136916</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T16:43:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Knowledge and philosophy</username>
        <id>2987</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>pahila lɛbigibu</comment>
      <origin>136918</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10497" sha1="43szv2p6mr8rgofla854rothecxm0q8" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug|Verifiedfields=changed|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=451973921|drug_name=Tramadol|image=Tramadol as a racemic mixture.svg|width=250px|image2=Tramadol 3D.png|width2=250px

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;|pronounce=tra' ma dole|tradename=Ultram, Zytram, others&lt;ref name=generics/&gt;|synonyms=|IUPAC_name=2-[(Dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;|class=[[Opiate analgesic]]&lt;ref name=&quot;MedlinePlus&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a695011.html |title=Tramadol |work=[[MedlinePlus]] |publisher=[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists]] |access-date=29 September 2009 |date=1 September 2008 |archive-date=24 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924092832/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a695011.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_AU=C|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Tramadol Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=14 October 2019 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html | access-date=7 February 2020 | archive-date=13 April 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413050449/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_US=N|pregnancy_US_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot; /&gt;|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=By mouth, [[intravenous|IV]], [[intramuscular|IM]], rectal|onset=Less than 1 hour (by mouth)&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;|duration_of_action=6 hours&lt;ref name=&quot;Pharmacology of tramadol&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Dayer |first1=P |last2=Desmeules |first2=J |last3=Collart |first3=L |title=[Pharmacology of tramadol]. |journal=Drugs |date=1997 |volume=53 Suppl 2 |pages=18–24 |doi=10.2165/00003495-199700532-00006 |pmid=9190321}}&lt;/ref&gt;|dependency_liability=Present&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;

&lt;!-- External links --&gt;|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|monograph|ultram}}|MedlinePlus=a695011

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;|legal_AU=S4|legal_CA=Rx only|legal_NZ=Prescription Medicine|legal_UK=Class C – Schedule 3 CD|legal_US=Schedule IV|legal_status=Rx-only|DailyMedID=Tramadol|licence_US=Tramadol|licence_EU=&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=70–75% (by mouth), 77% (rectal), 100% (IM)&lt;ref name = MD&gt;{{cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride|work=Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|date=13 December 2013|access-date=5 April 2014|url=http://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/current/6263-c.htm|editor=Brayfield, A|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829092614/https://about.medicinescomplete.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/public/assets/js/extensions/revolution.extension.slideanims.min.js?version=5.4.5|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|protein_bound=20%&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;|metabolism=[[Liver]]-mediated [[demethylation]] and [[glucuronidation]] via [[CYP2D6]] &amp; [[CYP3A4]]&lt;ref name = MD/&gt;&lt;ref name = MSR/&gt;|metabolites=O-desmethyltramadol, N-desmethyltramadol|elimination_half-life=6.3 ± 1.4&amp;nbsp;h&lt;ref name = MSR&gt;{{cite web|title=Ultram, Ultram ER (tramadol) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more|work=Medscape Reference|publisher=WebMD|access-date=28 November 2013|url=http://reference.medscape.com/drug/ultram-er-tramadol-343324#showall|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203022453/http://reference.medscape.com/drug/ultram-er-tramadol-343324#showall|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|excretion=Urine (95%)&lt;ref name = TGAIR&gt;{{cite web|title=Australian Label: Tramadol Sandoz 50 mg capsules|publisher=TGA eBusiness Services|date=4 November 2011|access-date=6 April 2014|url=https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&amp;id=CP-2010-PI-03844-3|format=PDF|archive-date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801015150/https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&amp;id=CP-2010-PI-03844-3|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;|C=16|H=25|N=1|O=2|SMILES=CN(C)C[C@H]1CCCC[C@@]1(C2=CC(=CC=C2)OC)O|StdInChI=1S/C16H25NO2/c1-17(2)12-14-7-4-5-10-16(14,18)13-8-6-9-15(11-13)19-3/h6,8-9,11,14,18H,4-5,7,10,12H2,1-3H3/t14-,16+/m1/s1|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=TVYLLZQTGLZFBW-ZBFHGGJFSA-N|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|melting_point=180|melting_high=181}}'''Tramadol''', ti shɛli din daa yuli booni Ultram ni yu shɛŋa din pahi,&lt;ref name=&quot;generics&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol|url=https://www.drugs.com/international/tramadol.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=22 December 2018|language=en|archive-date=23 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723182517/https://www.drugs.com/international/tramadol.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  nyɛla bierim kubu ti shɛli bɛ ni mali tibiri biɛrim din saɣisi bee din mali yaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tramadol-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Dec 1, 2014|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015421/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tramadol-hydrochloride.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyala biɛrim kubu ti shɛli alaafee baŋdiba ni dii bi yu biɛrim tima puuni .&lt;ref name=&quot;TI2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=[131] Tramadol: Where do we go from here?|url=https://www.ti.ubc.ca/2021/07/14/131-tramadol/|access-date=14 September 2021|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716014831/https://www.ti.ubc.ca/2021/07/14/131-tramadol/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di yi ti niŋ ka nira vali di din wuligiri yom n kpɛri ʒisoya ni, biɛrim baligibu nyɛla din kanna zaŋ chaŋ awa yini(1 hour).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Di lahi mali din chibira.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 74|date=2017|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=978-0857112989|pages=447–448|edition=74}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bɛ ni tooi kohi di mini paracetamol, bee ti shɛli din tumdi yuura.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot; /&gt;

Di barina shɛŋa din niŋ bayana puuni shɛŋa n nyɛ yoɣuni damdibu tom, ni zaɣisibu, ni ni lɛbigibu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Di barina shɛŋa din mali yaa puuni shɛŋa n nyɛ luhibu, hankali ni yibu, ni zaŋ tima valibu lɛbi tuma  .&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Tim maa valibu zaŋ ti ninvuɣu shɛba ban mali yaannini bee binsabili doro bela di ko.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Di bi yu ni nira ŋun bori O nyavuli dibu bee ŋun mali puu valli.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot; /&gt; While not recommended in women who are [[Ŋun su:SA twenty/Breastfeeding|breastfeeding]], those who take a single dose should not generally stop breastfeeding.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=5 September 2016|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413050449/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tramadol is converted in the liver to &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mweg&quot;&gt;O&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;-desmethyltramadol (desmetramadol), an opioid with stronger binding to the μ-opioid receptor.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Raf2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Raffa RB, Buschmann H, Christoph T, Eichenbaum G, Englberger W, Flores CM, Hertrampf T, Kögel B, Schiene K, Straßburger W, Terlinden R, Tzschentke TM|title=Mechanistic and functional differentiation of tapentadol and tramadol|journal=Expert Opin Pharmacother|volume=13|issue=10|pages=1437–49|year=2012|pmid=22698264|doi=10.1517/14656566.2012.696097|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tramadol is also a serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Leppert W|title=Tramadol as an analgesic for mild to moderate cancer pain.|journal=Pharmacological Reports|date=November–December 2009|volume=61|issue=6|pages=978–92|pmid=20081232|url=http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2009/6_978.pdf|doi=10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70159-8|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=17 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017220350/http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2009/6_978.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tramadol was patented in 1963 and launched under the name &quot;Tramal&quot; in 1977 by the West German pharmaceutical company Grünenthal GmbH.&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=528|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA528|language=en|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043604/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA528|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the mid-1990s, it was approved in the United Kingdom and the United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot; /&gt; It is available as a generic medication and marketed under many brand names worldwide.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;generics&quot; /&gt; In the United States, the wholesale cost is less than US$0.05 per dose as of 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2018-12-19|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-12-19/g7bs-ahj4|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=22 December 2018|archive-date=19 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219230344/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-12-19/g7bs-ahj4|url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Canada it costs about 1.20 CAD per dose as of 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;TI2021&quot; /&gt; In 2017, it was the 32nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 21 million prescriptions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318234059/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|date=23 December 2019|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/TramadolHydrochloride|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411201148/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/TramadolHydrochloride|url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>43szv2p6mr8rgofla854rothecxm0q8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>136920</id>
      <parentid>136918</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T16:47:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Knowledge and philosophy</username>
        <id>2987</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>pahila lɛbigibu</comment>
      <origin>136920</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10455" sha1="q6nxynah256s2w3ff1ye4k28kdn6guh" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug|Verifiedfields=changed|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=451973921|drug_name=Tramadol|image=Tramadol as a racemic mixture.svg|width=250px|image2=Tramadol 3D.png|width2=250px

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;|pronounce=tra' ma dole|tradename=Ultram, Zytram, others&lt;ref name=generics/&gt;|synonyms=|IUPAC_name=2-[(Dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;|class=[[Opiate analgesic]]&lt;ref name=&quot;MedlinePlus&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a695011.html |title=Tramadol |work=[[MedlinePlus]] |publisher=[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists]] |access-date=29 September 2009 |date=1 September 2008 |archive-date=24 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924092832/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a695011.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_AU=C|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Tramadol Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=14 October 2019 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html | access-date=7 February 2020 | archive-date=13 April 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413050449/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_US=N|pregnancy_US_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot; /&gt;|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=By mouth, [[intravenous|IV]], [[intramuscular|IM]], rectal|onset=Less than 1 hour (by mouth)&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;|duration_of_action=6 hours&lt;ref name=&quot;Pharmacology of tramadol&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Dayer |first1=P |last2=Desmeules |first2=J |last3=Collart |first3=L |title=[Pharmacology of tramadol]. |journal=Drugs |date=1997 |volume=53 Suppl 2 |pages=18–24 |doi=10.2165/00003495-199700532-00006 |pmid=9190321}}&lt;/ref&gt;|dependency_liability=Present&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;

&lt;!-- External links --&gt;|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|monograph|ultram}}|MedlinePlus=a695011

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;|legal_AU=S4|legal_CA=Rx only|legal_NZ=Prescription Medicine|legal_UK=Class C – Schedule 3 CD|legal_US=Schedule IV|legal_status=Rx-only|DailyMedID=Tramadol|licence_US=Tramadol|licence_EU=&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=70–75% (by mouth), 77% (rectal), 100% (IM)&lt;ref name = MD&gt;{{cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride|work=Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|date=13 December 2013|access-date=5 April 2014|url=http://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/current/6263-c.htm|editor=Brayfield, A|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829092614/https://about.medicinescomplete.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/public/assets/js/extensions/revolution.extension.slideanims.min.js?version=5.4.5|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|protein_bound=20%&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;|metabolism=[[Liver]]-mediated [[demethylation]] and [[glucuronidation]] via [[CYP2D6]] &amp; [[CYP3A4]]&lt;ref name = MD/&gt;&lt;ref name = MSR/&gt;|metabolites=O-desmethyltramadol, N-desmethyltramadol|elimination_half-life=6.3 ± 1.4&amp;nbsp;h&lt;ref name = MSR&gt;{{cite web|title=Ultram, Ultram ER (tramadol) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more|work=Medscape Reference|publisher=WebMD|access-date=28 November 2013|url=http://reference.medscape.com/drug/ultram-er-tramadol-343324#showall|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203022453/http://reference.medscape.com/drug/ultram-er-tramadol-343324#showall|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|excretion=Urine (95%)&lt;ref name = TGAIR&gt;{{cite web|title=Australian Label: Tramadol Sandoz 50 mg capsules|publisher=TGA eBusiness Services|date=4 November 2011|access-date=6 April 2014|url=https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&amp;id=CP-2010-PI-03844-3|format=PDF|archive-date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801015150/https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&amp;id=CP-2010-PI-03844-3|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;|C=16|H=25|N=1|O=2|SMILES=CN(C)C[C@H]1CCCC[C@@]1(C2=CC(=CC=C2)OC)O|StdInChI=1S/C16H25NO2/c1-17(2)12-14-7-4-5-10-16(14,18)13-8-6-9-15(11-13)19-3/h6,8-9,11,14,18H,4-5,7,10,12H2,1-3H3/t14-,16+/m1/s1|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=TVYLLZQTGLZFBW-ZBFHGGJFSA-N|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|melting_point=180|melting_high=181}}'''Tramadol''', ti shɛli din daa yuli booni Ultram ni yu shɛŋa din pahi,&lt;ref name=&quot;generics&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol|url=https://www.drugs.com/international/tramadol.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=22 December 2018|language=en|archive-date=23 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723182517/https://www.drugs.com/international/tramadol.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  nyɛla bierim kubu ti shɛli bɛ ni mali tibiri biɛrim din saɣisi bee din mali yaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tramadol-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Dec 1, 2014|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015421/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tramadol-hydrochloride.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyala biɛrim kubu ti shɛli alaafee baŋdiba ni dii bi yu biɛrim tima puuni .&lt;ref name=&quot;TI2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=[131] Tramadol: Where do we go from here?|url=https://www.ti.ubc.ca/2021/07/14/131-tramadol/|access-date=14 September 2021|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716014831/https://www.ti.ubc.ca/2021/07/14/131-tramadol/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di yi ti niŋ ka nira vali di din wuligiri yom n kpɛri ʒisoya ni, biɛrim baligibu nyɛla din kanna zaŋ chaŋ awa yini(1 hour).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Di lahi mali din chibira.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 74|date=2017|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=978-0857112989|pages=447–448|edition=74}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bɛ ni tooi kohi di mini paracetamol, bee ti shɛli din tumdi yuura.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot; /&gt;

Di barina shɛŋa din niŋ bayana puuni shɛŋa n nyɛ yoɣuni damdibu tom, ni zaɣisibu, ni ni lɛbigibu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Di barina shɛŋa din mali yaa puuni shɛŋa n nyɛ luhibu, hankali ni yibu, ni zaŋ tima valibu lɛbi tuma  .&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Tim maa valibu zaŋ ti ninvuɣu shɛba ban mali yaannini bee binsabili doro bela di ko.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Di bi yu ni nira ŋun bori O nyavuli dibu bee ŋun mali puu valli.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot; /&gt; Di bi yu ni paɣa so ŋun moɣisiri bia valli, amaa lala paɣa ni vali di zaɣ'yini, di bi moŋdo ni O moɣisi O bia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=5 September 2016|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413050449/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tramadol is converted in the liver to &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mweg&quot;&gt;O&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;-desmethyltramadol (desmetramadol), an opioid with stronger binding to the μ-opioid receptor.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Raf2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Raffa RB, Buschmann H, Christoph T, Eichenbaum G, Englberger W, Flores CM, Hertrampf T, Kögel B, Schiene K, Straßburger W, Terlinden R, Tzschentke TM|title=Mechanistic and functional differentiation of tapentadol and tramadol|journal=Expert Opin Pharmacother|volume=13|issue=10|pages=1437–49|year=2012|pmid=22698264|doi=10.1517/14656566.2012.696097|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tramadol is also a serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Leppert W|title=Tramadol as an analgesic for mild to moderate cancer pain.|journal=Pharmacological Reports|date=November–December 2009|volume=61|issue=6|pages=978–92|pmid=20081232|url=http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2009/6_978.pdf|doi=10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70159-8|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=17 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017220350/http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2009/6_978.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tramadol was patented in 1963 and launched under the name &quot;Tramal&quot; in 1977 by the West German pharmaceutical company Grünenthal GmbH.&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=528|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA528|language=en|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043604/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA528|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the mid-1990s, it was approved in the United Kingdom and the United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot; /&gt; It is available as a generic medication and marketed under many brand names worldwide.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;generics&quot; /&gt; In the United States, the wholesale cost is less than US$0.05 per dose as of 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2018-12-19|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-12-19/g7bs-ahj4|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=22 December 2018|archive-date=19 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219230344/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-12-19/g7bs-ahj4|url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Canada it costs about 1.20 CAD per dose as of 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;TI2021&quot; /&gt; In 2017, it was the 32nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 21 million prescriptions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318234059/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|date=23 December 2019|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/TramadolHydrochloride|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411201148/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/TramadolHydrochloride|url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>q6nxynah256s2w3ff1ye4k28kdn6guh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>136924</id>
      <parentid>136920</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T16:53:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Knowledge and philosophy</username>
        <id>2987</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>pahila lɛbigibu</comment>
      <origin>136924</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10425" sha1="h0cgxagadbfgpnlvaq1bccnbgfc8fcc" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug|Verifiedfields=changed|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=451973921|drug_name=Tramadol|image=Tramadol as a racemic mixture.svg|width=250px|image2=Tramadol 3D.png|width2=250px

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;|pronounce=tra' ma dole|tradename=Ultram, Zytram, others&lt;ref name=generics/&gt;|synonyms=|IUPAC_name=2-[(Dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;|class=[[Opiate analgesic]]&lt;ref name=&quot;MedlinePlus&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a695011.html |title=Tramadol |work=[[MedlinePlus]] |publisher=[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists]] |access-date=29 September 2009 |date=1 September 2008 |archive-date=24 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924092832/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a695011.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_AU=C|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Tramadol Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=14 October 2019 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html | access-date=7 February 2020 | archive-date=13 April 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413050449/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_US=N|pregnancy_US_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot; /&gt;|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=By mouth, [[intravenous|IV]], [[intramuscular|IM]], rectal|onset=Less than 1 hour (by mouth)&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;|duration_of_action=6 hours&lt;ref name=&quot;Pharmacology of tramadol&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Dayer |first1=P |last2=Desmeules |first2=J |last3=Collart |first3=L |title=[Pharmacology of tramadol]. |journal=Drugs |date=1997 |volume=53 Suppl 2 |pages=18–24 |doi=10.2165/00003495-199700532-00006 |pmid=9190321}}&lt;/ref&gt;|dependency_liability=Present&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;

&lt;!-- External links --&gt;|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|monograph|ultram}}|MedlinePlus=a695011

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;|legal_AU=S4|legal_CA=Rx only|legal_NZ=Prescription Medicine|legal_UK=Class C – Schedule 3 CD|legal_US=Schedule IV|legal_status=Rx-only|DailyMedID=Tramadol|licence_US=Tramadol|licence_EU=&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=70–75% (by mouth), 77% (rectal), 100% (IM)&lt;ref name = MD&gt;{{cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride|work=Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|date=13 December 2013|access-date=5 April 2014|url=http://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/current/6263-c.htm|editor=Brayfield, A|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829092614/https://about.medicinescomplete.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/public/assets/js/extensions/revolution.extension.slideanims.min.js?version=5.4.5|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|protein_bound=20%&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;|metabolism=[[Liver]]-mediated [[demethylation]] and [[glucuronidation]] via [[CYP2D6]] &amp; [[CYP3A4]]&lt;ref name = MD/&gt;&lt;ref name = MSR/&gt;|metabolites=O-desmethyltramadol, N-desmethyltramadol|elimination_half-life=6.3 ± 1.4&amp;nbsp;h&lt;ref name = MSR&gt;{{cite web|title=Ultram, Ultram ER (tramadol) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more|work=Medscape Reference|publisher=WebMD|access-date=28 November 2013|url=http://reference.medscape.com/drug/ultram-er-tramadol-343324#showall|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203022453/http://reference.medscape.com/drug/ultram-er-tramadol-343324#showall|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|excretion=Urine (95%)&lt;ref name = TGAIR&gt;{{cite web|title=Australian Label: Tramadol Sandoz 50 mg capsules|publisher=TGA eBusiness Services|date=4 November 2011|access-date=6 April 2014|url=https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&amp;id=CP-2010-PI-03844-3|format=PDF|archive-date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801015150/https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&amp;id=CP-2010-PI-03844-3|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;|C=16|H=25|N=1|O=2|SMILES=CN(C)C[C@H]1CCCC[C@@]1(C2=CC(=CC=C2)OC)O|StdInChI=1S/C16H25NO2/c1-17(2)12-14-7-4-5-10-16(14,18)13-8-6-9-15(11-13)19-3/h6,8-9,11,14,18H,4-5,7,10,12H2,1-3H3/t14-,16+/m1/s1|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=TVYLLZQTGLZFBW-ZBFHGGJFSA-N|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|melting_point=180|melting_high=181}}'''Tramadol''', ti shɛli din daa yuli booni Ultram ni yu shɛŋa din pahi,&lt;ref name=&quot;generics&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol|url=https://www.drugs.com/international/tramadol.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=22 December 2018|language=en|archive-date=23 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723182517/https://www.drugs.com/international/tramadol.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  nyɛla bierim kubu ti shɛli bɛ ni mali tibiri biɛrim din saɣisi bee din mali yaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tramadol-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Dec 1, 2014|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015421/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tramadol-hydrochloride.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyala biɛrim kubu ti shɛli alaafee baŋdiba ni dii bi yu biɛrim tima puuni .&lt;ref name=&quot;TI2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=[131] Tramadol: Where do we go from here?|url=https://www.ti.ubc.ca/2021/07/14/131-tramadol/|access-date=14 September 2021|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716014831/https://www.ti.ubc.ca/2021/07/14/131-tramadol/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di yi ti niŋ ka nira vali di din wuligiri yom n kpɛri ʒisoya ni, biɛrim baligibu nyɛla din kanna zaŋ chaŋ awa yini(1 hour).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Di lahi mali din chibira.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 74|date=2017|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=978-0857112989|pages=447–448|edition=74}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bɛ ni tooi kohi di mini paracetamol, bee ti shɛli din tumdi yuura.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot; /&gt;

Di barina shɛŋa din niŋ bayana puuni shɛŋa n nyɛ yoɣuni damdibu tom, ni zaɣisibu, ni ni lɛbigibu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Di barina shɛŋa din mali yaa puuni shɛŋa n nyɛ luhibu, hankali ni yibu, ni zaŋ tima valibu lɛbi tuma  .&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Tim maa valibu zaŋ ti ninvuɣu shɛba ban mali yaannini bee binsabili doro bela di ko.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Di bi yu ni nira ŋun bori O nyavuli dibu bee ŋun mali puu valli.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot; /&gt; Di bi yu ni paɣa so ŋun moɣisiri bia valli, amaa lala paɣa ni vali di zaɣ'yini, di bi moŋdo ni O moɣisi O bia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=5 September 2016|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413050449/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di yi kpe binsabili ni, Tramadol lɛbigiri la ''O''-desmethyltramadol (desmetramadol), ti shɛi din gbaari μ-opioid receptor viɛnyala .&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Raf2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Raffa RB, Buschmann H, Christoph T, Eichenbaum G, Englberger W, Flores CM, Hertrampf T, Kögel B, Schiene K, Straßburger W, Terlinden R, Tzschentke TM|title=Mechanistic and functional differentiation of tapentadol and tramadol|journal=Expert Opin Pharmacother|volume=13|issue=10|pages=1437–49|year=2012|pmid=22698264|doi=10.1517/14656566.2012.696097|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tramadol is also a serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Leppert W|title=Tramadol as an analgesic for mild to moderate cancer pain.|journal=Pharmacological Reports|date=November–December 2009|volume=61|issue=6|pages=978–92|pmid=20081232|url=http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2009/6_978.pdf|doi=10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70159-8|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=17 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017220350/http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2009/6_978.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tramadol was patented in 1963 and launched under the name &quot;Tramal&quot; in 1977 by the West German pharmaceutical company Grünenthal GmbH.&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=528|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA528|language=en|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043604/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA528|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the mid-1990s, it was approved in the United Kingdom and the United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot; /&gt; It is available as a generic medication and marketed under many brand names worldwide.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;generics&quot; /&gt; In the United States, the wholesale cost is less than US$0.05 per dose as of 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2018-12-19|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-12-19/g7bs-ahj4|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=22 December 2018|archive-date=19 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219230344/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-12-19/g7bs-ahj4|url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Canada it costs about 1.20 CAD per dose as of 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;TI2021&quot; /&gt; In 2017, it was the 32nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 21 million prescriptions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318234059/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|date=23 December 2019|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/TramadolHydrochloride|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411201148/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/TramadolHydrochloride|url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>h0cgxagadbfgpnlvaq1bccnbgfc8fcc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>136925</id>
      <parentid>136924</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T16:54:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Knowledge and philosophy</username>
        <id>2987</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>pahila lɛbigibu</comment>
      <origin>136925</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10427" sha1="a9bj2bxzde5ij157icjp8ih1xjfqn42" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug|Verifiedfields=changed|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=451973921|drug_name=Tramadol|image=Tramadol as a racemic mixture.svg|width=250px|image2=Tramadol 3D.png|width2=250px

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;|pronounce=tra' ma dole|tradename=Ultram, Zytram, others&lt;ref name=generics/&gt;|synonyms=|IUPAC_name=2-[(Dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;|class=[[Opiate analgesic]]&lt;ref name=&quot;MedlinePlus&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a695011.html |title=Tramadol |work=[[MedlinePlus]] |publisher=[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists]] |access-date=29 September 2009 |date=1 September 2008 |archive-date=24 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924092832/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a695011.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_AU=C|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Tramadol Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=14 October 2019 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html | access-date=7 February 2020 | archive-date=13 April 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413050449/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_US=N|pregnancy_US_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot; /&gt;|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=By mouth, [[intravenous|IV]], [[intramuscular|IM]], rectal|onset=Less than 1 hour (by mouth)&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;|duration_of_action=6 hours&lt;ref name=&quot;Pharmacology of tramadol&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Dayer |first1=P |last2=Desmeules |first2=J |last3=Collart |first3=L |title=[Pharmacology of tramadol]. |journal=Drugs |date=1997 |volume=53 Suppl 2 |pages=18–24 |doi=10.2165/00003495-199700532-00006 |pmid=9190321}}&lt;/ref&gt;|dependency_liability=Present&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;

&lt;!-- External links --&gt;|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|monograph|ultram}}|MedlinePlus=a695011

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;|legal_AU=S4|legal_CA=Rx only|legal_NZ=Prescription Medicine|legal_UK=Class C – Schedule 3 CD|legal_US=Schedule IV|legal_status=Rx-only|DailyMedID=Tramadol|licence_US=Tramadol|licence_EU=&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=70–75% (by mouth), 77% (rectal), 100% (IM)&lt;ref name = MD&gt;{{cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride|work=Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|date=13 December 2013|access-date=5 April 2014|url=http://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/current/6263-c.htm|editor=Brayfield, A|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829092614/https://about.medicinescomplete.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/public/assets/js/extensions/revolution.extension.slideanims.min.js?version=5.4.5|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|protein_bound=20%&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;|metabolism=[[Liver]]-mediated [[demethylation]] and [[glucuronidation]] via [[CYP2D6]] &amp; [[CYP3A4]]&lt;ref name = MD/&gt;&lt;ref name = MSR/&gt;|metabolites=O-desmethyltramadol, N-desmethyltramadol|elimination_half-life=6.3 ± 1.4&amp;nbsp;h&lt;ref name = MSR&gt;{{cite web|title=Ultram, Ultram ER (tramadol) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more|work=Medscape Reference|publisher=WebMD|access-date=28 November 2013|url=http://reference.medscape.com/drug/ultram-er-tramadol-343324#showall|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203022453/http://reference.medscape.com/drug/ultram-er-tramadol-343324#showall|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|excretion=Urine (95%)&lt;ref name = TGAIR&gt;{{cite web|title=Australian Label: Tramadol Sandoz 50 mg capsules|publisher=TGA eBusiness Services|date=4 November 2011|access-date=6 April 2014|url=https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&amp;id=CP-2010-PI-03844-3|format=PDF|archive-date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801015150/https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&amp;id=CP-2010-PI-03844-3|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;|C=16|H=25|N=1|O=2|SMILES=CN(C)C[C@H]1CCCC[C@@]1(C2=CC(=CC=C2)OC)O|StdInChI=1S/C16H25NO2/c1-17(2)12-14-7-4-5-10-16(14,18)13-8-6-9-15(11-13)19-3/h6,8-9,11,14,18H,4-5,7,10,12H2,1-3H3/t14-,16+/m1/s1|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=TVYLLZQTGLZFBW-ZBFHGGJFSA-N|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|melting_point=180|melting_high=181}}'''Tramadol''', ti shɛli din daa yuli booni Ultram ni yu shɛŋa din pahi,&lt;ref name=&quot;generics&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol|url=https://www.drugs.com/international/tramadol.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=22 December 2018|language=en|archive-date=23 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723182517/https://www.drugs.com/international/tramadol.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  nyɛla bierim kubu ti shɛli bɛ ni mali tibiri biɛrim din saɣisi bee din mali yaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tramadol-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Dec 1, 2014|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015421/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tramadol-hydrochloride.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyala biɛrim kubu ti shɛli alaafee baŋdiba ni dii bi yu biɛrim tima puuni .&lt;ref name=&quot;TI2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=[131] Tramadol: Where do we go from here?|url=https://www.ti.ubc.ca/2021/07/14/131-tramadol/|access-date=14 September 2021|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716014831/https://www.ti.ubc.ca/2021/07/14/131-tramadol/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di yi ti niŋ ka nira vali di din wuligiri yom n kpɛri ʒisoya ni, biɛrim baligibu nyɛla din kanna zaŋ chaŋ awa yini(1 hour).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Di lahi mali din chibira.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 74|date=2017|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=978-0857112989|pages=447–448|edition=74}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bɛ ni tooi kohi di mini paracetamol, bee ti shɛli din tumdi yuura.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot; /&gt;

Di barina shɛŋa din niŋ bayana puuni shɛŋa n nyɛ yoɣuni damdibu tom, ni zaɣisibu, ni ni lɛbigibu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Di barina shɛŋa din mali yaa puuni shɛŋa n nyɛ luhibu, hankali ni yibu, ni zaŋ tima valibu lɛbi tuma  .&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Tim maa valibu zaŋ ti ninvuɣu shɛba ban mali yaannini bee binsabili doro bela di ko.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Di bi yu ni nira ŋun bori O nyavuli dibu bee ŋun mali puu valli.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot; /&gt; Di bi yu ni paɣa so ŋun moɣisiri bia valli, amaa lala paɣa ni vali di zaɣ'yini, di bi moŋdo ni O moɣisi O bia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=5 September 2016|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413050449/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di yi kpe binsabili ni, Tramadol lɛbigiri la ''O''-desmethyltramadol (desmetramadol), ti shɛi din gbaari μ-opioid receptor viɛnyala .&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Raf2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Raffa RB, Buschmann H, Christoph T, Eichenbaum G, Englberger W, Flores CM, Hertrampf T, Kögel B, Schiene K, Straßburger W, Terlinden R, Tzschentke TM|title=Mechanistic and functional differentiation of tapentadol and tramadol|journal=Expert Opin Pharmacother|volume=13|issue=10|pages=1437–49|year=2012|pmid=22698264|doi=10.1517/14656566.2012.696097|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tramadol lahi nyɛla serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Leppert W|title=Tramadol as an analgesic for mild to moderate cancer pain.|journal=Pharmacological Reports|date=November–December 2009|volume=61|issue=6|pages=978–92|pmid=20081232|url=http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2009/6_978.pdf|doi=10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70159-8|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=17 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017220350/http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2009/6_978.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tramadol was patented in 1963 and launched under the name &quot;Tramal&quot; in 1977 by the West German pharmaceutical company Grünenthal GmbH.&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=528|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA528|language=en|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043604/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA528|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the mid-1990s, it was approved in the United Kingdom and the United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot; /&gt; It is available as a generic medication and marketed under many brand names worldwide.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;generics&quot; /&gt; In the United States, the wholesale cost is less than US$0.05 per dose as of 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2018-12-19|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-12-19/g7bs-ahj4|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=22 December 2018|archive-date=19 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219230344/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-12-19/g7bs-ahj4|url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Canada it costs about 1.20 CAD per dose as of 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;TI2021&quot; /&gt; In 2017, it was the 32nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 21 million prescriptions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318234059/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|date=23 December 2019|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/TramadolHydrochloride|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411201148/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/TramadolHydrochloride|url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>a9bj2bxzde5ij157icjp8ih1xjfqn42</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>136927</id>
      <parentid>136925</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T17:02:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Knowledge and philosophy</username>
        <id>2987</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>pahila lɛbigibu</comment>
      <origin>136927</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10524" sha1="860hz1yg3kx4jyv6s0000kvw56o1qvo" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug|Verifiedfields=changed|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=451973921|drug_name=Tramadol|image=Tramadol as a racemic mixture.svg|width=250px|image2=Tramadol 3D.png|width2=250px

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;|pronounce=tra' ma dole|tradename=Ultram, Zytram, others&lt;ref name=generics/&gt;|synonyms=|IUPAC_name=2-[(Dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;|class=[[Opiate analgesic]]&lt;ref name=&quot;MedlinePlus&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a695011.html |title=Tramadol |work=[[MedlinePlus]] |publisher=[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists]] |access-date=29 September 2009 |date=1 September 2008 |archive-date=24 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924092832/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a695011.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_AU=C|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Tramadol Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=14 October 2019 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html | access-date=7 February 2020 | archive-date=13 April 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413050449/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_US=N|pregnancy_US_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot; /&gt;|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=By mouth, [[intravenous|IV]], [[intramuscular|IM]], rectal|onset=Less than 1 hour (by mouth)&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;|duration_of_action=6 hours&lt;ref name=&quot;Pharmacology of tramadol&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Dayer |first1=P |last2=Desmeules |first2=J |last3=Collart |first3=L |title=[Pharmacology of tramadol]. |journal=Drugs |date=1997 |volume=53 Suppl 2 |pages=18–24 |doi=10.2165/00003495-199700532-00006 |pmid=9190321}}&lt;/ref&gt;|dependency_liability=Present&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;

&lt;!-- External links --&gt;|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|monograph|ultram}}|MedlinePlus=a695011

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;|legal_AU=S4|legal_CA=Rx only|legal_NZ=Prescription Medicine|legal_UK=Class C – Schedule 3 CD|legal_US=Schedule IV|legal_status=Rx-only|DailyMedID=Tramadol|licence_US=Tramadol|licence_EU=&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=70–75% (by mouth), 77% (rectal), 100% (IM)&lt;ref name = MD&gt;{{cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride|work=Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|date=13 December 2013|access-date=5 April 2014|url=http://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/current/6263-c.htm|editor=Brayfield, A|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829092614/https://about.medicinescomplete.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/public/assets/js/extensions/revolution.extension.slideanims.min.js?version=5.4.5|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|protein_bound=20%&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;|metabolism=[[Liver]]-mediated [[demethylation]] and [[glucuronidation]] via [[CYP2D6]] &amp; [[CYP3A4]]&lt;ref name = MD/&gt;&lt;ref name = MSR/&gt;|metabolites=O-desmethyltramadol, N-desmethyltramadol|elimination_half-life=6.3 ± 1.4&amp;nbsp;h&lt;ref name = MSR&gt;{{cite web|title=Ultram, Ultram ER (tramadol) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more|work=Medscape Reference|publisher=WebMD|access-date=28 November 2013|url=http://reference.medscape.com/drug/ultram-er-tramadol-343324#showall|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203022453/http://reference.medscape.com/drug/ultram-er-tramadol-343324#showall|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|excretion=Urine (95%)&lt;ref name = TGAIR&gt;{{cite web|title=Australian Label: Tramadol Sandoz 50 mg capsules|publisher=TGA eBusiness Services|date=4 November 2011|access-date=6 April 2014|url=https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&amp;id=CP-2010-PI-03844-3|format=PDF|archive-date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801015150/https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&amp;id=CP-2010-PI-03844-3|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;|C=16|H=25|N=1|O=2|SMILES=CN(C)C[C@H]1CCCC[C@@]1(C2=CC(=CC=C2)OC)O|StdInChI=1S/C16H25NO2/c1-17(2)12-14-7-4-5-10-16(14,18)13-8-6-9-15(11-13)19-3/h6,8-9,11,14,18H,4-5,7,10,12H2,1-3H3/t14-,16+/m1/s1|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=TVYLLZQTGLZFBW-ZBFHGGJFSA-N|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|melting_point=180|melting_high=181}}'''Tramadol''', ti shɛli din daa yuli booni Ultram ni yu shɛŋa din pahi,&lt;ref name=&quot;generics&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol|url=https://www.drugs.com/international/tramadol.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=22 December 2018|language=en|archive-date=23 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723182517/https://www.drugs.com/international/tramadol.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  nyɛla bierim kubu ti shɛli bɛ ni mali tibiri biɛrim din saɣisi bee din mali yaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tramadol-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Dec 1, 2014|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015421/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tramadol-hydrochloride.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyala biɛrim kubu ti shɛli alaafee baŋdiba ni dii bi yu biɛrim tima puuni .&lt;ref name=&quot;TI2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=[131] Tramadol: Where do we go from here?|url=https://www.ti.ubc.ca/2021/07/14/131-tramadol/|access-date=14 September 2021|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716014831/https://www.ti.ubc.ca/2021/07/14/131-tramadol/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di yi ti niŋ ka nira vali di din wuligiri yom n kpɛri ʒisoya ni, biɛrim baligibu nyɛla din kanna zaŋ chaŋ awa yini(1 hour).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Di lahi mali din chibira.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 74|date=2017|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=978-0857112989|pages=447–448|edition=74}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bɛ ni tooi kohi di mini paracetamol, bee ti shɛli din tumdi yuura.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot; /&gt;

Di barina shɛŋa din niŋ bayana puuni shɛŋa n nyɛ yoɣuni damdibu tom, ni zaɣisibu, ni ni lɛbigibu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Di barina shɛŋa din mali yaa puuni shɛŋa n nyɛ luhibu, hankali ni yibu, ni zaŋ tima valibu lɛbi tuma  .&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Tim maa valibu zaŋ ti ninvuɣu shɛba ban mali yaannini bee binsabili doro bela di ko.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Di bi yu ni nira ŋun bori O nyavuli dibu bee ŋun mali puu valli.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot; /&gt; Di bi yu ni paɣa so ŋun moɣisiri bia valli, amaa lala paɣa ni vali di zaɣ'yini, di bi moŋdo ni O moɣisi O bia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=5 September 2016|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413050449/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di yi kpe binsabili ni, Tramadol lɛbigiri la ''O''-desmethyltramadol (desmetramadol), ti shɛi din gbaari μ-opioid receptor viɛnyala .&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Raf2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Raffa RB, Buschmann H, Christoph T, Eichenbaum G, Englberger W, Flores CM, Hertrampf T, Kögel B, Schiene K, Straßburger W, Terlinden R, Tzschentke TM|title=Mechanistic and functional differentiation of tapentadol and tramadol|journal=Expert Opin Pharmacother|volume=13|issue=10|pages=1437–49|year=2012|pmid=22698264|doi=10.1517/14656566.2012.696097|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tramadol lahi nyɛla serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Leppert W|title=Tramadol as an analgesic for mild to moderate cancer pain.|journal=Pharmacological Reports|date=November–December 2009|volume=61|issue=6|pages=978–92|pmid=20081232|url=http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2009/6_978.pdf|doi=10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70159-8|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=17 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017220350/http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2009/6_978.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tramadol daa nyɛla ban yihilina ni gu shɛli malibu (patented) yuuni 1963, ka yihilina ni yu shɛlli din nyɛ &quot;Tramal&quot; yuuni 1977, tuma du shɛli ban daa yilina maa n nyɛ West German pharmaceutical company Grünenthal GmbH.&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=528|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA528|language=en|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043604/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA528|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Yuuni 1990 nima puuni, United Kingdom mini United States daa nyɛla ban saɣi tili.&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot; /&gt; It is available as a generic medication and marketed under many brand names worldwide.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;generics&quot; /&gt; In the United States, the wholesale cost is less than US$0.05 per dose as of 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2018-12-19|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-12-19/g7bs-ahj4|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=22 December 2018|archive-date=19 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219230344/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-12-19/g7bs-ahj4|url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Canada it costs about 1.20 CAD per dose as of 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;TI2021&quot; /&gt; In 2017, it was the 32nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 21 million prescriptions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318234059/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|date=23 December 2019|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/TramadolHydrochloride|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411201148/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/TramadolHydrochloride|url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>860hz1yg3kx4jyv6s0000kvw56o1qvo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>136929</id>
      <parentid>136927</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T17:06:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Knowledge and philosophy</username>
        <id>2987</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>pahila lɛbigibu</comment>
      <origin>136929</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10529" sha1="ha3clc3ayqboxtgn6qyviot28iqkp73" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug|Verifiedfields=changed|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=451973921|drug_name=Tramadol|image=Tramadol as a racemic mixture.svg|width=250px|image2=Tramadol 3D.png|width2=250px

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;|pronounce=tra' ma dole|tradename=Ultram, Zytram, others&lt;ref name=generics/&gt;|synonyms=|IUPAC_name=2-[(Dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;|class=[[Opiate analgesic]]&lt;ref name=&quot;MedlinePlus&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a695011.html |title=Tramadol |work=[[MedlinePlus]] |publisher=[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists]] |access-date=29 September 2009 |date=1 September 2008 |archive-date=24 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924092832/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a695011.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_AU=C|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Tramadol Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=14 October 2019 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html | access-date=7 February 2020 | archive-date=13 April 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413050449/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_US=N|pregnancy_US_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot; /&gt;|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=By mouth, [[intravenous|IV]], [[intramuscular|IM]], rectal|onset=Less than 1 hour (by mouth)&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;|duration_of_action=6 hours&lt;ref name=&quot;Pharmacology of tramadol&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Dayer |first1=P |last2=Desmeules |first2=J |last3=Collart |first3=L |title=[Pharmacology of tramadol]. |journal=Drugs |date=1997 |volume=53 Suppl 2 |pages=18–24 |doi=10.2165/00003495-199700532-00006 |pmid=9190321}}&lt;/ref&gt;|dependency_liability=Present&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;

&lt;!-- External links --&gt;|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|monograph|ultram}}|MedlinePlus=a695011

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;|legal_AU=S4|legal_CA=Rx only|legal_NZ=Prescription Medicine|legal_UK=Class C – Schedule 3 CD|legal_US=Schedule IV|legal_status=Rx-only|DailyMedID=Tramadol|licence_US=Tramadol|licence_EU=&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=70–75% (by mouth), 77% (rectal), 100% (IM)&lt;ref name = MD&gt;{{cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride|work=Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|date=13 December 2013|access-date=5 April 2014|url=http://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/current/6263-c.htm|editor=Brayfield, A|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829092614/https://about.medicinescomplete.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/public/assets/js/extensions/revolution.extension.slideanims.min.js?version=5.4.5|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|protein_bound=20%&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;|metabolism=[[Liver]]-mediated [[demethylation]] and [[glucuronidation]] via [[CYP2D6]] &amp; [[CYP3A4]]&lt;ref name = MD/&gt;&lt;ref name = MSR/&gt;|metabolites=O-desmethyltramadol, N-desmethyltramadol|elimination_half-life=6.3 ± 1.4&amp;nbsp;h&lt;ref name = MSR&gt;{{cite web|title=Ultram, Ultram ER (tramadol) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more|work=Medscape Reference|publisher=WebMD|access-date=28 November 2013|url=http://reference.medscape.com/drug/ultram-er-tramadol-343324#showall|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203022453/http://reference.medscape.com/drug/ultram-er-tramadol-343324#showall|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|excretion=Urine (95%)&lt;ref name = TGAIR&gt;{{cite web|title=Australian Label: Tramadol Sandoz 50 mg capsules|publisher=TGA eBusiness Services|date=4 November 2011|access-date=6 April 2014|url=https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&amp;id=CP-2010-PI-03844-3|format=PDF|archive-date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801015150/https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&amp;id=CP-2010-PI-03844-3|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;|C=16|H=25|N=1|O=2|SMILES=CN(C)C[C@H]1CCCC[C@@]1(C2=CC(=CC=C2)OC)O|StdInChI=1S/C16H25NO2/c1-17(2)12-14-7-4-5-10-16(14,18)13-8-6-9-15(11-13)19-3/h6,8-9,11,14,18H,4-5,7,10,12H2,1-3H3/t14-,16+/m1/s1|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=TVYLLZQTGLZFBW-ZBFHGGJFSA-N|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|melting_point=180|melting_high=181}}'''Tramadol''', ti shɛli din daa yuli booni Ultram ni yu shɛŋa din pahi,&lt;ref name=&quot;generics&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol|url=https://www.drugs.com/international/tramadol.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=22 December 2018|language=en|archive-date=23 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723182517/https://www.drugs.com/international/tramadol.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  nyɛla bierim kubu ti shɛli bɛ ni mali tibiri biɛrim din saɣisi bee din mali yaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tramadol-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Dec 1, 2014|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015421/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tramadol-hydrochloride.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyala biɛrim kubu ti shɛli alaafee baŋdiba ni dii bi yu biɛrim tima puuni .&lt;ref name=&quot;TI2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=[131] Tramadol: Where do we go from here?|url=https://www.ti.ubc.ca/2021/07/14/131-tramadol/|access-date=14 September 2021|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716014831/https://www.ti.ubc.ca/2021/07/14/131-tramadol/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di yi ti niŋ ka nira vali di din wuligiri yom n kpɛri ʒisoya ni, biɛrim baligibu nyɛla din kanna zaŋ chaŋ awa yini(1 hour).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Di lahi mali din chibira.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 74|date=2017|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=978-0857112989|pages=447–448|edition=74}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bɛ ni tooi kohi di mini paracetamol, bee ti shɛli din tumdi yuura.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot; /&gt;

Di barina shɛŋa din niŋ bayana puuni shɛŋa n nyɛ yoɣuni damdibu tom, ni zaɣisibu, ni ni lɛbigibu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Di barina shɛŋa din mali yaa puuni shɛŋa n nyɛ luhibu, hankali ni yibu, ni zaŋ tima valibu lɛbi tuma  .&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Tim maa valibu zaŋ ti ninvuɣu shɛba ban mali yaannini bee binsabili doro bela di ko.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Di bi yu ni nira ŋun bori O nyavuli dibu bee ŋun mali puu valli.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot; /&gt; Di bi yu ni paɣa so ŋun moɣisiri bia valli, amaa lala paɣa ni vali di zaɣ'yini, di bi moŋdo ni O moɣisi O bia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=5 September 2016|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413050449/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di yi kpe binsabili ni, Tramadol lɛbigiri la ''O''-desmethyltramadol (desmetramadol), ti shɛi din gbaari μ-opioid receptor viɛnyala .&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Raf2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Raffa RB, Buschmann H, Christoph T, Eichenbaum G, Englberger W, Flores CM, Hertrampf T, Kögel B, Schiene K, Straßburger W, Terlinden R, Tzschentke TM|title=Mechanistic and functional differentiation of tapentadol and tramadol|journal=Expert Opin Pharmacother|volume=13|issue=10|pages=1437–49|year=2012|pmid=22698264|doi=10.1517/14656566.2012.696097|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tramadol lahi nyɛla serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Leppert W|title=Tramadol as an analgesic for mild to moderate cancer pain.|journal=Pharmacological Reports|date=November–December 2009|volume=61|issue=6|pages=978–92|pmid=20081232|url=http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2009/6_978.pdf|doi=10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70159-8|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=17 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017220350/http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2009/6_978.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tramadol daa nyɛla ban yihilina ni gu shɛli malibu (patented) yuuni 1963, ka yihilina ni yu shɛlli din nyɛ &quot;Tramal&quot; yuuni 1977, tuma du shɛli ban daa yilina maa n nyɛ West German pharmaceutical company Grünenthal GmbH.&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=528|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA528|language=en|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043604/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA528|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Yuuni 1990 nima puuni, United Kingdom mini United States daa nyɛla ban saɣi tili.&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot; /&gt; Dipa nyɛla ti shɛli din niŋ bayana, ka bɛ kohirili ni yuya balibu  duniya yaaŋa zuɣu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;generics&quot; /&gt; In the United States, the wholesale cost is less than US$0.05 per dose as of 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2018-12-19|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-12-19/g7bs-ahj4|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=22 December 2018|archive-date=19 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219230344/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-12-19/g7bs-ahj4|url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Canada it costs about 1.20 CAD per dose as of 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;TI2021&quot; /&gt; In 2017, it was the 32nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 21 million prescriptions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318234059/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|date=23 December 2019|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/TramadolHydrochloride|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411201148/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/TramadolHydrochloride|url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>ha3clc3ayqboxtgn6qyviot28iqkp73</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>136932</id>
      <parentid>136929</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T17:10:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Knowledge and philosophy</username>
        <id>2987</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>pahila lɛbigibu</comment>
      <origin>136932</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10546" sha1="eyrcrq0x56gjo8b4n050e2ys8nimds3" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug|Verifiedfields=changed|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=451973921|drug_name=Tramadol|image=Tramadol as a racemic mixture.svg|width=250px|image2=Tramadol 3D.png|width2=250px

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;|pronounce=tra' ma dole|tradename=Ultram, Zytram, others&lt;ref name=generics/&gt;|synonyms=|IUPAC_name=2-[(Dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;|class=[[Opiate analgesic]]&lt;ref name=&quot;MedlinePlus&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a695011.html |title=Tramadol |work=[[MedlinePlus]] |publisher=[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists]] |access-date=29 September 2009 |date=1 September 2008 |archive-date=24 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924092832/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a695011.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_AU=C|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Tramadol Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=14 October 2019 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html | access-date=7 February 2020 | archive-date=13 April 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413050449/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_US=N|pregnancy_US_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot; /&gt;|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=By mouth, [[intravenous|IV]], [[intramuscular|IM]], rectal|onset=Less than 1 hour (by mouth)&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;|duration_of_action=6 hours&lt;ref name=&quot;Pharmacology of tramadol&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Dayer |first1=P |last2=Desmeules |first2=J |last3=Collart |first3=L |title=[Pharmacology of tramadol]. |journal=Drugs |date=1997 |volume=53 Suppl 2 |pages=18–24 |doi=10.2165/00003495-199700532-00006 |pmid=9190321}}&lt;/ref&gt;|dependency_liability=Present&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;

&lt;!-- External links --&gt;|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|monograph|ultram}}|MedlinePlus=a695011

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;|legal_AU=S4|legal_CA=Rx only|legal_NZ=Prescription Medicine|legal_UK=Class C – Schedule 3 CD|legal_US=Schedule IV|legal_status=Rx-only|DailyMedID=Tramadol|licence_US=Tramadol|licence_EU=&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=70–75% (by mouth), 77% (rectal), 100% (IM)&lt;ref name = MD&gt;{{cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride|work=Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|date=13 December 2013|access-date=5 April 2014|url=http://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/current/6263-c.htm|editor=Brayfield, A|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829092614/https://about.medicinescomplete.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/public/assets/js/extensions/revolution.extension.slideanims.min.js?version=5.4.5|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|protein_bound=20%&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;|metabolism=[[Liver]]-mediated [[demethylation]] and [[glucuronidation]] via [[CYP2D6]] &amp; [[CYP3A4]]&lt;ref name = MD/&gt;&lt;ref name = MSR/&gt;|metabolites=O-desmethyltramadol, N-desmethyltramadol|elimination_half-life=6.3 ± 1.4&amp;nbsp;h&lt;ref name = MSR&gt;{{cite web|title=Ultram, Ultram ER (tramadol) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more|work=Medscape Reference|publisher=WebMD|access-date=28 November 2013|url=http://reference.medscape.com/drug/ultram-er-tramadol-343324#showall|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203022453/http://reference.medscape.com/drug/ultram-er-tramadol-343324#showall|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|excretion=Urine (95%)&lt;ref name = TGAIR&gt;{{cite web|title=Australian Label: Tramadol Sandoz 50 mg capsules|publisher=TGA eBusiness Services|date=4 November 2011|access-date=6 April 2014|url=https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&amp;id=CP-2010-PI-03844-3|format=PDF|archive-date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801015150/https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&amp;id=CP-2010-PI-03844-3|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;|C=16|H=25|N=1|O=2|SMILES=CN(C)C[C@H]1CCCC[C@@]1(C2=CC(=CC=C2)OC)O|StdInChI=1S/C16H25NO2/c1-17(2)12-14-7-4-5-10-16(14,18)13-8-6-9-15(11-13)19-3/h6,8-9,11,14,18H,4-5,7,10,12H2,1-3H3/t14-,16+/m1/s1|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=TVYLLZQTGLZFBW-ZBFHGGJFSA-N|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|melting_point=180|melting_high=181}}'''Tramadol''', ti shɛli din daa yuli booni Ultram ni yu shɛŋa din pahi,&lt;ref name=&quot;generics&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol|url=https://www.drugs.com/international/tramadol.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=22 December 2018|language=en|archive-date=23 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723182517/https://www.drugs.com/international/tramadol.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  nyɛla bierim kubu ti shɛli bɛ ni mali tibiri biɛrim din saɣisi bee din mali yaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tramadol-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Dec 1, 2014|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015421/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tramadol-hydrochloride.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyala biɛrim kubu ti shɛli alaafee baŋdiba ni dii bi yu biɛrim tima puuni .&lt;ref name=&quot;TI2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=[131] Tramadol: Where do we go from here?|url=https://www.ti.ubc.ca/2021/07/14/131-tramadol/|access-date=14 September 2021|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716014831/https://www.ti.ubc.ca/2021/07/14/131-tramadol/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di yi ti niŋ ka nira vali di din wuligiri yom n kpɛri ʒisoya ni, biɛrim baligibu nyɛla din kanna zaŋ chaŋ awa yini(1 hour).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Di lahi mali din chibira.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 74|date=2017|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=978-0857112989|pages=447–448|edition=74}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bɛ ni tooi kohi di mini paracetamol, bee ti shɛli din tumdi yuura.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot; /&gt;

Di barina shɛŋa din niŋ bayana puuni shɛŋa n nyɛ yoɣuni damdibu tom, ni zaɣisibu, ni ni lɛbigibu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Di barina shɛŋa din mali yaa puuni shɛŋa n nyɛ luhibu, hankali ni yibu, ni zaŋ tima valibu lɛbi tuma  .&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Tim maa valibu zaŋ ti ninvuɣu shɛba ban mali yaannini bee binsabili doro bela di ko.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Di bi yu ni nira ŋun bori O nyavuli dibu bee ŋun mali puu valli.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot; /&gt; Di bi yu ni paɣa so ŋun moɣisiri bia valli, amaa lala paɣa ni vali di zaɣ'yini, di bi moŋdo ni O moɣisi O bia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=5 September 2016|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413050449/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di yi kpe binsabili ni, Tramadol lɛbigiri la ''O''-desmethyltramadol (desmetramadol), ti shɛi din gbaari μ-opioid receptor viɛnyala .&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Raf2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Raffa RB, Buschmann H, Christoph T, Eichenbaum G, Englberger W, Flores CM, Hertrampf T, Kögel B, Schiene K, Straßburger W, Terlinden R, Tzschentke TM|title=Mechanistic and functional differentiation of tapentadol and tramadol|journal=Expert Opin Pharmacother|volume=13|issue=10|pages=1437–49|year=2012|pmid=22698264|doi=10.1517/14656566.2012.696097|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tramadol lahi nyɛla serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Leppert W|title=Tramadol as an analgesic for mild to moderate cancer pain.|journal=Pharmacological Reports|date=November–December 2009|volume=61|issue=6|pages=978–92|pmid=20081232|url=http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2009/6_978.pdf|doi=10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70159-8|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=17 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017220350/http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2009/6_978.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tramadol daa nyɛla ban yihilina ni gu shɛli malibu (patented) yuuni 1963, ka yihilina ni yu shɛlli din nyɛ &quot;Tramal&quot; yuuni 1977, tuma du shɛli ban daa yilina maa n nyɛ West German pharmaceutical company Grünenthal GmbH.&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=528|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA528|language=en|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043604/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA528|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Yuuni 1990 nima puuni, United Kingdom mini United States daa nyɛla ban saɣi tili.&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot; /&gt; Dipa nyɛla ti shɛli din niŋ bayana, ka bɛ kohirili ni yuya balibu  duniya yaaŋa zuɣu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;generics&quot; /&gt; United States puuni, di yim valibu saale daa nyɛla din pori gari US$0.05, ti yi kpuɣi yuuni 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2018-12-19|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-12-19/g7bs-ahj4|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=22 December 2018|archive-date=19 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219230344/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-12-19/g7bs-ahj4|url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Canada it costs about 1.20 CAD per dose as of 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;TI2021&quot; /&gt; In 2017, it was the 32nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 21 million prescriptions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318234059/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|date=23 December 2019|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/TramadolHydrochloride|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411201148/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/TramadolHydrochloride|url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>eyrcrq0x56gjo8b4n050e2ys8nimds3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>136937</id>
      <parentid>136932</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T17:17:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Knowledge and philosophy</username>
        <id>2987</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>pahila lɛbigibu</comment>
      <origin>136937</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10635" sha1="mtt8vt9u0c72xbdos2ij6fjomc3zeex" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug|Verifiedfields=changed|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=451973921|drug_name=Tramadol|image=Tramadol as a racemic mixture.svg|width=250px|image2=Tramadol 3D.png|width2=250px

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;|pronounce=tra' ma dole|tradename=Ultram, Zytram, others&lt;ref name=generics/&gt;|synonyms=|IUPAC_name=2-[(Dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;|class=[[Opiate analgesic]]&lt;ref name=&quot;MedlinePlus&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a695011.html |title=Tramadol |work=[[MedlinePlus]] |publisher=[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists]] |access-date=29 September 2009 |date=1 September 2008 |archive-date=24 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924092832/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a695011.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_AU=C|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Tramadol Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=14 October 2019 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html | access-date=7 February 2020 | archive-date=13 April 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413050449/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_US=N|pregnancy_US_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot; /&gt;|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=By mouth, [[intravenous|IV]], [[intramuscular|IM]], rectal|onset=Less than 1 hour (by mouth)&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;|duration_of_action=6 hours&lt;ref name=&quot;Pharmacology of tramadol&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Dayer |first1=P |last2=Desmeules |first2=J |last3=Collart |first3=L |title=[Pharmacology of tramadol]. |journal=Drugs |date=1997 |volume=53 Suppl 2 |pages=18–24 |doi=10.2165/00003495-199700532-00006 |pmid=9190321}}&lt;/ref&gt;|dependency_liability=Present&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;

&lt;!-- External links --&gt;|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|monograph|ultram}}|MedlinePlus=a695011

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;|legal_AU=S4|legal_CA=Rx only|legal_NZ=Prescription Medicine|legal_UK=Class C – Schedule 3 CD|legal_US=Schedule IV|legal_status=Rx-only|DailyMedID=Tramadol|licence_US=Tramadol|licence_EU=&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=70–75% (by mouth), 77% (rectal), 100% (IM)&lt;ref name = MD&gt;{{cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride|work=Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|date=13 December 2013|access-date=5 April 2014|url=http://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/current/6263-c.htm|editor=Brayfield, A|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829092614/https://about.medicinescomplete.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/public/assets/js/extensions/revolution.extension.slideanims.min.js?version=5.4.5|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|protein_bound=20%&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;|metabolism=[[Liver]]-mediated [[demethylation]] and [[glucuronidation]] via [[CYP2D6]] &amp; [[CYP3A4]]&lt;ref name = MD/&gt;&lt;ref name = MSR/&gt;|metabolites=O-desmethyltramadol, N-desmethyltramadol|elimination_half-life=6.3 ± 1.4&amp;nbsp;h&lt;ref name = MSR&gt;{{cite web|title=Ultram, Ultram ER (tramadol) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more|work=Medscape Reference|publisher=WebMD|access-date=28 November 2013|url=http://reference.medscape.com/drug/ultram-er-tramadol-343324#showall|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203022453/http://reference.medscape.com/drug/ultram-er-tramadol-343324#showall|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|excretion=Urine (95%)&lt;ref name = TGAIR&gt;{{cite web|title=Australian Label: Tramadol Sandoz 50 mg capsules|publisher=TGA eBusiness Services|date=4 November 2011|access-date=6 April 2014|url=https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&amp;id=CP-2010-PI-03844-3|format=PDF|archive-date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801015150/https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&amp;id=CP-2010-PI-03844-3|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;|C=16|H=25|N=1|O=2|SMILES=CN(C)C[C@H]1CCCC[C@@]1(C2=CC(=CC=C2)OC)O|StdInChI=1S/C16H25NO2/c1-17(2)12-14-7-4-5-10-16(14,18)13-8-6-9-15(11-13)19-3/h6,8-9,11,14,18H,4-5,7,10,12H2,1-3H3/t14-,16+/m1/s1|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=TVYLLZQTGLZFBW-ZBFHGGJFSA-N|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|melting_point=180|melting_high=181}}'''Tramadol''', ti shɛli din daa yuli booni Ultram ni yu shɛŋa din pahi,&lt;ref name=&quot;generics&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol|url=https://www.drugs.com/international/tramadol.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=22 December 2018|language=en|archive-date=23 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723182517/https://www.drugs.com/international/tramadol.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  nyɛla bierim kubu ti shɛli bɛ ni mali tibiri biɛrim din saɣisi bee din mali yaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tramadol-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Dec 1, 2014|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015421/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tramadol-hydrochloride.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyala biɛrim kubu ti shɛli alaafee baŋdiba ni dii bi yu biɛrim tima puuni .&lt;ref name=&quot;TI2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=[131] Tramadol: Where do we go from here?|url=https://www.ti.ubc.ca/2021/07/14/131-tramadol/|access-date=14 September 2021|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716014831/https://www.ti.ubc.ca/2021/07/14/131-tramadol/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di yi ti niŋ ka nira vali di din wuligiri yom n kpɛri ʒisoya ni, biɛrim baligibu nyɛla din kanna zaŋ chaŋ awa yini(1 hour).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Di lahi mali din chibira.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 74|date=2017|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=978-0857112989|pages=447–448|edition=74}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bɛ ni tooi kohi di mini paracetamol, bee ti shɛli din tumdi yuura.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot; /&gt;

Di barina shɛŋa din niŋ bayana puuni shɛŋa n nyɛ yoɣuni damdibu tom, ni zaɣisibu, ni ni lɛbigibu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Di barina shɛŋa din mali yaa puuni shɛŋa n nyɛ luhibu, hankali ni yibu, ni zaŋ tima valibu lɛbi tuma  .&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Tim maa valibu zaŋ ti ninvuɣu shɛba ban mali yaannini bee binsabili doro bela di ko.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Di bi yu ni nira ŋun bori O nyavuli dibu bee ŋun mali puu valli.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot; /&gt; Di bi yu ni paɣa so ŋun moɣisiri bia valli, amaa lala paɣa ni vali di zaɣ'yini, di bi moŋdo ni O moɣisi O bia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=5 September 2016|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413050449/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di yi kpe binsabili ni, Tramadol lɛbigiri la ''O''-desmethyltramadol (desmetramadol), ti shɛi din gbaari μ-opioid receptor viɛnyala .&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Raf2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Raffa RB, Buschmann H, Christoph T, Eichenbaum G, Englberger W, Flores CM, Hertrampf T, Kögel B, Schiene K, Straßburger W, Terlinden R, Tzschentke TM|title=Mechanistic and functional differentiation of tapentadol and tramadol|journal=Expert Opin Pharmacother|volume=13|issue=10|pages=1437–49|year=2012|pmid=22698264|doi=10.1517/14656566.2012.696097|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tramadol lahi nyɛla serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Leppert W|title=Tramadol as an analgesic for mild to moderate cancer pain.|journal=Pharmacological Reports|date=November–December 2009|volume=61|issue=6|pages=978–92|pmid=20081232|url=http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2009/6_978.pdf|doi=10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70159-8|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=17 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017220350/http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2009/6_978.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tramadol daa nyɛla ban yihilina ni gu shɛli malibu (patented) yuuni 1963, ka yihilina ni yu shɛlli din nyɛ &quot;Tramal&quot; yuuni 1977, tuma du shɛli ban daa yilina maa n nyɛ West German pharmaceutical company Grünenthal GmbH.&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=528|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA528|language=en|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043604/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA528|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Yuuni 1990 nima puuni, United Kingdom mini United States daa nyɛla ban saɣi tili.&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot; /&gt; Dipa nyɛla ti shɛli din niŋ bayana, ka bɛ kohirili ni yuya balibu  duniya yaaŋa zuɣu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;generics&quot; /&gt; United States puuni, di yim valibu saale daa nyɛla din pori gari US$0.05, ti yi kpuɣi yuuni 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2018-12-19|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-12-19/g7bs-ahj4|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=22 December 2018|archive-date=19 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219230344/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-12-19/g7bs-ahj4|url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt; Canada puuni, di valibu yim daa nyɛla kaman 1.20 CAD, ti yi kpuɣi yuuni 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;TI2021&quot; /&gt; Yuuni 2017, dina n daa nyɛ ti shɛli din pahiri pihita ni ayi dooshee ti shɛŋa bɛ ni daa tiri barinima United States puuni, ka bɛ daa tili n gari millioŋ pishi ni yini (21 million).&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318234059/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|date=23 December 2019|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/TramadolHydrochloride|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411201148/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/TramadolHydrochloride|url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>mtt8vt9u0c72xbdos2ij6fjomc3zeex</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>136940</id>
      <parentid>136937</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T17:21:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Knowledge and philosophy</username>
        <id>2987</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>malila sabbu niŋ</comment>
      <origin>136940</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10635" sha1="5sed6ruu9skkq43wj9t12fmk8kscl1c" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug|Verifiedfields=changed|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=451973921|drug_name=Tramadol|image=Tramadol as a racemic mixture.svg|width=250px|image2=Tramadol 3D.png|width2=250px

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;|pronounce=tra' ma dole|tradename=Ultram, Zytram, others&lt;ref name=generics/&gt;|synonyms=|IUPAC_name=2-[(Dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;|class=[[Opiate analgesic]]&lt;ref name=&quot;MedlinePlus&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a695011.html |title=Tramadol |work=[[MedlinePlus]] |publisher=[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists]] |access-date=29 September 2009 |date=1 September 2008 |archive-date=24 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924092832/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a695011.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_AU=C|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Tramadol Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=14 October 2019 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html | access-date=7 February 2020 | archive-date=13 April 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413050449/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_US=N|pregnancy_US_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot; /&gt;|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=By mouth, [[intravenous|IV]], [[intramuscular|IM]], rectal|onset=Less than 1 hour (by mouth)&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;|duration_of_action=6 hours&lt;ref name=&quot;Pharmacology of tramadol&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Dayer |first1=P |last2=Desmeules |first2=J |last3=Collart |first3=L |title=[Pharmacology of tramadol]. |journal=Drugs |date=1997 |volume=53 Suppl 2 |pages=18–24 |doi=10.2165/00003495-199700532-00006 |pmid=9190321}}&lt;/ref&gt;|dependency_liability=Present&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;

&lt;!-- External links --&gt;|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|monograph|ultram}}|MedlinePlus=a695011

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;|legal_AU=S4|legal_CA=Rx only|legal_NZ=Prescription Medicine|legal_UK=Class C – Schedule 3 CD|legal_US=Schedule IV|legal_status=Rx-only|DailyMedID=Tramadol|licence_US=Tramadol|licence_EU=&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=70–75% (by mouth), 77% (rectal), 100% (IM)&lt;ref name = MD&gt;{{cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride|work=Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|date=13 December 2013|access-date=5 April 2014|url=http://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/current/6263-c.htm|editor=Brayfield, A|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829092614/https://about.medicinescomplete.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/public/assets/js/extensions/revolution.extension.slideanims.min.js?version=5.4.5|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|protein_bound=20%&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;|metabolism=[[Liver]]-mediated [[demethylation]] and [[glucuronidation]] via [[CYP2D6]] &amp; [[CYP3A4]]&lt;ref name = MD/&gt;&lt;ref name = MSR/&gt;|metabolites=O-desmethyltramadol, N-desmethyltramadol|elimination_half-life=6.3 ± 1.4&amp;nbsp;h&lt;ref name = MSR&gt;{{cite web|title=Ultram, Ultram ER (tramadol) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more|work=Medscape Reference|publisher=WebMD|access-date=28 November 2013|url=http://reference.medscape.com/drug/ultram-er-tramadol-343324#showall|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203022453/http://reference.medscape.com/drug/ultram-er-tramadol-343324#showall|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|excretion=Urine (95%)&lt;ref name = TGAIR&gt;{{cite web|title=Australian Label: Tramadol Sandoz 50 mg capsules|publisher=TGA eBusiness Services|date=4 November 2011|access-date=6 April 2014|url=https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&amp;id=CP-2010-PI-03844-3|format=PDF|archive-date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801015150/https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&amp;id=CP-2010-PI-03844-3|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;|C=16|H=25|N=1|O=2|SMILES=CN(C)C[C@H]1CCCC[C@@]1(C2=CC(=CC=C2)OC)O|StdInChI=1S/C16H25NO2/c1-17(2)12-14-7-4-5-10-16(14,18)13-8-6-9-15(11-13)19-3/h6,8-9,11,14,18H,4-5,7,10,12H2,1-3H3/t14-,16+/m1/s1|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=TVYLLZQTGLZFBW-ZBFHGGJFSA-N|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|melting_point=180|melting_high=181}}'''Tramadol''', ti shɛli din daa yuli booni Ultram ni yu shɛŋa din pahi,&lt;ref name=&quot;generics&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol|url=https://www.drugs.com/international/tramadol.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=22 December 2018|language=en|archive-date=23 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723182517/https://www.drugs.com/international/tramadol.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  nyɛla bierim kubu ti shɛli bɛ ni mali tibiri biɛrim din saɣisi bee din mali yaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tramadol-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Dec 1, 2014|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015421/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tramadol-hydrochloride.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyala biɛrim kubu ti shɛli alaafee baŋdiba ni dii bi yu biɛrim tima puuni .&lt;ref name=&quot;TI2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=[131] Tramadol: Where do we go from here?|url=https://www.ti.ubc.ca/2021/07/14/131-tramadol/|access-date=14 September 2021|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716014831/https://www.ti.ubc.ca/2021/07/14/131-tramadol/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di yi ti niŋ ka nira vali di din wuligiri yom n kpɛri ʒisoya ni, biɛrim baligibu nyɛla din kanna zaŋ chaŋ awa yini(1 hour).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Di lahi mali din chibira.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 74|date=2017|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=978-0857112989|pages=447–448|edition=74}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bɛ ni tooi kohi di mini paracetamol, bee ti shɛli din tumdi yuura.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot; /&gt;

Di barina shɛŋa din niŋ bayana puuni shɛŋa n nyɛ yoɣuni damdibu tom, ni zaɣisibu, ni ni lɛbigibu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Di barina shɛŋa din mali yaa puuni shɛŋa n nyɛ luhibu, hankali ni yibu, ni zaŋ tima valibu lɛbi tuma  .&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Tim maa valibu zaŋ ti ninvuɣu shɛba ban mali yaannini bee binsabili doro bela di ko.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Di bi yu ni nira ŋun bori O nyavuli dibu bee ŋun mali pua valli.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot; /&gt; Di bi yu ni paɣa so ŋun moɣisiri bia valli, amaa lala paɣa ni vali di zaɣ'yini, di bi moŋdo ni O moɣisi O bia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=5 September 2016|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413050449/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di yi kpe binsabili ni, Tramadol lɛbigiri la ''O''-desmethyltramadol (desmetramadol), ti shɛi din gbaari μ-opioid receptor viɛnyala .&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Raf2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Raffa RB, Buschmann H, Christoph T, Eichenbaum G, Englberger W, Flores CM, Hertrampf T, Kögel B, Schiene K, Straßburger W, Terlinden R, Tzschentke TM|title=Mechanistic and functional differentiation of tapentadol and tramadol|journal=Expert Opin Pharmacother|volume=13|issue=10|pages=1437–49|year=2012|pmid=22698264|doi=10.1517/14656566.2012.696097|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tramadol lahi nyɛla serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Leppert W|title=Tramadol as an analgesic for mild to moderate cancer pain.|journal=Pharmacological Reports|date=November–December 2009|volume=61|issue=6|pages=978–92|pmid=20081232|url=http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2009/6_978.pdf|doi=10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70159-8|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=17 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017220350/http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2009/6_978.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tramadol daa nyɛla ban yihilina ni gu shɛli malibu (patented) yuuni 1963, ka yihilina ni yu shɛlli din nyɛ &quot;Tramal&quot; yuuni 1977, tuma du shɛli ban daa yilina maa n nyɛ West German pharmaceutical company Grünenthal GmbH.&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=528|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA528|language=en|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043604/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA528|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Yuuni 1990 nima puuni, United Kingdom mini United States daa nyɛla ban saɣi tili.&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot; /&gt; Dipa nyɛla ti shɛli din niŋ bayana, ka bɛ kohirili ni yuya balibu  duniya yaaŋa zuɣu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;generics&quot; /&gt; United States puuni, di yim valibu saale daa nyɛla din pori gari US$0.05, ti yi kpuɣi yuuni 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2018-12-19|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-12-19/g7bs-ahj4|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=22 December 2018|archive-date=19 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219230344/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-12-19/g7bs-ahj4|url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt; Canada puuni, di valibu yim daa nyɛla kaman 1.20 CAD, ti yi kpuɣi yuuni 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;TI2021&quot; /&gt; Yuuni 2017, dina n daa nyɛ ti shɛli din pahiri pihita ni ayi dooshee ti shɛŋa bɛ ni daa tiri barinima United States puuni, ka bɛ daa tili n gari millioŋ pishi ni yini (21 million).&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318234059/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|date=23 December 2019|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/TramadolHydrochloride|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411201148/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/TramadolHydrochloride|url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>5sed6ruu9skkq43wj9t12fmk8kscl1c</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>136942</id>
      <parentid>136940</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T17:22:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Knowledge and philosophy</username>
        <id>2987</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>malila sabbu niŋ</comment>
      <origin>136942</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10635" sha1="10fx0evyztl0e9vg1f3xp0ob6by7igm" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug|Verifiedfields=changed|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=451973921|drug_name=Tramadol|image=Tramadol as a racemic mixture.svg|width=250px|image2=Tramadol 3D.png|width2=250px

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;|pronounce=tra' ma dole|tradename=Ultram, Zytram, others&lt;ref name=generics/&gt;|synonyms=|IUPAC_name=2-[(Dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;|class=[[Opiate analgesic]]&lt;ref name=&quot;MedlinePlus&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a695011.html |title=Tramadol |work=[[MedlinePlus]] |publisher=[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists]] |access-date=29 September 2009 |date=1 September 2008 |archive-date=24 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924092832/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a695011.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_AU=C|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Tramadol Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=14 October 2019 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html | access-date=7 February 2020 | archive-date=13 April 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413050449/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_US=N|pregnancy_US_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot; /&gt;|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=By mouth, [[intravenous|IV]], [[intramuscular|IM]], rectal|onset=Less than 1 hour (by mouth)&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;|duration_of_action=6 hours&lt;ref name=&quot;Pharmacology of tramadol&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Dayer |first1=P |last2=Desmeules |first2=J |last3=Collart |first3=L |title=[Pharmacology of tramadol]. |journal=Drugs |date=1997 |volume=53 Suppl 2 |pages=18–24 |doi=10.2165/00003495-199700532-00006 |pmid=9190321}}&lt;/ref&gt;|dependency_liability=Present&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;

&lt;!-- External links --&gt;|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|monograph|ultram}}|MedlinePlus=a695011

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;|legal_AU=S4|legal_CA=Rx only|legal_NZ=Prescription Medicine|legal_UK=Class C – Schedule 3 CD|legal_US=Schedule IV|legal_status=Rx-only|DailyMedID=Tramadol|licence_US=Tramadol|licence_EU=&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=70–75% (by mouth), 77% (rectal), 100% (IM)&lt;ref name = MD&gt;{{cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride|work=Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|date=13 December 2013|access-date=5 April 2014|url=http://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/current/6263-c.htm|editor=Brayfield, A|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829092614/https://about.medicinescomplete.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/public/assets/js/extensions/revolution.extension.slideanims.min.js?version=5.4.5|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|protein_bound=20%&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;|metabolism=[[Liver]]-mediated [[demethylation]] and [[glucuronidation]] via [[CYP2D6]] &amp; [[CYP3A4]]&lt;ref name = MD/&gt;&lt;ref name = MSR/&gt;|metabolites=O-desmethyltramadol, N-desmethyltramadol|elimination_half-life=6.3 ± 1.4&amp;nbsp;h&lt;ref name = MSR&gt;{{cite web|title=Ultram, Ultram ER (tramadol) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more|work=Medscape Reference|publisher=WebMD|access-date=28 November 2013|url=http://reference.medscape.com/drug/ultram-er-tramadol-343324#showall|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203022453/http://reference.medscape.com/drug/ultram-er-tramadol-343324#showall|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|excretion=Urine (95%)&lt;ref name = TGAIR&gt;{{cite web|title=Australian Label: Tramadol Sandoz 50 mg capsules|publisher=TGA eBusiness Services|date=4 November 2011|access-date=6 April 2014|url=https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&amp;id=CP-2010-PI-03844-3|format=PDF|archive-date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801015150/https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&amp;id=CP-2010-PI-03844-3|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;|C=16|H=25|N=1|O=2|SMILES=CN(C)C[C@H]1CCCC[C@@]1(C2=CC(=CC=C2)OC)O|StdInChI=1S/C16H25NO2/c1-17(2)12-14-7-4-5-10-16(14,18)13-8-6-9-15(11-13)19-3/h6,8-9,11,14,18H,4-5,7,10,12H2,1-3H3/t14-,16+/m1/s1|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=TVYLLZQTGLZFBW-ZBFHGGJFSA-N|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|melting_point=180|melting_high=181}}'''Tramadol''', ti shɛli din daa yuli booni Ultram ni yu shɛŋa din pahi,&lt;ref name=&quot;generics&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol|url=https://www.drugs.com/international/tramadol.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=22 December 2018|language=en|archive-date=23 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723182517/https://www.drugs.com/international/tramadol.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  nyɛla bierim kubu ti shɛli bɛ ni mali tibiri biɛrim din saɣisi bee din mali yaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tramadol-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Dec 1, 2014|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015421/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tramadol-hydrochloride.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyala biɛrim kubu ti shɛli alaafee baŋdiba ni dii bi yu biɛrim tima puuni .&lt;ref name=&quot;TI2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=[131] Tramadol: Where do we go from here?|url=https://www.ti.ubc.ca/2021/07/14/131-tramadol/|access-date=14 September 2021|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716014831/https://www.ti.ubc.ca/2021/07/14/131-tramadol/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di yi ti niŋ ka nira vali di din wuligiri yom n kpɛri ʒisoya ni, biɛrim baligibu nyɛla din kanna zaŋ chaŋ awa yini(1 hour).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Di lahi mali din chibira.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 74|date=2017|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=978-0857112989|pages=447–448|edition=74}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bɛ ni tooi kohi di mini paracetamol, bee ti shɛli din tumdi yuura.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot; /&gt;

Di barina shɛŋa din niŋ bayana puuni shɛŋa n nyɛ yoɣuni damdibu tom, ni zaɣisibu, ni ni lɛbigibu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Di barina shɛŋa din mali yaa puuni shɛŋa n nyɛ luhibu, hankali ni yibu, ni zaŋ tima valibu lɛbi tuma  .&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Tim maa valibu zaŋ ti ninvuɣu shɛba ban mali yaannini bee binsabili doro bela di ko.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Di bi yu ni nira ŋun bori O nyavuli dibu bee ŋun mali pua valli.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot; /&gt; Di bi yu ni paɣa so ŋun moɣisiri bia valli, amaa lala paɣa yi vali di zaɣ'yini, di bi moŋdo ni O moɣisi O bia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=5 September 2016|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413050449/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di yi kpe binsabili ni, Tramadol lɛbigiri la ''O''-desmethyltramadol (desmetramadol), ti shɛi din gbaari μ-opioid receptor viɛnyala .&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Raf2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Raffa RB, Buschmann H, Christoph T, Eichenbaum G, Englberger W, Flores CM, Hertrampf T, Kögel B, Schiene K, Straßburger W, Terlinden R, Tzschentke TM|title=Mechanistic and functional differentiation of tapentadol and tramadol|journal=Expert Opin Pharmacother|volume=13|issue=10|pages=1437–49|year=2012|pmid=22698264|doi=10.1517/14656566.2012.696097|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tramadol lahi nyɛla serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Leppert W|title=Tramadol as an analgesic for mild to moderate cancer pain.|journal=Pharmacological Reports|date=November–December 2009|volume=61|issue=6|pages=978–92|pmid=20081232|url=http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2009/6_978.pdf|doi=10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70159-8|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=17 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017220350/http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2009/6_978.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tramadol daa nyɛla ban yihilina ni gu shɛli malibu (patented) yuuni 1963, ka yihilina ni yu shɛlli din nyɛ &quot;Tramal&quot; yuuni 1977, tuma du shɛli ban daa yilina maa n nyɛ West German pharmaceutical company Grünenthal GmbH.&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=528|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA528|language=en|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043604/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA528|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Yuuni 1990 nima puuni, United Kingdom mini United States daa nyɛla ban saɣi tili.&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot; /&gt; Dipa nyɛla ti shɛli din niŋ bayana, ka bɛ kohirili ni yuya balibu  duniya yaaŋa zuɣu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;generics&quot; /&gt; United States puuni, di yim valibu saale daa nyɛla din pori gari US$0.05, ti yi kpuɣi yuuni 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2018-12-19|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-12-19/g7bs-ahj4|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=22 December 2018|archive-date=19 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219230344/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-12-19/g7bs-ahj4|url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt; Canada puuni, di valibu yim daa nyɛla kaman 1.20 CAD, ti yi kpuɣi yuuni 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;TI2021&quot; /&gt; Yuuni 2017, dina n daa nyɛ ti shɛli din pahiri pihita ni ayi dooshee ti shɛŋa bɛ ni daa tiri barinima United States puuni, ka bɛ daa tili n gari millioŋ pishi ni yini (21 million).&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318234059/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|date=23 December 2019|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/TramadolHydrochloride|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411201148/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/TramadolHydrochloride|url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>10fx0evyztl0e9vg1f3xp0ob6by7igm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>136944</id>
      <parentid>136942</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T17:25:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Knowledge and philosophy</username>
        <id>2987</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>malila sabbu niŋ</comment>
      <origin>136944</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10640" sha1="3mbvbyneqxzo0t7y4on61uoiwihb49d" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug|Verifiedfields=changed|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=451973921|drug_name=Tramadol|image=Tramadol as a racemic mixture.svg|width=250px|image2=Tramadol 3D.png|width2=250px

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;|pronounce=tra' ma dole|tradename=Ultram, Zytram, others&lt;ref name=generics/&gt;|synonyms=|IUPAC_name=2-[(Dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;|class=[[Opiate analgesic]]&lt;ref name=&quot;MedlinePlus&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a695011.html |title=Tramadol |work=[[MedlinePlus]] |publisher=[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists]] |access-date=29 September 2009 |date=1 September 2008 |archive-date=24 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924092832/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a695011.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_AU=C|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Tramadol Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=14 October 2019 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html | access-date=7 February 2020 | archive-date=13 April 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413050449/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_US=N|pregnancy_US_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot; /&gt;|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=By mouth, [[intravenous|IV]], [[intramuscular|IM]], rectal|onset=Less than 1 hour (by mouth)&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;|duration_of_action=6 hours&lt;ref name=&quot;Pharmacology of tramadol&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Dayer |first1=P |last2=Desmeules |first2=J |last3=Collart |first3=L |title=[Pharmacology of tramadol]. |journal=Drugs |date=1997 |volume=53 Suppl 2 |pages=18–24 |doi=10.2165/00003495-199700532-00006 |pmid=9190321}}&lt;/ref&gt;|dependency_liability=Present&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;

&lt;!-- External links --&gt;|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|monograph|ultram}}|MedlinePlus=a695011

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;|legal_AU=S4|legal_CA=Rx only|legal_NZ=Prescription Medicine|legal_UK=Class C – Schedule 3 CD|legal_US=Schedule IV|legal_status=Rx-only|DailyMedID=Tramadol|licence_US=Tramadol|licence_EU=&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=70–75% (by mouth), 77% (rectal), 100% (IM)&lt;ref name = MD&gt;{{cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride|work=Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|date=13 December 2013|access-date=5 April 2014|url=http://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/current/6263-c.htm|editor=Brayfield, A|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829092614/https://about.medicinescomplete.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/public/assets/js/extensions/revolution.extension.slideanims.min.js?version=5.4.5|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|protein_bound=20%&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;|metabolism=[[Liver]]-mediated [[demethylation]] and [[glucuronidation]] via [[CYP2D6]] &amp; [[CYP3A4]]&lt;ref name = MD/&gt;&lt;ref name = MSR/&gt;|metabolites=O-desmethyltramadol, N-desmethyltramadol|elimination_half-life=6.3 ± 1.4&amp;nbsp;h&lt;ref name = MSR&gt;{{cite web|title=Ultram, Ultram ER (tramadol) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more|work=Medscape Reference|publisher=WebMD|access-date=28 November 2013|url=http://reference.medscape.com/drug/ultram-er-tramadol-343324#showall|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203022453/http://reference.medscape.com/drug/ultram-er-tramadol-343324#showall|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|excretion=Urine (95%)&lt;ref name = TGAIR&gt;{{cite web|title=Australian Label: Tramadol Sandoz 50 mg capsules|publisher=TGA eBusiness Services|date=4 November 2011|access-date=6 April 2014|url=https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&amp;id=CP-2010-PI-03844-3|format=PDF|archive-date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801015150/https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&amp;id=CP-2010-PI-03844-3|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;|C=16|H=25|N=1|O=2|SMILES=CN(C)C[C@H]1CCCC[C@@]1(C2=CC(=CC=C2)OC)O|StdInChI=1S/C16H25NO2/c1-17(2)12-14-7-4-5-10-16(14,18)13-8-6-9-15(11-13)19-3/h6,8-9,11,14,18H,4-5,7,10,12H2,1-3H3/t14-,16+/m1/s1|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=TVYLLZQTGLZFBW-ZBFHGGJFSA-N|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|melting_point=180|melting_high=181}}'''Tramadol''', ti shɛli din daa yuli booni Ultram ni yu shɛŋa din pahi,&lt;ref name=&quot;generics&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol|url=https://www.drugs.com/international/tramadol.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=22 December 2018|language=en|archive-date=23 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723182517/https://www.drugs.com/international/tramadol.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  nyɛla bierim kubu ti shɛli bɛ ni mali tibiri biɛrim din saɣisi bee din mali yaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tramadol-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Dec 1, 2014|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015421/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tramadol-hydrochloride.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyala biɛrim kubu ti shɛli alaafee baŋdiba ni dii bi yu biɛrim tima puuni .&lt;ref name=&quot;TI2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=[131] Tramadol: Where do we go from here?|url=https://www.ti.ubc.ca/2021/07/14/131-tramadol/|access-date=14 September 2021|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716014831/https://www.ti.ubc.ca/2021/07/14/131-tramadol/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di yi ti niŋ ka nira vali di din wuligiri yom n kpɛri ʒisoya ni, biɛrim baligibu nyɛla din kanna zaŋ chaŋ awa yini(1 hour).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Di lahi mali din chibira.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 74|date=2017|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=978-0857112989|pages=447–448|edition=74}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bɛ ni tooi kohi di mini paracetamol, bee ti shɛli din tumdi yuura.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot; /&gt;

Di barina shɛŋa din niŋ bayana puuni shɛŋa n nyɛ yoɣuni damdibu tom, ni zaɣisibu, ni ni lɛbigibu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Di barina shɛŋa din mali yaa puuni shɛŋa n nyɛ luhibu, hankali ni yibu, ni zaŋ tima valibu lɛbi tuma  .&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Tim maa valibu zaŋ ti ninvuɣu shɛba ban mali yaannini bee binsabili doro bela di ko.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Di bi yu ni nira ŋun bori O nyavuli dibu bee ŋun mali pua valli.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF74&quot; /&gt; Di bi yu ni paɣa so ŋun moɣisiri bia valli, amaa lala paɣa yi vali di zaɣ'yini, di bi moŋdo ni O moɣisi O bia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=5 September 2016|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413050449/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di yi kpe binsabili ni, Tramadol lɛbigiri la ''O''-desmethyltramadol (desmetramadol), ti shɛi din gbaari μ-opioid receptor viɛnyala .&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Raf2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Raffa RB, Buschmann H, Christoph T, Eichenbaum G, Englberger W, Flores CM, Hertrampf T, Kögel B, Schiene K, Straßburger W, Terlinden R, Tzschentke TM|title=Mechanistic and functional differentiation of tapentadol and tramadol|journal=Expert Opin Pharmacother|volume=13|issue=10|pages=1437–49|year=2012|pmid=22698264|doi=10.1517/14656566.2012.696097|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tramadol lahi nyɛla serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Leppert W|title=Tramadol as an analgesic for mild to moderate cancer pain.|journal=Pharmacological Reports|date=November–December 2009|volume=61|issue=6|pages=978–92|pmid=20081232|url=http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2009/6_978.pdf|doi=10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70159-8|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=17 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017220350/http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2009/6_978.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tramadol daa nyɛla ban yihilina ni gu shɛli malibu (patented) yuuni 1963, ka yihilina ni yu shɛlli din nyɛ &quot;Tramal&quot; yuuni 1977, tuma du shɛli ban daa yilina maa n nyɛ West German pharmaceutical company Grünenthal GmbH.&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=528|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA528|language=en|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043604/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA528|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Yuuni 1990 nima puuni, United Kingdom mini United States daa nyɛla ban saɣi tili.&lt;ref name=&quot;PHR2009&quot; /&gt; Dipa nyɛla ti shɛli din niŋ bayana, ka bɛ kohirili ni yuya balibu  duniya yaaŋa zuɣu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;generics&quot; /&gt; United States puuni, di yim valibu saale daa nyɛla din pori gari US$0.05, ti yi kpuɣi yuuni 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2018-12-19|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-12-19/g7bs-ahj4|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=22 December 2018|archive-date=19 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219230344/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-12-19/g7bs-ahj4|url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt; Canada puuni, di valibu yim daa nyɛla kaman 1.20 CAD, ti yi kpuɣi yuuni 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;TI2021&quot; /&gt; Yuuni 2017, dina n daa nyɛ ti shɛli din pahiri pihita ni ayi (32nd) dooshee ti shɛŋa bɛ ni daa tiri barinima United States puuni, ka bɛ daa tili n gari millioŋ pishi ni yi (21 million).&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318234059/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|date=23 December 2019|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/TramadolHydrochloride|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411201148/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/TramadolHydrochloride|url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
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      <text bytes="1427" sha1="39nba9unn8p6dt6dywtzzwvqelanuwz" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Anencephaly|synonym=|image=Anencephaly-web.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Illustration of an anencephalic fetus|pronounce=|specialty=[[Medical genetics]]; [[pediatrics]]|symptoms=[[Blind]], [[deaf]], [[unconscious]], unable to feel pain&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|onset=[[Embryonic development]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|duration=|causes=|risks=[[Folate deficiency]], [[antiepileptic medication]], [[diabetes]], excessive [[vitamin A]], [[hyperthermia]] during pregnancy&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|diagnosis='''Before birth''': Suspected based on high levels of [[alpha fetoprotein]] in the mother, confirmed by [[ultrasound]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''After birth''': [[Physical examination|Examination]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|differential=|prevention=[[Folate|Folic acid]] supplementation&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|treatment=[[Symptomatic treatment|Supportive care]]&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=Extremely poor&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|frequency=1 in 7,500 births (USA)&lt;ref name=NORD2020/&gt;|deaths=}}'''Anencephaly''' nyɛla dɔr' shɛli di yi ti niŋ ka niri kɔŋ o zuɣupuri yaɣa shɛŋa bee zuɣu ŋmani di yi niŋ ka yɛlmuɣisira kana bɛ nama saha.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Tafuri|first1=SM|last2=Lui|first2=F|title=Embryology, Anencephaly|date=January 2020|pmid=31424828|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt;'''

== References ==
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      <text bytes="2144" sha1="ncfw4lmngsq02z7fk34ygwqfmrd3e95" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Anencephaly|synonym=|image=Anencephaly-web.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Illustration of an anencephalic fetus|pronounce=|specialty=[[Medical genetics]]; [[pediatrics]]|symptoms=[[Blind]], [[deaf]], [[unconscious]], unable to feel pain&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|onset=[[Embryonic development]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|duration=|causes=|risks=[[Folate deficiency]], [[antiepileptic medication]], [[diabetes]], excessive [[vitamin A]], [[hyperthermia]] during pregnancy&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|diagnosis='''Before birth''': Suspected based on high levels of [[alpha fetoprotein]] in the mother, confirmed by [[ultrasound]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''After birth''': [[Physical examination|Examination]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|differential=|prevention=[[Folate|Folic acid]] supplementation&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|treatment=[[Symptomatic treatment|Supportive care]]&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=Extremely poor&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|frequency=1 in 7,500 births (USA)&lt;ref name=NORD2020/&gt;|deaths=}}'''Anencephaly''' nyɛla dɔr' shɛli di yi ti niŋ ka niri kɔŋ o zuɣupuri yaɣa shɛŋa bee zuɣu ŋmani di yi niŋ ka yɛlmuɣisira kana bɛ nama saha.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Tafuri|first1=SM|last2=Lui|first2=F|title=Embryology, Anencephaly|date=January 2020|pmid=31424828|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt;''' Bihi ban mali doro ŋɔ nyɛla ban zɔm, ka kpuri, ka ka bɛ maŋ ni ka lahi nye ban bɛ wumdi biɛrim&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS20202&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Anencephaly Information Page {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/all-disorders/anencephaly-information-page|website=www.ninds.nih.gov|access-date=10 January 2021|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109023743/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Anencephaly-Information-Page|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109023743/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Anencephaly-Information-Page|date=9 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
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      <text bytes="2250" sha1="rqblmvi5wqu5b1msr36khsnw687iohu" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Anencephaly|synonym=|image=Anencephaly-web.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Illustration of an anencephalic fetus|pronounce=|specialty=[[Medical genetics]]; [[pediatrics]]|symptoms=[[Blind]], [[deaf]], [[unconscious]], unable to feel pain&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|onset=[[Embryonic development]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|duration=|causes=|risks=[[Folate deficiency]], [[antiepileptic medication]], [[diabetes]], excessive [[vitamin A]], [[hyperthermia]] during pregnancy&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|diagnosis='''Before birth''': Suspected based on high levels of [[alpha fetoprotein]] in the mother, confirmed by [[ultrasound]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''After birth''': [[Physical examination|Examination]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|differential=|prevention=[[Folate|Folic acid]] supplementation&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|treatment=[[Symptomatic treatment|Supportive care]]&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=Extremely poor&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|frequency=1 in 7,500 births (USA)&lt;ref name=NORD2020/&gt;|deaths=}}'''Anencephaly''' nyɛla dɔr' shɛli di yi ti niŋ ka niri kɔŋ o zuɣupuri yaɣa shɛŋa bee zuɣu ŋmani di yi niŋ ka yɛlmuɣisira kana bɛ nama saha.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Tafuri|first1=SM|last2=Lui|first2=F|title=Embryology, Anencephaly|date=January 2020|pmid=31424828|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt;''' Bihi ban mali doro ŋɔ nyɛla ban zɔm, ka kpuri, ka ka bɛ maŋ ni ka lahi nye ban bɛ wumdi biɛrim&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS20202&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Anencephaly Information Page {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/all-disorders/anencephaly-information-page|website=www.ninds.nih.gov|access-date=10 January 2021|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109023743/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Anencephaly-Information-Page|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109023743/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Anencephaly-Information-Page|date=9 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niŋsim kamani vuhubu n ti pahi wumbu ni shihibu nyɛla bɛ ni tooi niŋ shɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS20202&quot; /&gt;

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      <text bytes="2417" sha1="5ty6eqjpptsvtp2kjwqwc708frzaiib" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Anencephaly|synonym=|image=Anencephaly-web.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Illustration of an anencephalic fetus|pronounce=|specialty=[[Medical genetics]]; [[pediatrics]]|symptoms=[[Blind]], [[deaf]], [[unconscious]], unable to feel pain&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|onset=[[Embryonic development]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|duration=|causes=|risks=[[Folate deficiency]], [[antiepileptic medication]], [[diabetes]], excessive [[vitamin A]], [[hyperthermia]] during pregnancy&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|diagnosis='''Before birth''': Suspected based on high levels of [[alpha fetoprotein]] in the mother, confirmed by [[ultrasound]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''After birth''': [[Physical examination|Examination]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|differential=|prevention=[[Folate|Folic acid]] supplementation&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|treatment=[[Symptomatic treatment|Supportive care]]&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=Extremely poor&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|frequency=1 in 7,500 births (USA)&lt;ref name=NORD2020/&gt;|deaths=}}'''Anencephaly''' nyɛla dɔr' shɛli di yi ti niŋ ka niri kɔŋ o zuɣupuri yaɣa shɛŋa bee zuɣu ŋmani di yi niŋ ka yɛlmuɣisira kana bɛ nama saha.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Tafuri|first1=SM|last2=Lui|first2=F|title=Embryology, Anencephaly|date=January 2020|pmid=31424828|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt;''' Bihi ban mali doro ŋɔ nyɛla ban zɔm, ka kpuri, ka ka bɛ maŋ ni ka lahi nye ban bɛ wumdi biɛrim&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS20202&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Anencephaly Information Page {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/all-disorders/anencephaly-information-page|website=www.ninds.nih.gov|access-date=10 January 2021|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109023743/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Anencephaly-Information-Page|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109023743/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Anencephaly-Information-Page|date=9 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niŋsim kamani vuhubu n ti pahi wumbu ni shihibu nyɛla bɛ ni tooi niŋ shɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS20202&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20204&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Tafuri|first1=SM|last2=Lui|first2=F|title=Embryology, Anencephaly|date=January 2020|pmid=31424828|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456285|Anencephaly]] to:dag #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="2250" sha1="rqblmvi5wqu5b1msr36khsnw687iohu" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Anencephaly|synonym=|image=Anencephaly-web.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Illustration of an anencephalic fetus|pronounce=|specialty=[[Medical genetics]]; [[pediatrics]]|symptoms=[[Blind]], [[deaf]], [[unconscious]], unable to feel pain&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|onset=[[Embryonic development]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|duration=|causes=|risks=[[Folate deficiency]], [[antiepileptic medication]], [[diabetes]], excessive [[vitamin A]], [[hyperthermia]] during pregnancy&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|diagnosis='''Before birth''': Suspected based on high levels of [[alpha fetoprotein]] in the mother, confirmed by [[ultrasound]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''After birth''': [[Physical examination|Examination]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|differential=|prevention=[[Folate|Folic acid]] supplementation&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|treatment=[[Symptomatic treatment|Supportive care]]&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=Extremely poor&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|frequency=1 in 7,500 births (USA)&lt;ref name=NORD2020/&gt;|deaths=}}'''Anencephaly''' nyɛla dɔr' shɛli di yi ti niŋ ka niri kɔŋ o zuɣupuri yaɣa shɛŋa bee zuɣu ŋmani di yi niŋ ka yɛlmuɣisira kana bɛ nama saha.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Tafuri|first1=SM|last2=Lui|first2=F|title=Embryology, Anencephaly|date=January 2020|pmid=31424828|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt;''' Bihi ban mali doro ŋɔ nyɛla ban zɔm, ka kpuri, ka ka bɛ maŋ ni ka lahi nye ban bɛ wumdi biɛrim&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS20202&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Anencephaly Information Page {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/all-disorders/anencephaly-information-page|website=www.ninds.nih.gov|access-date=10 January 2021|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109023743/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Anencephaly-Information-Page|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109023743/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Anencephaly-Information-Page|date=9 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niŋsim kamani vuhubu n ti pahi wumbu ni shihibu nyɛla bɛ ni tooi niŋ shɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS20202&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2451" sha1="i6kqncmisnzgrtux9ycdz112smiu6rd" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Anencephaly|synonym=|image=Anencephaly-web.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Illustration of an anencephalic fetus|pronounce=|specialty=[[Medical genetics]]; [[pediatrics]]|symptoms=[[Blind]], [[deaf]], [[unconscious]], unable to feel pain&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|onset=[[Embryonic development]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|duration=|causes=|risks=[[Folate deficiency]], [[antiepileptic medication]], [[diabetes]], excessive [[vitamin A]], [[hyperthermia]] during pregnancy&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|diagnosis='''Before birth''': Suspected based on high levels of [[alpha fetoprotein]] in the mother, confirmed by [[ultrasound]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''After birth''': [[Physical examination|Examination]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|differential=|prevention=[[Folate|Folic acid]] supplementation&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|treatment=[[Symptomatic treatment|Supportive care]]&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=Extremely poor&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|frequency=1 in 7,500 births (USA)&lt;ref name=NORD2020/&gt;|deaths=}}'''Anencephaly''' nyɛla dɔr' shɛli di yi ti niŋ ka niri kɔŋ o zuɣupuri yaɣa shɛŋa bee zuɣu ŋmani di yi niŋ ka yɛlmuɣisira kana bɛ nama saha.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Tafuri|first1=SM|last2=Lui|first2=F|title=Embryology, Anencephaly|date=January 2020|pmid=31424828|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt;''' Bihi ban mali doro ŋɔ nyɛla ban zɔm, ka kpuri, ka ka bɛ maŋ ni ka lahi nye ban bɛ wumdi biɛrim&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS20202&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Anencephaly Information Page {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/all-disorders/anencephaly-information-page|website=www.ninds.nih.gov|access-date=10 January 2021|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109023743/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Anencephaly-Information-Page|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109023743/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Anencephaly-Information-Page|date=9 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niŋsim kamani vuhubu n ti pahi wumbu ni shihibu nyɛla bɛ ni tooi niŋ shɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS20202&quot; /&gt;

Doro ŋɔ vihibaŋ pɔi ni dɔɣim nyɛla din ni tooi dɔli alpha fetoprotein ni ti zooi paɣa puulana maa ni ka bɛ ni tooi zaŋ ultrasound maʒini n nya ŋa lala saha.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot; /&gt;'''

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>i6kqncmisnzgrtux9ycdz112smiu6rd</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>136930</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-16T17:09:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdul-Rauf Moshie</username>
        <id>3942</id>
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      <text bytes="2658" sha1="jc4dstf18dcwuq9k2zlb3ynkpkiqah9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Anencephaly|synonym=|image=Anencephaly-web.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Illustration of an anencephalic fetus|pronounce=|specialty=[[Medical genetics]]; [[pediatrics]]|symptoms=[[Blind]], [[deaf]], [[unconscious]], unable to feel pain&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|onset=[[Embryonic development]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|duration=|causes=|risks=[[Folate deficiency]], [[antiepileptic medication]], [[diabetes]], excessive [[vitamin A]], [[hyperthermia]] during pregnancy&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|diagnosis='''Before birth''': Suspected based on high levels of [[alpha fetoprotein]] in the mother, confirmed by [[ultrasound]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''After birth''': [[Physical examination|Examination]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|differential=|prevention=[[Folate|Folic acid]] supplementation&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|treatment=[[Symptomatic treatment|Supportive care]]&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=Extremely poor&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|frequency=1 in 7,500 births (USA)&lt;ref name=NORD2020/&gt;|deaths=}}'''Anencephaly''' nyɛla dɔr' shɛli di yi ti niŋ ka niri kɔŋ o zuɣupuri yaɣa shɛŋa bee zuɣu ŋmani di yi niŋ ka yɛlmuɣisira kana bɛ nama saha.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Tafuri|first1=SM|last2=Lui|first2=F|title=Embryology, Anencephaly|date=January 2020|pmid=31424828|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt;''' Bihi ban mali doro ŋɔ nyɛla ban zɔm, ka kpuri, ka ka bɛ maŋ ni ka lahi nye ban bɛ wumdi biɛrim&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS20202&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Anencephaly Information Page {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/all-disorders/anencephaly-information-page|website=www.ninds.nih.gov|access-date=10 January 2021|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109023743/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Anencephaly-Information-Page|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109023743/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Anencephaly-Information-Page|date=9 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niŋsim kamani vuhubu n ti pahi wumbu ni shihibu nyɛla bɛ ni tooi niŋ shɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS20202&quot; /&gt;

Baŋdiba yƐliya ni din tahiri doro ŋɔ na shɛŊa n nye folate ni bɛ zooi daadam ningbuŋ ni bee tila' shɛŋa din tahiri kpilinkpiɣi, bee shikiri doro bee di yi niŋ ka Vitamin A zooi niri ningbuŋ ni

Doro ŋɔ vihibaŋ pɔi ni dɔɣim nyɛla din ni tooi dɔli alpha fetoprotein ni ti zooi paɣa puulana maa ni ka bɛ ni tooi zaŋ ultrasound maʒini n nya ŋa lala saha.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot; /&gt;'''

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <text bytes="2730" sha1="gi5a12i1cnauno767h6za71v7jyd209" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Anencephaly|synonym=|image=Anencephaly-web.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Illustration of an anencephalic fetus|pronounce=|specialty=[[Medical genetics]]; [[pediatrics]]|symptoms=[[Blind]], [[deaf]], [[unconscious]], unable to feel pain&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|onset=[[Embryonic development]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|duration=|causes=|risks=[[Folate deficiency]], [[antiepileptic medication]], [[diabetes]], excessive [[vitamin A]], [[hyperthermia]] during pregnancy&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|diagnosis='''Before birth''': Suspected based on high levels of [[alpha fetoprotein]] in the mother, confirmed by [[ultrasound]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''After birth''': [[Physical examination|Examination]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|differential=|prevention=[[Folate|Folic acid]] supplementation&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|treatment=[[Symptomatic treatment|Supportive care]]&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=Extremely poor&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|frequency=1 in 7,500 births (USA)&lt;ref name=NORD2020/&gt;|deaths=}}'''Anencephaly''' nyɛla dɔr' shɛli di yi ti niŋ ka niri kɔŋ o zuɣupuri yaɣa shɛŋa bee zuɣu ŋmani di yi niŋ ka yɛlmuɣisira kana bɛ nama saha.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Tafuri|first1=SM|last2=Lui|first2=F|title=Embryology, Anencephaly|date=January 2020|pmid=31424828|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt;''' Bihi ban mali doro ŋɔ nyɛla ban zɔm, ka kpuri, ka ka bɛ maŋ ni ka lahi nye ban bɛ wumdi biɛrim&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS20202&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Anencephaly Information Page {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/all-disorders/anencephaly-information-page|website=www.ninds.nih.gov|access-date=10 January 2021|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109023743/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Anencephaly-Information-Page|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109023743/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Anencephaly-Information-Page|date=9 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niŋsim kamani vuhubu n ti pahi wumbu ni shihibu nyɛla bɛ ni tooi niŋ shɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS20202&quot; /&gt;

Baŋdiba yƐliya ni din tahiri doro ŋɔ na shɛŊa n nye folate ni bɛ zooi daadam ningbuŋ ni bee tila' shɛŋa din tahiri kpilinkpiɣi, bee shikiri doro bee di yi niŋ ka Vitamin A zooi niri ningbuŋ ni bee paɣa puulana ningbuŋ yi biiri yaɣi'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot; /&gt;'''

Doro ŋɔ vihibaŋ pɔi ni dɔɣim nyɛla din ni tooi dɔli alpha fetoprotein ni ti zooi paɣa puulana maa ni ka bɛ ni tooi zaŋ ultrasound maʒini n nya ŋa lala saha.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot; /&gt;'''

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>gi5a12i1cnauno767h6za71v7jyd209</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <text bytes="2811" sha1="5whzlkoteo0pmzn26bx0l9o2xo8elkp" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Anencephaly|synonym=|image=Anencephaly-web.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Illustration of an anencephalic fetus|pronounce=|specialty=[[Medical genetics]]; [[pediatrics]]|symptoms=[[Blind]], [[deaf]], [[unconscious]], unable to feel pain&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|onset=[[Embryonic development]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|duration=|causes=|risks=[[Folate deficiency]], [[antiepileptic medication]], [[diabetes]], excessive [[vitamin A]], [[hyperthermia]] during pregnancy&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|diagnosis='''Before birth''': Suspected based on high levels of [[alpha fetoprotein]] in the mother, confirmed by [[ultrasound]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''After birth''': [[Physical examination|Examination]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|differential=|prevention=[[Folate|Folic acid]] supplementation&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|treatment=[[Symptomatic treatment|Supportive care]]&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=Extremely poor&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|frequency=1 in 7,500 births (USA)&lt;ref name=NORD2020/&gt;|deaths=}}'''Anencephaly''' nyɛla dɔr' shɛli di yi ti niŋ ka niri kɔŋ o zuɣupuri yaɣa shɛŋa bee zuɣu ŋmani di yi niŋ ka yɛlmuɣisira kana bɛ nama saha.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Tafuri|first1=SM|last2=Lui|first2=F|title=Embryology, Anencephaly|date=January 2020|pmid=31424828|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt;''' Bihi ban mali doro ŋɔ nyɛla ban zɔm, ka kpuri, ka ka bɛ maŋ ni ka lahi nye ban bɛ wumdi biɛrim&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS20202&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Anencephaly Information Page {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/all-disorders/anencephaly-information-page|website=www.ninds.nih.gov|access-date=10 January 2021|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109023743/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Anencephaly-Information-Page|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109023743/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Anencephaly-Information-Page|date=9 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niŋsim kamani vuhubu n ti pahi wumbu ni shihibu nyɛla bɛ ni tooi niŋ shɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS20202&quot; /&gt;

Baŋdiba yƐliya ni din tahiri doro ŋɔ na shɛŊa n nye folate ni bɛ zooi daadam ningbuŋ ni bee tila' shɛŋa din tahiri kpilinkpiɣi, bee shikiri doro bee di yi niŋ ka Vitamin A zooi niri ningbuŋ ni bee paɣa puulana ningbuŋ yi biiri yaɣi'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot; /&gt;''' Doro ŋɔ nyɛl din pahi neural tube dɔriti puuni'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot; /&gt;'''

Doro ŋɔ vihibaŋ pɔi ni dɔɣim nyɛla din ni tooi dɔli alpha fetoprotein ni ti zooi paɣa puulana maa ni ka bɛ ni tooi zaŋ ultrasound maʒini n nya ŋa lala saha.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot; /&gt;'''

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
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      <text bytes="2920" sha1="n0r7yrqoq5p9urjz3tehxcf665igwg1" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Anencephaly|synonym=|image=Anencephaly-web.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Illustration of an anencephalic fetus|pronounce=|specialty=[[Medical genetics]]; [[pediatrics]]|symptoms=[[Blind]], [[deaf]], [[unconscious]], unable to feel pain&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|onset=[[Embryonic development]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|duration=|causes=|risks=[[Folate deficiency]], [[antiepileptic medication]], [[diabetes]], excessive [[vitamin A]], [[hyperthermia]] during pregnancy&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|diagnosis='''Before birth''': Suspected based on high levels of [[alpha fetoprotein]] in the mother, confirmed by [[ultrasound]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''After birth''': [[Physical examination|Examination]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|differential=|prevention=[[Folate|Folic acid]] supplementation&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|treatment=[[Symptomatic treatment|Supportive care]]&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=Extremely poor&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|frequency=1 in 7,500 births (USA)&lt;ref name=NORD2020/&gt;|deaths=}}'''Anencephaly''' nyɛla dɔr' shɛli di yi ti niŋ ka niri kɔŋ o zuɣupuri yaɣa shɛŋa bee zuɣu ŋmani di yi niŋ ka yɛlmuɣisira kana bɛ nama saha.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Tafuri|first1=SM|last2=Lui|first2=F|title=Embryology, Anencephaly|date=January 2020|pmid=31424828|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt;''' Bihi ban mali doro ŋɔ nyɛla ban zɔm, ka kpuri, ka ka bɛ maŋ ni ka lahi nye ban bɛ wumdi biɛrim&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS20202&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Anencephaly Information Page {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/all-disorders/anencephaly-information-page|website=www.ninds.nih.gov|access-date=10 January 2021|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109023743/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Anencephaly-Information-Page|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109023743/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Anencephaly-Information-Page|date=9 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niŋsim kamani vuhubu n ti pahi wumbu ni shihibu nyɛla bɛ ni tooi niŋ shɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS20202&quot; /&gt;

Baŋdiba yƐliya ni din tahiri doro ŋɔ na shɛŊa n nye folate ni bɛ zooi daadam ningbuŋ ni bee tila' shɛŋa din tahiri kpilinkpiɣi, bee shikiri doro bee di yi niŋ ka Vitamin A zooi niri ningbuŋ ni bee paɣa puulana ningbuŋ yi biiri yaɣi'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot; /&gt;''' Doro ŋɔ nyɛl din pahi neural tube dɔriti puuni'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot; /&gt;''' Doro ŋɔ nambu dɔlila di yi ti niŋ ka neural tube zuɣu polo bɛ mum viɛnyɛla.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS20202&quot; /&gt;

Doro ŋɔ vihibaŋ pɔi ni dɔɣim nyɛla din ni tooi dɔli alpha fetoprotein ni ti zooi paɣa puulana maa ni ka bɛ ni tooi zaŋ ultrasound maʒini n nya ŋa lala saha.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot; /&gt;'''

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>n0r7yrqoq5p9urjz3tehxcf665igwg1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>136935</id>
      <parentid>136934</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T17:14:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdul-Rauf Moshie</username>
        <id>3942</id>
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      <text bytes="2919" sha1="mcp6id7w0mpmx6k7hpxw57oxure4mb2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Anencephaly|synonym=|image=Anencephaly-web.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Illustration of an anencephalic fetus|pronounce=|specialty=[[Medical genetics]]; [[pediatrics]]|symptoms=[[Blind]], [[deaf]], [[unconscious]], unable to feel pain&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|onset=[[Embryonic development]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|duration=|causes=|risks=[[Folate deficiency]], [[antiepileptic medication]], [[diabetes]], excessive [[vitamin A]], [[hyperthermia]] during pregnancy&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|diagnosis='''Before birth''': Suspected based on high levels of [[alpha fetoprotein]] in the mother, confirmed by [[ultrasound]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''After birth''': [[Physical examination|Examination]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|differential=|prevention=[[Folate|Folic acid]] supplementation&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|treatment=[[Symptomatic treatment|Supportive care]]&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=Extremely poor&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|frequency=1 in 7,500 births (USA)&lt;ref name=NORD2020/&gt;|deaths=}}'''Anencephaly''' nyɛla dɔr' shɛli di yi ti niŋ ka niri kɔŋ o zuɣupuri yaɣa shɛŋa bee zuɣu ŋmani di yi niŋ ka yɛlmuɣisira kana bɛ nama saha.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Tafuri|first1=SM|last2=Lui|first2=F|title=Embryology, Anencephaly|date=January 2020|pmid=31424828|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt;''' Bihi ban mali doro ŋɔ nyɛla ban zɔm, ka kpuri, ka ka bɛ maŋ ni ka lahi nye ban bɛ wumdi biɛrim&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS20202&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Anencephaly Information Page {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/all-disorders/anencephaly-information-page|website=www.ninds.nih.gov|access-date=10 January 2021|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109023743/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Anencephaly-Information-Page|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109023743/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Anencephaly-Information-Page|date=9 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niŋsim kamani vuhubu n ti pahi wumbu ni shihibu nyɛla bɛ ni tooi niŋ shɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS20202&quot; /&gt;

Baŋdiba yƐliya ni din tahiri doro ŋɔ na shɛŊa n nye folate ni bɛ zooi daadam ningbuŋ ni bee tila' shɛŋa din tahiri kpilinkpiɣi, bee shikiri doro bee di yi niŋ ka Vitamin A zooi niri ningbuŋ ni bee paɣa puulana ningbuŋ yi biiri yaɣi'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot; /&gt;''' Doro ŋɔ nyɛl din pahi neural tube dɔriti puuni'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot; /&gt;''' Doro ŋɔ nambu dɔlila di yi ti niŋ ka neural tube zuɣu polo bɛ mum viɛnyɛla.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS20202&quot; /&gt; Doro ŋɔ vihibaŋ pɔi ni dɔɣim nyɛla din ni tooi dɔli alpha fetoprotein ni ti zooi paɣa puulana maa ni ka bɛ ni tooi zaŋ ultrasound maʒini n nya ŋa lala saha.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot; /&gt;'''

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>mcp6id7w0mpmx6k7hpxw57oxure4mb2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>136936</id>
      <parentid>136935</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T17:16:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdul-Rauf Moshie</username>
        <id>3942</id>
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      <origin>136936</origin>
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      <text bytes="2997" sha1="9892pmn5nlwcjw7vm3okw1ct37ctvyt" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Anencephaly|synonym=|image=Anencephaly-web.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Illustration of an anencephalic fetus|pronounce=|specialty=[[Medical genetics]]; [[pediatrics]]|symptoms=[[Blind]], [[deaf]], [[unconscious]], unable to feel pain&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|onset=[[Embryonic development]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|duration=|causes=|risks=[[Folate deficiency]], [[antiepileptic medication]], [[diabetes]], excessive [[vitamin A]], [[hyperthermia]] during pregnancy&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|diagnosis='''Before birth''': Suspected based on high levels of [[alpha fetoprotein]] in the mother, confirmed by [[ultrasound]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''After birth''': [[Physical examination|Examination]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|differential=|prevention=[[Folate|Folic acid]] supplementation&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|treatment=[[Symptomatic treatment|Supportive care]]&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=Extremely poor&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|frequency=1 in 7,500 births (USA)&lt;ref name=NORD2020/&gt;|deaths=}}'''Anencephaly''' nyɛla dɔr' shɛli di yi ti niŋ ka niri kɔŋ o zuɣupuri yaɣa shɛŋa bee zuɣu ŋmani di yi niŋ ka yɛlmuɣisira kana bɛ nama saha.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Tafuri|first1=SM|last2=Lui|first2=F|title=Embryology, Anencephaly|date=January 2020|pmid=31424828|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt;''' Bihi ban mali doro ŋɔ nyɛla ban zɔm, ka kpuri, ka ka bɛ maŋ ni ka lahi nye ban bɛ wumdi biɛrim&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS20202&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Anencephaly Information Page {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/all-disorders/anencephaly-information-page|website=www.ninds.nih.gov|access-date=10 January 2021|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109023743/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Anencephaly-Information-Page|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109023743/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Anencephaly-Information-Page|date=9 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niŋsim kamani vuhubu n ti pahi wumbu ni shihibu nyɛla bɛ ni tooi niŋ shɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS20202&quot; /&gt;

Baŋdiba yƐliya ni din tahiri doro ŋɔ na shɛŊa n nye folate ni bɛ zooi daadam ningbuŋ ni bee tila' shɛŋa din tahiri kpilinkpiɣi, bee shikiri doro bee di yi niŋ ka Vitamin A zooi niri ningbuŋ ni bee paɣa puulana ningbuŋ yi biiri yaɣi'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot; /&gt;''' Doro ŋɔ nyɛl din pahi neural tube dɔriti puuni'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot; /&gt;''' Doro ŋɔ nambu dɔlila di yi ti niŋ ka neural tube zuɣu polo bɛ mum viɛnyɛla.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS20202&quot; /&gt; Doro ŋɔ vihibaŋ pɔi ni dɔɣim nyɛla din ni tooi dɔli alpha fetoprotein ni ti zooi paɣa puulana maa ni ka bɛ ni tooi zaŋ ultrasound maʒini n nya ŋa lala saha.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot; /&gt;'''

Doro ŋɔ tahibu sɔli n nye folic acid valibu'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot; /&gt;'''

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>9892pmn5nlwcjw7vm3okw1ct37ctvyt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>136938</id>
      <parentid>136936</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T17:19:27Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Abdul-Rauf Moshie</username>
        <id>3942</id>
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      <text bytes="3105" sha1="ka2dvg1rbwvwn857gty4n52hle0h9pd" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Anencephaly|synonym=|image=Anencephaly-web.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Illustration of an anencephalic fetus|pronounce=|specialty=[[Medical genetics]]; [[pediatrics]]|symptoms=[[Blind]], [[deaf]], [[unconscious]], unable to feel pain&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|onset=[[Embryonic development]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|duration=|causes=|risks=[[Folate deficiency]], [[antiepileptic medication]], [[diabetes]], excessive [[vitamin A]], [[hyperthermia]] during pregnancy&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|diagnosis='''Before birth''': Suspected based on high levels of [[alpha fetoprotein]] in the mother, confirmed by [[ultrasound]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''After birth''': [[Physical examination|Examination]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|differential=|prevention=[[Folate|Folic acid]] supplementation&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|treatment=[[Symptomatic treatment|Supportive care]]&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=Extremely poor&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|frequency=1 in 7,500 births (USA)&lt;ref name=NORD2020/&gt;|deaths=}}'''Anencephaly''' nyɛla dɔr' shɛli di yi ti niŋ ka niri kɔŋ o zuɣupuri yaɣa shɛŋa bee zuɣu ŋmani di yi niŋ ka yɛlmuɣisira kana bɛ nama saha.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Tafuri|first1=SM|last2=Lui|first2=F|title=Embryology, Anencephaly|date=January 2020|pmid=31424828|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt;''' Bihi ban mali doro ŋɔ nyɛla ban zɔm, ka kpuri, ka ka bɛ maŋ ni ka lahi nye ban bɛ wumdi biɛrim&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS20202&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Anencephaly Information Page {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/all-disorders/anencephaly-information-page|website=www.ninds.nih.gov|access-date=10 January 2021|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109023743/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Anencephaly-Information-Page|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109023743/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Anencephaly-Information-Page|date=9 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niŋsim kamani vuhubu n ti pahi wumbu ni shihibu nyɛla bɛ ni tooi niŋ shɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS20202&quot; /&gt;

Baŋdiba yɛliya ni din tahiri doro ŋɔ na shɛŋa n nye folate ni bɛ zooi daadam ningbuŋ ni bee tila' shɛŋa din tahiri kpilinkpiɣi, bee shikiri doro bee di yi niŋ ka Vitamin A zooi niri ningbuŋ ni bee paɣa puulana ningbuŋ yi biiri yaɣi'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot; /&gt;''' Doro ŋɔ nyɛl din pahi neural tube dɔriti puuni'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot; /&gt;''' Doro ŋɔ nambu dɔlila di yi ti niŋ ka neural tube zuɣu polo bɛ mum viɛnyɛla.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS20202&quot; /&gt; Doro ŋɔ vihibaŋ pɔi ni dɔɣim nyɛla din ni tooi dɔli alpha fetoprotein ni ti zooi paɣa puulana maa ni ka bɛ ni tooi zaŋ ultrasound maʒini n nya ŋa lala saha.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot; /&gt;'''

Doro ŋɔ tahibu sɔli n nye folic acid valibu'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot; /&gt;''' Tila' shɛŋa din tahiri kpilinkpiɣi,din yuli booni Valporate la nyɛla dini bi tu ni paɣa puulana vaana.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>ka2dvg1rbwvwn857gty4n52hle0h9pd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>136941</id>
      <parentid>136938</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T17:22:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdul-Rauf Moshie</username>
        <id>3942</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>136941</origin>
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      <text bytes="3235" sha1="gz8n8by8s20tyy2nlibm99ur60m28jb" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Anencephaly|synonym=|image=Anencephaly-web.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Illustration of an anencephalic fetus|pronounce=|specialty=[[Medical genetics]]; [[pediatrics]]|symptoms=[[Blind]], [[deaf]], [[unconscious]], unable to feel pain&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|onset=[[Embryonic development]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|duration=|causes=|risks=[[Folate deficiency]], [[antiepileptic medication]], [[diabetes]], excessive [[vitamin A]], [[hyperthermia]] during pregnancy&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|diagnosis='''Before birth''': Suspected based on high levels of [[alpha fetoprotein]] in the mother, confirmed by [[ultrasound]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''After birth''': [[Physical examination|Examination]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|differential=|prevention=[[Folate|Folic acid]] supplementation&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|treatment=[[Symptomatic treatment|Supportive care]]&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=Extremely poor&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|frequency=1 in 7,500 births (USA)&lt;ref name=NORD2020/&gt;|deaths=}}'''Anencephaly''' nyɛla dɔr' shɛli di yi ti niŋ ka niri kɔŋ o zuɣupuri yaɣa shɛŋa bee zuɣu ŋmani di yi niŋ ka yɛlmuɣisira kana bɛ nama saha.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Tafuri|first1=SM|last2=Lui|first2=F|title=Embryology, Anencephaly|date=January 2020|pmid=31424828|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt;''' Bihi ban mali doro ŋɔ nyɛla ban zɔm, ka kpuri, ka ka bɛ maŋ ni ka lahi nye ban bɛ wumdi biɛrim&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS20202&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Anencephaly Information Page {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/all-disorders/anencephaly-information-page|website=www.ninds.nih.gov|access-date=10 January 2021|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109023743/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Anencephaly-Information-Page|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109023743/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Anencephaly-Information-Page|date=9 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niŋsim kamani vuhubu n ti pahi wumbu ni shihibu nyɛla bɛ ni tooi niŋ shɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS20202&quot; /&gt;

Baŋdiba yɛliya ni din tahiri doro ŋɔ na shɛŋa n nye folate ni bɛ zooi daadam ningbuŋ ni bee tila' shɛŋa din tahiri kpilinkpiɣi, bee shikiri doro bee di yi niŋ ka Vitamin A zooi niri ningbuŋ ni bee paɣa puulana ningbuŋ yi biiri yaɣi'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot; /&gt;''' Doro ŋɔ nyɛl din pahi neural tube dɔriti puuni'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot; /&gt;''' Doro ŋɔ nambu dɔlila di yi ti niŋ ka neural tube zuɣu polo bɛ mum viɛnyɛla.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS20202&quot; /&gt; Doro ŋɔ vihibaŋ pɔi ni dɔɣim nyɛla din ni tooi dɔli alpha fetoprotein ni ti zooi paɣa puulana maa ni ka bɛ ni tooi zaŋ ultrasound maʒini n nya ŋa lala saha.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot; /&gt;'''

Doro ŋɔ tahibu sɔli n nye folic acid valibu'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot; /&gt;''' Tila' shɛŋa din tahiri kpilinkpiɣi,din yuli booni Valporate la nyɛla dini bi tu ni paɣa puulana vaana.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot; /&gt;''' yurilim wuhibu n ti bari maa gba nyɛla din sɔŋsiri doro ŋo tuhibu polo&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS20202&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <text bytes="3401" sha1="e2yn3wcwejl85muh534vbwah0wnwn2k" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Anencephaly|synonym=|image=Anencephaly-web.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Illustration of an anencephalic fetus|pronounce=|specialty=[[Medical genetics]]; [[pediatrics]]|symptoms=[[Blind]], [[deaf]], [[unconscious]], unable to feel pain&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|onset=[[Embryonic development]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|duration=|causes=|risks=[[Folate deficiency]], [[antiepileptic medication]], [[diabetes]], excessive [[vitamin A]], [[hyperthermia]] during pregnancy&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|diagnosis='''Before birth''': Suspected based on high levels of [[alpha fetoprotein]] in the mother, confirmed by [[ultrasound]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''After birth''': [[Physical examination|Examination]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|differential=|prevention=[[Folate|Folic acid]] supplementation&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|treatment=[[Symptomatic treatment|Supportive care]]&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=Extremely poor&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|frequency=1 in 7,500 births (USA)&lt;ref name=NORD2020/&gt;|deaths=}}'''Anencephaly''' nyɛla dɔr' shɛli di yi ti niŋ ka niri kɔŋ o zuɣupuri yaɣa shɛŋa bee zuɣu ŋmani di yi niŋ ka yɛlmuɣisira kana bɛ nama saha.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Tafuri|first1=SM|last2=Lui|first2=F|title=Embryology, Anencephaly|date=January 2020|pmid=31424828|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt;''' Bihi ban mali doro ŋɔ nyɛla ban zɔm, ka kpuri, ka ka bɛ maŋ ni ka lahi nye ban bɛ wumdi biɛrim&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS20202&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Anencephaly Information Page {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/all-disorders/anencephaly-information-page|website=www.ninds.nih.gov|access-date=10 January 2021|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109023743/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Anencephaly-Information-Page|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109023743/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Anencephaly-Information-Page|date=9 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niŋsim kamani vuhubu n ti pahi wumbu ni shihibu nyɛla bɛ ni tooi niŋ shɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS20202&quot; /&gt;

Baŋdiba yɛliya ni din tahiri doro ŋɔ na shɛŋa n nye folate ni bɛ zooi daadam ningbuŋ ni bee tila' shɛŋa din tahiri kpilinkpiɣi, bee shikiri doro bee di yi niŋ ka Vitamin A zooi niri ningbuŋ ni bee paɣa puulana ningbuŋ yi biiri yaɣi'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot; /&gt;''' Doro ŋɔ nyɛl din pahi neural tube dɔriti puuni'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot; /&gt;''' Doro ŋɔ nambu dɔlila di yi ti niŋ ka neural tube zuɣu polo bɛ mum viɛnyɛla.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS20202&quot; /&gt; Doro ŋɔ vihibaŋ pɔi ni dɔɣim nyɛla din ni tooi dɔli alpha fetoprotein ni ti zooi paɣa puulana maa ni ka bɛ ni tooi zaŋ ultrasound maʒini n nya ŋa lala saha.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot; /&gt;'''

Doro ŋɔ tahibu sɔli n nye folic acid valibu'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot; /&gt;''' Tila' shɛŋa din tahiri kpilinkpiɣi,din yuli booni Valporate la nyɛla dini bi tu ni paɣa puulana vaana.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot; /&gt;''' yurilim wuhibu n ti bari maa gba nyɛla din sɔŋsiri doro ŋo tuhibu polo&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS20202&quot; /&gt; Di yi niŋ ka bɛ dɔɣi bia maa ka o be o nyɛvuli ni, pam nyɛla ban kɔŋdi bɛ nyɛvuli awa bihi sunsuuni bee dabsili ni dɔɣim nyaaŋa&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS20202&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3409" sha1="bo2k9w99ewh0sa0a78x8zeu9czxqwfr" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Anencephaly|synonym=|image=Anencephaly-web.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Illustration of an anencephalic fetus|pronounce=|specialty=[[Medical genetics]]; [[pediatrics]]|symptoms=[[Blind]], [[deaf]], [[unconscious]], unable to feel pain&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|onset=[[Embryonic development]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|duration=|causes=|risks=[[Folate deficiency]], [[antiepileptic medication]], [[diabetes]], excessive [[vitamin A]], [[hyperthermia]] during pregnancy&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|diagnosis='''Before birth''': Suspected based on high levels of [[alpha fetoprotein]] in the mother, confirmed by [[ultrasound]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''After birth''': [[Physical examination|Examination]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|differential=|prevention=[[Folate|Folic acid]] supplementation&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|treatment=[[Symptomatic treatment|Supportive care]]&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=Extremely poor&lt;ref name=NINDS2020/&gt;|frequency=1 in 7,500 births (USA)&lt;ref name=NORD2020/&gt;|deaths=}}'''Anencephaly''' nyɛla dɔr' shɛli di yi ti niŋ ka niri kɔŋ o zuɣupuri yaɣa shɛŋa bee zuɣu ŋmani di yi niŋ ka yɛlmuɣisira kana bɛ nama saha.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Tafuri|first1=SM|last2=Lui|first2=F|title=Embryology, Anencephaly|date=January 2020|pmid=31424828|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt;''' Bihi ban mali doro ŋɔ nyɛla ban [[Zom|zɔm]], ka kpuri, ka ka bɛ maŋ ni ka lahi nye ban bɛ wumdi biɛrim&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS20202&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Anencephaly Information Page {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/all-disorders/anencephaly-information-page|website=www.ninds.nih.gov|access-date=10 January 2021|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109023743/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Anencephaly-Information-Page|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109023743/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Anencephaly-Information-Page|date=9 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niŋsim kamani vuhubu n ti pahi wumbu ni shihibu nyɛla bɛ ni tooi niŋ shɛli.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS20202&quot; /&gt;

Baŋdiba yɛliya ni din tahiri doro ŋɔ na shɛŋa n nye folate ni bɛ zooi daadam ningbuŋ ni bee tila' shɛŋa din tahiri kpilinkpiɣi, bee shikiri doro bee di yi niŋ ka Vitamin A zooi niri ningbuŋ ni bee paɣa puulana ningbuŋ yi biiri yaɣi'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot; /&gt;''' Doro ŋɔ nyɛl din pahi neural tube dɔriti puuni'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot; /&gt;''' Doro ŋɔ nambu dɔlila di yi ti niŋ ka neural tube zuɣu polo bɛ mum viɛnyɛla.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS20202&quot; /&gt; Doro ŋɔ vihibaŋ pɔi ni dɔɣim nyɛla din ni tooi dɔli alpha fetoprotein ni ti zooi paɣa puulana maa ni ka bɛ ni tooi zaŋ ultrasound maʒini n nya ŋa lala saha.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot; /&gt;'''

Doro ŋɔ tahibu sɔli n nye folic acid valibu'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot; /&gt;''' Tila' shɛŋa din tahiri kpilinkpiɣi,din yuli booni Valporate la nyɛla dini bi tu ni paɣa puulana vaana.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat20202&quot; /&gt;''' yurilim wuhibu n ti bari maa gba nyɛla din sɔŋsiri doro ŋo tuhibu polo&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS20202&quot; /&gt; Di yi niŋ ka bɛ dɔɣi bia maa ka o be o nyɛvuli ni, pam nyɛla ban kɔŋdi bɛ nyɛvuli awa bihi sunsuuni bee dabsili ni dɔɣim nyaaŋa&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS20202&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>bo2k9w99ewh0sa0a78x8zeu9czxqwfr</sha1>
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      <text bytes="5683" sha1="1z239j7f4oew9vnksfy0g0fnjz0v9ls" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug|drug_name=Semaglutide|INN=|image=Semaglutide.svg|width=300px|alt=|caption=|type=&lt;!-- empty --&gt;

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;|pronounce=|tradename=Ozempic, Rybelsus, Wegovy, others|synonyms=|IUPAC_name=&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;|class=[[GLP-1 agonist]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2021/&gt;|pregnancy_AU=D|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name=Preg2021&gt;{{cite web |title=Semaglutide Use During Pregnancy |url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/semaglutide.html |website=Drugs.com |access-date=16 April 2021 |language=en |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417114123/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/semaglutide.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_US=&lt;!-- A/B/C/D/X/N --&gt;|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=[[Subcutaneous injection|Subcutaneous]], [[Oral administration|by mouth]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2021/&gt;|onset=|duration_of_action=63.6 h|Drugs.com={{Drugs.com|monograph|semaglutide}}|MedlinePlus=a618008

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;|legal_AU=S4|legal_AU_comment=|legal_CA=Rx-only|legal_DE=&lt;!-- Anlage I, II, III --&gt;|legal_EU=Rx-only|legal_EU_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ozempic EPAR&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Ozempic EPAR | publisher=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA) | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/ozempic | access-date=26 September 2020 | archive-date=25 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025204658/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/ozempic | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rybelsus EPAR&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Rybelsus EPAR | website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA) | date=29 January 2020 | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/rybelsus | access-date=26 September 2020 | archive-date=14 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814215223/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/rybelsus | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|legal_NZ=&lt;!-- Class A, B, C --&gt;|legal_UN=&lt;!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV--&gt;|legal_UK=&lt;!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD (Benz) POM, CD (Anab) POM or CD Inv POM / Class A, B, C --&gt;|legal_US=Rx-only|legal_status=Rx-only|licence_US=|licence_EU=&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=89%|protein_bound=|metabolism=[[Proteolysis]]|metabolites=|elimination_half-life=1 week|excretion=Urine and faeces

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&lt;!-- Names --&gt;|pronounce=|tradename=Ozempic, Rybelsus, Wegovy, others|synonyms=|IUPAC_name=&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;|class=[[GLP-1 agonist]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2021/&gt;|pregnancy_AU=D|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name=Preg2021&gt;{{cite web |title=Semaglutide Use During Pregnancy |url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/semaglutide.html |website=Drugs.com |access-date=16 April 2021 |language=en |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417114123/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/semaglutide.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_US=&lt;!-- A/B/C/D/X/N --&gt;|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=[[Subcutaneous injection|Subcutaneous]], [[Oral administration|by mouth]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2021/&gt;|onset=|duration_of_action=63.6 h|Drugs.com={{Drugs.com|monograph|semaglutide}}|MedlinePlus=a618008

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;|legal_AU=S4|legal_AU_comment=|legal_CA=Rx-only|legal_DE=&lt;!-- Anlage I, II, III --&gt;|legal_EU=Rx-only|legal_EU_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ozempic EPAR&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Ozempic EPAR | publisher=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA) | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/ozempic | access-date=26 September 2020 | archive-date=25 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025204658/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/ozempic | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rybelsus EPAR&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Rybelsus EPAR | website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA) | date=29 January 2020 | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/rybelsus | access-date=26 September 2020 | archive-date=14 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814215223/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/rybelsus | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|legal_NZ=&lt;!-- Class A, B, C --&gt;|legal_UN=&lt;!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV--&gt;|legal_UK=&lt;!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD (Benz) POM, CD (Anab) POM or CD Inv POM / Class A, B, C --&gt;|legal_US=Rx-only|legal_status=Rx-only|licence_US=|licence_EU=&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=89%|protein_bound=|metabolism=[[Proteolysis]]|metabolites=|elimination_half-life=1 week|excretion=Urine and faeces

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== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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&lt;!-- Names --&gt;|pronounce=|tradename=Ozempic, Rybelsus, Wegovy, others|synonyms=|IUPAC_name=&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;|class=[[GLP-1 agonist]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2021/&gt;|pregnancy_AU=D|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name=Preg2021&gt;{{cite web |title=Semaglutide Use During Pregnancy |url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/semaglutide.html |website=Drugs.com |access-date=16 April 2021 |language=en |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417114123/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/semaglutide.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_US=&lt;!-- A/B/C/D/X/N --&gt;|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=[[Subcutaneous injection|Subcutaneous]], [[Oral administration|by mouth]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2021/&gt;|onset=|duration_of_action=63.6 h|Drugs.com={{Drugs.com|monograph|semaglutide}}|MedlinePlus=a618008

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;|legal_AU=S4|legal_AU_comment=|legal_CA=Rx-only|legal_DE=&lt;!-- Anlage I, II, III --&gt;|legal_EU=Rx-only|legal_EU_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ozempic EPAR&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Ozempic EPAR | publisher=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA) | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/ozempic | access-date=26 September 2020 | archive-date=25 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025204658/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/ozempic | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rybelsus EPAR&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Rybelsus EPAR | website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA) | date=29 January 2020 | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/rybelsus | access-date=26 September 2020 | archive-date=14 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814215223/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/rybelsus | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|legal_NZ=&lt;!-- Class A, B, C --&gt;|legal_UN=&lt;!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV--&gt;|legal_UK=&lt;!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD (Benz) POM, CD (Anab) POM or CD Inv POM / Class A, B, C --&gt;|legal_US=Rx-only|legal_status=Rx-only|licence_US=|licence_EU=&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=89%|protein_bound=|metabolism=[[Proteolysis]]|metabolites=|elimination_half-life=1 week|excretion=Urine and faeces

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== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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&lt;!-- Names --&gt;|pronounce=|tradename=Ozempic, Rybelsus, Wegovy, others|synonyms=|IUPAC_name=&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;|class=[[GLP-1 agonist]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2021/&gt;|pregnancy_AU=D|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name=Preg2021&gt;{{cite web |title=Semaglutide Use During Pregnancy |url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/semaglutide.html |website=Drugs.com |access-date=16 April 2021 |language=en |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417114123/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/semaglutide.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_US=&lt;!-- A/B/C/D/X/N --&gt;|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=[[Subcutaneous injection|Subcutaneous]], [[Oral administration|by mouth]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2021/&gt;|onset=|duration_of_action=63.6 h|Drugs.com={{Drugs.com|monograph|semaglutide}}|MedlinePlus=a618008

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;|legal_AU=S4|legal_AU_comment=|legal_CA=Rx-only|legal_DE=&lt;!-- Anlage I, II, III --&gt;|legal_EU=Rx-only|legal_EU_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ozempic EPAR&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Ozempic EPAR | publisher=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA) | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/ozempic | access-date=26 September 2020 | archive-date=25 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025204658/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/ozempic | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rybelsus EPAR&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Rybelsus EPAR | website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA) | date=29 January 2020 | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/rybelsus | access-date=26 September 2020 | archive-date=14 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814215223/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/rybelsus | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|legal_NZ=&lt;!-- Class A, B, C --&gt;|legal_UN=&lt;!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV--&gt;|legal_UK=&lt;!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD (Benz) POM, CD (Anab) POM or CD Inv POM / Class A, B, C --&gt;|legal_US=Rx-only|legal_status=Rx-only|licence_US=|licence_EU=&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=89%|protein_bound=|metabolism=[[Proteolysis]]|metabolites=|elimination_half-life=1 week|excretion=Urine and faeces

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;|C=187|H=291|N=45|O=59|SMILES=CCC(C)C(C(=O)NC(C)C(=O)NC(CC1=CNC2=CC=CC=C21)C(=O)NC(CC(C)C)C(=O)NC(C(C)C)C(=O)NC(CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)NCC(=O)NC(CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)NCC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(CC3=CC=CC=C3)NC(=O)C(CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(CCCCNC(=O)COCCOCCNC(=O)COCCOCCNC(=O)CCC(C(=O)O)NC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(C)NC(=O)C(C)NC(=O)C(CCC(=O)N)NC(=O)CNC(=O)C(CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC4=CC=C(C=C4)O)NC(=O)C(CO)NC(=O)C(CO)NC(=O)C(C(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(CO)NC(=O)C(C(C)O)NC(=O)C(CC5=CC=CC=C5)NC(=O)C(C(C)O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)C(CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(C)(C)NC(=O)C(CC6=CN=CN6)N|StdInChI=1S/C187H291N45O59/c1-18-105(10)154(180(282)208-108(13)159(261)216-133(86-114-89-200-119-50-40-39-49-117(114)119)170(272)218-129(82-102(4)5)171(273)228-152(103(6)7)178(280)215-121(53-44-72-199-186(192)193)162(264)201-91-141(242)209-120(52-43-71-198-185(190)191)161(263)204-94-151(257)258)230-172(274)131(83-111-45-33-31-34-46-111)219-167(269)126(64-69-149(253)254)214-166(268)122(51-41-42-70-195-144(245)98-290-79-78-289-76-74-197-145(246)99-291-80-77-288-75-73-196-139(240)66-61-127(183(285)286)211-140(241)54-37-29-27-25-23-21-19-20-22-24-26-28-30-38-55-146(247)248)212-158(260)107(12)206-157(259)106(11)207-165(267)125(60-65-138(189)239)210-142(243)92-202-163(265)123(62-67-147(249)250)213-168(270)128(81-101(2)3)217-169(271)130(85-113-56-58-116(238)59-57-113)220-175(277)135(95-233)223-177(279)137(97-235)224-179(281)153(104(8)9)229-174(276)134(88-150(255)256)221-176(278)136(96-234)225-182(284)156(110(15)237)231-173(275)132(84-112-47-35-32-36-48-112)222-181(283)155(109(14)236)227-143(244)93-203-164(266)124(63-68-148(251)252)226-184(287)187(16,17)232-160(262)118(188)87-115-90-194-100-205-115/h31-36,39-40,45-50,56-59,89-90,100-110,118,120-137,152-156,200,233-238H,18-30,37-38,41-44,51-55,60-88,91-99,188H2,1-17H3,(H2,189,239)(H,194,205)(H,195,245)(H,196,240)(H,197,246)(H,201,264)(H,202,265)(H,203,266)(H,204,263)(H,206,259)(H,207,267)(H,208,282)(H,209,242)(H,210,243)(H,211,241)(H,212,260)(H,213,270)(H,214,268)(H,215,280)(H,216,261)(H,217,271)(H,218,272)(H,219,269)(H,220,277)(H,221,278)(H,222,283)(H,223,279)(H,224,281)(H,225,284)(H,226,287)(H,227,244)(H,228,273)(H,229,276)(H,230,274)(H,231,275)(H,232,262)(H,247,248)(H,249,250)(H,251,252)(H,253,254)(H,255,256)(H,257,258)(H,285,286)(H4,190,191,198)(H4,192,193,199)/t105-,106-,107-,108-,109+,110+,118-,120-,121-,122-,123-,124-,125-,126-,127+,128-,129-,130-,131-,132-,133-,134-,135-,136-,137-,152-,153-,154-,155-,156-/m0/s1|StdInChIKey=DLSWIYLPEUIQAV-CCUURXOWSA-N|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|pubchem}}}}'''Semaglutide''',bɛ ni lahi n mi tila' shɛli '''Ozempic''' la, nyɛla tila' shɛli bɛ ni mali n tibiri  type 2 shikiri doro  n ti pahi ŋmɛlimbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Semaglutide Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/semaglutide.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=2 April 2021|language=en|archive-date=16 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116145408/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/semaglutide.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyƐla salo ni bɛ yu shɛli n ti paai Metformin, amaa niri ni tooi kpuɣiri dibaayi maa zaa &lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF80&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=BNF|date=September 2020 - March 2021|publisher=BMJ Group and the Pharmaceutical Press|year=|isbn=978-0-85711-369-6|edition=80|location=|pages=738}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyƐla din mali yiko ʒim shikiru galisim bee filiŋ yiko ningbuŋ ni ka baligiri suhu ni dɔriti, ka lahi baligiri yaan nina dɔriti.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla din vaana bee n-chibiri  n niŋ ningbuŋ ni&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1489197|Semaglutide]] to:dag #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="6130" sha1="mgikujapulni2ny08ft36vfj5w3z584" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug|drug_name=Semaglutide|INN=|image=Semaglutide.svg|width=300px|alt=|caption=|type=&lt;!-- empty --&gt;

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;|pronounce=|tradename=Ozempic, Rybelsus, Wegovy, others|synonyms=|IUPAC_name=&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;|class=[[GLP-1 agonist]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2021/&gt;|pregnancy_AU=D|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name=Preg2021&gt;{{cite web |title=Semaglutide Use During Pregnancy |url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/semaglutide.html |website=Drugs.com |access-date=16 April 2021 |language=en |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417114123/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/semaglutide.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_US=&lt;!-- A/B/C/D/X/N --&gt;|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=[[Subcutaneous injection|Subcutaneous]], [[Oral administration|by mouth]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2021/&gt;|onset=|duration_of_action=63.6 h|Drugs.com={{Drugs.com|monograph|semaglutide}}|MedlinePlus=a618008

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;|legal_AU=S4|legal_AU_comment=|legal_CA=Rx-only|legal_DE=&lt;!-- Anlage I, II, III --&gt;|legal_EU=Rx-only|legal_EU_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ozempic EPAR&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Ozempic EPAR | publisher=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA) | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/ozempic | access-date=26 September 2020 | archive-date=25 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025204658/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/ozempic | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rybelsus EPAR&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Rybelsus EPAR | website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA) | date=29 January 2020 | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/rybelsus | access-date=26 September 2020 | archive-date=14 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814215223/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/rybelsus | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|legal_NZ=&lt;!-- Class A, B, C --&gt;|legal_UN=&lt;!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV--&gt;|legal_UK=&lt;!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD (Benz) POM, CD (Anab) POM or CD Inv POM / Class A, B, C --&gt;|legal_US=Rx-only|legal_status=Rx-only|licence_US=|licence_EU=&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=89%|protein_bound=|metabolism=[[Proteolysis]]|metabolites=|elimination_half-life=1 week|excretion=Urine and faeces

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;|C=187|H=291|N=45|O=59|SMILES=CCC(C)C(C(=O)NC(C)C(=O)NC(CC1=CNC2=CC=CC=C21)C(=O)NC(CC(C)C)C(=O)NC(C(C)C)C(=O)NC(CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)NCC(=O)NC(CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)NCC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(CC3=CC=CC=C3)NC(=O)C(CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(CCCCNC(=O)COCCOCCNC(=O)COCCOCCNC(=O)CCC(C(=O)O)NC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(C)NC(=O)C(C)NC(=O)C(CCC(=O)N)NC(=O)CNC(=O)C(CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC4=CC=C(C=C4)O)NC(=O)C(CO)NC(=O)C(CO)NC(=O)C(C(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(CO)NC(=O)C(C(C)O)NC(=O)C(CC5=CC=CC=C5)NC(=O)C(C(C)O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)C(CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(C)(C)NC(=O)C(CC6=CN=CN6)N|StdInChI=1S/C187H291N45O59/c1-18-105(10)154(180(282)208-108(13)159(261)216-133(86-114-89-200-119-50-40-39-49-117(114)119)170(272)218-129(82-102(4)5)171(273)228-152(103(6)7)178(280)215-121(53-44-72-199-186(192)193)162(264)201-91-141(242)209-120(52-43-71-198-185(190)191)161(263)204-94-151(257)258)230-172(274)131(83-111-45-33-31-34-46-111)219-167(269)126(64-69-149(253)254)214-166(268)122(51-41-42-70-195-144(245)98-290-79-78-289-76-74-197-145(246)99-291-80-77-288-75-73-196-139(240)66-61-127(183(285)286)211-140(241)54-37-29-27-25-23-21-19-20-22-24-26-28-30-38-55-146(247)248)212-158(260)107(12)206-157(259)106(11)207-165(267)125(60-65-138(189)239)210-142(243)92-202-163(265)123(62-67-147(249)250)213-168(270)128(81-101(2)3)217-169(271)130(85-113-56-58-116(238)59-57-113)220-175(277)135(95-233)223-177(279)137(97-235)224-179(281)153(104(8)9)229-174(276)134(88-150(255)256)221-176(278)136(96-234)225-182(284)156(110(15)237)231-173(275)132(84-112-47-35-32-36-48-112)222-181(283)155(109(14)236)227-143(244)93-203-164(266)124(63-68-148(251)252)226-184(287)187(16,17)232-160(262)118(188)87-115-90-194-100-205-115/h31-36,39-40,45-50,56-59,89-90,100-110,118,120-137,152-156,200,233-238H,18-30,37-38,41-44,51-55,60-88,91-99,188H2,1-17H3,(H2,189,239)(H,194,205)(H,195,245)(H,196,240)(H,197,246)(H,201,264)(H,202,265)(H,203,266)(H,204,263)(H,206,259)(H,207,267)(H,208,282)(H,209,242)(H,210,243)(H,211,241)(H,212,260)(H,213,270)(H,214,268)(H,215,280)(H,216,261)(H,217,271)(H,218,272)(H,219,269)(H,220,277)(H,221,278)(H,222,283)(H,223,279)(H,224,281)(H,225,284)(H,226,287)(H,227,244)(H,228,273)(H,229,276)(H,230,274)(H,231,275)(H,232,262)(H,247,248)(H,249,250)(H,251,252)(H,253,254)(H,255,256)(H,257,258)(H,285,286)(H4,190,191,198)(H4,192,193,199)/t105-,106-,107-,108-,109+,110+,118-,120-,121-,122-,123-,124-,125-,126-,127+,128-,129-,130-,131-,132-,133-,134-,135-,136-,137-,152-,153-,154-,155-,156-/m0/s1|StdInChIKey=DLSWIYLPEUIQAV-CCUURXOWSA-N|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|pubchem}}}}'''Semaglutide''',bɛ ni lahi n mi tila' shɛli '''Ozempic''' la, nyɛla tila' shɛli bɛ ni mali n tibiri  type 2 shikiri doro  n ti pahi ŋmɛlimbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Semaglutide Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/semaglutide.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=2 April 2021|language=en|archive-date=16 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116145408/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/semaglutide.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyƐla salo ni bɛ yu shɛli n ti paai Metformin, amaa niri ni tooi kpuɣiri dibaayi maa zaa &lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF80&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=BNF|date=September 2020 - March 2021|publisher=BMJ Group and the Pharmaceutical Press|year=|isbn=978-0-85711-369-6|edition=80|location=|pages=738}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyƐla din mali yiko ʒim shikiru galisim bee filiŋ yiko ningbuŋ ni ka baligiri suhu ni dɔriti, ka lahi baligiri yaan nina dɔriti.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla din vaana bee n-chibiri  n niŋ ningbuŋ ni&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt;

Doro ŋɔ barina shɛŋa n nye tiri kpuɣibu bee tiri bee binsaa bee puuni biƐrim n ti pahi pu' fɔɣili&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1489197|Semaglutide]] to:dag #mdwikicx</comment>
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&lt;!-- Names --&gt;|pronounce=|tradename=Ozempic, Rybelsus, Wegovy, others|synonyms=|IUPAC_name=&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;|class=[[GLP-1 agonist]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2021/&gt;|pregnancy_AU=D|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name=Preg2021&gt;{{cite web |title=Semaglutide Use During Pregnancy |url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/semaglutide.html |website=Drugs.com |access-date=16 April 2021 |language=en |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417114123/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/semaglutide.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_US=&lt;!-- A/B/C/D/X/N --&gt;|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=[[Subcutaneous injection|Subcutaneous]], [[Oral administration|by mouth]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2021/&gt;|onset=|duration_of_action=63.6 h|Drugs.com={{Drugs.com|monograph|semaglutide}}|MedlinePlus=a618008

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;|legal_AU=S4|legal_AU_comment=|legal_CA=Rx-only|legal_DE=&lt;!-- Anlage I, II, III --&gt;|legal_EU=Rx-only|legal_EU_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ozempic EPAR&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Ozempic EPAR | publisher=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA) | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/ozempic | access-date=26 September 2020 | archive-date=25 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025204658/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/ozempic | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rybelsus EPAR&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Rybelsus EPAR | website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA) | date=29 January 2020 | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/rybelsus | access-date=26 September 2020 | archive-date=14 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814215223/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/rybelsus | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|legal_NZ=&lt;!-- Class A, B, C --&gt;|legal_UN=&lt;!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV--&gt;|legal_UK=&lt;!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD (Benz) POM, CD (Anab) POM or CD Inv POM / Class A, B, C --&gt;|legal_US=Rx-only|legal_status=Rx-only|licence_US=|licence_EU=&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=89%|protein_bound=|metabolism=[[Proteolysis]]|metabolites=|elimination_half-life=1 week|excretion=Urine and faeces

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;|C=187|H=291|N=45|O=59|SMILES=CCC(C)C(C(=O)NC(C)C(=O)NC(CC1=CNC2=CC=CC=C21)C(=O)NC(CC(C)C)C(=O)NC(C(C)C)C(=O)NC(CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)NCC(=O)NC(CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)NCC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(CC3=CC=CC=C3)NC(=O)C(CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(CCCCNC(=O)COCCOCCNC(=O)COCCOCCNC(=O)CCC(C(=O)O)NC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(C)NC(=O)C(C)NC(=O)C(CCC(=O)N)NC(=O)CNC(=O)C(CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC4=CC=C(C=C4)O)NC(=O)C(CO)NC(=O)C(CO)NC(=O)C(C(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(CO)NC(=O)C(C(C)O)NC(=O)C(CC5=CC=CC=C5)NC(=O)C(C(C)O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)C(CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(C)(C)NC(=O)C(CC6=CN=CN6)N|StdInChI=1S/C187H291N45O59/c1-18-105(10)154(180(282)208-108(13)159(261)216-133(86-114-89-200-119-50-40-39-49-117(114)119)170(272)218-129(82-102(4)5)171(273)228-152(103(6)7)178(280)215-121(53-44-72-199-186(192)193)162(264)201-91-141(242)209-120(52-43-71-198-185(190)191)161(263)204-94-151(257)258)230-172(274)131(83-111-45-33-31-34-46-111)219-167(269)126(64-69-149(253)254)214-166(268)122(51-41-42-70-195-144(245)98-290-79-78-289-76-74-197-145(246)99-291-80-77-288-75-73-196-139(240)66-61-127(183(285)286)211-140(241)54-37-29-27-25-23-21-19-20-22-24-26-28-30-38-55-146(247)248)212-158(260)107(12)206-157(259)106(11)207-165(267)125(60-65-138(189)239)210-142(243)92-202-163(265)123(62-67-147(249)250)213-168(270)128(81-101(2)3)217-169(271)130(85-113-56-58-116(238)59-57-113)220-175(277)135(95-233)223-177(279)137(97-235)224-179(281)153(104(8)9)229-174(276)134(88-150(255)256)221-176(278)136(96-234)225-182(284)156(110(15)237)231-173(275)132(84-112-47-35-32-36-48-112)222-181(283)155(109(14)236)227-143(244)93-203-164(266)124(63-68-148(251)252)226-184(287)187(16,17)232-160(262)118(188)87-115-90-194-100-205-115/h31-36,39-40,45-50,56-59,89-90,100-110,118,120-137,152-156,200,233-238H,18-30,37-38,41-44,51-55,60-88,91-99,188H2,1-17H3,(H2,189,239)(H,194,205)(H,195,245)(H,196,240)(H,197,246)(H,201,264)(H,202,265)(H,203,266)(H,204,263)(H,206,259)(H,207,267)(H,208,282)(H,209,242)(H,210,243)(H,211,241)(H,212,260)(H,213,270)(H,214,268)(H,215,280)(H,216,261)(H,217,271)(H,218,272)(H,219,269)(H,220,277)(H,221,278)(H,222,283)(H,223,279)(H,224,281)(H,225,284)(H,226,287)(H,227,244)(H,228,273)(H,229,276)(H,230,274)(H,231,275)(H,232,262)(H,247,248)(H,249,250)(H,251,252)(H,253,254)(H,255,256)(H,257,258)(H,285,286)(H4,190,191,198)(H4,192,193,199)/t105-,106-,107-,108-,109+,110+,118-,120-,121-,122-,123-,124-,125-,126-,127+,128-,129-,130-,131-,132-,133-,134-,135-,136-,137-,152-,153-,154-,155-,156-/m0/s1|StdInChIKey=DLSWIYLPEUIQAV-CCUURXOWSA-N|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|pubchem}}}}'''Semaglutide''',bɛ ni lahi n mi tila' shɛli '''Ozempic''' la, nyɛla tila' shɛli bɛ ni mali n tibiri  type 2 shikiri doro  n ti pahi ŋmɛlimbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Semaglutide Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/semaglutide.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=2 April 2021|language=en|archive-date=16 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116145408/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/semaglutide.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyƐla salo ni bɛ yu shɛli n ti paai Metformin, amaa niri ni tooi kpuɣiri dibaayi maa zaa &lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF80&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=BNF|date=September 2020 - March 2021|publisher=BMJ Group and the Pharmaceutical Press|year=|isbn=978-0-85711-369-6|edition=80|location=|pages=738}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyƐla din mali yiko ʒim shikiru galisim bee filiŋ yiko ningbuŋ ni ka baligiri suhu ni dɔriti, ka lahi baligiri yaan nina dɔriti.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla din vaana bee n-chibiri  n niŋ ningbuŋ ni&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt;

Doro ŋɔ barina shɛŋa n nye tiri kpuɣibu bee tiri bee binsaa bee puuni biƐrim n ti pahi pu' fɔɣili&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt; Di barina kpɛma shɛ`Na n nye diabetic ketoacidosis bee ʒim shikiri filiŋ bee pancreatitis&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF802&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=BNF|date=September 2020 - March 2021|publisher=BMJ Group and the Pharmaceutical Press|year=|isbn=978-0-85711-369-6|edition=80|location=|pages=738}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1489197|Semaglutide]] to:dag #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="6408" sha1="pxiwhdtloh92rq2z1fgb66ylarz4zwz" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug|drug_name=Semaglutide|INN=|image=Semaglutide.svg|width=300px|alt=|caption=|type=&lt;!-- empty --&gt;

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;|pronounce=|tradename=Ozempic, Rybelsus, Wegovy, others|synonyms=|IUPAC_name=&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;|class=[[GLP-1 agonist]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2021/&gt;|pregnancy_AU=D|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name=Preg2021&gt;{{cite web |title=Semaglutide Use During Pregnancy |url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/semaglutide.html |website=Drugs.com |access-date=16 April 2021 |language=en |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417114123/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/semaglutide.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_US=&lt;!-- A/B/C/D/X/N --&gt;|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=[[Subcutaneous injection|Subcutaneous]], [[Oral administration|by mouth]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2021/&gt;|onset=|duration_of_action=63.6 h|Drugs.com={{Drugs.com|monograph|semaglutide}}|MedlinePlus=a618008

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;|legal_AU=S4|legal_AU_comment=|legal_CA=Rx-only|legal_DE=&lt;!-- Anlage I, II, III --&gt;|legal_EU=Rx-only|legal_EU_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ozempic EPAR&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Ozempic EPAR | publisher=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA) | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/ozempic | access-date=26 September 2020 | archive-date=25 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025204658/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/ozempic | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rybelsus EPAR&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Rybelsus EPAR | website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA) | date=29 January 2020 | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/rybelsus | access-date=26 September 2020 | archive-date=14 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814215223/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/rybelsus | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|legal_NZ=&lt;!-- Class A, B, C --&gt;|legal_UN=&lt;!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV--&gt;|legal_UK=&lt;!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD (Benz) POM, CD (Anab) POM or CD Inv POM / Class A, B, C --&gt;|legal_US=Rx-only|legal_status=Rx-only|licence_US=|licence_EU=&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=89%|protein_bound=|metabolism=[[Proteolysis]]|metabolites=|elimination_half-life=1 week|excretion=Urine and faeces

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;|C=187|H=291|N=45|O=59|SMILES=CCC(C)C(C(=O)NC(C)C(=O)NC(CC1=CNC2=CC=CC=C21)C(=O)NC(CC(C)C)C(=O)NC(C(C)C)C(=O)NC(CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)NCC(=O)NC(CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)NCC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(CC3=CC=CC=C3)NC(=O)C(CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(CCCCNC(=O)COCCOCCNC(=O)COCCOCCNC(=O)CCC(C(=O)O)NC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(C)NC(=O)C(C)NC(=O)C(CCC(=O)N)NC(=O)CNC(=O)C(CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC4=CC=C(C=C4)O)NC(=O)C(CO)NC(=O)C(CO)NC(=O)C(C(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(CO)NC(=O)C(C(C)O)NC(=O)C(CC5=CC=CC=C5)NC(=O)C(C(C)O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)C(CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(C)(C)NC(=O)C(CC6=CN=CN6)N|StdInChI=1S/C187H291N45O59/c1-18-105(10)154(180(282)208-108(13)159(261)216-133(86-114-89-200-119-50-40-39-49-117(114)119)170(272)218-129(82-102(4)5)171(273)228-152(103(6)7)178(280)215-121(53-44-72-199-186(192)193)162(264)201-91-141(242)209-120(52-43-71-198-185(190)191)161(263)204-94-151(257)258)230-172(274)131(83-111-45-33-31-34-46-111)219-167(269)126(64-69-149(253)254)214-166(268)122(51-41-42-70-195-144(245)98-290-79-78-289-76-74-197-145(246)99-291-80-77-288-75-73-196-139(240)66-61-127(183(285)286)211-140(241)54-37-29-27-25-23-21-19-20-22-24-26-28-30-38-55-146(247)248)212-158(260)107(12)206-157(259)106(11)207-165(267)125(60-65-138(189)239)210-142(243)92-202-163(265)123(62-67-147(249)250)213-168(270)128(81-101(2)3)217-169(271)130(85-113-56-58-116(238)59-57-113)220-175(277)135(95-233)223-177(279)137(97-235)224-179(281)153(104(8)9)229-174(276)134(88-150(255)256)221-176(278)136(96-234)225-182(284)156(110(15)237)231-173(275)132(84-112-47-35-32-36-48-112)222-181(283)155(109(14)236)227-143(244)93-203-164(266)124(63-68-148(251)252)226-184(287)187(16,17)232-160(262)118(188)87-115-90-194-100-205-115/h31-36,39-40,45-50,56-59,89-90,100-110,118,120-137,152-156,200,233-238H,18-30,37-38,41-44,51-55,60-88,91-99,188H2,1-17H3,(H2,189,239)(H,194,205)(H,195,245)(H,196,240)(H,197,246)(H,201,264)(H,202,265)(H,203,266)(H,204,263)(H,206,259)(H,207,267)(H,208,282)(H,209,242)(H,210,243)(H,211,241)(H,212,260)(H,213,270)(H,214,268)(H,215,280)(H,216,261)(H,217,271)(H,218,272)(H,219,269)(H,220,277)(H,221,278)(H,222,283)(H,223,279)(H,224,281)(H,225,284)(H,226,287)(H,227,244)(H,228,273)(H,229,276)(H,230,274)(H,231,275)(H,232,262)(H,247,248)(H,249,250)(H,251,252)(H,253,254)(H,255,256)(H,257,258)(H,285,286)(H4,190,191,198)(H4,192,193,199)/t105-,106-,107-,108-,109+,110+,118-,120-,121-,122-,123-,124-,125-,126-,127+,128-,129-,130-,131-,132-,133-,134-,135-,136-,137-,152-,153-,154-,155-,156-/m0/s1|StdInChIKey=DLSWIYLPEUIQAV-CCUURXOWSA-N|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|pubchem}}}}'''Semaglutide''',bɛ ni lahi n mi tila' shɛli '''Ozempic''' la, nyɛla tila' shɛli bɛ ni mali n tibiri  type 2 shikiri doro  n ti pahi ŋmɛlimbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Semaglutide Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/semaglutide.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=2 April 2021|language=en|archive-date=16 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116145408/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/semaglutide.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyƐla salo ni bɛ yu shɛli n ti paai Metformin, amaa niri ni tooi kpuɣiri dibaayi maa zaa &lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF80&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=BNF|date=September 2020 - March 2021|publisher=BMJ Group and the Pharmaceutical Press|year=|isbn=978-0-85711-369-6|edition=80|location=|pages=738}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyƐla din mali yiko ʒim shikiru galisim bee filiŋ yiko ningbuŋ ni ka baligiri suhu ni dɔriti, ka lahi baligiri yaan nina dɔriti.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla din vaana bee n-chibiri  n niŋ ningbuŋ ni&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt;

Doro ŋɔ barina shɛŋa n nye tiri kpuɣibu bee tiri bee binsaa bee puuni biƐrim n ti pahi pu' fɔɣili&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt; Di barina kpɛma shɛ`Na n nye diabetic ketoacidosis bee ʒim shikiri filiŋ bee pancreatitis&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF80&quot; /&gt;  Di lahi mali la yɛlimuɣisira n ti paɣa puɣinima ni bihi ban be bɛ ni yaha ka nye bi ni bɛ sahi n ti ni paƔa ŋun mɔƔisiri bia vali&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1489197|Semaglutide]] to:dag #mdwikicx</comment>
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&lt;!-- Names --&gt;|pronounce=|tradename=Ozempic, Rybelsus, Wegovy, others|synonyms=|IUPAC_name=&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;|class=[[GLP-1 agonist]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2021/&gt;|pregnancy_AU=D|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name=Preg2021&gt;{{cite web |title=Semaglutide Use During Pregnancy |url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/semaglutide.html |website=Drugs.com |access-date=16 April 2021 |language=en |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417114123/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/semaglutide.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_US=&lt;!-- A/B/C/D/X/N --&gt;|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=[[Subcutaneous injection|Subcutaneous]], [[Oral administration|by mouth]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2021/&gt;|onset=|duration_of_action=63.6 h|Drugs.com={{Drugs.com|monograph|semaglutide}}|MedlinePlus=a618008

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;|legal_AU=S4|legal_AU_comment=|legal_CA=Rx-only|legal_DE=&lt;!-- Anlage I, II, III --&gt;|legal_EU=Rx-only|legal_EU_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ozempic EPAR&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Ozempic EPAR | publisher=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA) | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/ozempic | access-date=26 September 2020 | archive-date=25 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025204658/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/ozempic | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rybelsus EPAR&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Rybelsus EPAR | website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA) | date=29 January 2020 | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/rybelsus | access-date=26 September 2020 | archive-date=14 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814215223/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/rybelsus | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|legal_NZ=&lt;!-- Class A, B, C --&gt;|legal_UN=&lt;!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV--&gt;|legal_UK=&lt;!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD (Benz) POM, CD (Anab) POM or CD Inv POM / Class A, B, C --&gt;|legal_US=Rx-only|legal_status=Rx-only|licence_US=|licence_EU=&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=89%|protein_bound=|metabolism=[[Proteolysis]]|metabolites=|elimination_half-life=1 week|excretion=Urine and faeces

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Doro ŋɔ barina shɛŋa n nye tiri kpuɣibu bee tiri bee binsaa bee puuni biƐrim n ti pahi pu' fɔɣili&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt; Di barina kpɛma shɛ`Na n nye diabetic ketoacidosis bee ʒim shikiri filiŋ bee pancreatitis&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF80&quot; /&gt;  Di lahi mali la yɛlimuɣisira n ti paɣa puɣinima ni bihi ban be bɛ ni yaha ka nye bi ni bɛ sahi n ti ni paɣa ŋun mɔɣisiri bia vali&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt; Di nyɛla din tumdi ka ningbuŋ ni kamani glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1) ka nye din pahiri insulin ningbuŋ ni, ka filindi glucagon mii ka la nye din baligiri bindirigu pulini yibu.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF80&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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&lt;!-- Names --&gt;|pronounce=|tradename=Ozempic, Rybelsus, Wegovy, others|synonyms=|IUPAC_name=&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;|class=[[GLP-1 agonist]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2021/&gt;|pregnancy_AU=D|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name=Preg2021&gt;{{cite web |title=Semaglutide Use During Pregnancy |url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/semaglutide.html |website=Drugs.com |access-date=16 April 2021 |language=en |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417114123/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/semaglutide.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_US=&lt;!-- A/B/C/D/X/N --&gt;|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=[[Subcutaneous injection|Subcutaneous]], [[Oral administration|by mouth]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2021/&gt;|onset=|duration_of_action=63.6 h|Drugs.com={{Drugs.com|monograph|semaglutide}}|MedlinePlus=a618008

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;|legal_AU=S4|legal_AU_comment=|legal_CA=Rx-only|legal_DE=&lt;!-- Anlage I, II, III --&gt;|legal_EU=Rx-only|legal_EU_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ozempic EPAR&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Ozempic EPAR | publisher=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA) | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/ozempic | access-date=26 September 2020 | archive-date=25 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025204658/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/ozempic | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rybelsus EPAR&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Rybelsus EPAR | website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA) | date=29 January 2020 | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/rybelsus | access-date=26 September 2020 | archive-date=14 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814215223/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/rybelsus | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|legal_NZ=&lt;!-- Class A, B, C --&gt;|legal_UN=&lt;!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV--&gt;|legal_UK=&lt;!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD (Benz) POM, CD (Anab) POM or CD Inv POM / Class A, B, C --&gt;|legal_US=Rx-only|legal_status=Rx-only|licence_US=|licence_EU=&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=89%|protein_bound=|metabolism=[[Proteolysis]]|metabolites=|elimination_half-life=1 week|excretion=Urine and faeces

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Doro ŋɔ barina shɛŋa n nye tiri kpuɣibu bee tiri bee binsaa bee puuni biƐrim n ti pahi pu' fɔɣili&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt; Di barina kpɛma shɛ`Na n nye diabetic ketoacidosis bee ʒim shikiri filiŋ bee pancreatitis&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF80&quot; /&gt;  Di lahi mali la yɛlimuɣisira n ti paɣa puɣinima ni bihi ban be bɛ ni yaha ka nye bi ni bɛ sahi n ti ni paɣa ŋun mɔɣisiri bia vali&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt; Di nyɛla din tumdi ka ningbuŋ ni kamani glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1) ka nye din pahiri insulin ningbuŋ ni, ka filindi glucagon mii ka la nye din baligiri bindirigu pulini yibu.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF80&quot; /&gt;

Semaglutide nyɛla bɛ ni daa saɣi n ti shɛli ni di kpuɣi yuuni 2017 Amɛrika tiŋgbani ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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&lt;!-- Names --&gt;|pronounce=|tradename=Ozempic, Rybelsus, Wegovy, others|synonyms=|IUPAC_name=&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;|class=[[GLP-1 agonist]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2021/&gt;|pregnancy_AU=D|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name=Preg2021&gt;{{cite web |title=Semaglutide Use During Pregnancy |url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/semaglutide.html |website=Drugs.com |access-date=16 April 2021 |language=en |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417114123/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/semaglutide.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_US=&lt;!-- A/B/C/D/X/N --&gt;|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=[[Subcutaneous injection|Subcutaneous]], [[Oral administration|by mouth]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2021/&gt;|onset=|duration_of_action=63.6 h|Drugs.com={{Drugs.com|monograph|semaglutide}}|MedlinePlus=a618008

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;|legal_AU=S4|legal_AU_comment=|legal_CA=Rx-only|legal_DE=&lt;!-- Anlage I, II, III --&gt;|legal_EU=Rx-only|legal_EU_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ozempic EPAR&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Ozempic EPAR | publisher=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA) | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/ozempic | access-date=26 September 2020 | archive-date=25 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025204658/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/ozempic | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rybelsus EPAR&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Rybelsus EPAR | website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA) | date=29 January 2020 | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/rybelsus | access-date=26 September 2020 | archive-date=14 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814215223/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/rybelsus | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|legal_NZ=&lt;!-- Class A, B, C --&gt;|legal_UN=&lt;!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV--&gt;|legal_UK=&lt;!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD (Benz) POM, CD (Anab) POM or CD Inv POM / Class A, B, C --&gt;|legal_US=Rx-only|legal_status=Rx-only|licence_US=|licence_EU=&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=89%|protein_bound=|metabolism=[[Proteolysis]]|metabolites=|elimination_half-life=1 week|excretion=Urine and faeces

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Doro ŋɔ barina shɛŋa n nye tiri kpuɣibu bee tiri bee binsaa bee puuni biƐrim n ti pahi pu' fɔɣili&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt; Di barina kpɛma shɛ`Na n nye diabetic ketoacidosis bee ʒim shikiri filiŋ bee pancreatitis&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF80&quot; /&gt;  Di lahi mali la yɛlimuɣisira n ti paɣa puɣinima ni bihi ban be bɛ ni yaha ka nye bi ni bɛ sahi n ti ni paɣa ŋun mɔɣisiri bia vali&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt; Di nyɛla din tumdi ka ningbuŋ ni kamani glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1) ka nye din pahiri insulin ningbuŋ ni, ka filindi glucagon mii ka la nye din baligiri bindirigu pulini yibu.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF80&quot; /&gt;

Semaglutide nyɛla bɛ ni daa saɣi n ti shɛli ni di kpuɣi yuuni 2017 Amɛrika tiŋgbani ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt; Novo Nordisk n daa ŋun mali li&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1489197|Semaglutide]] to:dag #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="7921" sha1="jnhsur1weqvluki1iztc4f6n19v15bm" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug|drug_name=Semaglutide|INN=|image=Semaglutide.svg|width=300px|alt=|caption=|type=&lt;!-- empty --&gt;

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;|pronounce=|tradename=Ozempic, Rybelsus, Wegovy, others|synonyms=|IUPAC_name=&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;|class=[[GLP-1 agonist]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2021/&gt;|pregnancy_AU=D|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name=Preg2021&gt;{{cite web |title=Semaglutide Use During Pregnancy |url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/semaglutide.html |website=Drugs.com |access-date=16 April 2021 |language=en |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417114123/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/semaglutide.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_US=&lt;!-- A/B/C/D/X/N --&gt;|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=[[Subcutaneous injection|Subcutaneous]], [[Oral administration|by mouth]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2021/&gt;|onset=|duration_of_action=63.6 h|Drugs.com={{Drugs.com|monograph|semaglutide}}|MedlinePlus=a618008

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;|legal_AU=S4|legal_AU_comment=|legal_CA=Rx-only|legal_DE=&lt;!-- Anlage I, II, III --&gt;|legal_EU=Rx-only|legal_EU_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ozempic EPAR&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Ozempic EPAR | publisher=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA) | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/ozempic | access-date=26 September 2020 | archive-date=25 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025204658/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/ozempic | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rybelsus EPAR&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Rybelsus EPAR | website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA) | date=29 January 2020 | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/rybelsus | access-date=26 September 2020 | archive-date=14 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814215223/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/rybelsus | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|legal_NZ=&lt;!-- Class A, B, C --&gt;|legal_UN=&lt;!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV--&gt;|legal_UK=&lt;!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD (Benz) POM, CD (Anab) POM or CD Inv POM / Class A, B, C --&gt;|legal_US=Rx-only|legal_status=Rx-only|licence_US=|licence_EU=&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=89%|protein_bound=|metabolism=[[Proteolysis]]|metabolites=|elimination_half-life=1 week|excretion=Urine and faeces

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;|C=187|H=291|N=45|O=59|SMILES=CCC(C)C(C(=O)NC(C)C(=O)NC(CC1=CNC2=CC=CC=C21)C(=O)NC(CC(C)C)C(=O)NC(C(C)C)C(=O)NC(CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)NCC(=O)NC(CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)NCC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(CC3=CC=CC=C3)NC(=O)C(CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(CCCCNC(=O)COCCOCCNC(=O)COCCOCCNC(=O)CCC(C(=O)O)NC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(C)NC(=O)C(C)NC(=O)C(CCC(=O)N)NC(=O)CNC(=O)C(CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC4=CC=C(C=C4)O)NC(=O)C(CO)NC(=O)C(CO)NC(=O)C(C(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(CO)NC(=O)C(C(C)O)NC(=O)C(CC5=CC=CC=C5)NC(=O)C(C(C)O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)C(CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(C)(C)NC(=O)C(CC6=CN=CN6)N|StdInChI=1S/C187H291N45O59/c1-18-105(10)154(180(282)208-108(13)159(261)216-133(86-114-89-200-119-50-40-39-49-117(114)119)170(272)218-129(82-102(4)5)171(273)228-152(103(6)7)178(280)215-121(53-44-72-199-186(192)193)162(264)201-91-141(242)209-120(52-43-71-198-185(190)191)161(263)204-94-151(257)258)230-172(274)131(83-111-45-33-31-34-46-111)219-167(269)126(64-69-149(253)254)214-166(268)122(51-41-42-70-195-144(245)98-290-79-78-289-76-74-197-145(246)99-291-80-77-288-75-73-196-139(240)66-61-127(183(285)286)211-140(241)54-37-29-27-25-23-21-19-20-22-24-26-28-30-38-55-146(247)248)212-158(260)107(12)206-157(259)106(11)207-165(267)125(60-65-138(189)239)210-142(243)92-202-163(265)123(62-67-147(249)250)213-168(270)128(81-101(2)3)217-169(271)130(85-113-56-58-116(238)59-57-113)220-175(277)135(95-233)223-177(279)137(97-235)224-179(281)153(104(8)9)229-174(276)134(88-150(255)256)221-176(278)136(96-234)225-182(284)156(110(15)237)231-173(275)132(84-112-47-35-32-36-48-112)222-181(283)155(109(14)236)227-143(244)93-203-164(266)124(63-68-148(251)252)226-184(287)187(16,17)232-160(262)118(188)87-115-90-194-100-205-115/h31-36,39-40,45-50,56-59,89-90,100-110,118,120-137,152-156,200,233-238H,18-30,37-38,41-44,51-55,60-88,91-99,188H2,1-17H3,(H2,189,239)(H,194,205)(H,195,245)(H,196,240)(H,197,246)(H,201,264)(H,202,265)(H,203,266)(H,204,263)(H,206,259)(H,207,267)(H,208,282)(H,209,242)(H,210,243)(H,211,241)(H,212,260)(H,213,270)(H,214,268)(H,215,280)(H,216,261)(H,217,271)(H,218,272)(H,219,269)(H,220,277)(H,221,278)(H,222,283)(H,223,279)(H,224,281)(H,225,284)(H,226,287)(H,227,244)(H,228,273)(H,229,276)(H,230,274)(H,231,275)(H,232,262)(H,247,248)(H,249,250)(H,251,252)(H,253,254)(H,255,256)(H,257,258)(H,285,286)(H4,190,191,198)(H4,192,193,199)/t105-,106-,107-,108-,109+,110+,118-,120-,121-,122-,123-,124-,125-,126-,127+,128-,129-,130-,131-,132-,133-,134-,135-,136-,137-,152-,153-,154-,155-,156-/m0/s1|StdInChIKey=DLSWIYLPEUIQAV-CCUURXOWSA-N|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|pubchem}}}}'''Semaglutide''',bɛ ni lahi n mi tila' shɛli '''Ozempic''' la, nyɛla tila' shɛli bɛ ni mali n tibiri  type 2 shikiri doro  n ti pahi ŋmɛlimbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Semaglutide Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/semaglutide.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=2 April 2021|language=en|archive-date=16 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116145408/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/semaglutide.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyƐla salo ni bɛ yu shɛli n ti paai Metformin, amaa niri ni tooi kpuɣiri dibaayi maa zaa &lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF80&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=BNF|date=September 2020 - March 2021|publisher=BMJ Group and the Pharmaceutical Press|year=|isbn=978-0-85711-369-6|edition=80|location=|pages=738}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di nyƐla din mali yiko ʒim shikiru galisim bee filiŋ yiko ningbuŋ ni ka baligiri suhu ni dɔriti, ka lahi baligiri yaan nina dɔriti.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt; Tim ŋɔ nyɛla din vaana bee n-chibiri  n niŋ ningbuŋ ni&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt;

Doro ŋɔ barina shɛŋa n nye tiri kpuɣibu bee tiri bee binsaa bee puuni biƐrim n ti pahi pu' fɔɣili&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt; Di barina kpɛma shɛ`Na n nye diabetic ketoacidosis bee ʒim shikiri filiŋ bee pancreatitis&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF80&quot; /&gt;  Di lahi mali la yɛlimuɣisira n ti paɣa puɣinima ni bihi ban be bɛ ni yaha ka nye bi ni bɛ sahi n ti ni paɣa ŋun mɔɣisiri bia vali&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt; Di nyɛla din tumdi ka ningbuŋ ni kamani glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1) ka nye din pahiri insulin ningbuŋ ni, ka filindi glucagon mii ka la nye din baligiri bindirigu pulini yibu.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF80&quot; /&gt;

Semaglutide nyɛla bɛ ni daa saɣi n ti shɛli ni di kpuɣi yuuni 2017 Amɛrika tiŋgbani ni.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt; Novo Nordisk n daa ŋun mali li&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt; Di nyɛla tuuli GLP-1 tila' shɛli din ni tooi vali noli ni&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA20192&quot;&gt;{{cite press release|title=FDA approves first oral GLP-1 treatment for type 2 diabetes|url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-oral-glp-1-treatment-type-2-diabetes|publisher=FDA|access-date=20 September 2019|date=20 September 2019|archive-date=23 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923102804/https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-oral-glp-1-treatment-type-2-diabetes|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Din nyɛla din 2mg shɛriga laɣari paai Ghana shiiri 10,200 (850USD) yuuni 2021 puli ni&lt;ref name=&quot;GRx20212&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Ozempic Prices, Coupons &amp; Savings Tips|url=https://www.goodrx.com/ozempic?dosage=2-pens-of-1mg&amp;form=carton&amp;label_override=Ozempic&amp;quantity=1&amp;sort_type=popularity|website=GoodRx|access-date=16 April 2021|language=en-us|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905084546/https://www.goodrx.com/ozempic?dosage=2-pens-of-1mg&amp;form=carton&amp;label_override=Ozempic&amp;quantity=1&amp;sort_type=popularity|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Pubu:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Djibril Diop Mambéty</title>
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        <username>Maltima Rabia</username>
        <id>5146</id>
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        <username>Maltima Rabia</username>
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      <comment>Added  content</comment>
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      <text bytes="576" sha1="gs806ezxobgi4zyrssjuxc21bp2xhk9" xml:space="preserve">Djibril Diop Mambèty ( January 23 1945 -July 23 1998) daa nyɛla Senegalese siini director, kpɛrikpɛrita, Orator, Composer mini poet. Hali di kuli nyɛ siini dibaa anu ka o  feature ni siini ŋmahi dibaa ayi maa zaa yoli, bi daa nyɛla ban tiŋduya nim ni di shɛba shahara ni bi nyɛla ban siini yi di ko ka gahim.

Bi daa dɔɣi o la Musilinsi daŋ shɛli din miri Dakar,Senegal tiŋ zuɣu maa, Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun yi Wolof zuliya ni na. O daa nyɛla ŋun kpi yuunib1998 saha shɛli o daa dɛiri tibbu  n ti dori shɛli bini boli lungs Cancer la Paris ashibiti ni.</text>
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      <text bytes="1846" sha1="73ipma0zhh4ifi97ghqdkypyd24s1ku" xml:space="preserve">Djibril Diop Mambèty ( January 23 1945 -July 23 1998) daa nyɛla Senegalese siini director, kpɛrikpɛrita, Orator, Composer mini poet. Hali di kuli nyɛ siini dibaa anu ka o  feature ni siini ŋmahi dibaa ayi maa zaa yoli, bi daa nyɛla ban tiŋduya nim ni di shɛba shahara ni bi nyɛla ban siini yi di ko ka gahim.

Bi daa dɔɣi o la Musilinsi daŋ shɛli din miri Dakar,Senegal tiŋ zuɣu maa, Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun yi Wolof zuliya ni na. O daa nyɛla ŋun kpi yuunib1998 saha shɛli o daa dɛiri tibbu  n ti dori shɛli bini boli lungs Cancer la Paris ashibiti ni.

Biɛhigu

Djibril Diop Mambèty nyɛla bini dɔɣi so Colobane, Senegal, tiŋ shɛli din miri Senegal tiŋzuɣu Dakar, tiŋ shɛli o ni feature bi siini nima. Mambèty daa nyɛla Cleric musilim so bia ŋun daa nyɛ ŋun yina Lebou zuliya. Mambèty zaŋsim zaŋ chaŋ siini ni daa nyɛla din piligi theater ni. O ni daa naagi kpɛrigu kpɛribu shikuru sin bɛ Senegal maa, Mambèty nyɛla ŋun piligi o kpɛrigu kpɛribu Daniel  Sorano National theater din bɛ Dakar maa hali ka bi daa ti kari o.

Yuuni 1969, o yum pishi ni ata ni,  o ni daa na ka shikuru baŋsim zaŋ chaŋ siini ŋmaabu ni Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun darecti ka yihi o tuuli siini ŋmaa na, Contras' City ( City of Contrast). Yuuni din daa paya Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun lahi yihi siini ŋmaa na, Badou Boy, din daa di Silver Tanit pini yuuni 1970 Carthage Film Festival Tunisia tiŋgbani.

Mambèty tuuli siini shɛli o ni daa feature  'Touki Bouki'  (1973) daa nyɛla din di International Critics Award  Cannes Film Festival ni ka lahi di Jury Award Moscow Film Festival ni ka di zuɣu daa chɛ ka tiŋduya nim zaŋsim labi na Senegalese nim director ni. Siini ŋɔ daa kuli di nasara maa zaa yoli, di daa nyɛla din mali n ti paagi yuun pishi ka Mambèty daa naa lahi feature so n ŋmaagi siini.</text>
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      <text bytes="1851" sha1="ti6yatlaqj05lz5z7bgnt6gpc5oca0a" xml:space="preserve">Djibril Diop Mambèty ( January 23 1945 -July 23 1998) daa nyɛla Senegalese siini director, kpɛrikpɛrita, Orator, Composer mini poet. Hali di kuli nyɛ siini dibaa anu ka o  feature ni siini ŋmahi dibaa ayi maa zaa yoli, bi daa nyɛla ban tiŋduya nim ni di shɛba shahara ni bi nyɛla ban siini yi di ko ka gahim.

Bi daa dɔɣi o la Musilinsi daŋ shɛli din miri Dakar,Senegal tiŋ zuɣu maa, Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun yi Wolof zuliya ni na. O daa nyɛla ŋun kpi yuunib1998 saha shɛli o daa dɛiri tibbu  n ti dori shɛli bini boli lungs Cancer la Paris ashibiti ni.

== Biɛhigu ==
Djibril Diop Mambèty nyɛla bini dɔɣi so Colobane, Senegal, tiŋ shɛli din miri Senegal tiŋzuɣu Dakar, tiŋ shɛli o ni feature bi siini nima. Mambèty daa nyɛla Cleric musilim so bia ŋun daa nyɛ ŋun yina Lebou zuliya. Mambèty zaŋsim zaŋ chaŋ siini ni daa nyɛla din piligi theater ni. O ni daa naagi kpɛrigu kpɛribu shikuru sin bɛ Senegal maa, Mambèty nyɛla ŋun piligi o kpɛrigu kpɛribu Daniel  Sorano National theater din bɛ Dakar maa hali ka bi daa ti kari o.

Yuuni 1969, o yum pishi ni ata ni,  o ni daa na ka shikuru baŋsim zaŋ chaŋ siini ŋmaabu ni Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun darecti ka yihi o tuuli siini ŋmaa na, Contras' City ( City of Contrast). Yuuni din daa paya Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun lahi yihi siini ŋmaa na, Badou Boy, din daa di Silver Tanit pini yuuni 1970 Carthage Film Festival Tunisia tiŋgbani.

Mambèty tuuli siini shɛli o ni daa feature  'Touki Bouki'  (1973) daa nyɛla din di International Critics Award  Cannes Film Festival ni ka lahi di Jury Award Moscow Film Festival ni ka di zuɣu daa chɛ ka tiŋduya nim zaŋsim labi na Senegalese nim director ni. Siini ŋɔ daa kuli di nasara maa zaa yoli, di daa nyɛla din mali n ti paagi yuun pishi ka Mambèty daa naa lahi feature so n ŋmaagi siini.</text>
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      <text bytes="2913" sha1="qbpi4qjde0h2xeimxgxwrfdvdfmgllt" xml:space="preserve">Djibril Diop Mambèty ( January 23 1945 -July 23 1998) daa nyɛla Senegalese siini director, kpɛrikpɛrita, Orator, Composer mini poet. Hali di kuli nyɛ siini dibaa anu ka o  feature ni siini ŋmahi dibaa ayi maa zaa yoli, bi daa nyɛla ban tiŋduya nim ni di shɛba shahara ni bi nyɛla ban siini yi di ko ka gahim.

Bi daa dɔɣi o la Musilinsi daŋ shɛli din miri Dakar,Senegal tiŋ zuɣu maa, Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun yi Wolof zuliya ni na. O daa nyɛla ŋun kpi yuunib1998 saha shɛli o daa dɛiri tibbu  n ti dori shɛli bini boli lungs Cancer la Paris ashibiti ni.

== Biɛhigu ==
Djibril Diop Mambèty nyɛla bini dɔɣi so Colobane, Senegal, tiŋ shɛli din miri Senegal tiŋzuɣu Dakar, tiŋ shɛli o ni feature bi siini nima. Mambèty daa nyɛla Cleric musilim so bia ŋun daa nyɛ ŋun yina Lebou zuliya. Mambèty zaŋsim zaŋ chaŋ siini ni daa nyɛla din piligi theater ni. O ni daa naagi kpɛrigu kpɛribu shikuru sin bɛ Senegal maa, Mambèty nyɛla ŋun piligi o kpɛrigu kpɛribu Daniel  Sorano National theater din bɛ Dakar maa hali ka bi daa ti kari o.

Yuuni 1969, o yum pishi ni ata ni,  o ni daa na ka shikuru baŋsim zaŋ chaŋ siini ŋmaabu ni Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun darecti ka yihi o tuuli siini ŋmaa na, Contras' City ( City of Contrast). Yuuni din daa paya Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun lahi yihi siini ŋmaa na, Badou Boy, din daa di Silver Tanit pini yuuni 1970 Carthage Film Festival Tunisia tiŋgbani.

Mambèty tuuli siini shɛli o ni daa feature  'Touki Bouki'  (1973) daa nyɛla din di International Critics Award  Cannes Film Festival ni ka lahi di Jury Award Moscow Film Festival ni ka di zuɣu daa chɛ ka tiŋduya nim zaŋsim labi na Senegalese nim director ni. Siini ŋɔ daa kuli di nasara maa zaa yoli, di daa nyɛla din mali n ti paagi yuun pishi ka Mambèty daa naa lahi feature so n ŋmaagi siini. Lala saha maa o daa nyɛla ŋun yihi siini ŋmaa na yuuni 1989 ka piigi yuli n boli Parlons Grandmère(Lets Talk Grandmother) ka daa lahi piligi Idrissa Ouedraogo's siini Yaaba.

Hyènes (1992), Mambèty siini shɛli din pahiri ayi ka lahi nyɛ siini shɛli o ni feature bahigu, daa nyɛla bini kpɛɣi shɛli Friedrich Dürrenmatt's din zani kaabu zaani ka daa nyɛ bini zaŋ shɛli n lɛbi Touki Bouki tuɣuli. O kum maa saha o daa nyɛla ŋun mali niya ni o yihi siini ŋmaa na ka boli Contes des Petites Gens ( Tales of the Little People ). Din daa nyɛ tuuli siini dibaa ata puuni n nyɛ Le Franc (1994). O kum maa saha Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun editiri siini din pahi ayi lala series maani, La Petite Vendeuse de Soleil ( The Little Girl Who Stole the Sun)  bi daa yihi shɛli na yuuni 1999. 

Silimi gɔli July yuuni 1998, Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun kpi ka di nyɛla dori shɛli bini boli Lungs Cancer maa n daa ku o o yuun pihinu na ataa(53) Paris ashibiti ni, France.

O daa nyɛla bini yɛri so yɛtɔlɣa yuuni 2008 documentary siini Mambèty For Ever.</text>
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      <text bytes="3169" sha1="keqwnz9wn9gqm2pwwm6g5h2wr7rqz9x" xml:space="preserve">Djibril Diop Mambèty ( January 23 1945 -July 23 1998) daa nyɛla Senegalese siini director, kpɛrikpɛrita, Orator, Composer mini poet. Hali di kuli nyɛ siini dibaa anu ka o  feature ni siini ŋmahi dibaa ayi maa zaa yoli, bi daa nyɛla ban tiŋduya nim ni di shɛba shahara ni bi nyɛla ban siini yi di ko ka gahim.

Bi daa dɔɣi o la Musilinsi daŋ shɛli din miri Dakar,Senegal tiŋ zuɣu maa, Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun yi Wolof zuliya ni na. O daa nyɛla ŋun kpi yuunib1998 saha shɛli o daa dɛiri tibbu  n ti dori shɛli bini boli lungs Cancer la Paris ashibiti ni.

== Biɛhigu ==
Djibril Diop Mambèty nyɛla bini dɔɣi so Colobane, Senegal, tiŋ shɛli din miri Senegal tiŋzuɣu Dakar, tiŋ shɛli o ni feature bi siini nima. Mambèty daa nyɛla Cleric musilim so bia ŋun daa nyɛ ŋun yina Lebou zuliya. Mambèty zaŋsim zaŋ chaŋ siini ni daa nyɛla din piligi theater ni. O ni daa naagi kpɛrigu kpɛribu shikuru sin bɛ Senegal maa, Mambèty nyɛla ŋun piligi o kpɛrigu kpɛribu Daniel  Sorano National theater din bɛ Dakar maa hali ka bi daa ti kari o.

Yuuni 1969, o yum pishi ni ata ni,  o ni daa na ka shikuru baŋsim zaŋ chaŋ siini ŋmaabu ni Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun darecti ka yihi o tuuli siini ŋmaa na, Contras' City ( City of Contrast). Yuuni din daa paya Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun lahi yihi siini ŋmaa na, Badou Boy, din daa di Silver Tanit pini yuuni 1970 Carthage Film Festival Tunisia tiŋgbani.

Mambèty tuuli siini shɛli o ni daa feature  'Touki Bouki'  (1973) daa nyɛla din di International Critics Award  Cannes Film Festival ni ka lahi di Jury Award Moscow Film Festival ni ka di zuɣu daa chɛ ka tiŋduya nim zaŋsim labi na Senegalese nim director ni. Siini ŋɔ daa kuli di nasara maa zaa yoli, di daa nyɛla din mali n ti paagi yuun pishi ka Mambèty daa naa lahi feature so n ŋmaagi siini. Lala saha maa o daa nyɛla ŋun yihi siini ŋmaa na yuuni 1989 ka piigi yuli n boli Parlons Grandmère(Lets Talk Grandmother) ka daa lahi piligi Idrissa Ouedraogo's siini Yaaba.

Hyènes (1992), Mambèty siini shɛli din pahiri ayi ka lahi nyɛ siini shɛli o ni feature bahigu, daa nyɛla bini kpɛɣi shɛli Friedrich Dürrenmatt's din zani kaabu zaani ka daa nyɛ bini zaŋ shɛli n lɛbi Touki Bouki tuɣuli. O kum maa saha o daa nyɛla ŋun mali niya ni o yihi siini ŋmaa na ka boli Contes des Petites Gens ( Tales of the Little People ). Din daa nyɛ tuuli siini dibaa ata puuni n nyɛ Le Franc (1994). O kum maa saha Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun editiri siini din pahi ayi lala series maani, La Petite Vendeuse de Soleil ( The Little Girl Who Stole the Sun)  bi daa yihi shɛli na yuuni 1999. 

Silimi gɔli July yuuni 1998, Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun kpi ka di nyɛla dori shɛli bini boli Lungs Cancer maa n daa ku o o yuun pihinu na ataa(53) Paris ashibiti ni, France.

O daa nyɛla bini yɛri so yɛtɔlɣa yuuni 2008 documentary siini Mambèty For Ever.

Filmography

Siini shɛŋa o ni feature

Siini ŋmahi

Maŋ biɛhigu

Mambèty n daa nyɛ kpɛma ni yili yilinda Wasis Diop, ka nyɛ kpɛrikpɛrita mini director  so bini boli Mati Diop la bakpɛma, Wasis bipuɣuga. Teemour Diop Mambèty daa nyɛ o bia.</text>
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      <text bytes="3198" sha1="f55d0jxcrw0pg6ei8d2hxbrfo9rlsq7" xml:space="preserve">Djibril Diop Mambèty ( January 23 1945 -July 23 1998) daa nyɛla Senegalese siini director, kpɛrikpɛrita, Orator, Composer mini poet. Hali di kuli nyɛ siini dibaa anu ka o  feature ni siini ŋmahi dibaa ayi maa zaa yoli, bi daa nyɛla ban tiŋduya nim ni di shɛba shahara ni bi nyɛla ban siini yi di ko ka gahim.

Bi daa dɔɣi o la Musilinsi daŋ shɛli din miri Dakar,Senegal tiŋ zuɣu maa, Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun yi Wolof zuliya ni na. O daa nyɛla ŋun kpi yuunib1998 saha shɛli o daa dɛiri tibbu  n ti dori shɛli bini boli lungs Cancer la Paris ashibiti ni.

== Biɛhigu ==
Djibril Diop Mambèty nyɛla bini dɔɣi so Colobane, Senegal, tiŋ shɛli din miri Senegal tiŋzuɣu Dakar, tiŋ shɛli o ni feature bi siini nima. Mambèty daa nyɛla Cleric musilim so bia ŋun daa nyɛ ŋun yina Lebou zuliya. Mambèty zaŋsim zaŋ chaŋ siini ni daa nyɛla din piligi theater ni. O ni daa naagi kpɛrigu kpɛribu shikuru sin bɛ Senegal maa, Mambèty nyɛla ŋun piligi o kpɛrigu kpɛribu Daniel  Sorano National theater din bɛ Dakar maa hali ka bi daa ti kari o.

Yuuni 1969, o yum pishi ni ata ni,  o ni daa na ka shikuru baŋsim zaŋ chaŋ siini ŋmaabu ni Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun darecti ka yihi o tuuli siini ŋmaa na, Contras' City ( City of Contrast). Yuuni din daa paya Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun lahi yihi siini ŋmaa na, Badou Boy, din daa di Silver Tanit pini yuuni 1970 Carthage Film Festival Tunisia tiŋgbani.

Mambèty tuuli siini shɛli o ni daa feature  'Touki Bouki'  (1973) daa nyɛla din di International Critics Award  Cannes Film Festival ni ka lahi di Jury Award Moscow Film Festival ni ka di zuɣu daa chɛ ka tiŋduya nim zaŋsim labi na Senegalese nim director ni. Siini ŋɔ daa kuli di nasara maa zaa yoli, di daa nyɛla din mali n ti paagi yuun pishi ka Mambèty daa naa lahi feature so n ŋmaagi siini. Lala saha maa o daa nyɛla ŋun yihi siini ŋmaa na yuuni 1989 ka piigi yuli n boli Parlons Grandmère(Lets Talk Grandmother) ka daa lahi piligi Idrissa Ouedraogo's siini Yaaba.

Hyènes (1992), Mambèty siini shɛli din pahiri ayi ka lahi nyɛ siini shɛli o ni feature bahigu, daa nyɛla bini kpɛɣi shɛli Friedrich Dürrenmatt's din zani kaabu zaani ka daa nyɛ bini zaŋ shɛli n lɛbi Touki Bouki tuɣuli. O kum maa saha o daa nyɛla ŋun mali niya ni o yihi siini ŋmaa na ka boli Contes des Petites Gens ( Tales of the Little People ). Din daa nyɛ tuuli siini dibaa ata puuni n nyɛ Le Franc (1994). O kum maa saha Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun editiri siini din pahi ayi lala series maani, La Petite Vendeuse de Soleil ( The Little Girl Who Stole the Sun)  bi daa yihi shɛli na yuuni 1999. 

Silimi gɔli July yuuni 1998, Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun kpi ka di nyɛla dori shɛli bini boli Lungs Cancer maa n daa ku o o yuun pihinu na ataa(53) Paris ashibiti ni, France.

O daa nyɛla bini yɛri so yɛtɔlɣa yuuni 2008 documentary siini Mambèty For Ever.

== Filmography ==
Siini shɛŋa o ni feature

Siini ŋmahi

== Maŋ biɛhigu ==
Mambèty n daa nyɛ kpɛma ni yili yilinda Wasis Diop, ka nyɛ kpɛrikpɛrita mini director  so bini boli Mati Diop la bakpɛma, Wasis bipuɣuga. Teemour Diop Mambèty daa nyɛ o bia.

== Kunduvihira ==</text>
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      <text bytes="3215" sha1="qfeeu2c66byjbgcbp9mei2zrrk1c35u" xml:space="preserve">Djibril Diop Mambèty ( January 23 1945 -July 23 1998) daa nyɛla Senegalese siini director, kpɛrikpɛrita, Orator, Composer mini poet. Hali di kuli nyɛ siini dibaa anu ka o  feature ni siini ŋmahi dibaa ayi maa zaa yoli, bi daa nyɛla ban tiŋduya nim ni di shɛba shahara ni bi nyɛla ban siini yi di ko ka gahim.

Bi daa dɔɣi o la Musilinsi daŋ shɛli din miri Dakar,Senegal tiŋ zuɣu maa, Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun yi Wolof zuliya ni na. O daa nyɛla ŋun kpi yuunib1998 saha shɛli o daa dɛiri tibbu  n ti dori shɛli bini boli lungs Cancer la Paris ashibiti ni.

== Biɛhigu ==
Djibril Diop Mambèty nyɛla bini dɔɣi so Colobane, Senegal, tiŋ shɛli din miri Senegal tiŋzuɣu Dakar, tiŋ shɛli o ni feature bi siini nima. Mambèty daa nyɛla Cleric musilim so bia ŋun daa nyɛ ŋun yina Lebou zuliya. Mambèty zaŋsim zaŋ chaŋ siini ni daa nyɛla din piligi theater ni. O ni daa naagi kpɛrigu kpɛribu shikuru sin bɛ Senegal maa, Mambèty nyɛla ŋun piligi o kpɛrigu kpɛribu Daniel  Sorano National theater din bɛ Dakar maa hali ka bi daa ti kari o.

Yuuni 1969, o yum pishi ni ata ni,  o ni daa na ka shikuru baŋsim zaŋ chaŋ siini ŋmaabu ni Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun darecti ka yihi o tuuli siini ŋmaa na, Contras' City ( City of Contrast). Yuuni din daa paya Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun lahi yihi siini ŋmaa na, Badou Boy, din daa di Silver Tanit pini yuuni 1970 Carthage Film Festival Tunisia tiŋgbani.

Mambèty tuuli siini shɛli o ni daa feature  'Touki Bouki'  (1973) daa nyɛla din di International Critics Award  Cannes Film Festival ni ka lahi di Jury Award Moscow Film Festival ni ka di zuɣu daa chɛ ka tiŋduya nim zaŋsim labi na Senegalese nim director ni. Siini ŋɔ daa kuli di nasara maa zaa yoli, di daa nyɛla din mali n ti paagi yuun pishi ka Mambèty daa naa lahi feature so n ŋmaagi siini. Lala saha maa o daa nyɛla ŋun yihi siini ŋmaa na yuuni 1989 ka piigi yuli n boli Parlons Grandmère(Lets Talk Grandmother) ka daa lahi piligi Idrissa Ouedraogo's siini Yaaba.

Hyènes (1992), Mambèty siini shɛli din pahiri ayi ka lahi nyɛ siini shɛli o ni feature bahigu, daa nyɛla bini kpɛɣi shɛli Friedrich Dürrenmatt's din zani kaabu zaani ka daa nyɛ bini zaŋ shɛli n lɛbi Touki Bouki tuɣuli. O kum maa saha o daa nyɛla ŋun mali niya ni o yihi siini ŋmaa na ka boli Contes des Petites Gens ( Tales of the Little People ). Din daa nyɛ tuuli siini dibaa ata puuni n nyɛ Le Franc (1994). O kum maa saha Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun editiri siini din pahi ayi lala series maani, La Petite Vendeuse de Soleil ( The Little Girl Who Stole the Sun)  bi daa yihi shɛli na yuuni 1999. 

Silimi gɔli July yuuni 1998, Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun kpi ka di nyɛla dori shɛli bini boli Lungs Cancer maa n daa ku o o yuun pihinu na ataa(53) Paris ashibiti ni, France.

O daa nyɛla bini yɛri so yɛtɔlɣa yuuni 2008 documentary siini Mambèty For Ever.

== Filmography ==

=== Siini shɛŋa o ni feature ===

=== Siini ŋmahi ===

== Maŋ biɛhigu ==
Mambèty n daa nyɛ kpɛma ni yili yilinda Wasis Diop, ka nyɛ kpɛrikpɛrita mini director  so bini boli Mati Diop la bakpɛma, Wasis bipuɣuga. Teemour Diop Mambèty daa nyɛ o bia.

== Kunduvihira ==</text>
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      <text bytes="3482" sha1="dn8kd99g9vu67exos84g2k11q5neev2" xml:space="preserve">Djibril Diop Mambèty ( January 23 1945 -July 23 1998) daa nyɛla Senegalese siini director, kpɛrikpɛrita, Orator, Composer mini poet. Hali di kuli nyɛ siini dibaa anu ka o  feature ni siini ŋmahi dibaa ayi maa zaa yoli, bi daa nyɛla ban tiŋduya nim ni di shɛba shahara ni bi nyɛla ban siini yi di ko ka gahim.

Bi daa dɔɣi o la Musilinsi daŋ shɛli din miri Dakar,Senegal tiŋ zuɣu maa, Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun yi Wolof zuliya ni na. O daa nyɛla ŋun kpi yuunib1998 saha shɛli o daa dɛiri tibbu  n ti dori shɛli bini boli lungs Cancer la Paris ashibiti ni.

== Biɛhigu ==
Djibril Diop Mambèty nyɛla bini dɔɣi so Colobane, Senegal, tiŋ shɛli din miri Senegal tiŋzuɣu Dakar, tiŋ shɛli o ni feature bi siini nima. Mambèty daa nyɛla Cleric musilim so bia ŋun daa nyɛ ŋun yina Lebou zuliya. Mambèty zaŋsim zaŋ chaŋ siini ni daa nyɛla din piligi theater ni. O ni daa naagi kpɛrigu kpɛribu shikuru sin bɛ Senegal maa, Mambèty nyɛla ŋun piligi o kpɛrigu kpɛribu Daniel  Sorano National theater din bɛ Dakar maa hali ka bi daa ti kari o.

Yuuni 1969, o yum pishi ni ata ni,  o ni daa na ka shikuru baŋsim zaŋ chaŋ siini ŋmaabu ni Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun darecti ka yihi o tuuli siini ŋmaa na, Contras' City ( City of Contrast). Yuuni din daa paya Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun lahi yihi siini ŋmaa na, Badou Boy, din daa di Silver Tanit pini yuuni 1970 Carthage Film Festival Tunisia tiŋgbani.

Mambèty tuuli siini shɛli o ni daa feature  'Touki Bouki'  (1973) daa nyɛla din di International Critics Award  Cannes Film Festival ni ka lahi di Jury Award Moscow Film Festival ni ka di zuɣu daa chɛ ka tiŋduya nim zaŋsim labi na Senegalese nim director ni. Siini ŋɔ daa kuli di nasara maa zaa yoli, di daa nyɛla din mali n ti paagi yuun pishi ka Mambèty daa naa lahi feature so n ŋmaagi siini. Lala saha maa o daa nyɛla ŋun yihi siini ŋmaa na yuuni 1989 ka piigi yuli n boli Parlons Grandmère(Lets Talk Grandmother) ka daa lahi piligi Idrissa Ouedraogo's siini Yaaba.

Hyènes (1992), Mambèty siini shɛli din pahiri ayi ka lahi nyɛ siini shɛli o ni feature bahigu, daa nyɛla bini kpɛɣi shɛli Friedrich Dürrenmatt's din zani kaabu zaani ka daa nyɛ bini zaŋ shɛli n lɛbi Touki Bouki tuɣuli. O kum maa saha o daa nyɛla ŋun mali niya ni o yihi siini ŋmaa na ka boli Contes des Petites Gens ( Tales of the Little People ). Din daa nyɛ tuuli siini dibaa ata puuni n nyɛ Le Franc (1994). O kum maa saha Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun editiri siini din pahi ayi lala series maani, La Petite Vendeuse de Soleil ( The Little Girl Who Stole the Sun)  bi daa yihi shɛli na yuuni 1999. 

Silimi gɔli July yuuni 1998, Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun kpi ka di nyɛla dori shɛli bini boli Lungs Cancer maa n daa ku o o yuun pihinu na ataa(53) Paris ashibiti ni, France.

O daa nyɛla bini yɛri so yɛtɔlɣa yuuni 2008 documentary siini Mambèty For Ever.

== Filmography ==

=== Siini shɛŋa o ni feature ===

* ''Badou Boy'' (1970)
* ''Touki Bouki'' (ka bi lahi boli  ''The Journey of the Hyena'') (1973), International Critic's Prize at Cannes mini Special Jury Prize Moscow Film Festival
* ''Hyènes'' (1992)
* ''Le Franc'' (1994)
* ''La Petite Vendeuse de Soleil'' (1999)

=== Siini ŋmahi ===

== Maŋ biɛhigu ==
Mambèty n daa nyɛ kpɛma ni yili yilinda Wasis Diop, ka nyɛ kpɛrikpɛrita mini director  so bini boli Mati Diop la bakpɛma, Wasis bipuɣuga. Teemour Diop Mambèty daa nyɛ o bia.

== Kunduvihira ==</text>
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      <text bytes="3567" sha1="owle53xhdtje9g0a5cbythhsdhoeafz" xml:space="preserve">Djibril Diop Mambèty ( January 23 1945 -July 23 1998) daa nyɛla Senegalese siini director, kpɛrikpɛrita, Orator, Composer mini poet. Hali di kuli nyɛ siini dibaa anu ka o  feature ni siini ŋmahi dibaa ayi maa zaa yoli, bi daa nyɛla ban tiŋduya nim ni di shɛba shahara ni bi nyɛla ban siini yi di ko ka gahim.

Bi daa dɔɣi o la Musilinsi daŋ shɛli din miri Dakar,Senegal tiŋ zuɣu maa, Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun yi Wolof zuliya ni na. O daa nyɛla ŋun kpi yuunib1998 saha shɛli o daa dɛiri tibbu  n ti dori shɛli bini boli lungs Cancer la Paris ashibiti ni.

== Biɛhigu ==
Djibril Diop Mambèty nyɛla bini dɔɣi so Colobane, Senegal, tiŋ shɛli din miri Senegal tiŋzuɣu Dakar, tiŋ shɛli o ni feature bi siini nima. Mambèty daa nyɛla Cleric musilim so bia ŋun daa nyɛ ŋun yina Lebou zuliya. Mambèty zaŋsim zaŋ chaŋ siini ni daa nyɛla din piligi theater ni. O ni daa naagi kpɛrigu kpɛribu shikuru sin bɛ Senegal maa, Mambèty nyɛla ŋun piligi o kpɛrigu kpɛribu Daniel  Sorano National theater din bɛ Dakar maa hali ka bi daa ti kari o.

Yuuni 1969, o yum pishi ni ata ni,  o ni daa na ka shikuru baŋsim zaŋ chaŋ siini ŋmaabu ni Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun darecti ka yihi o tuuli siini ŋmaa na, Contras' City ( City of Contrast). Yuuni din daa paya Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun lahi yihi siini ŋmaa na, Badou Boy, din daa di Silver Tanit pini yuuni 1970 Carthage Film Festival Tunisia tiŋgbani.

Mambèty tuuli siini shɛli o ni daa feature  'Touki Bouki'  (1973) daa nyɛla din di International Critics Award  Cannes Film Festival ni ka lahi di Jury Award Moscow Film Festival ni ka di zuɣu daa chɛ ka tiŋduya nim zaŋsim labi na Senegalese nim director ni. Siini ŋɔ daa kuli di nasara maa zaa yoli, di daa nyɛla din mali n ti paagi yuun pishi ka Mambèty daa naa lahi feature so n ŋmaagi siini. Lala saha maa o daa nyɛla ŋun yihi siini ŋmaa na yuuni 1989 ka piigi yuli n boli Parlons Grandmère(Lets Talk Grandmother) ka daa lahi piligi Idrissa Ouedraogo's siini Yaaba.

Hyènes (1992), Mambèty siini shɛli din pahiri ayi ka lahi nyɛ siini shɛli o ni feature bahigu, daa nyɛla bini kpɛɣi shɛli Friedrich Dürrenmatt's din zani kaabu zaani ka daa nyɛ bini zaŋ shɛli n lɛbi Touki Bouki tuɣuli. O kum maa saha o daa nyɛla ŋun mali niya ni o yihi siini ŋmaa na ka boli Contes des Petites Gens ( Tales of the Little People ). Din daa nyɛ tuuli siini dibaa ata puuni n nyɛ Le Franc (1994). O kum maa saha Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun editiri siini din pahi ayi lala series maani, La Petite Vendeuse de Soleil ( The Little Girl Who Stole the Sun)  bi daa yihi shɛli na yuuni 1999. 

Silimi gɔli July yuuni 1998, Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun kpi ka di nyɛla dori shɛli bini boli Lungs Cancer maa n daa ku o o yuun pihinu na ataa(53) Paris ashibiti ni, France.

O daa nyɛla bini yɛri so yɛtɔlɣa yuuni 2008 documentary siini Mambèty For Ever.

== Filmography ==

=== Siini shɛŋa o ni feature ===

* ''Badou Boy'' (1970)
* ''Touki Bouki'' (ka bi lahi boli  ''The Journey of the Hyena'') (1973), International Critic's Prize at Cannes mini Special Jury Prize Moscow Film Festival
* ''Hyènes'' (1992)
* ''Le Franc'' (1994)
* ''La Petite Vendeuse de Soleil'' (1999)

=== Siini ŋmahi ===

* ''Contras'city'' (1968)
* ''Parlons Grand-mère (Let's talk Grandmother)'' (1989)

== Maŋ biɛhigu ==
Mambèty n daa nyɛ kpɛma ni yili yilinda Wasis Diop, ka nyɛ kpɛrikpɛrita mini director  so bini boli Mati Diop la bakpɛma, Wasis bipuɣuga. Teemour Diop Mambèty daa nyɛ o bia.

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      <text bytes="3769" sha1="gf8n9g1sqjn4yaahs0vq3oilvnbxxzu" xml:space="preserve">Djibril Diop Mambèty ( January 23 1945 -July 23 1998) daa nyɛla Senegalese siini director, kpɛrikpɛrita, Orator, Composer mini poet. Hali di kuli nyɛ siini dibaa anu ka o  feature ni siini ŋmahi dibaa ayi maa zaa yoli, bi daa nyɛla ban tiŋduya nim ni di shɛba shahara ni bi nyɛla ban siini yi di ko ka gahim.

Bi daa dɔɣi o la Musilinsi daŋ shɛli din miri Dakar,Senegal tiŋ zuɣu maa, Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun yi Wolof zuliya ni na. O daa nyɛla ŋun kpi yuunib1998 saha shɛli o daa dɛiri tibbu  n ti dori shɛli bini boli lungs Cancer la Paris ashibiti ni.

== Biɛhigu ==
Djibril Diop Mambèty nyɛla bini dɔɣi so Colobane, Senegal, tiŋ shɛli din miri Senegal tiŋzuɣu Dakar, tiŋ shɛli o ni feature bi siini nima. Mambèty daa nyɛla Cleric musilim so bia ŋun daa nyɛ ŋun yina Lebou zuliya. Mambèty zaŋsim zaŋ chaŋ siini ni daa nyɛla din piligi theater ni. O ni daa naagi kpɛrigu kpɛribu shikuru sin bɛ Senegal maa, Mambèty nyɛla ŋun piligi o kpɛrigu kpɛribu Daniel  Sorano National theater din bɛ Dakar maa hali ka bi daa ti kari o.

Yuuni 1969, o yum pishi ni ata ni,  o ni daa na ka shikuru baŋsim zaŋ chaŋ siini ŋmaabu ni Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun darecti ka yihi o tuuli siini ŋmaa na, Contras' City ( City of Contrast). Yuuni din daa paya Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun lahi yihi siini ŋmaa na, Badou Boy, din daa di Silver Tanit pini yuuni 1970 Carthage Film Festival Tunisia tiŋgbani.

Mambèty tuuli siini shɛli o ni daa feature  'Touki Bouki'  (1973) daa nyɛla din di International Critics Award  Cannes Film Festival ni ka lahi di Jury Award Moscow Film Festival ni ka di zuɣu daa chɛ ka tiŋduya nim zaŋsim labi na Senegalese nim director ni. Siini ŋɔ daa kuli di nasara maa zaa yoli, di daa nyɛla din mali n ti paagi yuun pishi ka Mambèty daa naa lahi feature so n ŋmaagi siini. Lala saha maa o daa nyɛla ŋun yihi siini ŋmaa na yuuni 1989 ka piigi yuli n boli Parlons Grandmère(Lets Talk Grandmother) ka daa lahi piligi Idrissa Ouedraogo's siini Yaaba.

Hyènes (1992), Mambèty siini shɛli din pahiri ayi ka lahi nyɛ siini shɛli o ni feature bahigu, daa nyɛla bini kpɛɣi shɛli Friedrich Dürrenmatt's din zani kaabu zaani ka daa nyɛ bini zaŋ shɛli n lɛbi Touki Bouki tuɣuli. O kum maa saha o daa nyɛla ŋun mali niya ni o yihi siini ŋmaa na ka boli Contes des Petites Gens ( Tales of the Little People ). Din daa nyɛ tuuli siini dibaa ata puuni n nyɛ Le Franc (1994). O kum maa saha Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun editiri siini din pahi ayi lala series maani, La Petite Vendeuse de Soleil ( The Little Girl Who Stole the Sun)  bi daa yihi shɛli na yuuni 1999. 

Silimi gɔli July yuuni 1998, Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun kpi ka di nyɛla dori shɛli bini boli Lungs Cancer maa n daa ku o o yuun pihinu na ataa(53) Paris ashibiti ni, France.

O daa nyɛla bini yɛri so yɛtɔlɣa yuuni 2008 documentary siini Mambèty For Ever.

== Filmography ==

=== Siini shɛŋa o ni feature ===

* ''Badou Boy'' (1970)
* ''Touki Bouki'' (ka bi lahi boli  ''The Journey of the Hyena'') (1973), International Critic's Prize at Cannes mini Special Jury Prize Moscow Film Festival&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Московский Международный кинофестиваль|url=https://fest.moscowfilmfestival.ru/|access-date=2026-05-17|website=fest.moscowfilmfestival.ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Hyènes'' (1992)
* ''Le Franc'' (1994)
* ''La Petite Vendeuse de Soleil'' (1999)

=== Siini ŋmahi ===

* ''Contras'city'' (1968)
* ''Parlons Grand-mère (Let's talk Grandmother)'' (1989)

== Maŋ biɛhigu ==
Mambèty n daa nyɛ kpɛma ni yili yilinda Wasis Diop, ka nyɛ kpɛrikpɛrita mini director  so bini boli Mati Diop la bakpɛma, Wasis bipuɣuga. Teemour Diop Mambèty daa nyɛ o bia.

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      <text bytes="3775" sha1="8jzko4ne2xafcpiyb7at5sksupgvc8k" xml:space="preserve">'''Djibril Diop Mambèty''' ( January 23 1945 -July 23 1998) daa nyɛla Senegalese siini director, kpɛrikpɛrita, Orator, Composer mini poet. Hali di kuli nyɛ siini dibaa anu ka o  feature ni siini ŋmahi dibaa ayi maa zaa yoli, bi daa nyɛla ban tiŋduya nim ni di shɛba shahara ni bi nyɛla ban siini yi di ko ka gahim.

Bi daa dɔɣi o la Musilinsi daŋ shɛli din miri Dakar,Senegal tiŋ zuɣu maa, Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun yi Wolof zuliya ni na. O daa nyɛla ŋun kpi yuunib1998 saha shɛli o daa dɛiri tibbu  n ti dori shɛli bini boli lungs Cancer la Paris ashibiti ni.

== Biɛhigu ==
Djibril Diop Mambèty nyɛla bini dɔɣi so Colobane, Senegal, tiŋ shɛli din miri Senegal tiŋzuɣu Dakar, tiŋ shɛli o ni feature bi siini nima. Mambèty daa nyɛla Cleric musilim so bia ŋun daa nyɛ ŋun yina Lebou zuliya. Mambèty zaŋsim zaŋ chaŋ siini ni daa nyɛla din piligi theater ni. O ni daa naagi kpɛrigu kpɛribu shikuru sin bɛ Senegal maa, Mambèty nyɛla ŋun piligi o kpɛrigu kpɛribu Daniel  Sorano National theater din bɛ Dakar maa hali ka bi daa ti kari o.

Yuuni 1969, o yum pishi ni ata ni,  o ni daa na ka shikuru baŋsim zaŋ chaŋ siini ŋmaabu ni Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun darecti ka yihi o tuuli siini ŋmaa na, Contras' City ( City of Contrast). Yuuni din daa paya Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun lahi yihi siini ŋmaa na, Badou Boy, din daa di Silver Tanit pini yuuni 1970 Carthage Film Festival Tunisia tiŋgbani.

Mambèty tuuli siini shɛli o ni daa feature  'Touki Bouki'  (1973) daa nyɛla din di International Critics Award  Cannes Film Festival ni ka lahi di Jury Award Moscow Film Festival ni ka di zuɣu daa chɛ ka tiŋduya nim zaŋsim labi na Senegalese nim director ni. Siini ŋɔ daa kuli di nasara maa zaa yoli, di daa nyɛla din mali n ti paagi yuun pishi ka Mambèty daa naa lahi feature so n ŋmaagi siini. Lala saha maa o daa nyɛla ŋun yihi siini ŋmaa na yuuni 1989 ka piigi yuli n boli Parlons Grandmère(Lets Talk Grandmother) ka daa lahi piligi Idrissa Ouedraogo's siini Yaaba.

Hyènes (1992), Mambèty siini shɛli din pahiri ayi ka lahi nyɛ siini shɛli o ni feature bahigu, daa nyɛla bini kpɛɣi shɛli Friedrich Dürrenmatt's din zani kaabu zaani ka daa nyɛ bini zaŋ shɛli n lɛbi Touki Bouki tuɣuli. O kum maa saha o daa nyɛla ŋun mali niya ni o yihi siini ŋmaa na ka boli Contes des Petites Gens ( Tales of the Little People ). Din daa nyɛ tuuli siini dibaa ata puuni n nyɛ Le Franc (1994). O kum maa saha Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun editiri siini din pahi ayi lala series maani, La Petite Vendeuse de Soleil ( The Little Girl Who Stole the Sun)  bi daa yihi shɛli na yuuni 1999. 

Silimi gɔli July yuuni 1998, Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun kpi ka di nyɛla dori shɛli bini boli Lungs Cancer maa n daa ku o o yuun pihinu na ataa(53) Paris ashibiti ni, France.

O daa nyɛla bini yɛri so yɛtɔlɣa yuuni 2008 documentary siini Mambèty For Ever.

== Filmography ==

=== Siini shɛŋa o ni feature ===

* ''Badou Boy'' (1970)
* ''Touki Bouki'' (ka bi lahi boli  ''The Journey of the Hyena'') (1973), International Critic's Prize at Cannes mini Special Jury Prize Moscow Film Festival&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Московский Международный кинофестиваль|url=https://fest.moscowfilmfestival.ru/|access-date=2026-05-17|website=fest.moscowfilmfestival.ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Hyènes'' (1992)
* ''Le Franc'' (1994)
* ''La Petite Vendeuse de Soleil'' (1999)

=== Siini ŋmahi ===

* ''Contras'city'' (1968)
* ''Parlons Grand-mère (Let's talk Grandmother)'' (1989)

== Maŋ biɛhigu ==
Mambèty n daa nyɛ kpɛma ni yili yilinda Wasis Diop, ka nyɛ kpɛrikpɛrita mini director  so bini boli Mati Diop la bakpɛma, Wasis bipuɣuga. Teemour Diop Mambèty daa nyɛ o bia.

== Kunduvihira ==</text>
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      <text bytes="3779" sha1="h44771s5ju3dwy3xpv1oafckhdsv3n5" xml:space="preserve">'''Djibril Diop Mambèty''' ( January 23 1945 -July 23 1998) daa nyɛla Senegalese siini director, kpɛrikpɛrita, Orator, Composer mini poet. Hali di kuli nyɛ siini dibaa anu ka o  feature ni siini ŋmahi dibaa ayi maa zaa yoli, bi daa nyɛla ban tiŋduya nim ni di shɛba shahara ni bi nyɛla ban siini yi di ko ka gahim.

Bi daa dɔɣi o la Musilinsi daŋ shɛli din miri Daka, [[Senegal]] tiŋ zuɣu maa, Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun yi Wolof zuliya ni na. O daa nyɛla ŋun kpi yuunib1998 saha shɛli o daa dɛiri tibbu  n ti dori shɛli bini boli lungs Cancer la Paris ashibiti ni.

== Biɛhigu ==
Djibril Diop Mambèty nyɛla bini dɔɣi so Colobane, Senegal, tiŋ shɛli din miri Senegal tiŋzuɣu Dakar, tiŋ shɛli o ni feature bi siini nima. Mambèty daa nyɛla Cleric musilim so bia ŋun daa nyɛ ŋun yina Lebou zuliya. Mambèty zaŋsim zaŋ chaŋ siini ni daa nyɛla din piligi theater ni. O ni daa naagi kpɛrigu kpɛribu shikuru sin bɛ Senegal maa, Mambèty nyɛla ŋun piligi o kpɛrigu kpɛribu Daniel  Sorano National theater din bɛ Dakar maa hali ka bi daa ti kari o.

Yuuni 1969, o yum pishi ni ata ni,  o ni daa na ka shikuru baŋsim zaŋ chaŋ siini ŋmaabu ni Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun darecti ka yihi o tuuli siini ŋmaa na, Contras' City ( City of Contrast). Yuuni din daa paya Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun lahi yihi siini ŋmaa na, Badou Boy, din daa di Silver Tanit pini yuuni 1970 Carthage Film Festival Tunisia tiŋgbani.

Mambèty tuuli siini shɛli o ni daa feature  'Touki Bouki'  (1973) daa nyɛla din di International Critics Award  Cannes Film Festival ni ka lahi di Jury Award Moscow Film Festival ni ka di zuɣu daa chɛ ka tiŋduya nim zaŋsim labi na Senegalese nim director ni. Siini ŋɔ daa kuli di nasara maa zaa yoli, di daa nyɛla din mali n ti paagi yuun pishi ka Mambèty daa naa lahi feature so n ŋmaagi siini. Lala saha maa o daa nyɛla ŋun yihi siini ŋmaa na yuuni 1989 ka piigi yuli n boli Parlons Grandmère(Lets Talk Grandmother) ka daa lahi piligi Idrissa Ouedraogo's siini Yaaba.

Hyènes (1992), Mambèty siini shɛli din pahiri ayi ka lahi nyɛ siini shɛli o ni feature bahigu, daa nyɛla bini kpɛɣi shɛli Friedrich Dürrenmatt's din zani kaabu zaani ka daa nyɛ bini zaŋ shɛli n lɛbi Touki Bouki tuɣuli. O kum maa saha o daa nyɛla ŋun mali niya ni o yihi siini ŋmaa na ka boli Contes des Petites Gens ( Tales of the Little People ). Din daa nyɛ tuuli siini dibaa ata puuni n nyɛ Le Franc (1994). O kum maa saha Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun editiri siini din pahi ayi lala series maani, La Petite Vendeuse de Soleil ( The Little Girl Who Stole the Sun)  bi daa yihi shɛli na yuuni 1999. 

Silimi gɔli July yuuni 1998, Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun kpi ka di nyɛla dori shɛli bini boli Lungs Cancer maa n daa ku o o yuun pihinu na ataa(53) Paris ashibiti ni, France.

O daa nyɛla bini yɛri so yɛtɔlɣa yuuni 2008 documentary siini Mambèty For Ever.

== Filmography ==

=== Siini shɛŋa o ni feature ===

* ''Badou Boy'' (1970)
* ''Touki Bouki'' (ka bi lahi boli  ''The Journey of the Hyena'') (1973), International Critic's Prize at Cannes mini Special Jury Prize Moscow Film Festival&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Московский Международный кинофестиваль|url=https://fest.moscowfilmfestival.ru/|access-date=2026-05-17|website=fest.moscowfilmfestival.ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Hyènes'' (1992)
* ''Le Franc'' (1994)
* ''La Petite Vendeuse de Soleil'' (1999)

=== Siini ŋmahi ===

* ''Contras'city'' (1968)
* ''Parlons Grand-mère (Let's talk Grandmother)'' (1989)

== Maŋ biɛhigu ==
Mambèty n daa nyɛ kpɛma ni yili yilinda Wasis Diop, ka nyɛ kpɛrikpɛrita mini director  so bini boli Mati Diop la bakpɛma, Wasis bipuɣuga. Teemour Diop Mambèty daa nyɛ o bia.

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      <text bytes="3787" sha1="f5gzwuxginou50jw8qejg7sgydkrjdb" xml:space="preserve">{{Bio}}
'''Djibril Diop Mambèty''' ( January 23 1945 -July 23 1998) daa nyɛla Senegalese siini director, kpɛrikpɛrita, Orator, Composer mini poet. Hali di kuli nyɛ siini dibaa anu ka o  feature ni siini ŋmahi dibaa ayi maa zaa yoli, bi daa nyɛla ban tiŋduya nim ni di shɛba shahara ni bi nyɛla ban siini yi di ko ka gahim.

Bi daa dɔɣi o la Musilinsi daŋ shɛli din miri Daka, [[Senegal]] tiŋ zuɣu maa, Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun yi Wolof zuliya ni na. O daa nyɛla ŋun kpi yuunib1998 saha shɛli o daa dɛiri tibbu  n ti dori shɛli bini boli lungs Cancer la Paris ashibiti ni.

== Biɛhigu ==
Djibril Diop Mambèty nyɛla bini dɔɣi so Colobane, Senegal, tiŋ shɛli din miri Senegal tiŋzuɣu Dakar, tiŋ shɛli o ni feature bi siini nima. Mambèty daa nyɛla Cleric musilim so bia ŋun daa nyɛ ŋun yina Lebou zuliya. Mambèty zaŋsim zaŋ chaŋ siini ni daa nyɛla din piligi theater ni. O ni daa naagi kpɛrigu kpɛribu shikuru sin bɛ Senegal maa, Mambèty nyɛla ŋun piligi o kpɛrigu kpɛribu Daniel  Sorano National theater din bɛ Dakar maa hali ka bi daa ti kari o.

Yuuni 1969, o yum pishi ni ata ni,  o ni daa na ka shikuru baŋsim zaŋ chaŋ siini ŋmaabu ni Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun darecti ka yihi o tuuli siini ŋmaa na, Contras' City ( City of Contrast). Yuuni din daa paya Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun lahi yihi siini ŋmaa na, Badou Boy, din daa di Silver Tanit pini yuuni 1970 Carthage Film Festival Tunisia tiŋgbani.

Mambèty tuuli siini shɛli o ni daa feature  'Touki Bouki'  (1973) daa nyɛla din di International Critics Award  Cannes Film Festival ni ka lahi di Jury Award Moscow Film Festival ni ka di zuɣu daa chɛ ka tiŋduya nim zaŋsim labi na Senegalese nim director ni. Siini ŋɔ daa kuli di nasara maa zaa yoli, di daa nyɛla din mali n ti paagi yuun pishi ka Mambèty daa naa lahi feature so n ŋmaagi siini. Lala saha maa o daa nyɛla ŋun yihi siini ŋmaa na yuuni 1989 ka piigi yuli n boli Parlons Grandmère(Lets Talk Grandmother) ka daa lahi piligi Idrissa Ouedraogo's siini Yaaba.

Hyènes (1992), Mambèty siini shɛli din pahiri ayi ka lahi nyɛ siini shɛli o ni feature bahigu, daa nyɛla bini kpɛɣi shɛli Friedrich Dürrenmatt's din zani kaabu zaani ka daa nyɛ bini zaŋ shɛli n lɛbi Touki Bouki tuɣuli. O kum maa saha o daa nyɛla ŋun mali niya ni o yihi siini ŋmaa na ka boli Contes des Petites Gens ( Tales of the Little People ). Din daa nyɛ tuuli siini dibaa ata puuni n nyɛ Le Franc (1994). O kum maa saha Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun editiri siini din pahi ayi lala series maani, La Petite Vendeuse de Soleil ( The Little Girl Who Stole the Sun)  bi daa yihi shɛli na yuuni 1999. 

Silimi gɔli July yuuni 1998, Mambèty daa nyɛla ŋun kpi ka di nyɛla dori shɛli bini boli Lungs Cancer maa n daa ku o o yuun pihinu na ataa(53) Paris ashibiti ni, France.

O daa nyɛla bini yɛri so yɛtɔlɣa yuuni 2008 documentary siini Mambèty For Ever.

== Filmography ==

=== Siini shɛŋa o ni feature ===

* ''Badou Boy'' (1970)
* ''Touki Bouki'' (ka bi lahi boli  ''The Journey of the Hyena'') (1973), International Critic's Prize at Cannes mini Special Jury Prize Moscow Film Festival&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Московский Международный кинофестиваль|url=https://fest.moscowfilmfestival.ru/|access-date=2026-05-17|website=fest.moscowfilmfestival.ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Hyènes'' (1992)
* ''Le Franc'' (1994)
* ''La Petite Vendeuse de Soleil'' (1999)

=== Siini ŋmahi ===

* ''Contras'city'' (1968)
* ''Parlons Grand-mère (Let's talk Grandmother)'' (1989)

== Maŋ biɛhigu ==
Mambèty n daa nyɛ kpɛma ni yili yilinda Wasis Diop, ka nyɛ kpɛrikpɛrita mini director  so bini boli Mati Diop la bakpɛma, Wasis bipuɣuga. Teemour Diop Mambèty daa nyɛ o bia.

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      <text bytes="144" sha1="0pk83n47g2mit0j0zkheit108rzia8s" xml:space="preserve">Simbing nyɛla yila nɛma din yi Mali ka Mandinka niribi ban bɛ Mali ni Mandinka ni Jola niribi ban bɛ Senegal mini Gambia mali yini yila.[2,3</text>
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      <text bytes="349" sha1="3n89xpxzkjw8vwjq9i03h00vkccahmj" xml:space="preserve">Simbing nyɛla yila nɛma din yi Mali ka Mandinka niribi ban bɛ Mali ni Mandinka ni Jola niribi ban bɛ Senegal mini Gambia mali yini yila.[2,3 Lala bin gumdili maa mali la ŋmani, daɣu din goŋ bela di nyiŋgoli ni, ka mali kuri bili di nyiŋgoli ni ka di tiri kumsi ka lan mali bin shali din gbubi mihi maa n-ti gbaŋ shali din tiri kumsi maa.[2</text>
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      <text bytes="481" sha1="gugkdrpiowkk19piy5fa5a2kdr2czv3" xml:space="preserve">Simbing nyɛla yila nɛma din yi Mali ka Mandinka niribi ban bɛ Mali ni Mandinka ni Jola niribi ban bɛ Senegal mini Gambia mali yini yila.[2,3 Lala bin gumdili maa mali la ŋmani, daɣu din goŋ bela di nyiŋgoli ni, ka mali kuri bili di nyiŋgoli ni ka di tiri kumsi ka lan mali bin shali din gbubi mihi maa n-ti gbaŋ shali din tiri kumsi maa.[2 Lala gonjɛ ŋɔ mali la mih anu zaŋ chaŋ mih awai. Bi yɛliya simbing ŋan yi 1790s saha daa mali la mih ayɔpoin, Mungo Park.[4</text>
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      <text bytes="757" sha1="gvuyiyny7ng6qkna0904q630309ibkk" xml:space="preserve">Simbing nyɛla yila nɛma din yi Mali ka Mandinka niribi ban bɛ Mali ni Mandinka ni Jola niribi ban bɛ Senegal mini Gambia mali yini yila.[2,3 Lala bin gumdili maa mali la ŋmani, daɣu din goŋ bela di nyiŋgoli ni, ka mali kuri bili di nyiŋgoli ni ka di tiri kumsi ka lan mali bin shali din gbubi mihi maa n-ti gbaŋ shali din tiri kumsi maa.[2 Lala gonjɛ ŋɔ mali la mih anu zaŋ chaŋ mih awai. Bi yɛliya simbing ŋan yi 1790s saha daa mali la mih ayɔpoin, Mungo Park.[4

Lala gonjɛ ŋɔ nyɛla bin ŋmɛri shali Mandinka ni Jola kali ni bini ti gori tɔhigu.[2 Zaŋ kpa Mandingas polo, bi tɔhi bansi n-nyɛ ban ŋmɛri li ka yari ba yɛltɔɣ zaŋ kpa tɔhigu ni bin kɔbiri.[2 Zaŋ kpa Jolas nima, daba ban laɣiŋ yini yila mali yini yila.[2</text>
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      <text bytes="763" sha1="oe442a4dvdr7o3epncl6urmfsu3m4z9" xml:space="preserve">'''Simbing''' nyɛla yila nɛma din yi Mali ka Mandinka niribi ban bɛ Mali ni Mandinka ni Jola niribi ban bɛ Senegal mini Gambia mali yini yila.[2,3 Lala bin gumdili maa mali la ŋmani, daɣu din goŋ bela di nyiŋgoli ni, ka mali kuri bili di nyiŋgoli ni ka di tiri kumsi ka lan mali bin shali din gbubi mihi maa n-ti gbaŋ shali din tiri kumsi maa.[2 Lala gonjɛ ŋɔ mali la mih anu zaŋ chaŋ mih awai. Bi yɛliya simbing ŋan yi 1790s saha daa mali la mih ayɔpoin, Mungo Park.[4

Lala gonjɛ ŋɔ nyɛla bin ŋmɛri shali Mandinka ni Jola kali ni bini ti gori tɔhigu.[2 Zaŋ kpa Mandingas polo, bi tɔhi bansi n-nyɛ ban ŋmɛri li ka yari ba yɛltɔɣ zaŋ kpa tɔhigu ni bin kɔbiri.[2 Zaŋ kpa Jolas nima, daba ban laɣiŋ yini yila mali yini yila.[2</text>
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      <text bytes="794" sha1="a1ub1kw99udj4d80mbf02s0o3ls1f1l" xml:space="preserve">'''Simbing''' nyɛla yila nɛma din yi Mali ka Mandinka niribi ban bɛ Mali ni Mandinka ni Jola niribi ban bɛ Senegal mini Gambia mali yini yila.[2,3 Lala bin gumdili maa mali la ŋmani, daɣu din goŋ bela di nyiŋgoli ni, ka mali kuri bili di nyiŋgoli ni ka di tiri kumsi ka lan mali bin shali din gbubi mihi maa n-ti gbaŋ shali din tiri kumsi maa.[2 Lala gonjɛ ŋɔ mali la mih anu zaŋ chaŋ mih awai. Bi yɛliya simbing ŋan yi 1790s saha daa mali la mih ayɔpoin, Mungo Park.[4

Lala gonjɛ ŋɔ nyɛla bin ŋmɛri shali Mandinka ni Jola kali ni bini ti gori tɔhigu.[2 Zaŋ kpa Mandingas polo, bi tɔhi bansi n-nyɛ ban ŋmɛri li ka yari ba yɛltɔɣ zaŋ kpa tɔhigu ni bin kɔbiri.[2 Zaŋ kpa Jolas nima, daba ban laɣiŋ yini yila mali yini yila.[2
[[Pubu:Afrocuration2026Ghana]]</text>
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      <text bytes="813" sha1="t5nzec7ld580pbnm0rmh6tp29kujt0g" xml:space="preserve">'''Simbing''' nyɛla yila nɛma din yi Mali ka Mandinka niribi ban bɛ Mali ni Mandinka ni Jola niribi ban bɛ Senegal mini Gambia mali yini yila.[2,3 Lala bin gumdili maa mali la ŋmani, daɣu din goŋ bela di nyiŋgoli ni, ka mali kuri bili di nyiŋgoli ni ka di tiri kumsi ka lan mali bin shali din gbubi mihi maa n-ti gbaŋ shali din tiri kumsi maa.[2 Lala gonjɛ ŋɔ mali la mih anu zaŋ chaŋ mih awai. Bi yɛliya simbing ŋan yi 1790s saha daa mali la mih ayɔpoin, Mungo Park.[4

Lala gonjɛ ŋɔ nyɛla bin ŋmɛri shali Mandinka ni Jola kali ni bini ti gori tɔhigu.[2 Zaŋ kpa Mandingas polo, bi tɔhi bansi n-nyɛ ban ŋmɛri li ka yari ba yɛltɔɣ zaŋ kpa tɔhigu ni bin kɔbiri.[2 Zaŋ kpa Jolas nima, daba ban laɣiŋ yini yila mali yini yila.[2

== Kundivihira ==
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      <text bytes="506" sha1="8j0yq2y7snwk3gismcmpkytkyjm4odu" xml:space="preserve">Ngoma(ka bi lan mi engoma bɛɛ ng'oma bɛɛ ingoma) di nyɛla yila nɛma ka Bantu nim shabi ban bɛ Central, East ni Southern Africa mali ŋmɛri bi yila. Ngoma yi la bachi Kikongo zaŋ 'luŋ'. Bantu balibu kam malila bi binkumda bɛɛ bi yila nɛma ka di mali yuya dabam dabam. Kikongo nim zan la bin shaŋa din darigira n niŋ 'ngoma' ka di tiriba wa shaŋa, yila ni zamatu ni dɛma. Swahili nim zan la Ngoma music n busiri yila, waa, dɛma nɛma ka di shaŋa nyɛ luŋsi ni dɛma maa maŋmaŋa.[1,2,3,4</text>
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      <text bytes="512" sha1="no193z3u106ghgdbhsg29jfgc0vgn7j" xml:space="preserve">'''Ngoma'''(ka bi lan mi engoma bɛɛ ng'oma bɛɛ ingoma) di nyɛla yila nɛma ka Bantu nim shabi ban bɛ Central, East ni Southern Africa mali ŋmɛri bi yila. Ngoma yi la bachi Kikongo zaŋ 'luŋ'. Bantu balibu kam malila bi binkumda bɛɛ bi yila nɛma ka di mali yuya dabam dabam. Kikongo nim zan la bin shaŋa din darigira n niŋ 'ngoma' ka di tiriba wa shaŋa, yila ni zamatu ni dɛma. Swahili nim zan la Ngoma music n busiri yila, waa, dɛma nɛma ka di shaŋa nyɛ luŋsi ni dɛma maa maŋmaŋa.[1,2,3,4</text>
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      <text bytes="531" sha1="syr64cz1x98cit42sfvki000sbwfqoz" xml:space="preserve">'''Ngoma'''(ka bi lan mi engoma bɛɛ ng'oma bɛɛ ingoma) di nyɛla yila nɛma ka Bantu nim shabi ban bɛ Central, East ni Southern Africa mali ŋmɛri bi yila. Ngoma yi la bachi Kikongo zaŋ 'luŋ'. Bantu balibu kam malila bi binkumda bɛɛ bi yila nɛma ka di mali yuya dabam dabam. Kikongo nim zan la bin shaŋa din darigira n niŋ 'ngoma' ka di tiriba wa shaŋa, yila ni zamatu ni dɛma. Swahili nim zan la Ngoma music n busiri yila, waa, dɛma nɛma ka di shaŋa nyɛ luŋsi ni dɛma maa maŋmaŋa.[1,2,3,4

== Kundivihira ==</text>
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      <text bytes="562" sha1="5rj6v83irfnoc5xtykuk306oe02r2dj" xml:space="preserve">'''Ngoma'''(ka bi lan mi engoma bɛɛ ng'oma bɛɛ ingoma) di nyɛla yila nɛma ka Bantu nim shabi ban bɛ Central, East ni Southern Africa mali ŋmɛri bi yila. Ngoma yi la bachi Kikongo zaŋ 'luŋ'. Bantu balibu kam malila bi binkumda bɛɛ bi yila nɛma ka di mali yuya dabam dabam. Kikongo nim zan la bin shaŋa din darigira n niŋ 'ngoma' ka di tiriba wa shaŋa, yila ni zamatu ni dɛma. Swahili nim zan la Ngoma music n busiri yila, waa, dɛma nɛma ka di shaŋa nyɛ luŋsi ni dɛma maa maŋmaŋa.[1,2,3,4

== Kundivihira ==
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    <title>Rungano Nyoni</title>
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      <text bytes="586" sha1="1igqkajvbr7vsv32w0up1x6jnzlkoiv" xml:space="preserve">Rungano Nyoni nyɛla Zambian-Welsh director, Screenwriter mini kpɛrikpɛrita. O nyɛla ŋun yuli yina polo ka di nyɛla siini waɣali shɛli o ni daa feature maa, din n nyɛ I Am Not a Witch mini On Becoming a Guinea Fowl,  ka di nyɛla ŋun n daa sabi ka directi di zaa. Di zaa daa nyɛla din nyɛ tiŋduya zaŋsim. I Am Not A Witch daa nyɛla din chɛ ka Nyoni di BAFTA pini din nyɛ siini din gahim  dini yuuni 2018. On Becoming a Guinea Fowls daa nyɛla din chɛ ka o di yuuni 2024 Cannes Film Festival director so ŋun gahim (Best director)- Un  Certain Regard (Ex-aeqou) pini.</text>
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      <text bytes="1646" sha1="mhm86ayo41clwc9z4hrxhh7sl071iu8" xml:space="preserve">Rungano Nyoni nyɛla Zambian-Welsh director, Screenwriter mini kpɛrikpɛrita. O nyɛla ŋun yuli yina polo ka di nyɛla siini waɣali shɛli o ni daa feature maa, din n nyɛ I Am Not a Witch mini On Becoming a Guinea Fowl,  ka di nyɛla ŋun n daa sabi ka directi di zaa. Di zaa daa nyɛla din nyɛ tiŋduya zaŋsim. I Am Not A Witch daa nyɛla din chɛ ka Nyoni di BAFTA pini din nyɛ siini din gahim  dini yuuni 2018. On Becoming a Guinea Fowls daa nyɛla din chɛ ka o di yuuni 2024 Cannes Film Festival director so ŋun gahim (Best director)- Un  Certain Regard (Ex-aeqou) pini.

Piligu biɛhigu mini Shikuru Baŋsim

Nyoni nyɛla bini daa dɔɣi so Lusaka, Zambia, o laamba n daa nyɛ Merill Mutale (nèe Nyoni) mini Thomas Nyoni. Bi daa nyɛla ban piigi Rungano yuli n ti o ka di gbeni Zimbabwe bala maa puuni yini din n nyɛ Shona nyɛ lahabali tira, O ni daa nyɛ yuuma awiɔ, o daŋ daa nyɛla ban labi Wales.

O daa chaŋla University of Birmingham, ni ka o daa nyɛ Bachelor of Commerce degree zaŋ jɛndi Business Studies. O ni daa naagi o shikuru University of Birmingham puuni, Nyoni daa nyɛla ŋun niŋ niya ni o bohim kpɛrigu University of the  Arts, London, di daa pon nyɛ o niya ni o niŋ kpɛrikpɛrita maa. Nyoni daa nyɛla ŋun tuhi o master degree zaŋ jɛndi Drama ka yuuni 2009, o daa nyɛla ŋun naagi Drama Center London ni master degree kpɛrigu puuni. Amaa o yuma  ayi ni ka o daa niŋ niya ni o bori ni o lɛbi director, o daa nyɛla ŋun baŋ ni o tiri lahabali o yi ka kamara gbeni n gari o yi bɛ kamara gbeni. O yɛliya ni o daa bohimla sabu mini directibu saha shɛlibo ni daa bohindi kpɛrigu kpɛribu.</text>
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      <text bytes="3396" sha1="6ssaxvip3scdxg12c94gj19yaigkhg2" xml:space="preserve">Rungano Nyoni nyɛla Zambian-Welsh director, Screenwriter mini kpɛrikpɛrita. O nyɛla ŋun yuli yina polo ka di nyɛla siini waɣali shɛli o ni daa feature maa, din n nyɛ I Am Not a Witch mini On Becoming a Guinea Fowl,  ka di nyɛla ŋun n daa sabi ka directi di zaa. Di zaa daa nyɛla din nyɛ tiŋduya zaŋsim. I Am Not A Witch daa nyɛla din chɛ ka Nyoni di BAFTA pini din nyɛ siini din gahim  dini yuuni 2018. On Becoming a Guinea Fowls daa nyɛla din chɛ ka o di yuuni 2024 Cannes Film Festival director so ŋun gahim (Best director)- Un  Certain Regard (Ex-aeqou) pini.

Piligu biɛhigu mini Shikuru Baŋsim

Nyoni nyɛla bini daa dɔɣi so Lusaka, Zambia, o laamba n daa nyɛ Merill Mutale (nèe Nyoni) mini Thomas Nyoni. Bi daa nyɛla ban piigi Rungano yuli n ti o ka di gbeni Zimbabwe bala maa puuni yini din n nyɛ Shona nyɛ lahabali tira, O ni daa nyɛ yuuma awiɔ, o daŋ daa nyɛla ban labi Wales.

O daa chaŋla University of Birmingham, ni ka o daa nyɛ Bachelor of Commerce degree zaŋ jɛndi Business Studies. O ni daa naagi o shikuru University of Birmingham puuni, Nyoni daa nyɛla ŋun niŋ niya ni o bohim kpɛrigu University of the  Arts, London, di daa pon nyɛ o niya ni o niŋ kpɛrikpɛrita maa. Nyoni daa nyɛla ŋun tuhi o master degree zaŋ jɛndi Drama ka yuuni 2009, o daa nyɛla ŋun naagi Drama Center London ni master degree kpɛrigu puuni. Amaa o yuma  ayi ni ka o daa niŋ niya ni o bori ni o lɛbi director, o daa nyɛla ŋun baŋ ni o tiri lahabali o yi ka kamara gbeni n gari o yi bɛ kamara gbeni. O yɛliya ni o daa bohimla sabu mini directibu saha shɛlibo ni daa bohindi kpɛrigu kpɛribu.

Tuma

Nyoni tuuli siini gahindili daa nyɛla The Piano Teacher. O daa borimi ni o bɛ kamani Isabelle Huppert&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; o niŋsim maa amaa ka di daa nyɛ din bi niŋ ti ma. Ka n daa baŋ ni n ku tooi bɛ kamani ŋuna ka chɛ n di bi mi kpɛrigu kpɛribu, amaa ka n zaŋsim na kuli bɛ darectin maa ni. Di daa nyɛla taɣabu shɛli din niŋ ma anfaani  a yi niŋ darectin vɛnyaliga di nyɛla din yan zaŋ niriba hankali na siini maa puuni.

Yuuni 2006, Nyoni daa nyɛla ŋun yihi o tuuli siini Yande na (di gbeni nyɛ My Great Happiness Bemba puuni), ka di nyɛ o ni daa sabi shɛli ka ŋmaagi shɛli kunkuntɛ ( black and white)  Super 8mm siini. Siini maa daa nyɛla din jɛndi nɛima mini African paɣaba ban daa paɣasiri western nima nɛi yɛbu mini bi biɛhigu. O daa nyɛla ŋun yihi o siini ŋmahi ayi na, 20 Questions mini The List in 2009; ka di daa nyɛ din di BAFTA Cymru pini yuuni 2010.

O siini din pahiri anahi n nyɛ Nwansa the Great, daa nyɛla o ni yihi shɛli na yuuni 2011, ka daa nyɛ siini shɛli bini piigi ni bi niŋ International film festival 100 puuni. Di daa nyɛla bini piigi shɛli ka di nyɛ din di pina pishi (20) ka daa nyɛ bini piigi shɛli yuuni 2012 BAFTA pina. Nyoni daa nyɛ ŋun gbendi kpala zuya ni Gabriel Guachet, yuuni 2012 puuni Guachet daa nyɛla ŋun darecti siini shɛli Nyoni ni daa sabi, din nyɛ The mass of Men ka bi daa tuu n yihili na shɛli na Locarno Film Festival ni ka daa nyɛ din Golden Leopard award. Kamani Nwansa the Great, siini maa daa nyɛla bini piigi  shɛli n gari siini festival 100 puuni ka gba daa di pini pihinu (50).  Ŋɔ daa nyɛla o yuuni 2014 short listen (Kuuntele) ni doli shɛli, ka daa di siini ŋmaa din yi du ko pini yuuni 2015 Tribeca Film Festival.</text>
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      <text bytes="4287" sha1="nlmxmj44l1allum8ul5hua3u9bp7on7" xml:space="preserve">Rungano Nyoni nyɛla Zambian-Welsh director, Screenwriter mini kpɛrikpɛrita. O nyɛla ŋun yuli yina polo ka di nyɛla siini waɣali shɛli o ni daa feature maa, din n nyɛ I Am Not a Witch mini On Becoming a Guinea Fowl,  ka di nyɛla ŋun n daa sabi ka directi di zaa. Di zaa daa nyɛla din nyɛ tiŋduya zaŋsim. I Am Not A Witch daa nyɛla din chɛ ka Nyoni di BAFTA pini din nyɛ siini din gahim  dini yuuni 2018. On Becoming a Guinea Fowls daa nyɛla din chɛ ka o di yuuni 2024 Cannes Film Festival director so ŋun gahim (Best director)- Un  Certain Regard (Ex-aeqou) pini.

Piligu biɛhigu mini Shikuru Baŋsim

Nyoni nyɛla bini daa dɔɣi so Lusaka, Zambia, o laamba n daa nyɛ Merill Mutale (nèe Nyoni) mini Thomas Nyoni. Bi daa nyɛla ban piigi Rungano yuli n ti o ka di gbeni Zimbabwe bala maa puuni yini din n nyɛ Shona nyɛ lahabali tira, O ni daa nyɛ yuuma awiɔ, o daŋ daa nyɛla ban labi Wales.

O daa chaŋla University of Birmingham, ni ka o daa nyɛ Bachelor of Commerce degree zaŋ jɛndi Business Studies. O ni daa naagi o shikuru University of Birmingham puuni, Nyoni daa nyɛla ŋun niŋ niya ni o bohim kpɛrigu University of the  Arts, London, di daa pon nyɛ o niya ni o niŋ kpɛrikpɛrita maa. Nyoni daa nyɛla ŋun tuhi o master degree zaŋ jɛndi Drama ka yuuni 2009, o daa nyɛla ŋun naagi Drama Center London ni master degree kpɛrigu puuni. Amaa o yuma  ayi ni ka o daa niŋ niya ni o bori ni o lɛbi director, o daa nyɛla ŋun baŋ ni o tiri lahabali o yi ka kamara gbeni n gari o yi bɛ kamara gbeni. O yɛliya ni o daa bohimla sabu mini directibu saha shɛlibo ni daa bohindi kpɛrigu kpɛribu.

Tuma

Nyoni tuuli siini gahindili daa nyɛla The Piano Teacher. O daa borimi ni o bɛ kamani Isabelle Huppert&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; o niŋsim maa amaa ka di daa nyɛ din bi niŋ ti ma. Ka n daa baŋ ni n ku tooi bɛ kamani ŋuna ka chɛ n di bi mi kpɛrigu kpɛribu, amaa ka n zaŋsim na kuli bɛ darectin maa ni. Di daa nyɛla taɣabu shɛli din niŋ ma anfaani  a yi niŋ darectin vɛnyaliga di nyɛla din yan zaŋ niriba hankali na siini maa puuni.

Yuuni 2006, Nyoni daa nyɛla ŋun yihi o tuuli siini Yande na (di gbeni nyɛ My Great Happiness Bemba puuni), ka di nyɛ o ni daa sabi shɛli ka ŋmaagi shɛli kunkuntɛ ( black and white)  Super 8mm siini. Siini maa daa nyɛla din jɛndi nɛima mini African paɣaba ban daa paɣasiri western nima nɛi yɛbu mini bi biɛhigu. O daa nyɛla ŋun yihi o siini ŋmahi ayi na, 20 Questions mini The List in 2009; ka di daa nyɛ din di BAFTA Cymru pini yuuni 2010.

O siini din pahiri anahi n nyɛ Nwansa the Great, daa nyɛla o ni yihi shɛli na yuuni 2011, ka daa nyɛ siini shɛli bini piigi ni bi niŋ International film festival 100 puuni. Di daa nyɛla bini piigi shɛli ka di nyɛ din di pina pishi (20) ka daa nyɛ bini piigi shɛli yuuni 2012 BAFTA pina. Nyoni daa nyɛ ŋun gbendi kpala zuya ni Gabriel Guachet, yuuni 2012 puuni Guachet daa nyɛla ŋun darecti siini shɛli Nyoni ni daa sabi, din nyɛ The mass of Men ka bi daa tuu n yihili na shɛli na Locarno Film Festival ni ka daa nyɛ din Golden Leopard award. Kamani Nwansa the Great, siini maa daa nyɛla bini piigi  shɛli n gari siini festival 100 puuni ka gba daa di pini pihinu (50).  Ŋɔ daa nyɛla o yuuni 2014 short listen (Kuuntele) ni doli shɛli, ka daa di siini ŋmaa din yi du ko pini yuuni 2015 Tribeca Film Festival.

Yuuni 2017 puuni, Nyoni daa nyɛla ŋun yihi o tuuli fiction siini waɣalim shɛli o ni daa feature, din n nyɛ I Am Not a Witch, din nyɛ bini daa piigi shɛli ni bi niŋ Directors' Fortnight Cannes Film.Festival puuni yuuni 2017. Lala siini maa daa nyɛla di chɛ ka Nyoni di pini n ti Best Director mini Best Debut Director 20th British Independent Film Festival  puuni yuuni 2017. Lala siini maa daa lahi chɛ ka Nyoni di BAFTA  nti Debut ŋun yi o ko yuuni 2018 ka nyɛ tiŋduya ni International Film Festival nim  zaŋsim.

Yuuni 2024 puuni, Nyoni siini waɣali shɛli o ni daa feature di daa pahiri ayi n nyɛ On Becoming A Guinea Fowls debuted ka daa chɛ ka o di Cannes Film Festival Best Director- Un Certain Regard (Ex-aequo) yuuni 2024 la pini. New York Times daa yɛliya ni o darectin maa pa din bori maliniŋ domishi o ni mali kpɛrikpɛriti shɛŋa ŋmaari o siini ni maa</text>
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      <text bytes="4316" sha1="had7a8lasgei6581nv3jnio32ri6lwk" xml:space="preserve">Rungano Nyoni nyɛla Zambian-Welsh director, Screenwriter mini kpɛrikpɛrita. O nyɛla ŋun yuli yina polo ka di nyɛla siini waɣali shɛli o ni daa feature maa, din n nyɛ I Am Not a Witch mini On Becoming a Guinea Fowl,  ka di nyɛla ŋun n daa sabi ka directi di zaa. Di zaa daa nyɛla din nyɛ tiŋduya zaŋsim. I Am Not A Witch daa nyɛla din chɛ ka Nyoni di BAFTA pini din nyɛ siini din gahim  dini yuuni 2018. On Becoming a Guinea Fowls daa nyɛla din chɛ ka o di yuuni 2024 Cannes Film Festival director so ŋun gahim (Best director)- Un  Certain Regard (Ex-aeqou) pini.

== Piligu biɛhigu mini Shikuru Baŋsim ==
Nyoni nyɛla bini daa dɔɣi so Lusaka, Zambia, o laamba n daa nyɛ Merill Mutale (nèe Nyoni) mini Thomas Nyoni. Bi daa nyɛla ban piigi Rungano yuli n ti o ka di gbeni Zimbabwe bala maa puuni yini din n nyɛ Shona nyɛ lahabali tira, O ni daa nyɛ yuuma awiɔ, o daŋ daa nyɛla ban labi Wales.

O daa chaŋla University of Birmingham, ni ka o daa nyɛ Bachelor of Commerce degree zaŋ jɛndi Business Studies. O ni daa naagi o shikuru University of Birmingham puuni, Nyoni daa nyɛla ŋun niŋ niya ni o bohim kpɛrigu University of the  Arts, London, di daa pon nyɛ o niya ni o niŋ kpɛrikpɛrita maa. Nyoni daa nyɛla ŋun tuhi o master degree zaŋ jɛndi Drama ka yuuni 2009, o daa nyɛla ŋun naagi Drama Center London ni master degree kpɛrigu puuni. Amaa o yuma  ayi ni ka o daa niŋ niya ni o bori ni o lɛbi director, o daa nyɛla ŋun baŋ ni o tiri lahabali o yi ka kamara gbeni n gari o yi bɛ kamara gbeni. O yɛliya ni o daa bohimla sabu mini directibu saha shɛlibo ni daa bohindi kpɛrigu kpɛribu.

== Tuma ==
Nyoni tuuli siini gahindili daa nyɛla The Piano Teacher. O daa borimi ni o bɛ kamani Isabelle Huppert&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; o niŋsim maa amaa ka di daa nyɛ din bi niŋ ti ma. Ka n daa baŋ ni n ku tooi bɛ kamani ŋuna ka chɛ n di bi mi kpɛrigu kpɛribu, amaa ka n zaŋsim na kuli bɛ darectin maa ni. Di daa nyɛla taɣabu shɛli din niŋ ma anfaani  a yi niŋ darectin vɛnyaliga di nyɛla din yan zaŋ niriba hankali na siini maa puuni.

Yuuni 2006, Nyoni daa nyɛla ŋun yihi o tuuli siini Yande na (di gbeni nyɛ My Great Happiness Bemba puuni), ka di nyɛ o ni daa sabi shɛli ka ŋmaagi shɛli kunkuntɛ ( black and white)  Super 8mm siini. Siini maa daa nyɛla din jɛndi nɛima mini African paɣaba ban daa paɣasiri western nima nɛi yɛbu mini bi biɛhigu. O daa nyɛla ŋun yihi o siini ŋmahi ayi na, 20 Questions mini The List in 2009; ka di daa nyɛ din di BAFTA Cymru pini yuuni 2010.

O siini din pahiri anahi n nyɛ Nwansa the Great, daa nyɛla o ni yihi shɛli na yuuni 2011, ka daa nyɛ siini shɛli bini piigi ni bi niŋ International film festival 100 puuni. Di daa nyɛla bini piigi shɛli ka di nyɛ din di pina pishi (20) ka daa nyɛ bini piigi shɛli yuuni 2012 BAFTA pina. Nyoni daa nyɛ ŋun gbendi kpala zuya ni Gabriel Guachet, yuuni 2012 puuni Guachet daa nyɛla ŋun darecti siini shɛli Nyoni ni daa sabi, din nyɛ The mass of Men ka bi daa tuu n yihili na shɛli na Locarno Film Festival ni ka daa nyɛ din Golden Leopard award. Kamani Nwansa the Great, siini maa daa nyɛla bini piigi  shɛli n gari siini festival 100 puuni ka gba daa di pini pihinu (50).  Ŋɔ daa nyɛla o yuuni 2014 short listen (Kuuntele) ni doli shɛli, ka daa di siini ŋmaa din yi du ko pini yuuni 2015 Tribeca Film Festival.

Yuuni 2017 puuni, Nyoni daa nyɛla ŋun yihi o tuuli fiction siini waɣalim shɛli o ni daa feature, din n nyɛ I Am Not a Witch, din nyɛ bini daa piigi shɛli ni bi niŋ Directors' Fortnight Cannes Film.Festival puuni yuuni 2017. Lala siini maa daa nyɛla di chɛ ka Nyoni di pini n ti Best Director mini Best Debut Director 20th British Independent Film Festival  puuni yuuni 2017. Lala siini maa daa lahi chɛ ka Nyoni di BAFTA  nti Debut ŋun yi o ko yuuni 2018 ka nyɛ tiŋduya ni International Film Festival nim  zaŋsim.

Yuuni 2024 puuni, Nyoni siini waɣali shɛli o ni daa feature di daa pahiri ayi n nyɛ On Becoming A Guinea Fowls debuted ka daa chɛ ka o di Cannes Film Festival Best Director- Un Certain Regard (Ex-aequo) yuuni 2024 la pini. New York Times daa yɛliya ni o darectin maa pa din bori maliniŋ domishi o ni mali kpɛrikpɛriti shɛŋa ŋmaari o siini ni maa

== Kundivihira ==</text>
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      <text bytes="4322" sha1="6oc33o780ypeeslngiqqcluxzui221t" xml:space="preserve">'''Rungano Nyoni''' nyɛla Zambian-Welsh director, Screenwriter mini kpɛrikpɛrita. O nyɛla ŋun yuli yina polo ka di nyɛla siini waɣali shɛli o ni daa feature maa, din n nyɛ I Am Not a Witch mini On Becoming a Guinea Fowl,  ka di nyɛla ŋun n daa sabi ka directi di zaa. Di zaa daa nyɛla din nyɛ tiŋduya zaŋsim. I Am Not A Witch daa nyɛla din chɛ ka Nyoni di BAFTA pini din nyɛ siini din gahim  dini yuuni 2018. On Becoming a Guinea Fowls daa nyɛla din chɛ ka o di yuuni 2024 Cannes Film Festival director so ŋun gahim (Best director)- Un  Certain Regard (Ex-aeqou) pini.

== Piligu biɛhigu mini Shikuru Baŋsim ==
Nyoni nyɛla bini daa dɔɣi so Lusaka, Zambia, o laamba n daa nyɛ Merill Mutale (nèe Nyoni) mini Thomas Nyoni. Bi daa nyɛla ban piigi Rungano yuli n ti o ka di gbeni Zimbabwe bala maa puuni yini din n nyɛ Shona nyɛ lahabali tira, O ni daa nyɛ yuuma awiɔ, o daŋ daa nyɛla ban labi Wales.

O daa chaŋla University of Birmingham, ni ka o daa nyɛ Bachelor of Commerce degree zaŋ jɛndi Business Studies. O ni daa naagi o shikuru University of Birmingham puuni, Nyoni daa nyɛla ŋun niŋ niya ni o bohim kpɛrigu University of the  Arts, London, di daa pon nyɛ o niya ni o niŋ kpɛrikpɛrita maa. Nyoni daa nyɛla ŋun tuhi o master degree zaŋ jɛndi Drama ka yuuni 2009, o daa nyɛla ŋun naagi Drama Center London ni master degree kpɛrigu puuni. Amaa o yuma  ayi ni ka o daa niŋ niya ni o bori ni o lɛbi director, o daa nyɛla ŋun baŋ ni o tiri lahabali o yi ka kamara gbeni n gari o yi bɛ kamara gbeni. O yɛliya ni o daa bohimla sabu mini directibu saha shɛlibo ni daa bohindi kpɛrigu kpɛribu.

== Tuma ==
Nyoni tuuli siini gahindili daa nyɛla The Piano Teacher. O daa borimi ni o bɛ kamani Isabelle Huppert&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; o niŋsim maa amaa ka di daa nyɛ din bi niŋ ti ma. Ka n daa baŋ ni n ku tooi bɛ kamani ŋuna ka chɛ n di bi mi kpɛrigu kpɛribu, amaa ka n zaŋsim na kuli bɛ darectin maa ni. Di daa nyɛla taɣabu shɛli din niŋ ma anfaani  a yi niŋ darectin vɛnyaliga di nyɛla din yan zaŋ niriba hankali na siini maa puuni.

Yuuni 2006, Nyoni daa nyɛla ŋun yihi o tuuli siini Yande na (di gbeni nyɛ My Great Happiness Bemba puuni), ka di nyɛ o ni daa sabi shɛli ka ŋmaagi shɛli kunkuntɛ ( black and white)  Super 8mm siini. Siini maa daa nyɛla din jɛndi nɛima mini African paɣaba ban daa paɣasiri western nima nɛi yɛbu mini bi biɛhigu. O daa nyɛla ŋun yihi o siini ŋmahi ayi na, 20 Questions mini The List in 2009; ka di daa nyɛ din di BAFTA Cymru pini yuuni 2010.

O siini din pahiri anahi n nyɛ Nwansa the Great, daa nyɛla o ni yihi shɛli na yuuni 2011, ka daa nyɛ siini shɛli bini piigi ni bi niŋ International film festival 100 puuni. Di daa nyɛla bini piigi shɛli ka di nyɛ din di pina pishi (20) ka daa nyɛ bini piigi shɛli yuuni 2012 BAFTA pina. Nyoni daa nyɛ ŋun gbendi kpala zuya ni Gabriel Guachet, yuuni 2012 puuni Guachet daa nyɛla ŋun darecti siini shɛli Nyoni ni daa sabi, din nyɛ The mass of Men ka bi daa tuu n yihili na shɛli na Locarno Film Festival ni ka daa nyɛ din Golden Leopard award. Kamani Nwansa the Great, siini maa daa nyɛla bini piigi  shɛli n gari siini festival 100 puuni ka gba daa di pini pihinu (50).  Ŋɔ daa nyɛla o yuuni 2014 short listen (Kuuntele) ni doli shɛli, ka daa di siini ŋmaa din yi du ko pini yuuni 2015 Tribeca Film Festival.

Yuuni 2017 puuni, Nyoni daa nyɛla ŋun yihi o tuuli fiction siini waɣalim shɛli o ni daa feature, din n nyɛ I Am Not a Witch, din nyɛ bini daa piigi shɛli ni bi niŋ Directors' Fortnight Cannes Film.Festival puuni yuuni 2017. Lala siini maa daa nyɛla di chɛ ka Nyoni di pini n ti Best Director mini Best Debut Director 20th British Independent Film Festival  puuni yuuni 2017. Lala siini maa daa lahi chɛ ka Nyoni di BAFTA  nti Debut ŋun yi o ko yuuni 2018 ka nyɛ tiŋduya ni International Film Festival nim  zaŋsim.

Yuuni 2024 puuni, Nyoni siini waɣali shɛli o ni daa feature di daa pahiri ayi n nyɛ On Becoming A Guinea Fowls debuted ka daa chɛ ka o di Cannes Film Festival Best Director- Un Certain Regard (Ex-aequo) yuuni 2024 la pini. New York Times daa yɛliya ni o darectin maa pa din bori maliniŋ domishi o ni mali kpɛrikpɛriti shɛŋa ŋmaari o siini ni maa

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      <text bytes="4334" sha1="k464e6c6gxzd5dps4hlk9g20szjmldv" xml:space="preserve">'''Rungano Nyoni''' nyɛla Zambian-Welsh director, Screenwriter mini kpɛrikpɛrita. O nyɛla ŋun yuli yina polo ka di nyɛla siini waɣali shɛli o ni daa feature maa, din n nyɛ I Am Not a Witch mini On Becoming a Guinea Fowl,  ka di nyɛla ŋun n daa sabi ka directi di zaa. Di zaa daa nyɛla din nyɛ tiŋduya zaŋsim. I Am Not A Witch daa nyɛla din chɛ ka Nyoni di BAFTA pini din nyɛ siini din gahim  dini yuuni 2018. On Becoming a Guinea Fowls daa nyɛla din chɛ ka o di yuuni 2024 Cannes Film Festival director so ŋun gahim (Best director)- Un  Certain Regard (Ex-aeqou) pini.

== Piligu biɛhigu mini Shikuru Baŋsim ==
Nyoni nyɛla bini daa dɔɣi so Lusaka, [[Zambia]], o laamba n daa nyɛ Merill Mutale (nèe Nyoni) mini Thomas Nyoni. Bi daa nyɛla ban piigi Rungano yuli n ti o ka di gbeni [[Zimbabwe]] bala maa puuni yini din n nyɛ Shona nyɛ lahabali tira, O ni daa nyɛ yuuma awiɔ, o daŋ daa nyɛla ban labi Wales.

O daa chaŋla University of Birmingham, ni ka o daa nyɛ Bachelor of Commerce degree zaŋ jɛndi Business Studies. O ni daa naagi o shikuru University of Birmingham puuni, Nyoni daa nyɛla ŋun niŋ niya ni o bohim kpɛrigu University of the  Arts, [[London]], di daa pon nyɛ o niya ni o niŋ kpɛrikpɛrita maa. Nyoni daa nyɛla ŋun tuhi o master degree zaŋ jɛndi Drama ka yuuni 2009, o daa nyɛla ŋun naagi Drama Center London ni master degree kpɛrigu puuni. Amaa o yuma  ayi ni ka o daa niŋ niya ni o bori ni o lɛbi director, o daa nyɛla ŋun baŋ ni o tiri lahabali o yi ka kamara gbeni n gari o yi bɛ kamara gbeni. O yɛliya ni o daa bohimla sabu mini directibu saha shɛlibo ni daa bohindi kpɛrigu kpɛribu.

== Tuma ==
Nyoni tuuli siini gahindili daa nyɛla The Piano Teacher. O daa borimi ni o bɛ kamani Isabelle Huppert&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; o niŋsim maa amaa ka di daa nyɛ din bi niŋ ti ma. Ka n daa baŋ ni n ku tooi bɛ kamani ŋuna ka chɛ n di bi mi kpɛrigu kpɛribu, amaa ka n zaŋsim na kuli bɛ darectin maa ni. Di daa nyɛla taɣabu shɛli din niŋ ma anfaani  a yi niŋ darectin vɛnyaliga di nyɛla din yan zaŋ niriba hankali na siini maa puuni.

Yuuni 2006, Nyoni daa nyɛla ŋun yihi o tuuli siini Yande na (di gbeni nyɛ My Great Happiness Bemba puuni), ka di nyɛ o ni daa sabi shɛli ka ŋmaagi shɛli kunkuntɛ ( black and white)  Super 8mm siini. Siini maa daa nyɛla din jɛndi nɛima mini African paɣaba ban daa paɣasiri western nima nɛi yɛbu mini bi biɛhigu. O daa nyɛla ŋun yihi o siini ŋmahi ayi na, 20 Questions mini The List in 2009; ka di daa nyɛ din di BAFTA Cymru pini yuuni 2010.

O siini din pahiri anahi n nyɛ Nwansa the Great, daa nyɛla o ni yihi shɛli na yuuni 2011, ka daa nyɛ siini shɛli bini piigi ni bi niŋ International film festival 100 puuni. Di daa nyɛla bini piigi shɛli ka di nyɛ din di pina pishi (20) ka daa nyɛ bini piigi shɛli yuuni 2012 BAFTA pina. Nyoni daa nyɛ ŋun gbendi kpala zuya ni Gabriel Guachet, yuuni 2012 puuni Guachet daa nyɛla ŋun darecti siini shɛli Nyoni ni daa sabi, din nyɛ The mass of Men ka bi daa tuu n yihili na shɛli na Locarno Film Festival ni ka daa nyɛ din Golden Leopard award. Kamani Nwansa the Great, siini maa daa nyɛla bini piigi  shɛli n gari siini festival 100 puuni ka gba daa di pini pihinu (50).  Ŋɔ daa nyɛla o yuuni 2014 short listen (Kuuntele) ni doli shɛli, ka daa di siini ŋmaa din yi du ko pini yuuni 2015 Tribeca Film Festival.

Yuuni 2017 puuni, Nyoni daa nyɛla ŋun yihi o tuuli fiction siini waɣalim shɛli o ni daa feature, din n nyɛ I Am Not a Witch, din nyɛ bini daa piigi shɛli ni bi niŋ Directors' Fortnight Cannes Film.Festival puuni yuuni 2017. Lala siini maa daa nyɛla di chɛ ka Nyoni di pini n ti Best Director mini Best Debut Director 20th British Independent Film Festival  puuni yuuni 2017. Lala siini maa daa lahi chɛ ka Nyoni di BAFTA  nti Debut ŋun yi o ko yuuni 2018 ka nyɛ tiŋduya ni International Film Festival nim  zaŋsim.

Yuuni 2024 puuni, Nyoni siini waɣali shɛli o ni daa feature di daa pahiri ayi n nyɛ On Becoming A Guinea Fowls debuted ka daa chɛ ka o di Cannes Film Festival Best Director- Un Certain Regard (Ex-aequo) yuuni 2024 la pini. New York Times daa yɛliya ni o darectin maa pa din bori maliniŋ domishi o ni mali kpɛrikpɛriti shɛŋa ŋmaari o siini ni maa

== Kundivihira ==</text>
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      <text bytes="4646" sha1="ibn6r3xn153aj0j1bbdxee0hf6gqrdp" xml:space="preserve">'''Rungano Nyoni''' nyɛla Zambian-Welsh director, Screenwriter mini kpɛrikpɛrita.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2509638/|access-date=2026-05-17|website=www.imdb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nyɛla ŋun yuli yina polo ka di nyɛla siini waɣali shɛli o ni daa feature maa, din n nyɛ I Am Not a Witch mini On Becoming a Guinea Fowl,  ka di nyɛla ŋun n daa sabi ka directi di zaa. Di zaa daa nyɛla din nyɛ tiŋduya zaŋsim. I Am Not A Witch daa nyɛla din chɛ ka Nyoni di BAFTA pini din nyɛ siini din gahim  dini yuuni 2018. On Becoming a Guinea Fowls daa nyɛla din chɛ ka o di yuuni 2024 Cannes Film Festival director so ŋun gahim (Best director)- Un  Certain Regard (Ex-aeqou) pini.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-05-16|title=ON BECOMING A GUINEA FOWL|url=https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/f/on-becoming-a-guinea-fowl/|access-date=2026-05-17|website=Festival de Cannes|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Piligu biɛhigu mini Shikuru Baŋsim ==
Nyoni nyɛla bini daa dɔɣi so Lusaka, [[Zambia]], o laamba n daa nyɛ Merill Mutale (nèe Nyoni) mini Thomas Nyoni. Bi daa nyɛla ban piigi Rungano yuli n ti o ka di gbeni [[Zimbabwe]] bala maa puuni yini din n nyɛ Shona nyɛ lahabali tira, O ni daa nyɛ yuuma awiɔ, o daŋ daa nyɛla ban labi Wales.

O daa chaŋla University of Birmingham, ni ka o daa nyɛ Bachelor of Commerce degree zaŋ jɛndi Business Studies. O ni daa naagi o shikuru University of Birmingham puuni, Nyoni daa nyɛla ŋun niŋ niya ni o bohim kpɛrigu University of the  Arts, [[London]], di daa pon nyɛ o niya ni o niŋ kpɛrikpɛrita maa. Nyoni daa nyɛla ŋun tuhi o master degree zaŋ jɛndi Drama ka yuuni 2009, o daa nyɛla ŋun naagi Drama Center London ni master degree kpɛrigu puuni. Amaa o yuma  ayi ni ka o daa niŋ niya ni o bori ni o lɛbi director, o daa nyɛla ŋun baŋ ni o tiri lahabali o yi ka kamara gbeni n gari o yi bɛ kamara gbeni. O yɛliya ni o daa bohimla sabu mini directibu saha shɛlibo ni daa bohindi kpɛrigu kpɛribu.

== Tuma ==
Nyoni tuuli siini gahindili daa nyɛla The Piano Teacher. O daa borimi ni o bɛ kamani Isabelle Huppert&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; o niŋsim maa amaa ka di daa nyɛ din bi niŋ ti ma. Ka n daa baŋ ni n ku tooi bɛ kamani ŋuna ka chɛ n di bi mi kpɛrigu kpɛribu, amaa ka n zaŋsim na kuli bɛ darectin maa ni. Di daa nyɛla taɣabu shɛli din niŋ ma anfaani  a yi niŋ darectin vɛnyaliga di nyɛla din yan zaŋ niriba hankali na siini maa puuni.

Yuuni 2006, Nyoni daa nyɛla ŋun yihi o tuuli siini Yande na (di gbeni nyɛ My Great Happiness Bemba puuni), ka di nyɛ o ni daa sabi shɛli ka ŋmaagi shɛli kunkuntɛ ( black and white)  Super 8mm siini. Siini maa daa nyɛla din jɛndi nɛima mini African paɣaba ban daa paɣasiri western nima nɛi yɛbu mini bi biɛhigu. O daa nyɛla ŋun yihi o siini ŋmahi ayi na, 20 Questions mini The List in 2009; ka di daa nyɛ din di BAFTA Cymru pini yuuni 2010.

O siini din pahiri anahi n nyɛ Nwansa the Great, daa nyɛla o ni yihi shɛli na yuuni 2011, ka daa nyɛ siini shɛli bini piigi ni bi niŋ International film festival 100 puuni. Di daa nyɛla bini piigi shɛli ka di nyɛ din di pina pishi (20) ka daa nyɛ bini piigi shɛli yuuni 2012 BAFTA pina. Nyoni daa nyɛ ŋun gbendi kpala zuya ni Gabriel Guachet, yuuni 2012 puuni Guachet daa nyɛla ŋun darecti siini shɛli Nyoni ni daa sabi, din nyɛ The mass of Men ka bi daa tuu n yihili na shɛli na Locarno Film Festival ni ka daa nyɛ din Golden Leopard award. Kamani Nwansa the Great, siini maa daa nyɛla bini piigi  shɛli n gari siini festival 100 puuni ka gba daa di pini pihinu (50).  Ŋɔ daa nyɛla o yuuni 2014 short listen (Kuuntele) ni doli shɛli, ka daa di siini ŋmaa din yi du ko pini yuuni 2015 Tribeca Film Festival.

Yuuni 2017 puuni, Nyoni daa nyɛla ŋun yihi o tuuli fiction siini waɣalim shɛli o ni daa feature, din n nyɛ I Am Not a Witch, din nyɛ bini daa piigi shɛli ni bi niŋ Directors' Fortnight Cannes Film.Festival puuni yuuni 2017. Lala siini maa daa nyɛla di chɛ ka Nyoni di pini n ti Best Director mini Best Debut Director 20th British Independent Film Festival  puuni yuuni 2017. Lala siini maa daa lahi chɛ ka Nyoni di BAFTA  nti Debut ŋun yi o ko yuuni 2018 ka nyɛ tiŋduya ni International Film Festival nim  zaŋsim.

Yuuni 2024 puuni, Nyoni siini waɣali shɛli o ni daa feature di daa pahiri ayi n nyɛ On Becoming A Guinea Fowls debuted ka daa chɛ ka o di Cannes Film Festival Best Director- Un Certain Regard (Ex-aequo) yuuni 2024 la pini. New York Times daa yɛliya ni o darectin maa pa din bori maliniŋ domishi o ni mali kpɛrikpɛriti shɛŋa ŋmaari o siini ni maa

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      <text bytes="5172" sha1="jyesss5m7073mllew6kg14ydyejjvf7" xml:space="preserve">'''Rungano Nyoni''' nyɛla Zambian-Welsh director, Screenwriter mini kpɛrikpɛrita.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2509638/|access-date=2026-05-17|website=www.imdb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nyɛla ŋun yuli yina polo ka di nyɛla siini waɣali shɛli o ni daa feature maa, din n nyɛ I Am Not a Witch mini On Becoming a Guinea Fowl,  ka di nyɛla ŋun n daa sabi ka directi di zaa. Di zaa daa nyɛla din nyɛ tiŋduya zaŋsim. I Am Not A Witch daa nyɛla din chɛ ka Nyoni di BAFTA pini din nyɛ siini din gahim  dini yuuni 2018. On Becoming a Guinea Fowls daa nyɛla din chɛ ka o di yuuni 2024 Cannes Film Festival director so ŋun gahim (Best director)- Un  Certain Regard (Ex-aeqou) pini.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-05-16|title=ON BECOMING A GUINEA FOWL|url=https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/f/on-becoming-a-guinea-fowl/|access-date=2026-05-17|website=Festival de Cannes|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Piligu biɛhigu mini Shikuru Baŋsim ==
Nyoni nyɛla bini daa dɔɣi so Lusaka, [[Zambia]], o laamba n daa nyɛ Merill Mutale (nèe Nyoni) mini Thomas Nyoni. Bi daa nyɛla ban piigi Rungano yuli n ti o ka di gbeni [[Zimbabwe]] bala maa puuni yini din n nyɛ Shona nyɛ lahabali tira, O ni daa nyɛ yuuma awiɔ, o daŋ daa nyɛla ban labi Wales.

O daa chaŋla University of Birmingham, ni ka o daa nyɛ Bachelor of Commerce degree zaŋ jɛndi Business Studies. O ni daa naagi o shikuru University of Birmingham puuni, Nyoni daa nyɛla ŋun niŋ niya ni o bohim kpɛrigu University of the  Arts, [[London]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Martins|first=Central Saint|date=2018-07-24|title=Rungano Nyoni|url=https://www.arts.ac.uk/colleges/central-saint-martins/people/rungano-nyoni|access-date=2026-05-17|website=Central Saint Martins|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; di daa pon nyɛ o niya ni o niŋ kpɛrikpɛrita maa. Nyoni daa nyɛla ŋun tuhi o master degree zaŋ jɛndi Drama ka yuuni 2009, o daa nyɛla ŋun naagi Drama Center London ni master degree kpɛrigu puuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Amaa o yuma  ayi ni ka o daa niŋ niya ni o bori ni o lɛbi director, o daa nyɛla ŋun baŋ ni o tiri lahabali o yi ka kamara gbeni n gari o yi bɛ kamara gbeni.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Martins|first=Central Saint|date=2018-07-24|title=Rungano Nyoni|url=https://www.arts.ac.uk/colleges/central-saint-martins/people/rungano-nyoni|access-date=2026-05-17|website=Central Saint Martins|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; O yɛliya ni o daa bohimla sabu mini directibu saha shɛlibo ni daa bohindi kpɛrigu kpɛribu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Tuma ==
Nyoni tuuli siini gahindili daa nyɛla The Piano Teacher. O daa borimi ni o bɛ kamani Isabelle Huppert&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; o niŋsim maa amaa ka di daa nyɛ din bi niŋ ti ma. Ka n daa baŋ ni n ku tooi bɛ kamani ŋuna ka chɛ n di bi mi kpɛrigu kpɛribu, amaa ka n zaŋsim na kuli bɛ darectin maa ni. Di daa nyɛla taɣabu shɛli din niŋ ma anfaani  a yi niŋ darectin vɛnyaliga di nyɛla din yan zaŋ niriba hankali na siini maa puuni.

Yuuni 2006, Nyoni daa nyɛla ŋun yihi o tuuli siini Yande na (di gbeni nyɛ My Great Happiness Bemba puuni), ka di nyɛ o ni daa sabi shɛli ka ŋmaagi shɛli kunkuntɛ ( black and white)  Super 8mm siini. Siini maa daa nyɛla din jɛndi nɛima mini African paɣaba ban daa paɣasiri western nima nɛi yɛbu mini bi biɛhigu. O daa nyɛla ŋun yihi o siini ŋmahi ayi na, 20 Questions mini The List in 2009; ka di daa nyɛ din di BAFTA Cymru pini yuuni 2010.

O siini din pahiri anahi n nyɛ Nwansa the Great, daa nyɛla o ni yihi shɛli na yuuni 2011, ka daa nyɛ siini shɛli bini piigi ni bi niŋ International film festival 100 puuni. Di daa nyɛla bini piigi shɛli ka di nyɛ din di pina pishi (20) ka daa nyɛ bini piigi shɛli yuuni 2012 BAFTA pina. Nyoni daa nyɛ ŋun gbendi kpala zuya ni Gabriel Guachet, yuuni 2012 puuni Guachet daa nyɛla ŋun darecti siini shɛli Nyoni ni daa sabi, din nyɛ The mass of Men ka bi daa tuu n yihili na shɛli na Locarno Film Festival ni ka daa nyɛ din Golden Leopard award. Kamani Nwansa the Great, siini maa daa nyɛla bini piigi  shɛli n gari siini festival 100 puuni ka gba daa di pini pihinu (50).  Ŋɔ daa nyɛla o yuuni 2014 short listen (Kuuntele) ni doli shɛli, ka daa di siini ŋmaa din yi du ko pini yuuni 2015 Tribeca Film Festival.

Yuuni 2017 puuni, Nyoni daa nyɛla ŋun yihi o tuuli fiction siini waɣalim shɛli o ni daa feature, din n nyɛ I Am Not a Witch, din nyɛ bini daa piigi shɛli ni bi niŋ Directors' Fortnight Cannes Film.Festival puuni yuuni 2017. Lala siini maa daa nyɛla di chɛ ka Nyoni di pini n ti Best Director mini Best Debut Director 20th British Independent Film Festival  puuni yuuni 2017. Lala siini maa daa lahi chɛ ka Nyoni di BAFTA  nti Debut ŋun yi o ko yuuni 2018 ka nyɛ tiŋduya ni International Film Festival nim  zaŋsim.

Yuuni 2024 puuni, Nyoni siini waɣali shɛli o ni daa feature di daa pahiri ayi n nyɛ On Becoming A Guinea Fowls debuted ka daa chɛ ka o di Cannes Film Festival Best Director- Un Certain Regard (Ex-aequo) yuuni 2024 la pini. New York Times daa yɛliya ni o darectin maa pa din bori maliniŋ domishi o ni mali kpɛrikpɛriti shɛŋa ŋmaari o siini ni maa

== Kundivihira ==</text>
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        <username>Maltima Rabia</username>
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      <text bytes="5367" sha1="8hrtsplh83j2pvdbwrmy47jjo2p4cpt" xml:space="preserve">'''Rungano Nyoni''' nyɛla Zambian-Welsh director, Screenwriter mini kpɛrikpɛrita.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2509638/|access-date=2026-05-17|website=www.imdb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nyɛla ŋun yuli yina polo ka di nyɛla siini waɣali shɛli o ni daa feature maa, din n nyɛ I Am Not a Witch mini On Becoming a Guinea Fowl,  ka di nyɛla ŋun n daa sabi ka directi di zaa. Di zaa daa nyɛla din nyɛ tiŋduya zaŋsim. I Am Not A Witch daa nyɛla din chɛ ka Nyoni di BAFTA pini din nyɛ siini din gahim  dini yuuni 2018. On Becoming a Guinea Fowls daa nyɛla din chɛ ka o di yuuni 2024 Cannes Film Festival director so ŋun gahim (Best director)- Un  Certain Regard (Ex-aeqou) pini.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-05-16|title=ON BECOMING A GUINEA FOWL|url=https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/f/on-becoming-a-guinea-fowl/|access-date=2026-05-17|website=Festival de Cannes|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Piligu biɛhigu mini Shikuru Baŋsim ==
Nyoni nyɛla bini daa dɔɣi so Lusaka, [[Zambia]], o laamba n daa nyɛ Merill Mutale (nèe Nyoni) mini Thomas Nyoni. Bi daa nyɛla ban piigi Rungano yuli n ti o ka di gbeni [[Zimbabwe]] bala maa puuni yini din n nyɛ Shona nyɛ lahabali tira, O ni daa nyɛ yuuma awiɔ, o daŋ daa nyɛla ban labi Wales.

O daa chaŋla University of Birmingham, ni ka o daa nyɛ Bachelor of Commerce degree zaŋ jɛndi Business Studies. O ni daa naagi o shikuru University of Birmingham puuni, Nyoni daa nyɛla ŋun niŋ niya ni o bohim kpɛrigu University of the  Arts, [[London]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Martins|first=Central Saint|date=2018-07-24|title=Rungano Nyoni|url=https://www.arts.ac.uk/colleges/central-saint-martins/people/rungano-nyoni|access-date=2026-05-17|website=Central Saint Martins|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; di daa pon nyɛ o niya ni o niŋ kpɛrikpɛrita maa. Nyoni daa nyɛla ŋun tuhi o master degree zaŋ jɛndi Drama ka yuuni 2009, o daa nyɛla ŋun naagi Drama Center London ni master degree kpɛrigu puuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Amaa o yuma  ayi ni ka o daa niŋ niya ni o bori ni o lɛbi director, o daa nyɛla ŋun baŋ ni o tiri lahabali o yi ka kamara gbeni n gari o yi bɛ kamara gbeni.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Martins|first=Central Saint|date=2018-07-24|title=Rungano Nyoni|url=https://www.arts.ac.uk/colleges/central-saint-martins/people/rungano-nyoni|access-date=2026-05-17|website=Central Saint Martins|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; O yɛliya ni o daa bohimla sabu mini directibu saha shɛlibo ni daa bohindi kpɛrigu kpɛribu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Tuma ==
Nyoni tuuli siini gahindili daa nyɛla The Piano Teacher. O daa borimi ni o bɛ kamani Isabelle Huppert&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; o niŋsim maa amaa ka di daa nyɛ din bi niŋ ti ma. Ka n daa baŋ ni n ku tooi bɛ kamani ŋuna ka chɛ n di bi mi kpɛrigu kpɛribu, amaa ka n zaŋsim na kuli bɛ darectin maa ni. Di daa nyɛla taɣabu shɛli din niŋ ma anfaani  a yi niŋ darectin vɛnyaliga di nyɛla din yan zaŋ niriba hankali na siini maa puuni.

Yuuni 2006, Nyoni daa nyɛla ŋun yihi o tuuli siini Yande na (di gbeni nyɛ My Great Happiness Bemba puuni), ka di nyɛ o ni daa sabi shɛli ka ŋmaagi shɛli kunkuntɛ ( black and white)  Super 8mm siini.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wayback Machine|url=http://www.filme-aus-afrika.de/fileadmin/_migrated/content_uploads/Mwansa_Press_Kit_02.pdf|access-date=2026-05-17|website=www.filme-aus-afrika.de}}&lt;/ref&gt; Siini maa daa nyɛla din jɛndi nɛima mini African paɣaba ban daa paɣasiri western nima nɛi yɛbu mini bi biɛhigu. O daa nyɛla ŋun yihi o siini ŋmahi ayi na, 20 Questions mini The List in 2009; ka di daa nyɛ din di BAFTA Cymru pini yuuni 2010.

O siini din pahiri anahi n nyɛ Nwansa the Great, daa nyɛla o ni yihi shɛli na yuuni 2011, ka daa nyɛ siini shɛli bini piigi ni bi niŋ International film festival 100 puuni. Di daa nyɛla bini piigi shɛli ka di nyɛ din di pina pishi (20) ka daa nyɛ bini piigi shɛli yuuni 2012 BAFTA pina. Nyoni daa nyɛ ŋun gbendi kpala zuya ni Gabriel Guachet, yuuni 2012 puuni Guachet daa nyɛla ŋun darecti siini shɛli Nyoni ni daa sabi, din nyɛ The mass of Men ka bi daa tuu n yihili na shɛli na Locarno Film Festival ni ka daa nyɛ din Golden Leopard award. Kamani Nwansa the Great, siini maa daa nyɛla bini piigi  shɛli n gari siini festival 100 puuni ka gba daa di pini pihinu (50).  Ŋɔ daa nyɛla o yuuni 2014 short listen (Kuuntele) ni doli shɛli, ka daa di siini ŋmaa din yi du ko pini yuuni 2015 Tribeca Film Festival.

Yuuni 2017 puuni, Nyoni daa nyɛla ŋun yihi o tuuli fiction siini waɣalim shɛli o ni daa feature, din n nyɛ I Am Not a Witch, din nyɛ bini daa piigi shɛli ni bi niŋ Directors' Fortnight Cannes Film.Festival puuni yuuni 2017. Lala siini maa daa nyɛla di chɛ ka Nyoni di pini n ti Best Director mini Best Debut Director 20th British Independent Film Festival  puuni yuuni 2017. Lala siini maa daa lahi chɛ ka Nyoni di BAFTA  nti Debut ŋun yi o ko yuuni 2018 ka nyɛ tiŋduya ni International Film Festival nim  zaŋsim.

Yuuni 2024 puuni, Nyoni siini waɣali shɛli o ni daa feature di daa pahiri ayi n nyɛ On Becoming A Guinea Fowls debuted ka daa chɛ ka o di Cannes Film Festival Best Director- Un Certain Regard (Ex-aequo) yuuni 2024 la pini. New York Times daa yɛliya ni o darectin maa pa din bori maliniŋ domishi o ni mali kpɛrikpɛriti shɛŋa ŋmaari o siini ni maa

== Kundivihira ==</text>
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